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vi Continuity of Earth Observation Data for Australia: R&D • January 2012
KEY FINDINGS KEY FINDINGS • Australian Earth observation (EO) research and development (R&D) is fragmented and underpinned by data from over 40 foreign owned and operated satellites that have been identified as important for the continuity of EO data supply for Australia. Australia is one of the largest users world-wide (by volume and variety) of EOS data provided by foreign satellites. • The majority of Australian EO research projects surveyed in detail, support and provide continuous improvement to at least 60 current operational EO programs in Federal and State governments, leading to improved weather forecasting and public safety warnings, improved environmental monitoring and informed climate policy, effective surveillance and defence of territorial waters, improved disaster prediction and response, informed resource exploration and management, and improved agricultural and water management capabilities. This support underpins Earth observation dependencies within currently active Federal and State government programs estimated to be worth approximately $950 million (Geoscience Australia, 2010). • The primary sources of EO data for Australian researchers are NASA and NOAA satellites (USA), even though these are not always optimal for some Australian requirements. The European Space Agency (ESA) and the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) are rapidly emerging as key future suppliers of multiple data streams needed for Australian R&D, with several other future data sources also likely to include Germany, India, China, Korea, Italy and France. • The Australian research community, as well as operational agencies, contribute to overseas EO programs through participation in global satellite calibration programs and the direct downlink and return of data back to owner countries, as well as participating in international science teams for selected missions, developing new applications for these data. • Every year, over 100 TB of Earth observation data (satellite and airborne) are obtained by more than 200 research projects across Australia, and either downloaded directly over the Internet for free or purchased from data suppliers. Assuming that data volumes double each year, it is conservatively estimated that the volume of data downloaded will exceed 1 PB per year by 2016. • Free and open data policies for access to real-time broadcast data and associated historical archives, combined with routine production of over 40 standard products in the case of the US MODIS program, have made data from the USGS Landsat satellite series, the NOAA AVHRR and NASA MODIS sensors by far the most widely used data across the EO R&D sector in Australia, with almost 60% of surveyed projects using data from one or more of these three data sources. However, these systems are not well designed for Australia’s requirements, given our landscapes are dominated by soils, rocks and dry vegetation. • Eleven of the 25 R&D projects surveyed that rely on MODIS data currently maintain their own MODIS data archives of more than 30 TB, and individually acquire over 1 TB of MODIS data per year. Four of the 12 projects using AVHRR store more than 10 TB of historical imagery each, and also acquire over 1 TB annually. • Current satellite data continuity issues for Landsat data, ALOS L-band SAR data, and EO data from other science missions with limited, uncertain or broken continuity (e.g. CALIPSO, OCO, ASTER, GRACE), as well as uncertainties around the quality of the new VIIRS sensors which are to replace the ageing MODIS sensors, may create potentially serious data gaps across multiple R&D programs and associated operational government mapping programs. The risk associated with such data gaps will depend heavily on contingency planning by the various user groups, and the sourcing of alternative data streams of adequate quality and accessibility. Continuity of Earth Observation Data for Australia: R&D • January 2012 1
Page 1 and 2: Continuity of Earth Observation Dat
Page 3 and 4: Contents Key Findings .............
Page 5 and 6: 5 EO Data Availability ............
Page 7: Table 3-11 Projects Dependent on Lo
Page 11 and 12: KEY RECOMMENDATIONS • Coordinated
Page 13 and 14: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Scope EXECUtivE S
Page 15 and 16: EXECUtivE SUMMARy Landsat data cont
Page 17 and 18: 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Earth Observatio
Page 19 and 20: INTRODUCTION $1.9 billion per year
Page 21 and 22: 2 CONTEXT OF CEODA-R&D SURVEY CONtE
Page 23 and 24: Part 2 - Detailed Survey CONtEXt Of
Page 25 and 26: Importance of EO Data to Research C
Page 27 and 28: Table 2-5 Federal Agencies Surveyed
Page 29 and 30: 2.3 Benefits of R&D 2.3.1 Societal
Page 31 and 32: Table 2-8 National Benefits and Sig
Page 33 and 34: Table 2-9 Operational Programs Supp
Page 35 and 36: Table 2-10 (continued) CONtEXt Of C
Page 37 and 38: Table 2-12 International Space Agen
Page 39 and 40: CONtEXt Of CEODA-R&D SURvEy day var
Page 41 and 42: 3 EO DATA REQUIREMENTS: CURRENT EO
Page 43 and 44: EO Data Type Table 3-3 Airborne EO
Page 45 and 46: EO Data Type Optical - Low Resoluti
Page 47 and 48: 3.2 Supply EO DATA REQUIREMENTS: CU
Page 49 and 50: Table 3-9 Current Data Volumes for
Page 51 and 52: EO DATA REQUIREMENTS: CURRENT The c
Page 53 and 54: EO DATA REQUIREMENTS: CURRENT Table
Page 55 and 56: 3.3.2 Medium Resolution Optical (10
Page 57 and 58: EO DATA REQUIREMENTS: CURRENT archi
Page 59 and 60:
EO DATA REQUIREMENTS: CURRENT Frequ
Page 61 and 62:
EO DATA REQUIREMENTS: CURRENT vario
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EO DATA REQUIREMENTS: CURRENT Most
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Supply Arrangements EO DATA REQUIRE
Page 67 and 68:
Table 3-26 Characteristics of Lidar
Page 69 and 70:
Ocean Colour Sensor Table 3-30 Usag
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4 EO DATA REQUIREMENTS: FUTURE EO D
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EO Data Type Optical - Low Resoluti
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4.2.2 Infrared Sensors EO DATA REQU
Page 77 and 78:
EO DATA REQUIREMENTS: FUTURE For ex
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Meteorological and Environmental Se
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EO DATA REQUIREMENTS: FUTURE The ei
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EO DATA REQUIREMENTS: FUTURE SLSTR
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5 EO DATA AVAILABILITY EO DATA AVAI
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EO DATA AVAILABILITY National agenc
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EO DATA AVAILABILITY • Sentinel 4
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Table 5-1 Data Continuity Options:
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EO DATA AVAILABILITY Although the r
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Table 5-3 Data Continuity Options:
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EO DATA AVAILABILITY Surrey Satelli
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EO DATA AVAILABILITY continuity for
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EO DATA AVAILABILITY AMSR-2 on GCOM
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EO DATA AVAILABILITY The POSEIDON s
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EO DATA AVAILABILITY With reference
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5.3 Summary EO DATA AVAILABILITY Th
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6 PRIORITIES FOR ACTION 6.1 Major D
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PRIORITIES FOR ACTION Some survey r
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PRIORITIES FOR ACTION Recent scienc
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National significance of the R&D ac
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Critical relationships for EO data
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PRIORITIES FOR ACTION 5. The Austra
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REFERENCES REFERENCES ACIL Tasman (
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GLOSSARY AAD Australian Antarctic D
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CEOS MIM CEOS Missions, Instruments
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ERS European Remote Sensing satelli
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INCAS Indonesian National Carbon Ac
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GLOSSARY NEO National Earth Observa
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SAOCOM SAtélite Argentino de Obser
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WASTAC Western Australian Satellite
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