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x sample locations and age distribution. (c) presents different structural solutions which might be responsible for the age and track length distribution as well as the cooling paths. Fig. 4.4 N-S profile of the intramontane Murgab basin, southerly adjacent to the Muzkol dome. The section shows the basin structure and fission track zircon ages (in white frames) and sericite K/Ar ages (grey frames, the data table is documented in Appendix A, Tab. A4) of Palaeogene to ?Neogene sediments of the basin. Obviously the determined ages do not correlate with elevation, but with the distance to the metamorphic dome complex. Fig. 4.5 N-S profile of the southernmost Tien Shan and eastern Pamirs with the structural units and the summary of the Palaeozoic to Tertiary geochronological evolution of the magmatic belts and basement units. The surface geology is adapted from the geological maps 1:200.000 of Tadzhikistan (1968) and Kyrgyztan (1958). For a better understanding of the subsurface geology see Fig 3.11 (chapter 3). Not all data points are labelled with a sample name and fission track peak ages of sediments are not included.
Prologue The present doctoral thesis is part of a project financed by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG-project Fr 610/11). The aim of the project was to examine the Tertiary to Quaternary tectonics of the Pamirs and to develop a geodynamic model of this region. For this task an international and interdisciplinary team seemed to be most promising, thus following the tradition of previous research expeditions to the Pamirs. Associated were researchers from Germany, USA and Russia and two doctoral students, Martin Waldhör and myself. Prof. Dr. L. Ratschbacher, Freiberg, led structural, geochronological and geodynamic research, Prof. Dr. W. Frisch, Tübingen, represented structural geology and geodynamics, Prof. Dr. M. Strecker, Potsdam, was responsible for neotectonics, and Prof. Dr. E. Appel, Tübingen, focused on palaeomagnetics. Three field excursions to the Pamirs were carried out in 1993, 1996, and 1997. The following thesis is based on data collected in the Pamirs during the last two field seasons. Independent from the project aims, it seemed much more promising to my supervisors and me to constrain the Tertiary history on base of a well defined Pamiran Palaeozoic and Mesozoic geodynamic model. Therefore, in 1999, the thesis subjects were extended. A further impact to the thesis duration was the circumstance that the samples were kept for one year in Tadzhikistan for reasons we never could figure out satisfactorily. The “roof of the world” is what the Persians called the Pamirs. This large mountain region extends over the Tadzhik and Kyrgyz Republics in Central Asia (Fig. 1). In Europe, first descriptions of the Pamirs are related to Marco Polo; he crossed the mountains at Terak Pass in the area of present-day Afghanistan during his legendary journey to northern China in 1271. Owing to his descriptions Marco Polo sheep were later named after him. Beside the Yaks they are often the only visible large animals of the area. In 1866, the first Russian expedition arrived in the Pamirs, led by the naturalist and explorer Fedchenko. He discovered an extensive glacier in the northern Pamirs which has been considered the largest nonpolar icefield in the world. The French explorer Pierre Bonvalot completed the first European north-south crossing of the Pamirs in 1886. Other Russian, English and xi
Page 1: Institut für Geowissenschaften (IF
Page 4 and 5: Key words: Tien Shan, Pamirs, Tibet
Page 6 and 7: * Nr. 22 MESCHEDE, M. (1994): Tecto
Page 8 and 9: * Nr. 55 REINECKER, J. (2000): Stre
Page 13 and 14: The amalgamation of the Pamirs and
Page 15: Wer aber je auf Asiens Erdboden sch
Page 20 and 21: viii (1971). Black lines with arrow
Page 24 and 25: xii Swedish expeditions followed. I
Page 26 and 27: 2 postulated that the Safed Khers a
Page 28 and 29: 4 Zusammenfassung Die paläozoische
Page 30 and 31: 6 (d) Oberkreide Spaltspurenalter w
Page 32 and 33: 8 deformation propagate from the pl
Page 34 and 35: 10 source terrains, changes in the
Page 36 and 37: 12 Geochemisches Zentrallabor, Univ
Page 38 and 39: 14 mean UO+/U+ and Pb+/U+ value. Si
Page 40 and 41: 16 apatites and zircons were counte
Page 42 and 43: 18 number of simulation runs and th
Page 45 and 46: Two Palaeozoic sutures divide the C
Page 47 and 48: igneous and sedimentary rock sequen
Page 49 and 50: Triassic and the formation of an is
Page 51 and 52: 27 Lake Karakul The Lake Karakul ar
Page 53: 3.3.2 Major and trace elements Majo
Page 56 and 57: 32 of 26-40 for samples P2, P5, and
Page 58 and 59: 34 some of the zircons suffered Pb
Page 60 and 61: 36 fractions are situated close to
Page 65: 3.4.2 Rb/Sr dating The Rb/Sr minera
Page 69 and 70: 45 The Cretaceous plutons show mode
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48 Thompson et al. (1984), who see
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50 granites and have Sm-Nd model ag
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52 associations in Afghanistan is f
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54 Kara Kunlun or Mazar accretionar
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56 Early Jurassic low-angle normal
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58 Coward et al. (1988) pointed out
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60 oceanic crust for the consumptio
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62 Palaeogene volcanic rocks of cen
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64 3.7 Conclusions Based on new own
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4 Cenozoic exhumation history of th
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Southern Tien Shan One Permian gran
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Thermal modelling The results of th
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amphibole, white mica, and biotite
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the zircon PAZ. The apparent apatit
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elt likely operated as an out-of-se
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ages from gneissic rocks within the
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84 south to 18 Ma in the north; the
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86 Cretaceous plutons that intrude
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88 6 References Allègre C.J., Cout
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90 House, scale 1:2 000 000. Chen F
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92 Karakorum (Sinkiang, China); the
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94 Hurford A.J. and Hammerschmidt K
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96 without double spiking. Geochimi
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98 Geological Society of America, 2
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100 Zamoruyev A., 1995a. Neotectoni
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102 Ann. Rev. of Earth and Planetar
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104 this work, especially all membe
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II Appendix A Tab. A1 Sample descri
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IV Tab. A2 continued Pamir frontal
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VI Tab. A2 continued Tertiary exten
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VIII Tab. A3 continued Sample Miner
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X Tab. A6 Rb/Sr and Sm/Nd isotopic
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XII Tab. A7 continued Apparent ages
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XIV Tab. A9 U/Pb isotopic ratios fr
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XVI Tab. A9 continued 207 Pb/ 206 P
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XVIII Tab. A9 continued 207 Pb/ 206
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XX Appendix B Plate B1 Cathodolumin
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XXII Plate B3 Cathodoluminescence i
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XXIV Plate B5 Cathodoluminescence i
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XXVI Tab. C2 Determination of the
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XXVIII
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XXX
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XXXII
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XXXIV
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XXXVI Tab. C5 continued Sample grai
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XXXVIII Tab. C5 continued Sample gr
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XL Tab. C5 continued Sample grain-n
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XLII Tab. C5 continued Sample grain
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XLIV
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XLVI Tab. C6 Zircon fission track a
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XLVIII
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LII
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LIV Tab. C7 Apatite and zircon fiss
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