The Impact of Technology Insertion on Organisations
The Impact of Technology Insertion on Organisations
The Impact of Technology Insertion on Organisations
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HFIDTC/2/12.2.1/1<br />
Versi<strong>on</strong> 3 / 21 November 2007<br />
11 Gaps in <str<strong>on</strong>g>Technology</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Inserti<strong>on</strong></str<strong>on</strong>g> Capabilities<br />
11.1 Gaps in Understanding, Methods and Tools<br />
This scoping study has shown that there are a great many risks to technology inserti<strong>on</strong><br />
programmes. Despite the developments in risk assessment tools and techniques, research<br />
has found that the rate <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> technology project failure has not reduced. <str<strong>on</strong>g>The</str<strong>on</strong>g> case study<br />
evidence suggests that risk assessment tools are sometimes applied to these projects, but<br />
assessors <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>ten take a narrow view <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the risks. This narrow view <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> risk can be the result<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> organisati<strong>on</strong>al culture. NHS technology projects for example, have been found to focus<br />
<strong>on</strong> avoiding litigati<strong>on</strong> and financial risk at the expense <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the c<strong>on</strong>siderati<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> other<br />
potential risks.<br />
In the c<strong>on</strong>text <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> technology inserti<strong>on</strong> it is clear that the number <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> risks, at<br />
organisati<strong>on</strong>al, technical and systems levels, coupled with the <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>ten overly optimistic<br />
expectati<strong>on</strong>s <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> project backers, can mean these programmes become very challenging<br />
and stressful to manage.<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>The</str<strong>on</strong>g>re is str<strong>on</strong>g evidence indicating that a technocentric viewpoint exists within many<br />
programmes, where new technology is given a high value, and its introducti<strong>on</strong> seen as a<br />
suitable end in itself. This view can mean that individual technical issues are well<br />
examined and understood, whereas c<strong>on</strong>textual factors surrounding technology use end up<br />
being ignored. Technocentric culture can mean that important factors such as the<br />
organisati<strong>on</strong>al, c<strong>on</strong>textual, political and the human may be less well understood and<br />
therefore either not c<strong>on</strong>sidered at all, or not well managed.<br />
Even when technical issues are well understood there is a risk that the impacts <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
technology inserti<strong>on</strong> <strong>on</strong> the established system may not have been fully c<strong>on</strong>sidered. In<br />
isolati<strong>on</strong> the inserti<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> new comp<strong>on</strong>ents, such as an air c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>ing unit in a ground<br />
vehicle, seems like it provides substantial benefits. It is clear however that changes such<br />
as this can affect the performance <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> the system in unexpected ways. In this example the<br />
air c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>ing unit may take up more space in the vehicle, leaving less space for<br />
pers<strong>on</strong>nel. Additi<strong>on</strong>ally, the unit may require greater power, and add weight to the<br />
system, which will inevitably lead to a reduced speed capability and increased fuel<br />
c<strong>on</strong>sumpti<strong>on</strong>.<br />
It is precisely because <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> this predicti<strong>on</strong> problem that so many practiti<strong>on</strong>ers struggle with<br />
the challenge <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> introducing new technologies into a platform, system or organisati<strong>on</strong>. As<br />
we have seen there are a great many academic theories surrounding technology and its<br />
impacts, however there is very little practical guidance for the practiti<strong>on</strong>er. For those<br />
decisi<strong>on</strong> makers who do not have access to outside expertise there is little in the any <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
tools or guidance to provide support. As we have seen, knowledge management resources<br />
may provide informati<strong>on</strong> about other practiti<strong>on</strong>ers’ experiences, however this does not<br />
guarantee that these experiences will be applicable to the practiti<strong>on</strong>er’s current needs.<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>The</str<strong>on</strong>g>re is a good chance that ‘knowledge’ in these resources will be based <strong>on</strong> individual<br />
experiences <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> technical problems rather than <strong>on</strong> insights into the socio-technical or<br />
human factors issues that surrounded these events. Alternative approaches may prove to<br />
be a valuable investment <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> effort if we are to better support decisi<strong>on</strong> makers and<br />
practiti<strong>on</strong>ers.<br />
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