Migrant Smuggling in Asia - United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime

More documents

Recommendations

Info

20 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*& dian cooperation <strong>in</strong> labour migration, but only 6,143 workers were placed. Similar �gures were found for Lao PDR. �ere are no legal labour migration channels for Laos seek<strong>in</strong>g household employment <strong>in</strong> �ailand. Under the formal migration system, it is di�cult for migrants to change jobs. �is perceived lack of �exibility is another reason <strong>in</strong>formal arrangements are more attractive. �� Formal migration is not a guarantee aga<strong>in</strong>st abuse, exploitation or becom<strong>in</strong>g a victim of human tra�ck<strong>in</strong>g. Many Cambodian and Lao migrants do not trust formal recruitment agencies. �� Informal recruitment and job placement systems are cheaper, faster and more e�cient. In Cambodia, formal recruitment agency costs are reported to range between USD 409 and USD 709 for job placement services, pre-departure tra<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g, medical exams, passport and visa fees and travel costs. Irregular migration through a smuggl<strong>in</strong>g network costs about USD 97 per migrant. In Lao PDR, migrants pay between USD 490 and USD 590 for formal labour migration services and less than USD 190 for irregular migration services. �� Irregular migrants are vulnerable to abuse, exploitation and human tra�ck<strong>in</strong>g because of their irregular status. �ere is signi�cant overlap between irregular migration, migrant smuggl<strong>in</strong>g and human tra�ck<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> the Greater Mekong Subregion. Cambodia, Lao PDR and Myanmar are important send<strong>in</strong>g countries of irregular migrants <strong>in</strong> �ailand. Many victims of human tra�ck<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> �ailand are from Cambodia, Lao PDR, and Myanmar. It is not clear to what extent Cambodian, Lao and Myanmar victims of human tra�ck<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> �ailand were victims of a pre-organized human tra�ck<strong>in</strong>g process that started <strong>in</strong> their respective countries. What is clear from the literature is that the irregular status of migrants signi�cantly contributes to migrants’ vulnerability to human traf- �ck<strong>in</strong>g that beg<strong>in</strong>s after they arrive <strong>in</strong> �ailand; <strong>in</strong> other words, not all migrant victims of tra�ck<strong>in</strong>g are victims of tra�ck<strong>in</strong>g that starts <strong>in</strong> their home country. �e outcome of irregular migration – the irregular status – seems to fuel a form of human tra�ck<strong>in</strong>g that only starts <strong>in</strong> the country of dest<strong>in</strong>ation, such as �ailand. �us, migrant smuggl<strong>in</strong>g is a signi�cant facilitator of irregular migration, contribut<strong>in</strong>g to the pool of irregular migrants vulnerable to human tra�ck<strong>in</strong>g. �ailand (as a country of orig<strong>in</strong>) �ere is no dedicated research on migrant smuggl<strong>in</strong>g from �ailand. Accord<strong>in</strong>g to the reviewed literature: �� Japan (more than 100,000 �ai irregular migrants), Malaysia (more than 100,000 �ai irregular migrants) and the Republic of Korea (around 10,000 �ai irregular migrants) were dest<strong>in</strong>ation countries. �� Most irregular migrants entered the dest<strong>in</strong>ation countries legally but then overstayed. �is practice was reported for Japan, S<strong>in</strong>gapore and Taiwan Prov<strong>in</strong>ce of Ch<strong>in</strong>a. To what extent they were facilitated by migrant smugglers was not clari�ed. �� Much of the overseas �ai migrant population is male and comes from poor areas <strong>in</strong> �ailand’s North and North-East. �ey are attracted by the prospects of higher earn<strong>in</strong>gs <strong>in</strong> other countries of South-East and East <strong>Asia</strong>. Viet Nam Only a few sources address migrant smuggl<strong>in</strong>g from Viet Nam, with an almost exclusive focus on migrant smuggl<strong>in</strong>g to Europe, <strong>in</strong> particular the <strong>United</strong> K<strong>in</strong>gdom. Accord<strong>in</strong>g to the reviewed literature: �� More than an estimated 150,000 irregular Vietnamese migrants are <strong>in</strong> Europe. Some 50,000 Vietnamese migrants are estimated to be legally <strong>in</strong> the <strong>United</strong> K<strong>in</strong>gdom; recent research assumes that an even larger number of migrants are there <strong>in</strong> an irregular situation. Around 100,000 irregular migrants live <strong>in</strong> other European countries, <strong>in</strong> particular <strong>in</strong> the Czech Republic, Germany and Poland. Additionally, more than 10,000 irregular migrants were found <strong>in</strong> the Republic of Korea. �� Typically, smuggl<strong>in</strong>g routes transit Ch<strong>in</strong>a and/or Russia and Eastern Europe before reach<strong>in</strong>g Central and Western Europe. Mi-
grants smuggled to the Czech Republic, for example, most frequently travelled to Russia by plane, then travelled by truck across Ukra<strong>in</strong>e to Slovakia and �nally to the Czech Republic. �� Vietnamese smugglers rarely outsource smuggl<strong>in</strong>g services to non-Vietnamese smugglers. �e research also <strong>in</strong>dicates that Vietnamese smugglers cooperate with non-Vietnamese smugglers, such as Ch<strong>in</strong>ese and Czech smugglers, <strong>in</strong> the smuggl<strong>in</strong>g of Ch<strong>in</strong>ese citizens. �� More recent irregular migration from Viet Nam to Europe orig<strong>in</strong>ates <strong>in</strong> North Viet Nam, <strong>in</strong> particular <strong>in</strong> the prov<strong>in</strong>ces of Hai Phong and its neighbour Quang N<strong>in</strong>h. Irregular migrants are motivated by the prospects of higher earn<strong>in</strong>gs. �� Some Vietnamese irregular migrants go to Canada or the <strong>United</strong> K<strong>in</strong>gdom to work <strong>in</strong> illegal cannabis cultivation operations run by Vietnamese networks. Prospective migrants <strong>in</strong> Hai Phong prov<strong>in</strong>ce are well <strong>in</strong>formed about such work opportunity. �� ere is no evidence <strong>in</strong>dicat<strong>in</strong>g that Vietnamese migrant smugglers are <strong>in</strong>volved <strong>in</strong> other crim<strong>in</strong>al activities. �e research on migrant smuggl<strong>in</strong>g to the <strong>United</strong> K<strong>in</strong>gdom underscores that those who are <strong>in</strong>volved did not engage <strong>in</strong> the illegal cannabis cultivation. �� ere is some evidence that migrant smugglers have used violence to enforce smuggl<strong>in</strong>g agreements. Payments were either made <strong>in</strong> advance or upon arrival. Fees were mobilized by families. �e research expla<strong>in</strong>ed that families known to smugglers can pay o� the smuggl<strong>in</strong>g fee over a longer period of time. �� e relationship between smugglers and migrants is characterized as a bus<strong>in</strong>ess relationship <strong>in</strong> which both sides honour their agreement, with smugglers seek<strong>in</strong>g out new clients <strong>in</strong> Viet Nam by exaggerat<strong>in</strong>g the wages and quality of life abroad. �� Smugglers o�er end-to-end services from Viet Nam to the <strong>United</strong> K<strong>in</strong>gdom and frequently resort to fraudulent documents, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g look-alike documents. Genu<strong>in</strong>e documents are reportedly sold by Vietnamese migrants !#70'4&%*8#9':*';#$
Page 1: Migrant Sm
Page 4 and 5: Printed: Bangkok,
Page 7: '/647(89(:8017015( Acknowledgements
Page 10 and 11: 2 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*& %66.7?,
Page 12 and 13: 4 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*& SAARC S
Page 14 and 15: 6 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*& AB7;31,
Page 16 and 17: 8 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*& half of
Page 18 and 19: 10 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*& irregu
Page 20 and 21: 12 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*& :8301.
Page 22 and 23: 14 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*& by air
Page 24 and 25: 16 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*& countr
Page 26 and 27: 18 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*& is lac
Page 30 and 31: 22 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*& New Ze
Page 32 and 33: 24 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*& "01.8>
Page 34 and 35: 26 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*& H,/-./
Page 36 and 37: 28 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*& severa
Page 38 and 39: 30 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*&
Page 40 and 41: 32 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*& while
Page 42 and 43: 34 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*& of ill
Page 44 and 45: 36 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*& With r
Page 46 and 47: 38 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*& someti
Page 48 and 49: 40 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*& census
Page 50 and 51: 42 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*& Ch<str
Page 52 and 53: 44 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*& What i
Page 54 and 55: 46 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*& smuggl
Page 56 and 57: 48 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*& by sev
Page 58 and 59: 50 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*& or dya
Page 60 and 61: 52 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*& end of
Page 62 and 63: 54 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*& monly
Page 64 and 65: 56 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*& Custom
Page 66 and 67: 58 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*& gets m
Page 68 and 69: 60 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*& <stron
Page 70 and 71: 62 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*& �e c
Page 72 and 73: 64 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*& about
Page 74 and 75: 66 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*& Neske,
Page 76 and 77: 68 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*&
Page 78 and 79:
70 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*& tricts
Page 80 and 81:
72 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*& that h
Page 82 and 83:
74 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*& *7.6,"
Page 84 and 85:
76 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*& rival
Page 86 and 87:
78 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*& antee
Page 88 and 89:
80 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*& cash n
Page 90 and 91:
82 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*& Neske,
Page 92 and 93:
84 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*& be ass
Page 94 and 95:
86 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*& Cambod
Page 96 and 97:
88 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*& g) Evo
Page 98 and 99:
90 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*& migrat
Page 100 and 101:
92 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*&
Page 102 and 103:
94 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*& <stron
Page 104 and 105:
96 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*& and fr
Page 106 and 107:
98 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*& Ch<str
Page 108 and 109:
100 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*& shipp
Page 110 and 111:
102 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*& Zhang
Page 112 and 113:
104 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*& costs
Page 114 and 115:
106 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*& Ch<st
Page 116 and 117:
108 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*& neces
Page 118 and 119:
110 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*& <stro
Page 120 and 121:
112 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*& Hast<
Page 122 and 123:
114 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*&
Page 124 and 125:
116 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*& �
Page 126 and 127:
118 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*& signe
Page 128 and 129:
120 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*& �
Page 130 and 131:
122 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*& Gandh
Page 132 and 133:
124 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*& <stro
Page 134 and 135:
126 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*& tries
Page 136 and 137:
128 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*& b) Wh
Page 138 and 139:
130 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*&
Page 140 and 141:
132 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*& forei
Page 142 and 143:
134 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*& Malay
Page 144 and 145:
136 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*& d) Wh
Page 146 and 147:
138 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*& licen
Page 148 and 149:
140 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*& & Sta
Page 150 and 151:
142 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*& Hunte
Page 152 and 153:
144 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*& work
Page 154 and 155:
146 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*& frien
Page 156 and 157:
148 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*& stead
Page 158 and 159:
150 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*& Phets
Page 160 and 161:
152 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*& opera
Page 162 and 163:
154 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*& has b
Page 164 and 165:
156 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*& men w
Page 166 and 167:
158 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*& chor
Page 168 and 169:
160 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*& the 1
Page 170 and 171:
162 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*& Turne
Page 172 and 173:
164 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*& data
Page 174 and 175:
166 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*& b) Wh
Page 176 and 177:
168 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*& One s
Page 178 and 179:
170 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*& �
Page 180 and 181:
172 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*& which
Page 182 and 183:
174 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*& gl<st
Page 184 and 185:
176 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*&
Page 186 and 187:
178 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*& <stro
Page 188 and 189:
180 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*& also
Page 190 and 191:
182 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*& just
Page 192 and 193:
184 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*& with
Page 194 and 195:
186 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*& d) Tr
Page 196 and 197:
188 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*& not u
Page 198 and 199:
190 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*& Arif,
Page 200 and 201:
192 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*& 2) Pr
Page 202 and 203:
194 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*& migra
Page 204 and 205:
196 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*&
Page 206 and 207:
198 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*& MV Su
Page 208 and 209:
200 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*& d) Wh
Page 210 and 211:
202 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*& Human
Page 212 and 213:
204 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*& Accor
Page 214 and 215:
206 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*& worke
Page 216 and 217:
208 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*& d) Wh
Page 218 and 219:
210 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*& quire
Page 220 and 221:
212 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*& utes
Page 222 and 223:
214 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*&
Page 224 and 225:
216 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*& Nam t
Page 226 and 227:
218 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*& 5) Or
Page 228 and 229:
220 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*& tween
Page 230 and 231:
222 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*&
Page 232 and 233:
224 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*&
Page 234 and 235:
226 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*& �
Page 236 and 237:
228 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*& %007B
Page 238 and 239:
230 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*& �
show all

Migrant Smuggling in Asia - United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?