UNHCR Handbook for Emergencies - UNHCR eCentre

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Introduction 1. People can survive longer without food than without water. The provision of water demands immediate attention from the start of a refugee emergency. The aim is to assure availability of enough water to allow its effective distribution in the required quantities, and to ensure that it is safe to drink. Adequate storage capacity and back up systems for all components of a water system must be assured; interruptions in the supply may be disastrous. 2. If it is evident that available sources are inadequate (in terms of yield or water quality), arrangements must be made to find alternative sources. If necessary, water may have to be imported to the site (by truck, barge, pipelines, etc.). Where even the most basic needs for water cannot be safely met by existing resources, or when time is needed for further exploration and development of new sources, refugees should be moved to a more suitable location. 3. Water quality is difficult to assess. Always assume that all water available during emergencies is contaminated, especially if it is taken from surface water bodies (lakes, ponds, rivers, etc.). All sources of water used by refugees must be separated from sanitation facilities and other sources of contamination. In many circumstances, treatment will be needed to make the water safe to drink. Safety of the water must be assured right through to its consumption in the household. 4. As it is difficult to predict the life-span of a refugee camp, it is best to plan on a costeffective, long-term basis. 5. Figure 1 (a and b) shows some of the considerations for planning an emergency water supply system. 6. The sectors of water, sanitation and site planning are highly interdependent. This chapter should be read in conjunction with the chapters on these topics. Assessment and Organization ◆ An immediate, on the spot, assessment of local water resources in relation to needs is essential; ◆ Technical expertize is required and local knowledge is most important. Outside expertize should be brought in only when clearly necessary; ◆ Involve the refugees, use their skills and train them to operate and maintain the system; ◆ Technology and equipment should be simple, reliable, appropriate and familiar to the country; ◆ Refugees may compete with the local population for water resources. This may cause problems between the two groups; ◆ Available sources must be protected from pollution at once; ◆ The water supply system must be supported by appropriate environmental health measures and hygiene. An immediate, on the spot assessment in relation to needs is essential. 7. The government’s central and local authorities should be involved as much as possible in this assessment. Knowledge of the local terrain and conditions is indispensable and expertize from outside the country should be brought in only when clearly necessary. Water 16 213
214 Figure 1a – Needs and Resources Assessment General considerations for planning an emergency water supply system Is sufficient water available? Yes Is the water safe to drink? Needs Assessment 1. Estimation of total daily needs 2. Initial water resources assessment No Hydrogeological survey Well digging, portable rigs Can water be made available at this site? Yes Can an adequate system be put in place in time? Yes Is source rain, surface or groundwater? Surface water Rain water Groundwater Groundwater Is aquifer consolidated or unconsolidated? Conventional rotary drilling No Unconsolidated Consolidated No Select new site Water tanker operation Spring “Down the hole” hammer drilling
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United Nations High Commissioner fo
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Chapters may be located quickly by
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VI Introduction
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VIII
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X UNHCR’s Mission Statement
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2 1 Aim and Principles of Response
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4 Definition and Aim 1. The majorit
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6 18. By definition, the needs of a
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8 tal degradation. Environmental pr
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10 2 Protection
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12 Introduction UNHCR’s Mandate 1
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14 23. In countries that are partie
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16 rities, local authorities, army
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18 Field staff at the site, anxious
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20 ii. To refrain from violence to
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22 as a result of armed conflict, i
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24 Annex 1 - International Instrume
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26 3 Emergency Management
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28 Introduction 1. There is no sing
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30 Capacity and Resources 5. Emerge
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32 28. At the global level, UNHCR m
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34 4 Contingency Planning
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36 Introduction 1. Contingency plan
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38 is not unusual for the various p
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40 5 Initial Assessment, Immediate
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42 Introduction 1. Emergency assist
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44 for details of how to access UNH
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46 Annex 1 - Checklist for Initial
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48 6 Operations Planning
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50 Introduction 1. An emergency res
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52 Figure 1 - an example of a Gap I
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54 Annex 2 - Gap Identification Cha
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56 7 Coordination and Site Level Or
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58 Coordination Introduction 1. Coo
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60 i. Resident Coordinator The Resi
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62 38. The system of refugee repres
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64 Annex 2 - Tips on running a meet
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66 8 Implementing Arrangements
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68 Introduction 1. Appropriate arra
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70 nated the manager of the operati
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72 Sufficient information must be a
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74 Annex 1 - Sample Letter of Mutua
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76 Annex 2 - Procurement by a UNHCR
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78 will be composed of at least thr
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80 SITREP (number) COUNTRY COVERING
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82 9 External Relations
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84 Relations with Government and Di
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86 21. Field offices should monitor
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88 ❏ DO remember that any program
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90 stood as being entirely intended
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92 Annex 1 MEMBER STATES OF THE EXE
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94 10 Community Services and Educat
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96 Situation The trauma of becoming
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98 8. Community services programmes
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100 Site planning and construction:
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102 ❏ Promote the social role of
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104 families may be provided with a
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106 actly what degree of protection
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108 cational materials of the type
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110
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112 PHASE 3. BUILDING UP COMMUNITY
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114 Annex 2 Sample Unaccompanied Mi
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116 Annex 3 - List of materials for
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118 11 Population Estimation and Re
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120 Situation Refugee emergencies a
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122 Administrative Records 12. Loca
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124 ii. The refugees accept the pro
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126 Annex 1 - Format for reporting
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128 Annex 3 - Control Sheet Feuille
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130 Annex 5 - Codes for UNHCR Regis
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132 12 Site Selection, Planning and
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134 Situation Suitable and well-sel
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136 Camps 11. This type of settleme
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138 27. Refugee settlements should
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140 40. Natural and existing featur
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142 example, where there are severe
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144 camp. In particular, this will
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146 can be kept out of this space.
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148 13 Commodity Distribution
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150 Situation Emergency situations
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152 Components of Distribution Syst
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154 14 Health
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156 Situation It is well known from
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158 registration for more informati
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160 Monitoring and Surveillance: Th
Page 173 and 174: 162 ◆ The emotional stress of dis
Page 175 and 176: 164 Malaria 41. Malaria can also po
Page 177 and 178: 166 Reproductive Health 7 45. Repro
Page 179 and 180: 168 than outsiders in communicating
Page 181 and 182: 170 collect and consolidate health
Page 183 and 184: 172 place to jointly identify prior
Page 185 and 186: 174 Key References An Inter-agency
Page 187 and 188: 176 2. Mortality 2.1 Mortality rate
Page 189 and 190: 178 3.2 Out-Patient Department (OPD
Page 191 and 192: 180 6. Referral system 6.1 Total nu
Page 193 and 194: 182 7.3 Tuberculosis (every three m
Page 195 and 196: 184 15 Food and Nutrition
Page 197 and 198: 186 Situation In emergencies, food
Page 199 and 200: 188 ◆ In most refugee emergencies
Page 201 and 202: 190 management of the natural resou
Page 203 and 204: 192 General Feeding Programme ◆ A
Page 205 and 206: 194 Figure 2 - Response to food and
Page 207 and 208: 196 malnourished children. However
Page 209 and 210: 198 Figure 4 - Admission and discha
Page 211 and 212: 200 ing programme will depend on th
Page 213 and 214: 202 Annex 1 - Basic Facts About Foo
Page 215 and 216: 204 Annex 1 (cont.) - Characteristi
Page 217 and 218: 206 Annex 3 - Main Nutritional Defi
Page 219 and 220: 208 Annex 5 - Reporting Form: Thera
Page 221 and 222: 210 16 Water
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Page 227 and 228: 216 8. Available sources must be pr
Page 229 and 230: 218 26. The most serious threat to
Page 231 and 232: 220 iii. Implementation arrangement
Page 233 and 234: 222 61. Without good groundwater re
Page 235 and 236: 224 filtration, chemical disinfecti
Page 237 and 238: 226 Storage ◆ All refugee sites m
Page 239 and 240: 228 17 Environmental Sanitation
Page 241 and 242: 230 Situation Overcrowding, a harsh
Page 243 and 244: 232 Table 1: - Number and Types of
Page 245 and 246: 234 27. Arrangements must be made t
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Page 249 and 250: 238 Ventilated Improved Double-Pit
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Page 253 and 254: 242 tive manner to sustain “soft
Page 255 and 256: 244 Annex 1 II. Public Places C. Ex
Page 257 and 258: 246 Annex 2: - Environmental Sanita
Page 259 and 260: 248 18 Supplies and Transport
Page 261 and 262: 250 Situation Refugee emergencies a
Page 263 and 264: 252 v. Comprehensive planning: Have
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Page 267 and 268: 256 37. Where a suitable rail netwo
Page 269 and 270: 258 iv. Size and weight: packing un
Page 271 and 272: 260 70. When selecting a warehouse
Page 273 and 274: 262 Annex 1: - Standard specificati
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264 Annex 2 - Planning Vehicle Need
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266 3. Fuel and Maintenance Facilit
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268 5. Warehouse documents Whatever
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270 Annex 4 Distribution: 2 copies
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272 19 Voluntary Repatriation
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274 Situation Voluntary repatriatio
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276 during and after their return,
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278 or another to return to their c
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280 untary repatriation operation i
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282 59. Customs formalities: Custom
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284
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286 Linked Cases: Family/Group No:
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288 (i) Spontaneous and self-organi
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290 20 Administration, Staffing and
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292 Introduction 1. The purpose of
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294 communities may come forward to
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296 already represented in that cou
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298 51. Whatever the pressures of t
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300 each trip. The daily log should
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302 Annex 1 - CHECK-LIST FOR THE EM
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304 - Maintenance logs - Construct
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306 ❏ 37. Request Emergency Allot
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308 325 Logistics (procurement, tra
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310 21 Communications
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312 Introduction 1. Good communicat
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314 on the roof of the building or
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316 Annex 1 - Common Communications
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318 22 Coping with Stress
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320 Introduction 1. Stress is a fea
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322 preparation not only includes u
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324 23 Staff Safety
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326 Introduction ◆ The primary re
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328 formation on all possible means
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330 Depending on the circumstances
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332 iv. Ballistic blankets fitted i
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334 24 Working with the Military
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336 Introduction ◆ In humanitaria
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338 personnel, including creating t
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340 Catalogue of Emergency Response
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342 human resources Emergency Prepa
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344 Senior Emergency Administrator
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346 Norwegian and Danish Refugee Co
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348 Swedish Rescue Services Agency
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350 Staff and Office Accommodation
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352 Office Kits The Office Kit comp
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354 Vehicles A stock of 20 vehicles
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356 Emergency Operations Room Based
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358 Kitchen Sets 30,000 Kitchen Set
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360 Emergency Capacities of Non Gov
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362 Refugee Registration Package Th
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364 UNHCR Emergency Fund The purpos
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366 Workshop on Emergency Managemen
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368 Toolbox
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370 Table 1 - Key Emergency Indicat
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372 Table 4 - Screening of New Arri
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374 Table 7 - The Size of Things Co
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376 Table 10 - Conversion Factors T
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378 Memoranda
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380 FRAMEWORK for OPERATIONAL COOPE
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382 e) jointly invite donors, Unite
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384 20. UNHCR and UNDP shall: a) co
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386 MEMORANDUM OF UNDERSTANDING bet
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388 (ii) Operational Activities 18.
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390 including cold chain equipment,
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392 WFP/UNHCR COOPERATION MEMORANDU
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394 Both agencies will agree on the
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396 jointly agreed by UNHCR and WFP
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398 8.8 Joint headquarters-level me
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400 Glossary
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402 Index
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404 Deployment 15, 32, 172, 337, 33
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406 Office - Installation 313, 314
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408
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