The Routledge Dictionary of Literary Terms

More documents

Recommendations

Info

(see Kristeva, Strangers to Ourselves, 1991; The Cixous Reader, Susan Sellers (ed.), 1994; Irigaray, This Sex which is not One, 1985; Feminism and Psychoanalysis, Elizabeth Wright (ed.), 1992). Other recent work in feminist psychoanalysis, notably by Nancy Chodhorow, suggests a whole new pattern in which female skills in nurturing are seen as having been systematically downgraded in the interchange between the generations in favour of the phallocentric, and feminist critics have discerned this power structure in particular literary works (see Mitchell, Psychoanalysis and Feminism, 1974; Marks and de Courtivron (eds), New French Feminisms, 1980). There are several further contemporary developments worth pointing to. The work of Melanie Klein on young infants, and her descriptions of familially induced psychosis, are now being seen as capable of generating accounts of the origins of creativity and symbolism in early infancy; Klein also presents a version of what it is like to be human which has a revisionary relationship to the now conventional theorizing of sexual difference. Her work is sometimes referred to as ‘object-relations psychology’; referred to under the same heading, although it has significant differences, is the work of such analysts as D. W. Winnicott. From Freud and Klein have come the attempts to read a whole culture and its myths suggested by the group relations practice of Wilfred Bion and pioneered by the Tavistock Institute, a project of cultural analysis which is convergent with Foucault’s institutional histories. It should also be noted that one of the great charges levelled against Freud was that he had prevented the world from ever again indulging in the primal innocence implied in fantasies of the free individual; certainly this development now finds an echo Psychology and psychoanalysis 193 in the work of a large number of creative writers – Thomas Pynchon, J. G. Ballard, William Gibson, Don DeLillo – where the complexity of subject construction which Freud originally proposed is increasingly being taken as an alternative to traditional notions of character autonomy, a development which itself follows from earlier twentieth-century writers of the bureaucratic State – Chekhov, Kafka, Lu Xun – and their perceptions of the intense relationship between the psyche and the external forces which condition its development and shape. Perhaps the most significant immediate development in psychoanalysis, the implications of which for literature and literary criticism are still being worked through, lies in the work of Jean Laplanche, and especially his book Essays on Otherness (1999). Here he essentially replaces the structuralist Lacanian categories with a new repertoire of interpretative tools, centred on the enigma and the message. Lacan’s revelation was to tell us in what ways the unconscious is ‘structured like a language’; Laplanche comes to demonstrate how it is not structured like a language, and indeed not ‘structured’ at all in any meaningful sense of the term, thus situating the tasks of the psychoanalyst and the literary critic against a very different and more challenging backdrop. See also Freud, The Interpretation of Dreams (1900) and Introductory Lectures on Psycho-Analysis (1916–17). A useful anthology of Jung is Anthony Storr (ed.), Selected writings (1983). On objectrelations psychology, see Michael Rustin, ‘A socialist consideration of Kleinian psychoanalysis’, New Left Review (1982). The best general accounts are Maud Ellmann, Psychoanalytic Literary Criticism (1994) and Elizabeth Wright, Psychoanalytic Criticism (2nd edn, 1998). See also D. W. Winnicott, Playing
194 Psychology and psychoanalysis and Reality (1974); Joseph H. Smith (ed.), The Literary Freud (1980); Peter Fuller, Art and Psychoanalysis (1980); Samuel Weber, The Legend of Freud (1982); Ned Lukacher, Primal Scenes: Literature, Philosophy, Psychoanalysis (1986); Adam Phillips, Promises, Promises: Essays on Literature and Psychoanalysis (2000); David Punter, Writing the Passions (2001); Canham and Satyamurti (eds), Acquainted with the Night: Psychoanalysis and the Poetic Imagination (2003). DGP
Page 2 and 3:
The Routledge Dictionary of Literar
Page 4 and 5:
The Routledge Dictionary of Literar
Page 6:
To Claire Philpott, with thanks
Page 9 and 10:
Note on the style of references Cro
Page 11 and 12:
x List of terms Dénouement 52 Devi
Page 13 and 14:
xii List of terms Scriptible 212 Se
Page 15 and 16:
2 Action See Martin Esslin, The The
Page 17 and 18:
4 Affective fallacy appreciation, a
Page 19 and 20:
6 Ambiguity or beyond the Self as t
Page 21 and 22:
8 Analysis anything else; one can r
Page 23 and 24:
10 Aporia Final End as an image of
Page 25 and 26:
12 Author closely related in emotio
Page 27 and 28:
14 Autobiography authors into reade
Page 29 and 30:
16 Baroque treating ‘collected’
Page 31 and 32:
18 Belief Belief Since I. A. Richar
Page 33 and 34:
20 Biography of self-realization un
Page 35 and 36:
22 Burlesque See Leon Edel, Literar
Page 37 and 38:
24 Character characters are not sim
Page 39 and 40:
26 Chorus The result is a remarkabl
Page 41 and 42:
28 Closure of English Classicism (1
Page 43 and 44:
30 Comparative literature granted w
Page 45 and 46:
32 Concrete poetry As these example
Page 47 and 48:
34 Contradiction What should be sub
Page 49 and 50:
36 Couplet the technical convention
Page 51 and 52:
38 Criticism device or convention m
Page 53 and 54:
40 Critique E. D. Hirsch, Jr, Valid
Page 55 and 56:
42 Cultural criticism Arnoldian sen
Page 57 and 58:
44 Culture of human nature, transce
Page 59 and 60:
46 Cybercriticism studies has also
Page 61 and 62:
Dada Received its enigmatic name in
Page 63 and 64:
50 Deconstruction concept nor origi
Page 65 and 66:
52 Defamiliarization decorum but al
Page 67 and 68:
54 Diction Diction Aristotle’s lo
Page 69 and 70:
56 Differend creatures, each posses
Page 71 and 72:
58 Discourse boundaries of various
Page 73 and 74:
60 Discourse in a certain regularit
Page 75 and 76:
62 Dissociation of sensibility expe
Page 77 and 78:
64 Dramatic irony quite other than
Page 79 and 80:
66 Écriture when addressed to mate
Page 81 and 82:
68 Emblem a style, as well as a poe
Page 83 and 84:
70 Epic theatre The point about epi
Page 85 and 86:
72 Epistle It has created a new aes
Page 87 and 88:
74 Ethical criticism of different r
Page 89 and 90:
76 Eurocentrism becomes part of ‘
Page 91 and 92:
78 Existentialism granted. Descript
Page 93 and 94:
80 Explication Kaufman (ed.), Exist
Page 95 and 96:
Fable A short moral tale, in verse
Page 97 and 98:
84 Farce the protagonist sets up un
Page 99 and 100:
86 Feminist criticism feminism whic
Page 101 and 102:
88 Fiction Fiction A complex term w
Page 103 and 104:
90 Figure fabulation, which purport
Page 105 and 106:
92 Form distinction than a technica
Page 107 and 108:
94 Free verse perception is an aest
Page 109 and 110:
Gender Frequently still used as a s
Page 111 and 112:
98 Globalization it is removed to t
Page 113 and 114:
100 Gothic the whole sub-world of t
Page 115 and 116:
Hegemony The term hegemony as defin
Page 117 and 118:
104 Hermeneutics This may sound sus
Page 119 and 120:
106 Hero and portents. But when the
Page 121 and 122:
108 Historicism merges with the nat
Page 123 and 124:
110 Homophony Homophony See AMBIGUI
Page 125 and 126:
112 Hybridity from reality (conside
Page 127 and 128:
Ideology Traditionally, the word id
Page 129 and 130:
116 Imagination flesh. What starts
Page 131 and 132:
118 Imagism R. L. Brett, Fancy and
Page 133 and 134:
120 Imitation Imitation The first r
Page 135 and 136:
122 Intertextuality novel knows it
Page 137 and 138:
124 Irony Verbal irony usually oper
Page 139 and 140:
Lament See ELEGY. Language A concep
Page 141 and 142:
128 Lexis structure, and ideologica
Page 143 and 144:
130 Literature to action (so propag
Page 145 and 146:
132 Lyric logos exists independentl
Page 147 and 148:
Magical (magic) realism The term ma
Page 149 and 150:
136 Manners poets are the archetypa
Page 151 and 152:
138 Mask unproblematic term - as it
Page 153 and 154:
140 Metaphysical thesis, argued for
Page 155 and 156: 142 Metre typically, twelve define
Page 157 and 158: 144 Mock-epic believed to have/be e
Page 159 and 160: 146 Monody See M. Bradbury and J. M
Page 161 and 162: Narrative The recounting of a serie
Page 163 and 164: 150 Narrative structure Introductio
Page 165 and 166: 152 Nationalism and ethnicity studi
Page 167 and 168: 154 Naturalism the Third World. Eth
Page 169 and 170: 156 New criticism scientific termin
Page 171 and 172: 158 Novel and that the term itself
Page 173 and 174: Objective correlative Popularized b
Page 175 and 176: 162 Onomatopoeia Ode (1960); Robert
Page 177 and 178: 164 Originality See Ngugi wa Thiong
Page 179 and 180: Paradox An apparently selfcontradic
Page 181 and 182: 168 Pastoral a mosaic of quotations
Page 183 and 184: 170 Peripeteia to gender, and relat
Page 185 and 186: 172 Phenomenology the same as diffe
Page 187 and 188: 174 Picaresque criticism but there
Page 189 and 190: 176 Pleasure Platonism is the poets
Page 191 and 192: 178 Pluralism necessary order of a
Page 193 and 194: 180 Poetics a naïve reader or list
Page 195 and 196: 182 Point of view a ‘poem’, and
Page 197 and 198: 184 Postcolonialism ‘the West’
Page 199 and 200: 186 Postmodernism championed an art
Page 201 and 202: 188 Practical criticism Robert Youn
Page 203 and 204: 190 Protagonist inevitability of co
Page 205: 192 Psychology and psychoanalysis c
Page 209 and 210: Reader Classical theory, seeing lit
Page 211 and 212: 198 Realism Though Fish himself did
Page 213 and 214: 200 Reason longed for the anonymity
Page 215 and 216: 202 Representation were more concer
Page 217 and 218: 204 Rhetoric See Antonio Gramsci, S
Page 219 and 220: 206 Rhizome Schizophrenia (1980), a
Page 221 and 222: 208 Rhythm which the aa pair outfla
Page 223 and 224: 210 Romanticism this problem prepar
Page 225 and 226: 212 Scansion use a variety of devic
Page 227 and 228: 214 Sensibility strives to extend a
Page 229 and 230: 216 Sexuality picture. This whole a
Page 231 and 232: 218 Sign either the ‘whimper’ s
Page 233 and 234: 220 Skaz Nature (1884) of the chara
Page 235 and 236: 222 Sonnet The typical soliloquy is
Page 237 and 238: 224 Speech simplified yet more radi
Page 239 and 240: 226 Structuralism three most import
Page 241 and 242: 228 Style they are also likely to e
Page 243 and 244: 230 Subaltern Difference (1999). Re
Page 245 and 246: 232 Suspension of disbelief inspire
Page 247 and 248: 234 Syntax space-time ordering of a
Page 249 and 250: Taste See CLASSIC, CULTURE, EVALUAT
Page 251 and 252: 238 Texture depend on the ambiguity
Page 253 and 254: 240 Threnody (cf. PLOT). The thesis
Page 255 and 256: 242 Tragedy plays. It is the unbear
Page 257 and 258:
244 Travesty Translator’, in Illu
Page 259 and 260:
246 Undecidability become alienated
Page 261 and 262:
Value See EVALUATION, REFUNCTIONING
Page 263 and 264:
250 Voice during the seventeenth ce
Page 265 and 266:
252 Womanist a witty writer. His Ra
Page 267 and 268:
New and revising contributors JA Ja
Page 269 and 270:
Semiotics: The Basics Daniel Chandl
Page 271 and 272:
The Routledge Companion to Feminism
Page 273:
eBooks - at www.eBookstore.tandf.co
show all

The Routledge Dictionary of Literary Terms

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?