lt tDrtrcnr or Eleiro.ics, Td@6o!!iolio, & ttior.di.rl E.linerttrg
lt tDrtrcnr or Eleiro.ics, Td@6o!!iolio, & ttior.di.rl E.linerttrg
lt tDrtrcnr or Eleiro.ics, Td@6o!!iolio, & ttior.di.rl E.linerttrg
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'''1 . Th. black squares nark blocked .od6 <strong>or</strong> consesrion. Tbe <strong>di</strong>rcGd se.(h expdds<br />
significri<strong>rl</strong>y fcwcr nodes rhdn lhc hrdMrh-tjrsr s<strong>or</strong>.h, snrcc rhc $rrch cxplnds <strong>di</strong>lccrLy<br />
loMds rhc tuget sink. If th€E is a sisnifi@nt amount of congestio., lhe <strong>di</strong>rccied *dch<br />
trrnt eDd up expin<strong>di</strong>na trosr olrh. !.dcs tr) find I F h b rh! rrrsct si'r(. <strong>lt</strong>r r $'sr<br />
cdse,rhedLrecrcd{a.ch h0s ro extad !s ftary nodcs !s the breadrh-ftst.<br />
Fisure 2,5: (!) Brcrdth-firsr s€rr.h n{. mut€r, (b) <strong>di</strong>recl.d ssar(h naz€ reut€r<br />
2.1,2 Ri|FUp rnd ReRoul. Algodthn rrd Mulli-<strong>lt</strong>errtion Alg<strong>or</strong>ithn<br />
Sioce lh. outing r.swes in & FI'GA ar. limitcd, rcutins alg<strong>or</strong>ilhns race $e poblcnr<br />
ofdelin! wnh rouing congesion, The prcblen h that ouling one nct uinE ptnicllar<br />
rc$urce may makc il inpossible lo roule some o$er neG. Therc hale b.en two nain<br />
rypcs ol llg<strong>or</strong>ilhns to d€ll vith lhc ongcslion trcblcn.<br />
(b)<br />
The fid rype oa algonthn is<br />
knoM as riFup {nd Ejoute, such s rhe w<strong>or</strong>k donc by Linsko 081 <strong>or</strong> Kuh.nd Mde[-<br />
Sadows*o D9l. Wilh rip-up and rc-mulc .lgo hms! nels using tesourcos lhal flre<br />
cong€$ed are rippcd-lp dd eroul€d. Thc suess is dep€ndent on the choicc ot s<strong>lt</strong>ich<br />
nch ro iprrpand Ihc <strong>or</strong>dcr irv[ich rippcdrDnets dc rciot<strong>rl</strong>.{. Anolhcr sol ionbrhc<br />
c<strong>or</strong>gesri<strong>or</strong> prcble , knoqn as rhe nu<strong>lt</strong>i-itcralion.ptrcaclr. rds conccivcd by Nat [201<br />
A ouling ,ld.,rn is the rippiog-up Md rc{ouling of every sinele ncl. Tbe ncls e n<strong>or</strong>
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