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LNCS 2950 - Aspects of Molecular Computing (Frontmatter Pages)

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288 Manfred Kudlek<br />

Theorem 16. γRAT(◦) ⊆ γκRAT( ).<br />

Pro<strong>of</strong>. This follows immediately from Theorem 15. ✷<br />

The relations between the language classes considered so far are shown in<br />

the diagrams <strong>of</strong> Figures 1 and 2.<br />

4 Conclusion<br />

An open problem is whether the inclusions RAT(◦) ⊆ κRAT( ) and<br />

γRAT(◦) ⊆ γκRAT( ) are proper or not. Other problems to be solved are<br />

the relation <strong>of</strong> language classes defined by grammars on cyclic words to those<br />

language classes considered above, and closure properties under certain language<br />

operations. Also the relations <strong>of</strong> language classes defined as algebraic closure under<br />

the operations ⊙ and ⊗ have to be investigated. These are related to simple<br />

circular splicing operations [3]. Another open problem is to find alternative associative<br />

operations on cyclic words to generate classes <strong>of</strong> languages <strong>of</strong> cyclic<br />

words. Of interest is also the investigation <strong>of</strong> the language <strong>of</strong> primitive cyclic<br />

words and its relation to the set <strong>of</strong> primitive words.<br />

References<br />

1. P. Bonizzoni, C. de Felice, G. Mauri, R. Zizza: DNA and Circular Splicing.Proc.<br />

DNA <strong>Computing</strong> (DNA’2000), eds. A. Condon, G. Rozenberg, <strong>LNCS</strong> 2054, pp<br />

117–129, 2001.<br />

2. P. Bonizzoni, C. de Felice, G. Mauri, R. Zizza: Decision Problems for Linear and<br />

Circular Splicing Systems. Preproc. DLT’2002, eds. M. Ito, M. Toyama, pp 7–27,<br />

Kyoto, 2002.<br />

3. R. Ceterchi, K.G. Krithivasan: Simple Circular Splicing Systems. Romanian J.<br />

Information Sci. and Technology, 6, 1-2 (2003), 121–134.<br />

4. T. Head: Splicing Schemes and DNA. In: Lindenmayer Systems; Impacts on Theoretical<br />

Computer Science and Developmental Biology, eds.G.Rozenberg,A.Salomaa,<br />

Springer, 1992, pp 371–383.<br />

5. J.E. Hopcr<strong>of</strong>t, R. Motwani, J.D. Ullman: Introduction to Automata Theory, Languages,<br />

and Computation. Addison-Wesley, 2001.<br />

6. J.E. Hopcr<strong>of</strong>t, J.D. Ullman: Introduction to Automata Theory, Languages, and<br />

Computation. Addison-Wesley, 1979.<br />

7. M. Jantzen: Extending Regular Expressions with Iterated Shuffle. Theoretical Computer<br />

Sci., 38, pp 223–247, 1985.<br />

8. M. Kudlek, A. Mateescu: Mix Operation with Catenation and Shuffle. Proceedings<br />

<strong>of</strong> the 3 rd International Conference Developments in Language Theory, ed. S.<br />

Bozapalidis, pp 387–398, Aristotle University Thessaloniki, 1998.<br />

9. M. Kudlek, C. Martín-Vide, Gh. Păun: Toward FMT (Formal Macroset Theory).<br />

In: Multiset Processing, eds. C. Calude, Gh. Păun, G. Rozenberg, A. Salomaa,<br />

<strong>LNCS</strong> 2235, pp 123–133, 2001.<br />

10. W. Kuich, A. Salomaa: Semirings, Automata, Languages. EATCS Monographs on<br />

TCS, Springer, 1986.<br />

11. Gh. Păun, G. Rozenberg, A. Salomaa: DNA <strong>Computing</strong>. New <strong>Computing</strong><br />

Paradigms. Springer, 1998.<br />

12. A. Salomaa: Formal Languages. Academic Press, 1973.

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