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Zienkiewicz O.C., Taylor R.L. Vol. 3. The finite - tiera.ru

Zienkiewicz O.C., Taylor R.L. Vol. 3. The finite - tiera.ru

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128 Incompressible laminar ¯ow<br />

C L<br />

C L<br />

(b) Contours of state parameters at t = 2.9 s<br />

Load (MN)<br />

0.4<br />

0.3<br />

0.2<br />

0.1<br />

624<br />

‘Effective’ strain (ε) t = 2.9 s<br />

623<br />

624624<br />

624<br />

643<br />

649 644<br />

Temperature (T) t = 2.9 s<br />

2<br />

(c) Load versus time<br />

4 6 8<br />

Time (s)<br />

10 12 14 16<br />

forming process. It is of interest simply to observe that here the energy norm of the<br />

error is the measure used.<br />

<strong>The</strong> details of various applications can be found in the extensive literature on the<br />

subject. This also deals with various sophisticated mesh updating procedures. One<br />

particularly successful method is the so-called ALE (arbitrary lagrangian±eulerian)<br />

method. 135ÿ139 Here the original mesh is given some prescribed velocity v in a<br />

manner ®tting the moving boundaries, and the convective terms in the equations<br />

0.2<br />

0.2 0.8 0.8<br />

Fig. 4.24 (continued) A transient ext<strong>ru</strong>sion problem with temperature and strain-dependent yield. 132 Adaptive<br />

mesh re®nements uses T6/1D elements of Fig. 4.18.

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