Migrant Smuggling in Asia - United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime

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14 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*& by air illustrates the high levels of professionalism because this method <strong>in</strong>volves signi�cant <strong>in</strong>vestment (for fraudulent documents and corruption) by smugglers while the fees are largely only collected <strong>in</strong> the case of success. South <strong>Asia</strong> India India is a major source and dest<strong>in</strong>ation country for irregular migration. And yet only a few research publications shed light on migrant smuggl<strong>in</strong>g from India, while migrant smuggl<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>to and through India is not addressed at all. Very little is known about irregular migration and migrant smuggl<strong>in</strong>g between India and Bangladesh, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. �e literature draws on scattered sources of data, such as statistics on deported Indians recorded at airports, and �eld research samples. Accord<strong>in</strong>g to the reviewed literature: �� Irregular migration from the states of Tamil Nadu and Punjab is extensive. Irregular migration has spread to new areas <strong>in</strong> Punjab and Tamil Nadu and <strong>in</strong>to the neighbour<strong>in</strong>g states of Haryana, Himachal Pradesh and Jammu and Kashmir, which until recently had not had large numbers of irregular migrants. �� From the southern state of Tamil Nadu, irregular migrants leave ma<strong>in</strong>ly for the Middle East and <strong>Asia</strong> and, to a lesser extent (around 25 per cent), to Europe. <strong>Migrant</strong>s from Tamil Nadu are largely low-skilled labourers from rural areas with high unemployment. �� Irregular migrants from the north-western state of Punjab are typically young men from richer agricultural families. More than an estimated 20,000 migrants irregularly leave Punjab each year. �� Almost half of the annual departures of Punjab migrants allegedly head to Europe, <strong>in</strong> particular the <strong>United</strong> K<strong>in</strong>gdom. �is re�ects that irregular migration largely mirrors patterns of regular migration �ows. Other important dest<strong>in</strong>ation and transit countries <strong>in</strong> Europe are Austria, Belgium, Bosnia, Czech Republic, F<strong>in</strong>land, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Spa<strong>in</strong>, Sweden and Switzerland. Commonwealth of Independent States countries are important transit countries. Other dest<strong>in</strong>ation countries <strong>in</strong>clude Australia, Canada, Japan, Malaysia, Republic of Korea, S<strong>in</strong>gapore, South Africa, �ailand, <strong>United</strong> Arab Emirates and the <strong>United</strong> States. �� It is not clear to what extent migrant smugglers participate <strong>in</strong> the movement out of India because many migrants legally enter dest<strong>in</strong>ation countries and then become irregular. Facilitat<strong>in</strong>g the legal entry on fraudulent grounds, if arranged for �nancial or material bene�t, still constitutes migrant smuggl<strong>in</strong>g. �� <strong>Smuggl<strong>in</strong>g</strong> routes from India to Europe are relatively the best researched. By air and land, migrants are smuggled through Russia, Ukra<strong>in</strong>e and Central Europe <strong>in</strong>to Western Europe. In the past, migrants were smuggled by air, land and sea through West and North Africa <strong>in</strong>to Western Europe. Bangkok is reported to be a transit hub for migrant smuggl<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>in</strong> particular by air, to countries <strong>in</strong> South-East and East <strong>Asia</strong>, Australia and New Zealand. �� Smugglers <strong>in</strong> Tamil Nadu and Punjab often operate under the guise of travel or recruitment agencies. Although there are smugglers who organize the actual travel, other smugglers specialize <strong>in</strong> recruit<strong>in</strong>g clients. �� Often legally resid<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> transit countries, Indian smugglers ensure the overall coord<strong>in</strong>ation of the smuggl<strong>in</strong>g process <strong>in</strong> cooperation with non-Indians who carry out the actual smuggl<strong>in</strong>g work <strong>in</strong> the transit countries. Most Indian smugglers are male. �� Indian smuggl<strong>in</strong>g networks are highly professional and realize substantial pro�ts. �ey organize complex travel through various countries, obta<strong>in</strong> high-quality fraudulent documents, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g genu<strong>in</strong>e documents obta<strong>in</strong>ed on fraudulent grounds, and o�er money-back guarantees. �� Reported fees range from USD 1,700 for dest<strong>in</strong>ations <strong>in</strong> the Middle East to USD 13,000 to Europe and even higher for North American dest<strong>in</strong>ations. Although migrants are not always from the poorest households, <strong>in</strong>vest<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> the smuggl<strong>in</strong>g of a family member is an enor-
mous �nancial burden. Families sell possessions or borrow to cover the fees. �� Only one study o�ered evidence of smugglers <strong>in</strong>tentionally <strong>in</strong>volved <strong>in</strong> human tra�ck<strong>in</strong>g. More research is required. �� <strong>Migrant</strong>s are motivated by a comb<strong>in</strong>ation of factors. Unemployment and the prospect of higher wages are important, but networks and connections to relatives who work or once worked <strong>in</strong> dest<strong>in</strong>ation countries are crucial. �e decision to migrate is often a family one. Maldives Hardly any <strong>in</strong>formation about migrant smuggl<strong>in</strong>g and Maldives was found. Accord<strong>in</strong>g to the reviewed literature: �� About 30,000 irregular migrants are <strong>in</strong> the Maldives (an estimated 37.5 per cent of all migrants work<strong>in</strong>g there). Another source reported than that an estimated half of 35,000 Bangladeshis who entered the Maldives did so without authorization. Sri Lanka �ere is no dedicated empirical research on migrant smuggl<strong>in</strong>g from Sri Lanka. �e <strong>in</strong>formation on regular and irregular migration from Sri Lanka contributes only sketchy details. Accord<strong>in</strong>g to the reviewed literature: �� <strong>Migrant</strong>s from Sri Lanka resort to various, often complex and long routes. In particular, Tamils are smuggled via India to dest<strong>in</strong>ation countries <strong>in</strong> Europe. In addition to Greece, France, Italy and the <strong>United</strong> K<strong>in</strong>gdom, Canada is a common dest<strong>in</strong>ation. Other routes to Europe described: transit<strong>in</strong>g �rst through the Unit Arab Emirates to Kazakhstan by air and then enter<strong>in</strong>g Russia, Belarus or Poland with the objective of reach<strong>in</strong>g Western Europe by land. Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan were also mentioned as transit countries. Only media sources provide <strong>in</strong>formation about migrant smuggl<strong>in</strong>g via boat to Australia and Canada. Some media reports claim that migrant smugglers charge up to USD 5,000 for a journey to Europe, Australia or Canada. Other media reports claim that Sri Lankans !#70'4&%*8#9':*';#$
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Migrant Smuggling in Asia - United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime

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