Learning Processing: A Beginner's Guide to Programming Images ...

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Introduction What is this book? Th is book tells a story. It is a story of liberation, of taking the fi rst steps toward understanding the foundations of computing, writing your own code, and creating your own media without the bonds of existing software tools. Th is story is not reserved for computer scientists and engineers. Th is story is for you. Who is this book for? Th is book is for the beginner. If you have never written a line of code in your life, you are in the right place. No assumptions are made, and the fundamentals of programming are covered slowly, one by one, in the fi rst nine chapters of this book. You do not need any background knowledge besides the basics of operating a computer—turning it on, browsing the web, launching an application, that sort of thing. Because this book uses Processing (more on Processing in a moment) , it is especially good for someone studying or working in a visual fi eld, such as graphic design, painting, sculpture, architecture, fi lm, video, illustration, web design, and so on. If you are in one of these fi elds (at least one that involves using a computer), you are probably well versed in a particular software package, possibly more than one, such as Photoshop, Illustrator, AutoCAD, Maya, After Eff ects, and so on. Th e point of this book is to release you, at least in part, from the confi nes of existing tools. What can you make, what can you design if, instead of using someone else’s tools, you write your own? If this question interests you, you are in the right place. If you have some programming experience, but are interested in learning about Processing , this book could also be useful. Th e early chapters will provide you with a quick refresher (and solid foundation) for the more advanced topics found in the second half of the book. What is Processing ? Let’s say you are taking Computer Science 101, perhaps taught with the Java programming language. Here is the output of the fi rst example program demonstrated in class:
x Introduction Traditionally, programmers are taught the basics via command line output: 1. TEXT IN → You write your code as text. 2. TEXT OUT → Your code produces text output on the command line. 3. TEXT INTERACTION → Th e user can enter text on the command line to interact with the program. Th e output “ Hello, World! ” of this example program is an old joke, a programmer’s convention where the text output of the fi rst program you learn to write in any given language says “ Hello, World! ” It fi rst appeared in a 1974 Bell Laboratories memorandum by Brian Kernighan entitled “ Programming in C: A Tutorial. ” Th e strength of learning with Processing is its emphasis on a more intuitive and visually responsive environment, one that is more conducive to artists and designers learning programming. 1. 2. 3. TEXT IN → You write your code as text. VISUALS OUT → Your code produces visuals in a window. MOUSE INTERACTION → Th e user can interact with those visuals via the mouse (and more as we will see in this book!). Processing ’s “ Hello, World! ” might look something like this: Hello, Shapes! Th ough quite friendly looking, it is nothing spectacular (both of these fi rst programs leave out #3: interaction), but neither is “ Hello, World! ” However, the focus, learning through immediate visual feedback, is quite diff erent. Processing is not the fi rst language to follow this paradigm. In 1967, the Logo programming language was developed by Daniel G. Bobrow, Wally Feurzeig, and Seymour Papert. With Logo, a programmer writes instructions to direct a turtle around the screen, producing shapes and designs. John Maeda’s Design By Numbers (1999) introduced computation to visual designers and artists with a simple, easy to use syntax.
Page 2 and 3: Learning Processing A Beginner’s
Page 4 and 5: Learning Processing A Beginner’s
Page 6 and 7: Contents Acknowledgments vii Introd
Page 8 and 9: Acknowledgments In the fall of 2001
Page 12 and 13: Introduction xi While both of these
Page 14 and 15: Introduction xiii Th e book is desi
Page 16 and 17: Introduction xv Th is book’s web
Page 18 and 19: Introductory Exercise: Write instru
Page 20 and 21: Lesson One The Beginning 1 Pixels 2
Page 22 and 23: 1 Pixels “ A journey of a thousan
Page 24 and 25: 1.2 Simple Shapes Pixels 5 Th e vas
Page 26 and 27: 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 fi g. 1.9 top l
Page 28 and 29: 1.3 Pixels 9 Exercise 1-3: Reverse
Page 30 and 31: Example 1-2: noFill ( ) background(
Page 32 and 33: fi g. 1.19 Pixels 13 Exercise 1-5:
Page 34 and 35: colorMode(RGB,100); Pixels 15 Th e
Page 36 and 37: 2 2.1 Processing “ Computers in t
Page 38 and 39: fi g. 2.2 Once you have opened the
Page 40 and 41: Let’s write a fi rst example ( se
Page 42 and 43: Line 9 fi g. 2.6 Processing is case
Page 44 and 45: fi g. 2.7 Processing 25 Processing
Page 46 and 47: Example 2-1: Zoog again size(200,20
Page 48 and 49: Processing 29 To see the applet wor
Page 50 and 51: 3 3.1 Interaction “ Always rememb
Page 52 and 53: Let’s look at what will surely be
Page 54 and 55: 3.3 Variation with the Mouse Intera
Page 56 and 57: Draw Zoog's eyes fill(0); ellipse(8
Page 58 and 59: 3.4 Mouse Clicks and Key Presses In
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Draw Zoog's eyes fill(mo useX,0,mou
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Lesson Two Everything You Need to K
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4 4.1 Variables “ All of the book
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4.2 Variable Declaration and Initia
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A variable can also be initialized
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x = 5; x = a + b; x = y - 10 * 20;
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void draw() { // Draw the backgroun
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4.6 Random: Variety is the spice of
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4.7 Example 4-7: Filling variables
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5 5.1 Conditionals Conditionals 59
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Finally, for testing multiple condi
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Conditionals 63 It is worth pointin
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Conditionals 65 Getting into the ha
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Our fi rst instinct might be to wri
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5.5 Multiple Rollovers Conditionals
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Conditionals 71 We can then check t
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5.7 Conditionals 73 Exercise 5-8: E
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Reversing the Polarity of a Number
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One way to solve this problem is to
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Display the square fill(0); noStrok
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6 Loops “ Repetition is the reali
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Loops 83 (see Chapter 5). However,
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while (y < 100) { // Loop! } 3. Wha
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while (x < = endLegs) { line(x,y,x,
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Th e same exact loop can be program
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Loops 91 Th is was a nice simplifi
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6.6 Loop Inside the Main Loop Loops
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6.7 float distance = abs(mouseX - i
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Draw Zoog's legs stroke(0); line(x-
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Lesson Three Organization 7 Functio
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7 7.1 Functions “ When it’s all
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7.2 “ User Defi ned ” Functions
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Example 5-6: Bouncing ball // Decla
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7.5 Functions 107 Exercise 7-3: Tak
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Functions 109 It should be fairly a
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int globalX = 0; int globalY = 100;
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void setup() { println( "a"); funct
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If we did not include a return stat
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7.8 Zoog Reorganization Zoog is now
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void draw() { } background(0); // D
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8 8.1 Objects “ No object is so b
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Setup: Draw: Initialize car color.
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Objects 125 • The Class Name—Th
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Objects 127 One other thing; with t
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fi g. 8.1 fi g. 8.2 fi g. 8.4 fi g.
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Objects 131 Nevertheless, this is q
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void draw() { } background(100); ba
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Objects 135 modular, reusable packa
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Lesson Three Project Step 1. Take y
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Lesson Four More of the Same 9 Arra
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9 Arrays “ I might repeat to myse
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Car myCar80 Car myCar81 Car myCar82
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9.3 Declaring and Creating an Array
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9.4 Initializing an Array One way t
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Example 9-5: Using a for loop to in
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Arrays 151 Now comes the hard part.
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9.7 Arrays 153 Exercise 9-7: Rewrit
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9.8 Interactive Objects Arrays 155
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Check if point is inside of Stripe
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alls[i].gravity(); balls[i].move();
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Draw Zoog's arms with a for loop fo
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Lesson Five Putting It All Together
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10 10.1 Algorithms “ Lather. Rins
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Translating the preceding algorithm
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void draw() { background(255); stro
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Example 10-2: Bouncing ball class c
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Now that the function is complete,
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10.6 // Constructor Ball(float temp
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Algorithms 177 With the above logic
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Drop() { r = 8; // All raindrops ar
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Example 10-7: Drops one at a time /
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Algorithms 183 Notice how every sin
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oolean intersecting = ball1.interse
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} void setLocation(float tempX, flo
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Algorithms 189 It is important to r
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11 Debugging “ Th e diff erence b
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Debugging 193 Once all the code is
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12 Libraries “ If truth is beauty
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or /Applications/Processing 0135/ c
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Lesson Six The World Revolves Aroun
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13 Mathematics Mathematics 201 “
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Mathematics 203 Th erefore, modulo
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Th e probability of a coin fl ippin
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13.6 Perlin Noise Mathematics 207 O
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Mathematics 209 How quickly we incr
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It is fairly intuitive for us to th
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fi g. 13.9 y-axis sine(theta) � y
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Example 13-6: Oscillation float the
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Mathematics 217 In 1975, Benoit Man
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Mathematics 219 said about recursio
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Mathematics 221 A two-dimensional a
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Example 13-10: Two-dimensional arra
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} void display() { } // FILL IN Mat
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14 14.1 Translation and Rotation (i
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Our fi rst instinct might be to add
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Example 14-3: A rectangle moving al
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When using the OPENGL mode, you mus
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Translation and Rotation (in 3D!) 2
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14.5 fill(150,150); vertex(-t, t,-t
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14.6 Example 14-5: Rectangle rotati
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fill(0,100); // Note the use of pus
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14.9 Example 14-17: Nested push and
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stroke(0); fill(175); ellipse(0,0,d
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Lesson Seven Pixels Under a Microsc
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15 Images Images 255 “ Politics w
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And yet: PImage img = loadImage( "f
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15.3 My Very First Image Processing
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Images 261 Even better, if we just
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Images 263 // Create a grayscale co
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Images 265 15.6 Intro to Image Proc
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Images 267 Since we are altering th
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15.9 More on fi lter( ): fi lter(mo
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Images 271 Example 15-13 performs a
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Example 15-14: “ Pointillism ”
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16 16.1 Video “ I have no memory.
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Video 277 Th e above line of code i
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void draw() { // Check to see if a
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16.3 Recorded Video Video 281 Displ
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16.4 Video 283 Exercise 16-3: Using
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Video 285 For every square at colum
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} } // Each rect is colored white w
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16.5 Video as Sensor, Computer Visi
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Now, we are ready to compare the co
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16.6 Video 293 Exercise 16-5: Take
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void setup() { size(320,240); video
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Example 16-13: Simple motion detect
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16.8 // Step 4, compare colors (pre
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Lesson Seven Project Develop a soft
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Lesson Eight The Outside World 17 T
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17 17.1 Text “ I could entertain
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Exercise 17-2: Loop through and pri
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17.3 Displaying Text Text 309 We wi
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println(PFont.list()); For demonstr
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X = �50 fi g. 17.4 float w = text
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Example 17-4: Text mirror import pr
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textFont(f); // Set the font transl
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Exercise 17-9: Using textWidth( ) ,
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Example 17-7: Boxes along a curve P
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Text 323 Exercise 17-10: Create a s
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18 Data Input “ A million monkeys
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Example 18-1: User input PFont f; /
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Data Input 329 Th e reverse of spli
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Example 18-2: Graphing comma separa
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Data Input 333 Th e rollover( ) fun
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18.4 diameter = diameter_; } // Tru
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} // Find the index of the end tag
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void mousePressed() { // Increment
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18.6 for (int i = 0; i < kinglear.l
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Create and make an asynchronous req
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� student � � id � 002 �
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Requests for XML data are made via
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18.8 Using the Processing XML Libra
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XMLElement diameterElement = childr
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Example 18-10: A Yahoo search impor
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However, if you request a URL on a
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19 19.1 Data Streams “ I’m mad
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import processing.net.* ; Server se
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Data Streams 361 Once the server is
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19.4 void draw() { background(255);
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Data Streams 365 must be networked
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Data Streams 367 will send X , Y co
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Data Streams 369 Here is the full S
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Here is the entire client sketch: 1
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Data Streams 373 Serial communicati
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Data Streams 375 of information, ca
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Corresponding Arduino code: int sen
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Lesson Nine Making Noise 20 Sound 2
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20 Sound “ Check. Check. Check 1.
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void setup() { Sonia.start(this); }
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void mousePressed() { // If the use
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Sound 387 check and see if a sound
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Is a point inside the doorbell (use
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Pressing the mouse stops and starts
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20.6 void draw() { background(255,1
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In code, this translates to: // If
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21 Exporting “ Wait a minute. I t
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Th is code can be inserted anywhere
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void setup() { size(400, 400); begi
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Exporting 403 save( ) takes one arg
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Exporting 405 Example 21-5 records
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Lesson Ten Beyond Processing 22 Adv
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22 Advanced Object-Oriented Program
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class Point { float x,y; Point(floa
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Advanced Object-Oriented Programmin
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Advanced Object-Oriented Programmin
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class Circle extends Shape { // inh
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for (int i = 0; i < dogs.length; i
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22.5 Example 22-2: Polymorphism //
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23 23.1 Java “ I l o ve c off ee,
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Java 425 instead of Processing , sp
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fi g. 23.2 Java 427 Just as with th
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Particle p = parray[i]; p.run(); p.
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Hint: Add a function that returns a
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Example 23-4: Super fancy ArrayList
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Java 435 It is sad when these error
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Th e tutorials will cover the same
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Appendix: Common Errors Appendix 43
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Error: No accessible fi eld named
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void draw() { thing.display(); } Co
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Error: Perhaps you wanted the overl
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Index AIFF (Audio Interchange File
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Fill( ) function 10 , 11 , 256 , 30
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One-dimensional Perlin noise 208 OP
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solar system, processing 247-9 vert
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