Migrant Smuggling in Asia - United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime

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16 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*& country for migrant smuggl<strong>in</strong>g by boat to S<strong>in</strong>gapore. �� Between Indonesia and Malaysia there is a great deal of overlap between regular and irregular labour migration, migrant smuggl<strong>in</strong>g and human tra�ck<strong>in</strong>g. Some Indonesian migrants legally enter Malaysia and become irregular by overstay<strong>in</strong>g their visa; others enter through irregular channels. Most migrants, who were either irregular from the beg<strong>in</strong>n<strong>in</strong>g or became irregular <strong>in</strong> Malaysia, have resorted to the assistance of <strong>in</strong>formal recruitment agencies or brokers – some of them unknow<strong>in</strong>gly. Some migrants th<strong>in</strong>k they are legally migrat<strong>in</strong>g but <strong>in</strong> fact are given fraudulent or <strong>in</strong>accurate documents at some po<strong>in</strong>t <strong>in</strong> the process. �� e volume of Indonesian victims of human tra�ck<strong>in</strong>g found <strong>in</strong> Malaysia illustrates that irregular migration and irregular overstay<strong>in</strong>g leave migrants vulnerable to exploitation and human tra�ck<strong>in</strong>g. Even though the use of regular labour migration channels does not protect aga<strong>in</strong>st abuse, exploitation and human tra�ck<strong>in</strong>g, the reviewed literature underscores that upon arrival, irregular migrants are more vulnerable to tra�ck<strong>in</strong>g than regular migrants. In addition, debts can result <strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong>creased vulnerabilities. Only one study provides <strong>in</strong>formation on a Filip<strong>in</strong>o group who was <strong>in</strong>volved <strong>in</strong> both migrant smuggl<strong>in</strong>g and human tra�ck<strong>in</strong>g. �� Although most irregular Indonesian migrants are male, there is an <strong>in</strong>creas<strong>in</strong>g fem<strong>in</strong>ization of both regular and irregular migrants, with women com<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> particular from rural areas <strong>in</strong> Java, Lombok and Sumatra. Indonesian migrants are driven by poverty and limited job opportunities. Regard<strong>in</strong>g irregular migration from Indonesia to Malaysia, the geographic proximity, porous borders and well-established migration �ows are factors <strong>in</strong> its popularity. Other migrants who are smuggled <strong>in</strong>to Malaysia from Bangladesh, Cambodia, Lao PDR, Nepal, Philipp<strong>in</strong>es and �ailand are motivated by economic factors, while migrants from Myanmar also seek asylum. �� Irregular labour migration from Indonesia to Malaysia is driven by shortcom<strong>in</strong>gs <strong>in</strong> the regular labour migration system and is largely facilitated by migrant smugglers. �e literature — due to lack<strong>in</strong>g focus on migrant smuggl<strong>in</strong>g — does not use clear term<strong>in</strong>ology for migrant smugglers. �e described processes make clear that brokers, recruiters or agents qualify as migrant smugglers because they facilitate travel and job placement <strong>in</strong> an irregular way for �nancial or material ga<strong>in</strong>. �ese agents are usually part of networks that operate <strong>in</strong> Indonesia and Malaysia. �e services they provide are seen as more trustworthy and less expensive and time consum<strong>in</strong>g than migrat<strong>in</strong>g through formal recruitment agencies. Avoid<strong>in</strong>g the relatively high costs associated with regular labour migration is po<strong>in</strong>ted out as a major reason for migrants to choose irregular channels. �� Recruiters, brokers or agents who facilitate irregular migration to Malaysia are described as respected �gures at the village level. Resid<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> the home community of migrants, they are known by the migrants, who trust them because they have acquired a good reputation <strong>in</strong> facilitat<strong>in</strong>g irregular job placements. �� Depend<strong>in</strong>g on the distance, the price for be<strong>in</strong>g smuggled from Indonesia to Malaysia ranges from USD 25 to USD 200, accord<strong>in</strong>g to a source dat<strong>in</strong>g to the early 2000s. �e same research compared those costs to regular migration costs, which at that time amounted to USD 325. <strong>Migrant</strong>s cover the costs by sell<strong>in</strong>g assets or borrow<strong>in</strong>g from relatives or moneylenders. �e smugglers are either paid up front or through monthly deductions from a migrant’s salary. Some smugglers have direct connections with Malaysian employers. �� <strong>Smuggl<strong>in</strong>g</strong> services range from provid<strong>in</strong>g fraudulent documents to facilitat<strong>in</strong>g illegal entry and are provided by both formal and <strong>in</strong>formal recruitment actors. In Indonesia, migrants are typically recruited <strong>in</strong> their village. �e recruiters or other agents arrange travel (<strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g illegal entry or seem<strong>in</strong>gly legal entry based upon fraudulent means), irregular job placement and accommodation <strong>in</strong> Malaysia. �e agents of irregular migration are described as highly organized and mimick<strong>in</strong>g the services of licensed agents, albeit <strong>in</strong> an irregular way. Recruiters <strong>in</strong> villages may work for both licensed and unlicensed agencies, and formal recruitment agen-
cies can be <strong>in</strong>volved migrant smuggl<strong>in</strong>g because they also facilitate labour migration through irregular means. �� A well-developed <strong>in</strong>dustry <strong>in</strong> Indonesia facilitates the procurement of fraudulent documents. Genu<strong>in</strong>e documents, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g travel documents, identi�cation cards and birth certificates, are falsi�ed or are obta<strong>in</strong>ed on fraudulent grounds and/or through corruption to meet the o�cial requirements for regular labour migration. �� Indonesia and Malaysia are also transit countries for irregular and smuggled migrants from the Middle East and West and South <strong>Asia</strong> want<strong>in</strong>g to reach Australia by sea. <strong>Migrant</strong>s us<strong>in</strong>g this route claim to seek asylum or are refugees; <strong>in</strong>security and better economic prospects are major driv<strong>in</strong>g factors. Other motivat<strong>in</strong>g factors <strong>in</strong>clude family reuni�cation and the lengthy wait for resettlement of refugees. �� Before be<strong>in</strong>g smuggled by boat to Australia, transit migrants use di�erent routes and migrant smugglers, albeit to vary<strong>in</strong>g degrees. Us<strong>in</strong>g Indonesia as the po<strong>in</strong>t of embarkation, some transit migrants enter directly by air. Transit migrants are also smuggled <strong>in</strong>to Indonesia from Malaysia by land, sea and air — if direct entry <strong>in</strong>to Indonesia is not an option. For example, stricter visa regulations for ethnic Hazaras from Afghanistan <strong>in</strong>to Indonesia led to a rerout<strong>in</strong>g through Malaysia. �� Corruption <strong>in</strong> both Indonesia and Malaysia is frequently cited as an important means to facilitate transit �ows, such as protect<strong>in</strong>g smuggl<strong>in</strong>g operations from disruption, migrants from <strong>in</strong>terception and smugglers from prosecution. �ere is also reference to the direct <strong>in</strong>volvement of some members of Indonesian authorities <strong>in</strong> smuggl<strong>in</strong>g operations. �� Transit migrant smuggl<strong>in</strong>g through Indonesia and Malaysia from the Middle East, and West and South <strong>Asia</strong> seems to be largely facilitated by smugglers from the regions of orig<strong>in</strong>. �� <strong>Smuggl<strong>in</strong>g</strong> fees vary and reach up to USD 20,000. Fully pre-arranged smuggl<strong>in</strong>g services from the Middle East and West and South <strong>Asia</strong> through Indonesia to Australia are less expensive !#70'4&%*8#9':*';#$
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