Migrant Smuggling in Asia - United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime

More documents

Recommendations

Info

6 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*& AB7;31,?7()322/.@ Objective and methodology �e <strong>Migrant</strong> <strong>Smuggl<strong>in</strong>g</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>Asia</strong>: A �ematic Review of Literature and the accompany<strong>in</strong>g annotated bibliography o�er a consolidation of �nd<strong>in</strong>gs conta<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>in</strong> research literature that analyses migrant smuggl<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> <strong>Asia</strong> either directly or <strong>in</strong>directly. �e review of the available body of empirical knowledge aimed to create an <strong>in</strong>formation base and identify the gaps <strong>in</strong> what is known about the smuggl<strong>in</strong>g of migrants around and out of the region. By consolidat<strong>in</strong>g the <strong>in</strong>formation currently accessible on migrant smuggl<strong>in</strong>g, the �ematic Review of Literature looks to stimulate and guide further research that will contribute to <strong>in</strong>form<strong>in</strong>g evidencebased policies to prevent and combat the smuggl<strong>in</strong>g of migrants while uphold<strong>in</strong>g and protect<strong>in</strong>g the rights of those who are smuggled. �e <strong>United</strong> <strong>Nations</strong> O�ce on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) conducted the research <strong>in</strong> support of the Bali Process, which is a regional, multilateral process to improve cooperation aga<strong>in</strong>st migrant smuggl<strong>in</strong>g, tra�ck<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> persons and related forms of transnational crime. �e systematic search for research literature <strong>in</strong> English, French and German covered an eight-year period (1 January 2004 to 31 March 2011) and 14 countries (Afghanistan, Cambodia, Ch<strong>in</strong>a, India, Indonesia, Lao PDR, Malaysia, Maldives, Myanmar, Pakistan, S<strong>in</strong>gapore, Sri Lanka, �ailand and Viet Nam). Primary research, such as the collection of statistics from national authorities, was not part of the project. �e project began with a search of 44 databases, one meta-library catalogue, three <strong>in</strong>stitution-speci�c library catalogues and 39 websites of <strong>in</strong>stitutions that work on migrant smuggl<strong>in</strong>g. �is resulted <strong>in</strong> 845 documents that were then closely reviewed aga<strong>in</strong>st a set of further elaborated criteria. Ultimately, 154 documents were critically reviewed and formed the basis of this report. Abstracts of those documents are provided <strong>in</strong> <strong>Migrant</strong> <strong>Smuggl<strong>in</strong>g</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>Asia</strong>: An Annotated Bibliography. �e systematic search also <strong>in</strong>cluded literature regard<strong>in</strong>g irregular migration and human tra�ck<strong>in</strong>g �ows not only because migrant smuggl<strong>in</strong>g takes place with<strong>in</strong> irregular migration but to learn more about the relationship between migrant smuggl<strong>in</strong>g, irregular migration and human tra�ck<strong>in</strong>g. A highly fragmented <strong>in</strong>formation base: Knowledge gaps prevail Of the 154 documents reviewed, 75 of them provided <strong>in</strong>formation about migrant smuggl<strong>in</strong>g, 117 provided <strong>in</strong>formation about irregular migration and 66 provided <strong>in</strong>formation about human tra�ck<strong>in</strong>g. Keep<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> m<strong>in</strong>d that some countries with<strong>in</strong> the research scope are major sources of migrant smuggl<strong>in</strong>g and irregular migration, these �gures illustrate that migrant smuggl<strong>in</strong>g has not attracted a critical amount of attention with<strong>in</strong> the research community. Accurate data on the extent of migrant smuggl<strong>in</strong>g either rarely exists or could not be accessed by researchers. �e reviewed literature re�ects the paucity of and/or shortcom<strong>in</strong>gs <strong>in</strong> o�cial quantitative data <strong>in</strong> many countries and the di�culties <strong>in</strong> access<strong>in</strong>g data that would allow a better grasp of both the extent of irregular migration and to what extent irregular migration is facilitated by migrant smugglers. �e available research literature on irregular migration contributes only <strong>in</strong> a limited way to <strong>in</strong>creas<strong>in</strong>g the understand<strong>in</strong>g of migrant smuggl<strong>in</strong>g due to a lack of clarity with the term<strong>in</strong>ology. Common is the use of terms that are not further de�ned, such as “illegal migrant”, “broker”, “agent” and “recruiter”. �is ambiguity signi�cantly has limited the capacity of the literature on irregular migration to clarify to what extent migrant smugglers facilitate irregular migration and how. �e available research on migrant smuggl<strong>in</strong>g only focuses on a few types of �ows or on a few thematic issues. �ere is some dedicated research on migrant smuggl<strong>in</strong>g from Afghanistan and Pakistan (ma<strong>in</strong>ly to Europe and speci�cally the <strong>United</strong> K<strong>in</strong>gdom), on smuggl<strong>in</strong>g from India (to the <strong>United</strong> K<strong>in</strong>gdom), on smuggl<strong>in</strong>g from Ch<strong>in</strong>a to the <strong>United</strong> States and, to
a lesser extent, to Europe; and on the organizational forms of smuggl<strong>in</strong>g. Yet amaz<strong>in</strong>gly, there is very limited research on migrant smuggl<strong>in</strong>g: from Sri Lanka; to the Maldives; to S<strong>in</strong>gapore; to and through Indonesia and Malaysia; from Ch<strong>in</strong>a to dest<strong>in</strong>ations other than the <strong>United</strong> States and European countries; from Viet Nam to countries other than the <strong>United</strong> K<strong>in</strong>gdom; and on migrant smuggl<strong>in</strong>g with<strong>in</strong> the Greater Mekong Subregion. �ere is very limited research on thematic aspects, such as to what extent does migrant smuggl<strong>in</strong>g fuel human tra�ck<strong>in</strong>g and irregular migration or who are the migrant smugglers. Most of the thematic research questions that guided this literature review could only be answered partially or an answer was based upon a th<strong>in</strong> body of <strong>in</strong>formation. �e good news: High-quality research on migrant smuggl<strong>in</strong>g is feasible A number of research studies signi�cantly contribute to <strong>in</strong>creas<strong>in</strong>g the knowledge about migrant smuggl<strong>in</strong>g. �ose studies used qualitative research methods, such as semi-structured <strong>in</strong>terviews, observation and content analysis of documents. Other research drew on quantitative data that was already available or was generated for the purpose of the research, such as through household surveys (structured questionnaires). �e research drew upon a variety of sources: smuggled migrants, migrant smugglers or experts were <strong>in</strong>terviewed; regularization statistics, deportation statistics or statistics such as the number of facilitated illegal entries were analysed; data from crim<strong>in</strong>al justice proceed<strong>in</strong>gs, such as �les from <strong>in</strong>vestigations and prosecutions conta<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>terrogations and/or telephone <strong>in</strong>terceptions, were exam<strong>in</strong>ed. F<strong>in</strong>d<strong>in</strong>gs by country Aga<strong>in</strong>st this backdrop of an uneven, sketchy and limited <strong>in</strong>formation base, the follow<strong>in</strong>g part summarizes the ma<strong>in</strong> �nd<strong>in</strong>gs about migrant smuggl<strong>in</strong>g with regard to the 14 reviewed countries: South-West <strong>Asia</strong> Afghanistan Irregular migration of Afghan citizens is largely organized by Pakistani and Afghan smugglers, while the actual smuggl<strong>in</strong>g services are carried out by citi- !#70'4&%*8#9':*';#$
Page 1: Migrant Sm
Page 4 and 5: Printed: Bangkok,
Page 7: '/647(89(:8017015( Acknowledgements
Page 10 and 11: 2 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*& %66.7?,
Page 12 and 13: 4 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*& SAARC S
Page 16 and 17: 8 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*& half of
Page 18 and 19: 10 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*& irregu
Page 20 and 21: 12 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*& :8301.
Page 22 and 23: 14 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*& by air
Page 24 and 25: 16 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*& countr
Page 26 and 27: 18 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*& is lac
Page 28 and 29: 20 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*& dian c
Page 30 and 31: 22 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*& New Ze
Page 32 and 33: 24 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*& "01.8>
Page 34 and 35: 26 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*& H,/-./
Page 36 and 37: 28 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*& severa
Page 38 and 39: 30 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*&
Page 40 and 41: 32 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*& while
Page 42 and 43: 34 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*& of ill
Page 44 and 45: 36 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*& With r
Page 46 and 47: 38 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*& someti
Page 48 and 49: 40 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*& census
Page 50 and 51: 42 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*& Ch<str
Page 52 and 53: 44 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*& What i
Page 54 and 55: 46 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*& smuggl
Page 56 and 57: 48 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*& by sev
Page 58 and 59: 50 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*& or dya
Page 60 and 61: 52 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*& end of
Page 62 and 63: 54 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*& monly
Page 64 and 65:
56 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*& Custom
Page 66 and 67:
58 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*& gets m
Page 68 and 69:
60 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*& <stron
Page 70 and 71:
62 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*& �e c
Page 72 and 73:
64 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*& about
Page 74 and 75:
66 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*& Neske,
Page 76 and 77:
68 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*&
Page 78 and 79:
70 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*& tricts
Page 80 and 81:
72 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*& that h
Page 82 and 83:
74 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*& *7.6,"
Page 84 and 85:
76 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*& rival
Page 86 and 87:
78 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*& antee
Page 88 and 89:
80 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*& cash n
Page 90 and 91:
82 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*& Neske,
Page 92 and 93:
84 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*& be ass
Page 94 and 95:
86 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*& Cambod
Page 96 and 97:
88 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*& g) Evo
Page 98 and 99:
90 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*& migrat
Page 100 and 101:
92 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*&
Page 102 and 103:
94 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*& <stron
Page 104 and 105:
96 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*& and fr
Page 106 and 107:
98 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*& Ch<str
Page 108 and 109:
100 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*& shipp
Page 110 and 111:
102 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*& Zhang
Page 112 and 113:
104 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*& costs
Page 114 and 115:
106 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*& Ch<st
Page 116 and 117:
108 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*& neces
Page 118 and 119:
110 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*& <stro
Page 120 and 121:
112 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*& Hast<
Page 122 and 123:
114 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*&
Page 124 and 125:
116 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*& �
Page 126 and 127:
118 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*& signe
Page 128 and 129:
120 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*& �
Page 130 and 131:
122 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*& Gandh
Page 132 and 133:
124 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*& <stro
Page 134 and 135:
126 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*& tries
Page 136 and 137:
128 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*& b) Wh
Page 138 and 139:
130 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*&
Page 140 and 141:
132 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*& forei
Page 142 and 143:
134 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*& Malay
Page 144 and 145:
136 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*& d) Wh
Page 146 and 147:
138 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*& licen
Page 148 and 149:
140 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*& & Sta
Page 150 and 151:
142 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*& Hunte
Page 152 and 153:
144 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*& work
Page 154 and 155:
146 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*& frien
Page 156 and 157:
148 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*& stead
Page 158 and 159:
150 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*& Phets
Page 160 and 161:
152 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*& opera
Page 162 and 163:
154 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*& has b
Page 164 and 165:
156 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*& men w
Page 166 and 167:
158 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*& chor
Page 168 and 169:
160 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*& the 1
Page 170 and 171:
162 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*& Turne
Page 172 and 173:
164 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*& data
Page 174 and 175:
166 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*& b) Wh
Page 176 and 177:
168 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*& One s
Page 178 and 179:
170 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*& �
Page 180 and 181:
172 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*& which
Page 182 and 183:
174 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*& gl<st
Page 184 and 185:
176 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*&
Page 186 and 187:
178 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*& <stro
Page 188 and 189:
180 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*& also
Page 190 and 191:
182 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*& just
Page 192 and 193:
184 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*& with
Page 194 and 195:
186 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*& d) Tr
Page 196 and 197:
188 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*& not u
Page 198 and 199:
190 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*& Arif,
Page 200 and 201:
192 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*& 2) Pr
Page 202 and 203:
194 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*& migra
Page 204 and 205:
196 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*&
Page 206 and 207:
198 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*& MV Su
Page 208 and 209:
200 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*& d) Wh
Page 210 and 211:
202 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*& Human
Page 212 and 213:
204 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*& Accor
Page 214 and 215:
206 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*& worke
Page 216 and 217:
208 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*& d) Wh
Page 218 and 219:
210 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*& quire
Page 220 and 221:
212 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*& utes
Page 222 and 223:
214 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*&
Page 224 and 225:
216 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*& Nam t
Page 226 and 227:
218 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*& 5) Or
Page 228 and 229:
220 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*& tween
Page 230 and 231:
222 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*&
Page 232 and 233:
224 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*&
Page 234 and 235:
226 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*& �
Page 236 and 237:
228 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*& %007B
Page 238 and 239:
230 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*& �
show all

Migrant Smuggling in Asia - United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?