Continuity of Earth Observation Data for Australia: Research ... - csiro

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The need for careful, systematic calibration and validation (Cal/Val) of EOS datasets is urgent. National infrastructure to support radiometric Cal/Val is considered by many researchers to be a fundamental element in ensuring both EO data quality and strong relationships with foreign collaborators, including in support of the growing number of operational programs relying on these data, especially in areas of legislative monitoring. SAR data and hyperspectral imagery were both identified by the largest number of potential users as future priority data types for the R&D community. Future missions offering these data types, such as Sentinel-1 (ESA/EC, May 2013), ALOS-2 (JAXA, 2013), ALOS-3 (JAXA, 2014), PRiSMA (ASi, 2014) and EnMap (DLR, Apr 2015), offer significant opportunities for data streams of high value to the research community. Adequate planning, with sufficient lead-time, for the reception, processing, archiving and distribution of these specialist data types will be essential if maximum national benefit is to be derived once these satellites are launched. Priority EO Data Type Optical: Low Resolution Optical: Medium Resolution Optical: High Resolution Table ES-1 Priority Data Types: Satellite 5-Year Supply Continuity Risk and Key Providers 5-year continuity risk Low Current key providers (and missions) NASA (MODIS) NOAA/EUMETSAT (AVHRR) JMA (MtSAt series) High USGS (Landsat-5/7) Low SAR: C-band Low SAR: L-band No current supply SAR: X-band Low Passive Microwave Radiometry Medium Radar Altimetry Medium Hyperspectral Imagery USA commercial providers (Worldview, GeoEye) ESA (Envisat) CSA (Radarsat) 8 Continuity of Earth Observation Data for Australia: R&D • January 2012 - ASI (COSMO-SkyMed) DLR (terraSAR-X) NASA (Aqua – just concluded) NOAA/DoD (DMSP series) JAXA/NASA (tRMM) ESA (SMOS) EUMEtSAt-NOAA (Jason series) ESA (Envisat) High NASA (EO-1) Future key providers (and missions) ESA/EC (Sentinel-3 series) NOAA (NPP/JPSS series) JAXA (GCOM-C series) JMA (MtSAt series) USGS (LDCM) ESA/EC (Sentinel-2 series) USA & European commercial providers (Worldview, GeoEye, Pleiades) Airborne operators ESA/EC (Sentinel-1 series) CSA (Radarsat & RCM) CONAE-ASI (SAOCOM-1A) JAXA (ALOS-2) ASI (COSMO-SkyMed series) DLR (terraSAR-X series) JAXA/NASA (GCOM-W series) NASA (GPM, Aquarius, SMAP) NOAA/DoD (DMSP series) ESA (SMOS) ISRO (Megha-Tropiques, RISAT-3) EUMEtSAt-NOAA (Jason series) ESA/EC (Sentinel-3 series) DLR (EnMAP) ASI (PRISMA) MEti/JAXA (ALOS-3) Predominant Latency Requirement Hours/Weeks Days/Weeks Days/Weeks Weeks Weeks Weeks Hours Hours Weeks Lidar High NASA (CALIPSO) ESA/JAXA (EarthCARE) Weeks Ocean Colour Low ESA (MERIS) NASA (MODIS) ISRO (OCEANSAT) ESA/EC (Sentinel-3 series) JAXA (GCOM-C series) ISRO (OCEANSAT) NOAA (NPP/JPSS series) Hours
1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Earth Observation INTRODUCTION Earth Observation (EO) encompasses a diverse group of activities that quantify, map and monitor several key characteristics of the Earth using remote measurement techniques. This is commonly referred to as remote sensing. EO activities include measurements from satellite sensors, airborne sensors, and in situ sensors. Earth Observations from Space (EOS) describes a range of approaches that observe and measure Earth surface properties from space-based platforms. For the purposes of this survey and report, the EO-related projects analysed here involve those which focus their work on directly using, or deriving products from, both satellite-based and airborne sensor measurements, as well as the use of in situ (ground) measurements that are taken to directly support or validate satellite and/or airborne data acquisitions. There is a growing operational and economic dependence on EO data for a diverse range of applications in Australia. This currently involves at least 92 major Federal and State programs (Geoscience Australia, 2010) and $3.3 billion per year GDP contribution for both direct and indirect productivity measurements (ACIL Tasman, 2010). EO operational applications in Australia typically include modelling climate, forecasting weather, monitoring water management and quality, surveillance of oceans, mapping forests, estimating agricultural production, mitigating hazards, responding to disasters, assessing urban expansion, locating mining and energy resources, maintaining national security, protecting borders, positioning, transport and navigation (Geoscience Australia, 2011). Australia does not have its own EO satellite system, so all EOS data are currently sourced from foreign satellites. Given our dependence on these data for multiple, critical national needs, it must be emphasised that security of supply from these foreign sources is beyond Australian control. In light of the ever-growing operational and research needs and dependencies on EO data continuity, this situation should be a matter of significant national concern. 1.2 Purpose In the process of framing a new space policy for Australia, the Space Policy Unit (SPU), within the Department of Industry, Innovation, Science, Research and Tertiary Education (DIISRTE), conducted a number of information-gathering activities. As one part of this process, the SPU engaged CSIRO to survey the key dependencies and future priorities for EO data (space and airborne) used by the Australian research community. This survey, Continuity of Earth Observation Data for Australia: Research and Development Requirements to 2020 (CEODA-R&D), focused on those teams and experts conducting basic and applied remote sensing research to advance EO science, and included those groups that undertake research and development (R&D) in support of major national programs that make operational use of EO data. In particular, the survey aimed to characterise EO satellite and airborne data needs, requirements and gaps in Australia’s EO-related R&D sector. The results of this survey are presented in Sections 2, 3 and 4. A sample set of significant and representative R&D projects requiring EO were identified and surveyed in terms of their current and future EO data requirements, their current and future data supply preferences, and their linkages to national and international programs, both research and operational. Most importantly, the survey ascertained those areas where improved coordination and possible investments are needed to secure future data access for Australia’s EO-related R&D sector. The survey aimed to provide as complete a picture as possible of the Australian EO-related R&D community, identifying issues that are key to ensuring continuity of data supply for future development and innovation. As such, it involved a comprehensive set of questions (see Section 2.1.3 and Appendix C for details) and the cooperation of participants is both acknowledged and greatly appreciated. The process of Continuity of Earth Observation Data for Australia: R&D • January 2012 9
Page 1 and 2: Continuity of Earth Observation Dat
Page 3 and 4: Contents Key Findings .............
Page 5 and 6: 5 EO Data Availability ............
Page 7 and 8: Table 3-11 Projects Dependent on Lo
Page 9 and 10: KEY FINDINGS KEY FINDINGS • Austr
Page 11 and 12: KEY RECOMMENDATIONS • Coordinated
Page 13 and 14: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Scope EXECUtivE S
Page 15: EXECUtivE SUMMARy Landsat data cont
Page 19 and 20: INTRODUCTION $1.9 billion per year
Page 21 and 22: 2 CONTEXT OF CEODA-R&D SURVEY CONtE
Page 23 and 24: Part 2 - Detailed Survey CONtEXt Of
Page 25 and 26: Importance of EO Data to Research C
Page 27 and 28: Table 2-5 Federal Agencies Surveyed
Page 29 and 30: 2.3 Benefits of R&D 2.3.1 Societal
Page 31 and 32: Table 2-8 National Benefits and Sig
Page 33 and 34: Table 2-9 Operational Programs Supp
Page 35 and 36: Table 2-10 (continued) CONtEXt Of C
Page 37 and 38: Table 2-12 International Space Agen
Page 39 and 40: CONtEXt Of CEODA-R&D SURvEy day var
Page 41 and 42: 3 EO DATA REQUIREMENTS: CURRENT EO
Page 43 and 44: EO Data Type Table 3-3 Airborne EO
Page 45 and 46: EO Data Type Optical - Low Resoluti
Page 47 and 48: 3.2 Supply EO DATA REQUIREMENTS: CU
Page 49 and 50: Table 3-9 Current Data Volumes for
Page 51 and 52: EO DATA REQUIREMENTS: CURRENT The c
Page 53 and 54: EO DATA REQUIREMENTS: CURRENT Table
Page 55 and 56: 3.3.2 Medium Resolution Optical (10
Page 57 and 58: EO DATA REQUIREMENTS: CURRENT archi
Page 59 and 60: EO DATA REQUIREMENTS: CURRENT Frequ
Page 61 and 62: EO DATA REQUIREMENTS: CURRENT vario
Page 63 and 64: EO DATA REQUIREMENTS: CURRENT Most
Page 65 and 66: Supply Arrangements EO DATA REQUIRE
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Table 3-26 Characteristics of Lidar
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Ocean Colour Sensor Table 3-30 Usag
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4 EO DATA REQUIREMENTS: FUTURE EO D
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EO Data Type Optical - Low Resoluti
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4.2.2 Infrared Sensors EO DATA REQU
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EO DATA REQUIREMENTS: FUTURE For ex
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Meteorological and Environmental Se
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EO DATA REQUIREMENTS: FUTURE The ei
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EO DATA REQUIREMENTS: FUTURE SLSTR
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5 EO DATA AVAILABILITY EO DATA AVAI
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EO DATA AVAILABILITY National agenc
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EO DATA AVAILABILITY • Sentinel 4
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Table 5-1 Data Continuity Options:
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EO DATA AVAILABILITY Although the r
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Table 5-3 Data Continuity Options:
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EO DATA AVAILABILITY Surrey Satelli
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EO DATA AVAILABILITY continuity for
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EO DATA AVAILABILITY AMSR-2 on GCOM
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EO DATA AVAILABILITY The POSEIDON s
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EO DATA AVAILABILITY With reference
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5.3 Summary EO DATA AVAILABILITY Th
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6 PRIORITIES FOR ACTION 6.1 Major D
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PRIORITIES FOR ACTION Some survey r
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PRIORITIES FOR ACTION Recent scienc
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National significance of the R&D ac
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Critical relationships for EO data
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PRIORITIES FOR ACTION 5. The Austra
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REFERENCES REFERENCES ACIL Tasman (
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GLOSSARY AAD Australian Antarctic D
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CEOS MIM CEOS Missions, Instruments
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ERS European Remote Sensing satelli
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INCAS Indonesian National Carbon Ac
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GLOSSARY NEO National Earth Observa
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SAOCOM SAtélite Argentino de Obser
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WASTAC Western Australian Satellite
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