Synthesis, Characterization, and Gas Permeation Properties

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Research Background General Introduction Life is a marvelous and the most mesmerizing endowment by Mother Nature upon the lovely Earth planet witnessing its vital eminence in the wilderness of universe. The remarkable display of the ultimate impeccability undoubtedly seems to stem forth from the unexcelled selection of the building blocks; each and every form of life portrays an ample interplay of the integral entities commonly regarded as biopolymers, materials for life. Billions of years ago, in fact all the way back to the dawn of all existence, nature has been playing with natural polymeric materials to make life possible; cellulose constituting the body covering of plants and providing apparel and shelter for humans; starch serving as a foodstuff; proteins composing our bodies, administering metabolic events, and furnishing fine ensemble; and finally of utmost significance are DNA and RNA, the biopolymers playing a vital role in our genetic and life processes. Cellulose, the most abundant natural polymeric material on the earth, being endowed with an almost inexhaustible existence, an environmentally benign nature, and fascinating structural features, enjoys the most remarkable functional attributes ever conceivable beyond the realm of nature. As old as the history of mankind, cellulose has found a multitude of applications in the form of wood, cotton, and other plant fibers as a source of energy, building material and apparel; and has most significantly contributed to human culture and civilization in the form of paper. 1 Cellulose is an organic polymer existing in the greatest abundance, comprising about 1.5 × 10 12 tons of the total annual biomass production and is expected to foster the escalating demand for the low cost as well as environment-friendly and biocompatible polymeric products. 2 Wood pulp has served as the most significant raw material source for cellulose processing till today, being employed extensively for paper and cardboard manufacturing, while about 2% (≥ 3 million tons) utilized for the production of regenerated cellulose fibers and films, and to synthesize various
General Introduction cellulose derivatives via esterification and etherification. Wood cellulose exists as a native composite material with lignin and other polysaccharides seeking a passage through chemical pulping, separation, and purification for the sake of isolation while the seed hairs of cotton as another source of botanical origin offer an almost pure form of cellulose. Depending upon the origin and/or mode of synthesis, there are four different pathways to access the most abundant natural polymeric material (Scheme 1) with plants being the most prominent source as mentioned earlier. Apart from plants, the second major source of cellulose also belongs to the natural habitat including bacteria, algae, and fungi, producing cellulose forms with specific supramolecular architecture employed as model substances for various research endeavors in the domains of organic as well as polymer chemistry. The past few decades of investigation have HO HO HO plants/isolation of cellulose OH OH HO O HO O Scheme 1. Principle Pathways to Cellulose Formation CO 2 + H 2 O cellulase O O HO HO OH OH HO HO O O biosynthesis O HO 2 OH in-vitro synthesis F HO O HO HO OBn OH O HO O HO OH HO OH bacteria, algae, fungi O O O O O ring-opening polymerization/ deprotection OBn O
Page 1 and 2: Synthesis, Characterization, and Ga
Page 3: Table of Contents General Introduct
Page 7 and 8: General Introduction biogenetically
Page 9 and 10: General Introduction chemistry offe
Page 11 and 12: General Introduction solution-diffu
Page 13 and 14: General Introduction A simplified t
Page 15 and 16: General Introduction been observed
Page 17 and 18: polymers. 41,46 General Introductio
Page 19 and 20: General Introduction Keeping in vie
Page 21 and 22: General Introduction the derivatize
Page 23 and 24: General Introduction strategy (G1-a
Page 25 and 26: General Introduction In conclusion,
Page 27 and 28: General Introduction 5. (a) Kobayas
Page 29 and 30: General Introduction 15. (a) Goetma
Page 31 and 32: General Introduction American Chemi
Page 33 and 34: General Introduction Macromolecules
Page 35 and 36: Silylation of Ethyl Cellulose Intro
Page 37 and 38: Silylation of Ethyl Cellulose milli
Page 39 and 40: Silylation of Ethyl Cellulose chlor
Page 41 and 42: Silylation of Ethyl Cellulose Resul
Page 43 and 44: Silylation of Ethyl Cellulose Solub
Page 45 and 46: Silylation of Ethyl Cellulose 1.034
Page 47 and 48: Silylation of Ethyl Cellulose poly(
Page 49 and 50: Silylation of Ethyl Cellulose the r
Page 51 and 52: Silylation of Ethyl Cellulose D.; Y
Page 53 and 54: Chapter 2 51 Chapter 2 Synthesis, C
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53 Chapter 2 are few and far betwee
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55 Chapter 2 constant volume/variab
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57 Chapter 2 Membrane Density. Memb
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59 Chapter 2 IR spectrum of 1 (Figu
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61 Chapter 2 1,3-bis(trifluoromethy
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63 Chapter 2 The increase in the po
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65 Chapter 2 other fluorinated poly
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67 Chapter 2 of the gas permeabilit
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69 Chapter 2 Gas Diffusivity and So
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71 Chapter 2 mobility of the perflu
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73 Chapter 2 1325-1329. (b) Hamza,
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Chapter 3 75 Chapter 3 Synthesis an
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77 Chapter 3 cost, and above all ap
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79 Chapter 3 molecular weights (Mn
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81 Chapter 3 1.99-2.07 (m, 2H, (CH3
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83 Chapter 3 25 °C, ppm): 11.9, 13
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85 Chapter 3 38.1, 44.7, 46.8, 47.9
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87 Chapter 3 CH2CH2C(=O)O), 2.50-4.
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89 Chapter 3 1091, 1053, 853, 806,
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91 Chapter 3 dendrons (G1-a-ІІ-G1
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93 Chapter 3 (DMAP) as a base, as s
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Figure 3. FTIR spectra of 1, 2c, an
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97 Chapter 3 (partly soluble) and 3
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99 Chapter 3 increased polarity of
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101 Chapter 3 that of 1, and approx
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103 Chapter 3 derivatization per th
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105 Chapter 3 (2a-c) were in the or
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107 Chapter 3 2709-2719. (b) Schenn
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109 Chapter 3 17. van Krevelen, D.
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Chapter 4 111 Chapter 4 Synthesis,
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113 Chapter 4 Since, no significant
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115 Chapter 4 Materials. Ethyl cell
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DStotal = DSEt + DSCarb (for 1a and
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119 Chapter 4 Figure 2. 1 H NMR spe
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121 Chapter 4 ruling out the possib
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123 Chapter 4 t-butyl moiety. A str
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125 Chapter 4 reported to lead to t
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127 Chapter 4 Table 4. Gas Permeabi
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129 Chapter 4 augmentation in eithe
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131 Chapter 4 indicate the signific
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133 Chapter 4 M.-R. J. Appl. Polym.
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Chapter 5 135 Chapter5 Synthesis an
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137 Chapter5 acid- and peptide-cont
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139 Chapter5 Specific rotations ([
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141 Chapter5 1.66 (brs, 1.1H, NHCH(
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143 Chapter5 as shown in Scheme 1,
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145 Chapter5 in Table 1. The molecu
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147 Chapter5 almost same pattern of
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Conclusions Table 3. Thermal Proper
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151 Chapter5 W.; Jing, X. J. Polym.
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Chapter 5 Synthesis and Properties
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Acknowledgments While submitting th
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Synthesis, Characterization, and Ga
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