28th International Congress of Psychology August 8 ... - U-netSURF

28 th International Congress of Psychology 

August 8-13, 2004, Beijing, China 

Abstract Book 

Edited by: Weimin Mou, Su Li, Bingwu Qiu 

Notice: This abstract book is distributed among the participants of the 

28 th International Congress of Psychology. The registered participants' 

paper abstracts will be published in a special issue of the International 

Journal of Psychology by Psychology Press in 2005. 

Extra copies are available at the souvenirs counter on the 2 nd floor.

Sunday, 8 August 2004 

0001 Nobel Laureate Address 

Chair: Michel Denis, France 

A perspective on cognitive illusions, Daniel Kahneman, Department of Psychology, Princeton 

University, USA 

Current cognitive theory distinguishes two systems of thought. Intuitive thinking shares many 

characteristics of perception: it is fast, effortless, automatic, decisive, and normally accurate. 

People are also capable of a more deliberate and more logical form of reasoning, but it is effortful 

and slow. The analogy to perception explains some persistent errors and illusions in intuitive 

impressions, judgments and preferences. The interplay between the two systems of thought 

determines whether the individual is able to detect and override the illusions of intuition. The early 

research on heuristics and biases and the debate on human rationality that it generated will be 

reviewed from this perspective. 

Monday, 9 August 2004 

1001 INVITED SYMPOSIUM 

Psychological trends in retrospect and prospect: Invited symposium of IUPsyS 

past-presidents 

Convener and Chair: K. Pawlik, Germany 

1001.1 Psychology in ICSU: The beginning and some topics, F. Klix, Humboldt University 

Berlin, Berlin, Germany 

In July 1980 when the XXII International Congress in Psychology closed, I had as the new 

President to draft some ideas for future activities. My main point was to get membership for 

IUPsyS in ICSU. The following years brought manifold negotiations. The biochemist B. Straub 

was chairman of the ICSU Admissions Committee. I was quizzed by the committee for two hours. 

My arguments were: IUPsyS will strive to foster international exchange with outstanding groups 

in psychophysiology, brain research, computer science, and through projects in environmental 

psychology, child rearing and socialization, or man-computer interaction. Finally, on 13 

September 1982 the ICSU Assembly approved their recommendation to accept our admission (84 

votes in favor, 2 against). 

1001.2 An expanding world view in psychology, W. Holtzman, University of Texas, Austin, 

TX, USA 

The 20th International Congress in Tokyo in 1972 marked the first major step toward globalization 

of psychological science. Subsequent changes in the Union's By-Laws facilitated the admission of 

more psychological societies from less developed countries, resulting in an expanded world view 

of psychology. At the 22nd Congress in Leipzig, serious bids to host a congress were received 

from several Latin-American countries, and the Mexican Psychological Society was chosen to 

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host the 23rd Congress 1984 in Acapulco. Although now assured by holding the current congress 

in China, globalization and the nature of scientific psychology, especially in its applied and 

professional areas, continues to be debated. 

1001.3 Gaining and sharing information about national and international psychology, M.R. 

Rosenzweig, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA 

As President I undertook a survey about important national features of psychology, such as: 1) 

Numbers of psychologists; numbers who do research. 2) Financial support for research. 3) Social 

recognition for research. The results were published in a book that also contained chapters on 

some main areas of psychology, from an international perspective (Rosenzweig, Ed., 1992). A 

further international survey that I conducted was reported in part in chapters 1 and 30 of the 

International Handbook of Psychology (Pawlik & Rosenzweig, Eds., 2000). It seems to be typical 

of psychology, and in its best interests, to try to be well informed about its status, problems, and 

prospects. 

1001.4 International psychology in the 1990s, K. Pawlik, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, 

Germany 

Towards the close of the last century the agenda for international psychology widened once again: 

The IUPsyS had to respond, in membership and capacity building ventures, to national transitions 

as in Eastern Central Europe. Its methodological profile of a biological and social science of 

behavior opened for psychology growing opportunities (and commitments) bridging between 

classical social and bio-sciences, as in the new research arena on global change. And new 

priorities arose: in literature and data archiving, in interfacing psychological science and practice, 

and in responding to growing global needs for regionalization. 

1001.5 IUPsyS and its relationship with basic and applied psychology, G. d’Ydewalle, 

University of Louvain, Louvain, Belgium 

The statutes of IUPsyS refer to the aim of development of psychological science, whether “pure” 

or applied. However, a mixed picture emerges from the history of the Union’s activities during the 

last thirty years. While the International Congresses under the auspices of the Union always 

included both, basic and applied research, scientific programs of recent Congresses show 

gradually a much stronger presence of presentations on basic research. Looking at the background 

of elected Executive Committee members, there is in recent years a shift to a more pronounced 

presence of colleagues from applied psychology. Are the congresses going into another orientation 

than its constituent body? 

1001.6 Continuing challenges for psychology in a new century, M. Denis, University of Paris, 

Paris, France 

Since they have entered into a new century, the international organizations of psychology are 

facing important challenges, of which I will discuss two. The first one consists in taking care that 

scientific research not only benefits to the academic community, but also to the professionals who 

are at the service of the public. The second challenge pertains to the fact that psychology is 

developing in a multidisciplinary environment and must invent original collaborations with other 

disciplines to offer more satisfying solutions to its users' needs. I will argue for the special role of 

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the International Union of Psychological Science in this dual endeavor. 


Test development and use in selected Asian countries 

Convener and Chair: T. Oakland, USA 

1002.1 A state-of-the-art of test use and development in the Philippines, C. Callueng, De la 

Salle University-Manila, Manila, Philippines 

Significant efforts of Filipino psychologists and researchers to develop and use psychological tests 

are discussed. This somewhat comprehensive picture of psychological testing practices in the 

Philippines is based on a review of published and unpublished scholarship. Following a dearth of 

locally made tests in the 1950s, The Philippines now abounds with measures of diverse 

psychological constructs with well-established psychometric properties. Similarly, use of 

psychological tests has become widespread though still concentrated in traditional settings (e.g., 

schools, clinics, and industry). 

1002.2 Factorial validity of the beck depression inventory-II for Hong Kong adolescents, B.M. 

Byrne 1 , S.M. Stewart 2 , 1 University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada; 2 University of Texas 

Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, TX, USA 

Purpose of the study was to test for the validity of a Chinese version of the Beck Depression 

Inventory-II (C-BDI-II) for use with Hong Kong community adolescents. Based on a randomized 

triadic split of the data (N=1460), we conducted exploratory factor analysis on Group1, and 

confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) on Groups 2 and 3, the second CFA serving to cross-validate 

the determined factor structure. Second-order factor analytic results replicated those reported 

previously for Canadian, Swedish, and Bulgarian adolescents. Findings related to internal 

consistency reliability, stability, and relations with relevant external criteria, strongly supported 

use of the C-BDI-II in measuring depressive symptoms for this population. 

1002.3 Nonverbal intelligence among Asian-Pacific islander children, B. Bracken, The College 

of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA, USA 

This study investigates cognitive functioning among Asian students in the US. Participants, ages 5 

to 18, were from the normative sample of the Universal Nonverbal Intelligence Test, including 85 

children designated as Asian or Pacific Islanders. Descriptive statistics are reported for UNIT 

subtests (i.e., Symbolic Memory, Cube Design, Spatial Memory, Analogic Reasoning, Object 

Memory, Mazes), Scales (i.e., Memory, Reasoning, Symbolic, Nonsymbolic), and Full Scale IQs 

for the Abbreviated, Standard, and Extended Batteries. Participants were matched with Caucasian 

students on gender, age, and parents’education. The Asian students scored significantly higher 

than the Caucasian sample on each subtest, scale, and FSIQ. 

1002.4 Test use and indigenization: The case of Hong Kong, S.F. Cheung, F.M. Cheung, The 

Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China 

The use of psychological assessment tools in Hong Kong will be reviewed briefly. Most 

commonly used instruments were adapted from Western instruments. In most cases, the adaptation 

involved only translation and minor item revision. Constructs relevant to the Chinese culture were 

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introduced in some instruments. The Chinese Personality Assessment Inventory (CPAI) has been 

developed. in response to the need for a culturally relevant instrument. Following several revisions, 

the coverage of the inventory has been extended, leading the development of the CPAI-2. The 

development serves as an illustration of the dynamic nature of indigenization. 

1002.5 Test development and use in Mainland China, J.Y. Yu, H.H. Wu, Nanjing Normal 

University, Nanjing, China 

The rate of test development in China has increased significantly in recent year. Tests now are 

used in many areas, including education, counseling, clinics, human resource development, and 

management. Chinese scholars utilize classical test theory as well as item response theory and 

generalizability theory. Artificial neural networks also have been applied to psychological 

measurement. The development of tests suitable for Chinese culture is important. Psychologists 

attempt to adjust for culture difference when modifying tests originally developed in western 

countries. The use of computers in testing has been growing. 

1002.6 Development and use of psychological testing in South Korea, K. Kwak, Seoul 

National University, Seoul, South Korea 

Compared to the Western countries, a relatively small number of tests have been standardized 

based on nationwide samples in South Korea. Original version of most of the standardized tests 

which have been used are from America. However the Korean versions have undergone rigorous 

adaptation and standardization with a representative sample. Regarding using the tests, some of 

divisions of Korean Psychological Association issue licenses pertaining to psychological test 

administration and treatment. In the near future, many psychological tests which reflect the 

characteristics of Koreans must be developed, and many well trained testers must be supplied. 


Dynamics of perception and action 

Convener and Chair: B.G. Bardy, France 

1003.1 Reaching and standing via the inertia tensor, B. Isableu, D. Bernardin, P. Fourcade, 

B.G. Bardy, University of Paris XI, Orsay Cedex, France 

Reaching requires the control of arm orientation with respect to the object. We suggest that the 

inertia tensor, I, of the arm, a invariant that quantifies the arm's resistance to rotation, is a relevant 

variable used to achieve successful reaching. A model of I will be presented, allowing predictions 

about its role in the control of the hand. Results of experiments that alter relations between the 

inertial eigenvector and the axis of the arm confirm an important role for I. We suggest that the 

importance of I may generalize to the control of the lower limbs in upright stance. 

1003.2 Exploratory movement in perception and action, T. Stoffregen, University of Minnesota, 

Minneapolis, MN, USA 

Perception and action are related in two ways. Perception guides action, while action strongly 

influences what we perceive. Movement commonly is used to seek out and pick up perceptual 

information that is relevant to particular goals. In this talk, I discuss the use of movement to 

explore the animal-environment system. I will concentrate on skilled movement that provides 

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information about the observer's action capabilities (affordances). Infants, children, and adults are 

known to use particular types of movements in an exploratory manner, to learn about what they 

can do in a given environment or situation. Examples include locomotion, catching, and stance. 

1003.3 Rhythmic timing and resonance constraints, D. Sternad, H. Yu, A. de Rugy, 

Pennsylvania State University, PA, USA 

Three experiments show that rhythmic movements are constrained by the resonance properties of 

the moving limb. In our task we manipulate the limb’s inertial properties and determine 

metronome frequencies that are longer and shorter than the subject’s resonance frequency. In a 

continuation task and two tracking tasks subjects synchronize with the prescribed frequency but 

also show systematic deviations such as period drift and phase differences. A model of coupled 

oscillations consisting of a neuromechanical level coupled to an external pacemaker via an 

internal pacemaker can replicate these features. 

1003.4 How do humans deal with variability in the internal/external enviroments to produce 

skilled movements? K. Kudo, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan 

Human movements are produced in variable external/internal environments. Because of this 

variability (e.g., the amount of neurotransmitter, external forces), the same motor command can 

result in quite different movement patterns. Therefore, to produce skilled movements we must 

coordinate the variability, not try to exclude it. In addition, because our movements are produced 

in the redundant and complex sustem, a combination of variability should be observed in different 

anantomical/physiological levels. In the symposium, I will introduce our recent research about 

human movement variability that shows remarkable coordination among different levels, and 

between the organism and the environment. 

1003.5 Accuracy constraints on voluntary movements during standing, M. Duarte, 

Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo/SP, Brasil 

Voluntary movements are combined with balance control in many tasks in our daily life. To 

perform such tasks, we often have many other constraints and at the same time much more 

freedom than we are used to study in a laboratory setting. The present work will discuss one 

aspect of this issue: the effects of spatial and temporal accuracy constraints on voluntary 

movements during standing. The classical speed-accuracy trade-off paradigm will be exploited to 

understand movement and balance control. 


Attention and perception: Applied Approach 

Convener and Chair: J.C. Yuan, Taiwan, China 

1004.1 Effects of relative brightness highlighting on target detection performance in a cockpit 

display of traffic information, W. Johnson 1 , M.J. Liao 1, 2 , S. Granada 1, 2 , 1 NASA Ames Research 

Center, Moffett Field, CA, USA; 2 San Jose State University, USA 

This study examined how mixtures of bright and dim aircraft symbols within a cockpit traffic 

display affected the search for a target aircraft. The main independent variables were 1) whether 

the target was among the bright or dim alternatives, and 2) the target brightness. In one experiment 

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the dependent variable was time to find the target (search time), while in a second experiment the 

dependent variables were accuracy (sensitivity) and response bias. Results showed that bright 

targets did not preferentially attract attention, but did create a masking effect that made the dim 

targets harder to detect. 

1004.2 The role of visual attention in detecting changes from visual short-term memory, Y.Y. 

Yeh 1 , B.C. Kuo 1 , H.L. Liu 2 , C.T. Yang 1 , Y.C. Chiu 1 , 1 National Taiwan University, Taipei, 

Taiwan, China; 2 Chang Gung University, Taiwan, China 

The role of visual attention in detecting changes is examined in this study with both behavioral 

and fMRI studies. From the manipulation of cue onset time and the type of change, the results 

support the prioritization hypothesis. Selective attention benefits change detection only when an 

early cue can transfer information before it decays and allow sufficient time for memory 

consolidation. A late cue evokes greater visual analysis which could delay reaction time in 

detection. In either case, a distributed network showed greater activation and the exact 

combination depends on the cue onset time and type of change. 

1004.3 Transcranial magnetic stimulation of FEF, LIP and MT/V5 areas during a spatial 

remapping task, Y.J. Chou, S. Jackson, Nottingham University, Edinburgh, UK 

The brain areas frontal eye field (FEF), lateral intraparietal area (LIP) and MT/V5 are known to be 

involved in the visual-motor control and the initiation of saccadic eye-movement. We 

hypothesized that these areas also contribute to the spatial updating system during a pro-saccade 

spatial remapping task. A Magnetic Stimulation methodology was used to disturb these areas 

while participants carried out the task. The findings showed that For the first time we are able to 

separate the functions of FEF and LIP in the spatial updating system by the different timings they 

contribute to the task. 

1004.4 Tactile interface system using an illusion on body image, H. Morikawa, T. Kawai, H. 

Kubota, H. Nagashima, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan 

In this study, the authors proposed an interface system using the illusion of induced body image 

for virtual reality and cyberspace, and examined the human characteristics that give rise to the 

illusion. The authors developed a display system able to present stereoscopic 3-D images 

superimposed in the position of the actual hand and that could be visually stimulated. Using this 

display system, two experiments were performed. The results of these experiments demonstrated 

that the illusion did in fact occur with 3-D images presented on a display system. Furthermore, the 

authors also found several optimum conditions for inducing the illusion. 

1004.5 Stereoscopic 3-D display system using dynamic optical correction, T. Shibata 1 , T. 

Kawai 1 , M. Otsuki 2 , N. Miyake 2 , Y. Yoshihara 3 , N. Terashima 1 , 1 Waseda University, Tokyo, 

Japan; 2 Nikon Corporation, Japan; 3 Arisawa Manufacturing Co. Ltd, Japan 

This paper describes a development of stereoscopic 3-D display system in order to reduce the 

imbalance of visual functions between convergence and accommodation. The imbalance is a 

major problem in stereoscopic 3-D displays since it causes visual fatigue in the observers. The 

purpose of this study is to develop and evaluate a stereoscopic 3-D display system with minimal 

visual fatigue by using optical correction mechanisms. 

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1004.6 The influence of symbol brightness on eye movements within a cockpit display of traffic 

information, M.J. Liao 1, 2 , W. Johnson 1 , S. Granada 1, 2 , 1 NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett 

Field, CA, USA; 2 San Jose State University Foundation, USA 

In the context of a cockpit traffic display, previous research has shown that bright aircraft symbols 

do not preferentially attract attention when compared with dim aircraft symbols. Instead, bright 

aircraft appear to make dim targets more difficult to detect. One hypothesis is that this effect 

occurs through a form of contrast inhibition that interferes with participants’ ability to detect the 

dim target on the first serial search of the displayed symbols and only allows detection on a 

subsequent repeated search. The present experiment manipulates symbol brightness within a 

display of mixed bright and dim aircraft and examines participants’ eye movements to test this 

hypothesis. 

1004.7 The human factor consideration of 3D display, J.C. Yuan 1 , K.C. Huang 2 , 1` Fu-Jen 

Catholic University, Taipei County, Taiwan, China; 2 Industrial Technology Research Institute, 

Taiwan, China 

The current trend of high resolution display let it be possible to process the 3D images. There are 

good potential to develop the 3D display. New technique let the observer need not to wear any 

shuttle glasses or split-color glasses. But the left/right eye images are superimposed. At the same 

time there are cross-talk problem. So we do some experiments to test the tolerance rate of the 

cross-talk of the subject. The images include the natural images, computer drawing images, and 

random-dots patterns. The results show that human eye have good tolerance to static images, far 

better than the machine can fulfill. 


Experimental studies on quantification of choice behavior 

Convener and Chair: J. C. Todorov, Brazil 

1005.1 Rapid acquisition in concurrent chains: Evidence for a decision model, R.C. Grace, 

University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand 

This talk will review evidence that pigeon’s response allocation in concurrent chains can adjust to 

rapidly-changing contingencies; that sensitivity to current- and prior-session contingencies 

depends on whether or not there is a predictive relationship between those contingencies; and most 

importantly, that response allocation conforming to both generalized matching and categorical 

discrimination can be obtained in some cases. All of these results can be explained by a decision 

model which assumes that preference for an alternative increases after a relatively short delay to 

reinforcement, and decreases after a relatively long delay to reinforcement. The model is able to 

explain generalized matching and temporal discounting as the aggregate of a “winner take all” 

decision process 

1005.2 Temporal factors in choice, D.T. Cerutti, J.E.R. Sttadon, Duke University, Durham, 

NC, USA 

Choice has been theoretically described in terms of response strength and measured in terms of 

response rate. This approach has encouraged molar models and neglect of temporal factors. We 

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ecently found that pigeons’ post-reinforcement waiting contributes substantially to relative 

response rates in choice procedures: longer waits, and thus fewer responses, with longer delays to 

reinforcement. Computer simulations of wait-and-respond (WR) models on simple concurrent 

variable-interval schedules reproduced typical findings such as power matching. Here we report 

on the results of WR models applied to concurrent-chain schedules and problems such as 

reinforcement delay, self-control, and preference for variable times to reinforcement. 

1005.3 A selectionist model of choice, A. Machado, Universidade do Minho, Braga, Portugal 

I will present a selectionist model of choice that is based on three assumptions. First, reponses 

replicate at the end of epochs whose length is inversely related to the overall reinforcement rate. 

Second, each response replicates in proportion to its local reinforcement rate. These assumptions 

imply that whereas overall reinforcement rate sets the tempo of learning, a Weber-like fraction in 

the domain of reinforcement rate sets its direction. And third, responses of one class may mutate 

into responses of another. The model accounts for a variety of results concerning steady-state 

choice behavior and the speed of acquisition of preference. 

1005.4 Behavioral versions of human decision making research, T. Sakagami, Keio University, 

Tokyo, Japan 

Experimental economists have pointed out several crucial differences between economic and 

cognitive approaches in decision making studies. We conducted a behavioral version of the 

experiments for the certainty effect using Indonesian and Japanese students as subjects. Both 

populations previously showed the effect in paper and pencil questionnaires. The students were 

requested to respond to a computer display on a Web page containing two differently colored 

alternatives. Points could either be earned (Gain trials) or lost (Loss trials). Results revealed that a 

majority of participants showed the shift of preference from riskless to risky choice that is 

characteristic of the effect. 

1005.5 Procedural aspects of experiments on choice behavior, J.C. Todorov, Universidade de 

Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil 

A review of studies on choice behavior involving human and animal subjects will be presented to 

show the importance of careful planning of contingencies and recording and reporting of results. 

In studies related to the matching law and infra-human subjects, with two concurrent schedules of 

variable-interval reinforcement, some critical definitions are the consequences for changeovers, 

the discriminability of the different stimuli associated with the schedules of the concurrent pair, 

and the discriminability of the different operand associated with the four operants in the situation. 

When humans are used as subjects and procedural aspects are neglected there is the danger of 

concluding erroneously that species differences are present. 


Scientific reasoning - Current research 

Convener and Chair: M. Bullock, USA 

1006.1 Scientific reasoning: From formal models to classroom instruction, D. Klahr 1 , Z. Chen 2 , 

1 Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; 2 University of California, Davis, CA, USA 

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I will describe a long term project designed to assess and improve the scientific reasoning skills of 

children in grades one through five. We start with a formal model of the structure of the scientific 

discovery process, and we use that framework to guide us in the development and assessment of a 

set of instructional materials for advancing children's understanding of how scientists learn about 

the world. Our project includes both conventional psychological studies with individual students 

and curricular interventions in whole classrooms. Several specific instances of this overall 

program will be described. 

1006.2 The development of scientific reasoning skills from childhood to adulthood. Findings 

from a longitudinal study, B. Sodian 1 , M. Bullock 2 , C. Thoermer 1 , P. Barchfeld 1 , W. Wang 1 , S. 

Koerber 1 , 1 University of Munich, Munich, Germany; 2 American Psychological Association, 

Washington DC, USA 

To date, few studies have explored the development of scientific thinking skills longitudinally. We 

present findings from the Munich Longitudinal Study on the Genesis of Individual Competencies 

(see Weinert & Schneider, 1999) on the development of experimentation skills, understanding of 

experiment design, metatheoretical understanding, as well as epistemological understanding in the 

age range from 12 to 22 years. The findings suggest gradual, rather than stage-like progress in 

experimentation skills, as well as in metaconceptual understanding of the nature of science. 

Individual differences in competence levels were largely unaffected by the type of secondary 

school education. 

1006.3 The development of reasoning abilities during adolescence (11- to 18-year-old students): 

Theoretical and educational implications, N. Valanides, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus 

Scientific reasoning is usually broken down into constituent elements that are taught separately 

rather than offering a diet of “whole investigations.” I will present evidence from cross-sectional 

and longitudinal studies, and cross-national comparisons relating to the development of reasoning 

abilities during adolescence. The evidence indicates that there is a need to re-focus attention upon 

students’ inquiry skills, and how these can be taught explicitly both in “isolation” and in the 

context of “whole investigations.” It seems, furthermore, that different theoretical perspectives 

should be considered when evaluating cognitive development, or for the design of learning 

environments conducive to growth of reasoning. 


Pragmatics of language use 

Convener and Chair: S. Glucksberg, USA 

1007.1 Psychological investigations of implicature, I. Noveck, Centre National de Recherche 

Scientifique, Bron, France 

Grice used the term implicature to describe the inference linking word meanings to speaker’s 

meanings and laid the foundations for the field of linguistic-pragmatics. But how does this 

inference work exactly? In this talk, I review the proposals from neo-Griceans, focusing on 

Levinson (2000), and from Relevance Theory (Sperber and Wilson, 1986; 1995). I will then show 

how the psychological literature had been, sometimes unwittingly, investigating implicatures. The 

remainder of my talk describes several experiments that I and colleagues of mine have been 

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carrying out in our lab in Lyon with the express goal of better understanding pragmatic 

inference-making. 

1007.2 Undetected conceptual misalignment in survey interviews, M. Schober, New School for 

Social Research, New York, NY, USA 

The collaboration that leads speakers to believe that they have understood each other can mask far 

greater conceptual misalignment than one might suspect. In a series of laboratory and field studies 

of standardized telephone survey interviews, my colleagues and I have shown that although 

respondents answering pretested questions about facts and behaviors are confident they have 

understood the questions as intended, they do not interpret seemingly straightforward concepts 

like work and smoking uniformly. In fact, the range of interpretations can lead to substantial errors 

in the data that are collected. Linguistic coordination is not the same as conceptual coordination. 

1007.3 Why is conversation so easy? The interactive alignment account, S.C. Garrod 1 , M.J. 

Pickering 2 , 1 University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK; 2 University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK 

The range and complexity of the information that is required in monologue – preparing and 

listening to speeches – is much less than is required in dialogue – holding a conversation. Yet most 

of us find holding a conversation easier than preparing or listening to speeches. We will argue that 

dialogue is easy because of an interactive processing mechanism that leads to the alignment of 

linguistic representations between conversationalists. Interactive alignment occurs via automatic 

alignment channels which are functionally similar to the automatic perception-behavior links 

proposed in recent accounts of social interaction. We conclude that humans are ‘designed’ for 

dialogue. 

1007.4 Euphemism and Gresham’s law of language, M. McGlone 1 , D. Kobrynowicz 2 , 

1 2 

Lafayette College, Easton, PA, USA; The College of New Jersey, Trenton, NJ, USA 

Lexicographers have suggested that the face-saving career of a euphemism is limited by a 

linguistic incarnation of the economic principle known as “Gresham’s Law.” Just as "bad money 

drives out the good” in a monetary system, these researchers argue that through frequent usage, 

euphemisms become “contaminated” by their associations with distasteful topics, which in turn 

eventually drives them out of conversational circulation and leads to the creation of new 

euphemisms to replace them (Pinker, 1994). We report experimental data suggesting just the 

opposite: Euphemisms’ conventionality actually increases rather than decreases their “face value” 

by encouraging inattentive, mindless processing of their distasteful referents. 

1007.5 When do speakers make up their minds? H.H. Clark, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 

USA 

When people speak, they act at many levels. They gesticulate and produce sounds; they create 

gestures, words, phrases, and larger constructions; they make statements, ask questions, and tell 

stories; they try to get their addressees to join them in certain activities. These actions are 

normally considered deliberate or intended. But when do speakers make up their minds to take 

those actions, and how? Evidence from spontaneous speech shows that speakers are forever 

changing their minds and at many levels. This evidence, I suggest, requires new accounts about 

what speakers are doing and about what they mean. 

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Women and leadership in Africa 

Convener and Chair: A.D. Watts, South Africa 

1009.1 South African women’s leadership and agency in the pursuit of social justice, S. Suffla, 

University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa 

The issues of gender, leadership and social justice are prominently located on South Africa’s social 

transformation agenda. Within this context, women continue to assume leading roles in 

peacebuilding initiatives at the local level. However, these contributions are frequently discounted 

as constituting meaningful leadership and social activism by the dominant androcentric discourse. 

The gendered character of leadership has contributed to the inadequate acknowledgement of local 

women’s leadership and agency, as evidenced in their collective spaces for organising and 

contributing to the pursuit of social justice. Accordingly, this paper will focus on the leadership of 

local South African women in promoting peace. 

1009.2 Women and leadership in Africa: Discriminative tendencies and coping strategies of 

women in leadership in Nigeria and Cameroon, Y.J. Mivanyi, Kaduna Polytechnic, Kadun, 

Nigeria 

Scientific evidence world wide highlights the large pupolation of women and their involvement in 

hard labour. In Africa very few women own properties. Women are seldom consulted in terms of 

decision - making. This cultural background tend to inhibit the involvement of women in 

leadership possitions in Africa. This study is aimed at explaining how women in leadership in 

Nigeria are coping on the job. Items on a structured questionnaire include biographical data and 

the coping strategies used. Results of the study have inplicaytion for women's consolidation of 

their struggle for the self-actualization and for encouraging girl-child education. 

1009.3 Using psychology as an empowerment tool for women: The Zimbabwean experience, K. 

Nyanungo, Zimbabwe Psychological Association, Harare, Zimbabwe 

Despite the legislative reforms meant to strengthen the Convention for the Elimination of 

Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) the majority of potential beneficiaries are yet to realise 

its full practical benefits in developing countries. This paper will focus on the findings of applied 

research and the training outcomes of focused empowerment initiatives by women leaders at 

grassroots, middle management, and community development levels, as well as by young women 

in colleges in Zimbabwe. Evidence will be presented to demonstrate that psychology has the tools 

to strengthen feminist objectives and the techniques used to do so will be described. Finally, a 

research and development programme to advance the agenda of women will be proposed from the 

Zimbabwean experience. 

1009.4 Woman leadership in higher education in South Africa: The case of the University of the 

Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, T. Mayekiso, University of Witwatersrand, South Africa 

The past few years in South Africa have witnessed the increasing participation of woman in higher 

education. Notwithstanding, they continue to be under-represented in decision-making bodies in 

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institutions of higher learning in South African, despite legislation that backs equity policies and 

implementation of such programmes within these institutions. This paper will explore the role 

women are playing in providing leadership at the University of the Witwatersrand in Johannesburg, 

as well as the extent to which they are represented in governance structures and are able to 

influence the policies and direction of the institution. The policies, strategies, mechanisms and 

practices that are being implemented at the University to redress gender imbalance in governance 

structures are also described. 


Advances in evolutionary social psychology 

Convener and Chair: R. Schuster, Israel 

1010.1 Evolution and altruism: The effects of perceived "oneness" on helping, R.B. Cialdini, 

Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA 

Prior research has shown that taking the perspective of a suffering other increases one's 

willingness to aid the sufferer. Perspective-taking also increases both compassion (empathic 

concern) for the suffering other and felt communion (oneness) with that individual. New research 

indicates that it is feelings of communion, not of compassion, that lead to the increased help. 

These results are considered in light of evolutionary theories of inclusive fitness as well as social 

psychological models of helping behavior. 

1010.2 From universal mechanisms to cultural diversity: What trophy mates tell us about the 

emergence of human society, K.T. Kenrick 1 , S. Nieuweboer 1 , B.P. Buunk 2 , 1 Arizona State 

University, Tempe, AZ, USA; 2 University of Gröningen, Gröningen, The Netherlands 

Among Tiwi aborigines, all young men married much older women. Like some marriages in 

Amsterdam during earlier centuries, this violates the modal pattern found across societies, and 

seems to contradict an evolutionary life-history model of human sex differences. Closer 

examination reveals the exceptions are not random, but linked to fundamental human preferences 

in interaction with local conditions. Cultural variations in other norms also reflect interactions 

between fundamental motivations and local physical and social environments. Emerging 

dynamical systems models can bridge evolutionary and socio-cultural perspectives, and help 

clarify how regularized social norms arise out of individual psychological mechanisms. 

1010.3 The economics of mate choice: Illuminating the evolutionary tradeoffs, N.P. Li 1 , D.T. 

Kenrick 1 , M. Bailey 2 , 1 Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA; 2 Northwestern University, 

Evanston, IL, USA 

What are people's priorities when looking for mates? Researchers have often shown that men 

consider physical attractiveness to be more important than women do, and women consider social 

status and resources to be more important than men do. However, these characteristics are not the 

most highly rated ones in surveys, despite their evolutionary significance. To address this paradox, 

an economics-inspired budget allocation methodology is used to distinguish the necessities from 

the luxuries in mate preferences. By allocating low and high budgets of "mate dollars" across 

various mate characteristics, participants reveal their priorities. Results are discussed in terms of 

evolutionary theory. 

13

1010.4 The nature of prejudice(s): Evolution, stigma, and intergroup relations, S.L. Neuberg 1 , 

M. Schaller 2 , 1 Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA; 2 University of British Columbia, 

Vancouver, BC, Canada 

Why do people stigmatize and stereotype others, hold prejudices, and engage in intergroup 

conflict? Are certain types of individuals and groups particularly likely to be targeted for 

stigmatization, prejudice, stereotyping, and discrimination? Adopting an evolutionary approach, 

we are able to locate phenomena related to stigma, prejudice, and intergroup relations within a 

framework useful for understanding many other psychological and social processes, integrate a 

wide range of relevant empirical findings from multiple disciplines, account for important 

cross-cultural similarities, and, most important, generate novel hypotheses and data regarding the 

circumstances and ways in which individuals and groups are viewed and treated unfavorably. 

1010.5 Cooperation as a social behavior, R. Schuster, M. Tsoory, University of Haifa, Haifa, 

Israel 

A widespread form of social cooperation involves individuals coordinating actions for joint 

outcomes. In both method and theory, however, social properties are usually ignored in favor of an 

economic perspective that derives cooperation from outcomes obtained by each participant. Social 

dimensions of free-ranging cooperation were modeled by rewarding pairs of rats for coordinating 

shuttles within a shared chamber. Pairs learn to work together with differentiation of roles and a 

3:1 preference for cooperation over individual action despite outcomes that were equal. This 

research points rewards intrinsic to the performance of cooperation and to limitations of the 

economic perspective. 


Sleeping brain, learning brain? Mechanisms of memory consolidation during sleep 

Convener and Chair: P. Peigneux, Belgium 

1011.1 Sleep states and motor memory, C. Smith, Trent University, Toronto, Canada 

It has been found that the acquisition of a motor task that requires a new cognitive strategy (mirror 

trace) is most efficiently learned if rapid eye movement (REM) sleep occurs between acquisition 

and re-test. However, learning of a simple motor task (pursuit rotor) is most efficiently learned if 

Stage 2 sleep intervenes between acquisition and re-test. Results from both sleep recording and 

sleep deprivation studies suggest that two separate memory systems may be involved, one 

requiring Stage 2 sleep, the other requiring REM sleep. 

1011.2 Cerebral plasticity associated with motor learning through physical and mental practice: 

What about the role of sleep? J. Doyon, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada 

Several studies in our laboratory demonstrate that motor skill learning is associated with cerebral 

changes within the cortico-striatal and cortico-cerebellar systems, depending on whether subjects 

are required to learn a motor sequence or adapt to changes in the environment. Furthermore, there 

is evidence that physical training, or mental practice with motor imagery of a motor task produces 

similar (albeit non-identical) cerebral plasticity. After discussing the contribution of these two 

distinct neural systems in both forms of motor skill and learning modalities, I will share our views 

14

and hypotheses about the role of sleep for the consolidation of these skilled behaviors. 

1011.3 The formation of declarative memory during human sleep, J. Born, University of 

Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany 

The consolidation of hippocampus-dependent declarative memory has been shown to benefit from 

sleep, in particular from slow-wave sleep (SWS). Recent studies outlined some of the underlying 

neurophysiological conditions. Slow oscillatory EEG activity and spindle activity arising from 

thalamo-cortical circuitry in close conjunction with a hippocampal replay of recent memories 

probably form critical parts of the process. Humans display enhanced spindle activity during 

SWS-rich sleep after intense declarative learning. Also, declarative memory formation during 

SWS is blocked by cholinergic agonists or glucocorticoids, suppressing hippocampo-neocortical 

signal transfer. Data speak for an active consolidation of declarative memories based on a 

hippocampo-neocortical dialogue. 

1011.4 Functional mechanisms of memory consolidation in the sleeping brain. Contributions of 

functional brain imaging, P. Peigneux, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium 

The functional mechanisms by which recent memories are consolidated in the sleeping brain 

remain undetermined. In animals, potential mechanisms have been advocated including 

ponto-geniculo-occipital (PGO) waves during REM sleep, spindles during Stage II sleep, or 

synchronized slow oscillations during slow wave sleep. Functional brain imaging studies have 

highlighted the regional cerebral correlates of similar mechanisms in humans. Likewise, we have 

shown the experience-dependent reactivation during sleep of the neural circuitry activated during 

the learning episode, in a memory-type dependent manner. Correspondence between animal and 

human data suggest the implication of fundamental sleep mechanisms in human memory 

consolidation. 


Development of autobiographical memory in social-cultural context 

Convener and Chair: K. Nelson, USA 

1012.1 An integrative model of lifelong memory development, H. Welzer, 

Kulturwissenschaftliches Institute Essen, Essen, Germany 

The paper proposes a bio-psycho-social model of lifelong memory development. Basically there is 

no stage in postnatal human development that is purely biological and independent of social 

conditions. Vice versa there is no developmental stage without a biological precondition of 

maturation. It becomes apparent that the relative weight of sociality, culture, and history increases 

with age, which makes autobiographical memory in comparison to other memory systems the 

most social system. Against this background the paper gives an outline of an interdisciplinary 

theory of autobiographical memory. 

1012.2 Gender as culturally constructed in autobiographical narratives, R. Fivush, Emory 

University, Atlanta, GA, USA 

Recent conceptualizations of culture emphasize the role of skilled practice in the socialization of 

culturally critical skills and activities. In this presentation, I explore the ways in which cultural 

15

conceptions of gender-appropriate activity is socialized in early Euro-American parent-child 

reminiscing and internalized by middle childhood in the ways in which boys and girls narrate their 

past. I focus specifically on the roles of emotion and interpersonal relations in the construction of 

a gendered autobiographical self. 

1012.3 Childhood recollection in U.S., British, and Chinese young adults, Q. Wang 1 , M.A. 

Conway 2 , Y.B. Hou 3 , 1 Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA; 2 University of Durham, UK; 3 Peking 

University, Beijing, China 

Chinese, British, and Caucasian American participants were asked to recall as many childhood 

memories (of events occurring before age 5), including their earliest memory, as they could in a 

five-minute period. Chinese participants recalled fewer memories and had earliest memory 6 

months later than either of the Western groups. The cultural differences in the period of childhood 

amnesia are explained in terms of cultural self-construals and related cultural narrative practices. It 

is proposed that cultures with an autonomous self-construal which prioritizes elaborative memory 

talk have earlier childhood memories and shorter periods of infantile amnesia than cultures with a 

relational self-construal. 

1012.4 Autobiographical memory and children’s testimony: A cross-cultural perspective, M.E. 

Pipe, Y. Orbach, M. Lamb, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, 

Bethesda, MD, USA 

The ability of young children to provide testimony depends in a large part on a combination of 

their narrative skills and their memories of the events in question. To the extent that cultural 

differences in socialization and narrative practices influence the emergence of autobiographical 

memory and the way in which children narrate and remember their personal experiences, these 

differences will be reflected in young children’s emerging testimonial competence. We examine 

the evidence for cultural differences in children’s accounts when they are interviewed in forensic 

contexts and explore the implications of socio-cultural theory within the legal sphere. 


Development and learning: New frontiers 

Convener and Chair: R. Gelman, USA 

1013.1 Participation in practice, domain-specific constraints and domain-general mechanisms 

for conceptual categorization and induction, G. Hatano, University of the Air, Wakaba, Japan 

Even young children acquire, through repeated participation in culturally organized practices, 

skills to perform competently in those practices. In several selected domains they also acquire a 

coherent and principled body of knowledge. The acquisition of this body of knowledge cannot 

readily be explained by connectionist or other quasi-empiricist models. However, it can plausibly 

be explained without relying on radical natives assuming innate abstract knowledge, by combining 

weak domain-specific constraints as biases and preferences and domain-general mechanisms for 

categorization of induction that seek conceptual or higher-order coherence. 

1013.2 Understanding failure by modeling success: Child’s ‘theory of mind’, A. Leslie, Rutgers 

University, Piscataway, NJ, USA 

16

A large body of research on the child’s “theory of mind” has been devoted over the last 20 years to 

why children younger than four years fail “false belief” tasks. Progress on this question has been 

limited because little attention has been paid to the prior question of how four-year-olds pass the 

task. I will outline a process model of how success on belief-desire reasoning tasks is achieved. 

This leads to new insight into why younger children fail. 

1013.3 Does the language we speak affect the way we think? L. Gleitman, University of 

Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA 

Recent commentary and experimentation in the topic-area of spatial organization has led some 

investigators to believe that differences in spatial terminology and grammar across languages 

influence memory and reasoning about spatial location and movement. Specifically, reasoning in 

terms of ego-centered mental maps has been claimed to be difficult or impossible in such 

languages as Mayan Tzeltal which have no locutions such as “ to my left” or “behind me.” We 

present evidence showing that preliterate, monolingual Tzeltal speakers reason about space much 

as do speakers of other languages. These findings are discussed as they relate to the understanding 

of how human language and thought interact. 

1013.4 Early learning, domain-specificity and relevance, R. Gelman, Rutgers University, 

Piscataway, NJ, USA 

Why do young children attend to the data they do? The idea that the information is salient begs the 

question. In order to avoid circularity, we have to assign salience in advance of what is learned. 

All learners, young or not, learn more about what they already know. Evidence is consistent with 

the conclusion that our young benefit from skeletal domain-specific structures. These draw 

attention to relevant data that can nurture learning coherent knowledge. Examples about numerical 

and causal reasoning buttress this account of learning during development. 


Computer-mediated knowledge communication 

Convener and Chair: H. Spada, Germany 

Co-convener: F.W. Hesse, Germany 

1014.1 Collaborative skill acquisition in a computer-mediated setting, H. Spada, University of 

Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany 

Collaborative skill acquisition is a precondition if complex tasks have to be solved efficiently by 

persons working together in a computer-mediated setting. One aspect of good collaboration is the 

coordination of joint work like time management, and division of labor and roles; another 

concerns characteristics of the communication. But how to promote collaborative skill acquisition? 

Is unguided practice sufficient? Two instructional methods are proposed, observational learning 

from a best-practice example and scripted practice. These methods were applied and evaluated in a 

study with 36 dyads collaborating for several hours on a task, in which experts of different fields 

jointly solved psychiatric cases thereby communicating via a desktop video-conference (Rummel 

& Spada, 2003). 

1014.2 Conceptions about educational technology and its use in instruction, F.W. Hesse, 

17

Knowledge Media Research Center (KMRC), Tübingen, Germany 

In this paper, a conceptual view on the relationship between learning environments and learning 

outcomes in technology-supported instruction is presented that incorporates evidence from our 

own experimental research and is based on a cognitive-load framework. This model underlines the 

importance of learner activities in self-controlled computer-based learning and shows that the 

level of analysis used by many constructivist theorists might be too coarse-grained and superficial. 

Highlighted by examples from our own research, it is argued that research has to pay close 

attention to the cognitive processes involved in particular learner activities in order to be able to 

explain and predict learning outcomes. 

1014.3 Experts under illusion of evidence: Pitfalls of establishing mutual understanding in 

online medical advice of laypersons, R. Bromme, R. Jucks, Münster University, Münster, 

Germany 

Our project investigates the communication between experts and laypersons in net-based 

asynchronous hotline scenarios. In such hotlines, experts (medical doctors) have only little 

information about the knowledge background of the layperson(s) available. Based on the 

communication theory by Herbert H. Clark we ask for the heuristics used by the experts to adapt 

contributions to the assumed understanding of laypersons. While these heuristics work very well 

in everyday interactions they are misleading in computer mediated asynchronous settings. With 

regard to the 'linguistic co presence heuristic', we will report about the relationship between 

layperson's and expert's choice of terminology. 

1014.4 Supporting social creativity in design communities, G. Fischer, University of Colorado, 

Boulder, CO, USA 

Complex design problems require more knowledge than any one single person can possess, and 

the knowledge relevant to a problem is often distributed and controversial. This asymmetry of 

knowledge provides the foundation for social creativity. Social creativity can be supported by new 

media that allow owners of problems to contribute to the framing and solving of complex 

problems. We have designed, developed, and evaluated innovative new media and technologies 

based on a meta-design perspective. Meta-design is focused on creating socio-technical 

environments in which stakeholders can act as designers and active contributors in personally 

meaningful activities. 

1014.5 From log files to meaningful feedback: Providing information on interaction and 

performance for net-based groups, P. Reimann 1 , D.J. Zumbach 2 , 1 University of Sydney, Sydney, 

Australia; 2 University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany 

We examine how different kinds of feedback-mechanisms can be used to scaffold problem solving 

and interaction in computer-mediated learning groups. We tracked individual contribution 

behaviour as well as learners’ motivation during collaborative problem-solving. This data has been 

used to automatically generate visual aids, providing feedback about group members’ participation 

as well as motivational clues. A second form of feedback was provided by aggregating learners’ 

problem solving steps, thus revealing groups’ problem-solving strategies as well as their progress 

during different problem solving stages. Results suggest positive influences of feedback 

mechanisms on both problem-solving and motivational parameters. 

18

1014.6 Collaborative learning support with real time group status, Y. Tamura, Sophia 

University, Tokyo, Japan 

A learning support system for Computer Supported Collaborative Learning (CSCL) is proposed, 

which provides a real time visualization function of learners` group status. In a CSCL activity, 

some learners are engaged in cooperative work and discussion via PCs and connecting network. 

The proposed system is basically a text chat, and has a function to visualize the group status 

(“working progress” or “cognitive progress”). Learners read a text chat, type remarks, and reflect 

on which remarks contribute to the progress of the group. This chart is thought to be effective to 

develop metacognitive skills to monitor and control the status of a group of learners engaged in 

text-based discussion. 


The origins of sex differences in human behavior 

Convener and Chair: A.H. Eagly, USA 

Co-convener: J. Archer, UK 

1015.1 Evolution and the modulation of visuospatial abilities by estrogen in women, E. 

Hampson, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada 

It is increasingly clear that reproductive hormones modulate brain function. Among the cognitive 

functions influenced by circulating estrogen levels in women and by androgens in men are spatial 

abilities that may have evolved for purposes of navigation. Sexual selection for increased range 

size in males has been proposed as the evolutionary basis for the effects of testosterone on spatial 

ability. The reasons for a modulatory influence of estrogen in women are unclear. We propose that 

estrogen's effects, too, are based in evolution and that hormonal regulation of sexually dimorphic 

spatial abilities may have evolved to optimize reproductive success. Fertility and Parental Care 

Theory will be discussed. 

1015.2 An evolutionary perspective on sex differences in aggression, J. Archer, University of 

Central Lancashire, Preston, UK 

Darwin observed that intermale aggression was more common than interfemale aggression across 

the animal kingdom. It was attributed to sexual selection by Darwin, and this principle was 

elaborated by Trivers. Meta-analytic and archival data are presented to show that sex differences 

in human aggression fit this pattern, and that it is the greater willingness by males to escalate to 

more damaging forms of aggression that is involved. How such a decision process is affected by 

developmental history and by changes in environmental contingencies can account for variability 

in the sex differences, and for within-sex variations. 

1015.3 Social cognitive theory of the origins of gender differentiation, K. Bussey, Macquarie 

University, Sydney, Australia 

This presentation focuses on the origins of gender differentiation from the social cognitive theory 

perspective (Bussey & Bandura, 1999). It specifies how proximal influences contribute to the 

emergence of such differentiation within the biological potentialities and cognitive capabilities of 

the developing child. The interplay of diverse factors within the larger social context and how 

19

such distal influences impact on gender development are integrated with psychological processes. 

From this theoretical perspective, the changing demands at different historical times (e.g. 

technological innovations and sociopolitical factors) produce altered proximal influences resulting 

from changing conceptions and practices which impact on gender development. 

1015.4 Explaining the origins of sex differences in behavior, W. Wood, Texas A&M University, 

College Station, Texas, USA 

What causes sex differences in human behavior? Origin theories explain men=s and women=s 

behavior in terms of ultimate, distal causes, such as biological processes, social structures, and 

local ecologies. These theories include evolutionary psychology and our biosocial model. To 

evaluate the plausibility of these theories, Wood and Eagly (2002) reviewed the cross-cultural 

literature on men=s and women=s behavior in preindustrial societies. Little evidence emerged for 

evolutionary psychology assumptions. Instead, the data support a biosocial model in which men=s 

size and strength and women=s reproductive activities interact with social structures and local 

ecologies to form gender roles within a society and, ultimately, to yield sex-typed behavior. 

1015.5 Cultural, individual, and role variation in mating strategies: Implications for the origins 

of sex differences, A.H. Eagly, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA 

According to the biosocial model of the origins of sex differences, male-female differences in 

mating strategies stem from the placement of women and men in differing social roles. The 

criteria that women and men use to select mates reflect the divergent responsibilities and 

obligations that are inherent in their current and anticipated social roles. An important aspect of 

these roles in many Western cultures is a family system based on a male provider and a female 

homemaker. Evidence considered includes cross-cultural studies from anthropology and 

psychology and psychological studies that include laboratory experiments and correlational 

studies of individual differences. 


Looking at Immigrants: What influences attitudes and evaluations of the newcomer? 

Convener and Chair: K. Deaux, USA 

1016.1 Race, prejudice, and the evaluation of immigrant skills, V. Esses, J. Dietz, A. Bhardwaj, 

University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada 

Immigration policies in North America have a sizeable economic focus, with the aim of bringing 

in skilled immigrants who can contribute to the economy. Despite this focus, however, there is 

evidence that immigrants’ skills are discounted such that immigrants experience lower labour 

market participation and lower earnings relative to native-born individuals. Because of the 

ambiguity surrounding the evaluation of foreign skills, prejudice is especially likely to play a role 

in this process. In this presentation, we will describe our research on the role of prejudice toward 

immigrants and racial prejudice in the evaluation of potential immigrant employees. 

1016.2 Emotional reactions to and support for immigrant policies, M. Verkuyten, Utrecht 

University, Utrecht, The Netherlands 

Two studies examined support for immigrant policies as a consequence of anger and sympathy 

20

towards asylum seekers. In the first study, support for immigrant policies was related negatively to 

anger and positively to sympathy. In the second study, the effects of these emotional responses 

were examined for two categories of asylum seekers: political (“real”) refugees and economic 

(“fortune seeker”) refugees. Only feelings of sympathy affected support for political refugees, 

whereas feelings of anger predicted policy support for economic refugees. In both studies, national 

identification was negatively related to support for immigrant policies and did not moderate 

emotional effects. 

1016.3 Examining the bases of intergroup competition and their role in determining 

immigration attitudes in New Zealand, A.M. Masgoret 1 , V. Esses 2 , C. Ward 1 , 1 Victoria 

University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand; 2 University of Western Ontario, London, ON, 

Canada 

We examine the role of perceived competition for resources in determining attitudes toward 

immigrants and immigration in New Zealand. Based on models of intergroup competition, we 

considered two variables: (1) Resource stress (i.e., projected number of immigrants, and (2) 

Presence of a potentially competitive outgroup (i.e., the economic success of immigrants). 

Interaction effects indicated that both variables affected attitudes toward immigration and 

willingness to offer assistance to immigrants. Individuals who focused on the economic success of 

immigrants and who thought the number of immigrants was increasing reported more negative 

attitudes and were the least willing to offer assistance to immigrants. 

1016.4 Shifting majority’s acculturation orientations: The benefits and limits of ingroup focused 

and outgroup focused emotions, R. Brown 1 , A. Bonacossa 2 , 1 University of Kent, Canterbury, UK; 

2 

New School University, New York, NY, USA 

Two experiments assessed whether the acculturation orientation of majority group members can 

be shifted towards a more integrationist perspective. In the first, positive affect towards the 

ingroup (presence vs. absence) and guilt for the ingroups’s wrongdoings (presence vs. absence) 

were induced in Italian students. Simultaneous activation of both sentiments encouraged more 

separatist strategies, independently of group identification. In the second, English undergraduates 

read about the treatment of asylum-seekers in which source of information 

(ingroup/outgroup/control) varied. Low identifiers felt guiltier and were more willing to integrate 

asylum-seekers with an ingroup source; high identifiers were more responsive to an outgroup 

member. 


Economic psychology 

Convener and Chair: C. Roland-Levy, France 

1017.1 Children's understanding of supply and demand effects on prices, D. Leiser, R. Tamir, 

Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Negev, Israel 

This study investigated children's understanding of the effect of supply and demand on the 

exchange value of everyday goods and services. Sixty-four Children of ages 6, 8, 10 and 12 were 

told short stories and asked to predict whether certain circumstances would affect price or 

exchange rate. Two dimensions were manipulated in the stories: Money vs. barter, and supply vs. 

21

demand. A second study (N=64) sought to dissociate effects of supply and demand from direct and 

indirect causation. It was found that children can understand supply and demand to a larger extent 

than was thought, and that Demand effects are easier to understand than supply effects. 

1017.2 Perception of economic competition among French and Hungarian secondary school 

students, M. Fülöp 1 , C. Roland-Levy 2 , 1 Institute for Psychology, Hungarian Academy of 

Sciences, Budapest, Hungary; 2 University Rene Descartes Paris 5, Boulogne, France 

In this study French and Hungarian secondary school students’ perception of and attitude towards 

economic competition, business life and entrepreneurs, are compared. French students grew up in 

a society with long-term transitions of market economy, while their Hungarian peers live in a 

transitory society changing state controlled economy to market economy. We applied a 

questionnaire specifically designed to reveal the potential similarities and differences between 

these two different cultural groups. The paper will discuss the potential long-terming effects of the 

different mentalities between young people coming from a post-socialist society and/or from a 

traditional capitalist market economy. 

1017.3 Income evaluation and tax evasion, E. Kirchler, University of Wien, Vienna, Austria 

Working hard for one's own income should lead to higher valuation of the salary and people 

should, according to source dependence theory, be more reluctant to paying taxes out of their 

pockets than people with low work effort. According to “reverse” sunk costs theory, the opposite 

should be true. These contradicting hypotheses were tested in an experimental labor market. 

Participants imagined being architects running a project first in a hard working condition, second 

in a low effort condition. At the end they were paid and had to complete their tax file. The results 

support a “reverse” sunk costs effect. 

1017.4 When probablity does not matter. The psychology of economic choices, T. Tyska 1 , T. 

Zaleskiewicz 2 , 1 Center for Market Psychology of Leon Kozminski, Warsaw, Poland; 2 Wroclaw 

University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland 

Standard decision theory requires that before making an economic choice the decision maker 

should analyze the information about the values of outcomes and probabilities. However, 

empirical evidence shows that in naturalistic situations people may become insensitive to the 

changes in probabilities of outcomes. The main goal of the present research was to examine in 

what kinds of economic decision situations people’s sensitivity to probabilities increases. We 

performed an experiment, in which we found that in pure financial scenarios people’s choices 

follow changes in the value of the probability of success. However, in mixed economic-ethical 

problems decision makers seem to be not sensitive to the likelihoods of uncertain events and to 

follow social norms. 


Advances in psychology and law and forensic psychology 

Convener and Chair: J.R. Ogloff, Australia 

1018.1 Intention and consequences in Australian law: Implications for psychological research 

and theory, D. Thomson, D. Neveling, Charles Sturt University, Bathurst, Australia 

22

In criminal law the prosecution is required to establish that the accused intended to cause harm or 

injury. However, in civil law matters the emphasis is on the consequences of the act, the plaintiff 

must be restored to his/her original position and where this cannot occur, compensation paid. We 

review Australian statutory and case law, describe studies which have examined public perception 

on the role of intention and consequences in stalking legislation and sentencing, and report 

findings of public opinion about the age of criminal responsibility and how intention and 

consequences impacts on that opinion. Finally, we examine the implications of these findings for 

psychological theories. 

1018.2 The relationship between sentencing decisions and personality, perceptions of the 

criminal justice system and fear of crime, including terrorism, in an Australian community sample, 

A. Knowles, Swinburne University of Technology, Victoria, Australia 

This study investigated the manner in which Australia community members’ beliefs about crime, 

demographic characteristics, crime victimisation experiences and personality variables (anxiety 

and authoritarianism) predicted Fear of Crime (FOC). The sample comprised 306 community 

members, 42% male (M = 46 years) and 58% female (M = 44 years). Participants completed a 

questionnaire that measured FOC, crime protective behaviours, perceived personal vulnerability, 

actual criminal victimisation, anxiety, legal authoritarianism, beliefs regarding crime causation 

and views on sentencing. Results indicate the extent to which personal characteristics and 

experience of being a victim of crime predict FOC, including fear of terrorism, and views on 

sentencing. 

1018.3 Readiness for treatment in offenders, K. Howells, A. Day, University of South Australia, 

Adelaide, Australia 

The "what works" approach to offender rehabilitation is now well established in many 

jurisdictions around the world. The incorporation of the risk and criminogenic needs principles 

advocated by Canadian researchers has lead to major advances and to improved rehabilitation 

outcomes. In this paper, we focus on the role of treatment readiness as a determinant of 

engagement in treatment, the latter being a likely mediator of offender change in treatment We 

discuss theories and models of what constitutes readiness and describe an approach to its 

definition and measurement, with particular reference to violent offenders. 

1018.4 Treatment of violent offenders and psychopaths, S. Wong, University of Saskatchewan 

and Correctional Service of Canada, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada 

Evidence will be presented to show that the appropriate treatment of high-risk, high-need 

incarcerated violent offenders can reduce the risk of violent recidivism. The Risk, Need, and 

Responsivity principles are critical to guiding the provision of effective treatment to these 

offenders. Just as important is the use of appropriate program management principles to maintain 

program integrity and to avoid program drift. It is also essential to establish functional working 

alliances and to maintain therapeutic boundaries with treatment resistant offenders such as violent 

psychopathic offenders. These fundamental approaches to the design and implementation of an 

effective correctional treatment program will be discussed. 

1018.5 Psychology in law, petrol sniffing, aboriginal Australians, J. White, University of South 

23

Australia, Adelaide, Australia 

The paper examines the neuropsychological effects that petrol sniffing had upon Aboriginal 

patients in Central Australia. An historical context to petrol-sniffing is outlined, and 

neuropsychological assessments results are provided and compared with a non-sniffing Aboriginal 

sample. Results indicated that all petrol-sniffing subjects were significantly cognitively impaired. 

In most cases the impairment was associated with executive brain functioning. Petrol-sniffers also 

exhibited feelings of worthlessness, being unwanted by the community, poor self-esteem, violent 

behaviour, disinhibition, sexual promiscuous behaviour and a tendency to follow others. The paper 

concluded with recommendations regarding community protection, long-term supports, prevention 

strategies and relevant legislation. 


Children’s development in China and the United States 

Convener and Chair: L.A. Camras, USA 

1019.1 Emotional expression in American, Japanese, and Chinese infants, H. Oster 1 , L.A. 

Camras 2 , J.J. Campos 3 , R. Bakeman 4 , Z. Meng 5 , T. Ujiie 6 , 1 New York University, New York, 

NY, USA; 2 DePaul University, Chicago, IL, USA; 3 University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA; 

4 5 6 

Georgia State University, Altlanta, GA, USA; Peking University, Beijing, China; Nagoya 

University, Nagoya, Japan 

American, Chinese, and Japanese infants were videotaped during procedures designed to elicit 

mild anger/frustration (arm restraint) and fear (growling toy gorilla). The infants did not produce 

differentiated facial expressions of anger or fear in the two procedures. Instead, they showed 

generalized distress expressions, with components of cry faces of varying intensity. There were 

significant procedure differences in visual fixation, facial stilling, and body movements. These 

suggested that the procedures elicited the target emotions, as well as different emotion regulation 

and coping strategies. The repertoire of facial expressions did not differ across cultures, but 

differences in frequency and intensity were observed. 

1019.2 Locomotor experience precedes major spatial cognitive and social changes: A 

cross-cultural perspective, J.J. Campos 1 , Z. Meng 2 , Q. Dong 3 , S. Tao 3 , 1 University of California, 

Berkeley, CA, USA; 2 Peking University, Beijing, China; 3 Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 

China 

We examine the influence of locomotor experience on performance in a cognitive task (search for 

hidden object) and a social task (joint visual attention). During the 1980s and 1990s, cultural and 

ecological factors in urban China resulted in a 3.5-month delay (relative to Bayley Scale norms) in 

the onset of locomotion. Our question was whether this delay in locomotor onset resulted in delays 

in cognitive and social tasks. We also asked whether rapid improvement on these tasks occurred 

following the acquisition of locomotion. Our data confirm that locomotor experience is a factor in 

bringing about developmental changes in task performance. 

1019.3 Adopted Chinese children: Mental and motor development and emotional expressivity, 

L.A. Camras 1 , Y. Chen 2 , R. Bakeman 3 , 1 DePaul University, Chicago, IL, USA; 2 Beijing Normal 

24

University, Beijing, China; 3 Georgia State University; Atlanta, GA, USA 

Last year, several thousand Chinese girls were adopted by American families. This project 

examines these children’s overall developmental status and emotional expressivity. By three years 

of age, the adopted children’s mental and motor performance was in the normal range on the 

Bayley Scales of Infant Development. Facial expressions of adopted Chinese girls were more 

similar to European-American children than to nonadopted Chinese children from the PRC or 

Chinese-American children. These findings indicate that adopted Chinese children do well in their 

American families and that their emotional expressiveness is strongly influenced by their family’s 

cultural environment. 

1019.4 Personality and social adjustment among European American, Chinese American, and 

Chinese children and adolescents, C. Huntsinger 1 , P.E. Jose 2 , 1 College of Lake County, 

Grayslake, IL, USA; 2 Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand 

Cultural standards and socialization practices influence social adjustment and personality 

formation in children. Two longitudinal studies compared second generation Chinese American 

(CA) and European American (EA) children and adolescents in the United States. We found that 

young children in the two groups were very similar in social adjustment. However CA adolescents 

reported themselves to be less extraverted, more depressed, lower in job competence and romantic 

appeal, and more stressed by minor life events than EA adolescents. Chinese American children 

and adolescents consistently attained higher academic competence. Comparisons with Beijing 

children also showed differences on several social adjustment measures. 


The contribution of psychology in relation to human rights abuses, reconciliation and 

reconstruction 

Convener and Chair: N. Sveaass, Norway 

1020.1 Child soldiers, child protection, and post-conflict reconstruction for peace, M. Wessells, 

Randolph-Macon College, Ashland, VA, USA 

This paper analyzes how the massive rights abuses of children in war shatter social trust and 

damage long-term social capital. Emphasizing the global problem of child soldiering, it identifies 

how children become associated with armed groups, and examines connections between child 

protection and peacebuilding. Presenting data from Sierra Leone, it analyzes how former youth 

combatants can be reintegrated into their villages using psychosocial approaches to healing and 

reconciliation combined with economic assistance. The paper discusses how local and Western 

approaches may be integrated in supporting former child soldiers and building peace. 

1020.2 Social meaning of political violence: Terrorism or freedom-fighter? C.J. Montiel 1 , A.A. 

Shah 2 , 1 Ateneo de Manila University, Manila, Philippines; 2 International Islamic University, 

Malaysia 

This research studies the social meaning of political violence under different personal and 

contextual conditions with a social cognition approach to the phenomenon of terrorism. We 

predict that the social meaning of political violence depends upon informational priming and 

varies in relation to context. Context is disaggregated into context of the perceived terrorist in 

25

terms of (a) political label given the actor (terrorist vs. freedom-fighter) and (b) consequence of 

political violence on himself (dies vs. escapes) and context of the perceiver in terms of (a) 

perceiver's religion (Islam vs. Christianity) and political stance of perceiver's society in the US-led 

war against terrorism (pro-US Philippines vs. anti-US Malaysia). Data from the Philippines and 

Malaysia. 

1020.3 Recuperation of historical and painful memory, M. Gaborit 1 , A. Blanco 2 , 1 Universidad 

Centroamericana “José Simeón Cañas”, El Salvador; 2 Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, 

Spain 

The paper discusses how people view the armed conflict in El Salvador 10 years after signing the 

Peace Accords and the role of memory in the social reconstruction. An assessment of the 

collective memory will be attempted to determine the role of memory in mental and political 

health. Participants are women who participated actively with the insurgent groups, those who did 

not participate but suffered the effects of war (displacement, forced migration), young adults who 

spent childhood and adolescence in refugee camps outside El Salvador, returning shortly prior to 

the peace accords, and urban dwellers who lived in the mayor cities during those years. 

1020.4 Continuous advocacy work; the need of a long time perspective as a reaction to the 

medias’ trauma fascination, P. Elsass, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark 

The medias’ fascination of trauma undermine our professional knowledge, that experiences of 

trauma are not a result of an acute, dramatic situation, but rather a result of being in a constant 

emergency situation often for many years. One of our purposes is to introduce a time perspective 

which surpasses the need for immediate intervention and to convince our donors that there is a 

demand for long term projects. The importance of a long time perspecitive, is revealed of studies 

of psychotherapy of posttraumatic memories from holocaust survivors from the Second World 

War and from reconciliation work in African and Latin American populations. 


Anxiety and processing of threat 

Convener and Chair: K. Mogg, UK 

Co-convener: B. Bradley, UK 

1021.1 Selective attention to threat in anxiety: Underlying mechanisms, B. Bradley, K. Mogg, 

University of Southampton, Southampton, UK 

Cognitive theories of anxiety propose that attentional biases for threat-related information play an 

important role in causing and maintaining anxiety. Empirical research into basic mechanisms 

underlying attentional biases in non-clinical anxiety and in different anxiety disorders has yielded 

consistent findings in relation to certain aspects of attentional biases, but mixed results in relation 

to others. These issues will be discussed, such as the relative roles of vigilance versus avoidance 

responses, initial orienting versus maintained attention, and the pattern of attentional bias found 

for different types of aversive stimuli. 

1021.2 Tunnel memory for emotional scenes, B. Mackintosh, A. Mathews, Open University, 

Cambridge, UK 

26

Evidence has accumulated showing that central aspects of emotional scenes are remembered better 

than equivalent aspects of non-emotional scenes. A selective attention account of these findings 

led us to predict that emotional pictures would be recalled as if seen from a closer perspective (i.e. 

with a less extended background) than neutral pictures. We report findings confirming this 

perspective difference, and also show that it varies with both anxiety-proneness and emotional 

arousal. We take these findings as support for the view that attentional capture by central aspects 

of emotionally arousing aversive scenes can restrict our usual extended impression of surrounding 

space. 

1021.3 Attentional bias and anxiety vulnerability: Investigating the causal nature of their 

association, C. MacLeod, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia 

Cognitive accounts of anxiety vulnerability attribute such emotional susceptibility to biased 

information processing. Consistent with this possibility, vulnerability to anxiety is associated with 

the selective orientation of attention towards threat. However, the presence of this association does 

not establish the causal nature of the relationship. The present paper reports a series of studies 

designed to directly test the hypothesis that attentional bias causally mediates vulnerability to 

anxiety, by systematically manipulating such attention bias and observing the impact on measures 

of anxiety symptomatology. The results provide strong support for the proposal that attentional 

bias makes a causal contribution to anxiety vulnerability. 

1021.4 Training of attentional bias in social phobia, N. Amir, C. Beard, H. Klumpp, J. Elias, 

University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA 

Individuals with social anxiety tend to pay attention to negative social information (e.g., Hope, et 

al., 1990). Although one goal of cognitive behavioral therapy is to redirect the attention of 

individuals with social anxiety, it would be more efficient if these biases could be changed directly. 

In the current series of studies we changed attentional bias in socially anxious individuals and 

examined the effect of these changes on independent assessment of anxiety by trained interviewers. 

Preliminary results suggest that a reduction in attentional bias to threat is positively correlated 

with a reduction in social anxiety. 

1021.5 Critical features for conveying facial threat, A. Öhman, D. Lundqvist, P. Juth, 

Karolinska Institute and Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden 

Angry humans have provided a significant source of threat in human evolution. Thus, one would 

expect a bias for quick detection of facial threat among humans. Using visual search paradigms in 

which subjects look for target faces with discrepant emotional expression among background 

faces, we have demonstrated a bias for threatening schematic faces among both neutral and 

emotional background faces. This is obvious in detection latencies as well as in recordings of eye 

movements. Furthermore, the bias is closely related to the rated threat value of the faces and it 

appears primarily conveyed by the shape of the eyebrows. 


Sex and sexuality around the world Part 1: Integrating Sexuality education, responsible 

parenthood and policy development 

Convener and Chair: S. Pick, Mexico 

27

Co-convener: X.M. Li, USA 

1022.1 A community based psycho educational intervention: A program of family education in 

Brazil, H. Szymanski, Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, Brazil 

Sexuality has become a most requested theme of discussion in a program of psycho educational 

intervention offered to low-income neighborhood families in São Paulo, Brazil. Sexuality has been 

connected to family interpersonal relations, undesired pregnancy and adolescent pregnancy. TV 

has been shown as a major source of information to women who have no opportunities to talk 

about their doubts, lack of satisfaction. The program offers possibility to discuss those questions 

and combines collective meetings, home visits and duties. It includes schools and NGO’s involved 

with educational projects. Its main objectives are the study and development of policies for family 

education. 

1022.2 Going from research to large scale implementation in life skills and sexuality education 

programs in Mexico, M. Givaudan 1 , S. Pick 2 , 1 Mexican Institute for Research on Family and 

Population, Mexico, Mexico; 2 Instituto Mexicano de Investigación de Familiay Población, Mexico 

Researchers, program developers and policy designers generally work quiet independently of each 

other. The research bases for the development and results of a life skills and sexuality education 

program developed in Mexico will be the focus of the first part of the presentation. The groups 

included are adolescents, children, teachers and parents. It will be followed by the contents, 

didactic methodology and educational materials used in the program, as well as examples of 

results of its different evaluations and steps taken in the areas of advocacy and dissemination to 

scale it up to national level and for its transfer to other countries. The program has reached over 11 

million users in Latin America through over 40,000 replicators. 

1022.3 Development of youth policies in Central America: Implications for sexuality education, 

D. Krauskopf, University of Costa Rica Rodrigo Facio, San José, Costa Rica 

In Central America 40% of the population are children or adolescents, over half of them in rural 

areas. In this paper the author will present the youth policies of that area of the world focusing on 

their implications for sexuality education. Issues relating to gender equality, concept of 

masculinity as well as the problems encountered in implementing these policies and how they 

have been solved will also be addressed. The importance of giving young people a central role in 

the development of policies which refer to them is a key strategy that will be included in the 

presentation. 

1022.4 Abortion and mental health, H. David, Transnational Family Research Institute, 

Bethesda, MD, USA 

Of all the possible complications of abortion, psychological responses are the most difficult to 

assess and evaluate. The difficulties are further compounded by diverse cultural contexts, whether 

access to legal abortion is readily available but socially and morally unacceptable, restricted, or 

encouraged in certain circumstances. Developed within a public health perspective, this 

presentation will focus on (1) scientific criteria in the assessment of the abortion decision making 

process and postabortion mental health symptoms; (2) evidence of a postabortion syndrome and 

severe psychological reactions over time; and (3) characteristics of women at greater risk for 

28

negative psychological reactions and in need of counseling. 

1022.5 Sex and sexuality education in Iran, A. Mehryar, S. Ahmad-Nia, Asia and Pacific 

Population Studies Centre Ministry of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran 

This paper describes traditional Islamic approaches to sex education. It will show how recent 

social and demographic changes in Iran, particularly a significant rise in age of marriage, rapid 

urbanization, exposure to mass media, western ideals and life-styles, and growing evidence of a 

rise in incidence of STDs and HIV as well as extramarital sexual relations among youth, have 

forced authorities to recognize sexual acting out as a serious problem and to adopt a more open 

and realistic approach to it. Practical, research and policy implications of these developments for 

expansion of reproductive health services in Iran will be discussed. 

1022.6 Transfer of behavioral change models different cultural settings, X.M. Li, Wayne State 

University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA 

In this presentation research developed on HIV and STD’s in China will be presented in the 

context of a theory to research framework. The question of whether Western-based models of 

behavioral change can be adapted in different cultural settings will be focused on. 


New perspective on stress and coping research 

Convener and Chair: E. Frydenberg, Australia 

1023.1 Is the glass half full or half empty? – How you perceive the world and cope with life’s 

difficulties? K. Moore, Deakin University, Burwood, Australia 

Much has been written about how we deal with life’s difficulties, the temporal order of such 

strategies, religious coping versus secular coping, communal versus individualistic approaches: 

what does it all mean? In this paper appraisal or how one thinks about issues is argued to influence 

one’s approach to their resolution. If I think positively, am optimistic, forward looking, challenged, 

then the glass will be half full and I will strive forward using my social supports and resources and 

bringing others with me. If not, the glass will be half empty and I will feel put upon, unappreciated 

and stressed. 

1023.2 Resource caravans and stress resiliency across the lifespan, S. Hobfoll, Kent State 

University and Summa Health System, Kent, OH, USA 

People do not magically obtain stress resiliency resources. Rather, they are accumulated as a 

product of being members of healthy families, being exposed to positive growth experiences, and 

having the support of colleagues, friends, and families. Individuals are nested in social settings 

and these social settings play a major role in fostering and sharing resources. Those who are 

exposed to traumatic stress have their resource caravans damaged significantly. These “pillaged” 

caravans are still used to maintain well-being, but do so less well, with more strain, and with 

limited capability of fostering resiliency when new stressors occur. We will examine our work on 

lifetime resources development and the impact of trauma along the lifespan. 

1023.3 Coping and its outcomes: An anticipatory approach to stress management, E. 

29

Greenglass, York University, Toronto, Canada 

Traditionally, coping has been conceptualized as reactive since it dealt with stressful events that 

had already occurred. In contrast, proactive coping is oriented towards the future. It consists of 

efforts to build up general resources that facilitate promotion of challenging goals. Proactive 

coping incorporates a confirmatory and positive approach to dealing with stressors and includes 

intentions and actions directed towards improving quality of life. This paper examines recent 

empirical and theoretical developments pertaining to proactive coping and its role in reducing 

stress. Data are presented in which the above theoretical model is applied to different samples 

including community-dwelling elderly and in-patients in a physical rehabilitation hospital. 

1023.4 When problem solving is not effective do adolescents turn to non-productive coping 

strategies? E. Frydenberg 1 , R. Lewis 2 , 1 Univesity of Melbourne, Carlton, Australia; 2 Latrobe 

University, Bundoora, Australia 

A sample of 1264 adolescents from Melbourne, Australia completed the General form of the 

Adolescent Coping Scale to evaluate the proposition that it is only after trying unsuccessfully to 

utilise problem-solving strategies that adolescents turn to non-productive emotion-focused 

strategies. Although adolescents who reported weaker problem-solving efficacy were more likely 

to give up and give in, they did not utilise more of the non-productive strategies such as do not tell 

anyone, self-blame, wishful thinking, tension reduction or worry. In contrast, eight productive 

strategies associated with more effective problem solving. The implications of these findings are 

discussed. 


Traffic accidents: Psychological contribution to analysis and prevention 

Convener and Chair: K. Renge, Japan 

1024.1 Elderly drivers’ hazard perception and driving performance, K. Renge 1 , T. Ishibashi 2 , 

M. Oiri 3 , H. Ota 4 , S. Tsunenari 5 , M. Mukai 6 , 1 Tezukayama University, Nara, Japan; 2 Institute 

for ErgoSciences, Osaka, Japan; 3 Kyoto Prefectural University, Kyoto, Japan; 4 Tohoku Institute of 

Technology, Sendai, Japan; 5 Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan; 6 Chukyo University, 

Nagoya, Japan 

The present study focuses on elderly drivers’ driving performance such as drivers’ searching head 

movements and driving speed. The behavioral and evaluative measures were compared between 

age groups such as middle-aged and elderly drivers. A hazard perception test was conducted. 

Participants totaled 198 drivers, of which 36 were middle-aged (from 30 to 54 years old), 32 

semi-elderly (from 55 to 64 years old), 88 junior-elderly (from 65 to 74 years old), and 42 

senior-elderly (over 75 years old) drivers. Elderly drivers showed fewer searching head 

movements and also much lower ability to perceive hazards than younger drivers. 

1024.2 Accident investigation system in Finland: Goals and methods, E. Keskinen, University 

of Turku, Turku, Finland 

In Finland all fatal motor vehicle accidents are studied in-depth on-the-spot by multidisciplinary 

(police, road and vehicle engineers, physician psychologist) accident investigation teams 

(legislation 2001, work started 1969), which operate in every province. Purpose of the teams is to 

30

uncover risk factors that turned an ordinary driving situation into a fatal accident. Concepts of 

key-situation and immediate and background risks are used. Besides collecting data teams give 

safety suggestions locally and generally. Compiled case files of each case contain form-based 

reports from each member. Besides case files, collected information is also coded into a computer 

database and widely utilized by the researches and safety work. 

1024.3 Development of drivers’ education for the elderly, H. Ota 1 , T. Ishibashi 2 , M. Oiri 3 , S. 

Tsunenari 4 , M. Mukai 5 , K. Renge 6 , 1 Tohoku Institute of Technology, Sendai, Japan; 2 Institute for 

ErgoSciences, Osaka, Japan; 3 Kyoto Prefectural University, Kyoto, Japan; 4 Kumamoto University, 

Kumamoto, Japan; 5 Chukyo University, Nagoya, Japan; 6 Tezukayama University, Nara, Japan 

We have been investigating the characteristics of older drivers’ behavior which can cause the 

accidents by means of observing their actual driving behaviors and found out their risky behaviors 

especially in intersections, i.e., older drivers were often observed to ignore stop signs in 

intersections even without checking hazards. On the other hand, older drivers have tendencies to 

evaluate themselves much safer than the actual. We developed a new training method focusing on 

correcting their overconfidence so that they could notice their own problems on their driving cars 

and correct their driving behavior to safer one. 

1024.4 Predictive validity of Korean driver's aptitude test, M. Kim, C.T. Kim, T.H. Lee, Y.J. 

Back, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea 

The present study focuses on testing the predictive validity of Korean Driver’s Aptitude Test 

(KDAT), consisting of three parts (motor-perception test, intelligence test and personality test). We 

conducted a follow-up of traffic accident history of the test-takers (commercial drivers) during the 

period of 2000 to 2003 year. The test scores are significantly lower in high-frequency accident 

group than low-frequency accident group, specifically, on motor-perception skill and intelligence. 

In the personality scales such as neuroticism, anti-socialness and emotional instability, the 

high-frequency accident group shows significantly higher scores. The explanatory power of 

KDAT for the traffic accident was 8.9%, which could be economically translated into about 

$75,000,000 saving per year. 

1024.5 Comparison of verbal comprehension and speech production during driving, X.H. Sun 1 , 

K. Zhang 1 , Y.F. Liu 2 , 1 Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; 

2 

Motorola Electronic Ltd., China 

Speech communication consists of verbal comprehension and speech production, each has 

different effect on driving. The effects of different speech processing processes and different levels 

of language processing (i.e., sentence processing and paragraph processing) were examined in 

four tasks, namely, (a) sentence-comprehension, (b) paragraph-comprehension, (c) 

sentence-making and (d) answering questions by talking within a fixed extension of time, under 

different driving conditions respectively. The results showed a significant effect of verbal 

communication on driving. Driving had more influence on verbal comprehension than it did on 

speech production. The effects of different levels of language processing and driving difficulty 

were analyzed. 

31


Restoration and restorative environments 

Convener and Chair: T. Hartig, Sweden 

1025.1 Anger-reducing effects of viewing nature, A. van den Berg 1 , S. De Vries 2 , S. Koole 3 , 

1 2 

Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, The Netherlands; Alterra, The 

Netherlands; 3 Free University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands 

Anger-reducing effects of various types of natural and urban environments were experimentally 

studied. 102 healthy participants described an angry episode in their lives, and received negative 

feedback on this description. Following this anger manipulation, they viewed videotapes of one of 

three environments: a park, a natural area, or a shopping street. The anger manipulation produced 

significant increases in self-reported anger, while other affective dimensions were not influenced. 

After viewing the environmental video, self-reported anger was reduced in all three conditions. 

However, viewing the park led to a significantly stronger reduction in anger than viewing the 

shopping street or natural area. 

1025.2 Enhanced self-control: A new impact of restorative environments, F.E. Kuo, University 

of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA 

Research on the restorative effects of nature has demonstrated a wide range of psychological and 

psychophysiological impacts; put simply, nature helps people think and feel better. Does nature 

help people behave better as well? A theory linking the capacity for self-control to the mechanism 

involved in attention restoration suggests that it could, and findings from five recent studies 

suggest it does. Results suggest that contact with even relatively mundane forms of nature 

enhances self-control in adults, children, and children with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity 

Disorder (AD/HD). 

1025.3 The need for and likelihood of psychological restoration as determinants of 

environmental preferences, T. Hartig 1 , H. Staats 2 , 1 Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; 

2 

Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands 

Environmental preference studies have commonly found greater liking for scenes dominated by 

natural features, in comparison to urban scenes. We have hypothesized that this pattern of 

preferences owes to psychological restoration needs in combination with the differential 

likelihood of restoration in the two types of environment. In three experiments, we have found that 

preference for forest scenes over scenes of a city center was substantially stronger among those 

with a greater need for restoration. This pattern of preferences does appear to stem from a greater 

likelihood of restoration in the natural environment. 

1025.4 Noise in nature: Environmental stressor or constraint on restoration? S. Hygge 1 , T. 

Hartig 2 , A. Kjellberg 1 , 1 University of Gävle, Gävle, Sweden; 2 Uppsala University, Uppsala, 

Sweden 

Some conditions that people would not ordinarily appraise as demanding may constrain 

restoration when experienced in places sought out for restoration. The constraint of restoration by 

community noise exemplifies this phenomenon. Community noise regulations assume a 

moderating effect of context on noise annoyance, in that they impose stricter controls on sound 

32

levels in locations and at times normally dedicated to restoration. To further explore the 

constrained restoration phenomenon, in this paper we review research on reactions to 

human-produced sounds in natural settings, like parks, which many people particularly value for 

restoration. We also consider ambient sound qualities that promote restoration. 

1025.5 Stress, restoration, and work-home interference, G. Johansson, Stockholm University, 

Stockholm, Sweden 

In the study of work-related stress, the interface between the work and non-work domains has 

attracted growing attention, especially in relation to employees who perform their work at the 

workplace and in the home, as well as in other locations. The empirical material of this study was 

obtained from questionnaire surveys to teleworking civil servants and ICT consultants. The 

questionnaires included scales of work-to-home and home-to-work interference as well as a scale 

of effective restoration. Multiple regression analyses indicated that work-to home interference but 

not home-to-work interference predicted poor restoration. 


Acculturation symposium 1: Theory & methods 

Convener and Chair: F. Rudmin, Norway 

Co-convener: U. Kim, Korea 

1026.1 Acculturation, adaptation and personal transformation, U. Kim 1 , Y.S. Park 2 , 

1 2 

Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea; Inha University, Inchon, Korea 

Exiting acculturation theories fail to define culture and pit two cultures in a linear pole or 

two-dimensional space. They equate cultures with products of cultures and fail to take incorporate 

epistemiological, phenomenological, and creative aspects of culture. Existing theories fail to 

consider personal, proxy, and collective agency and view acculturation as a positivitic phenomena 

(i.e., as a substractive or additive forms). Existing measures fail to capture the dynamics and 

complexity of the acculturation process. Leading researchers are outsiders developing artifical 

theories and methods. Acculturation involves negotiation, skill development and transformations 

that results in new cultural realties. Acculturation involves transformation of individual lives, 

interpersonal relationships, and communities. 

1026.2 ‘Culture free’ and culture bound approaches to acculturation: Berry’s model vs culture 

learning, P. Boski, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland 

Berry’s acculturation model is an extension of Tajfel's social identity theory to two ingroups. It 

seems acultural because the construction of research instruments and answering to them do not 

require cultural competence by either authors or respondents. In contrast, the culture learning 

approach stems from studies of cultural assimilators and from practicioners of culture 

communication (eg, Landis et al. 2003). Cultural competence is acquired and ethnocentrism 

diminished by studying and interpreting critical incidents in which people from different cultures 

unwillingly and unintentionally collide in their interactions. These two approaches have been 

developing in splendid isolation. Research findings will serve to illustrate theoretical arguments. 

1026.3 Acculturation models and strategies among Asian-Americans: Their possible 

33

implications for adjustment, S.M. Kang, California State University, Northridge, CA, USA 

The controversies concerning the underlying structures of acculturation models will be revisited in 

this paper. Based on large-scale studies of Asian-Americans, it will be argued that recent 

controversies concerning whether the underlying structure of acculturation is unidimensional or 

bidimensional partially stem from psychometric problems with existing measures as well as 

conceptual problems in defining factors contributing to acculturation processes. The effectiveness 

of four different acculturation strategies (Berry, 1984) in the US will be also discussed, especially 

focusing on their implications for psychological well-being and adjustment. 

1026.4 The impact of personality on accuturation, P. Schmitz, Bonn University, Bonn, 

Germany 

The content will be how individual differences in acculturation behavior could be explained by 

basic personality dimensions, as established by theories of Costa and McCrae, Eysenck and 

Zuckerman. Further, acculturation will be related to general coping styles. The data that will be 

presented were recently collected with different immigrant groups in the Federal Republic of 

Germany. The hypotheses regarding personality and acculturation were confirmed by the data of 

the present samples. 

1026.5 How Anglo-Saxon liberalism skews our psychometrics, F. Rudmin, University of 

Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway 

"Acculturation" was coined in 1880 by the US government's Bureau of Ethnography. Most 

subsequent theories explain how aboriginal and immigrant minorities in the USA, Australia, and 

Canada adapt to the Anglo-Saxon majority but rarely visa-versa. See 

http://www.ac.wwu.edu/~culture/rudmin.htm for more than 100 such theories. These Anglo-Saxon 

settler societies are unlike other nations but like one another in size, colonial conquest, and 

cultural values of individualism and liberalism. The past 40 years of systematic psychometric 

faults in acculturation research arise from shared ideological bias forcing data to favor liberal 

multiculturalism. However, acculturative freedom does not need psychometric support. 

1026.6 Life-lies and political refugees, D. Arai, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway 

Positive illusions about the self maintain our mental health as well as our inter-personal relations. 

These illusions include unrealistically positive self-evaluations, exaggerated perceptions of 

personal control, and optimism about one’s future. Illusion here refers to an active denial of truth, 

called life-lie by Ibsen. Because life-lies cannot be studied by psychometric self-reports, 

alternatives are litrary case studies and depth interviewing. Social workers and councelors 

working with political refugees report that their mental health is poor, in part because their life-lies 

become exposed. 


Psychological variations in family structure and function across cultures 

Convener and Chair: J. Georgas, Greece 

1027.1 Use of the ecocultural framework in research with family, J. Berry, Queen's University, 

34

Kingston, Canada 

This paper briefly outlines the Ecocultural Framework, and shows how it can be used to examine 

family structure and function within cultures (the indigenous perspective), and then for 

cross-cultural comparative use (the universal perspective). The framework seeks to understand the 

development of behaviour as adaptations to ecological press, and to culture contact and change. A 

central element in linking ecology to culture to behaviour is the role of “cultural transmission”. 

This process involves the family as the basic vehicle for ensuring that developing children acquire 

the cultural knowledge and skills of their parents, and of others in their society 

1027.2 A theoretical orientation to the family, C. Kagitcibasi, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey 

The great complexity of the family globally makes it difficult to distinguish possible threads of 

commonality or diversity. Theoretical conceptualizations are therefore useful in making sense of 

this complexity and in shedding light on the family in ecocultural context -- its structure and 

dynamics, intergenerational and gender relations, and the changes in these through social change 

and development. The 30-Culture Study of Family Structure and Function, which is the basis of 

this symposium, and the recent 30-year follow up of the Value of Children Study provide evidence 

that supports a Model of Family Change (Kagitcibasi) from an Eco-Cultural Framework. 

1027.3 Balancing cross-cultural invariance and variations in functions and roles of families, 

Y.H. Poortinga, Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands 

Everywhere families have important functions for the upbringing of children, economic 

subsistence and social cohesion. A distinction will be made at each of three levels between 

constraints which lead to cross-cultural invariance, and opportunities or affordances which allow 

for variations across cultures. The three levels are: (i) the functions of families considered as 

species-wide characteristics (ii) variations in external conditions related to economic factors that 

impose systematic differences in constraints on functions and roles of families (iii) the 

socio-cultural realization of specific patterns of family life. Findings from the project on the 

family by Georgas and colleagues will illustrate various points. 

1027.4 A cross-cultural analysis of the family, F. van de Vijver, Tilburg University, Tilburg, 

The Netherlands 

The presentation addresses the comparative analyses of the project on the basis of three questions. 

The first one concerns the comparability of the data across countries. A plan of analysis is outlined 

and applied. Based on the results of this analysis, the second question is addressed: Which 

cross-cultural differences and similarities in family roles and functioning can be found? Finally, 

the question is examined whether these cross-cultural differences are related to other country 

characteristics (e.g., GNP), as defined in the ecocultural framework (Georgas & Berry, 1995). 

1027.5 Implications of the findings regarding family change in different cultures, J. Georgas, 

University of Athens, Athens, Greece 

Family roles were found be explained by two universal factors across countries: emotional and 

material interdependencies. At the country level, affluence and religion were related to these 

family roles across countries, often in contrasting ways, and also to psychological variables. At the 

individual level, family roles were also related to some psychological variables, dependent on the 

35

quantitative measurement. Wolff laid the foundation for the mathematical branch of psychology 

called in Latin “Psychometriae”. The main objective of psychometrics is to build a relation 

between mathematical knowledge and the study of the human mind. The measure’s precision is 

correlated with the perfection and imperfection of different psychological judgments. The 

strengths of this approach are demonstrated in the association of a qualitative context with 

empirical proceedings. 

1028.9 Vykotsky and modern mental science, Guangrong Wang, China 

Vykotsky first founded the history-origin theory of the higher mental function, and brought 

historical principles to psychology in the initial stage. Meanwhile, he also creatively raised an idea 

about “Zone of Proximate Development”, enhanced greatly the psychological methodology of 

dialectical materialism, and founded a psychological school, the biggest in the Soviet-Russian 

psychological history. He contributed a lot to the development of mental science.. Above all, 

Vykotsky’s theory has a far-reaching influence upon three aspects of modern psychology, such as 

the Study method, the theory founding and the subject development 

1028.10 From Confucius begin: The thoughts of human resource management, Xiaomei Zhao 1, 2 , 

1 2 

Hebei Normal University, China, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China 

Confucius is the greatest thinker, politician and educationist in our ancient country. There are 

abundant human resource management thoughts in Confucianism. According to Confucian 

Analects and the other recordation of Confucian saying, this paper firstly explored the Confucian 

basic idea about human resource, especially the importance of human resource in management; 

then from the view of Confucius, how to analyze and identify, choose and promote, train and 

develop, encourage and reward human resource were discussed detailed; in the end, this article 

indicated the inspirational significance of Confucius’ thoughts to the human resource management 

in the modern society. 

1028.11 A review of emotional stroop effect, Yufen Zeng, Caikang Wang, South China Normal 

University, China 

Stroop Effect is regarded as an effective experimental method by Cognitive psychology. In 

addition, it also creates a new situation in psychology. Emotional Stroop Effect which is a branch 

of Stroop Effect diverts our attention to clinical psychology, and researchers want to apply this 

experimental method to clinical psychology. So from 1960s’ many researchers are devoted to 

Emotional Stroop Effect and gain lots of theoretical and empirical fruit. This study will summarize 

the relevant researches of Emotional Stroop Effect, and reviews the meaning, the pattern and the 

theory of Emotional Stroop Effect. 

1028.12 Thinking about the future thought, Qizheng Song, Southwest China Normal University, 

Chongqing, China 

Future thought is prospective thinking that aims at solving the problem of life development. In 

view of realistic feasibility, thinking about the future can be differentiated between expectation 

and free fantasy. Positive fantasy suppress motivation and action, but if fantasy is contrasted with 

reflections on the respective negative reality, it can be transformed into the implementation 

intention, then it can effectively promote motivation and action. We also suggests that the people 

38

who are accustomed to the different style of self-regulatory thought deal with time, failure in 

different ways. We further propose the future direction of the study. 

1028.13 A vectorial construct of love and hate and Sternberg’s Triangular Model: Toward an 

integrated model of love and hate, Catalin Mamali, Loras College and NICC, USA 

The model assumes that love and hate have a dialectical nature and motivational functions. It 

develops a vectorial representation of love/hate that departs from Sternberg's triangular model 

(1997). The vectorial model measures the "direction" and the "strength" of love/hate vector that 

results from the combination of its six components: intimacy/concealment; atractive/repuslisve 

passion; commitement/ separation. Using a dialectical perspective (Gergen, 1982, Baxter, 1996, 

Hinde, 1997, Mamali, 2001), the love/hate model accounts for the transformation of love into hate 

relationships, and of hate into love relationships within the same relational units due to some 

conversion processes such as gratitude, forgiveness, revenge, and jealousy. 

1028.15 The psychological basis on the joint of mental quality education, Jingjin Shao, 

Xiao-Dong Qi, Yangang Xu, Southwest China Normal University, China 

The joint between all grades’ Mental Quality Education has been one of the key questions in 

nowadays school psychological Quality Education. This thesis mainly trys to analyze the 

developmental phases theories of J.Piaget, H.Wallon, E.H. Ericson & the Cultural and Historical 

School and the laws of human’s psychological development, exploring the joint of Mental Quality 

Education from the goals, contents, processes, evaluations and essential factors etc. On this basis, 

the thesis attempts to provide some psychological evidence supporting the joint of Mental Quality 

Education, that will deeply influence on the development of Mental Quality Education at school. 

1028.16 Comparison of novelty effect between young and old subjects and brain damaged 

patients, Abdolhossein Sadeghi marascht 1 , Reza Kormi Nouri 2 , 1 Tabriz University, Iran; 

2 

Tehran University, Iran 

To study the Novelty encoding hypothesis introduced for the first time by Tolving and Kroll 

(1995), 63 volunteer subjects were tested by a memory test. 3 patients with brain damage (blood 

circulation disorder, frontal lesion, temporal lesion), 30 normal young and 30 normal old subjects, 

were selected. Results indicated that patients recognized familiar items better than novel, but, 

young and old subjects recognized novel items better than familiar. Comparison between old and 

young subjects - the main purpose of study, indicated that the novelty effect is stronger in the 

young. 

1028.17 Collective efficacy: An agency perspective of group research, Fengqiang Gao, Peng 

Wang, Shan Dong Normal University; China 

People’s success in shaping the social future lies partly in a shared sense of efficacy to bring their 

collective influence to bear on matters over which they can have some command. Hence, Bandura 

extended the conception of human agency to collective efficacy in the mid-1980s. Researchers 

interested in collective efficacy are getting to draw general conclusions, and they agreed that CE 

played a key role in causal structures because it affected behavior not only directly, but by its 

impacts on other determinants such as goals and aspirations, outcome expectations, affective 

proclivities, and perception of sociostructual impediments and opportunity structure. 

39

1028.18 Psyhological and Philosophical, Nobuo Inamatsu, Toho University School of Medicine, 

Japan 

Self-examination: Concerning the conscious self and “a separate inner self which knows the 

conscious self.” This inner self turns one’s desires, emotions, and thoughts into an objective 

without identifying them as part of oneself. One should establish the practice of analyzing whether 

one’s involvement with external forces is conducted negatively or positively. If a certain stressful 

object emerges, the inner self should judge whether the conscious self recognizes it as an obstacle 

of purposeful behavior, or a worthwhile challenge. The practice of self-examination is a training 

method to find one’s inner self and to free oneself from negative thinking. 

1028.19 Psyhological and philosophical perspective toward goodhealth, Nobuo Inamatsu, Toho 

University School of Medicine, Japan 

Self-examination: Concerning the conscious self and “a separate inner self which knows the 

conscious self.” This inner self turns one’s desires, emotions, and thoughts into an objective 

without identifying them as part of oneself. One should establish the practice of analyzing whether 

one’s involvement with external forces is conducted negatively or positively. If a certain stressful 

object emerges, the inner self should judge whether the conscious self recognizes it as an obstacle 

of purposeful behavior, or a worthwhile challenge. The practice of self-examination is a training 

method to find one’s inner self and to free oneself from negative thinking. 

1028.20 Seeing some problems on the use of mental measurement and metal statistics in the sight 

of postmodernism, Tiansheng Wang, Cheng Zhiping, Shaanxi, China 

The authors of the paper give their different views about misuse of mental measurement and 

statistic method of sport psychology in China: 1) Sport psychology can not be seen as a natural 

science, mental measurement was misused often lead to the problems of truth; 2) The personality 

of athletes easily been given no or too little attention to by using statistical samples; 3) To pay 

more great attention to positivism method but neglect to theoretical researches is one of the 

disadvantageous factors in the development of sport psychology. 

1028.21 Comment on definition of intelligence, Linlin Zhang, China 

Intelligence is one of the most important definitions in psychological survey. Up to now there are 

more than 150 descriptions to it. This paper gives a general comment on various statements from 

an intact angel, introduces several prevalent theories about the development of intelligence. There 

is no denying the fact that the understanding of intelligence will be furthered, and as a result, the 

significance of forming a perfect theory of intelligence will come into being. 

1028.22 The quantum theory: A premise for a new paradigm in psychological assessment, 

Roxana Zubcov, Corneliu Sofronie, Training and Development Centre – Romania 

We present the basic principles of a new paradigm in psychology. The measurement of the inner 

reality implies the principle of the quantum, indetermination principle, the chaos theory. The inner 

universe (psychological) is a quantum reality of the superposed states, based on the principle of 

the included middle. Here the statistical laws are inoperative. The external universe, including the 

society, is based on the principle of the excluded middle and the measurement is based on the 

40

statistical laws. The morphogenetic sciences tackle in a different way the problem of the 

measurement of the human behaviour. 

1028.23 Analysis on the research objects of journalism psychology, Liu Jingling, Beijing 

Broadcasting Institute, China 

The journalism psychology is an interdisciplinary studies combining psychology with journalism. 

In mainland China, this field is developing rapidly with the vigorous development of journalism 

and communication. The progress of research objects may be divided into four stages: 1st, the 

interviewee period (the early 20th century); 2nd, the audience period (the 1980s); 3rd, the reporter 

period (after the middle of 1980s); 4th, the cognitive subject period (in 1990s). The last research 

stage includes: the minds and behaviors of the cognitive subject in the journalism activities; 

Psychological phenomena of journalism; the interaction and mechanism of them. etc. 

1028.24 On the trancendence of post-modernist perspective over the research principles of 

psychology of scientism, Gao Fengqiang, China 

The present paper posists that psychologists interested in the humanistic orientation, especially 

those interested in theoretical exploration and in advocating the transfering to post-modernism of 

psychology, are both deeply dissatisfied with the research principles of psychology scientism. 

They propose to replace the atomism, reductionism, objectivity, determinism and quantatitive 

study with holism, constructionism, de-objectification, problematicism and qualitative study. This 

opens a convenient door for psychology to study mind and behavior in a vivid and systematic way 

in the era of post-modernism. 

1028.25 A new thinking-structure theory, Zhongbing Xie, China 

This thesis puts forward a new thinking-structure theory, that is, thinking is an operation of basic 

units of cognitive process, thinking is a harmonious union of correspondent cognitive levels and 

operation abilities on basic cognitive process units. This thinking-structure theory realizes 

unification of nowdays various thinking theories basically, and which reveals the nature of 

cognitive development and problem solving in essence. We can also define the different 

connotations of thinking, intelligence and creativity by it, and to form united theory systems of 

thinking, intelligence and creativity on which. 

1028.26 The psychological background of “Luck resource theory”, Koshi Murakami, Faculty of 

Human Sciences, Osaka University, Japan 

Luck was often compared using a metaphor called resources as "luck decreased" or "a quantity of 

luck being fixed" in Japan. Then, The psychological background of this kind of expression was 

analyzed by treating as statement of "luck resources". Independently it is judged that the lucky 

result has positive value, but which is not appropriate from the context by worth of other 

important phenomena being compared in the situation, it tend to be expressed as "a feeling of 

reduction of luck." This result supports that concept of luck is related with the importance of not 

only contingency but a phenomenon. 

1028.27 Research on the development sections of need, Taofeng Zhou, Ke He, Wen Pei, 

Mingqin Chen, Weinan Zeng, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, Guizhou,China 

41

A.H. Maslow's Hierachical Theory of needs, agreed by many psychologists, contents that human's 

needs can be divided into several hierachies. While my researches suggest that the development 

process of need can also be divided into several sections. Human's needs usually consist of four 

sections: 1.the need of occupation; 2.the need of disposing; 3.the need of completion; 4.the need 

of blessing. The four kinds of needs usually emerged one by one. While sometimes one or more of 

them may not emerge, or the sequence is changed. 

1028.28 A reseach on comparing anxiety of secondary school students between the Miao and the 

Han in Guizhou province, Fengying Zhi, Yinglei Zhang, China 

By using state-trait anxiety inventory, the article compares the anxiety of secondary school 

students between the Miao and the Han in Guizhou Province. The results show that: (1) there are 

very significant differences between secondary school students of the Miao and the han on state 

anxiety.Signicant differences are also found in trait anxiety for girl students of the Miao and the 

Han; (2) there are significant differences between boy students and girl students of the Miao on 

state anxiety; (3) the level of anxiety increases with the student's grade increases both in the Miao 

and the Han. 

1028.29 Multicultural counseling and therapy, Yujuan Liu 1 , Haosheng Ye 2 , 1 Institute of 

Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China; 2 Nanjing Normal University, China 

With social diversity and the impaction of postmodernism, the cultural limitations of the 

traditional counseling and therapy is exposed. So counseling profession confront with professional 

crisis. Multicultural counseling and therapy is trying to complement the cultural factors ignored by 

traditional counseling and therapy. Theory of multicultural counseling and therapy recounstructs 

the practice, model, research measures of traditional counseling and therapy. As a factor of 

cultural turning in psychology, multicultural counseling and therapy induces the thinking about 

influence to psychology derived from the cultural. It shows the possibility to combine culture and 

psychology in psychological researches. 

1028.30 The utilization of control theory and method in psychology sience, Jian Xiaozhu, Dai 

Haiqi, Jiangxi Normal University, China 

control theory and method is practised in many scientific fields, and it can utilized in psychology. 

First, the author will illustrate the new model of the control theory and method. The author will 

analyse the psychology theories and the experiments and studies in the past using the new view of 

control theory and method. And the author will foresee some psychology fields which needs the 

control theory and method. 

1028.31 The comparitive study of Vygotsky and Kelly’s personality construction thoughts, 

Baoping Song, Ping Wei, Xidian University, Taibai road Xi'an city, China 

The author compares the personality construct thought of Vygotsky’s and Kelly’s following 

several aspects:1) the core constructs thought (Social Historical Cultural view- Individual 

Cognitive Construct view; 2) the process of personality construct (Active view -Anticipate view, 

Internalization view - Confirmation view); 3) the factors which influencing personality 

development, (Environmental Determination view - Individual Own Factor and Historical 

accidence view, Compensates view - Fixed Role view); 4) the personality research methodology, 

42

(Dialectical Materialism -Construct Choose Principle, Historical Logic Unification Method - 

Mathematics Analytic Method, the Unit Analytic Method - the Role Construct Repertory Test 

Technology) 

1028.32 A review about the studis of the achievement objective theory, Xiaoming Zhang, 

Northeast Normal University, China 

It was an important topic now for applied psychologists to explain individual achievement motive 

and achievement behavior by social cognition. As for the study of achievement motive, the theory 

of achievement objective occupied a central role. The present paper described comprehensively 

three foreign theories about it and related domestic experimental studies that were applications of 

these theories. Meanwhile, I also made some discussions about the perspective of the achievement 

objective theory. 

1028.33 Analysis of Zen: From perspective of cognition, Lei Wang, Xue Zheng, South China 

Normal University, China 

Firstly, the right attitude towards Zen, a traditional Chinese culture, is recommended by criticizing 

some misleading views in the field of cultural psychology. Secondly, series of analyses on Zen are 

carried out from the cognitive aspects of learning and thinking, which indicate that the learning of 

Zen has relations with implicit cognition and the thinking of Zen is accompanied with a kind of 

intuition different from intuition in scientific thinking. Finally, by comparing Zen with the genetic 

epistemology, the implications of Zen to research on cognitive development are discussed. 

1028.34 Comments on methodological significance of humanistic psychology, Zheng Xiaofang 1 , 

Wei Xueyan 2 , 1 Jilin University, China; 2 Northeast Normal University China 

The article suggests that the methodology of humanistic psychology plays a significant role in the 

development of psychology as a revolt of empirical psychology. It first shows a positive attitude 

on consciousness research reconsidering the objective criterion, including many other methods. 

Then it has a change from “mechanism science “ which is based on scientism to “humanism 

science “which emphasizes question, unity, Taosim relative truth, human and unification. 

Moreover, methodology provides a communication and dialogue flatform for scientism and 

humanism, therefore promoting the unification of the two cultures in psychology and providing a 

methodological basis for cultural turn for psychology. 

1028.35 A new principle of love psychology, Yuankai Xu, China 

After researching deeply the emotional relationships of many couples and lovers, a new 

psychology model is presented. It includes a new structure of intelligence and personality…. ” the 

dichotomous structure”, it also contains twenty independent pairs of factors. Then a new principle 

of love psychology is concluded: there will be no love maintained finally in couples or lovers 

unless their intelligence and personality factors match a necessary condition. The necessary 

condition is founded respectively in character, temperament, ability and property. For example: 

one is optimistic and the other is pessimistic, this is a necessary condition in character aspect. 

1028.36 Psychological notion of maths: Basic concept of psychological quantity for human brain, 

Youwei Yan, Fujian Normal University, China 

43

Psychological notion of mathematics(yanyouwei,1998,2002,2003) holds that the nature of 

psychological activities and stream of consciousness are nonlinear self-organized chaotic mutation 

from function physical quantity to psychological quantity in brain, which are provable and 

solvable in mathematic quantity, and a further co-operation between international psychologists 

and mathematicians should be reinforced in order to develop a subjective mathematic principle on 

basis of mental world, its paradigm and horizon, hoping to achieve the general solution[math.] and 

simulation for brain functions between the quantities of physiology, and to realize the operation of 

nerves computer in future. 

1028.37 The psychological experiment on the internet in Chinese; Wenjing He, Cao Guikang, 

China 

To review the history of the development of Psychological experiment on the Internet, we tried to 

summarize the manner, technique and skill of the Psychological experiment on the web. It's in 

expectation of doing the research in practice there was just one research in China nearly. It's 

absolute that the Psychological experiment on the Internet will be well developed in China and it 

must have something original doing the research in Chinese. There is an art of founding, 

especially the establishment of a way to do psychological research with provisions for future 

maintenance. 

1028.38 Understanding of implication in communication: A function of interpersonal relationship, 

Yamazaki Ikuo, Shimizu Hajime, Institute of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Hiroshima 

University, Japan 

In communication, we cannot describe the whole matter, which explains why communication is 

full of implications. To communicate successfully, we need understand these implications. There 

are various kinds of implications, including omissions in everyday conversation, metaphor, irony, 

emotional message and so on. Better understanding of these implications rather depends on the 

degree of interpersonal relationship(intimacy) than is a matter of language ability. Fundamentally, 

communication is an act of making the situation common (communis) to each other and the 

successful performance of this act is supported by sharing the situation, based on intimate 

interpersonal relationship(even if language ability is impaired). 

1028.39 Similarities between the philosophy of Nietzshe and psychology of Jung, Hui Xu, 

Institute of Philosophy, Academy of Social Sciences, Hebei Province, China 

Through comparing the philosophy of Nietzshe with psychological theory of Jung, it can be found 

that the former has the significant influence on the latter. The influence can be shown in the 

aspects of epistemology, myth, art and artist’s personality. To some degree, such a conclusion can 

be drawn that the theory of Jung absorbs the nutrition from the philosophy of Nietzshe. 

1028.40 Educational psychology and its new developmental trend, Fuping Jian, South-west 

China Normal University, China 

Based on the born and development of educational psychology, connected with the reality of 

China, form the view of the follow developmental trend of educational psychology--focus on 

public; focus on mix; focus on science, focus on the totality and focus on usage, this essay explore 

educational psychology’s new developmental trend, and make a brief analysis on it. 

44

interests, and academic achievement, the structural equation modeling was conducted on 764 

middle/high school students. It was found that subject-specific interests were the best predictor for 

academic achievement for middle school students, whereas extrinsic motivation additionally 

predicted academic achievement for high school students. Moreover, for middle school students, 

only analytic thinking style predicted academic achievement. In contrast, for high school students, 

the indirect effect of three types of thinking styles on academic achievement was mediated by both 

intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. 

1028.47 The subjective factors and its mechanism affecting teachers’ character, Juan Ma, China 

Teachers’ character influences the development of themselves and students. Its subjective factors 

include social perception, role consciousness and individual traits. All these factors interact to 

make teachers’ character improved. The mechanism is: social perception, including vocational 

attitude perception, social comparison and self-consciousness, indirectly influences teachers’ 

character by role consciousness; individual traits, including cognitive level, competency of 

decision, temperament and character, the successful or unsuccessful experience, achievement 

motivation, directly or indirectly work on it in three ways; Role consciousness, including role 

notion, role estimate, role experience and role action, directly affects teachers’ development level 

of character. 

1028.48 Chinese spring festival traditional psychology of folk-customs, Sanrong Xiao, China 

The article is to open out Chinese Spring Festival traditional psychology of folk-customs. Chinese 

Spring Festival is one of the outcomes of Chinese traditional agricultural society. In addition to 

relations reunion, there are many other folk-customs in Chinese Spring Festival which bear 

full-bodied ethical characters, including paying a New Year call, ancestor worship, affixing spring 

festival scrolls, stay up late or all night on New Year's, firecracker etc. Chinese Spring Festival 

traditional folk-customs, having a close relation to Chinese Taoism culture, embody people’s 

common psychology of impetrating happiness, reunion, safety, lucky and expelling poorness, 

illness and calamity. 

1028.49 Social protection and latent mentality interferences, Georgy Rogozin, IEAP, Russian 

Federation 

The problem of civil society protection against latent methods of behavioural, mental and psychic 

interference executed by governmental and corporative PR agencies over individuals and social 

groups will be discussed. 

1028.50 The problem of unemployment in the former Soviet Union, Natalia Logvinova, 

Doctorate of the University of Rene Descartes, Paris, France 

In 1991, first redundance in the institutions and companies of the former Soviet Union were a 

source of great stress for the population. Since then, the unemployment has become a real social 

issue, very different from the situation in other countries. The working market in the Independent 

Countries Union takes on many contradictory aspects: the predominance of non-standardized 

economic behaviour, the rapid expansion of unemployment, the significant difference between 

official and actual unemployment figures. The question of unemploymen is both topical and very 

complex. Yet, it has remains insufficiently studied particularly in terms of its social and 

46

psychological impact. 

1028.51 Trust in the investment management industry, Li Lin 1 , Jianxin Zhang 2 , 1 Tai Fook 

Securities Group Limited, Hong Kong, China; 2 Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of 

Sciences, China 

The importance of trust in business area has long been known. This element is far more important 

for running the investment management industry. There are three reasons, which determine the 

critical role of the investment firms’ trustworthiness. Most substantially, it derives from the nature 

of this industry that profits root in other person’s money and clients’ confidence. Secondly, almost 

the whole industry is clouded by negative fame, after the frequently happening world-shaking 

finance scandals of the large international corporations. The fact that investors were disappointed 

in the market and took their money away stirs up an appeal for rebuilding trust. 

1028.52 The causality model of leadership behaviors, organizational commitment and 

organizational citizenship behavior, Xiyao Du 1 , Jianan Zhong 1 , Yujian Ye 2 , 1 Zhejiang University, 

China; 2 Hangzhou Institute of Electronics Engineering, China 

This study supposed that organizational commitment could be seen as a key mediator of 

transactional leadership, transformational leadership, LMX and OCB. The sample came from 361 

employees working in 15 companies of east-north China. Through established structural equation 

models, the results showed that: For the three components of organizational commitment, only 

affective commitment(AC) could positively act on OCB. AC had positive mediated effect on 

contingent reward and punishment behaviors, LMX, articulating a vision, high performance 

expectations, providing an appropriate model and individualized support with OCB. However, 

intellectual stimulation had negative indirect influence on OCB through AC. 

1028.53 The initial assumptions of the Chinese persons’ individuation, Chunhua Shi, Haosheng 

Ye, Hohai University, China 

According to Carl Gustav Jung’s analytical psychology, the individuation process based on the 

theories of collective consciousness or archetypes, must be observed in different cultures. By 

studying the ideas of Chinese philosophy, two initial assumptions of the Chinese persons’ 

individuation were discussed: (1) The individuation is suitable to illustrate Chinese persons’ 

personality development; (2) Chinese persons must balance among Confucianism, Taoism and 

Buddhism to be individuated. In Confucianism ego is more important while in both Taoism and 

Buddhism the Self is paid more attention. Each of these schools has positive and negative effects 

on Chinese persons’ individuation. 

1028.54 Investigation of social ability of northwest area people, Feng Xue 1 , Ou Yanglun 2 , 

1 2 

Xibei Technique College, China, Shanxi Normal University, China 

The social ability is the most important factor in all of the individual ability. It involve three 

factors: vocational ability, living ability, and social intercourse ability. We use Evaluation 

Measuring scale of Social ability to make a random sampling survey for northwest area people 

and make a conclusion: 1,The vocational ability, living ability and social intercourse ability of 

northwest area people is much different than other areas. 2, Different gender, culture degree, 

vocation and age have significant different abilities. We analysis the causes and have given the 

47

corresponding suggestion to the northwest area people. 

1028.55 Migrants in a Norwegian acute psychiatric hospital, Valentina C. Iversen 1 , Gunnar 

Morken 2 , 1 Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Norway; 2 Norwegian University of 

Science and Technology 

This paper compares admission rates, length of hospital stay and diagnosis among immigrants, 

asylum seekers and Norwegian-born patients. All admissions to the hospital from 1995-2000 were 

examined. Immigrants and Norwegians had the same relative risk of admission (1.07). The 

relative risk of admission was higher for asylum seekers compared to Norwegians (8.84). The 

number of admissions by coercion was highest among immigrants, and lowest among asylum 

seekers. Admission by coercion was higher among immigrants than among asylum seekers and 

Norwegians. We also found higher rates of schizophrenia among immigrants. These findings are 

discussed from a cultural point of view. 

1028.56 The industrialization development’s way of contemporary psychology science in China, 

Jianming Li, East China Normal University, China 

The scientific nature of contemporary psychology science is indubitable. Knowledge of 

contemporary psychology science has essence forms of knowledge economy. There is a big 

latency room for the applications of the theory and its technology innovation. The industrialization 

development course of contemporary psychology science is a process of psychology science and 

technology innovation. Actually, the contemporary psychology science and technology innovation 

is a transformation from psychological principle to fertility. The industrialization development 

should inject exhaust power into the growth of society civilization and economy in China, and it 

promote the healthy evolution of Chinese national psychology and future economic society. 

1028.57 Development of personal capital as a psychosocial principle of self-realization 

problematic youth in society, oriented to market economy, Borys Lazorenko, Petrovich, Ukraine 

To find own way to get self-realization in society, oriented to market economy, some part of youth 

aware new social norms and demands wrongly. The problem behavior, drug using, HIV/AIDS, 

conflicts with law are results of this. Needs of welfare leads youth to illegal forms of business, 

such as sex-business, drug-using business. These activities are harmful as for youth, as for all 

society. The alternative is to help youth in their self-realization, especially with problem behavior, 

in their personal capital development. This is important psychosocial principle socialization and 

re-socialization of problem youth in society, oriented to market economy. 

1028.58 Self esteem, Mona aeysha Khalid, Beijing Normal University, China 

Man is unique in his /her self. his self is composed of physical body, beliefs, and social 

experiences that are known by him and others. self concept develops out of our relationships with 

significant others and reflects our perception of how others think about and evaluate us. it is the 

evaluation which can be positive or negative, high or low in a particular cultural setting, 

depending upon social, biological, economic, academic, psychological and other environmental 

factors is taken as self worth, self competence, self acceptance and named as self esteem 

particularly. 

48

1028.59 The transformation of personality in the era of digital biology, Peng Qi, the People’s 

University of China, China 

The rapid development in information technology, life science, and gene technology, will change 

the way of thinking, the behavior pattern and the characteristics of personality. Furthermore, this 

will lead to new forms of society and even a new generation of human beings. The relationship 

between machinery and human personality will be discussed, regarding to seven aspects: the 

break-through in the formation of brain image, the decoding of DNA gene, “the appearance of 

DNA chip”, the revolution of the “conveying matter of brain nerve” the discovery of “the network 

structure of the brain and “the emergence of “fictitious personality”. 

1028.60 Better national development through psychological basis, Devaki Paradarami, India 

The demand for psychological help/assistance is increasing day by day not only for a nation but 

also for entire human race. Maintaining the individuals in physical, psychological and social well 

being with planned programmes for the connected problems are essential so as to develop the 

nation(s) in the right/expected direction through the resourceful citizens by utilizing their fullest 

capacity. This paper contains the existing as well as possible problems with feasible solutions and 

appropriate methods to develop the better nation(s) through psychological basis with special 

reference to India, which is one of the developing countries. 

1028.61 The relation between moral development and perceived stress in adolescents, Mehdi 

Dehestani, Iran 

The present study was conducted to find out the relation between moral development and 

perceived stress in adolescents. 60 participants (30 boys and 30 girls) were selected randomly 

from Tehran's high schools. At first the level of moral developments in adolescents was 

determined by Kohlberg's moral development index. Then, the participants were asked to 

complete Holmes & Rahe Social Readjustment Rating Scale adopted for Iranian adolescents. 

Findings reveals that there is a significant correlation between stress and moral development, that 

is the higher moral development the higher stress. Also, it was found that there is a difference 

between boys and girls in moral development levels. 

1028.62 Agenda 21 in psychology: International education and research, Michael Ch. 

Michailov 1 , Eva Neu 2 , Christoph Luetge 2 , G. Venkatesh Iyenga 3 , Michael Schratz 4 , 1 Inst. fuer 

Umweltmedizin, Germany, 2 Univ. Muenchen, Germany, 3 IAEA c/o UNO New York/USA in 

Vienna, Austria, 4 Univ. Innsbruck, Austria 

Psychology is a fundamental anthropological science. Analysis of present situation in context of 

Agenda-21 of UN will be given. Statistical evaluation of numbers of scientific congress 

contributions, e.g. World Congr. Philosophy Istanbul/Turkey-2003 (n=997): West-Europe (WE) 

-164 (Austria-8, FRGermany-29, Great-Britain-23, France-12), East-Europe(EE)-246 

(Russia-178), USA-197, China-21, India-23, Japan-9, Taiwan-5). European Congr. Psychol. 

(EFPA) Vienna/Austria-2003 (n=1017): WE-446 (A-142, FRG-53, GB-46, F-17), EE-176 

(Russia-28), USA-89, China-38, India-8, Japan-57. Foundation of int. universities incl. int. 

institutes of psychology via a network of national ones promoting int. educational, research 

programmes, could counteract large discrepancies in related sciences to psychology between 

different countries. Information: ICSD, POB-340316, 80100-Muenchen/Germany. 

49

1028 POSTER 

Research methods and statistics 

1028.63 New parameter estimation approaches for dichotomous models based on IRT, Shuliang 

Ding 1 , Fen Luo 1 , Wei Zhu 1 , Jianhua Xiong 1 , Shenghong Dong 2 , 1 JiangXi Normal University, 

China, 2 Inst. fuer Schulforschung, Univ. Innsbruck, Austria 

In item response theory (IRT), for estimating 2PLM item parameters a heuristic method, Logistic 

Regression (LR) method is used. Unfortunately, this method requires the unrealistic assumption 

that abilities are known. LR method is generalized and combined with Bayes EAP estimation of 

abilities. This new method is known as LR/EAP. For estimating 3PLM, the Entropy estimation 

method (EE/EAP) is introduced. Monte Carlo study shows, the behaviors of LR/EAP exceeds 

BILOG when Logistic scale is used (D=1) to some extent. These results are derived under quite 

general conditions. 

1028.64 Higher-order estimation error in factor analysis and structural equation modeling, 

Haruhiko Ogasawara, Otaru University of Commerce, Japan 

A general formula of the higher-order asymptotic mean square error is derived for the estimators 

of the parameters in structural equation modeling. The formula covers nonnormally distributed 

data as well as normally distributed ones. The formula requires the partial derivatives of an 

estimator up to the third order with respect to sample variances and covariances, which are shown 

for the case of the Wishart maximum likelihood estimator. To see the accuracy of the formula, 

simulations are performed using the exploratory/confirmatory factor analysis models. 

1028.65 M-SPACE: A Windows/Mac/Linux program for determining the dimensionality of 

multidimensional scaling data, Ian Spence, Ken Seergobin, University of Toronto, Canada 

Based on Monte Carlo simulation data, Spence and Graef (1974) devised a method for 

determining the underlying dimensionality of a non-metric multidimensional scaling solution and 

implemented it as a computer program (Spence and Graef, 1973; 1980). Although the basic 

method remains popular, the original FORTRAN program is now obsolete and inconvenient to use. 

We introduce and describe a new easy-to-use cross-platform version for modern windowing 

environments. 

1028.66 Fuzzy statistical analysis and its applications in educational research, Berlin Wu 1 , 

Hsin-feng Wu 2 , 1 National Chengchi University, Taipei, Taiwan, China, 2 National Chengchi Univ., 

Taipei, China 

This paper proposes a new analytical method for educational research: the fuzzy statistical 

analysis. The new method is better able to capture the intricacies and complexities of human 

minds and behaviors in teaching and learning than traditional analyses. Definitions of membership 

function, fuzzy mode, fuzzy median, as well as their related properties were introduced first. 

Examples of empirical data were then re-analyzed using the fuzzy analysis. To demonstrate the 

effectiveness and advantages of the new method, the results were presented in comparison with 

those by the traditional method using dualistic and mutually exclusive categorical analyses. 

50

1028.67 Can structural equation models be used to examine implicit theories? Michael John 

Kiernan, Graham Tyson, Rachel Dryer, School of Scocial Sciences and Liberal Studies, Charles 

Sturt University, AU 

Research on implicit theories examines the beliefs held by individuals and groups about the causes 

and characteristics of problem behaviours, such as ADHD. Studies usually survey large samples, 

and then employ factor analysis to describe the underlying structure of these belief components. 

Few studies have examined the structural relationships between the components. In this 

re-analysis of data presented previously, structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to examine 

the relationships between the beliefs of health professionals and parents about the characteristics, 

causes and treatment of ADHD. The benefits of using SEM in the study of implicit theories are 

considered. 

1028.68 Effects of the menstrual cycle on an ability to differentiate, Hiromi Taji, Masune 

Sukigara, Nagoya City University, Japan 

Researchers have reported changes in the cognitive and/or athletic abilities of women during the 

menstrual cycle. It is suggested that these changes are related to evolution and the reproductive 

activities of human beings. Also it said that the length of experience in mental training (MT) like 

qigong affects physical and psychological changes and the ability for non-verbal communication. 

This study examined whether the menstrual cycles (luteal and menstrual phases) affect the ability 

of the perception of a human hand and an artificial hand hovered. And we also investigated the 

changes of the individual difference of MT-experience. 

1028.69 A study on the learning of statistics with the rule space model, Qinghua Zhang, Haiqi 

Dai, School of Education, Jiangxi Normal University, China 

By using the rule space model which combines the cognitive psychology and psychometrics, a 

study on the students' attribute-mastery patterns in learning of described statistics was conducted. 

By analysis of the responses of 299 undergraduates to 22 described statistic items, it was found 

that there were twenty-three kinds of attribute-mastery pattern classified by the students. From 

which we can understand whether each one of the attribute is mastered by all the students, and that 

helps the teachers to bring forward remedy treatment for each kind of attribute-mastery pattern for 

the sake of improving the learning results of students. 

1028.70 A multilevel covariance structure model for causal connection research of group 

effectiveness, Jun Li, University of California, Berkeley, USA 

In group effectiveness research (for example, school effectiveness), multilevel analysis or 

hierarchical linear model (Raudenbush, 1988; Goldstein, 1997) and multilevel covariance 

structure models (Longford and Muthen, 1992; Muthen, 1994; Ansari and Jedidi, 2000) have been 

applied popularly. Based on the precedent research of school effectiveness with a multilevel 

covariance structure model (Li, 2002), this paper proposes an improved model and implements 

simulation studies for causal connection research of group effectiveness. Moreover, a Bayesian 

inference for this model is developed with MCMC procedure. 

1028.71 On the criterion transition, Yuan Shen 1 , Jing-Yuan Feng 1 , Jia-Li Feng 2 , Yong-Chang 

51

uncertainty. The paradigm of natural science research may not be appropriate in the social science 

research. According to Weber’s argument, social action is determined by the subjective meaning 

attached to it by the actor. Therefore, sympathetic understanding of the social action is assumed as 

an amendment to the cross-sectional survey method. In fact, understanding of the social reality 

develops with involvement of researchers in practical actions. Thus, the method of action research 

or research action is suggested as a framework for sympathetic understanding. 

1028.76 The importance of qualtative research methods in psychology, Sepahvand Fariba 1 , 

Khadijeh Aminizadeh 2 , 1 ICU Nurse, Tamin Ejtemaee Hospital, Khorram Abad, Iran; 2 Operation 

Room Nurse, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Iran 

However, no single research approach fulfills knowledge development, and the contribution of 

qualitative research is vital and unique to the goals of research in general. Qualitative research 

conducted to explore phenomena & problems about which little is known. A qualitative research is 

crucial to providing psychologist because of their sciences’ essential holistic nature & 

complexities. There are Phenomenology, Grounded Theory, Historical research & Action Research 

will enable psychologists to grasp and make sense the lived experiences of clients/events in the 

past, enter into their worlds, that illuminate human health and illness events and achieve a higher 

level of wellness. 

1028.78 Construction of emotional competence scale, Qing Ke Guo, LiaoNing Normal 


Emotional Intelligence (EI) is a popular but elusive concept. The main content of EI is 

emotional-related non-cognitive abilities. These abilities are different in nature from cognitive 

ones. So it is wrong to call these abilities intelligence. The way to solve the EI controversy is to 

rename these abilities as Emotional Competence. Based on this notion we constructed a 9 factor 

model and developed the Emotional Competence Scale. Item Response Theory is used as the tool 

to develop the test. Study show the test can be used as a reliable and valid measure. 

1028.79 Two risk tasks tests for predicting guessing tendencies, Jose Santacreu, Jose-Manuel 

Hernandez, Victor Rubio, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, RU 

Objective personality measures are an alternative to traditional self-reported personality 

assessment. This paper presents two computer-based objective task for assessing risk taking 

behaviour. 5200 applicants for air traffic controllers were assessed using these tasks. Convergence 

as well as criterion validity using the guessing tendency showed by participants on a multiple 

option knowledge test were tested. Results have shown an acceptable convergence validity. Tasks 

have also shown high discrimination power among conservatives and risk takers in guessing 

tendency witch confirm the criterion validity of two measures. Future trends of objective 

personality assessment are discussed. 

1028.80 Two kinds of new test equating methods based on IRT, Shuliang Ding 1 , Jianhua 

Xiong 1 , Huahua Chang 2 , Fen Luo 1 , Zhiyong Xu 2 , 1 JiangXi Normal University, China; 2 Texas 

University at Austin, USA 

It is hardly to find out quite accurate initial values of the equating coefficients for some of 

polytomous models based on item response theory(IRT). Two kinds of new test equating methods 

53

The results show that, response time is an important factor in evaluating the intelligence. Even if 

two subjects are of same ages and get the same percentile rank, because of their variance in 

response time, their abilities are correspondingly different. 

1028.90 Rorschach aggression variables, Guohua Liu, Xianzhang Meng, Jinan University, 

Guangzhou China 

Using the Rorschach to measure aggression may be an important step in understanding an 

individual’s impulse of aggression as well as contributing to predicting and controlling his (or her) 

overt aggressive behaviours. Rorschach aggression variables over the past decade has primarily 

focused on the variables proposed by Holt, Exner, Gacono and Meloy. Majority of the Rorschach 

aggression variables can be scored reliably and that these variables are related to one another in 

significant ways. Nevertheless, there are certain problems on their definitions, categories and 

exerting and adminstrations. 

1028.91 The study of neural network-based predictive validity, Jiayuan Yu, Huihong Wu, 

Nanjing Normal University, China 

Neural network-based Predictive Validity (NPV) is introducted. When the relationship between 

test scores and criteria is non-linear, or the test scores are a set of variables which are interactive, 

the Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient is not suitable to be the index of predictive 

validity. Computer simulation has showed the neural network-based predictive validity (NPV) 

could solve this problem very well. In this network, the input is test score and the output is criteria. 

BP algorithm is used for network training. 

1028.92 Using multivariate generalizability theory to analyze interviewer reliability of national 

public servant recruitment, Fang Yan, Shanghai Educational Evaluation Institute, China 

Generalizability theory provides a dependable reliability analysis for complex and real-life 

multi-dimensional measurement. With the development of psychology and education, most 

psychological and educational tests are multidimensional. In order to meet the need of the 

multidimensional testing reliability, Multivariate Generalizability Theory (MGT) emerges as the 

times require. This research illustrates MGT through interviewer reliability analysis of National 

Public Servant Recruitment. The interviewer error and reliability of the compositive evaluation is 

analyzed. This research explores the application of MGT, including MGT model, variance and 

covariance components’ estimation and explanation, multivariate generalizability coefficient, 

weight selection and so on. 

1028.93 The analysis of the structure for self-efficacy of military aviators, Wei Xiao 1 , Jianhui 

Wang 2 , 1 Faculty of Aerospace and Aviation Medicine. Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, 

China; 2 Ji Lin University, Chang Chun, China 

This research explored the Intra-structure of the self-efficacy of Military aviators by exploratory 

factor analysis and the confirmatory factor analysis on the basis of theoretical analysis, interview 

and questionnair surveying. First step: the original questionnaire including 20 items were 

developed according theoretical analysis and interview. Second step: Factor analyses (EFA and 

CFA) of data from 438 military aviators. The results showed that self-efficacy of military pilots 

consists of 6 Factors, which are: about flight skills, about academic capacity, about physical states, 

56

about coping with living difficulty, about competition, about obedience and cooperation. 

1028.94 The middle school students’ cognition of examination, Qiong Xiao 1 , Shulan Wang 2 , 

1 2 

Xi’an Petroleum University, China; Shanxi Normal University, China 

Aims: To search on the character of middle school students about the cognition of examination, 

and on the relation between cognition and test anxiety. 

Methods: Established middle school students’ cognition of examination questionnaire, which 

includes 65 questions of 13 factors. Then survey 687 samples by it and TAT. Results: 68.8% 

samples have test anxiety. There is a remarkable difference between key and general middle 

school students on the cognition of examination, but the similar difference were not found 

between male students and female students, between junior and senior high school students and 

between urban and rural middle school students. 

1028.95 Questionnaire on the features of police’s professional personality, Yuming Xu, Libin 

Wang, Daqing Zhang, Xiangming Han, Xiaoyan Tan, Psychological Academy of China 

“Questionnaire on the features of police’s professional personality” is composed of 5 aspects, 

devotion to duty, independent conducting, open-mindedness, sense and vigilance, and 16 little 

factors. It includes 111 items in all. Through investigating 509 policemen at an early date, with the 

reliability coefficient (Cronbach’s alphas) of every aspect from 0.7580 to 0.8754; half reliability 

rxx = 0.791 and α= 0.8921. The study aimed at testing the structure validity of the 

questionnaire by using analytic way of testing of structure equation model (SEM) and analyzing 

grades of professional personality of different policemen who have been in police early or late, etc. 

The study showed that this questionnaire has better reliability and validity. And we can continue 

doing research in the regular model of the questionnaire. 

1028.96 Measurement model of the human performances based on the principles of the modern 

logic, Roxana Zubcov, Training and Development Centre, Romania 

The model is based on the Boole's logic, Goedel's incompleteness theory, Frjitiof Capra's 

conception about complementarity. According these logics, based on quantum theory, the values 

of an open and far from balance system are extended between conspicuous uncertainty and 

performance certainty. We present the model of the certainty degrees of the human behaviour with 

the quantitative values and the archetypes corresponding to each certainty degree of the human 

behaviour. 

1028.97 The principle of Synchronism (Jung, Pauli) and the Concept of Spin (Quantum Theory). 

The Associative Words - Numbers Test, Roxana Zubcov, Corneliu Sofronie, Training and 

Development Centre, Romania 

Through the principle of synchronism, conceived with Pauli, Jung is a precurssor of the measuring 

instruments. The principle corresponds to the spin concept: two or three peculiar elementary 

particles may be considered as different quantum states of the same particle. We present an 

associative test which reveals the splitting of the ego and the introjection - projection relation as a 

defense mechanism of the Ego, the principle of synchronism allows the understanding of the 

resulted dichotomous states in the sense of the spin concept, as quantum states belonging to the 

same unique system, the same Sense. 

57

1028.98 Post-traumatic stress disorder assessment: Proposal of a new instrument “the scale for 

the global assessment of post-traumatic stress”, María Crespo, M. Mar Gómez, María Arinero, 

Javier López, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain 

Stemming from a review of the available instruments for the assessment of the Post-Traumatic 

Stress Disorder (PSD), this work presents a new one, the Scale for the Global Assessment of 

Post-traumatic Stress (SGAPS), a self-report scale developed in Spanish that allows the integral 

assessment of the PSD psychopathology and its diagnosis following DSM-IV criteria. In the initial 

validation study, the inventory has been applied to about 100 victims of different traumatic events. 

Preliminary results concerning psychometric properties (reliability, validity, sensibility, 

specificity,...) will be presented. 

1028.99 Study on mental stress of medical staffs in fever clinic in military hospitals and 

intervention strategy during outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)., JingHong 

Liu, Jing Lu, Wei Wang, Wen-bin Gao, Lian Zou, China 

This study is aimed to survey the difference of mental stress of medical staffs in fever clinic and 

common ward in 8 selected military hospitals during outbreak of SARS. The 617 medical staffs in 

were involved. The degree of mental stress of medical staffs in fever clinic was significantly 

higher than that of common ward. There were significant correlation between mental stress degree 

and occupation or headship. The medical staffs in fever clinic have great working stress and 

higher degree of mental stress. Effect mental intervention strgetgies should be taken to improve 

the level of mental health these people. 

1028.100 Psychometric characteristics and valid scoring system of the Rey-Osterrieth complex 

figure, Dawn Strongin 1 , Steven Pulos 2 , 1 California State University, Stanislaus, USA; 2 University 

of Northern Colorado, USA 

The Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure (ROCF) is intended to measure nonverbal memory. The 

psychometric characteristics of the ROCF were studied using a mixed clinical sample referred for 

neuropsychological assessment (n = 271). Strong interrater reliability was evident. Construct 

validity was evaluated by a Principle Components Analysis based upon parallel analysis. The 

results indicated a one factor solution for the Copy condition, and a two factor solution for the 

Immediate Recall condition. The single scoring system utilized in the Copy and Immediate Recall 

conditions are inappropriate due to differences of the cognitive domains involved. A valid scoring 

system is discussed. 

1028.101 Psychology-pedagogical conditions of formation and development of authorities 

motivations, Valentina Dolgova, Peter Dolgov, State Pedagogical University, Russian Federation 

The problem of authorities persons motivation was evaluated by set of psychological methods 

(content-analysis, Bass-test, Quettel, etc). We produced factor analysis of the essential conditions 

that affect the formation and development of motivation to authoriry evaluation to reveal the main 

among them. There were dysplayed seven factors with the whole informativity of 50,56%: 

personality statement (F1=10,1%), communicative abilities (F2=9,2%), self-esteem (F3=8,14%), 

control locus (F4=6,91%), professionalism (F5=6,01%), qualification evaluation (F6=5,5%), good 

relationsheeps (F7=4,7%). The way of the further study we connect with the multidisciplinary 

58

cooperation. 

1028.102 Stability of the factorial structures of the MBI in subsests of the collective under study, 

Hermes Viloria Marin, University of Los Andes, Venezuela 

Many publications have addressed the study of the latent structures of the MBI (Maslach Burnout 

Inventory) in the collective samples under study but few authors have questioned whether the 

structure found in the general sample persists in its subsets. Here we study the stability of the 

latent structures of the MBI in subsets of the overall sample and offer a comparative study of two 

groups of University professors, one of them Spanish and the other Venezuelan. The Spanish 

sample comprised 762 professors while the one from Venezuela contained 194 individuals. In both 

cases the subjects were of both sexes. 

1028.103 The learning initiative of student in middle schools and its impact on study performance, 

Liu Li Hong, China 

The learning initiative of students in middle schools is one of the most important aspects of 

students' psychological development. The development level of the learning initiative of students 

plays a significant role in study activities.In the paper,we conduct the researchon the initiative 

character of students in middle schools from the aspects of movitation, persistence, confidence, 

resposibility, initiative,and independence.The puepose of the paper is to learn and understand the 

initiative development character of student and its impact on study performance,and to help 

students to improve their efficiency on study. 

1028.104 Development and validation of a scale to measure satisfaction in couple relationships, 

Joao Fernando Rech Wachelke, Alexsandro Luiz de Andrade, Roberto Moraes Cruz, 

Robson Brino Faggiani, Jean Carlos Natividade, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, 

Brazil 

This study aimed at validating a scale to measure satisfaction in couple relationships. Items were 

statements about the relationship, in Likert format (from 1=disagree to 5=agree), based on what 10 

judges considered important for a satisfactory relationship. Items were selected and the scale went 

through pilot testing. The validation was made with 364 subjects (women=60,4%) with ages from 

13 to 77. After exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis were conducted (KMO=0,80, Bartlett 

test was significant), two factors emerged: Satisfaction with physical attraction and sexuality (5 

items, alpha=0,76) and Satisfaction with similarities of interests/behavior (4 items, alpha=0,61). 

1028.105 The development of negative physical self scale (NPSS) in Chinese adolesents, Hong 

Chen, Xi-ting Huang, Southwest China Normal University, China 

In study one, 1210 Chinese adolescents were measured, the exploring factor analyses and 

confirmatory factor analyses showed the factors were the general NPS, appearance, shortness, 

fatness, and thinness in which included three sub-demension of cognition and feelings, behavior, 

and project. The scale had sound reliability and validity psychometrically. In study two, the test of 

1214 adolescents' NPS showed: Significantly gender difference existed among the subscales but 

shortness. And there were age difference and waved developmental tendency. The consistency of 

cognition and feelings, behavior, and project aspects of NPS, culture impact and implication of 

this study were discussed. 

59

predictive validity Implications and limitations of the current findings have also been discussed. 

1028.110 College freshmen’s test results in 16PF and their academic achievement in the following 

three terms, Xiaoming Yi, Counseling and Support Services of Shanghai Jiaotong University, 

China 

Objective: To investigate the relationship between college freshmen’s personality and their 

academic achievement. Method: Test results in 16PF of 2 groups of college students (131 good 

learners and 95 poor learners) when they were freshmen were investigated. Results: Good learners 

had lower scores in Warmth, Dominance, Impulsiveness, Boldness, Extroversion, Decision, 

Mental health and higher scores in Conformity, Insecurity and accretion ability than poor learners. 

Conclusions: 1. High conformity was good for high academic achievement; 2. High Warmth, low 

Insecurity were not beneficial for high academic achievement; 3. Super high Dominance, 

Impulsiveness, Boldness were harmful for high academic achievement. 

1028.111 Millon inventory of personality styles adaptation for Brazil, João Carlos Alchieri 1 , 

Janaína Castro Núñez 2 , Clarissa Socal Cervo 2 , Claudio Simon Hutz 2 , 1 Universidade Federal 

do RGS, Brazil; 2 UFRGS, Brazil 

In this work intends to present the adaptation procedures and results of Millon Inventory of 

Personality Styles (MIPS) for Brazil. It was assessed 6770 participants from masculine and femine 

sex of diverse education levels and four of five country regions. The factorial analyses identified 

46 factors with eigenvalues of 1,00, explaining 47,36% of the total variance. The analyses of the 

internal consistency evidenced steady constructos of (0,57 until 079). It was evidenced in this 

study, the norms presentation in regional percentiles, with participants of the general population 

and the significant difference verification between the averages of. 

1028.112 Revising Chinese version of family system test, Qian Wang 1 , Wang Qian 1 , Huo Liqin 1 , 

Liu Jing 2 , Thomas M. Gehring 2 , 1 Health Science Center of Peking University, China; 2 Peking 


Developed by T.M.Gehring in Stanford University, Family System Test (FAST) is a projective 

figure placement technique to quantitative and qualitative analysis of family relational structures 

by evaluating cohesion and hierarchy in the family and its subsystems. In this research, FAST was 

first imported and preliminarily revised in China. 221 adolescents and 107 psychiatric patients 

aged 12-18 portrayed their family in typical, ideal, and conflict situations by FAST and finished 

Family Environment Scale and Family Adaptability and Cohesion Scale used for criterion. The 

results showed that Chinese Version of FAST had satisfactory test-retest reliability, 

criterion-related validity and clinical discriminant validity. 

1028.113 Empirical validity of multiple memory assessment scale, Li Wang 1 , Zaohuo Cheng 2 , 

1 2 

Beijing Normal University, China; Central South University, China 

This study was to test empirical validity of Multiple Memory Assessment Scale (MMAS)-a new 

compiled memory test. 12 subtests of MMAS were administrated to 30 patients with idiopathic 

Parkinson’s Disease(PD) and 30 matched normal controls. The performances of PD patients were 

significantly worse than those of normal controls on picture recognition, word recall, picture 

reproduction, and orientation (P

analysis shows: the scale has higher goodness-of-fit indexes, which illustrates good structure 

validity. 

1028.118 The validation of self-assessment of second language ability, Jimin Wang, China 

Using two different question types, we investigate validity of self-assessment of Chinese as a 

second language. The ability we measure comprises listening, speaking, reading and writing. 

Subjects are 201 non native Chinese speakers from 20 different countries having taken Chinese 

Proficiency Test (HSK). We use HSK to investigate concurrent validity. Construct validity is 

investigated through MTMM design and factor analysis. The result indicates self-assessment is a 

reliable and valid measure of second language ability. The obtained reliabilities are high. 

Concurrent and construct validity are fairy good. Through factor analysis we extract two 

independent factors named “oral “and “written” ability”. 

1028.119 Estimating factor reliabilities of WISC-CR by multivariate generalizability theory, 

Zhiming Yang 1, 2 , 1 Hunan Normal University, China; 2 The Psychological Corp., USA 

WISC-CR (Lin & Zhang, 1986) is the Chinese Version of WISC-R (Wechsler, 1974). Several 

factor models were investigated by Wang and Dai(Wang, Zhang & Lin, 1992, Dai, Lin, Zhang, 

1990). Given the three-factor model (F1: Verbal Comprehension, F2: Perceptual Organization, F3: 

Freedom from Distractibility), the factor reliabilities of WISC-CR were estimated by Multivariate 

Generalizability Theory. The result shows that the reliability is acceptable for the composite score, 

F1 and F2 but F3 (0.69, 0.58, 0.59, 0.13). The variance contribution of F3 is too small (12.67%). 

The reliability of F3 can be increased rapidly by increasing its sample size. 

1028.120 Emotional Vocabulary Test as an attempt to measure the emotional intelligence ability - 

Understanding emotion aspect, Vladimir Taksic, Danijela Harambasic, Bozana Velemir, 

Croatia 

Individual differences in ability to accurate define emotional saturated words could be supposed as 

a measure of one aspect of emotional intelligence construct proposed by Mayer and Salovey (1990; 

1997). The aim of this study is to present psychometric properties of Emotional Vocabulary Test. 

The test is constructed as a multiple choice, and in the same format as Vocabulary test from 

California Tests of Mental Maturity, but using emotion as target words. Results have shown that 

the Emotional Vocabulary Test has proper convergent-divergent validity, and even has the same 

format, forty four percent of specific variance remained. 

1028.121 Chess in education, Jun Xie, Beijing Normal University, China 

For examining the benefits of learning and playing chess, a comparative study between chess 

group and non-chess group of students aged 9-11 was conducted. The results showed positive 

impacts of chess learning and playing. It helps the instillation of a sense of self-confidence, 

obtaining higher overall grades, especially math scores. It highlights the individual's ability, but 

also cultivate the team spirit while encouraged the value of hard work and commitment. In 

conclusion, learning and playing chess is one of the most effective teaching tools to prepare 

children for a world increasingly swamped by information and ever tougher decisions. 

1028.122 Application of cytogenetics methodes for fragile x syndrome screen, Mohammad Reza 

63

1028.127 The compiling of assessment questionnaire of middle school students’ creative thinking 

ability: A typical performance tests, Luo Fang, Meng Qingmao, Beijing Normal University, 

China 

Creative thinking ability has been regarded by some researchers as an intrinsic and stable 

intellective attribute of individuals which can be assessed through Typical Performance Tests. 

Such an approach was used in the present thesis, yielding some findings. (1) This study 

constructed a multi-dimensional structure of creative thinking ability as evaluation dimensions, 

including seizing keystone, synthesis, association, resolution-incongruity, originality, insight, and 

so on. (2) A questionnaire for assessing creative thinking ability of middle school students was 

composed. (3) Excellent item reliability, discrimination and construct validity was confirmed and 

the dimension and structure was found to be stable across students with different gender and 

grade. 

1028.129 Action research: A practical example, Haram Badri, Ahfad University & Sudanese 

Psychological Society, Sudan 

The paper reflects the suitability of action research for studies concerned with psychology of 

teaching. Through explaining her study, that looked at the positive influence of spiritual education 

on the affective, cognitive and social skills of preschoolers, the author shows how teamwork and 

nonformal methods come up with better understanding of children's personalities. Forty children 

aged between 4-5 years were divided into experimental and control groups. A teamwork consisting 

of eight specialists in child development was established. Natural observation was the basic 

method for data collection. Findings added that four-year old children are better receptors of 

spiritual information. 

1028.130 Validation of a scale to measure the attitude towards the police as a law enforcer in 

urban traffic, Joao Fernando Rech Wachelke, Lorine Tavares, Jean Carlos Natividade, Mario 

Gonsales Ishikawa, Silvio Serafim da Luz Filho, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Brazil 

This study aim was to develop and validate a scale to measure the attitude of future drivers of the 

Brazilian state of Santa Catarina towards the police as a law enforcement organ in urban traffic. A 

questionnaire containing 21 items in Likert scale format was completed by 275 subjects, who were 

taking driving classes. After exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were conducted 

(KMO=0,782 and Bartlett test was significant), the scale (EAPMT) was formed by three factors: 

Importance of police (5 items, alpha=0,74), Capacity and action of policemen (5 items, 

alpha=0,72) and general evaluation (7 items, alpha=0,70). 

1028.131 Design-oriented experiment implementation software, Steven Phillips, National 

Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Japan 

Typically, the design of an experiment is hidden within the data/control structures of the scripting 

language that implements the experiment; or, in the precise order of identifiers in stimulus tables 

on which that experiment runs. So, significant pre- and post-processing is required to maintain and 

retrieve the relevant relationships between experimental factors, stimuli and responses. The 

software developed here enables experiments to be implemented in terms of their design by 

explicitly separating out the common (hierarchical) structure and providing a mechanism for 

65

mapping stimulus/factor identifiers to it. This approach should make implementing designs easier 

and less susceptible to error. 

1028.132 Information system for gender study, Estela Arcos, Irma Molina, Rosa Eugenia 

Trumper, Liliana Larrañaga, Patricia Tomic, Universidad Austral de Chile, Chile 

This social study utilizing mixed, qualitative and quantitative methods in the research activities 

about gender in the field education. Specifically the framework analyses outcomes that emerge 

from two methods were employed sequentially and independently. Quantitative survey to 252 

students of Universidad Austral of Chile, and qualitative workfield with ten focus groups. The 

researchers analyzes the relationships between these two dimensions that to lead for complemetary 

information for better understanding about gender. 

1028.133 Gender and age differences of vocational interest in Korea, Wan-suk Gim 1 , Jong-Won 

Park 2 , 1 Ajou University, Korea, Republic Of, 2 Graduate School of Ajou University, Suwon, Korea 

This study examined gender and age differences in vocational interest in Korean. The first 

hypothesis was there will be differences in vocational interest type between male and female 

groups, and the second one was that this differences will be revealed more in the job title 

preference scale than other scales. Finally, we predicted those differences will be greater in 

older-age group than in younger-age group. A Holland's theory was used to examine 10 groups of 

400,000 participants. Results could be interpreted as supporting our hypotheses. Implications for 

development of vocational interest test in East Asian countries were discussed. 

1028.134 Quantifying user-navigation patterns: A methodological proposal, Pei-Chun Shih, 

Dolores Muñoz, Flor Sanchez, Ruben Mate, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Spain 

How people navigate hypertext? How users behave in the Web? These questions are important for 

a better understanding of human-computer interaction phenomena (i.e. lost in hyperspace), as well 

as for a more efficient developing of hypermedia tools (i.e. Web-based training program). 

Researchers interested in the user navigation behaviour can count on data about user actions and 

navigational paths thanks to server log files. However, to get quantitative measures is not a easy 

job. In this study, we explored two numerical path metrics developed from graph theory (Botafogo, 

R.A., et al., 1992; McEneaney, J.E., 2001). Empirical results will be exposed. 

1028.135 Ranking remotely: Q-sorting over the Internet, Christopher Correa, University of 

Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA 

The internet can be used to collect and store data from participants all over the world, and this 

presentation will demonstrate an online q-sort tool that we have developed and used in 

psychological studies. Q-sorting on the web differs from other survey methods in that it allows 

participants to interactively rank-order and sort items on screen. We will discuss the challenges 

and successes experienced in the development of this particular tool. 

1028.136 Precise timing for stimulus display, Shuiqing Xie 1 , Yang Yang 2 , Zhongle Yang 1 , 

Suhua Chen 1 , 1 South-Central University for Nationalities, China; 2 Test-Measurement and Control 

Department of Chinese Ship-building Industrial Corporation, Wuhan, China 

Timing onset is crucial for precise timing for stimulus display in psychological experiment. 

66

Ordinarily, it is not time when stimulus is displayed but that instructions for display are called. 

Actually, both are asynchronous because of randomly interrupted programs for display by 

multitask operating system and monitor scan restriction. Stimulus is not presented immediately 

when instructions are implemented. Therefore an interval between stimulus display and timing 

onset is made. Decreasing the interval can improve timing accuracy, but precision and 

compatibility are dissatisfying. By getting stimulus display as timing onset, soft solution in this 

paper makes stimulus display and timing onset synchronous. 

1028.137 A software method for more effectively raising timing accuracy, Suhua Chen, 

Shuiqing Xie, Zhongle Yang, South-central University for Nationalities, China 

Timing accuracy is dissatisfying when keyboards and mouse are used directly in reaction time 

experiments. Both low accuracy of DOS clock and time delay of Windows message response lead 

to poor timing accuracy. External millisecond accuracy timer used to raise accuracy on DOS 

brings inconvenience. Time delay of Windows message response cannot yet be avoided by many 

methods for raising timing accuracy. In this paper, a new software method is presented, which 

removes time delay of Windows message response by directly accessing input data of keyboards 

and mouse. The result shows timing accuracy is raised to less than 1msec. 

1028.138 Research on computerized adaptive test: How to estimate the level of one’s latent traits 

in two points recorded test, Taofeng Zhou, Qingliang Chen, Wen Pei, Mingqin Chen, Weinan 

Zeng, Guizhou Normal University, China 

In recent years, Computerized Adaptive Test has developed rapidly. Many basic theories have 

been appreciated by many psychologists, but it has not been very perfect. Especially, the problem, 

how to estimate the level of one's latent traits with the Item Characteristic Function, has not been 

resolved. Estimating the level of one's latent traits in two points recorded test is the simplest 

circumstance, so the study on it is very important. 

1028 POSTER 

SENSORY AND MOTOR PROCESSES 

1028.139 Auditory attention at periphery detected from human scalp potentials, Kazunari Ikeda 1 , 

Akiko Hayashi 1 , Takahiro Sekiguchi 1 , Shukichi Era 2 , 1 Tokyo Gakugei University, Japan; 

2 

Joetsu University of Education, Japan 

In humans attention effects at the auditory periphery have been detected by measuring evoked 

otoacoustic emissions. The present study tried to detect the peripheral attention effect from human 

scalp potentials. To achieve this purpose, a new measure responsive to displacements of human 

scalp potentials was developed. Twelve participants each experienced two conditions either 

ignoring or attending to tones. The measure revealed a significant magnitude difference between 

the two conditions within a 13-ms period after the stimulus onset. These results suggest that the 

peripheral effect of auditory attention can be found from human scalp potentials. 

1028.140 Deveploping a quality of life instrument for patients with leukemia, Qiang Li, Guoan 

Yue, Zhongchao Han, Zhijian Xiao, China 

67

Purpose: To develop a self-administered quality of life(QOL) instrument for Chinese patients with 

leukemia. Methods: The structured group(nominal group and focus group)methods and theory and 

methodology in developing rating scale were employed to establish the instrument. The QOL data 

from 85 cases of leukemia patients hospitalized were used to evaluate the questionnaire. Results: 

The QOL instruments consisted of four domains, 34 items plus 1 item on self-evaluated general 

health status. There were 6 items in physical function domain, 11 items in psychological function 

domain, 8 items in symptoms/side effect domain and 9 items in social function domain. 

1028.141 A new approach to measuring hand-foot coordination by dual tasks, Huailong Li 1 , Kan 

Zhang 2 , 1 Huaibei Coal Industry Teacher’s College, China; 2 Institute of Psychology, Chinese 

Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China 

People's ability of coordinating hand-foot movements is an useful index to evaluate their potential 

to be pilots. Using principles of time-sharing, a new method of measuring subjects' hand-foot 

movement coordination, named coordination level of hand-foot was suggested by empirical study. 

The index is marked as K=50+40(Zh + Zf)/(6+|Zh - Zf|) Where formula Zh is the standard score 

of hand task performance and Zf is the standard score of foot task performance. The results of two 

experiments indicate that this suggested index, Coordination Level of Hand-Foot, is an efficient 

approach to measuring Hand-Foot coordination by dual tasks. 

1028.142 Experiment study of pilots’ scan/performance/workload, Wei Liu 1, 2 , Xiu-gan Yuan 2 , 

Zhong-qi Liu 2 , Wei-yong Kang 2 , Rui Ma 2 , 1 Beijing City University; 2 Beijing University of 

Aeronautics and Astronautics, Beijing, China 

The study of Pilots' Scan/Peformance/Workload is an active direction in aviation ergonomics field. 

With previous studies, an experimental system for evaluating pilots' Scan/Performance/Workload 

was built up, and these experimental data were analyzed, the distances between expert pilots and 

Novice pilots were opened out primarily. 

1028.143 Stress magnitude estimation in face of nursing care, Renata Alessandra Evangelista, 

Fátima Aparecida Emm Faleiros Sousa, University of São Paulo, Brazil 

Study aimed at observing the perception of stress of 67 nursing students in face of the care given 

in hospitals. Experiments: 1) The task of scaling stress according to nursing care through the 

magnitude estimation; 2) Comparing category and magnitude estimation; 3) Psychophysical 

validation of the ratio scale through the cross-modality matching. The task consisted in estimating 

a number for each nursing care which would be proportional to the amount of stress caused by it 

during its performance. Results: permanent vesical probing is considered to be the most stressful 

and temperature taking was regarded as the least stressful. 

1028.144 The effect of texture movement on the size and shape perception, Sum Yin Tsui, 

Anthony Hayes, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China 

Humans ordinarily accurately estimate the size of objects. Yet movement within the object can 

give rise to marked misperception of size. Here, I report size and shape perception of elliptical 

patterns constructed from small Gabor patches. The gratings within the Gabor patches were 

animated either outwards or inwards. The results suggest that outward movement introduces an 

illusory expansion of the pattern, and vice versa. The size of the pattern affected the magnitude of 

68

the illusion, but the number of Gabor patches making up the pattern did not. The perceived shape 

of the pattern was also affected by differential local movement. 

1028.145 Extracting the speed of optic flow stimuli, Sieu Khuu 1 , David Badcock 2 , 1 The 

University of Hong Kong, China; 2 The University of Western Australia, Australia 

In this study the nature of the mechanisms involved in the extraction of global speed in optic flow 

patterns was determined. We assess in particular the number of speed systems involved in the 

detection of optic flow, and how they function to derive an estimate of global speed. Using global 

dot motion stimuli operating over a dot speed range of 0-12 deg/sec, we found evidence for two 

systems sensitive to low (0-6 deg/sec) and high (>3-5 deg/sec) speed ranges. When extracting the 

global speed, these speed systems function independently and average local speeds within their 

sensitivity range. 

1028.146 Event-related potentials for judgment criteria in visual detection, Akira Imai 1 , 

Keiichiro Tsuji 2 , 1 Arts, Shinshu University, Japan; 2 Chukyo University, Japan 

We examined event-related potentials (ERPs) corresponding to decision-making by obtaining 

ERPs for hit, miss, false alarm, and correct rejection. Subjects performed the yes-no reaction task 

(RT) task to judge "shift" or "stay" of square waves in connection with the three decision criteria; 

free-criterion, sure-signal-criterion, and sure-nonsignal-criterion. N1 amplitude for hit at Cz did 

not differ among three decision criteria (beta). P3 amplitudes for hit at Cz and Pz were evoked 

prominently by free-criterion, but not by sure-nonsignal-criterion. RT did not indicate any 

relationships with beta. It was suggested that a decision criterion might coincide with late positive 

component. 

1028.147 Effect of perception merging on multiple-object tracking task, Jiang Wei, Zhang 

Xuemin, Shu Hua, Beijing Normal University, China 

In recent years, researches begun to focus on attentional tracking mechanism of moving 

objects.The present study was intended to research the effect of perception merging on attentional 

tracking by Multiple-Object Tracking paradigm and Target Merging paradigm. The Results 

showed that: (1) Linkage style of the objects had significant effect on tracking performance.(2) 

The reaction time of different perception merging conditions showed that the perceptive 

organization was more important than the physical feature of object. (3) There were different 

effect of linkage style on changed target and change distarctor. Linkage style had more significant 

effect on changed distractor than target. 

1028.148 A neurodynamics model for visual motion detection and dynamical receptive field, 

Chuan Zhang, Yun Jiu Wang, Xiang Ling Qi, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of 


Some novel aspects of the velocity tuning and the corresponding after-responses were observed 

electrophysiologically in avian accessory optic system recently. In order to elucidate the possible 

underlying mechanisms of the experimental observations, a three-layer neural network model is 

proposed. The numerical simulations indicate the existence of the spatio-temporal profile of 

receptive field which may be the substrate of the sensitivity to the moving patterns with varying 

velocity. By means of a combination of simulation and analytic calculation, we investigate the 

69

effects of the varying kernels of the recurrent inhibitory interactions on the direction selectivity, 

speed tuning and transient responses. 

1028.149 First fixation point in the short stimulus presentation, Mori Terunori, Tamagawa 

University, Faculty of Engineering, Japan 

To confirm a new hypothesis that the first fixation point determined not by the local feature like 

the object corner but by the global feature like the center of object, we measured the first fixation 

point under the condition of short duration(100ms,500ms),just once presentation per a stimulus, 

large size stimulus(10-16cm). The result supported the new hypothesis. The suppliment 

experiment, in which a stimulus was repeatedly presented twenty times to a subject, showed the 

similar results as the preceeding papers: many fixation points did not go to the center of object. 

1028.150 Reaction time (RT) and visual evoked potentials (VEP) to the motion onset and offset, 

Kairi Kreegipuu, Jüri Allik, University of Tartu, Estonia 

Manual RT and VEP in the brain were measured in the motion onset and offset detection tasks. 

The temporal structure of RTs and VEP intervals was very similar, provided that the change in 

motion was detected as soon as the VEP signal has reached a critical threshold amplitude. A 

comparison of the motion onset VEP signals in two different conditions, to-be-reacted vs 

not-to-be-attended, revealed a significant difference that was interpreted as a distinction between 

two stages of motion processing, encoding and decision (Dzhafarov, Sekuler & Allik, 1993). Both 

encoding and decision VEP signals contained accurate information about the manual response. 

1028.151 Detection sensitivity to symmetrical motion, Masami Ikeda, Akira Ishiguchi, 

Ochanomizu University, Japan 

In this study we investigated sensitivity to detection of symmetrical motion in the human visual 

system. Participants were required to perform two tasks. One was the detection of random motion 

elements among symmetrical ones. And another, vice versa. The result of the experiments was that 

detection of symmetrical motion elements in random was more sensitive than the detection of 

random motion elements in symmetrical. It suggests that motion is fairly robust factor in the 

symmetry structure. It needs further investigation of the interaction between motion and symmetry 

detection. 

1028.152 Modeling of sampling strategies in discriminating the orientation of line segments, 

Miho Tanaka, Ochanomizu University, Tokyo, Japan 

This study was conducted to model human sampling strategies for orientations of line segments. 

Tanaka & Ishiguchi (2000) showed variation of the efficiencies depended on display modes: 

simultaneous and sequential display. Then, we modeled virtual observers adopting different 

sampling strategies and calculated their efficiencies, which were compared with human 

efficiencies. The results suggested that the efficiencies of local-sampling model were applicable to 

the data on simultaneous display, and the recency-based weighting model could explain the data 

on sequential display. This implies that the fluctuation of statistical efficiencies in various 

experimental conditions was due to strategic changes of the human observer. 

1028.153 Orientation and spatial frequency specific adaptation in human color vision, Yasuhiro 

70

Kawabata, Hokkaido University, Japan 

We measured detection threshold, using chromatic saturation-modulated stimuli and selective 

adaptation technique. The data shows how selective adaptation depends on the relative orientation 

and spatial frequency of test stimuli (T) and adaptation stimuli (AS), where T and AS effectively 

were sinusoidal patterns. Adaptation to AS that varies sinusoidally in saturation (red-white) 

produces a reduction in sensitivity to gratings of the same color and similar orientation and spatial 

frequency. As the difference in orientation and spatial frequency between T and AS increases, the 

adaptation effect decreased. For example, when the orientation difference exceeds 45-50 degrees, 

the adaptation effect fell to zero. 

1028.154 Influence of motor rules on the visual perception of human movement, Jean-Pierre 

Orliaguet, David Méary, Christel Ildei, Grenoble University, France 

This study aims at showing that visual perception of movement is not determined by a general 

principle of space-time co-variation but tends to conform to motor rules. The experiment 

compared the visual perception of writing and pointing movements. Results showed that 

perceptual preferences are consistent with the rules of movement production (Fitts’s law and 

isochrony principle). The preferred movement duration was less influenced by the stimulus size in 

writing movement than in pointing movement. These results allow to discuss the influence of 

motor system on the visual perception of human movements. 

1028.155 Do goldfish use a direction strategy or an incline strategy to discriminate between two 

oblique lines? Shuzo Ohi, Suteo Yamazaki, Gifu University, Japan 

We found that goldfish can discriminate between two lines depending on those lines angle and that 

the dicrimination threshold between oblique and vertical lines is 10 degrees. The oblique line used 

was descending to the right. Oblique line has two properties, direction and incline. We could not 

have a conclusion whether goldfish recognized oblique line on the basis of incline or descending 

direction. In this research we wanted to determine whether goldfish use mainly a direction strategy 

or an incline strategy to recognize an oblique line, by training to discriminate between descending 

and ascending lines with the same incline, 45 degrees. 

1028.156 Object Recognition Influences Stereo Depth Discrimination, Hongjing Lu, Zili Liu, 

University of California, Los Angeles, USA 

We quantify the extent to which recognition impedes or facilitates stereo depth discrimination. An 

upside-down point-human (unrecognizable) was presented statically in stereo. Two red and two 

green dots depicted forearms or else hand and hip joints. Subjects discriminated whether 3D 

distance was greater for red or green dots. A movie of the easily-recognized upright point-human 

walker was then presented, and the psychometric function was measured for the upright 

point-human. In the forearm condition, the Bayesian prior of equal forearm length impeded 

stereo-length discrimination. When colored dots did not cue a unitary body part, recognition 

actually facilitated stereo discrimination. 

1028.157 Olfactory processing in orbitofrontal cortex: A near-infrared spectroscopy study, Takeo 

Kondou 1 , Shiori Aoyama 2 , Yukari Hashimoto 2 , Tamotsu Toshima 2 , 1 Japan Foundation for 

Aging and Health, Japan; 2 Hiroshima University, Japan 

71

1028.161 Illusory body posture modifies the control of action, Taku Konishi 1 , Hirokazu Nishio 1 , 

Kumiko Enokizono 1 , Takaji Matsushima 2 , 1 Kobe University, Japan; 2 Kobe University, Japan 

We examined the contribution of visual and proprioceptive information to perception of body 

posture and control of action. We have demonstrated that the vibratory stimulation of neck 

proprioception induced an alternation of perceived position of the head, and that the visual 

distortion of one’s left hand through the mirror image of his/hers right hand could modulate the 

detection of tactile stimulation to the fingers of the left hand. We elucidated how such perceptual 

distortion of body by visual or proprioceptive information affected the subsequent action, 

including its aftereffect. 

1028.162 Response modality domination or interaction between visual and haptic estimating of 

length, Xiuying Qian 1 , Xiaomei Xu 2 , Xiaolan Song 1 , 1 Zhejiang University, China, 2 Shangdong 


A new design was developed to separate tactile and visual percepion at same time. Three 

experiments compared the estimating length through vision and touch domination. Wood bar with 

1cm2 section, length from 60.0mm to 80.0mm were used as stimuli. The tasks were conducted to 

different assemble stimulus associated with various horizontal-vertical bar set, length difference 

between bars and the combination way of array. Simultaneous or Nonsimultaneous modality 

capture under different conditions were used. The results showed visual-haptic horizontal-vertical 

illusion existed and there had been some across effects between two domains. 

1028.163 The hapticlike activation during visual tasks, Xiuying Qian, Xiaolan Song, Xiaohu 

Zhao, Xiaowei Tang, Zhejiang University, China 

Usually, works in haptic or tactile perception cared what and how the visual perception had helped 

the haptic or tactile perception. Works in human visual perception has been disconnected from 

research on haptic experience's cognitive functioning. The present study focuses that adults 

subjects how to retrieve the haptic information through visual channel with fMRI technology. The 

results showed there had been an activation in BA6 when adults subjects were identifying the 

visual texture's roughness and there had been activations in other visual-parietal areas when 

identifying visual shapes. 

1028.164 Control of grasping movements: The effect a remote visual condition, Richard 

Palluel-Germain, Frederic Boy, Jean-Pierre Orliaguet, Grenoble University, France 

In this study we hypothesize that movements visually controlled in two dimensions are planned to 

be straight in the extrinsic space. To this end subjects carried out grasping movements visually 

controlled through a vertical video monitor where no scale or directional biases were introduced. 

The results showed that hand paths in a prehension movement were straighter in this indirect 

visual feedback condition than in a control condition. Therefore, we may conclude that in a video 

controlled situation, imposing a visual constraint, trajectories are programmed to follow a straight 

line in the extrinsic space. 

1028.165 Fundamental study on psychological refractory period in reaction time, Kiichi 

Sugiyama 1 , Yamato Sato 2 , Singo Takahashi 3 , Toshimi Nakatsubo 4 , Katsuei Sugawara 5 , 

1 Hokkaido University of Education, Japan; 2 Aichi University; 3 Hanakawa-Kita Junior High 

73

School, Japan; 4 Abasiri Daisan Junior High School, Japan; 5 Yubetsu Junior High School, Japan 

The purpose of this study is to clarify psychological refractory period (PRP) on choice RT. The 

results are summarized as follows. 1. PRP in the second response after the first one occurs under 

the condition of shorter interval (under 0.2 sec) between first and second stimuli. 2. The second 

response is faster than the first one under the condition of longer interval. 3. Concerning laterality 

in choice RT task using preferred or non-preferred hand, there is no significant difference on PRP. 

4. The second response by using both hands alternately is faster than the one by using one hand 

continuously. 

1028.166 Kinematical similarity between the tips of chopsticks and fingers in the prehension 

movement, Kumiko Enokizono 1 , Takaji Matsushima 2 , Shinichi Kita 2 , 1 Graduate School of 

Letters Kobe University, Japan, 2 Faculty of Letters Kobe University, Japan 

The present study was conducted to clarify the mechanism underlying skilled performance of 

daily tools. For this purpose, prehension movements of chopsticks manipulated by skilled and 

unskilled users were kinematically compared to those of fingers, by focusing on the movements of 

the chopstick tips and the finger tips. Transport component (e.g. velocity) showed kinematical 

similarity between the chopsticks and the fingers regardless of the degree of skillfulness, while 

grasp component (e.g. aperture size) did only with skilled users. These results suggested two 

distinct processes of motor control, transport and grasp, in the prehension movements with 

chopsticks and fingers. 

1028.167 Bimanual coordination of synchronous and asychnous force pulses, Gerhard 

Rinkenauer 1 , Alan Wing 2 , 1 University of Tübingen, Germany, 2 The University of Birmingham, 

UK 

It is assumed that identical bimanual movements are controlled by a common central process. We 

assessed to what extend bimanual movements are controlled in common when identical 

movements are desynchronised in their onset. Participants were instructed to produce isometric 

force pulses with the index fingers of the two hands. Required force amplitudes were identical but 

force onsets were either synchronized or desynchronised. Synchronized force pulses were highly 

coupled, but already short onset delays caused a strong decoupling in temporal and non-temporal 

parameters. The result suggests that even short onset delays of identical movements require a 

separate control for each hand. 

1028.168 The modulated representations of dual lateral cerebrums in synchronized different figure 

cognitive operation, Jiashu Zhou, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China 

The purpose of the project is to explore the functional asymmetry extents of the cerebrums with 

aging and innate mechanism. So the basic assumptions of the project are:(1)The factor of gender 

will cause the functional asymmetry heavier with aging process;(2)The effect of handness is 

significant. The experiment indicated the cerebral modulated mechanism in the motion-cognition 

process is affected by multiple factors. It can be assured the handness and aging have significant 

impacts in this process. Although the effects of the subject factors(age and gender) have not 

approach to the significantly levels, the tendency of data is matched with assumptions. 

1028.169 PET comparison of brain activation after non-fatiguing and after fatiguing muscle 

74

contraction, Sasa Radovanovic 1 , Alexandar Korotkov 2 , Milos Ljubisavljevic 1 , Eugene 

Lyskov 3 , Hakan Johansson 3 , 1 Institute for Medical Research, Belgrade, Yugoslavia; 2 Institute of 

the Human Brain, Russian Academy of Sciences, S-Petersburg, Russia; 3 University of Gavle, 

Umea, Sweden 

The role of central structures in fatigue is unclear. We studied changes in brain rCBF after muscle 

contractions of different force levels and durations, and compared them with the fatigue condition. 

Twelve subjects were studied under 4 conditions: rest; contraction of biceps at 30% MVC, for 60 s; 

30%, for 120 s; 50%, for 120 s. The level of rCBF gradually increased with the level and duration 

of contraction. Central fatigue might be a consequence of activation of excitatory and inhibitory 

circuits. Their interactions contribute to the generation and transmission of descending signals 

from cortical cells to motoneurons. 

1028.170 Perceptual rivalry induced by saccadic mislocalisation, Markus Lappe, Simone 

Kuhlmann, Wilhelms-Universitaet, Muenster, Germany 

Multiple identical visual stimuli flashed before a saccade merge perceptually into one object. How 

is perception organized when stimuli are not identical? Observers performed saccades while a 

computer-generated stimulus was flashed. It contained 1-3 vertical bars (or small squares) of 

identical or different color. Observers reported number of bars and perceived colors. Shortly 

before the saccade observers often perceived a single bar with multiple color patches. This 

tendency was reduced for smaller objects. We conclude that perisaccadic compression affects the 

position of stimuli but retains color attributes which then perceptually rival at the (mis-)perceived 

position. 

1028.171 Hand-eye dominance and brain electrical asymmetries, Diego Martin Dutto, Patricio 

Perez Leguizamon, Diego Fassa, Claudia Marro, Alberto Yorio, Buenos Aires 

University ?School of Psychology, Argentina 

Relationships among hand-eye dominance and asymmetries of the spontaneous EEG and the 

visual evoked potentials were studied. 28 healthy right handed subjects (59.37% right-eye and 

28.15% left-eye dominance) voluntarily participated. EEG and PEV records were done: right-left 

visual field and right-left eye stimulation. EEG exhibited diminution of the alpha activity 

associated with visual stimulation. PEV asymmetries were evident in 44.4 % of with hand-eye 

direct dominance subjects, and in 75 % of crossed dominance subjects (ji2= 4.16, p

minimizing the information afforded by the proprioceptive system. 

1028.173 Effects of musical rhythm on finger tapping, Tatsuya Iwaki 1 , Masashi Komori 2 , 

1 2 

Hiroshima International University, Japan; Osaka Electro-Communication University, Japan 

This study examined effects of musical rhythm on the performance of finger tapping and the 

motivation for movement. Based on results of preliminary experiment, 24 patterns of musical 

rhythms that motivated to move the body or not were selected. These musical rhythms were in 

four-eight time or in three-eight time, and consisted of combination of an eighth note and an 

eighth rest. Analysis of tapping patterns indicated that the note before the rest plays the role in 

timing trigger for tapping. Furthermore, it was enhanced by the note with accent. Subjective 

ratings for motivation of movement also supported these results. 

1028.174 The teething effect of stigmatization on the handicapped child in Kadun, Nigeria, 

Richard Abraham Madaki, Kaduna Polytechnic, Kaduna, Nigeria 

Human beings are born with relative capacity to react to stimuli within their environment. Thus, 

the level of satisfaction may vary according to educational, physical and psychological variables. 

The Impaired child is faced with multi-dimensional effects. Literature have shown that there is 

'ability in disability' therefore the impaired child could be helped to adopt positively to the society. 

The study strategies ways of reducing the stigma on the handicapped child hence encourage self 

worth and productivity in life. A stratified sample of hundred children in schools is used. The 

result of the study will be useful to the agencies for the handicapped, parents /caregivers. 

1028.175 The effect of sensory organization on standing stability in children with developmental 

coordination disorders, Rong-Ju Cherng, Yung-Wen Hsu, Wen-Hsin Hsu, Yung-Jong Chen, 

National Cheng Kung University, China 

Sixteen boys and 4 girls (age 4-6 years) with Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) and 

the same number of age-matched normal children were tested to examine the effect of sensory 

organization on standing stability, under the following altered sensory conditions: (1) eyes-open, 

fixed-foot-support, (2) eyes-closed, fixed-foot-support, (3) sway-referenced-vision, 

fixed-foot-support, (4) eyes-open, compliant-foot-support, (5) eyes-closed, compliant-foot-support, 

(6) sway-referenced-vision, compliant-foot-support. The center of pressure total length (excursion) 

and sway area served as indices of standing stability. The DCD children presented poorer stability 

than normal children under all conditions, especially when the somatosensory input was unreliable 

or conflicting. 

1029 Keynote 

Chair: Shihui Han, China 

Binding and conscious experience, Anne Treisman, Department of Psychology, Princeton 


The seemingly effortless ability to perceive meaningful objects in an integrated scene actually 

depends on complex visual processes. The "binding problem" concerns the way in which we select 

and integrate the separate features of objects in the correct combinations. Experiments suggest that 

attention plays a central role in solving this problem. Some neurological patients show a dramatic 

76

eakdown in the ability to see multiple objects; their deficits suggest a role for the parietal cortex 

in the binding process. However, indirect measures of priming and interference suggest that more 

information may be implicitly available than we can consciously access. 

1030 Keynote 

Chair: Hua Shu, China 

The genetic contribution to individual differences in memory function, Lars-Göran Nilsson, 

Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, Sweden 

This paper presents a review of the role different genes in pathological and non-pathological 

human memory. Recent results from a prospective cohort study on memory, health and aging will 

be used to illustrate some possible mechanisms for the genetic influence on memory in adulthood 

and old age. It is proposed that different genes may play different roles for memory throughout the 

lifespan. It is also suggested that a combination of experimental methods in cognitive psychology, 

genetics, and brain imaging may be the ultimate components for early diagnosis of 

neurodegenerative diseases. 

1031 Keynote 

Chair: Pierre Ritchie, Canada 

Understanding and eliminating health disparities in the United States: A multidimensional research 

approach to a public health challenge, Norman Anderson, American Psychological Association, 

USA 

Differences in health outcomes among racial and ethnic groups in the United States poses both a 

scientific puzzle and a major public health. Recent epidemiological research demonstrates that 

African Americans, and to a lesser degree American Indians, experience significantly greater 

morbidity and mortality from a wide range of illnesses, and lower levels of self-rated health 

compared to White Americans. Health in poorer for Latino American on some but not all 

outcomes, and health is generally better among Asian Americans compared White Americans. Yet, 

there is tremendous variability between sub-groups of the Latino and Asian Americans in 

morbidity, mortality, and self-rated health. The purpose of this presentation to provide an overview 

of racial and ethnic based health disparities in the United States, with a focus on the many factors 

that might contribute to such disparities. 

1032 Keynote 

Chair: Hiroshi Imada, Japan 

A functional approach to the study of Pavlovian conditioning, Michael Domjan, Department of 

Psychology, University of Texas, USA 

Pavlovian conditioning is a widely-used technique to study associative learning and neural 

plasticity in laboratory situations. A functional approach focuses on how such learning occurs 

under natural circumstances and how it increases reproductive fitness. Functional considerations 

suggest that studies of Pavlovian conditioning should employ conditioned stimuli that have an 

inherent relation to the unconditioned stimulus, and that the emphasis should be on how 

77

conditioning alters the unconditioned response rather than how it generates responses to the 

conditioned stimulus. Studies from a variety of conditioning situations will be used to illustrate 

these points, with special emphasis on studies of sexual conditioning. 

1033 Keynote 

Chair: Ingrid Lunt, UK 

Social change and adolescent transitions to adulthood, Rainer K. Silbereisen, Department of 

Developmental Psychology, University of Jena, Germany 

The political transformations that shattered Central and Eastern Europe a decade ago demanded 

new research on the role of social change in human development. The new social institutions 

required new competencies, such as the development of personal responsibility in the exploration 

of and commitment to career opportunities. Moreover, the content and timetable of biographical 

transitions tended to adapt rapidly, preferably during individuals' formative years. Individual 

differences could be traced to conditions promoting individuals' openness to change in the realm 

of social and human capital. 

1034 Keynote 

Chair: Cigdem Kagitcibasi, Turkey 

Conceptual issues of cultural psychology, Hiroshi Azuma, Seisen Jogakuin College, Japan 

There have been two conspicuous paradigmatic shifts going on in cultural psychology over the last 

couple of years. One is from outsider observation to insider interpretation, and another is from a 

bordered to a border-free concept of culture. With the general trend of post-modern social sciences 

as the undercurrent, these shifts are related to the increase of researchers of non-western cultural 

backgrounds and social, industrial and cultural globalization. Some of the key concepts of cultural 

psychology, such as identity, family, gender, adolescence, etc., will need to be reformulated under 

these shifts. Is the pendulum swinging too far? In this talk I will assess the influence of this 

"Zeitgeist" critically, with a few empirical observations. 

1035 Keynote 

Chair: Elizabeth Nair, Singapore 

Comparison between the Rule of Law and the Way of the Heart: Analysis of Western and Eastern 

conception of social relationship, Sang-Chin Choi, Department of Psychology, Chung-Ang 

University, Seoul, Korea 

Emotionality of Koreans particularly in interpersonal relationships is not exactly the same as what 

is meant by the term in Western sense. Unlike the emotion as distinct and separated from the 

cognitive oriented rational mind, the Koreans' emotion in interpersonal context is often manifested 

as the composite whole of emotionality and self-involved cognitive reason connected to the 

emotionality aroused. At the discourse level, the nature of emotionality and its cognitive 

counterpart are not differentiated from each other and, in fact, fused together with one another. 

Shimcheong, as the word Shim which means mind, combined with Cheong which means emotion, 

refers to the state of inner experience where the particular quality of feeling is aroused in relation 

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to or in connection with particular contents of thoughts and thinkings, i.e., mind, aroused in the 

particular contexts. Shimcheong is likely to be touched and aroused in close, mutually committed 

interpersonal relationships. Shimcheong, therefore, does matter between persons in Cheong (long 

standing, mutually self-committed, mind to mind relationship) relationship. In Cheong 

relationship, individuality disappears and social standards of behavior such as justice, impartiality, 

lawfulness, objectivity and rationality and so forth are overridden by or reinterpreted in 

accordance with the alternative standards of behaviors canonical in Cheong relationships. The 

psycho-logic of Shimcheong in the same vain follows that of Cheong which is markedly different 

from the set of logics prescribed by social morality and justice. In Korea, the two types of thinking 

and justice, i.e., private type of Shimcheong psycho-logics and public type of social-normative 

psycho-logics are co-existent together in delicate harmony and tension, having their own 

respective niches and functional values in Koreans' social and personal life spaces. Finally, 

the-first-person psychology and the-third-person psychology will be discussed in relation to the 

two types of psycho-logics. 


International Research Collaborations 

Convener and Chair: G. Hatano, Japan 

Co-convener: R. Gelman, USA 

1036.1 Barriers, bridges, and benefits of international collaboration, K. Deaux, The City 

University of New York, New York, NY, USA 

International research collaboration can be discussed in concrete and strategic terms, as a 

compendium of what to do and what not to do in order to increase the likelihood of a successful 

project. Collaboration can also be discussed in more conceptual or functional terms, in terms of 

why we want to collaborate and what we are likely to gain. As a social psychologist in a field that 

has often assumed universality for locally-assessed phenomena, I will argue that international 

collaboration is not only desirable but is in fact essential for the progressive development of our 

knowledge base. 

1036.2 Learning in a world of scholars, J.B. Overmier, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, 

MN, USA 

Around the globe, insightful scholars are researching important questions on psychology of 

learning with new approaches and new methods. An American hegemony--if it ever really 

existed--is over, and they need to be in contact with the innovative and exciting research that is 

being done in other regions of the world through visits and exchanges. Barriers take the form of 

locating opportunities, research regulations, funding, visas, timing, and cultural styles, among 

others. The effects of even 'minor' barriers in stifling exchanges should not be underestimated. But 

neither should the benefits be mis-estimated. Continuing collaborations can have significant joint 

benefits. 

1036.3 What makes a collaboration work? A.D. Baddeley, University of York, York, UK 

79

Whether collaborating across departments, disciplines, countries or continents, there seem to be a 

number of features that are conducive to successful collaboration. These will be discussed, 

together with the additional factors that occur when long distances and infrequent direct contact 

are involved. Examples will be drawn from collaborations in cognitive psychology, 

neuropsychology, neuroimaging and parasitology. 

1036.4 How can "non-Westerbers" contribute to the advancement of psychological knowledge? 

G. Hatano, University of the Air, Chiba, Japan 

Many if not most psychologists in the North America and other Western countries expect 

non-Westerners only to collect "exotic" linguistic and cognitive data for their models and theories. 

However, non-Westerners may contribute in international research collaborations also by 

proposing, based on their underlying folkpsychologies, alternative views and perspectives on 

workings of the human mind, not a few aspects of which are culturally constructed. Successful 

examples are given from studies on conceptual development and literacy. 


Computer-based testing: Ethical, technological and practical issues 

Convener and Chair: D. Bartram, UK 

Co-convener: I. Coyne, UK 

1037.1 Effectiveness of coaching on a Web-based In-basket Exercise, F. Anseel, F. Lievens, 

Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium 

Organizations are increasingly moving their paper-and-pencil selection tests to an Internet-based 

format. Research has mainly focused on assessing measurement equivalence between web-based 

and paper-and-pencil tests for various cognitive-oriented and noncognitive-oriented measures. 

One of the most cited advantages of web-based assessment is the possibility of instant feedback 

and coaching. Unfortunately, no research has explored whether performance on web-based tests 

can be improved by on-line coaching. In this study, participants received test practice, feedback on 

results and help on test-taking strategies for a web-based in-basket exercise. Implications for the 

use of web-based tests in proctored vs. unproctored settings will be discussed. 

1037.2 Personal and situational factors impacting on CBT practices in developing countries, C. 

Foxcroft, A. Watson, B. Seymour, University of Port Elizabeth, Port Elizabeth, South Africa 

Personal and situational-contextual factors have been found to affect computer based test (CBT) 

performance, for example, gender, culture, language, technological sophistication and access to 

computer facilities. This paper will elaborate on how these factors can impact on CBT 

performance, test design and assessment practice in developing countries, and will highlight some 

of the ways in which these factors can be responded to, practically. 

1037.3 Security issues with computerized testing: New problems and new solutions, D. Foster, 

Draper, Utah, USA 

The many advantages of using computers for testing has been accompanied by greater 

opportunities to achieve undeserved scores by fraud and deceit. On-demand computerized testing 

has provided an opportunity to steal test questions, share them with other test takers and use that 

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information in later tests. New technological and statistical tools are available to help detect this 

piracy and the unauthorized use of copyrighted information, and to prevent them. This paper will 

present a summary of the scope of the problem and some innovative solutions. The effectiveness 

of those solutions will be established by research results. 

1037.4 The need for international guidelines on computer-based testing and the internet, D. 

Bartram, SHL Group plc, Thames Ditton, UK 

The development of the Internet has raised a number of new issues for test standards to address. In 

particular there are issues of test security, equality of access, and remote administration. The paper 

will review these issues and provide a framework for the addressing them. It will also introduce 

the International Test Commission project on producing Guidelines on Computer-based Testing 

and the Internet. These Guidelines are being developed with input from countries all around the 

world. 

1037.5 The development of international guidelines on computer-based testing and the internet, 

I. Coyne, The University of Hull, Hull, UK 

Following on from the review of the issues surrounding computer-based and Internet testing, this 

paper will outline the approach taken by the International Test Commission in producing 

Guidelines on Computer-based Testing and the Internet. Specifically, the paper will detail the 

methodology used to identify the issues, the issues covered by the Guidelines, the format of the 

Guidelines and the current stage of development of the Guidelines. 


New developments in applied psychophysics 

Convener and Chair: A. Garriga-Trillo, Spain 

1038.1 A bisensory detection and recognition test of human chemical sensitivity, B. Berglund, 

L. Zheng, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden 

Odor and sensory-irritation detection and pyridine- and formaldehyde-recognition were tested by a 

bisensory method. False-alarms for detection and recognition were lower in chemically sensitive 

(CS) than insensitive (non-CS) or young-adults (YA). Odor cues predominated in detection. 

Sensory-irritation thresholds for pyridine were lower for YA than CS. Between-group differences 

in odor detection threshold was insignificant but CS had lowest recognition threshold for pyridine; 

slight between-group differences for formaldehyde. Although the interindividual differences in 

sensitivity were smaller for odor than sensory-irritation (h-index of Luce’s choice theory), a small 

difference exists in odor sensitivity between CS and non-CS (d'-index of signal detection theory). 

1038.2 Follow-up on cognitive categorization evolution of bilingual Alzheimer´s patient, H. 

Peraita, C. Díaz, CEEN, UNED, Madrid, Spain 

Classification and categorization data were obtained from a longitudinal study considering a fully 

bilingual 63-year-old Italian-Spanish Alzheimer & acute’ patient. During two years, for two hours 

a week, the patient was submitted to sessions alternating intervention and evaluation. Two types of 

object classification tasks were presented: free classification of daily life familiar objects from 

several semantic categories (food, cleaning objects, sports,) and “ad hoc” categorization. Sessions 

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were conducted alternatively in Spanish and Italian, using the same methodology. Results for each 

task and language showed that, as the Alzeimer & acute’ disease progressed, the native language, 

Italian, increasingly intruded upon the second language, Spanish. 

1038.3 Natural scaling: Basic principles and some applications, E. Borg, G. Borg, Stockholm 

University, Stockholm, Sweden 

A great advantage with Natural Scaling, or “level-anchored ratio scaling”, is that it is a direct 

scaling method combining “ratio (R) scaling” in the tradition of S. S. Stevens with verbally 

labeled “category (C) ratings”. Resulting data belong to a “semi-ratio” scale and can be used both 

for obtaining general growth functions describing Stimulus Response relationships, and “absolute” 

levels of intensities for intra- and interindividual comparisons. The scales have been validated by 

physiological variables and tested for several sensory attributes. There is a wide field of 

applications in medicine, ergonomy and human factors, sports, and activities of daily life. 

1038.4 Perceptual priming in normal aging and Alzheimer´s patients, S. Ballesteros, J.M. 

Reales, B. García, J. Mayas, CEEN, UNED, Madrid, Spain 

Previous work with young adults has shown substantial haptic priming (Ballesteros et al. 1999) as 

well as crossmodal priming between touch and vision (Reales & Ballesteros, 1999). The findings 

suggest that haptic priming is not modality specific but depends on the structural features of the 

objects. In the talk, we will present new results from an ongoing program of research with younger 

adults, Alzheimer & acute’ patients, and healthy older adults. The findings suggest that implicit 

memory might depend on multimodal sensory areas in the neocortex that can be activated by 

touch or vision. The neuropsychological implications of these findings will be. 

1038.5 Inter-emotion comparisons of intensity: A functional measurement approach, A. 

Oliveira, M. Teixeira, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal 

This work addresses the issue of inter-emotion comparisons from a general psychophysical 

standpoint. Some of the conceivable scaling solutions are shortly reviewed and criticized. A 

functional measurement approach is outlined, which offers the possibility for sensible 

comparisons across different emotions on an interval scale with a common unit. Two empirical 

studies are presented, resting on a general averaging integration model and resorting to different 

stimuli materials (words and faces). The potential convergence between N. Frijda’s research 

agenda on the intensity of emotions and N. Anderson’s IIT is pinpointed as a promising 

framework within the realm of affect/emotion studies. 


Attention and perception: Theoretical Approach 

Convener and Chair: J.C. Yuan, Taiwan, China 

1039.1 Evaluation of infant TV program using image processing, T. Kawai 1 , S. Sakai 1 , H. 

Hattori 2 , N. Isshiki 2 , 1 Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan; 2 NHK (Japan Broadcasting Corporation), 

Japan 

By development and popularization of media technologies, the opportunity for present-day 

children to be exposed to various media from infancy increases. Since infants are unable to orally 

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evaluate TV programs, it is difficult to establish guidelines in the production field. Therefore, in 

this study, the authors attempted to evaluate a TV program for infants, experimentally. The 

subjects were 51 healthy infants from 1 to 2 years of age. The stimuli chosen were from an 

existing program, and presented in random order. The reactions of the subjects during presenting 

the stimuli were video recorded, and analyzed by image processing. 

1039.2 Evaluation of motion sickness induced by videogames, K. Ohta 1 , T. Kawai 1 , Y. Ebine 2 , 

R. Yamaguchi 2 , K. Murayama 2 , 1 Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan; 2 SEGA Corp., Japan 

In this study, the authors extracted about 100 scenes that might induce motion sickness from 

several existing videogames, and classified the images according to their characteristics through 

analysis using image processing techniques. Using the results of the analysis, the images were 

simulated in simplified computer graphics and investigated by altering the simulation parameters. 

Further, the simulated visual stimuli were evaluated by an experiment using psycho-physiological 

indexes. From the results of the experiment, presentation methods of videogame images to reduce 

motion sickness were discussed. 

1039.3 The relative roles of top-down and bottom-up processes in selective attention, J.L. Li, 

S.L. Yeh, C.H. Hsiao, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, China 

By manipulating attentional setting and stimulus salience, top-down and bottom-up processes in 

attentional capture were explored using spatial cuing tasks. Results showed that attentional shift to 

a salient distractor occurred only when the distractor-to-target SOA was long; otherwise, 

attentional shift was induced only by top-down control settings, although the salient distractor also 

showed higher priority in processing. A model with activation threshold and decision criterion for 

items processed in parallel is proposed to explain our results and several other important findings. 

This model provides a theoretical framework for the interactions between the top-down and 

bottom-up processes in attentional selection. 

1039.4 The color appearance of chromatic textures, T.J. Hsieh, I.P. Chen, National Chiao Tung 

University, Taiwan, China 

Additive color mixture can be obtained by densely placed small color dots. We examined the 

interaction between the spatial arrangement of color dots and the resultant color appearance of the 

mixture pattern. The participants were asked to adjust the red/green ratio and intensity level of a 

uniform field till its color matched that of a chromatic texture. We found that: (1) The type of 

texture pattern, i.e. the spatial structure of the mixing dots, has a significant effect on the color 

appearance judgment. (2) There is a close interdependent relationship between the settings of 

red/green ratio and the intensity. 

1039.5 A theory for perceptual fading: Evidence from perceptual filling-in (PFI) and 

motion-induced blindness (MIB), L.C. Hsu, S.L. Yeh, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, 

China 

PFI and MIB are two phenomena in which perceptually salient stimuli repeatedly disappear and 

reappear after prolonged viewing. They were considered different mechanisms in which, PFI was 

assumed to be caused by boundary adaptation and fast interpolation; while MIB might result from 

high-level (e.g., attention) processes. We showed in a series of experiments that PFI and MIB 

83

actually share common mechanisms. A theory was provided to account for PFI and MIB in 

particular and perceptual fading phenomena in general. In this theory, perceptual grouping, 

figure-ground segregation, boundary adaptation, surface formation and surface competition each 

play different roles in perceptual fading. 

1039.6 Inhibition of return persists longer on repeated locations, H.F. Chao, Y.Y. Yeh, National 

Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, China 

It takes longer time for people to revisit recently examined locations. This effect is named 

inhibition of return. In this study, a simple dot-detection task was used. The dot was presented in 

one cell of an invisible 15X15 matrix. Experiment 1 showed that inhibition of return could be 

found on locations that were repeatedly used in one experimental session, but not on locations that 

were used only once. By varying cue-to-probe stimulus onset asynchrony, Experiment 2 indicated 

that inhibition of return persisted longer on repeated locations. The role of memory in inhibition of 

return was discussed. 


Frontiers in prospective memory research 

Convener and Chair: P. Graf, Canada 

1040.1 Metamemory for prospective and retrospective memory tasks, L. Kvavilashvili, K. 

Taylor, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK 

In this paper the possible relationship between prospective and retrospective memory will be 

assessed by examining the accuracy of metamemory predictions of one's performance in 

prospective and retrospective memory tasks. The results show that while young children were very 

accurate in predicting whether they would remember to do something later on in the experiment (a 

prospective memory task) they were considerably overestimating their performance in a task of 

free recall of pictures (a retrospective memory task). This finding speaks in favour of early 

development of metamemory awareness for prospective memory tasks in comparison to 

retrospective memory and is indicative of possible dissociations in underlying mechanisms of 

these two forms of memory. 

1040.2 Age-related changes in event-cued prospective memory, B. Uttl, University of Tsukuba, 

Tsukuba City, Japan 

Age-related changes in visual and auditory event-cued prospective memory (ProM) were 

examined. To assess visual ProM, participants were shown a series of pictures, with one defined as 

the ProM cue, while simultaneously making A/B decisions. Similarly, to assess auditory ProM, 

participants were played various sounds, with one defined as the ProM cue. Cue display size and 

cue loudness were increased gradually across trials until participants responded, such that cue size 

and loudness served as an effective index of ProM. Both visual and auditory ProM declined with 

age due to changes in peripheral as well as central processing. 

1040.3 Mechanisms underlying importance effects in prospective remembering, M. Kliegel, 

Universität Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland 

Only a few studies have experimentally examined the influence of perceived task importance on 

84

prospective memory performance. Therefore, in the present paper we report four experiments 

investigating if the effect of task importance is related to the amount of attentional resources 

required for prospective remembering. Our data suggest that the effect of importance on 

prospective memory performance is due to attentional trade-off processes between the prospective 

task and the background activity. Task importance improves prospective memory to the degree the 

task requires the strategic allocation of attentional resources. The findings are discussed with 

respect to resource explanations of cognitive performance. 

1040.4 To what extent does prospective memory go beyond vigilance and dual-task 

performance? G. d’Ydewalle, W. de Bruycker, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium 

A prospective-memory task is almost always embedded in an ongoing, concurrent or background 

task, and thus implies processing affinities with the typical processes in dual-task situations. When 

the cues for prospective memory responses are frequent in a short-time interval, there are clearly 

also resemblances to task situations where “vigilance” is required. We started a research program 

intended to clarify the distinctive features and/or additional processes that are typically involved in 

prospective-memory studies. Prospective-memory, vigilance and dual task performance all refer to 

central-executive functioning. In our efforts to disentangle the brain locations of prospective 

memory (with event-related fMRI), we need to fractionate the central-executive functioning parts 

that are uniquely related to prospective-memory performance. 

1040.5 A specialised role for Rostral prefrontal cortex (area 10) in prospective memory, P. 

Burgess, University College London, London, UK 

The patients with lesions that involved the most anterior parts of the left frontal lobe have been 

shown to be most impaired at following arbitary rules when switching tasks after a delay in a 

multitasking procedure, despite showing no retrospective memory deficit. However we recently 

found that it is right hemisphere rostral prefrontal (area 10) lesions that cause isolated impairments 

in the delayed task switching component. This suggests that different rostral areas within the 

frontal cortex, whilst operating as a system, may make separate contributions to situations 

involving delayed intentions. With two PET studies, we found that cerebral blood flow in medial 

area 10 decreases in prospective memory tasks (relative to ongoing tasks alone), whilst lateral area 

10 regions show concomitant increases. 


Working memory for sign and speech: Theory and application 

Convener and Chair: J. Rönnberg, Sweden 

1041.1 Effects of hearing aid use on working memory in adults with mild hearing loss, M.K. 

Pichora-Fuller 1 , A. Douglas 2 , M. Daneman 1 , 1 University of Toronto, Mississauga, ON, Canada; 

2 

Yellowknife, Northwest Territories, Canada 

Many adults with mild hearing loss find listening effortful in everyday life yet they perform well 

on word identification tests in quiet. Benefit from hearing aids is difficult to assess in these cases. 

Listening is presumed to become effortful as the working memory resources allocated to 

non-sensory processes (e.g. use of stored knowledge) are increased to achieve word identification 

85

and language comprehension. Listening working memory span was measured in occasional 

hearing aid users with mild hearing loss in quiet and noisy conditions. WMS was reduced when 

hearing aids were worn in quiet but was unchanged by amplification in noisy conditions. 

1041.2 Working memory for sign, speech, music, and space: The link between imitation and 

rehearsal, M. Wilson, University of California, Santa Cruz CA, USA 

Theoretical understanding of working memory is hampered by its apparent fractionation into 

many systems. I propose that working memory is not a system or systems, but rather the strategic 

deployment of motor and imagery resources. Because of this, stimuli that can be copied with one’s 

own body are particularly advantaged in working memory. This proposal sheds light on working 

memory for sign language, which strongly resembles verbal working memory despite the 

implausibility of a built-in "sign phonological loop" Furthermore, this account integrates working 

memory for sign within the same theoretical framework as working memory for a variety of other 

materials. 

1041.3 Language structure, language experience and STM, M. Rudner, J. Rönnberg, The 

Swedish Institute for Disability Research (SIDR), Linköping, Sweden 

Different kinds of language structure in lists of lexical items presented for subsequent recall affect 

performance in different ways. We investigate the effects on STM performance of sublexical 

structure (phonological similarity, PS) and supralexical structure (semantic similarity, SS) across 

language modalities for persons with differing linguistic experience: hearing nonsigners (HN), 

hearing signers (HS) and deaf signers (DS). Pictures were used to obtain language modality 

neutral presentation. Preliminary results show: 1) better performance with PS in Swedish for HN, 

2) worse performance with PS in SSL for DS, 3) better performance with SS for HN and even 

more so for HS. 


Developmental dyslexia in different languages and orthographies 

Convener and Chair: H. Shu, China 

1042.1 The development of orthographic and phonological processing skills in 

English-speaking dyslexics, L. Siegel, University of British Columbia, Canda 

Dyslexics and normally achieving readers (ages 7-50) were compared with on tasks measuring 

orthographic and phonological skills. Dyslexics had significantly poorer phonological skills than 

the normally achieving group, particularly in tasks requiring the reading of pseudowords. The 

scores of dyslexics were significantly below those of normal readers and were even significantly 

below those of the reading level matched controls. On an orthographic task requiring the 

recognition of legal and illegal letter strings, the dyslexics had significantly higher scores than the 

normal readers. These results indicate that dyslexics may be using a visual strategy in reading 

because of their relatively weak phonological skills. 

1042.2 Processes involved in learning to read in a transparent alphabetic orthography: Evidence 

from good and poor beginner readers of Turkish, I. Raman, Middlesex University, Middlesex, UK 

Turkish is an atypically transparent orthography. It is of importance to establish whether beginner 

86

eaders of Turkish utilise lexical information in attaining phonology from print in reading tasks. 

Word imageability is of particular interest here as it has been reported to influence naming 

accuracy in poor readers of English. It is hypothesized that in the total absence of ambiguous 

representations between orthography and phonology imageability will not have an impact on 

naming accuracy on poor beginner readers of Turkish. The implication of findings which support 

this prediction will be discussed in view of impaired reading development as a function of 

orthographic transparency. 

1042.3 Dyslexia in Chinese: Evidence from Putonghua speakers, B. Weekes 1 , W.G. Yin 2 , 

1 2 

University of Sussex, UK; Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 

China 

We know little about disorders of written language processing among Chinese speakers. There is 

however an increasing understanding of the cognitive processes and neurological bases of oral 

reading and writing to dictation among Chinese speakers. This knowledge can now be applied to 

improve our understanding of developmental disorders of reading and writing in Chinese, which 

we now believe is far more prevalent than previously assumed. We will present data from a study 

of the prevalence of dyslexia in Beijing and we will discuss how cognitive models of reading and 

writing can be applied to the assessment and remediation of dyslexia in Chinese. 

1042.4 Perceptive and cognitive functions in dyslexics from different language environments, E. 

Witruk, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany 

In the first experiment the visible persistence was analyzed as a basic, early visual function. We 

compared the data of Australian dyslexic children and adults from Slaghuis (1996) with our 

German samples. The results do not show a significant location/language effect. We found a high 

dependency of visible persistence on the subtype of dyslexia. In the second experiment we 

analyzed working memory performances in dyslexic children from Hong Kong (Ho, 1999) and 

from Germany. We found a Chinese superiority effect, particularly in the phonological loop. Our 

results emphasize the language dependency with higher complex working memory functions but 

not with basic, early visual functions in dyslexic and control groups. 

1042.5 The role of morphological awareness in learning to read Chinese: Evidence from normal 

and dyslexic children, H. Shu, S.N. Wu, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China 

Through group and case studies, the normal and dyslexic Chinese children were tested on a set of 

linguistic and cognitive tasks. The results showed that phonological awareness, morphological 

awareness and speeded naming were the most important factors which contribute to the word 

reading and comprehension tasks. Phonological deficit and morphological deficit affected 

differently children’s lexical processing and caused different problems in reading. Comparing with 

the percentage of dyslexic children with phonological and speed deficits, more than 70% of 

dyslexic children had morphological deficit. The results suggest that morphological deficit may be 

the core deficit in Chinese developmental dyslexia. 


When, how and why does the future motivates the present 

Convener and Chair: W. Lens, Leuven, Belgium 

87

1043.1 Kids thinking about and being motivated by the future: Exploring the cognitive and 

motivational processes involved in future time perspective, J. Husman 1 , M. Boekaerts 2 , 1 College 

of Education, Tempe, AZ, USA; 2 Leiden University, Leiden, 


When looking at any group of students in an educational setting that some students have clearer 

ideas about their futures than others and a smaller subset of those students have any kind of plan 

about how they might reach their future goals. This presentation will present data which examines 

both the cognitive and motivational process involved when students are setting long term (rather 

than short term) goals and the ways that connections are made between present activities and 

future goals. We will present both survey and experimental results which examine students’ goal 

setting, future time perspectives, and perceptions of instrumentality. 

1043.2 How future goals enhance motivation and learning in multicultural classrooms, K. 

Phalet 1 , I. Andriessen 1 , W. Lens 2 , 1 Universiteit Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; 2 University of 

Leuven, Belgium 

Studies of minority students' achievement in multicultural classrooms have advanced future goals 

as a crucial protective factor in the face of frequent school failure. At the same time, cultural 

discontinuities and limited opportunities in minority students' school careers may weaken the 

motivational force of the future. In our study of future goal setting and school achievement among 

ethnic minority and majority students in the Netherlands, we find that future goals enhance task 

motivation and adaptive learning, but only under conditions of positive perceived instrumentality 

and internal regulation. Implications for the cross-cultural validity of the Future Time Perspective 

framework are discussed. 

1043.3 Setting, planning, and pursuing personal projects: A goal management program for 

people in a life transition, S. Lapierre, M. Dubé, M. Alain, L. Bouffard, Université du Québec à 

Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, QC, Canada 

Research has shown that the presence of goals is associated with well-being. Based on this finding, 

a goal management program was developed to help people in a life transition express, plan, pursue, 

and achieve meaningful, concrete, and realistic personal goals. It was expected that participants in 

this educational program (n=105) would reach higher levels of well-being than the control group 

(n=60). Results of a repeated analysis of variance (2X2) indicated that there were significant 

interactions on hope, serenity, happiness, meaning-in-life, and self-actualization, showing that 

people in a life transition can benefit from a program helping them reach their personal goals. 

1043.4 How does the future motivate transition to adulthood: A Longitudinal study, T. Shirai, 

Osaka Kyoiku University, Osaka, Japan 

Transition from adolescence to adulthood deals with new life events such as leaving home, 

financial independence, entrance into work places, marriage and parenthood. Individuals are 

interacting actively with changing worlds to achieve their transition to adulthood (Elder, 1995; 

Lerner & Busch-Rossnagel, 1981). In this process, their future prospects have an important role 

and actually are dramatically changing. However, young people can not foresee their life course in 

a contemporary changing society. I am going to propose how their future motivates transition to 

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adulthood in such situation according to the longitudinal study in Japan. 

1043.5 Student motivation as a function of future time perspective and perceived 

instrumentality, W. Lens, J. Simons, M. Vansteenkiste, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium 

We will document the motivational role of future time perspective and instrumentality Students 

can be intrinsically motivated by task-goals and extrinsically by rewards or punishments. But 

schooling is also future-oriented. Students may be motivated for schoolwork because they plan to 

go to college or because they want to acquire a profession. We distinguish three types of 

instrumentality: (a) present task- or performance goals and future extrinsic goals; (b) present 

task-goals and future task-goals or present performance-goals and future performance-goals, (c) 

present task-goals (performance-goals) and future performance-goals (task-goals).The 

motivational and learning effects of different types of instrumentality, will be discussed. 


Information flow, knowledge sharing, and task synchronization to support distributed group 

performance 

Convener and Chair: B.S. Caldwell, USA 

Co-convener: E. Wang, USA 

1044.1 Dynamics of information flow and knowledge development in distributed supervisory 

control of space flight, B.S. Caldwell, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA 

The issues of synchronization of knowledge development and task performance become especially 

important in the domain of supervisory control of human space flight systems. Vehicle complexity, 

differences in local knowledge and expertise, and delays in information flow all affect 

coordination among ground-based controllers, as well as knowledge sharing between controllers 

and crewmembers in space. This paper addresses issues of information flow to support expertise 

content, environmental context, and team coordination process exchanges using information and 

communication technology systems. Examples from the US Mission Control Center are used to 

develop a broader model of distributed expertise and group performance effectiveness. 

1044.2 A taxonomy of collaboration in complex and dynamic work domains, R. Chow, 

Defence R&D Canada, Toronto, ON, Canada 

Many research studies have been conducted to understand and to design support collaboration in 

complex and dynamic work domains. However, most descriptions of collaboration tend to be so 

laden with domain-specific, task-specific, and/or organization-specific terminology that 

underlying similarities and differences between instances of collaboration become difficult to 

recognize. This paper proposes a taxonomy intended to facilitate principled comparisons of 

collaboration based on: characteristics of the underlying work domains, distribution of 

responsibility among the stakeholders, and distribution of information among the stakeholders. 

This taxonomy will be applied to studies of collaboration in the diverse domains of space mission 

control, telecommunication network management, and emergency medical services. 

1044.3 Effective knowledge organization and display for efficient information retrieval and 

utilization, S. Garrett, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA 

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Our studies examined the interactions between task type, site organization, and search procedure 

formatting in information search tasks. If the organization is consistent with user expectations and 

experience, user satisfaction and the probability of finding relevant topics increase, while the time 

to find the information decreases. For effective utilization however, information must be organized 

and displayed in a way that facilitates the task goals of the user. A significant finding is that the 

compatibility between the task and presentation styles strongly affects a procedure’s usability. 

Therefore, evaluation of information displays must be based on user goals and task context. 

1044.4 The effects of event delay on knowledge synchronization and distributed collaborative 

task performance, E. Wang, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA 

Communication and collaboration delays during long-range space exploration are inevitable 

because of the transmission problems (e.g. long transmission distance and low transmission 

frequency). Maintaining knowledge synchronization and optimal team collaboration is the key to 

ensure the success of such space missions. Therefore, the effects of event delays need to be 

carefully investigated for improving knowledge synchronization and distributed collaborative task 

performance. This study is an initial attempt to investigate the effects of event delay via Digital 

Voice Intercommunication System in NASA Mission Control Center. The preliminary results 

show that event delays significantly affect controller’s knowledge synchronization and 

collaborative task performance. 

1044.5 In-vehicle navigation information display: Integration of visual and auditory 

presentation, X.H. Sun, K. Zhang, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 

Beijing, China 

Our research focused on how to integrate visual and auditory navigation information to minimize 

driver attention demands while driving. The conclusion of laboratory experiments was that: both 

visual and audio navigation were helpful in driving; Audio guide was more effective than visual 

guide. The location effect of visual information was not found. But some data indicated that, at 

some specific positions, the combination of visual and audio information could improve driving 

performance and decrease MWL. Both NASA-TLX and secondary task performance showed that 

visual guide could not decrease MWL, but audio guide improve driving performance and decrease 

MWL 


Biological bases of knowledge representation 

Convener and Chair: F. Rösler, Germany 

1045.1 Representation of musical knowledge in the brain, M. Besson, D. Schoen, C. Magne, 

CNRS – LNC, France 

To determine how and where musical knowledge is represented in the brain, we conducted 

experiments on musical notation using fMRI. Results showed that occipito-temporal and parietal 

brain regions were more activated by reading musical scores than words or numbers. These 

regions may be specifically linked to written music representations. The second series of 

experiments was aimed at directly comparing pitch processing in language and music in both 

adults and children musicians and non-musicians using ERPs. Results show similarities between 

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the two domains in the late ERP effects and some earlier differences, as well as interesting 

differences between musicians and non-musicians. 

1045.2 Spatially and temporally distributed representations of faces, J. Haxby, Green Hall 

Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA 

The neural representation of faces is distributed in space and time. Locally distributed 

representations of faces and other objects are found in ventral and lateral temporal cortex. 

Whereas the ventral temporal representation carries information about face identity, the lateral 

temporal representation carries information about how faces change with movement. The activity 

evoked by faces also extends across other cortical areas, reflecting activation of additional 

information, such as the direction of attention indicated by gaze direction. Neural responses to 

faces are also distributed in time, reflecting a differentiation between early feed-forward 

processing and later processing that is influenced by inter-regional interactions. 

1045.3 Brain electrical correlates of spatial, verbal and object representations, F. Roesler 1 , M. 

Heil 2 , P. Khader 1 , 1 Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany; 2 Institute of Psychology, 

Duesseldorf, Germany 

Slow waves of the EEG show that storage and retrieval of long-term memory (LTM) contents 

produce a material-specific topography which is by and large the same as when similar contents 

have to be manipulated in working memory (WM). Moreover, in both cases, the maximum 

amplitude of each slow wave pattern increases with increasing task demands. In sum, these studies 

not only prove a distinct topography for different representations but also that each topography is 

specifically modulated by the task demands. The congruent topography strongly supports the idea 

that WM and LTM contents are activated within the same cortical areas. 

1045.4 Associative learning signals in the medial temporal lobe, W.A. Suzuki, New York 

University, New York, NY, USA 

To examine the patterns of neural activity during associative memory formation, we trained two 

monkeys to perform a location-scene association task. The activity of individual hippocampal 

neurons was recorded as monkeys learned which one of four identical targets superimposed on a 

complex visual scene was associated with reward (Wirth et al., 2003). Hippocampal neurons 

signaled new learning with dramatic changes in their stimulus-selective response properties. This 

changing neural activity was significantly correlated with the animal’s behavioral learning curve. 

We call these cells “changing” cells. These findings provide new insights into how associative 

learning is represented within the medial temporal lobe. 

1045.5 Adaptive capacities of memory functions, B. Roeder 1 , F. Roesler 2 , H.J. Neville 3 , 

1 University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany; 2 Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany; 

3 

University of Oregon at Eugene, Eugene, OR, USA 

Blind and sighted adults were compared in short- and long-term memory tasks to test if and if yes 

which memory functions are capable to adapt to specific requirements. We found higher 

short-term and long-term memory in the congenitally blind than in the sighted. Behavioral and 

ERP results showed that blind people encode auditory verbal material more efficiently than 

matched sighted controls and that this in turn allows them to recognize theses items with a higher 

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probability. Moreover, blind people’s long-term memory is less susceptible for false recognitions. 

Improved long-term memory for environmental sounds was found in late blind adults as well. 


Nurturing and nourishing the developing brain 

Convener and Chair: B. Lozoff, USA 

1046.1 Trace element deficiencies among Chinese children, Z. Zhao, Zhejiang University, 

Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China 

The major nutritional issues currently affecting Chinese children are micronutrient deficiencies. 

Across China in 2000 anemia was found in 25% and 12% of rural and urban children, respectively. 

Low blood zinc levels occurred in about 36%. In 1995, the prevalence of goiter (iodine deficiency) 

among 8- to 10-year-old children was 20-30% or higher in 10 provinces and in 1999, 8% in 

Shandong Province. In 2000 the prevalence of selenium deficiency was as high as 17% in Tianjing 

(15,578 children aged 1 to 7 years). Although prevalences vary, trace element deficiencies are 

clearly a serious problem in Chinese children. 

1046.2 The effect of early micronutrient deficiencies on brain development, M. Georgieff, 

University of Minnesota, Delaware, Minneapolis, MN, USA 

The human brain is developing rapidly during the late fetal and early postnatal periods. Nutritional 

deficiencies that occur during periods of rapid brain growth are more likely to alter development 

than those occurring during periods of slower growth. Furthermore, certain brain regions are far 

more vulnerable to particular nutrient deficiencies than other areas. The specific neurobehavioral 

sequelae of early nutritional deficiencies of iron, zinc and selenium are now being mapped with 

respect to their short-term (while deficient) and long-term (following repletion) neuroanatomical, 

neurochemical, neurophysiologic and behavioral sequelae using an integrated approach across 

human and animal models. 

1046.3 Zinc deficiency and infant motor and cognitive development, M. Black, University of 

Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA 

Zinc deficiency is a major public health problem that may be relevant to infant development. Zinc 

is present in all cells and plays fundamental roles in cell division and maturation. This presentation 

will examine the relationship between zinc deficiency and infant development by reviewing the 

randomized controlled trials that have been conducted among zinc-deficient infants. Although 

findings have been controversial, there is little evidence linking zinc supplementation to advances 

in motor, mental, or behavioral development. Most investigations relied on global assessments of 

development. Future investigations should include assessments of specific neurocognitive skills 

that may be affected by zinc deficiency. 

1046.4 Iron deficiency in infancy: From behavior to brain and back, B. Lozoff, University of 

Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA 

Iron deficiency is the most common single nutrient disorder in the world. Infants with 

iron-deficiency anemia receive lower mental and motor test scores and show a variety of 

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ehavioral differences (more wary/hesitant, solemn, etc.) Delayed development of the auditory 

and visual systems and differences in spontaneous motor activity and the organization sleep/wake 

states have been observed. Most of the few available preventive trials also report poorer mental, 

motor, and/or affective function in babies who do not receive supplemental iron. Differences 

persist into early adolescence. The findings are consistent with current understanding of the role of 

iron in the developing brain. 

1046.5 Linking nutrition, brain and environment to children’s development: The functional 

isolation hypothesis, T. Wachs, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA 

The Functional Isolation Hypothesis was formulated to integrate the contributions of three known 

influences upon development: nutrition, environment, and brain processes. Within the framework 

of this hypothesis, nutritional deficiencies directly influence brain development, children’s 

involvement with their environment, and the nature of caregiver-child interactions. Brain 

development, environmental involvement, and caregiver-child interactions in turn influence 

development. In this presentation I will review the current status of each of the pathways defining 

the functional isolation hypothesis and discuss the implications of this hypothesis for promoting 

interventions to reduce the developmental risks associated with nutritional deficiencies in 

childhood. 


Contemporary issues in research on memory development 

Convener and Chair: W. Schneider, Germany 

Co-convener: D.F. Bjorklund, USA 

1047.1 The development of young children’s memory strategies: Findings from the Würzburg 

longitudinal study, W.G. Schneider, V. Kron, M. Hünnerkopf, University of Würzburg, 

Würzburg, Germany 

A sample of 100 kindergarten children were first tested on their verbal memory (e.g., memory 

span, sort-recall, and rehearsal strategies) when they were about 6 years of age. These assessments 

were repeated in 6 months intervals. So far, data from 5 measurement points are available. 

Strategic behavior increased as a function of time. Those children who sorted according to 

semantic categories also showed higher levels of cumulative rehearsal and better metamemory, 

when compared to children who did not sort items. Although a few strategy users showed a 

utilization deficiency in that they did not benefit from using an organizational strategy, the 

majority of children benefited considerably from strategy use. 

1047.2 Factors influencing utilization deficiencies in children’s memory performance: A 

microgenetic study, D. Bjorklund 1 , C. Schwenck 2 , W.G. Schneider 2 , 1 Florida Atlantic University, 

Boca Raton, FL, USA; 2 University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany 

213 first and third graders received sort-recall tasks at a baseline followed either by training in 

sorting, clustering, or no-training instructions; transfer of training was assessed 2 weeks later. 

Strategic behavior was more common for third- than for first-graders and for highly-typical than 

for the less-typical materials. The percentages of children classified as utilization deficient (UD) at 

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transfer were 5.9% (first graders, high-typicality), 0% (first graders, low-typicality), 22.4% (third 

graders, high-typicality) and 14.5% (third graders, low-typicality). The higher percentage of UD 

children for third graders and for highly-typical materials was due to the fact that more children in 

these groups showed strategic behavior. 

1047.3 A microgenetic study of strategy use and metamemory, H. Shin, Florida Atlantic 

University, Boca Raton, FL, USA 

A microgenetic design was used to examine changing pattern of 48 first-grade Korean children’s 

strategy use and metamemory. Sort-recall and memory-monitoring tasks (predictions/postdictions) 

were presented in each of 7 weekly sessions. Sessions 1 & 2 were baseline. Session 3 involved 

four types of training including a control condition. Session 4 was a prompted test. Sessions 5, 6, 7 

were transfer-of-training tests. Results showed different patterns between the groups in their recall, 

strategy use, typical errors related to the sort-recall task, but not memory monitoring. The results 

indicated that children’s overestimation of their performance results in a utilization deficiency. 

1047.4 How could teachers influence their students in developing metamemory skills? G. 

Zheng, Institute of Psychology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China 

In an earlier study on metamemory development, it was found that children from different 

countries (i.e., urban Chinese and German) showed little difference in list recall tasks and 

metamemory measures, while there was a significant difference between Chinese urban and rural 

samples. Hypothesized that the explicit and implicit uses of memory strategies should be resulted 

from school quality and practical teaching, a study was conducted to observe the instructions of 

teachers, performance and strategy reports of both students and teachers in memory tasks, and to 

detect how the instructions/teaching should affect Chinese students at different ages and from 

different schools. 

1047.5 On the effects of incentives and feedback on children´s eyewitness memory, C. 

Hernández-Blasi 1 , C.M. Roebers 2 , 1 Universitat Jaume I, Castellón, Spain; 2 Universität Würzburg, 

Würzburg, Germany 

Eighty 6-year-olds, eighty 7-year-olds, and eighty 8-year-olds were shown a short video (7 

minutes), and approximately three weeks later all participants were individually questioned about 

it. There were four different conditions for the questioning: a) Free report (NO incentives and NO 

feedback), b) Immediate Incentives (incentives and feedback), c) Delayed Incentives (incentives 

but NO feedback), and d) Immediate Verbal Feedback (NO incentives but feedback). Results 

showed no differences across conditions when children answered open-ended questions, but 

revealed a significant condition effect when children answered misleading questions. These results 

are interpreted in terms of a combined effect of incentives and feedback.. 


Evaluation research to promote quality at universities 

Convener and Chair: C. Spiel, Austria 

1048.1 Students' evaluations of university teaching, H. Marsh, University of Western Sydney, 

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South NSW, Australia 

Monitoring the quality of university teaching effectiveness is important. Research shows that 

students' evaluations of teaching effectiveness (SETs) are: multidimensional; reliable and stable; 

primarily a function of the instructor who teaches a course rather than the course that is taught; 

relatively valid against a variety of indicators of effective teaching; relatively unaffected by a 

variety of variables hypothesized as potential biases; and useful for faculty as feedback about their 

teaching, for students for course selection, and for administrators for use in personnel decisions. 

The use of a multidimensional SET instrument and an effective feedback intervention can improve 

university teaching. 

1048.2 Evaluation of curricula: Medical education as an example, C. Spiel, B. Schober, R. 

Reimann, M. Atria, University of Vienna, Vienna, Australia 

Systematic evaluation studies which analyze pedagogical goals and their realization are needed to 

provide valid information on how to design or to revise a feasible curriculum. They have to go 

beyond students` ratings of courses and must take multiple perspectives into account. The paper 

describes (1) the ideal evaluation process of curricula and (2) a baseline evaluation of medical 

education in Austria. The study investigated the ideal situation target competencies that should be 

acquired and indicators of the real situation the extent to which these competencies are imparted 

and to what degree students and graduates actually possess them. 

1048.3 Evaluating research at universities, W.W. Wittmann, University of Mannheim, 

Mannheim, Germany 

Evaluating impact and research profiles of universities is more than simply counting publication 

rates or grant-money acquired. The classical ideals of Humboldt, which shaped universities in 

Germany and worldwide synthesizes research and teaching. Today many different stakeholders put 

different demands on universities. A fair evaluation has to account for these interests and the 

related criteria. They have to be organized into a profile, where its overall level, scatter and shape 

is used against benchmarks. A proposal what to include as criteria by Leo Montada is discussed 

and incorporated into a comprehensive evaluation system coined the five data box 

conceptualization. 

1048.4 Evaluation of scientific performance, H. Holling, University of Münster, Münster, 

Germany 

This presentation will describe a comprehensive program for measuring and improving 

performance in academic settings. It is based on a well-known approach called Productivity 

Measurement and Enhancement System (ProMES). This program builds upon a clear theory and 

has been used by research groups in many countries. The results indicate it is a sound 

multi-attribute measurement system and generally improves productivity. We have extended this 

system by incorporating conjoint analysis as a computerized method to measure effectiveness of 

single dimensions as well as overall effectiveness. We demonstrate this method by using an 

application in a university setting. 


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The research on children’s personality 

Convener and Chair: L.Z. Yang, China 

Co-convener: M. Cuskelly, Australia 

1049.1 A study on the personality dimensions of Chinese primary school students based on 

teachers’ perceptions, L.Z. Yang, Y. Zhang, W. Liu, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China 

Based on Chinese primary school teachers’ perceptions, open-ended survey (N=1885), and 

theoretical induction, Chinese pupils’ questionnaire of personality was developed. 1944 children 

aged from 6 to 12 were administered by this questionnaire on 105 primary school teachers’ rating. 

By explorative factor analysis (N=628) and confirmative factor analysis (N=1316), the Chinese 

pupils’ personality structure based on teachers’ rating was acquired, which include 4 dimensions, 

Conscientiousness / Self-control, Intellect, Positive emotionality/ Emotional Stability, Prosocial 

Behavior. And each dimension has its own traits, totally 10. Furthermore, the interrelations of the 

four dimensions and comparisons with “Little Five” in the West were discussed 

1049.2 A cross-cultural examination of the development of self-imposed delay of gratification, 

M. Cuskelly 1 , L.Z. Yang 2 , A. Jobling 1 , W. Liu 2 , A. Zhang 1 , 1 The University of Queensland, 

Australia; 2 Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China 

Self-imposed delay of gratification, using tasks developed by Mischel, was investigated in 87 

Chinese and 42 Australian children between the ages of 40 and 57 months. Although there were no 

differences on maternal reports of children's ability to control their own behaviour, there were 

significant differences between the two groups in their capacity to wait. There were also 

significant differences between groups on a measure of attentional problems. Associations 

between waiting time, attentional problems, and temperament differed across the cultural groups. 

This paper will present hypotheses about these differences and their implications for the 

development of self-regulation in young children. 

1049.3 Research on the relationship between temperament and personality, W. Liu, L.Z. Yang, 

Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China 

With emphasis on the enhancement of people’s quality, research on children’s temperament will be 

of great value in promoting children’s healthy personality. In this study, first we explored the 

relationship between children’s temperament and self-delay of gratification by lab experiments, 

video analysis and questionnaires. Second, the relationship between children’s temperament and 

peer relationship was examined by using Field-Nomination Measure and questionnaire. Third, we 

explored the causal relationships among children’s temperament, parenting and altruism. Results 

showed that children’s temperament has an important influence on their self-delay of gratification, 

peer relationship and altruism. Furthermore, the relationship between temperament and personality 

was discussed. 

1049.4 The development of children’s knowledge of meta-cognitive strategies for delay of 

gratification, S. Yu, L.Z. Yang, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China 

120 children aged from 4 to12 were individually interviewed to investigate the development of 

knowledge of meta-cognitive strategies for delay gratification. The results showed that children’s 

knowledge of meta-cognitions for the delay increased with age and tended to be stable over 

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8-years old, 4-year-old children had not developed effective knowledge for waiting, 5-year-old 

children began to understand the basic roles for delay: cover rather than expose the incentives, and 

engage in task-related rather than hot ideation. As for abstract ideation, children could not 

recognize its efficacy on delay task until 8 years and older. The trends of their development were 

discussed. 

1049.5 Children’s autonomy: Theoretical structure and developmental characteristics, X.Y. Zou, 

L.Z. Yang, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China 

This research adopted the two factors repetitive measure design to study the relation between 

stability and variability of autonomy for children age from 3-5. In this research, Children’s 

autonomy was divided into three dimensions: self-reliance, self-control and self-assertion, which 

established the theoretical structure. The behaviors of 90 children were videotaped in different 

contexts including different task difficulties and situations. The hypotheses were proved: 1) the 

levels of autonomy of children age from 3-5 developed with the increasing of age; 2) autonomy as 

a characteristic had relative stability; 3) the levels of autonomous behaviors of children changed 

with the different contexts. 

1049.6 The study on the structure and characteristics of children’s self-esteem aged 3 to 9, L.H. 

Zhang, L.Z. Yang, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China 

Children’s self-esteem questionnaire was administrated to 700 children aged from 3 to 9 for 

studying its structure and developmental characteristics. We also examined the correlations 

between self-esteem and parenting styles. The results showed that the structure of Chinese 

children’s self-esteem involves three factors, the feeling of importance, feeling of self-acceptance 

and feeling of self-competence. There were significant differences on ages and grades for the 

development of children’s self-esteem. Specifically, children’s self-esteem tends upward from age 

3 to 5, then, tends downward from age 6 to 9. And the critical period of children’s development of 

self-esteem is around 4 years old. 


Psychological basis of trust 

Convener and Chair: J.M. Prieto, Spain 

1050.1 Building trust across cultures, M. Erez, Technion University. Haifa, Israel 

Building trust across cultures has become a key factor in the success of multinational companies 

(MNC), which operate across cultural borders and with a highly diverse workforce. The paper 

analyzes three major barriers to trust building in MNCs: First, cultural diversity that makes it 

difficult to have a shared understanding of the motives of all the participants, and therefore, 

trusting that they all strive towards common goals rather than competing goals. Second, lack of 

familiarity with specific behaviors that may lead to wrong interpretations and wrong attributions. 

Third, certain cultural values are more resistant to trust building than others. 

1050.2 Developing and maintaining trust upon different basis: Implications for cooperation 

monitoring and performance of temporary project teams, A.C. Costa, Technical University Delft, 

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Delft, The Netherlands 

This paper takes a longitudinal approach to the study of trust, a) to distinguish between different 

bases for developing trust within temporary workgroups and to explore how trust between team 

members changes over time; b) to explore the effects of different trust-based relationships to the 

functioning and performance of temporary project teams. An initial sample of 108 students 

grouped into 38 project teams provided data at the beginning and at the end of the project. The 

results support the conceptualization of trust as a multi-component construct composed of 

propensity to trust, perceived trustworthiness, cooperative behaviors and lack of monitoring. 

1050.3 The basis and evolution of trust in relational cultures: Psychological, indigenous, and 

cultural analysis, Y.S. Park 1 , U. Kim 2 , S.M. Lee 1 , 1 Inha University, Incheon, South Korea; 

2 

Chung-ang University, Seoul, South Korea 

This presentation examines the development and evolution of trust in relational cultures using 

indigenous psychological analysis. Trust evolves from close interpersonal relationship and 

expands to a wider circle of relationship. A review of series of qualitative, cross-sectional, and 

longitudinal studies conducted in Korea indicates the strong relational and emotional basis of trust. 

People are trust not because of their ability, rationality, or personality, but because of sacrifice, 

sincerity, and fulfillment of their roles. Rather than the pursuit of self-interest and maximal gain, 

the results indicate maintenance of harmonious and lasting relationship is the basis of trust in 

Korea. 

1050.4 T, Q and L data in the psychological study of trust, J.M. Prieto, Complutense University, 

Madrid, Spain 

Logocentrism is a common temptation in I/O Psychology research when too much emphasis is 

placed on the use of words and questions (Q-data) as a fundamental expression of organizational 

or occupational realities. A way of avoiding this bias is setting up psychological measurements 

grounded on a) occupational tasks used as tests (T data) to scrutinize a climate of trust, non-trust 

or distrust that prevails in a given interpersonal transaction, b) unobtrusive and daily life 

observations (L-data) to scrutinize how a trusting, non-trusting or distrusting mood emerges. This 

research highlights benefits of combining Q, L and T data to avoid logocentrism. 


Psychology’s responses to social issues in Latin America 

Convener and Chair: M. Montero, Venezuela 

1051.1 A new look at the cognitive revolution, W.C. Rodriguez-Arocho, Puerto Rico 

University, San Juan, Puerto Rico 

Recently, important transformations have taken place in cognitive psychology. First, cognitive 

psychologists have been forced to confront the limits of traditional paradigms when it comes to 

modeling and theorizing about meaning. Second, such modeling and theorizing have been 

confronted with the complexity of human subjectivity and the need to address it if some 

meaningful understanding of human cognition is ever to be attained. To these transformations 

underlie the social nature of human cognition and the interpersonal processes by which meanings 

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are created, negotiated and transformed. This exercise is to assess the current status of cognitive 

psychology and project its future. 

1051.2 Participation and empowerment as democratising processes Latin American experiences, 

M. Montero, Venezuela Central University, Caracas, Venezuela 

The principles and basic characteristics of that type of practice carried out in several Latin 

American countries are presented, and by means of a content analysis based on categories 

extracted from published reports of research and interventions of Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa 

Rica, Puerto Rico and Venezuela, the effects of the practice based in a community social 

psychology critical and liberating oriented are discussed. Three aspects are highlighted: 

participation, empowerment and democratisation due to their outstanding role in the processes of 

social transformation achieved by certain communities. Factors obstructing similar outcomes are 

also presented. 

1051.3 Contributions of psychology to education in Puerto Rico, M. Bravo-Corrada, Puerto 

Rico University, San Juan, Puerto Rico 

Educational system in the Caribbean-island of Puerto Rico faces multiple problems, like school 

violence, poor teacher-student relations and low student achievement. Describes efforts by 

psychologists to study or tackle these problems, especially author’s experiences in research and 

evaluation as member of multidisciplinary teams: (1) Longitudinal two-wave survey of children 

11-17 years, to examine effect of positive school environment in protecting from or moderating 

risk for psychopathology in adolescents facing adversity. (2) Evaluation of two projects aiming to 

enhance K-12 students’ math and science learning by improving future teachers’ preparation, and 

empowering in-service teachers, through partnerships between universities and K-12 system. 

1051.4 Challenges and developments of psychology in argentina facing social crisis, S. 

Seidmann, Buenos Aires University, Buenos Aires, Argentina 

The crisis of the neoliberal model brought for Argentina, the breakout of one of the worst 

economical and social crisis of its history, a real institutional break down. The social map changed, 

with a growing population polarization and the daily sinking of thousands of people underneath 

poverty level, not being able to satisfy basic needs. New social problems arose as well, novel 

replies and obstacles, different ways of social protest and diverse groups built up collective social 

movements which Psychology lightens, guides and contributes to social change by discussing 

social order, its historical conditions of producing and reproducing itself. 

1051.5 Contributions of psychology to solving social problems in Latin America: The case of 

Mexico, J. Infante, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Laredo, Mexico 

Latin America countries need to find solutions for social problems impeding their socioeconomic 

development or the fullness of life for their inhabitants. In Mexico, the main such issues are: 

poverty, unemployment, social and domestic violence, addition to drugs, corruption, 

democratization and also, the social consequences of natural catastrophes. The intervention of 

psychologists and psychology embraces different levels and possibilities, assuming that 

subjectivity is a particular dimension in the comprehension of problems and the derived action. 

We analyze the strategic actions performed by psychologists in Mexico in order to solve the 

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problems mentioned above. 


Offenders’ memories of violent crimes 

Convener and Chair: S. Christianson, Sweden 

Co-convener: J. Yuille, Canada 

1052.1 Perpetrators’ memories for violence: Perspectives from a biopsychosocial theory of 

eyewitness memory, J. Yuille, B. Cooper, H. Hervé, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, 

British Columbia, Canada 

As no published theoretical model can explain the variability associated with eyewitness recall, we 

recently developed a biopsychosocial theory of eyewitness memory (Herve, Cooper, Yuille, & 

Daylen, 2002; 2003). This theory suggests that a combination of predisposing (e.g., arousal 

sensitivity, psychopathology), precipitating (e.g., type of event, dissociation), and perpetuating 

(e.g., recall history, context) biopsychosocial variables interact to influence eyewitness recall. 

Perspectives from this theory will be applied to the perpetrator context in an attempt to explain 

how different memorial patterns (e.g., remarkable memories, dissociative amnesia) can manifest 

after similar events. Implications for eyewitness memory research in offenders will be discussed. 

1052.2 Violent offenders’ memories for instrumental and reactive violence, B. Cooper, J. 

Yuille, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada 

Although some research has examined victims’ and witnesses’ memories for violent crimes, little 

research has investigated perpetrators’ memories for their violent crimes. One hundred and fifty 

Canadian, male, violent offenders were interviewed about their past acts of violence. Their 

memories were exhausted with the Yuille Step-Wise investigative interview protocol and state and 

trait variables associated with eyewitness recall were assessed (e.g., delay, rehearsal, dissociation, 

affect, PTSD symptoms, psychopathy). Preliminary findings suggest that acts of instrumental 

violence are remembered better than acts of reactive violence. The results will be discussed in 

terms of implications for cognitive psychology and the criminal justice system. 

1052.3 Psychiatric prison inmates who claim amnesia, M. Cima, K. van Oorsouw, H. 

Merckelbach, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands 

The current study explored characteristics of psychiatric prison inmates who claim amnesia for 

their crimes. We examined differences in intelligence, psychopathology, executive functions, and 

malingering tendencies between psychiatric prison inmates who claimed amnesia (n = 17) and 

those who did not (n = 45). Findings indicate that lowered levels of intelligence, heightened levels 

of antisocial psychopathology, and relatively poor performance on executive tasks accompany 

claims of amnesia. Also, amnesia claims were accompanied with heightened scores on an 

instrument intending to measure malingering. In addition, in two cases the Symptom Validity Test 

(SVT) was administered. Results of these cases will be discussed. 

1052.4 Are amnesic homicide offenders liars? S. Christianson 1 , E. von Vogelsang 2 , H. 

Merckelbach 3 , L. Leander 4 , P.A. Granhag 4 , 1 Stockholms universitet, Stockholm, Sweden; 

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2 3 

National Criminal Investigation Department, Stockholm, Sweden; University of Maastricht, 

Maastricht, The Netherlands; 4 Göteborg University, Göteborg, Sweden 

Previous studies have shown that a large portion of homicide offenders claims a complete or 

partial loss of memory for their crimes. The present paper aim to explore characteristics of 

amnesia for homicide and the issue of whether this is a genuine or feigned memory loss. Empirical 

data will be presented showing that homicide offenders have a strong motivation for feigning 

amnesia and also that their memory loss possesses the typical features of malingered amnesia. 

Data are discussed in relation to expert beliefs and practical implications. 

1052.5 Expectations and claims of amnesia in psychiatric inmates, K. van Oorsouw, M. Cima, 

H. Merckelbach, University of Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands 

Claims of crime-related amnesia can be of different types. The amnesia could be genuine, 

malingered, or based on expectations about memory. The current case study explored whether 

expectations about memory play a role in claims of amnesia in psychiatric prison inmates. Inmates 

who claimed amnesia for their crime (n=2) were given a placebo capsule. However, inmates were 

told that it was a memory-enhancing drug. Prior and after administration memory for the crime 

was tested with a Symptom Validity Test (SVT). In addition several questionnaires were 

administered, measuring the tendency to malinger, cognitive failures, and psychopathy. 

Intelligence was measured with an IQ test. Results will be discussed. 


Applying Career Development Models in Asia 

Convener and Chair: F.T.L. Leong, USA 

Co-convener: M. Savickas, USA 

1053.1 Relations of culture-related variables to career decision-making difficulties: Comparison 

between Korean and American college students, J. Tak 1 , F.T.L. Leong 2 , 1 Kwang Woon University, 

Seoul, Korea; 2 The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA 

The purpose of this study was to examine cultural differences in an area of career decision-making 

difficulties between two different countries, Korea and America, which have two different cultural 

backgrounds, eastern and western. Data were collected from 233 Korean college students and 198 

American college students. Korean students exhibited significantly higher Flexibility, higher 

Harmony, higher Face, lower Independent self-construals, and lower level of Vocational Identity, 

needed more Occupational Information, and felt more Barriers than American students. Also, 

differences were found between Korean and American groups in predicting the three My 

Vocational Situation subscales with the Chinese personality and self-construal subscales. 

1053.2 A causal model for predicting career adaptability of Japanese white color workers, A.M. 

Watanabe-Muraoka 1 , H. Horikoshi 2 , 1 University of Tsukuda, Tokyo, Japan; 2 Fuji zerox, Co., 

Japan 

The purpose of this research was to examine the applicablity of life-span career development 

theory to Japanese adult population. A path model for predicting career adaptability was 

formulated by 9 variables which were assumed as the mid-career developmental tasks. 217 male 

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Japanese white-color workers replied questionnaire. As results of path analysis, the following were 

found as: (1) "enpowerment" was the strongest predictor for career adaptability; (2) "clarification 

of self-image" had indirectly effect via enpowerment; (3) mid-career developmental tasks such as 

"reality test of aspiration" and "generativity" has significant indirect effect via enpowerment; and 

(4) "family role" had no effect. 

1053.3 Career maturity, career decision-making self-efficacy, interdependent self construal, 

locus of control and gender role ideology of adolescents in Hong Kong, W.Y. Wu, L. Mimi, Hong 

Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China 

The study examined a model which scrutinized the influences of three cultural variables, gender 

role ideology, locus of control and interdependent self construal, on career maturity and career 

decision-making self-efficacy in adolescence. The Career Maturity Inventory (CMI), Career 

Decision-making Self-efficacy Scale (CDMSE), Self-Construal Scale (SCS), Rotter 

Internal-External Locus of Control Scale (I-E Scale) and Attitude Toward Women (AWS) were 

administered to a group of about 300 senior high school students in Hong Kong. The results 

partially supported the relationships proposed in the model. Further exploration of career readiness 

of adolescents in Chinese context is recommended. 

1053.4 Locus of control, individualism-collectivism, and self-construal as predictors of career 

indecision in Singapore, F.T.L. Leong 1 , J. Leong 2 , 1 The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, 

USA; 2 National University of Singapore, Singapore 

The purpose of the present study was to assess the correlates of career indecision by examining 

several culture general and culture specific predictors of career indecision problems among 

university students in Singapore. Locus of Control, Individualism-Collectivism, Self-construal 

were chosen as independent variables. Using the CDDQ, it was found that career readiness 

subscale was significantly predicted by Interdependent Self-Construal and Locus of Control. In 

terms of the Lack of Information subscale, once again Interdependent Self-Construal and Locus of 

Control proved to be the significant predictors. The counseling and research implications of these 

findings and other findings will be discussed. 


Ruling elites and ethno-political conflicts 

Convener and Chair: B.M. Jain, India 

Co-convener: P. James, USA 

1054.1 Politico-psychological dimensions of the ethnic and political conflicts in South Asia 

(India, Pakistan, Bangladesh): Conflicting paradigms at work, S.C. Saha, North Canton, OH, 

USA 

Ethnic conflicts and political discords in India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh in recent years need 

investigative analyses. This paper examines several psychological, historical, and political 

paradigms to verify merits of the existing paradigms. South Asian conflicts, mostly political in 

nature, may be gainfully examined from the psycho-political angles so as to obtain a fuller picture 

in a region that has diverse material and psychological problems. I would argue that in South Asia, 

communal/religious conflicts aspire to radicalize, reform, or even take over polities of government 

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in the name of religious traditions thereby confusing myths with realities. Obviously, India, 

Pakistan and Bangladesh have different traditions to deal with. 

1054.2 The role of cultural elites in the ethnic conflicts in post-Soviet area, Y. Bossin, Moscow 

State University, Moscow, Russia 

The collapse of the Soviet Union triggered the rise of ethnic feuds in the former Soviet states. 

Local intellectuals actively promoted ethnic nationalism to replace the Soviet ideology. Local 

cultural elite gaining enormous political influence during the first years of independence however 

failed to handle the power of nationalism in a balanced way. The lack of political culture, 

dislocations in economic sector as well as the weakness of democratic institutions contributed to 

the ethnic conflicts formation and as a result many of the former Soviet states were overtaken by 

protracted ethnic violence. 

1054.3 Invitations to terror? Institutional illegitimacy and the deviant legitimation of religioand 

ethnopolitical violence, J.T. Drummond, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA 

Do governments or ruling elites invite the very terrorism they seek to contain or end? How do 

elites influence the process by which individuals choose to embrace violent means? This paper 

draws upon examples of Euro-American white separatism and anti-state Islamist militancy to 

explain a process of “deviant legitimation” by which individuals come to embrace violence as a 

preferred and subjectively just means to desired ends. Cross-cultural empirical research on the 

social construction and attributions of political and judicial legitimacy is detailed; institutional 

legitimacy is presented as a key component in deviant legitimation. Implications of findings are 

discussed. 

1054.4 The colonial imprint on the political psychology of ruling elite and the ethnic conflict in 

Sri Lanka, V.N. Nithiyanandam, Massey University, Albany Campus, Auckland, New Zealand 

The ongoing ethnic conflict in Sri Lanka has in many respects been the creation of the ruling elite 

in Sri Lanka. Although it had largely been a manifestation of the post-independent era, the 

necessary prelude had evolved during colonial times. The elite in itself was a class formation 

during the colonial rule. The objective of this paper is to first trace its formation and then analyse 

how its ruling psychology had gradually been moulded in ethnic terms. The paper will 

demonstrate how sociopolitical as well as socioeconomic forces have influenced the overriding 

importance given to (Sinhalese) ethnicity leading towards a conflict situation. 

1054.5 Ethno-religious conflicts and civilian intervention in South Asia: In the context of India 

and Pakistan, B.M. Jain 1 , P. James 2 , 1 University of Rajasthan, Jawahar Nagar, India; 2 University 

of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA 

This paper is an attempt to examine the phenomenon of ethno-religious conflicts in the context of 

India and Pakistan by tracing its origin in their domestic settings in a comparative perspective. I 

have attempted to understand the dynamics of ethno-religious conflicts within the psycho-cultural 

paradigm by examining a host of questions. These include. To what extent is the issue of cultural 

identity linked to ethno-religious conflicts? What are the political correlates behind the ongoing 

violent conflict in India and Pakistan? Why have state regimes in India and Pakistan failed to deal 

with communal violence? Finally, I have proposed civilian intervention as an alternative to the 

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conflict management. 

1054.6 The peace process in Sri Lanka: The role of elités, psychological factors and 

determinants, A. Bullion, Kent, UK 

This paper explores the motivations and rationale behind Norway's involvement in the Sri Lankan 

peace process in the face of so many complexities. It will also examine issues such as the 

complexities of third-party involvement in ethnic conflicts, the practical, philosophical and 

psychological differences between facilitation and mediation, and whether, as in Israel/Palestine 

and other peace processes where Norway has become a player, this is really provides a potential 

method of achieving a lasting and viable solution in Sri Lanka. It will draw on psychological 

theory to examine these processes. The psychodynamic effects of the conflict on the civilian 

population will also be addressed 

1054.7 Cognitive decision-making and rational choice in an integrated framework: 

Understanding international crises for China and the gulf states, P. James 1 , E. Zhang 1 , C.C. 

James 2 , 1 University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA; 2 Stephens College, Columbia, MO, USA 

This paper is an attempt to assess, using aggregate data from the International Crisis Behavior 

Project, the Poliheuristic Theory (PT) of foreign policy decision-making. PT is adopted as an 

integrated approach that makes use of both cognitive and rational choice modeling in developing a 

framework for analysis. China is selected for comparison to Israel and a small sample of Gulf 

states with regard to crisis decision-making. The main substantive question to be answered is this 

one: How does the degree of uniqueness of China, in comparison with other states foreign policy 

crises, affect its foreign policy decision-making and consequences from its actions in times of 

crisis? 


Sandplay therapy 

Convener and Chair: Y. Okada, Japan 

1055.1 Sandplay therapy, a non-verbal approach for affect regulation of SED children, S. 

Taki-Reece, Los Angeles, CA, USA 

In working with children categorized as Severely Emotionally Disturbed for the past 25 years, the 

author has learned the effectiveness of Sandplay Therapy a Jungian-oriented non-verbal modality 

for this population. The difficulty of treating these children and their families has been well 

documented in the United States as well as in Japan. This presentation includes slides of children’s 

work which illustrate processes of affect regulation; from explosive aggression and chaotic scenes 

to centered and organized worlds of self-healing and transformation. 

1055.2 Inner exploration through sandplay terapy, S.R. Shepherd, Kyoto Bunkyo University, 

Nara, Japan 

This presentation will introduce the Sandplay method and demonstrate its effectiveness in 

understanding the client’s inner world, his external situation, and his relationship to both the 

unconscious and the social community. Effective with both children and adults, in Sandplay the 

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client’s difficulty, as well as the direction toward its resolution, is expressed imaginally in the sand. 

A well-trained Sandplay therapist can read this imaginal language and facilitate the client’s 

journey toward healing. Case material from the United States and Japan will be included in this 

presentation. 

1055.3 Sandplay therapy in China, L.N. Geng, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China 

In 1997, Professor Risheng Zhang introduced Sandplay Therapy to Beijing Normal University. 

Subsequently, research on this topic was also begun in other universities, such as Hebei University. 

The Sandplay method was gradually acknowledged and applied in China from the time of 

Professor Risheng Zhang’s introduction. Yet, it is still in a preliminary stage. Currently, the most 

important problem is to integrate Sandplay with other models of psychological health and 

psychotherapy, and to find the model that is attuned to China’s situation. 

1055.4 Psychotherapeutic training using sandplay therapy, Y. Okada, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 

Japan 

One method of training psychotherapists called Narrative Sandplay through the use of sandplay as 

a means to amplify images was introduced. There are two steps in this training. Firstly, a 

psychotherapist creates a sandpicture and makes a story about their scene. Secondly, other 

psychotherapists create stories about the first therapist’s sandplay, thinking of the tray as a scene 

from the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT). Stories are also made. We show slides of each picture 

and explain the use of the various figures. Small groups are formed and discussed the stories. 

Hearing stories helps further the understanding of all the group members. 


Sex and sexuality around the world Part 2: HIV prevention: Examples of programs and best 

practices in different parts of the world 

Convener and Chair: S. Pick, Mexico 

Co-convener: X.M. Li, USA 

1056.1 The relationship between mobility and sexual risk behaviors among young migrants in 

Beijing, X.Y. Fang, Institute of Developmental Psychology Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 

China 

The current study was designed to examine the relationship between mobility and sexual risk 

behavior among young migrants in Beijing. About 2000 rural-to-urban migrants recruited using 

“quota-sampling” of occupational group in Beijing were administered an anonymous 

questionnaire, including history and pattern of migration (e.g., years of migration, numbers of 

cities migrants have stayed, length of stay in Beijing etc.) and sexual risk behaviors (e.g., multiple 

sexual partner, unprotected sexual behavior etc.). 

1056.2 HIV/AIDS prevention with hard to reach rural populations, T. Venguer, P. Merlo, S. 

Pick, Instituto Mexicano de Investigación de Familia y Población, México 

The rates of HIV/AIDS are increasing in hard to reach rural areas in different parts of the world. 

Precisely due to the remoteness of these villages and the difficulty in reaching them it is difficult 

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to have precise statistics as to how large the problem is. Yet there is extensive informal data which 

points in this direction. This presentation will focus on the development and results of training 

program directed at rural shopkeepers. Based on formative research a program and educational 

and promotional materials were developed in order to train them to become promoters of HIV 

prevention. The role of advocacy and dissemination with different community members will also 

be explained. 

1056.3 Refugees: Reproductive rights, responsible parenthood and mental health, N. 

Kapor-Stanulovic, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia Montenegro 

About 11% of the population of Vojvodina, a province of Serbia and Montenegro (formerly 

Yugoslavia), are refugees. Although they share the same ethnic background, language, and legal 

rights as the local inhabitants, their reproductive rights and life circumstances are often 

dramatically different. Typically, refugee women hold low level jobs, usually without social 

benefits. Pregnancy can result in job loss. Reproductive services are seldom readily available; 

neither is access to informal channels of communication. Modern contraceptives are too expensive. 

Abortion remains the most frequent method of fertility regulation. The impact on family size, 

responsible parenthood, and mental health will be discussed. 

1056.4 Perceptions of HIV-related policies among persons living with HIV, R. Klitzman, 

Columbia University, New York, NY, USA 

Policies of partner notification, name-based HIV case reporting, and criminalization of 

non-disclosure of HIV-positive status to sexual partners cause controversy in HIV-prevention 

efforts. Yet the views of persons with HIV toward these policies have received little study. The 

study discussed showed opposition to name-based reporting, but support for partner notification 

and criminalization of non-disclosure. Reasons included perceived public health benefits and costs; 

concerns about threats to privacy and civil rights; mistrust of government; belief that prevention is 

not the government’s responsibility; and concerns about the impact of disclosure and notification 

policies on relationships. Misperceptions and confusion influence these attitudes, revealing a need 

for education campaigns. In conclusion, in determining policies, the views of those most affected 

must be assessed. 

1056.5 Changing HIV Risk Behavior, J.D. Fisher, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA 

Most attempts to change HIV risk behavior have been atheoretical, and few have been rigorously 

evaluated. his presentation focuses on a theoretical framework, the 

Information-Motivation-Behavioral Skills Model of HIV risk and prevention, which has been 

rigorously tested and received significant empirical support. It proposes that HIV risk behavior is 

often caused by weaknesses in HIV-prevention information, motivation, and behavioral skills, and 

that targeted interventions to remediate these deficits produce sustained increases in HIV 

prevention. Furthermore, it proposes three necessary steps for designing, implementing, and 

evaluating effective interventions: first, elicitation research to identify deficits in 

population-specific HIV-prevention information, motivation, behavioral skills, and HIV risk 

behavior; second, implementation of targeted, population-specific interventions; and third, 

rigorous evaluation-outcome research. 

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1056.6 The scope for transfer of intervention programs across cultures, Y.H. Poortinga, Tilburg 

University, Tilburg, The Netherlands 

Transfer presumes that concepts/variables are cross-culturally equivalent (i.e., concepts can be 

defined and measured the same way across cultures). Following a framework of Pick, Poortinga, 

and Givaudan (2003) equivalence of three kinds of variables is examined: context variables (e.g., 

GNP, level of education, social values), person characteristics, and situation variables 

(conventions and practices). Evidence of equivalence of context and person characteristics makes 

transfer of program structure and areas of content a promising strategy. Situations in part will be 

inequivalent and this implies conditions for program adaptation, including manuals allowing local 

reconstruction of program topics, training of local facilitators, trial runs, etc. In addition, 

intervention has political aspects that have to be resolved in interactions with clients and their 

representatives. 


Olympic games and athletes development 

Convener and Chair: L.W. Zhang, China 

1057.1 Commission bias among elite soccer goalkeepers: The case of penalty kicks, M. 

Bar-Eli 1 , I. Ritov 2 , 1 Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, and Wingate Institute for 

Sport and Physical Education, Israel; 2 School of Education, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel 

In this investigation, the behavior of soccer goalkeepers during penalty kicks was studied. The 

distribution of penalty kicks and goalkeepers’ jumps was found to be substantially different for 

306 (251 international and 55 Israeli) televised kicks in elite soccer. Subsequently, 21 Israeli elite 

goalkeepers were investigated for their (a) perceived distribution of penalty kicks; (b) satisfaction 

from the outcome of kicks. Results indicated (a) accurate perception of height, but substantial 

underestimation of kicks shot to the goal’s center; (b) satisfaction from positive outcomes. Results 

are interpreted in terms of “confirmation”- or “justification”-biases, and “commission”-bias, to be 

validated in future research. 

1057.2 Dimensions of perfectionism in sport: Adaptive or maladaptive? P.H.B. Lee, Nanyang 

Technological University, Singapore 

Perfectionism has been linked with maladaptive behaviours such as depression, high anxiety, and 

obsessive-compulsiveness. In sport, coaches and researchers have indicated that athletes exhibit 

adaptive perfectionist tendencies. However, few studies have examined such tendencies, or 

examined them from the perspective of identified perfectionists. This presentation focuses on the 

findings of two studies, one quantitative and one qualitative, which indicate a positive correlation 

between perfectionism and sport-specific psychological skills. Further, identified perfectionist 

athletes share their views of their perfectionist behaviours, and how these are either adaptive or 

maladaptive in sport. Implications for further research are suggested. 

1057.3 Measuring imagery ability in Olympic athletes, T. Morris, T. Watt, Victoria University 

of Technology, Melbourne, Australia 

Imagery is the psychological technique most widely used by Olympic athletes (De Francesco & 

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Burke, 1997). Used incorrectly, imagery can have detrimental effects (Woolfolk, Parrish, & 

Murphy, 1985). Unless imagery ability is checked beforehand, sport psychologists risk providing 

inappropriate imagery programs to Olympic athletes. In this paper, we describe the development, 

validation, and use of the Sport Imagery Ability Measure (SIAM). We discuss ways in which the 

SIAM enhances the design of imagery programs and the writing of imagery scripts that are 

customised to each elite athlete, stressing the need for imagery ability measurement in research. 

1057.4 Mental fatigue in athletic training: A developing process, L.W. Zhang, F.L. Liu, Beijing 

Sport University, Beijing, China 

The present investigation explored symptoms, nature and causes of mental fatigue manifested in 

athletic training. The participants were Chinese elite athletes from different sports. The root theory 

(Chen, 2000) and qualitative approach were used to analyze the information from an interview 

study and an open-ended questionnaire investigation. It was proposed that different from popular 

conceptualization of burnout and staleness in industrial, educational and sport psychology, mental 

fatigue should not be regarded as an ending result but gradually changing process that develops 

with athletic training for long time and displays different characteristics in different stages. Coping 

strategies were also proposed. 


Knowledge management in the learning organizations 

Convener and Chair: S. Bhargava, India 

1058.1 A conceptual analysis of knowledge workers and management: Where are we now? M. 

Dhargalkar, S. Bhargava, Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay, India 

Scholars defined knowledge management depending on their research interest, methodological 

orientation, and school of thought. One could differentiate knowledge-work from conventional 

work on the basis of thinking process, other mental work involved, and outcome. Paper addressed 

a question should organizations nurture and develop in the same way or differently to all kinds of 

knowledge workers. Command of task, quality of output, efficiency in delivery, cost effectiveness, 

accountability, and responsibility for the outputs could be used to classify knowledge workers. 

Paper concludes that effectiveness of knowledge workers would not depend on mental skills only 

but also on ability to make a balance between personal life and work. 

1058.2 Challenges of management of knowledge workers in 21st century organizations in 

developing nations, S. Bhargava, Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay, India 

How to adapt to today’s rapidly changing world has become a major challenge to the management 

Gurus? Evidences are that adaptation to change is positively related to the potentiality to share 

knowledge. Today, organizations focus on strengthening their human capital, the core of 

knowledge management, for achieving excellence by creating a culture that could provide people 

financial, personal, and societal satisfaction. Paper discussed the behavioral, interpersonal, 

inter-group, social, legal, political, and even mind-set of top management problems that come on 

the way of implementation and lead to only routine outcome. It also put forward strategic agenda, 

which organizations could consider implementing. 

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1058.3 Creativity and innovation in the learning organizations, S. Gupta, S. Bhargava, Indian 

Institute of Technology, Bombay, India 

Knowledge depreciates and sometimes becomes outdated. Therefore, creativity has to be an 

integral part of knowledge workers with the emergence of new business realities, emerging global 

market, increasing involvement of the developing nations in new areas, and development of 

advanced technologies. Demand of creative people has gone up beyond imagination in the last 

decades because it is only they who could face the challenges of knowledge-based jobs. Some 

organizations are able to identify the hidden talent of their people and forcing them to be creative, 

while many not. Paper discussed the forces that come on their way to manage creative people. 

1058.4 Facilitators and inhibitors of knowledge management practices in a learning 

organization, N. Kohli, University of Allahabad, Allahabad, India 

Applying a case study, an attempt has been made to identify the facilitators and inhibitors of 

knowledge management (KM) practices in a large learning organization of India. A questionnaire 

consisting 44 statements was prepared and given for rating the dimensions of organizational 

learning like shared vision, systems thinking, personal mastery, mental models, and team learning 

on a 5-point scale to the knowledge workers (N=141). KM vendors and users perceived structural, 

behavioral, and management problems in the process of effective implementation of KM practices, 

which are discussed. Facilitators and inhibitors related to cultural context, hierarchical system, 

aging, mind-set, and attitudes were found crucial. 

1058.5 Improving work environment innovativeness and knowledge sharing in a professional 

government organization, J.P. Schepers 1 , P.T. van den Berg 2 , 1 Ministry of Transport Public 

Works and Water Management, Tilburg, The Netherlands; 2 Tilburg University, The Netherlands 

To survive, and excel in the globe, professional organizations today have to foster their 

innovativeness through knowledge sharing. Present study focused on individual-level variables of 

work environment innovativeness, and knowledge sharing to investigate inter-relationship 

between these variables along with perception of organizational culture, participation, and 

procedural justice. A questionnaire, above mentioned variables, was administered on 154 

employees of a technical professional government organization. The hierarchic regression 

analyses and structural equations modeling showed that work environment innovativeness and 

knowledge sharing were affected by the perception of organizational culture, participation, and 

procedural justice. Paper discussed the findings and their implications. 


Psychological support and disaster psychology throughout the world 

Convener and Chair: G.A. Jacobs, USA 

1059.1 Psychosocial support program in Turkey, B. Aydin, International Federation of Red 

Cross and Red Crescent Societies, Ankara, Turkey 

Turkey has a history of natural disasters and complex emergencies. Since the 1999 earthquake, the 

Federation, in conjunction with the Turkish Red Crescent Society, has provided psychosocial 

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programs in the form of “community centers” developed in the earthquake-affected areas. These 

provide a wide range of services benefiting local communities. Psychosocial capacity building 

includes support to the beneficiaries’ and disaster relief workers’ emotional, psychological, and 

behavioral needs. A practical application of this approach was undertaken during the response to 

the Bingol earthquake in May 2003 and in preparations for the Iraqi crisis. 

1059.2 Community psychosocial response to traumatic experiences in Kenya, D. Ndetei 1 , R. 

Kasina 2 , 1 Mental Health Africa, Kenya; 2 Amani Counselling Centre & Training Institute, Nairobi, 

Kenya 

Kenya has had various disasters: terrorism, natural disorders (floods, droughts, mudslides), 

political violence, transport related disasters, domestic violence, rape, arson etc. Until the 1998 

USA Embassy bombing in Nairobi, Kenya did not have organized disaster response programmes. 

Since then the following have been put in place: (a) Rescue operation involving governmental and 

non-governmental organizations (b) Psychosocial responses: Public lay education on Disaster; 

Capacity Building; Multi-disciplinary professional approach. 

1059.3 Development of psychological support program in Japan, J. Maeda, Muroran Institute 

of Technology, Muroran, Japan 

Japan Red Cross Society (JRCS) have been experiencing several domestic disasters needed 

psychological support for affected people and medical relief members. After Hanshin-Awaji 

earthquake, JRCS researched the mental state of the affected people systematically. Based this, 

JRCS originally planned psychological support scheme. In the occasion of Mt.Usu Eruption,2000, 

JRCS carried out this projects. JRCS presumed psychological support to be one of the main theme 

of domestic relief activity, and began to train 120 people as leader of psychological support from 

2003 cooperated with IRCS. At present, education to relief members and volunteers and practical 

application is subjects 

1059.4 Psychological support program in Iceland, S. Thormar, Leiden University, Rhoon, The 

Netherlands 

After avalanches in Iceland devastated two villages, killing 60, the Icelandic Red Cross developed 

a new strategy. This involved giving communities back their supporting power so they could 

develop and strengthen their own resources. The Red Cross established a network of Mental 

Health Professionals throughout the country, which served as trainers of Psychological support as 

well as Crisis Intervention Teams. These teams have now become part of the National Civil 

Defense plan and work in co-operation with the Icelandic Health Care System. Working closely 

with Red Cross branches. 

1059.5 Development of disaster mental health in the USA, G.A. Jacobs, The University of 

South Dakota, Vermillion, SD, USA 

A series of three major disasters in 1989 led the American Red Cross in 1991 to introduce Disaster 

Mental Health Services as a part of its overall disaster relief program. The services are offered by 

licensed mental health professionals and are limited in scope, consisting of clinical activities 

(crisis intervention, debriefing, and defusing) and psychological support activities (education, 

problem solving, advocacy, and referral). More than 90% of providers are volunteers. The 

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presentation will describe the strategy for service delivery in the present model, including 

examples from major disaster responses, and possible directions for future development and 

evolution. 


Acculturation symposium 2: Contexts of adaptation 

Convener and Chair: F. Rudmin, Norway 

Co-convener: U. Kim, Korea 

1060.1 Acculturation in families: Acculturation gaps between children and parents, D. Birman, 

J. Trickett, J. Ho, I. Persky, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA 

“Acculturative gaps” refer to differences in acculturation between parents and children, and are 

thought to contribute to difficulties for immigrants and refugees. However little empirical 

literature has documented the nature of such gaps, or their implications for family adjustment. 

Further, many of the problems in measurement of acculturation more generally are reflected in this 

literature on acculturation gaps, making it difficult to understand the nature of the phenomenon 

and its implications. This paper will illustrate these issues with data collected from parents and 

adolescents from former Soviet (N=130) and Vietnamese (N=120) refugee families resettled in the 

U.S. 

1060.2 Ethnic group adaptation and individual resilience in relation to acculturation specific 

stress, B. Oppedal 1 , E. Røysamb 1 , S. Heyerdahl 2 , 1 Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, 

Norway; 2 Regional Center for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Oslo, Norway 

We will present findings on variation in resilience and vulnerability among immigrant adolescents 

who are at high risk of mental health problems as they report high level of both perceived 

discrimination and ethnic identity crisis. Resilience is conceptualized as high risk youth reporting 

low level of psychiatric problems, whereas vulnerable youth report high risk and high level of 

symptoms. The study is based on questionnaire data from the Oslo Health Study 2001-2002 

among all 10th graders in Oslo. 1779 students had two immigrant parents. 362 students from 

Turkey, India, Somalia, and Vietnam are the sample frame of our study. 

1060.3 “USAian” acculturation in Brazil, J. Ciancio 1 , B. Tróccoli 2 , 1 Universidade de Brasília, 

Brasília, DF, Brasil; 2 University of Brasilia, Brazil 

The acculturation of “United Statesians” in Brazil is considered to be directly caused by attitudes 

towards Brazilian language and culture, adaptation to Brazilian culture, and life-style. A structural 

equation model (SEM) analysis reveals an excellent fit of the model to the data obtained from the 

responses of 93 United States residents living in Brazil (P2 = 1.44; P=0.49; GFI =0.99; CFI = 1.0; 

RMSEA = 0.0). These results correspond to the theories of acculturation and second language 

acquisition proposed by Schumann (1976) and Brown (1980), and the theory of motivation 

proposed by Gardner & Lambert (1972). 

1060.4 The adaptation of mainland Chinese postgraduate students to the University of Hong 

Kong, M. Zeng, D. Watkins, University of Hong Kong, China 

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This study of adaptation of sojourners in a sibling cultural setting, namely, mainland 103 Chinese 

students at the University of Hong Kong, used satisfaction of their experiences and the likelihood 

of their persistence as the indicators of their adaptation in a model linking various background 

variables, academic and social integration to adaptation. Results indicated that academic 

integration was more strongly related than social integration to their satisfaction and likely 

persistence in post-graduate study at this university. Among the background variables, only 

motivation and Cantonese but not English language skills showed significant correlations with 

postgraduate students’ academic and social integrations. 

1060.5 Acculturation and mental health among second or later generation Chinese-Americans, 

A.Y.Y. Hui, The Wright Institute, Oakland, CA, USA 

This presentation explores acculturation and cultural identity among second or later generation 

Chinese Americans. In-depth qualitative interviews were conducted with 25 American-born 

Chinese. Participants included approximately equal numbers of men and women from their early 

teens to mid-thirties. Interview questions focused on participants’ experiences growing up in 

America, acculturation, their multiple cultural identities, experiences with discrimination, and 

general mental health. The interviews also addressed the relationship between mental health 

service utilization and degree of acculturation. Discussion focuses on the Chinese-American 

experience of feeling torn between two cultures and its impact on mental health. 


Culture and children's intelligence: Cross-cultural analysis of the WISC-III 

Convener and Chair: J. Georgas, Greece 

1061.1 Cross-cultural psychology, intelligence and cognitive processes, J. Georgas, The 

University of Athens, Athens, Greece 

The WISC-III was analyzed cross-culturally, based on the standardization data of 15,999 children 

from 16 countries: USA, Canada, Britain, Austria, Germany and Switzerland, France and French 

Speaking Belgium, the Netherlands and Flemish Speaking Belgium, Greece, Sweden, Lithuania, 

Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan. The hypotheses were: (1) the degree to which there are 

universals in cognitive processes across cultures, (2) the degree to which there are variations in the 

cognitive processes due to specific cultural influences, and (3) the degree to which there are 

differences in mean scores across cultures on the WISC-III subtests, FSIQ, VIQ, PIQ, and Index 

scores. 

1061.2 The WISC-III: History and contemporary cross-cultural perspectives, D.H. Saklofske, 

University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada 

This presentation will outline both the history of the development of the Wechsler test for 

assessing children's intelligence and the current use of these tests in 16 countries. The influences 

and experiences that led David Wechsler to produce the Wechsler Bellevue scale in 1939 will be 

examined. Factors that resulted in subsequent scale revisions culminating in the WISC-III will be 

described along with an analysis of current status of this test. An overview of the standardization 

studies and clinical use of the WISC-III in the 16 countries included in our recent research study 

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will allow for a cross-cultural evaluation of the test. Of particular relevance are the changes 

required to adapt and standardize the WISC-III in culturally and linguistically unique countries 

while preserving the integrity of the test. 

1061.3 A cross-cultural analysis of the WISC-III, F. van de Vijver, Tilburg University, Tilburg, 


This paper presents a cross-cultural analysis of the WISC-III, based on 12 standardization 

data-sets from 16 countries (N = 15,999). The WISC-III showed a remarkable similarity in factor 

structure across the countries. The next analysis compared the Subtest scores, the factor-based 

Index scores, and the Full-Scale IQ, Verbal IQ and Performance IQ across the countries. A 

comparison of the mean scores showed remarkably small differences. The final analysis explored 

the relationships between these average scores at the country level and the ecocultural indices of 

Affluence and Education. Education showed slightly smaller correlations with IQ scores than 

Affluence did. 

1061.4 How to evaluate immigrant children in the USA using foreign versions of WISC-III, L.G. 

Weiss, The Psychological Corporation, San Antonio, Texas, USA 

Many urban school districts in the United States enroll immigrant students that speak dozens of 

languages. Psychologists are faced with few adequate alternatives for assessing the verbal and 

overall cognitive abilities of these students. This presentation will address the appropriate and 

ethical use of valid international editions with children who have recently immigrated. Data 

related to SES and racial /ethnic differences in FSIQ will be presented within and between 

countries for both WISC-III and WISC-IV. Finally, the status of several international 

standardization projects will be reviewed, including Australia, England, English speaking Canada, 

French speaking Canada, and Spanish speaking United States. 

1063 POSTER 

Attention and perception 

1063.1 The information transportation mode of brain: A possible attention theory, Fei Peng, 

Shanxi Normal University, China 

This paper considers the brain as computer system in terms of information processing. It states the 

theory of information transportation ways according to the existing research results of 

neurophysiology. This theory utilize the theory that the information transportation system of brain 

has double ways to demonstrate information feedback has an essential function in the process of 

attention and attention is a process that the brain system chooses and processes information 

attaining from the sensor. 

1063.2 The exposure duration’s effect on the attention blink, Feng Du 1 , Liezhong Ge 2 , Kan 

Zhang 1 , 1 Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China; 2 Zhejiang Institute of 

Science and Technology, China 

Two experiments focus on the relationship between the exposure duration(ED) and the Attention 

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Blink (AB). It was found in the first experiment that the magnitude of AB trailed off as the ED 

became longer. The SOA had similar effect on the AB as the ED had. And the interactive effect 

between SOA and ED is significant either. The second experiment replicated the results pattern of 

the experiment one and found no accelerated responses to first target as ED become longer. This 

indicated that the ED effect found in forenamed experiments is not caused by speed-up response to 

the first target. 

1063.3 Age-related differences of attention allocation and selective attention, Ting Luo 1 , 

Shulan Jiao 2 , 1 Industrial Design Center, Legend Group LTD., China; 2 Institute of Psychology, 

Chinese Academy of Sciences, China 

To explore the age-related difference of attention, this study compared the attention abilities of 

younger adults with that of older adults in attention allocation and selective attention. Data 

collected from 60 younger adults and 50 older adults indicated that there was no significant 

age-related difference in attention allocation. Although attention resource of older adults is not 

critical for the allocation task, significant age-related difference was found in selective attention 

between younger and older adults, thus the influence of attention to recognition aging might come 

from the decline of the selective attention, rather than from the decrease of attention resource. 

1063.4 The principle of good continuation in space and time can guide visual search even in 

absence of spatial priming or contextual cueing, Gianluca Campana, Casco Clara, Fuggetta 

Giorgio, Chelazzi Leonardo, Universita' di Verona, Italy 

Repeating the same target feature or position can improve its discrimination. Repeating the same 

distractors features or configuration can also improve target detection. Manipulating the sequential 

structure of target position across trials we found that facilitation in visual search occurs when the 

target appears in an implicitly expected position, according to the rule of good continuation of 

target’s successive positions across trials. These results are not merely due to spatial priming 

(since facilitation also occurs for positions far from those recently occupied by the target), nor to 

distractors contextual cueing (since target and distractors relative positions are kept constant). 

1063.5 Exploration of the action monitoring system by error-related brain negativity (ERN) and 

error-related eyeblink (ERE). Naho Ichikawa, Hideki Ohira, Nagoya University, Japan 

The action monitoring system has been examined mainly by the error-related negativity (ERN), 

which is the component of event-related brain potential. On the other hand, the eyeblink activity 

has been studied as an index of higher nervous processes, including attention, and emotion. To 

investigate relationship between the ERN and the temporal distribution of eyeblinks during 

monitoring of error and one’s action, we measured ERN and eyeblink simultaneously during an 

Eriksen flanker task and observed results were compared. 

1063.6 Early scale effect of the visual spatial attention and hemisphere superiority, Weiqun 

Song, Yuejia Luo, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China 

The visual attention mechanism in the brain was studied among 16 young subjects through the 

precue-target visual search paradigm by ERP technique, with the attentive ranges cued by different 

scales of Chinese characters. The results showed the amplitudes of P1 and N1 components of 

event-related potentials increased with the reduction of the cue scale. These results indicated that 

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tactile T2), however no lag-1 sparing was found. 

1063.11 Visual search and encirclement effect, Joey Cham, Anthony Hayes, The University of 

Hong Kong, China 

Orientation has long been known as an “efficient search” visual property -- the dependence 

between number of presented items and reaction time is very small. Two prominent visual search 

models, Feature Integration Theory and Guided Search, predict efficient performance when the 

only difference between target and distractor is a basic feature; for example, orientation. We report 

an exception to this prediction -- dependence is found when oriented line-segment stimulus items, 

both target and distractor, are circled. We investigated orientation masking as an explanation for 

encirclement-induced dependence. 

1063.12 Inhibition of prepotent behavior in children with attention-deficit / hyperactivity 

disorder (ADHD) during the stop task, Chie Sakajiri 1 , Shinji Okazaki 1 , Hisao Maekawa 1 , 

Satoshi Futakami 2 , 1 University of Tsukuba, Japan; 2 Nippon Telegraph and Telephone East 

Corporation, Izu Medical Center, Japan 

Inhibitory control of children with ADHD was examined using modified Stop task. We compared 

results of modified Stop task to that of original Stop task (Logan & Cowan, 1994). In modified 

Stop task, stop signals were presented precede the mean reaction time that measured in the 

selective reaction time task. As a result, inhibition rate on stop signal in modified Stop task was 

higher than that in original Stop task. The results indicated that children were predictable onset of 

the stop signal, and suggested that inhibitory control of children with ADHD might divide ADHD 

into several subtypes. 

1063.13 Temporal characteristics of inhibition of return in children, Lintao Fu 1 , Kesong Hu 2 , 

Yan Bao 2 , 1 Beijing Normal University; 2 Peking University, China 

Inhibition of return (IOR) occurs when people are slower to respond to targets at a previously 

attended location. This phenomenon has been shown to occur not only in adults, but also in 

children. However, few studies explored the temporal characteristics of IOR in children. The 

present study systematically examined the inhibitory effects on detection task at a relatively long 

range of cue-target intervals in children aged from 6 to 9 years old. The data revealed a different 

temporal window of IOR for children as compared to young adults. Possible reasons underlying 

the temporal aspects of IOR in children are discussed. 

1063.14 Effects of cueing time on inhibition of return, Jianzhong Zhou 1 , Yan Bao 2 , Su Wang 2 , 

1 2 

Beijing Normal University, China; Peking University, China 

The cue-target stimulus-onset-asynchrony (SOA) is a critical factor to observe inhibition of return 

(IOR), a phenomenon that refers to an attentional bias towards novel locations. The present study 

examined the IOR effects by manipulating the ratio of the peripheral to the central cueing time 

while keeping the time between the cues, the time between the central cue and the target, and the 

total SOA between the peripheral cue and the target fixed. Results show that the magnitude of IOR 

increases when the peripheral cueing time becomes longer than the central cueing time. A Possible 

mechanism underlying this effect is discussed. 

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1063.15 The interference effect of different scale on visual spatial attention, Weiqun Song, 

Yuejia Luo, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China 

The dynamic brain mechanisms on the visual spatial attention affected by different scale 

interference were investigated by with “precue-target” visual search paradigm of event-related 

potentials (ERPs) in normal youth subjects. The results showed that the posterior P1 amplitude 

evoked by target stimuli was larger when distractors were inside the cue range. However, the 

posterior N1 and anterior N1 were smaller than that the distractors out of the cue range. These 

indicated that the distribution of visual spatial attention not only increased the capacity of attentive 

range but also weakened the interference out of the attentive rang. 

1063.16 Attentional characteristics for moving stimulus in an orderly manner, Tomoki Ohashi, 

Miyagi Gakuin Women's University, Japan 

For investigating the characteristics of the attentional spotlight moving, most of the studies 

concerned to examine how the attentional spotlight moves between two locations. In this study, we 

conducted three examinations for investigating how the attentional spotlight allocates for the 

moving stimulus in an orderly manner. For this purpose, we developed a new experimental 

procedure that a pre-cue was moved regularly on a virtual circle as apparent motion stimulus. 

Simple-RT and discrimination-RT were measured for detecting/discriminating a target presented 

after the movement of the pre-cue. Results indicated the saliency of the stimulus was calculated 

based on the movement direction. 

1063.17 The meanings of Chinese characters affect the illusory conjunction under different task 

conditions, Juan Liang, Zhicheng Jin, Wencun Wu, South China Normal University 

This article is to investigate the effect of different kinds of Chinese characters on the illusory 

conjunction. There’re two types of task conditions: single-task, dual-task; and two kinds of 

characters: color-word, location-word; and three sorts of probe words: identical, feature and 

conjunction. The findings indicate illusory conjunctions can occur under both task conditions. The 

ICs are less when the meanings of the characters are identical to the written forms than when they 

are different. So ICs are also affected by advanced factors such as meanings and propositions 

except perceptual factors. 

1063.18 Can the blink be blanked: Attenuating AB with a blank Frame, Wah Pheow Tan, Fook 

Kee Chua, National Univeristy of Singapore, Singapore 

In a set of two-target RSVP experiments, ISI was systematically manipulated between T1 and the 

trailing distractor (D1). In some trials, (a) a blank, or (b) a letter identical to T1, was inserted 

following T1. The two-stage (Chun & Potter, 1995) and interference (Shapiro et al., 1994) models 

predict comparable AB modulation by the identical letter and the blank condition. Results showed: 

(a) the T1-D1 ISI modulated AB; (b) the blank modulated but failed to eliminate AB; (c) 

difference in effect between identical distractor and blank. Results are explained in terms of both 

low-level and high-level masking by trailing distractor. 

1063.19 A context effect on feature integration in a rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) task, 

Tsuneo Kito 1 , Yoshiomi Imamura 1 , Billy Lee 2 , 1 Kurume University, Japan; 2 University of 

Edinburgh, UK 

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The integration of semantic attribute and stimulus colour in a colour defined search space was 

examined using the RSVP task. Participants were required to identify a target word defined by 

colour from 9 distractor words one semantically associated with the target colour, the remaining 

unassociated. Frequent errors were observed with the word immediately succeeding the target 

misidentified as the target. However when the colour associated distractor appeared within two 

words of the target it was misidentified as the target. The result suggests an influence of semantic 

context on feature integration. 

1063.20 Does empathy give insight in person perception? Billy Lee 1 , Tsuneo Kito 2 , 1 University 

of Edinburgh, UK; 2 Kurume University, Japan 

Is empathy blind or does it confer insight into another person? We assessed 138 observers using a 

video test of veracity detection and felt empathy. There was no correlation between empathy level 

and accuracy of detection. However, low empathic participants performed better than high 

empathic on accuracy of veracity detection. Women received more empathy than men but men and 

women empathised to the same degree. There was an interaction between observer and actor 

gender. Number of siblings had no effect. The results suggest that in some cases self reported 

empathy may hinder accurate person perception. 

1063.21 Embedded words are activated during processing: Evidence from the stroop effect, 

Remo Job 1 , Roberto Nicoletti 2 , Rino Rumiati 2 , Giuseppe Sartori 3 , 1 University of Trento, Italy; 

2 3 

University of Bologna, Italy; University of Padova, Italy 

We investigated whether words embedded in longer words (e.g. car in careful) are activated when 

processing the carrier word. Participants performed a Stroop task on primes and a lexical decision 

task on targets. Primes were carrier words (e.g. redemption) with the letters comprising the color 

word written in an incongruent color. Targets were (e.g. confession or were not (e.g. production 

related to the meaning of the carrier word. Both a Stroop and a priming effect emerged. The results 

show that focusing on task-relevant part of the stimuli allows semantic processing of both the 

carrier and the embedded word. 

1063.22 A study on the pattern of feature search under dual-task condition, Mowei Shen, Tao 

Gao, Rende Shui, Haijie Ding, Zhejiang University, China 

This research investigated the effects of set-size, top-down activation and first task on feature 

search under dual-task condition. In Exp1 and Exp2, task one (T1) was to identify the unique letter 

among Arabic numerals, task two (T2) was to detect a red dot. Distractors were grey dots in Exp1, 

and dots with multiple colors in Exp2. In Exp3 and Exp4, T1 was to report the shape of a hexagon. 

In Exp3, T2 was identical to that in Exp2; in Exp4, T2 was to detect “+” among “L”. The results 

revealed the pattern of feature search was not changed by task switch. 

1063.23 Effect of feature-changing on multiple-object-tracking, Rende Shui, Mowei Shen, 

Zhejiang University, China 

Many multiple-object-tracking (MOT) studies showed that people can track about four objects 

simultaneously. Pylyshyn developed Visual Index hypothesis to explain it. Scholl and Pylyshyn’s 

(1999) studies showed subjects could not detect the change of color or shape of the items in MOT 

tasks; Dennis, John & Pylyshyn, Zenon's(2002) study showed that objects with different features 

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were better tracked than identical objects. This study investigated the effect of different ways of 

feature-changing on MOT. The results showed that object-feature changing would affect 

multiple-object tracking, especially the exchanging of features between two colliding objects. 

1063.24 Study of the neuropsychological characteristics of selective attention in the children 

with nonverbal learning disabilities, Jing Jin 1 , Wang Qingxiong 1 , Chen Xuebin 1 , Yang 

Binrang 1 , Morinaga RyoKO 2 , 1 ZhongShan University, China; 2 Shirayuri College, Japan 

With Auditory Detection Test (ADT), WCST and C-WISC, 14 children with NLD and 23 control 

were tested and the results of sub-tests of C-WISC were analyzed with factor analysis. Compared 

with control group, the correct response rate of ADT in NLD group was much lower, and incorrect 

response was much more; categories achieved (CA) and perseverative errors (PE) of WCST were 

much lower. Factor analysis showed that the NLD group were obviously lower than those in 

control group. Children with NLD had attention control disorder and working memory disorder 

mainly in frontal lobe and we supposed that the disorder in right frontal lobe was distinctive. 

1063.25 Biased competition account of object-based attention on global precedence, Wenfeng 

Chen, Shulan Jiao, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China 

The study investigated object-based attention in hierarchical pattern, and suggested an alternative 

view of global precedence. Object repetition procedure was applied in experiment1, 2 to 

investigate object attention in hierarchical pattern. Within Biased Competition Account, 

Experiment3, 4, 5 investigated how top-down and bottom-up aspects influence the processes of 

global/local level. Results showed an object repetition effect and an asymmetric effect of 

global/local level, and global advantage varied with top-down and bottom-up cues. In conclusion, 

there was an asymmetric object attention effect in hierarchical pattern, and it was influenced by 

the cooperation and competition of top-down and bottom-up biases. 

1063.26 Why do smiling faces look feminine, Satoru Kawamura, Osaka University, Japan 

A hundred four subjects evaluated the female-likeness for 200 photos of smiling and serious look 

faces. The result showed that smiling faces look more feminine than serious look faces 

irrespective of the sex of faces. Whether there are common physical elements between smiling 

faces and female faces was examined by applying PCA to pixel-based luminosity data. No 

common elements between smiling and female faces are found. It is suggested that the effect of 

smiling on sexuality evaluation is caused by experiential or social factor based on the fact that 

females smile more often than males. 

1063.27 Pre-attentive representation of number, Imiko Bara, Syoichi Iwasaki, Tohku University, 

Japan 

Both human beings and animals can judge the number of up to four stimuli without counting. To 

test whether this ‘subitizing’ is an automatic, pre-attentive process, we conducted a priming 

experiment in which participants classified digits according to whether it was larger than 5 or not. 

Randomly arranged dots preceded digit presentation. When the number of dots matched the digit 5, 

the reaction time was shorter than when it did not even though the number of 5 dots was judged to 

be 4 on most of the trials. 

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Although small eye movements constantly produce velocity noise in the retinal image, our visual 

world always looks stable. It is proposed that the brain counteracts such spurious image motions 

by assuming spatially common motions as originating in eye movements, interpreting relative 

image motions only as originating in the movements of external objects. This idea is supported by 

several illusions, where image motions due to eye movements can become visible if they are made 

spatially uncommon. Further, small eye movements are found to deteriorate our near-threshold 

performance in uniform-motion detection, without affecting relative-motion sensitivity, as 

predicted by the proposed theory. 

1063.33 Faces, races and norms, Janice E. Murray 1 , Laura Wells 1 , Gillian Rhodes 2 , 

1 2 

University of Otago, New Zealand; University of Western Australia, Australia 

Brief exposure to facial distortions alters perception of what is normal or average. European 

participants judged the averageness of Chinese and European faces before and after adaptation to 

own-race or other-race faces that had features expanded out from, or compressed into, the center 

of the face. For compression distortions, greater adaptation effects were observed when the race of 

the adapting and test faces matched. This suggests that faces from structurally distinct groups (e.g., 

different races) may be coded as deviations from a norm or average face, with separate norms 

existing in memory to code the distinctive properties of each race. 

1063.34 Parallel processing of illusory surface by binocular stereopsis, Daisuke Yoshino, 

Masanori Idesawa, University of Electro-Communications, Japan 

Previous studies have reported that visual search for illusory surface is detected in parallel, so that 

search times are almost independent of the number of distractors (Davis & Driver, 1994; Yoshino 

& Noguchi, 2002). In the present study, we investigated whether illusory surface is detected 

efficiently with stereoscopic depth information included. The results showed that illusory surface 

could be detected at a given time independent from the number of non-illusory surface distractors. 

This finding implies that illusory surface can be detected in parallel by binocular stereopsis, 

suggesting that illusory surfaces may be represented in the early visual mechanism. 

1063.35 Pattern is unnecessary to have the same code as that of template in pattern recognition, 

Hang Zhang, Zhongle Yang, South-central University for Nationalities, China 

Generally considered to recognize a pattern, it becomes necessary to have the same code as that of 

template. According to this viewpoint, whether the card involving 8 character patterns is presented 

2s earlier or later than the other card involving 1 template, the recognizing correct rate under these 

two conditions should be equal because patterns should be transformed into working memory and 

the amount of the transformed patterns should be equal. The results showed the difference 

between two correct rates is 40%. It suggests that the pattern is unnecessary to have the same code 

with the template. 

1063.36 Holistic recognition of face, Dejiang Fu, Bo Wang, Zhejiang University, China 

By analyzing face and house, which were divided into four kinds of with-same-contour, 

with-same-contents, with-different-content-and-contour, and without-contour, Evidences were 

found that there is no inversion effect, and that the order of decreasing recognition rate of face in 

version state, in increasing order, is with-different-content-and-contour, with-same-contents, 

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without-contour and with-same-contour, the recognition rate of without-contour is the lowest. The 

results indicate that the house with distinctive feature eliminates inversion effect, and that human 

face is holistic, and that content and contour of face all influence recognition rate. 

1063.37 Object recognition: Contribution of categorical and coordinate spatial, Ayako Saneyoshi, 

Chikashi Michimata, Sophia University, Japan 

Participants were asked to judge whether two stimuli that presented sequentially were same or 

different. In different condition, the spatial relation of the object parts was systematically changed 

to facilitate categorical or coordinate spatial encoding. In half of the trials, stimuli were rotated in 

depth so that their view has been changed. It was found that when the stimulus was rotated, 

coordinate change became very difficult to detect whereas detecting the categorical change was 

relatively unaffected. 

1063.38 How does the difference in perceptual dimension, “brightness” versus, Midori 

Takashima, Kaoru Noguchi, Nihon University Japan 

Under the conditions in which “brightness” and “lightness” were separately presented, participants 

judged the appearance of the background by the method of relative rating scale (Helson, 1964). 

When the figure area was white-appearing, and was more susceptible to the change in illuminance, 

participants made judgments of “lightness" more easily and likely to report contrast in stead of 

assimilation. From this finding together with Kanizsa (1979), we can say that naive observers tend 

to make” lightness” judgments which are actually not distinguished from “brightness”. 

1063.39 A functional MRI study on visual feature binding, Zhaoxin Wang 1 , XiangChuan 

Chen 1 , Daren Zhang 1 , Sheng He 2 , Alex Holcombe 3 , 1 University of Science and Technology of 

China, HeFei, China; 2 University of Minnesota, USA 

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was employed to elucidate the brain areas 

involved in visual feature binding. BOLD signal changes in these areas binding related were 

measured at different flickering rate for two binding tasks (a superimposed one and a separated 

one) respectively. The results showed that same network of cortical areas was activated by both 

binding tasks, but some areas in this network showed the rate effect only in the separated 

condition but not in the superimposed condition. These results suggest that different neural 

mechanisms may specifically underlie the early and late visual feature binding respectively. 

1063.40 Perceptual memory of an object’s features, Cheng-Ta Yang, Yei-Yu Yeh, National 

Taiwan University, China 

We investigate whether all the features are encoded and retained as people attend to an object. 

Perceptual memory of four features in color, orientation, shape, and texture were tested. The 

duration of reference stimuli were manipulated in Experiment 1, and the results show that all the 

features were encoded but at different speeds. In Experiment 2, participants were required to 

attend to one feature of the reference stimuli and ignore the others. The attended feature and the 

manner that distractors differ from the reference targets were manipulated. The results showed the 

effects of top-down control and bottom-up processes. 

1063.41 Characters can be selected in visual sensory memory by characteristics based on speech, 

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Jiao He, Zhongle Yang, South-central University for Nationalities, China 

To investigate whether characters can be selected in visual sensory memory (VSM) by speech 

characteristics. Two tasks were designed. In task(1), a sample of 8 Chinese characters and one 

target are presented separately for 150ms at intervals of 2s. In task(2), both of them are presented 

simultaneously. Subjects are asked to identify whether a character in the sample has same 

pronunciation with the target. Assumed characters cannot be selected in VSM, they must be 

transited into working memory (WM). Obviously, the rate in (1) would be higher than in (2). 

Contrary results suggest characters can be selected by speech characteristics. 

1063.42 Visuo-haptic interaction in visual illusion, Keiko Omori, Yuji Wada, Kaoru Noguchi, 

Nihon University, Japan 

There is some evidence showing the intermodal interaction vision and other modality. Therefore, 

we investigated the effect of touching on visual illusions in the Hering and Wundt figures. The 

curvature of a woodwork piece to be touched by participants was systematically changed. 

Participants were asked to report the degree of apparent curvedness for each curved condition. It 

was demonstrated that the biased tendencies in apparent curvedness coincided with the 

information given by touching. Moreover, we suggest that whether both of visual and haptic 

attentions are directed to the same spatial location seems to be crucial in the touch-oriented 

perception. 

1063.43 Eye movements in epitaph reading and the letter recognition strategy, Ryo Kutsuki, 

Jyun'ya Sakurai, Naoe Masuda, Takayuki Sakagami, Keio University, Japan 

Archeologists are superior in reading of an epitaph worn down by weathering. We showed 

photographs of the epitaph to archeologists and students to observe their different reading 

strategies and paths of eye movements. Results showed that archeologists group read it judging 

presence of an inscription from arrangements of a letter whereas students group pay attention to 

the part which is easy to stand out and do not examine the whole. These results suggested that 

knowledge about an arrangement of a letter and precise judgment about presence of an inscription 

affect the formation of the letter recognition strategy. 

1063.44 Research on semantic interference in unconsciousness cognition of word-picture in 

background context, Yun Tao 1 , Fu Jing-zhi 1 , Shen Ji-liang 2 , 1 Yunnan Normal University, 

Kunming, China, 2 Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China 

This research examined words or pictures presented in isolation and scenes, studied objects 

automatically activate their semantic representations. In experiment 1, the automatic activation of 

words or objects will enhance the matched items or interfere in the unmatched ones. In experiment 

2, the matched or unmatched items will interfere in the process without the identical items of 

object. In experiment 3, When the same words and objects from the experiment 2 were inserted 

into scenes in which those objects were matched or unmatched, interference occurs from matched 

objects but not unmatched ones. Implications for models of object identification are discussed. 

1063.45 Visula vs. semantic contextual effect in detection of pictures and words, Junko 

Matsukawa, Kanazawa University, Japan 

Participants detected a target from search stimuli containing natural or artificial common objects 

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espectively. 

1063.50 The difference between deaf and hearing children on form perception, Meng Yu, 

Chunrong Ma, Dingguo Gao, Hengyi Rao, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China 

Deaf individuals perform better than hearing individuals only in some specifically visual abilities 

such as the ability of motion or form perception. This study compared the deaf and hearing 

children’s performance on judging two given figures' colors or forms the same or not. The results 

represent: 1. Deaf children are quicker than hearing children when judging either the form or the 

color.2. Deaf children' s sensitivity (be measured by d') is higher in judging the form but lower in 

judging the color than hearing children.3. Deaf children’s mean peripheral vs. central d’ ratio is 

higher than hearing children’s. 

1063.51 A rotating hollow mask illusion and the role of its central parts, Raiten Taya, Okayama 


A rotating hollow mask is well known to appear normal and convex when viewed from a distance. 

But we found, the mask remains concave when some central parts (i.e., eyes, nose and mouth) are 

occluded by a static disc placed in front of the mask. The mask appears convex when only these 

central parts alone are presented. This concave-cenvex relation was examined also by a rotating 

two-sided folding screen. 

1063.52 An psychological analysis on the cultural factors in the music perception, Deqing Tao, 

South China Normal University, China 

5-year-old preschoolers and musically untrained college students were detected, by the melodies 

from the Chinese traditional music or the Western tonal music, on the ability to differentiate the 

variations between the musical patterns which were changed in the two dimensions: redundancy 

and conventionality. The findings show: (1) obvious effect of redundancy and the auditory 

asymmetries phenomenon on both children and adults; (2) the conventionality of a melody, 

complect with the cultural context of the different musical patterns from Chinese or Western music, 

generates different contributions to the various exposure effects on Chinese listeners at the 

different ages. 

1063.53 Why vowel familiality does not facilitate the discrimination in autism, Kiyoshi 

Yaguchi 1 , Yoshikuni Tojo 2 , Atushi Senju 3 , Rita Ceponiene 4 , Risto Naatanen 5 , 1 Jikei University 

School of Medicine, Japan; 2 National Institute of Special Education, Japan; 3 University of Tokyo, 

Japan; 4 University of California San Diego, USA; 5 Helsinki University, Finland 

We recorded Event Related Potential (ERP) and Reaction Time (RT) of high function autism 

(HFA) and also normal children during Japanese and Finnish vowel discrimination task in order to 

investigate whether vowel familiarity has facilitative effect in autism. Clear amplitude difference 

of P300 between HFA and normal children was observed only to inhibition vowel. No vowel 

familiarity effect was observed in RT of the HFA children in contrast to normal children. It was 

suggested that HFA children have difficulty in allocating the voluntary attention resource to 

discriminate vowels and to inhibit the response. 

1063.54 Perceived nativeness of temporal adjustments in speech, Dawn Behne 1 , Yue Wang 2 , 

125

1 2 

Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Norway; Simon Fraser University, Canada 

Native Mandarin Chinese speakers’ productions of English consonant-vowel (CV) syllables 

showed syllable-internal temporal adjustments in the direction of native (English)-like CVs. This 

study investigates whether these temporal adjustments affect perceived nativeness. For three 

production types (native-English, Chinese productions of English, native-Chinese), three 

syllable-internal timing patterns (English-like, Chinese-English-like, Chinese-like) were applied, 

resulting in nine stimuli types. Native English listeners judged how “English-like’ each stimulus 

was on a 7-point scale. Results reveal the perceptual saliency of the temporal adjustments in 

nonnative productions. The results are discussed in terms of the nonnative production-perception 

relationship as well as factors affecting perceived nativeness. 

1063.55 Effects of voices and spatial shift on repetition deafness, Masato Nakajima 1 , Tadashi 

Kikuchi 2 , 1 University of Tsukuba, Japan; 2 University of Tsukuba, Japan 

We investigated the effects of voices and spatial shift on repetition deafness (RD), using lists of 2 

or 3 nonsense syllables pronounced by different speakers (males and females). The lists were 

presented dichotically or binaurally. In dichotic presentation RD was observed under same-voice 

and different-voice conditions. However, in binaural presentation RD was observed only under 

different-voice condition. These results were incongruent with the previous findings which have 

suggested that RD is robust to physical identity. We suggest that switching to different voices has 

strongly influenced the recognition of repeated items. 

1063.56 Cerebral correlates of rhythmic accents in auditory sequences, Renaud Brochard 1 , 

Donna Abecasis 2 , Roni Granot 2 , Carolyn Drake 3 , 1 Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France; 

2 3 

Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel, CNRS, Université Paris, France 

Recently we observed differences in the event-related potential response to loudness deviations in 

isochronous sequences of identical tones. These differences in late attention-dependent 

components seemed to follow a binary pattern, with larger amplitudes elicited by deviants in 

odd-numbered positions. The present study was designed to test whether they corresponded to a 

metrical pattern of perceived accents. We found similar responses in binary (long-short) but not 

ternary (long-short-short) sequences, their amplitude being largest for “strong” beats. These results 

suggest better attentional processing of the first event in each group and support the notion of a 

binary default meter imposed by listeners. 

1063.57 Dipole-modeling of the auditory evoked P300 and its subcomponent, Shenjun Deng, 

Wen Wu, Guozhi Huang, zhujiang hospital, China 

The aim of the present study was to identify the sources of these scalp recorded auditory P300 and 

its subcomponents. We collected auditory ERPs using an “oddball” paradigm. A multiple 

spatio-temporal equivalent dipole (ED) model was used to fit the P300 potential and its 

subcomponents. The source of P300 could be accounted for 2 to 4 EDs, which were consistently 

located in anterior cingulate gyrus for the earlier parts of P300 or the P3a of bifurcated P300 and 

were usually located near medial temporal regions including the hippocampal formations, the 

parahippocampal gyurs, the amygdala or the thalamus for the P3b. 

1063.58 How do blind people make first impressions, Clare Robertson, Maria Passarvita, UK 

126

Classical geometrical illusions strengthened or weakened under certain colour combinations. 

Subjective curvature of visual space and some other geometrical characteristics depend not only 

on visual form but also on colour. The hypothesis of colour generated visual geometry and its 

measurable invariants will be discussed. 

1063.63 Effect of distractors on the auditory attentional blink, Dawei Shen, Todd Mondor, the 

Uiversity of Manitoba, Canada 

Three experiments were conducted to determine whether the placement of distractors in a rapid 

sequence of sounds has any influence on the auditory attentional blink. In these three experiments, 

listeners were presented on each trial with a sequence of a variable number of tones that might 

include a pre-defined target, a pre-defined probe, or both. Experiment 1 indicated that distractors 

in the auditory stream were necessary to produce the auditory blink. Experiments 2 and 3 showed 

that backward masking of the probe was the major factor in causing the auditory blink. 

1063.64 Attentional time-sharing during timing in the PI/GAP task, Claudette Fortin 1 , Steve 

Fairhurst 2 , Chara Malapani 3 , Caroline Morin 3 , Warren H. Meck 4 , 1 Université Laval, Canada; 

2 3 4 

Columbia University, USA; University of Warwick, UK; Duke University, USA 

Gaps were introduced at some location during a target interval to be reproduced using a 

peak-interval procedure. In this PI/GAP task, the interval, gap location and gap duration varied 

from trial to trial (Experiments 1 and 2), and there were no gaps in 20% of trials in Experiment 2. 

In both experiments, peak times were shorter when the gap occurred later during the target interval 

presentation, and shortest peak times were obtained in trials with no gaps in Experiment 2. These 

results demonstrate that the PI/GAP task may reveal effects attributable to expectation and 

attentional time-sharing during timing. 

1063.65 A test on cognitive fluctuation of timing estimation, Jinghong Le, Ningning Cao, 

Minjing Jia, East China Normal University, China 

32 subjects are required to estimate a duration in the form of same separations (estimate durations: 

2500, 3000, 4000, 5000, 6000ms) continuously, the data are automatically recorded by the 

computer. The test show there are some regular fluctuations in timing cognition. Under the 

condition of non-reflex, the estimated error amplifies adhering to the trials increasing(duration 

lasting); by one warning of correction, the estimation error reduces by the trials 

increasing(duration lasting); in the level of 5s, the divergence seems to be significant, 

demonstrating the fluctuation of the temporal estimation is roared by the increment of loading. 

1063.66 The uses of music in everyday life, Adrian North, David Hargreaves, Lorraine 

Sheridan, University of Leicester, UK 

346 people were sent one text message per day over 14 days to their mobile phone, cueing them to 

complete a questionnaire about any music they could hear. Most musical episodes occurred while 

participants were alone; liking for the music depended on who the participant was with, where 

they were, and whether they had chosen to hear music; music was usually experienced during the 

course of some other main activity; exposure to music peaked at evening and the weekend; and the 

functions of music varied according to temporal factors, location, and the presence of other 

people. 

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1063.67 The Riace bronzes: Evolutionary principles applied to popular visual aesthetics, 

Richard Ralley, Centre for Studies in the Social Sciences, Edge Hill, UK 

The Riace bronzes are two male statues lost in antiquity and recovered in 1972. They are 

genuinely a popular cultural phenomenon. Early reports indicated aesthetic and sexual impact of 

the statues. Heterosexual women were said to be attracted to the figure in the more aggressive 

stance. Diamond (1997) hypothesizes that aggressive male characteristics have evolved such that 

these have become visual signals for females. In experiments, the statues are shown from behind 

(hiding facial features). Up to 86% of females prefer the assertive figure. Conclusions are drawn 

about whether the study of evolved signals can contribute to a new aesthetics. 

1063.68 What underlines beneath aesthetic evaluation? A study to differentiate visual rightness 

and preference, Tomoko Matsuzaki, Chikashi Michimata, Sophia University, Japan 

It has been suggested that affective meanings of abstract form-color combinations are perceived in 

terms of three factors: evaluation, activity and sharpness. In the present study, participants judged 

visual rightness and preference of such stimuli. Stimuli were judged as visually right when both 

form and color were high in activity factor, or when form was low and color was high in 

evaluation factor. On the other hand, stimuli were preferred when form and color were congruent 

in activity factor, or when both form and color were high in evaluation factor. It was suggested 

that visual rightness and preference differ qualitatively. 

1063.69 The relationship in affective meaning between form and color, Atsushi Kimura, Yuji 

Wada, Kaoru Noguchi, Nihon University, Japan 

We investigated the harmonious relationship between form and color by measuring their affective 

meanings. Two experiments were carried out using nine forms and thirty-six colors. Experiment 1 

measured affective meanings for forms and colors in terms of Semantic Differentials. Factor 

analysis extracted four factors: Evaluation, Lightness, Activity and Sharpness. In Experiment 2, 

the degree of harmony between form and color as well as their affective meanings were measured 

using thirty-six colored forms. It was found that the degree of harmony was increased when 

affective meanings on lightness and activity factors were similar to each other. 

1063 POSTER 

Learning, memory and cognition 

1063.70 Influence of presentation modes and cognitive styles on the effects of text signals, 

Shouxin Li 1 , Liang Luo 2 , 1 Shandong Normal University, China, 2 Beijing Normal University, 

China 

This research probed into the influence of different cognitive styles, presentation modes and types 

of text signals on the reading effects. The results showed: (1) Text signals have significantly 

different influences on the readers with different cognitive styles. Whether there are text signals or 

not, the field-independent readers have no obvious changes in their amount of 

information-keeping, while it is opposite in the case of field-dependent readers. (2) Presentation 

modes have significant influence on the amount of information-keeping. Employing Video 

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Display Terminals (VDT) presentation mode, the field-independent readers are much better than 

field-dependent readers in the amount of information-keeping. 

1063.71 The effect of cognitive styles on context effects in recognition memory, Maolin Zhang, 

Peng Yi, College of Shandong Nurmal University, China 

Context effects in recognition memory refer to such a phenomenon that a cue-to-memory match in 

the context information facilitates recognition judgment. The present study investigated the effects 

of cognitive styles on the context effects in recognition from a dual-processing approach. The 

main objective of us was to examine whether the performance of learners recognition is affected 

by the cognitive styles. The results indicate the change of context between learning and test affects 

recognitions accompanied by conscious recollection but not those purely based on familiarity, at 

the same time, field-dependent learners performed significantly better than field-independent 

learners in the former level. 

1063.72 Assimilation and contrast in evaluative conditioning, Marianne Hammerl 1 , Claudia 

Schlicht 1 , Eamon P. Fulcher 2 , 1 University of Regensburg, Germany; 2 University College 

Worcester, UK 

In the standard evaluative conditioning procedure, the evaluation of a stimulus in terms of whether 

it is liked or disliked can be altered by presenting it in close temporal proximity with an affective 

stimulus. In two experiments (laboratory and field experiments), evaluative conditioning was 

demonstrated in the context of advertising. Participants showed assimilation effects (i.e., 

evaluative changes in the direction of the affective stimulus) when unaware of the experimental 

procedure and contrast effects (i.e., evaluative changes in the opposite direction) when aware of 

the manipulation. The effects are in line with recent studies that used other stimulus sets and 

procedures. 

1063.73 The effect of the cues that are not present: A reevaluation of the Rescorla-Wagner model, 

Izumi Hiramatsu, Rachel Dryer, Michael Kiernan, Charles Sturt University Australia 

The Rescorla-Wagner model of associative learning is applied to understanding human causality 

judgments. The model does not account for how humans change causal judgments about events 

retrospectively (i.e., retrospective reevaluation). Tassoni (1995) developed an Information Coding 

system within a neural network with an identical learning rule to the Rescorla-Wagner model. 

While his model allowed him to simulate the associative change between the absent but expected 

cue and the outcome, it does not account for one type of retrospective reevaluation. The current 

study presents a modification of Tassoni’s system. This allows us to account for a larger array of 

retrospective effects. 

1063.74 Exercise-induced taste aversion learning in rats, Sadahiko Nakajima, Psychology 

Section, Department of Integrated Psychological Science, Japan 

One of the most intriguing findings in recent experimental research on conditioned taste aversion 

in rats is that physical exercise works as an effective agent to establish aversion to, or avoidance 

from, the taste substance consumed before the exercise. Voluntary running in a free wheel or 

forced swimming in a water pool endows rats with conditioned taste aversion, despite that the rats 

show no clear behavioral sign of nausea, malaise, or sickness after the exercise. This paper gives 

130

an overall review of experiments conduced in my laboratory in the last five years. 

1063.75 Forced swimming as an effective unconditioned stimulus in taste aversion learning, 

Masaki Takahisa, Nakajima Sadahiko, Kwansei Gakuin University 

It has been reported that taste aversion learning is able to be established with not only 

illness-inducing agents such as lithium chloride, but also physical exercise such as voluntary 

wheel running in a wheel. In a series of experiment, we demonstrated that another physical 

activity, forced swimming in a water pool, also endows rats with aversion to the taste solution 

consumed before swimming. Furthermore, we explored the properties of swimming-induced taste 

aversion and the critical factor for establishing aversion. These results suggest that this 

phenomenon is relevant for understanding in the framework of Pavlovian conditioning. 

1063.76 Within-subject reversed partial reinforcement effect in goldfish (Carassius auratus), 

Takeharu Igaki, Takayuki Sakagami, Keio University, Japan 

The within-subject reversed partial reinforcement effect (reversed PRE), i.e., greater resistance to 

extinction under a continuous reinforcement (CRF) schedule than a partial reinforcement (PRF) 

schedule, has been reported in rats, pigeons, and humans. This study examined the generality of 

the reversed PRE in a phylogenetically more primitive species. Goldfish's target-striking operant 

responding was trained on multiple PRF CRF schedules. When both schedules were changed to 

extinction, greater resistance to extinction was observed for the CRF schedules, providing further 

support for the species generality of the reversed PRE. Results are discussed in terms of the 

measure of resistance to extinction. 

1063.77 Conditioned taste aversion induced by forced and voluntary wheel running in rats, 

Virginia L. Grant, Jennifer R. Forristall, Brianna L. Hookey, Memorial University of 

Newfoundland, Canada 

In rats, voluntary running in a free wheel produces conditioned taste aversion (CTA) to a flavored 

solution consumed before running, but facilitates eating after running (Lett, Grant, Gaborko, 1998). 

In two experiments, we compared voluntary exercise in a free wheel with forced exercise in a 

motorized wheel, equating mean distance run over 30 min. Both types of exercise produced CTA 

relative to sedentary, locked-wheel controls. However, forced exercise produced weaker CTA than 

voluntary exercise. Food consumption, assessed in one experiment, was slightly above control 

levels after voluntary, but not forced, exercise. Differences between forced and voluntary exercise 

are considered. 

1063.78 Effect of the delayed reinforcement in inhibitory conditioning, Koichi Handa, 

Gakushuin University, Japan 

The conditioned inhibitor was tested in order to assess the effect of delayed reinforcement in 

inhibitory conditioning with the retardation test. The first experiment was attempted to confirm 

that prior conditioned inhibition training reduced the acquisition of excitatory to the CS. In the 

second the retardation in excitatory conditioning to the CS was compared between two groups 

which differed in the span of delayed time. The group of 30 s delays indicated the firm retardation 

in test session, although the group of 5 s delays not at all. This result suggested the role of time 

span coding in conditioned inhibition. 

131

1063.79 Expression of c-fos in the different nuclei of amygdala in the conditioned 

immunosuppression paradigm, Jie Li, Li Zheng, Wenjuan Lin, Institute of Psychology, Chinese 


Using c-fos protein as a maker of neuronal activation, the saccharin was used as the conditioned 

stimulus with cyclophosphamide as an unconditioned stimulus, the present work attempts to 

localize the various nuclei within amygdala which may participate in modulating the conditioned 

immunosuppression. The results showed that the amygdaloid central is likely a necessary nucleus 

of amygdala involved in association the signals from conditioned stimulus with unconditioned 

stimulus in the conditioned immunosuppression paradigm, the basolateral amygdaloid nucleus is 

possible a substantial nucleus related to learning and memory of conditioned taste aversion. 

1063.80 A research on the implicit geometry learning of superiority, Chenghou Cai, Fusheng 

Huang, South China Normal University China 

Under the paradigm of Reber’s Artificial Grammar Learning, using strings of geometry as 

materials to investigate the effect on the performance of both the implicit- and explicit-learning 

groups. Also we brought the variable of gender to explore the difference of gender. The results 

showed: 1. The performance of the implicit-learning group was not worse than that of the 

explicit-learning group, i.e. there was the superiority of the implicit geometry learning. 2. Main 

effect of gender was not found. 3. The main effect of unit was significant. The superiority of 

implicit learning that existed generally was experimentally supported. 

1063.81 The survey of high school students’ English learning strategies, Anlan Qin, Dianzhi 

Liu, Education School of Southwest Normal University, China 

In this research, we investigated 312 high school students from grade 1 to 3 on English learning 

strategies with self-designed questionnaire. The conclusions indicated that metacognitive, 

cognitive and affective strategies are applied well, but social strategies are applied not so well. 

There are significant differences between key school and normal school in the application of 

metacognitive, cognitive and affective strategies. Except affective strategies, there are significant 

gender differences in the other strategies. Girls apply strategies better than boys. Among 

not-so-good students, good students, perfectionists, there are significant differences one another. 

Perfectionists apply English learning strategies best. 

1063.82 A factor structure of an inventory of approach to learning, Shurouk Kadiem, University 

of Baghdad, Iraq 

Biggs's study process questionnaire (SPQ) which is a measure of approach to learning has been 

administration to university students in Jordan. The sample consists of 925 undergraduates. The 

purpose of this study was to factor analyze the SPQ. The results indicated that the three factors 

making up which explained a total of 28.5% of the variance. The first factor deep approach 

explained 13.5% of the variance, the second factor surface approach explained 8%, and the third 

factor achieving approach explained 75 of the variance. 

1063.83 Effects of intrinsic and extrinsic cues on judgments of learning, Gongxiang Chen, 

Xiaolan Fu, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China 

132

Four experiments were conducted to examine the effects of the intrinsic cue (relatedness) and the 

extrinsic cues (presentation order and presentation time) on judgments of learning (JOLs) by using 

paired-associate learning. These cues were presented in three modes: between-participants, 

blocked-list, and mixed-list. The results showed that relatedness influenced JOLs no matter how it 

was presented. The time required to produce judgments was longer for unrelated items than for 

related items, which suggested that a mnemonic cue, namely ease of processing, might exert 

influence on JOLs. The effects of extrinsic cues were unstable in the present four experiments. 

1063.84 Working memory and problem representatioan in mathematics problem solving, Yan 

Dong 1 , Haidong Lu 2 , Guoliang Yu 2 , 1 Institute of Psychology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, 

China; 2 National Institute of Education research, China 

This study investigated the effect of working memory capacity on mathematics problem solving 

and the relationship between working memory and problem representation of 124 grade six 

primary school students. The results showed that the main effect of working memory is significant 

and the higher capacity, the better problem performance. The main effect of gender is significant, 

which suggest that boys had better problem solving performance than girls. The number of the 

representations used by students was not significantly related to working memory capacity, but the 

validity of representation was significantly related to working memory capacity. 

1063.85 The cognitive skill acquisition of information reduction, Xianchuan Wang, Xiaolan Fu, 

Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China 

Skill acquisition of information reduction was an extension of the traditional theories of skill 

acquisition. The present study first replicated Haider and Frensch’s alphabetic arithmetic task 

(1996) to examine Chinese subjects’ skill acquisition of information reduction. Then visual target 

search task was adopted for further research on it. The results indicated that on both alphabetic 

arithmetic task and visual search task, subjects were able to acquire the skill of information 

reduction. They could learn with practice to distinguish relevant information from redundant 

information and to limit their processing to the relevant information of the task. 

1063.86 The effect of task’s complexity and form on the implicit learning in the control of 

complex system, Jing Nie, Zhiliang Yang, East China Normal University, China 

This study investigated the effect of task's complexity and form on the implicit learning in the 

control of complex system and 80 subjects were involved in this experiment. The results show that: 

1.the subjects act better in explicit learning in simple task, but they act better in the implicit 

learning in complex task. 2.the subjects chose their learning strategies in different tasks, they will 

use implicit learning when the complexity of the task increases but use explicit learning in simple 

tasks. 3.the form of the task have no effect on the subjects' learning. 

1063.87 The correlation between easy of learning judgment and allocation of study time, Xiping 

Liu, Ge Fang, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China 

72 subjects were from Grade Two, Grade Four, Grade Six of Elementary School, 24 from Grade 

Two of University. Half was male. Let Ss have an easy of learning judgment by arrangement all 

the items, from easy to difficult, then from difficult to easy. After it, had a self-regulated study. 

The last step was retrieving. We found: 1 There is a relationship between the order of easy of 

133

teacher and children during English CLASSES at an elementary school. The analysis of the class, 

which was observed, focuses on whether the speaker and the listener synchronized with each other 

or opposite. The latter relationship is based on Bakhtin’s dialogic narratives and the former is on 

Yamada’s coexistent narratives. Sato (1999) analyzed a classroom discourse at an elementary 

school from the standpoint of the latter relationship. In this paper the theoretical features of the 

coexistent narratives are analyzed in the classroom discourse of English at an elementary. 

1063.101 Recognition memory for Chinese words and common objects:a event-related potential 

study, Wang Xiang, Cheng Zaohuo, Yao Shuqiao, Wu Daxing, Shi Chuan, Central South 

University, Changsha, China 

Objects: To study the ERPs correlates of memory retrieval for Chinese words and pictures of 

common objects. Method: 21 volunteers received two recognition tasks respectively, and the ERPs 

were recorded from 18 scalp sites. Result: For both stimulus ERPs elicited by recognized items 

contained the parietal old/new effect, and that of pictures was larger than words. The N400 

old/new effects showed some differences mainly in the frontal scalp regions. Furthermore, it 

demonstrated a negative shift in the words recognition. Conclusion: Recognition of words and 

pictures share some of the same neural substrates, but there were still some differences between 

them. 

1063.102 The information transportation system of brain: A possible memory system theory, Fei 

Peng, Shaanxi Normal University, China 

This paper presents there must have one kind of organs similar to CPU in the brain. Memory is a 

process in circle: receiving information by sense, retrieving former information from memory 

system, processing information by “CPU” in the brain, saving final information in memory system, 

feeding back final information by behavior system from the moment of birth to death. There are 

two different information transportation systems, one has high speed, low precision, the other has 

low speed, high precision. That leads to a clear distinction between implicit and explicit memory 

systems in the brain. 

1063.103 The mechanism of subsequent memory effect in lexical decision task: An ERP study, 

Conghui Liu 1 , Chunyan Guo 2 , Jinhong Ding 2 , 1 Beijing Normal University, China, 2 Capital 


This study investigated the subsequent memory effects (DM) of high frequency characters, low 

frequency characters, pseudo-characters and non-characters. Eighteen college students participated 

in this experiment. The Event-related potential (ERPs) were recorded when they were deciding 

weather a character is true or not. The DM effect were found in high frequency characters, low 

frequency characters and non-characters. The later positive component (LPC) evoked by the 

recognized items is more positive-going than that by the unrecognized. Dm effect elicited by 

non-characters ranges from 140ms to 240ms. The results were discussed in terms of role of 

semantic access of character in Dm effect. 

1063.104The experimental study on the cuing retrieval mechanism, Duan Haijun, Feng Zhuolin, 

Qin Jinliang, Ma Lili, Shanxi Normal University, China 

The testing index of response time has been introduced in this experiment and the retrieval speed 

137

free recall tests. For undergraduates the self-corrected and self-generated elaborations led to a 

better recall, and a difference between the results of the two elaborations was not observed. For 

sixth-grade students the self-corrected elaboration led to a better recall. A difference was not 

observed in the recall of second-grade students after any of the three elaboration conditions. These 

results were interpreted as showing that the effectiveness of a self-corrected elaboration depends 

on the subjects' age. 

1063.109 Dissociative effect of schooling on implicit and explicit memory for pictures, Arlette 

Verhaeghe, Faculdade de Psicologia e de Cîencias da Educaçao, Portugal 

Performance of illiterate and highly schooled adults was compared: 1) on an implicit memory task 

and 2) on an explicit one. 

Implicit Memory was assessed through fragmented picture identification and Explicit Memory 

through free recall with a one-week interval between study- and test-phase for both tasks. 

As expected, illiterates performed poorer than schooled adults on the explicit memory task. 

However on the implicit memory task, the magnitude of priming was similar for both groups. 

Results are discussed in the context of other findings showing the influence of schooling on the 

use of deliberate strategies in processing visual non linguistic materials. 

1063.110 Role of glucocorticoid receptors in Medial septal area on spatial memory consolidation 

in rat, Abbas Ali Vafaei, Ali Rashidy-Pour, Ali Jalal, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, 

IR 

In this study, Corticosterone (CORT) was employed to evaluate the involvement of the rat’s 

Medial septal area (MSA) glucocorticoid receptor (GRs) in hippocampus dependent spatial 

memory using Morris water maze (MWM). Male Wistar rats with cannulae aimed at MSA were 

trained in MWM task with one block of six trials and then we use of injections of CORT (1 µg/µl) 

or vehicle into the MSA immediately after training. Testing 48h later revealed that CORT 

enhanced spatial memory consolidation (p

distinctive-feature judgment and distinctive-expression judgment. After fifteen minutes from the 

encoding phase, the recognition test was carried out. In the retrieval series, the half of the targets 

changed in their expression. A result showed that the changing of the expression decreased 

recognition performance. And the distinctive-feature judgment led higher recognition rates than 

the distinctive-expression judgment. Neither encoding smile faces nor encoding neutral faces 

facilitated later recognition memory. 

1063.113 The role of emotional events in construction of autobiographical memories in 

school-aged children; are these types of memories relevant to the personality development? 

Violeta Stefania Ciobanu, Romanian Psychological Association, Romania 

Present research investigated the way emotional events (positive and negative ones) get stored into 

the autobiographical memories (am). They form a specific structure, depending upon the previous 

emotional event type, that could influence the forming and developing of the self-image. We 

supposed that the cognitive structure of the am is strongly related to its emotional content; also, 

that the structure of am is a determinant factor for self-image forming. Our subjects were 

school-aged children (from 7 to 14 year-old) and we have both horizontal and longitudinal 

approaches. We are developing now the statistical analysis of data gathered. 

1063.114 Interference or facilitation in implicit memory caused by processing of interpolated 

material, Chen Han 1 , Han Yuchang 2 , 1 Mianyang Normal University, China; 2 Liaoning Normal 


Aim at the interpolated materials and the targets is not matching with semantic character in the 

study of Martens & Wolters (2002), through the Experiment, this study approved that the 

processing of interpolated material had different influence in implicit memory: When the 

interpolated material is not matching with the targets in any characters, it has no influence in 

targets’ implicit memory; when the interpolated material is matching with the targets in 

un-semantic characters, it has interference in targets’ implicit memory; when the interpolated 

material is matching with the targets in semantic characters, it has facilitation in targets’ implicit 

memory. 

1063.115 Magnitude of age-declines on old/new recognition tests are often comparable, Bob Uttl, 

Yoko Hara, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba City, Japan 

Age-related declines are usually greater on free recall than on old/new recognition tests. We 

examined a possibility that larger age-declines on recall than on recognition may be artifacts of 

ceiling effects caused by easy tests. We searched literature to identify studies that (a) employed 

both free recall or recognition tests, (b) included at least one group of younger and one group of 

older participants, and (c) reported both means and standard deviations for each condition. Our 

findings indicate that recognition v. recall tests were more frequently afflicted by ceiling effects 

and that ceiling effects reduce age-related differences on recognition tests. 

1063.116 Motivation and episodic memory performance: A case of persistent retrieval? Leonard 

Ngaosuvan, Umeå University, Sweden 

Past research has produced an inconsistent pattern of results on how motivation affects memory 

performance. Some studies showed no effects and others that self-efficacy and goal-setting 

140

instructions improve hypermnesia or performance over several trials. Common denominators for 

all studies that have shown effects are adoption of recall and elaborated inductions of motivation. 

Converging evidence suggests that motivation has its most impact on memory in the retrieval 

phase, as motivated recallers may mentally suggest more possible items for subsequent 

recognition. The present study tested this hypothesis by varying test time, and comparing recall 

and recognition using an elaborated self-efficacy motivation induction. 

1063.117 The violation of frequency paradox in the self-referential processing, Zhang Li, Capital 


The word frequency paradox on semantic processing was characterized by high-frequency words 

being better recalled, but worse recognized than low-frequency words. Our experiment extended 

such effect by introducing adjectives on recall or familiarity-based and recollection-based 

recognition. We combined Rogers' method of self-referential processing with Tulving's 

remember/know paradigm to provide evidence of the uniqueness of the self. The findings 

indicated that although subjects were better at remembering for high frequency than for low 

frequency words in the self, other and semantic processing, the recognition ratio of R was higher 

than that of K in self-referential, which was different from other/semantic processing. 

1063.118 Aspects of olfactory metacognition: Feeling of knowing judgments about odor identity, 

Fredrik Jonsson, Mats Olsson, Uppsala University, Sweden 

People are quite poor at naming even common odors. Despite this inability, people often have a 

strong feeling of knowing (FOK) the odor. Very little is known about the metacognitive aspects of 

odor identification. In two experiments we investigated the basis for strong feelings of knowing an 

odor and compared the data with the same judgments for names of famous persons. Specifically 

we focused on the different stages of the identification process and the perceived familiarity of the 

cue (odor) itself. The results are discussed in relation to current metamemory theories as well as 

existing literature about odor identification. 

1063.119 Unconscious priming and the category of memory, Lijun Ma, Jijia Zhang, South 


In the last two decades, much work had been done and a series of progress had been made in 

unconscious priming research. Not only the field had been expanded, but also the method and 

technique had been largely improved. At the same time, the development of unconscious priming 

research had or likely had a major effect on the structure and category of memory. 

1063.120 The self-reference effect in Uyghur and Tibetan college students, Yanhong Wu 1 , Yao 

Wang 1 , Wenjuan Li 1 , Yanfang Liu 2 , 1 Peking University, China, 2 Motorola Lab, China 

The self-reference effect in Uyghur and Tibetan college students were examined respectively. For 

Uyghur students, self-reference resulted in significantly higher recognition performance relative to 

famous-person-reference, but no reliable differences between self-reference, mother-reference and 

father-reference were observed, suggesting that Uyghurs hold an interdependent self and in 

Uyghur families, parents are both highly intimate to children. However, the self-reference effect in 

Tibetan students was not significant, which is probably because inhibition of the self is highly 

valued in Tibetan culture. For Tibetan students, mother-referent encoding produced significantly 

141

etter recognition memory than father-referent encoding, which indicates that mother is more 

intimate to children. 

1063.121 The effects of psychosocial stress on neutral and emotional episodic memory, Lynn 

Nadel, Jessica Payne, Eric Jackson, William Jacobs, University of Arizona, USA 

We used stress induction ("Trier Social Stress Test", Kirschbaum, Pirke, & Hellhamer, 1993) to 

study the fate of neutral versus emotional information under stress. Psychosocial stress disrupted 

memory for a neutral slide show, but facilitated memory for an equivalent slide show that is 

emotional in nature (p < .05). Stressed subjects produced more false memories than nonstressed 

control subjects, but only for the neutral slides. We reasoned that while high levels of cortisol 

impaired hippocampal processing during the task, high levels of both cortisol and NE facilitated 

amygdala processing, in ways that allowed storage of emotional information. 

1063.122 Cross-culture consideration on meta-memory monitoring development, Wen Suxia 

Wensuxia, Jia Demei, Xinjiang Normal University, China 

The current work investigated the development on judgment of learning between the Han 

nationality and the Wei minority students in Grade2, Grade4 in elementary school and Grade2 in 

junior high school. The results show that the ability of meta-memory monitoring is increasingly 

advanced with the age, which provides evidence on the presence of the delay-JOL effect. 

Moreover, the Han nationality students have much more veracity of monitoring than the Wei 

minority ones do. 

1063.123 Working-memory capacity and controlled-attention: Contribution of task complexity 

features, Li Liu, Lihong Li, Northeast Normal University, China 

In experiment author examined whether individual differences in working-memory (WM) 

capacity are related to attentional control. Experiment tested high-and low-WM-span participants 

in three tasks of different complexity. The results showed that span groups identified targets 

equally well in the least difficult task: reflecting equivalence in automatic response. However, 

low-span participants were slower and less accurate than high-span participants in more difficult 

task, reflecting differences in attentional control. But span groups identified target equally bad in 

the most difficult task that can not use controlled attention. The findings support a 

controlled-attention view of WM capacity. 

1063.124 On the differences between working memory and short-term memory, Hongli Wang, 

Hanchun Hu, Chuanmei Xie, GuiZhou Normal University, GuiYang, China 

Many psychologists believe working memory and short-term memory are the same. The author 

thinks that they are different. The short-term memory belongs to an input process and involves the 

input information from outside which remains in mind for two seconds to one minute and cannot 

be called back if given little attention. The short-term memory is not based on thinking while the 

working memory is. The working memory belongs to an output process and its information 

usually comes from long-term memory. When we complete our tasks in working memory, the 

information within it will come back into long-term memory automatically. 

1063.125 Review on the researching tendency of central executive of working memory, Yun Pan, 

142

Tongyu Yang, Hanchun Hu, GuiZhou Normal University, GuiYang, China 

Working memory is current one of hot researching for cognitive psychology and cognitive 

neuroscience. Central executive is an important component of working memory. To research 

central executive has become one of working memory’s focal researching. There are some 

researches that attempt to analyze central executive functions, such as the research of dual-task 

model, individual differences of working memory range, quantitative modeling and so on. At 

present, using latent variable analysis and brain-imaging approaches to explore the structural 

diversity and validity of central executive functions becomes the new researching tendencies. This 

article mainly reviews on these approaches. 

1063.126 The strategies of distributing working memory resources in different difficulties of the 

running-arithmetic problems, Huijuan Liu, Wo Jianzhong, Lin Chongde, Beijing Normal 


In this study, we explored how the difficulty of the problem affected the strategies of distributing 

working memory resources by using the running-arithmetic problems. Four hundred and 

forty-four children and adolescents from 9 to18 years old were randomly selected schools. The 

conclusions of the experimental research were as follows: The five dominating strategies were 

used which are the external equation strategy, the external label strategy, the external original note 

strategy, the external number strategy and the internal strategy. The number of the external number 

strategy increased evidently with the difficulty of the problems, but the other four strategies 

dropped off. 

1063.127 The effect of different working memory capacity and memory load on reasoning 

processing, Yanhua Guan 1 , Zhicheng Jin 2 , 1 GuangDong Education Institute, China; 2 South 


This article chose strictly reading and visual-spatial Working Memory span task, using the 

methods of Fuzzy Set theory and Information theory in two experiments to explore the reasoning 

process of subjects of different capacities of Phonological Working memory and visual-spatial 

Working memory under the conditions of high and low memory load. The results revealed: 1.All 

subjects reasoned absolutely correct. 2.Subjects had lower reasoning performance, and lower 

using rate of Known information and the efficiency of reasoning processing under the conditions 

of high memory load, On the contrary, subjects' performance had no significant difference. 

1063.128 Assessment of working memory in Japanese children with learning disabilities, Yeonhee 

Hwang, Toru Hosokawa, Ikuyo Ishizaka, Dan Ohira, Tomio Ohta, Fukuoka University of 

Education, Japan 

The purpose of this study was to develop an abbreviated Japanese version of the Swanson 

Cognitive Processing Test (S-CPT), a standardized test to assess the working memory ability of a 

person, and to determine if Japanese children with learning disabilities would have a working 

memory deficiency by comparison with a group of children without learning disabilities. On the 

basis of the S-CPT fs 11 subtests, 4 subtests were selected for the Japanese version based on the 

target examinees f ages 

The results indicated that there was a significant difference in the working memory of children 

with LD, compared to normal achieving. 

143

1063.129 Is the central executive component of working memory a better predictor of general 

fluid intelligence? Chang Liu, Xiaojiang Zhang, Yun Tian, Yanan Wang, Nanjing Normal 


Conway et al. (2002) reported that working memory (WM) capacity, but not short-term memory 

capacity or processing speed is a good predictor of general fluid intelligence (gF). This study 

investigated the relationships among processing speed, WM capacity, the central executive 

component of WM, short-term memory capacity and gF. Multiple measures of each of these 

constructs were obtained from 265 healthy young adults. Structural equation modeling revealed 

that the central executive component of WM is a better predictor of gF than WM capacity. 

This research was supported by the Foundation for the Author of National Excellent Doctoral 

Dissertation of China (200006). 

1063.130 Continuous estimation of the executive functions in random number generation, 

Fumihiko Itagaki, Asia University, Japan 

The present study demonstrated a continuous analysis method of random number generation 

(RNG) task. The method was developed from the Axis model of RNG where randomness was 

decomposed into indices of two functional strategies including updating, inhibition, and of 

Baddeley’s episodic buffer. Thirty participants were asked to produce a sequence of 500 random 

numbers. The results showed that method made it possible to estimate fluctuation of the indices 

continuously through the course of the performance except first 100 responses. The method will 

be the suitable tools to detect gain and loss of attentional resources in dual task situation. 

1063.131 The role of activation in working memory scanning, Robert Balas 1 , Jaroslaw 

Orzechowski 2 , Kamila Migasiewicz 2 , 1 Warsaw School of Social Psychology, Poland; 

2 

Jagiellonian University, Cracow, Poland 

The purpose of the study was to determine particular activation mechanisms in working memory 

scanning. According to the two-phase model of WM scanning the process involved parallel and 

automatic reorganization of information (phase 1) and sequential and controlled search for target 

information (phase 2). The time and accuracy of target identification depends on its 

discriminability from other stimuli stored in WM. The experiment was conducted in modified 

Sternberg's paradigm. The discriminability was manipulated by presenting subthreshold stimuli 

before the target. The results support the thesis that stimulus discriminability based on its 

activation is plays crucial role in WM scanning. 

1063.132 Effect of position in working memory scanning, Krzysztof T. Piotrowski, Zbigniew 

Stettner, Jagiellonian University, Poland 

According to WM activation models every information stored in WM is activated. Information 

that is currently in the focus of attention is the highest activated but its activation decreases in time. 

Contemporary models of WM scanning (e.g. two-phases model) suggest that time and accuracy of 

target identification depends on its activation. In serial presented set, activation of the element 

should depend on the position. Experiment was conducted in Sternberg’s paradigm. Position effect 

was measured in different set sizes and for different target positions in the set. The results allow to 

suppose that activation degree depends on position in the set. 

144

visuospatial-domain working memory, Jiecai Lin, Zhicheng Jin, Weijun Fang, South China 


Most researchers have only explored the information of working memory in the verbal domain. 

Oberauer established a concentric model distinguishing 3 states of information representations: the 

activated part of long-term memory, the region of direct access, and the focus of attention. While 

large numbers of behavioral and neurophysiological evidences prove the separability of the 

verbal-domain working memory and the visuospatial-domain working memory. Based on the 

concentric model, we explore the information representations in the visuospatial-domain working 

memory by extending the memory-updating paradigm, then compare the information 

representations in the visuospatial-domain working memory with those in the verbal-domain 

working memory. 

1063.138 Rehearsal of a spatial location, Bocheng Kuo, Yeiyu Yeh, National Taiwan University, 

Taipei, China 

The present study verified a hypothesis that selective attention is a rehearsal mechanism for spatial 

working memory (Awh, Jonides & Reuter-Lorenz, 1998) or resource capacity may be the latent 

factor that underlies the function of attentional-rehearsal. The results of Experiment 1 replicated 

those of Awh et al. (1998) by showing that attentional shift influenced spatial working memory. 

The results of Experiment 2 showed that spatial working memory was not impaired when 

participants were asked to remember the temporal order of one or four colored circles during 

retention interval. In Experiment 3, spatial judgment of orientation was performed during 

retention. 

1063.139 Activation and strategical coding in working memory scanning, Agata Blaut, Boryslaw 

Paulewicz, Zbigniew Stettner, Jagiellonian University, Cracow, Poland 

Two experiments were run in order to test the two-phase working memory scanning model. In the 

first experiment classical Sternberg STM-search paradigm was modified to assess the amount of 

resources taken up by the memory task. The second tracking task was added as a measure of 

strategical coding of presented stimuli. The aim of the second experiment was to unconfound the 

effect of mnemotechniques / strategical coding from stimulus driven activation. This was done by 

controlling exposition time independently from ISI. The presently analysed results seem 

promising. 

1063.140Activation and inhibition in the preparation and execution processes in working memory, 

Cuiju Bao, Zhicheng Jin, South China Normal University, China 

The authors dissociated processes of preparation and execution in memory-updating task. In 

experiment 1, increasing latencies with decreasing probabilities of stimuli showed that participants 

can adjust their expectancies and activation on stimuli during the preparatory process. In 

experiment 2, the author found that old men are slower in adjusting their expectancies than young 

men. Experiment 3 showed the evidence that preparation involves activation of the expected 

stimulus and inhibition of distracting stimuli, which supported interference theory. In experiment 4 

the author found that there is backward inhibition in the processes of execution in 

memory-updating task. 

146

1063.141 Working memory bias against facial expressions of emotion in social anxiety, Soyeon 

Kim 1 , KyungJa Oh 2 , 1 Seoul National University Hospital, Republic of Korea; 2 Yonsei University, 

Republic of Korea 

609 participated for the screening survey that consisted of social anxiety and depression scale.26 

and 28 participants were selected as Low and High Social Anxiety Group to perform a different 

types of WM task in which subjects were to order three pictures in ascending order that were 

presented either sequentially or simultaneously. Three different types of tasks were; order positive 

and negative facial expression according to the degree, order pictures according to the age, order 

figures according to the size. There was a significant difference between two groups in the 

porportion of correct responses using facial expressions when presented sequencially. 

1063.142 Individual differences in working memory: Inhibition of irrelevant information, 

Hyunjoo Yoo, Mi-ra Kim, Jung-mo Lee, Tae-Jin Park, Chonnam National University, South 

Korea 

The present study examined whether readers with different WM span would differ in selectively 

inhibiting irrelevant information. Participants were given the reading span task and the probe 

recognition task (experiment 1) or the lexical decision task (experiment 2). The results showed 

that the high WM memory group responded to the not-to-be-remembered words more slowly than 

to the to be-remembered words, while the low WM group did not show the difference and that 

high WM group was able to inhibit the irrelevant information consistently though memory load 

increased. These results implicate that WM span would be a reflection of inhibition ability. 

1063.143 Binding inside and outside the focus of attention in working memory, Weijun Fang, 

Zhicheng Jin, South China Normal University, China 

This study explored binding inside the focus of attention. In experiment 1 the initial display for 

binding was presented inside or outside of the focus of attention for a variable duration 

(100ms~3s). Results showed that with a brief stimulus binding can be observed only inside the 

focus of attention. Based on Oberauer’s concentric model of working memory, experiment 2 

measured the representation state of objects recently bound inside the focus of attention. Results 

support that the recently bound object is moved out of the focus of attention and stored in the 

capacity limited region of direct access. 

1063.144 The relationship between self confidence and mental rotation performance, Shan Bao, 

Linda Boyle, Brus Brus, The University of Iowa, USA 

The purpose of this study is to explore the relationship between self confidence and mental 

rotation performance of engineering students. Students entering the College of Engineering as 

freshmen at the University of Iowa in fall 2002 were tested for their mental rotation performance 

using the Purdue Spatial Visualization Test (PSVT). They were asked to rate their confidence in 

engineering skills. A multivariate analysis on the confidence level showed two unique clusters; 

one group had significantly more self-confidence than the other. The one with higher self 

confidence also performed better on the PVST. 

1063.145 A study on the effects of anxiety mood and age on prospective memory, Wei Liu 1 , 

Lijuan Wang 2 , Zhiliang Yang 3 , 1 Shanghai Normal University, China; 2 Jilin University, China; 

147

3 

EastChina Normal University, China 

This study tested 119 junior high school students and 219 college students by using prospective 

memory test material including anxiety scale and prospective memory self-evaluation test. Its 

independent variables include anxiety levels and age. The results show that: (1) anxiety mood has 

significant effects on the self-evaluation scores of prospective memory test; (2) prospective 

memory scores of college students are significantly higher than those of junior high school 

students. 

1063.146 Prospective memory, working memory and self-rated memory in individuals with 

intellectual disability, Anna Levén 1 , Björn Lyxell 1 , Jan Andersson 2 , Henrik Danielsson 1 , 1 The 

Swedish Institute for Disability Research, Linköping University, Sweden; 2 The Swedish Defence 

Research Agency, Sweden 

The relationship between prospective memory, working memory and self-rated memory 

performance was studied among individuals with intellectual disability and individuals without 

intellectual disability. The result demonstrates inter- and intra-individual differences in prospective 

memory, and working memory that are more prominent for individuals with intellectual disability. 

Self-rated memory did not differ between the two groups, although there were large differences in 

memory performance on the other memory tasks. The results are interpreted as limitations in 

various aspects of working memory which contribute to failures in prospective memory 

performance in individuals with intellectual disability. 

1063.147 External memory aids in prospective memory tasks, Hong Chen, China 

This study investigated how the availability of external memory aids affects the cognitive 

processes in prospective memory tasks. Forty-eight subjects were instructed to memorize 

to-be-executed scripts and to-be-recalled scripts, and then perform the former scripts three minutes 

after the start of a recognition test. The results indicated that in the “no instruction” condition, 

recognition latencies were shorter for words from the to-be-executed scripts than for words from 

the to-be-recalled scripts. This did not occur in either the timer or memo instruction conditions. 

The results suggest that external memory aids affect the rehearsal and monitoring processes in 

prospective memory tasks. 

1063.148Profile of personality and prospective memory (PM), Jose M. Arana, Juan J.G. Meilan, 

Enrique Perez, University of Salamanca, Spain 

Do people who do better in PM tasks have a specific personality profile compared to those people 

who score lower? In other words: can we predict the results in PM tasks from a specific 

combination of personality traits? Research about this topic is not conclusive. A pilot study was 

run in order to explore the relationship between PM and personality. After being evaluated in a 

PM tasks, participants were classified in two extreme groups and completed the 16 PF-5 (Cattell et 

al., 2003). Results suggest that in fact other non cognitive aspects are involved in PM 

performance. 

1063.149 Measuring prospective memory: Reliability and validity, Bob Uttl, Nobuo Ohta, Yoko 

Hara, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba City, Japan 

A variety of methods have been employed to measure prospective memory, our ability to 

148

emember previously formed plans and intentions in response to a cue. The review of published 

research indicates that psychometric properties reliability and validity of these measures are 

frequently inadequate or unreported. We assessed reliability, convergent validity and divergent 

validity of several frequently used methods to assess prospective memory. Tests used to assess 

divergent validity of prospective memory tests included measures of vigilance/monitoring, 

attention, and retrospective memory. Our results indicate that the selected tests of prospective 

memory are both reliable and valid. 

1063.150 Similarities between prospective and enacted actions in younger and older adults, 

Gertrude Rapinett 1 , Jennifer Rusted 2 , 1 Max Planck Institute for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, 

Germany; 2 University of Sussex, UK 

Enactment at encoding has been found to improve memory for the performed task. Forming an 

intention to perform an action prospectively has also been found to have preferential access in 

memory. We investigate whether this facilitation is observed in older adults. Both age groups show 

faster recognition latencies to material that was enacted or intended. In a second experiment, we 

explore the source of the ISE by looking at latencies to the non-motoric component of the intended 

action. Under these conditions, the ISE disappears in both age groups. This suggests that the ISE 

utilises motoric processes similar to overt enactment. 

1063.152 A study on the impacts on ProM of WM and ProM tasks of different difficulty levels, 

Lijuan Wang 1 , Wei Liu 2 , Zhiliang Yang 3 , 1 Jilin University, China; 2 Shanghai Normal University, 

3 

East China Normal University, China 

This study involves 119 junior high school students and 219 college students as participants. It 

explores the impacts of WM and ProM tasks on ProM scores by changing the difficulty levels of 

the tasks, either separately or simultaneously. The ProM tasks that the researchers have used are 

embedded in the test materials. Our final conclusions include:(1)the ProM scores decrease when 

the difficulty levels of WM tasks are raised;(2)the ProM scores of junior high school students 

increase when WM tasks become more complex, but this change impose no influence on college 

students. 

1063.153 Cue detection and inhibitory control in prospective memory: Evidence from semantic 

negative priming, Jie Li 1 , Yaxu Zhang 2 , Jie Gao 3 , 1 University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 

USA; 2 Peking University, China; 3 University of British Columbia, Canada 

The success of prospective memory (PM) requires interrupting the ongoing task and switching 

one's attention to the PM task. The classical PM paradigm combined with a semantic negative 

priming paradigm was used to investigate whether inhibitory control is required for switching 

from the ongoing animacy judgment task to the footswitch pressing PM task, and what is 

essentially inhibited during the processes of interrupting and switching. The results showed that 

the mental representations underlying the ongoing responses, but not the response system itself, 

are inhibited. 

1063.154 Developmental study on the relatedness effects of different spatial social information, 

Lincheng Hu 1 , Ping Liu 2 , Ruqi Li 1 , 1 Taizhou College of Nanjing Normal University, China; 

2 

Northwest Normal University, China 

149

Two experiments were conducted to investigate the relatedness effects in remembering different 

spatial social information. Experiment 1 found that there are relatedness effects in remembering 

social information and there is no difference between genders. Experiment 2 found that: (1) under 

the condition of different spatial social information, the difference of memory rates was significant, 

the superordinate-orientated relatedness effects were not different significantly, the 

hyponym-orientated relatedness effects were different significantly and, (2) under the condition of 

different ages, the memory rates were different significantly, the superordinate-orientated 

relatedness effects were not different significantly either, the hyponym-orientated relatedness 

effects were different significantly. 

1063.155Modeling false recognition using minerva 2, Jerome Rodrigues, Marc-Michel Corsini, 

Bernard Claverie, Bernard N'Kaoua, Laboratoire de Sciences Cognitives, Universit Bordeaux 2, 

France 

False Recognitions are defined as erroneous recognition of non-previously-presented items. The 

aim of our study was to simulate this phenomenon by using a formal memory model called 

Minerva 2. After implementing the classical paradigm used for false recognitions studies, all the 

typical effects (list effect, association effect, decision criteria effect, etc.) are well-simulated by the 

model. In consequence, Minerva 2 seems to offer a pertinent modeling of false recognitions and 

provide furthermore, by his emergent functioning, potential explanations of this memory 

phenomenon. 

1063.156 Recognition of facial expressions: Comparing false postives with misses, Ying Tang 1 , 

Muneyuki Mizutani 2 , Masaaki Yamamoto 2 , 1 Beijiao highschool, China; 2 Kyoto University of 

Education, Japan 

This study investigated two types of errors in the recognition of four facial expressions; smile, 

anger, surprise, and ordinary straight face. The stimuli were composed of 80 color face photos of 

20 male and female students which were used as targets and distractors for 30 male and female 

subjects. Each of 40 photos was presented for 5 seconds successively, and after 5 minutes' 

intermission the recognition was tested for 80 stimuli. The results indicated that the number of 

false positives are significantly more than misses in smile and straight face, and reverse in 

surprise. 

1063.157 Effects of cognitive load at encoding and at retrieval on false memories, Micha Park, 

Yonsei University, Republic Of Korea 

Two experiments examined the effects of cognitive load on correct and false memories. The 

results showed that cognitive load at encoding reduced correct recall and recognition of the 

studied words but increased false recall and recognition of unstudied critical words. In contrast, 

cognitive load at retrieval did not have any effect on correct and false recognition. However, 

cognitive load at retrieval increased false alarms of unstudied words whereas cognitive load at 

encoding did not affect false alarms. These results suggest that multiple underlying processes exert 

influences on false memory. 

1063.158 A review on theoretical explanations on relatedness effect in memory illusions, Wang 

Hongchun, Liu Ming, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China 

150

With the deep development of the false memory, researchers have tried to give theoretical 

explanations to the researches on relatedness effect in memory illusion. It can be generalized and 

commented from four aspects: (1) theories based on partial coding theory, including Whittlesea's 

SCAPE mocdl and Arndt's prototype familiarity illusion et al, (2) signal detection, cluding 

Roediger & McDermott's false memory model and Miller & Wolford's standard shifting theory, (3) 

fazzy-trace theory, (4) Schacter's constructive memory. This article also analyze and summarize 

these models and put forward some suggestions for further research in future. 

1064 Keynote 

Chair: Kit Tai Hau, Hong Kong, China 

The rules and tools of intelligence: How IQ became obsolete, Jagannath Prasad Das, 

Developmental Disabilities Center, University of Alberta, Canada 

The world has changed since IQ was invented in the early part of the last century . The cognitive 

revolution in Psychology and new techniques in Neuropsychology to study brain processes have 

compelled psychologists and educators to rethink intelligence. Cognitive processes underlying 

performance in intelligence tests are currently regarded as much more useful topic than IQ both 

for research and application. .What are the theories that have made IQ obsolete and how the 

cognitive approach has helped us understand difficulties in processing information , attending and 

planning ? I discuss these in my address. 

1065 Keynote 

Chair: Kevin Miller, USA 

Control processes in the information of task units: The confluence of emerging properties and 

intentional efforts, Daniel Gopher, Institute of Technology, Israel 

Tasks are the elementary units of goal directed behavior. They encompass the structural and 

dynamic constraints on performance, in the service of intentions or instructions, and are a joint 

product of top down constraints and the properties of the environment. Information processing, 

response, memory representations and performance competency are all developed within and 

bounded by their respective task shells. The talk discusses and presents experimental evidence in 

support of the primary role of control processes in the formation of task shells. Also discussed is 

the interaction between control and environmental characteristics in the creation of units. 

1067 Keynote 

Chair: Jianxin Zhang, China 

Conscious and unconscious cognition: A graded dynamic perspective, Axel Cleeremans, 

Cognitive Science Research Unit, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium 

The possibility of cognition without consciousness continues to elicit controversy. In this talk I 

will review these developments and suggest that the ongoing search for the neural correlates of 

consciousness should be complemented by a search for the computational correlates of 

consciousness -- principles of information processing with which to characterize the differences 

between conscious and unconscious processing. Starting from the perspective that any cognitive 

151

act always involves both conscious and unconscious processes, I suggest that the central function 

of consciousness is to make it possible for cognitive agents to exert flexible, adaptive control over 

behavior. Learning processes therefore play a central role in shaping conscious experience. 

Relevant empirical, brain imaging, and computational modeling data will be reviewed. 

1068 Keynote 

Chair: Huichang Chen, China 

Touch in infancy: Development of haptic abilities in very young infants, Arlette Streri, 

Laboratory of Cognition and Development, University Rene Descartes - Paris V, France 

Before six months of age, infants display various perceptual and cognitive competences with both 

their right and left hands. Numerous experiments revealed several haptic abilities: 1. Cross-modal 

transfer of shape from touch to vision since birth. 2. Cognitive competences in numerical tasks. 3. 

Haptic perception of object unity in assemblies that undergo various motions. 4. Hand preference 

in global or local processing of complex objects. 5. Asymmetrical competences in perceptual and 

motor abilities between hands. All these performances, obtained without visual control, may help 

set up remediation techniques to stimulate the haptic system of blind infants. 

1071 ORAL 

History, theory, psychology as a discipline 

Chair: Ibrahim Kira, USA 

1071.1 John Dewey and the reflexive problem in psychology, Svend Brinkmann, University of 

Aarhus, Denmark 

This presentation highlights some aspects of Dewey's psychological works and their contemporary 

relevance. It is shown first that a reflexive problem exists in psychology, which means that 

psychology is involved in the constitution of its own subject matter. Then Dewey's pragmatism is 

drawn in, and it is shown that Dewey was aware of the reflexive problem. Dewey devised a 

positive way psychology could cope with the reflexive problem, namely by becoming a moral 

science, which admits its ethico-political presuppositions and implications. Psychology as a 

pragmatic moral science has a role to play in creating a democratic public. 

1071.2 Introducing Sudanese psychology, Haram Badri, Ahfad Univ. for Women (AUW) & 

SPS, Sudan 

The paper provides historical prespective about how psychology was introduced in the Sudanese 

Institutions. Highlights of some of the Sudanese Philosophers who influenced behavioral sciences 

in Sudan and acknowledgement of the distinguished Sudanese figures in both psychology and 

psychiatry, who has direct contribution to Sudanese Psychology will be presented. Plus, others 

who participated successfully in keeping the culture of Sudanese Psychology through their 

research studies, essays, lecturing and implanting the concept of adaptation of psycholgical 

theories and methodologies to local culture in their students. 

1071.3 On psychoanalysis, Decan Shen, Peking University, China 

152

fives types: attachment, identity, social interdependence, self-actualization, and physical or bodily 

traumas. Multilateral trauma can affect more than one of the functions. The second is based on the 

objective characteristics of the event and includes pseudo-trauma or trauma-like, direct trauma and 

secondary trauma. Direct trauma is either nature-made or man-made. Man made direct trauma can 

be either type I (single blow), or type II (repeated) or type III (ongoing). 

1071.8 The contribution of L.S. Vygotsky and A.R. Luria to the psychology of XXI century, 

Janna Glozman, Moscow State University, Russian Federation 

The centennial anniversaries of the birth of L.S. Vygotsky (1996) and of A.R. Luria (2002) excited 

great interest to their contribution to international psychology. The paper analyses the 

collaboration of Vygotsky and Luria in creating the cultural-historical psychology at the years of 

1920’s and 1930’s. Justified is the role of the theoretical foundations and common researches of 

Vygotsky and Luria in neuropsychology for the elaboration of the theory and methods of the 

cultural-historical psychology. The continuity and interrelation of both fields of psychology and 

some perspectives of their development in the international psychology of XXI century are 

emphasized. 

1072 ORAL 


Chair: Olga Mitina, Russian Federation 

1072.1 Method of determinational analysis (DA) its application and developing, Olga Mitina, 

Moscow State University by Lomonosov, Russian Federation 

DA establishes correspondence between two objects’ features the following ‘if a, then b’. a and b 

are any features of the investigated objects. b is explained feature, a is explaining feature. DA 

calculates different parameters: the portion of objects possessing a and b among objects 

possessing only a and than only b, difference between the portion of objects possessing both a and 

b among objects with the a and the portion of objects with b in the whole sample. Relations 

between these parameters allows to test statistically hypothesis about determination b by a and to 

work with nominative data. 

1072.2 Some recent advances on two-level structural equation models: Estimation, testing, and 

robustness, Jiajuan Liang 1 , Peter Bentler 2 , Ke-Hai Yuan 3 , 1 University of New Haven, School of 

Business, USA; 2 University of California at Los Angeles, USA; 3 University of Notre Dame, USA 

Estimation, testing, and robustness are three common problems encountered in two-level 

structural equation models. Liang and Bentler (2004) developed the EM approach to estimation of 

model parameters and studied the asymptotic properties of the estimators. Yuan and Bentler 

studied the problems of testing hypothesis and the robustness of parameter estimators in their 

series of papers. In this joint paper, we will explore some recent advances in the research of the 

three problems. Some numerical comparisons between our methodology and selected existing 

ones will be given. 

1072.3 SH-Model: Considering both systematic and human factors, Jing Kong 1 , Xiangshi 

154

Ren 1 , Xing-qi Jiang 2 , 1 Kochi University of Technology, Japan; 2 Asahikawa University, Japan 

Although Fitts’ law and its revised versions as human computer interaction evaluation tools have 

been used widely, doubts still exist regarding their validity. Design tasks in HCI demand a revision 

or a replacement of the existing models. In response to this need, we developed a new model for 

evaluating input efficiency of pointing tasks with considering of psychological factors. The effects 

of the new and the traditional models are compared using AIC (Akaike Information Criterion), a 

criterion for statistical model selection. The results show that the new model is better than the 

traditional ones in performance prediction and evaluation. 

1072.4 Mathematical model of the man as link of interplay of the animate and lifeless nature, 

Volodymyr Prisniakov 1 , Ludmila Prisniakova 2 , 1 IGTM National of Academy of Science of 

Ukraine, Ukraine; 2 International Academy of Management by Personnel, Ukraine 

The model takes into account the reception by the man of the information, production of the new 

information, its loss in communicative space. The obtained equation of state of the man imitates 

catastrophe such as "cusp". Use of a body of the catastrophe theory let us to detect of three 

different state of the man. From points of bifurcations of nonequilibrium of an individual in an 

information field the conditions of birth and death are obtained. The paper demonstrates that the 

transition of the man to a transcendental condition takes place through definite critical values of 

his information condition. 

1072.5 Confirmatory factor analysis in measurement development: A model comparison 

between CFA and classical test theory, Mei-Kuang Chen, Patrick McKnight, University of 

Arizona, USA 

Confirmatory factor analysis and classical test theory represent the two most frequently used and 

misunderstood measurement development tools. Most measurement developers rely on these tools 

to identify "fitting" items as well evaluate the overall measurement model. The purpose of this 

paper is to present several simulations to illustrate the strengths and weaknesses of each approach 

and to offer suggestions about how measurement development might prosper without the strong 

reliance on these methods. 

1072.6 Evaluating measurement models, Patrick McKnight, Mei-Kuang Chen, University of 

Arizona, USA 

Most researchers evaluate measurement models according to stringent adherence to rules set forth 

by classical test theory (CTT). These rules restrict items to narrow bands of correspondence, 

penalize outlier items that might be informative, and generate instruments with limited utility. 

Simulation results indicate that alternative rules might provide a broader and more productive 

measurement development process in social science. These results along with their implications 

will be discussed. 

1072.7 Application of AHP in evaluating the quality of middle school teaching, Jieyu Yu, South 


In this thesis,it expounds how to use Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) to evaluate the quality of 

middle school teaching,which refers to the factors such as attitude,organization,content and 

effect.And this thesis just chooses some characteristic fators as the evaluative guidelines.It affirms 

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cues that are paired with an outcome is the mechanism by which we re-evaluate inferences about 

causal relationships when one cue is subsequently presented in the absence of the other. While this 

model also assumes the role of the association between a cue and the outcome leads to possible 

changes of the associative relationship between them when the outcome is independently present 

without the cue, this effect has not been investigated. The current study investigated this 

possibility and found that this effect can occur under certain conditions. 

1075.8 The relationship between college students’ motivation to write and cognitive pocesses, 

Ellen Lavelle, Yuliang Liu, Southern Illinois University Edwardsville, USA 

Although research has addressed the strategies that students use when doing college writing 

asssignments, little is known about the role of motivation as related to choice of writing strategy. 

This study used a confirmatory factor procedure to develop a model of motivational factors as 

linked to writing processes for college students. Two factors were supported--deep, where 

motivation to make a meaning or to learn was linked to extensive revision, and surface, where 

motivation to just reorganize or "get done" was related to a more superficial approach involving 

little revision or active engagement. 

1076 ORAL 

Cognition 

Chair: Maurits Van den Noort, Netherlands 

1076.1 The study of cognitive patterns in OCD checkers and washers, Mohamadkazem 

Atefvahid 1 , Majied Mahmood Alilo 2 , 1 Iran University of Medical Sciences, Iran; 2 Tabriz 

University, Iran 

The objective of this research is the studying of cognitive patterns in OCD checkers in 

comparisios with washers.for this porpuse 60 OCD patients (30 checkers and 30 washers) and 60 

controls (30anxios and 30 normal) were selected. Then the related questionaires were given to the 

subjects.The multivariate analysis of variance shwed that checkers significantly differed from 

other three groups in the sense of responsibility,guilt,perfectionism,perceived parerntal 

perfectionism, and OCPD traits. The checkers group also differed from washers and normal 

groups in the amount of worrysome thoughts.the clinical and theoretical implications were 

discussed. 

1076.2 Looking lines, finding figures: Visuo-spatial processing and brain damage, Braj 

Bhushan, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, India 

Simultaneous and successive processing by means of matching facial expressions and a set of 

matrix was studied on brain-damaged patients. Intact brain subjects required less time and 

committed less number of errors as compared to brain-damaged subjects. A better performance on 

simultaneous matching task was observed in the normal controls. Damage to the right hemisphere 

adversely affects visuo-spatial processing and the impact of left hemisphere damage is 

significantly different from the impact of right hemisphere damage on a matching task. Also, the 

processing of facial expressions corresponds favourably with the visuo-spatial cues embedded in 

the figures. 

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1076.3 The role of sentence boundaries in discourse comprehension, Aitao Lu, South China 


To study the role of sentence boundaries, we carried out four experiments. In Experiment 1, 

readers were delayed in noticing a contradiction on a target line when the sentence continued onto 

a post-target line. In Experiment 2, target line was an intact sentence. The result demonstrated that 

there was no significant difference between the consistent version and inconsistent version. we can 

conclude that sentence boundaries are important in reading. The result of Experiment 3 

demonstrated that period was sufficient to facilitate the integration of related background 

information. In Experiment 4, the semicolon made no difference in integration of current sentence. 

1076.4 The effect of multiple dimension in the Chinese character stroop-like tasks, Xiangkui 

Zhang, Northeast Normal University, China 

Using Chinese characters as stimuli to test 120 Ss by a series of Chinese Stroop tasks referring to 

the verbal, the arithmetic and the imaginal symbolic systems. The results indicated that the speed 

of processing was largely influenced by the multiple physical matches, and the control of 

processing was mostly affected by the given dimensions;In addition to this, subjects'performance 

was superior in the analytic aspects of the stimuli in the number and the figural-character tasks 

than in the global. This superior performance was attributed the subjects'advanced visual analytic 

ability as well as to the meaningful effect of the stimulus itself. 

1076.5 Unconscious information processing of emotions: Non-linear processing, Maurits Van 

den Noort, University of Nijmegen, The Netherlands 

Neuroimaging techniques (ERP, PET, and fMRI) have made breakthroughs in the field of 

conscious emotional processing possible. However, people process most emotional information at 

an unconscious level and this influences our daily life (Chen & Bargh, 1999). What are the limits 

of unconscious information processing? I will present individual (Radin, 2000; Bierman & Scholte, 

2002) and collective data (Nelson, 2003), which is of great importance since it could lead to the 

development of terrorist attack- and earthquake warning systems (Van den Noort, 2003). Is it 

perhaps possible to come to one final theory? 

1076.6 Experimental study on the creative imagination of 5-grade pupils, Cao Gui Kang 1 , 

Zhang Qing Lin 1 , Shi Hui Ying 1 , Liang Jing 2 , 1 Southwest Normal University, China; 2 Hunter 

College, China 

By manipulating on the cognitive process of children's creative imagination, we got the following 

results: With the given materials, children’s creativity scores were the best by restricting the 

category of interpretation or description (not the imagination) on the results of imagination. 

Children’s creativity scores were comparatively good when restricting the category of imagination 

not the category of interpretation or description on the results of imagination. Children’s grades 

were the lowest without any restriction. How the children were familiar with the category of 

restriction affected their creativity scores of imagination. There was sex difference in different 

imagination tasks. 

1076.7 Effects of mood states on speed of inromation processing, Javad Hatami, Reza 

163

Chinese and English have many similar metaphors for depression, but there are also many cultural 

and linguistic differences. 

1077.3 Sentence verification with natural scenes: A problem for the model, Geoff Underwood, 

Beatrice Hammill, University of Nottingham, UK 

When simple geometrical displays are used, established models of the sentence verification effect 

adequately explain the pattern of results with sentences containing negatives and those that require 

denial. When photographs of natural scenes are used, however, the same pattern of results is not 

always seen. In Experiment 1 we used concurrent displays of sentences and photographs and 

confirmed the TA

stage of Chinese reading and homophonic errors are corrected more easily than non-homophonic 

ones. 

1077.7 Implementing the DRC model of reading aloud in Italian, Claudio Mulatti 1 , Remo 

Job 2 , 1 University of Trento, Italy; 2 University of Padova, Italy 

Coltheart and colleagues (2001) implemented a computational model of reading called dual-route 

cascaded (DRC) in which three procedures mediate print to phonology translation: A non-lexical, 

rule-based procedure, a lexical semantic procedure, and a lexical non-semantic procedure. The 

model accounts for several phenomena characterizing English readers?performance. In this paper, 

we present the Italian version of the model. Italian, being a language with a shallow orthography, 

is an interesting test for the model. The Italian version has been tested on a variety of behavioral 

data, and the results will be discussed in terms of its capacity to account for the patters. 

1077.8 Electrophysiological estimates of the time course of semantic and phonological 

encoding in implicit Chinese monosyllabic word production, Qingfang Zhang, Yufang Yang, 

Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China 

Two different event-related potential (ERP) components were used to investigate the temporal 

processing of semantic and phonological encoding during implicit Chinese monosyllabic word 

production. Participants were shown pictures and carried out a dual choice go/nogo decision based 

on semantic information (whether the picture was of an animate or an inanimate object) and 

phonological information (whether the tone of picture’ s name was high level and low rising or 

rise falling and high falling). Both the lateralized readiness potential (LRP; related to response 

preparation) and N200 (presumably related to response inhibition) indicated that semantic 

activation occurs earlier than phonological activation. 

1078 ORAL 

Emotion and motivation 

Chair: James Tin Hang Yip, Hong Kong, China 

1078.1 A study of suicidal attempts by drugs and poisonous substances in emergency rooms and 

intensive care units of affiliated hospitals affiliated to, Seyed Ali Moini, Hamid Ashkani, Shiraz 

University of medical Sciences, Iran 

Background: Suicide is a major health problem leading to 9% of deaths. It is also a common cause 

of hospital admissions. Materials and Methods: From Mehr 1379 to Khordad 1380, one hundred 

patients with an age range of 15 to 65 years, who attempted suicide were selected by simple 

random sampling at Faghihi and Namazi hospitals. Results: The majority of the cases were in the 

age group of 20-29 years. 54% were females and 57% were single. 59% suffered from a previous 

psychiatric disorder notably depression (53%). 78% used drugs as the suicidal agent. 

1078.2 Comparing the effects of two types of communication methods on anxiety and 

satisfaction patients, Zohreh Parsa Yekta, Nasrin Barough, Taraneh Taghavi, Nahid Sharifi, 

Tehran University of Medical, Iran 

Objective: comparing the effects of two types of communication methods on anxiety and 

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satisfaction in incubated patients after cardiac surgery. Sample: 90 patients randomly divided into 

two groups.all patients preoperative and described their speaking status in incubation period, also 

explained the picture board for the experimental group and routine communication methods for 

the control group. The above methods were used for each group during the postoperative period, 

while the patients were incubated. Tool of data collection: questionnaire consist of Demographic 

specification and clinical history, State section of spielburger's questionnaire, Visual analogue 

scale (10cm) for patient satisfaction evaluation. 

1078.3 Japanese anger: Its feeling rules and display rules, Asahi Morishita, Kiyoshi Maiya, 

Kobe University, Japan 

This study investigated into feeling rules and display rules of Japanese anger emotions during the 

interview. 138 Japanese students were interviewed general idea and experiences about anger 

emotions. They answered the frequency that they feel anger emotions with parents, close friend, 

acquaintance, senior and the stranger, then how to cope with these emotions. The results indicated 

that the participants most often felt anger emotions with parents, acquaintance and senior, but 

scarcely expressed these emotions except to parents. The findings indicate that not only the degree 

of anger feeling but also their expression styles varies corresponding to the partner. 

1078.4 A comparison of anger expression and coping among women from different cultures, 

Jenny Pan, Taiwan, China 

This study investigated the differences on triggers of anger, targets of anger, anger coping and the 

guilt about expressing anger among Chinese (in Taiwan), Chinese American and Caucasian 

American women. Results indicated that rights being violated or being cheated were the two most 

common triggers of anger; talking it over with a confidante or friends was the most common way 

of coping with anger for Chinese(in Taiwan), Chinese American and Caucasian American 

women;and they were most likely to express their anger to their husband, ex-husband or boy 

friend. Caucasian American women felt guiltier about expressing anger than Chinese women in 

Taiwan. 

1078.5 The role of subcortical brain structures in emotion recognition, James Tin Hang Yip, 

Kwok-Keung Leung, Leonard S. W. Li, Tatia M. C. Lee, The University of Hong Kong, Hong 

Kong, China 

The present study investigated the role of subcortical brain structures in emotion recognition (ER). 

Fourteen patients (8 left, 6 right) with subcortical brain damage (SS) and 14 matched healthy 

volunteers (HV) were administered a brief neuropsychological battery, as well as an ER battery. 

Patients were impaired on ER with the exception of facial emotion discrimination and tasks 

involving happy expressions, relative to HV. Results also showed no difference between patients 

with left- and right-subcortical brain damage in terms of ER. Our findings provide further support 

for the role of subcortical brain structures and frontal-limbic neural networks in recognizing basic 

emotions. 

1078.6 Implicit mechanism underlying the influence of emotion on cognitive styles, Jinying 

Zhuang, China 

Lots of evidences indicate that there are certain relations between emotion and cognitive styles. 

167

One experiment was conducted to investigate the underlying implicit mechanism of this 

relationship by using signal detection analysis. Implicit mechanism was located in the automatic 

use of lower criteria by happy participates than by sad in judgment tasks. Also the acute indicates 

that there is no difference between happy and sad participates in cognitive capacity. It proposed 

that the main focus of future research should be on the relationship between emotion and cognitive 

processing specifics, not on that between emotion and cognitive capacity. 

1078.7 Fears and related anxieties in Chinese students from three types of high schools, Huijun 

Li, Steven Rollin, FLorida State University, the USA 

The present study examined self-reported fears and related anxieties in Chinese students from 

regular, private, and key high schools, and if these fears and anxieties are related to the quality of 

family interaction, type of school, grade, and gender differences. Results show that female 

students reported significantly higher levels of fear than did male students on all five fear factor 

scores. The results also show significant Grade and School main effects and School Type x Gender 

x Grade interaction effects on total anxiety score and total fear score. Most common fears are 

reported. Implications and directions for research are presented. 

1078.8 Research on two mental effects of objective lingual cue, Xifu Zheng, The Chinese 

Psychological Scienc, China 

By 2 experiments, we studied the two mental effects of objective lingual cue. Experiment one 

expresses that the lingual cue to memory is obvious, if the level of lingual cue is lower than the 

level of ordinary people, so, It can lower the person's memory result; Contrarily, if the cue level is 

appropriately higher than the person's general memory level, It can increase the person's actual 

memory result. But if degree of exaltation is too high, its actual memory result can be lower. 

Experiment two expresses that the sorrowful cue can promote 26.8% of the sad emotion. 

1079 ORAL 

Cognitive science and intelligent systems 

Chair: Yulin Qin, USA 

1079.1 Use of expert system in memory rehabilitation for Hong Kong Chinese persons with 

brain injury and rehabilitation professionals, David Wai Kwong Man, Tam Sing Fai, Hui-Chan 

Christina W.Y., The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China 

Two artificial intelligence-based expert system versions have been developed for either therapists 

or people with memory problems. The ES consist of 7 major attributes covering areas such as 

level of attention and memory ability, 3 major intervention approaches and over 20 suggested 

methods. An average of 75% agreement was found between the human experts’ opinions and ES 

suggestions. Clients were satisfied with ES clarity and usability. Further efficacy of ES was 

demonstrated by a control group pre- and post-test quasi-experimental study on 30 brain injury (BI) 

subjects in ES, Non-ES (use of memory-notebook), and control group respectively. 

1079.2 Identifying person-specific dynamic patterns in handwritten signatures by Bayesian 

neural networks, Agota Cserjes, Laszlo Kutor, Lajos Izso, Budapest University of Technology 

168

and Economics, Hungary 

Reliable methods for automatic recognition of handwritten signatures are getting important. 

Utilizing published earlier results and own experiences a new system has been developed for 

identifying person-specific dynamic patterns in handwritten signatures based on recorded 

measures of pen pressure, speed and orientation on a digitizing tablet. Although well-established 

motor skills were thought to be triggered during a signature, it was problematic to find an 

appropriate method to reliably identify them. Finally a Bayesian neural network model proved to 

be sensitive enough. Some psychological mechanisms of the organization of these very specific 

skills were also revealed that will be presented. 

1079.3 The research of affective computing model based on Markov chain, Wang Zhiliang, 

Teng Shaodong, Wang Li, Liu Jiwei, Xie Lun, University of Science and Technology Beijing, 

China 

The paper presents two kinds of states and two basic transferring processes in the affectivity, and 

builds an affective probability space applying Markov chain. Meanwhile an affective model is 

studied, which can simulate affective changing. In this affective model, some concepts using for 

describing affective character and states are defined such as zero affective energy, affective 

intensity, affective entropy and so on. Simulations are done using MATLAB software, and 

simulation results show that this kind of affective model can better simulate dynamic process of 

emotion transferring and changing spontaneously. This model can be applied to affective robot. 

1079.4 Using fMRI to inform the components of a cognitive architecture, Yulin Qin 1 , John 

Anderson 1 , Myeong-Ho Sohn 1 , V. Andrew Stenger 2 , Cameron Carter 3 , 1 Carnegie Mellon 

University, USA; 2 University of Pittsburgh, USA; 3 University of Science and Technology Beijing, 

China 

A series of event-related fMRI experiments were performed, including adults and children algebra 

equation solving and learning, and symbol manipulation with different import stimulus modalities. 

Highly consistent brain activation patterns across these tasks were observed in prefrontal, 

posterior parietal and motor regions. Highly accurate predictions of these patterns and the practice 

effect were obtained from ACT-R modeling. These results show that making a commitment to 

associations of architectural components with brain regions and of these components with 

performance of the task can help us improve the computational modeling of high level cognition 

and the interpretation of the neuroimaging observations. 

1079.5 Human-like behaviors of a psychodynamic robot, Andrzej Buller, Advanced 

Telecommunications Research Institute International, Japan 

The presented robot is hard-wired to continuously try to discharge its psychic tensions. It learns 

what to do to acquire tension-discharging data. To be processed, a given tension must defeat rival 

tensions in the robot's working memory. The winner can soon lose to another tension and equally 

soon regain its dominance. An example of this phenomenon is a conflict between a toy-related 

excitement and hunger. The robot hesitates whether to continue playing or to go to load batteries. 

Even after the final decission, on the way to the battery charger, the robot sadly looks back at the 

abandoned toy. 

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1079.6 A model for stochastic drift in memory strength to account for judgments of learning, 

Sverker Sikström, Lund Cognitive Science (LUCS), Sweden 

Judgments of learning (JOL) made immediately after encoding have a low correlation with actual 

cued recall performance whereas the correlation is high for delayed judgments. A new formal 

theory is proposed describing the stochastic drift of memory strength over the retention interval. 

The aggregated memory strength is decomposed into exponential functions with slow and fast 

memory traces. In immediate JOLs fast memory traces cause a low predictability and for delayed 

JOLs slow memory traces cause a high predictability of future memory performance. The model 

predicts JOL asymmetry, JOL distributions and is implemented in a neural network. 

1079.7 On the relationship between overall reading comprehension and determination of fact 

and opinion, Shahram Ghahraki, Islamic Azad University Khomeinishahr Branch, Iran 

The core point of interest to this inquiry was to find out whether determination of fact and opinion 

is a subskill of reading comprehension. To achieve this end, 92 Iranian senior university students 

were selected according to their level of poficiency. The data were collected through two tests: the 

reading section of MTELP, and a fact/opinion test.The subjects were given 9 short 

paragraphs.They were required to determine whether the paragraphs included factual information 

or author's opinion.The analysis of data was carried out.In the presentation,I will dicuss the result 

of related correlation and the implications for the nature of reading and psycholinguistics. 

1079.8 Electrophysiological estimates of the time course of semantic, orthographic and 

phonological encoding during implicit Chinese monosyllabic word production, Yufang Yang, 

Qingfang Zhang, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China 

Two different event-related potential (ERP) components were used to investigate the time course 

of lexical access during implicit Chinese word production. Participants were shown pictures and 

carried out a dual choice go/nogo decision based on semantic information and phonological 

information (Experiment 1), or semantic information and orthographic information (Experiment 2), 

or the orthographic information and phonological information (Experiment 3). Both the lateralized 

readiness potential (LRP; related to response preparation) and N200 (presumably related to 

response inhibition) indicated that semantic activation occurs earlier than orthographic and 

phonological processing. In addition, compared to the phonological processing, the orthographic 

encoding appears relatively early. 

1080 ORAL 

Animal behavior 

Chair: Anthony Dickinson, UK 

1080.1 Social crowding-induced sensitization to morphine psychomotor effect: An individual 

difference perspective, Xigeng Zheng, Yonghui Li, Xiaojing Luo, Institute of Psychology, 

Academia Sinica, China 

Animals with differentiated biobehavioral traits (HRs vs. LRs) responded differently to abusive 

drugs. However, it is still unknown whether environmental factors could distinctively modulate 

drug’s effect for these inherently different animals. The present research revealed that social 

170

crowding procedure could sensitized morphine psychomotor effect as a whole, and this effect was 

only evident for HR but not LR rats. The individual differences toward morphine psychomotor 

effects was indiscernible in rats housed in normal social conditions and only turned out to be 

significant under stress conditions, indicating co-contribution of congenital and environment 

elements to the occurrence of addictive behavior. 

1080.2 Food caching by western Scrub-Jays: A case of prospective cognition? Anthony 

Dickinson, Joanna Dally, James Gilbert, Nicola Clayton, University of Cambridge, UK 

The mental time travel hypothesis posits that only humans can travel backwards in time to 

re-experience and recollect specific past events (retrospective cognition: episodic memory) and 

travel forward in time to anticipate future needs (prospective cognition: future planning). Our 

studies of food caching by Western Scrub-Jays challenge the prospective component of this 

hypothesis by demonstrating that caching is sensitive the past states of the caches at recovery. The 

jays reduced their caching of food items that were either degraded or pilfered at recovery and 

increased their caching of the non-degraded and non-pilfered food items. 

1080.3 Environmental knowledge and use of landmarks by capuchins (Cebus apella), Patrizia 

Potì 1 , Martina Saporiti 2 , Paola Bartolommei 3 , 1 Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie della 

Cognizione, Italy; 2 Università La Sapienza, Roma, Italy; 3 Università La Sapienza, Roma, Italy 

In two experiments three capuchins were trained to find a food reward hidden midway between 

two landmarks with the landmark configuration translated and/or rotated across trials. After 

reaching a criterion, the capuchins received probing trials with the landmark configuration 

expanded and no reward: they searched at the training distance from each landmark and followed 

other environmental cues for search direction. In a third experiment with another capuchin the 

same training landmark configuration was only translated but two inter-landmark distances were 

used. During expansion trials the subject did not adjust to the new distance. Capuchins use 

landmarks, but not configurationally. 

1080.4 Perception of transport risks in the Norwegian Public, Björg-Elin Moen 1 , Torbjørn 

Rundmo 2 , 1 Dept. of Psychology, Norway; 2 Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 

Trondheim, Norway 

The aims of this paper are to examine the associations between probability judgements, risk 

tolerance and demand for risk mitigation related to various types of transport a representative 

sample of the Norwegian public and analyse the relation between probability assessments, 

evaluation of consequences, and demand for risk mitigation. Contrary to what is argued on the 

basis of previous studies the present study shows that it is the consequences rather than the 

probability which is important for demand of risk mitigation. There was also an association 

between judgement of consequences and affect and affect was related to risk mitigation. 

1080.5 Numerousness judgments by chimpanzees and humans: Evidence of a shared 

mechanism for estimation, Michael Beran, Mary Beran, Lauren Taglialatela, David 

Washburn, Georgia State University, USA 

We have shown that chimpanzees represent numerosity approximately in a manner best described 

as estimation. When chimpanzees make judgments of sequentially presented sets of items, 

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performance is more dependent on the ratio of the smaller set to the larger set than it is on the 

magnitude of individual sets. We presented computerized analogues of these tasks to adult humans 

and inhibited counting processes through articulatory suppression. The resulting performance 

mirrored that of the chimpanzees with correct selections of the larger set decreasing as the ratio 

between sets increased. This indicates that similar processes may underlie human and nonhuman 

animal estimation. 

1080.6 The role of sex in sichuan golden monkeys’ threat calls, Linlin Yi 1 , Yanjie Su 1 , Junhua 

Qiu 2 , Shuzhong Xia 2 , Xinchen Liu 2 , 1 Peking University; 2 Shanghai Wild Animal Park, China 

This study aimed to explore the role of sex factor in Sichuan golden monkey’s (R. roxellana) vocal 

communication. By means of acoustic analyses, it was found that males’ threat calls were 

significantly different from females’. In the playback experiments, results showed that the sex of 

callers and the sex of subjects interacted with each other, i.e. sex of callers made a significant 

influence on males, while almost nothing on females. It is suggested that Sichuan Golden 

Monkeys could perceive sex cues through acoustic communication, and sex factor played an 

important role in the process of conveying threat information. 

1080.7 The role of social factors on animal behaviors, Mein-Woei Suen 1 , Ray-Mein Liao 2 , 

Jeaw-Mei Chen 2 , 1 University of Birmingham, UK; 2 National Chengchi University, Taiwan, China 

Incorporating both social and physiological psychological research paradigms, three experiments 

were conducted in the present study on 220 male rats. Major findings were as follows: (1) There 

were noticeable effects among different housing experiences on operant conditioned behavior and 

basic physiological measures. (2) Social facilitation effects (on well-learned FR20 behavior, with 

observer) were found in group-based rats. (3) A Social loafing effect (by group-reinforcement) on 

operant behavior was found in some combinations of housing experience and conditioning tasks. 

Significant implications of the present results on animals’ social behaviors are discussed. (either 

oral or poster presentation). 

1080.8 Stress-protective effect of glucose injection on behaviour, Kathrine P. Vinogradova 1 , 

Dmitry A. Zhukov 2 , 1 St.Peterburg State University, Russian Federation; 2 Pavlov Institute of 

Physiology, Russian Federation 

The search of new safety stress protective drugs is an important problem of the present. Anxiety 

levels in rats were determined before and after exposition exposition to mild stress. The glucose 

was injected just immediately after stress. Rats with glucose injection showed slight individual 

changes in anxiety and locomotion in second test. In control groups injection or especially stress 

induce significant individual changes of behaviour. Essential distinctions of anxiety in control may 

be caused by various influence of stress on person with different coping style. The present data 

suggest the stress-protective effect of glucose being injected just after aversive event. 

1081 ORAL 

Behavioral and cognitive neuroscience 

Chair: Ying Zhu, China 

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1081.1 A latent class typology of nicotine withdrawal in men, Hong Xian, Jeffrey Scherrer, 

Pamela Madden, Seth Eisen, Michael Lyons, Washington University in St. Louis and St. Louis 

VAMC, USA 

This study investigated the typology of nicotine withdrawal in male smokers. Data were obtained 

from 4,112 male twins of Vietnam Era Twin Registry in 1992. Latent Class Analyses was applied 

to identify significantly different nicotine withdrawal profiles. Four classes (subtypes) were 

identified which represented a severity continuum. Psychiatric disorders were significantly 

associated with more severe classes. Genetic contributions accounted for 31% and 37% of the 

variance in risk for withdrawal and failed smoking cessation, respectively. The genetic 

contributions were significantly correlated (r=0.37). Further refinement of the DSM definition of 

withdrawal to allow for severity may be warranted. 

1081.2 Genetic covariance between nicotine and alcohol dependence: The contributions from 

antisocial personality disorder and major depression, Qiang (John) Fu 1 , Andrew C. Heath 2 , 

Kathleen K. Bucholz 2 , Williams R. True 1 , Ming T. Tsuang 3 , 1 Saint Louis University, USA; 

2 3 

Washington University in St. Louis, USA; Harvard University and Boston University, USA 

This study was to investigate the genetic contributions of antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) 

and major depression (MD) to the common genetic risk for nicotine dependence (ND) and alcohol 

dependence (AD). We analyzed 3,360 middle aged male twin pairs who participated in a 

telephone survey of drug abuse using structural equation modeling. We found that the genetic 

correlation between ND and AD was reduced from 0.68 to 0.31 after controlling for the genetic 

influences of ASPD, rather than MD. Thus, the genetic liability to ASPD is a major factor 

underlying the common genetic vulnerability between ND and AD in men. 

1081.3 The environment and genetics influence on the development of attention, Li Li, Xuejun 

Bai, Deli Shen, Tianjin Normal University, China 

The current research examined 3 selective attention abilities of 22 primary school twins (11 MZ,11 

DZ) and 22 middle school twins (11 MZ,11 DZ).The experimental tasks include Stroop Task, 

Planned Connections, Visual Search as well as Raven’s Progressive Matrices. Results suggest 

selective attention abilities were influenced genetically because the r coefficient of MZ is higher 

than DZ in the every task. With the age increases, the effect of hereditary factor to attention 

declines. The r coefficient of IQ is 0.841 and 0.849 in the primary and middle MZ, but 0.603 and 

0.204 in the primary and middle DZ. 

1081.4 The genetic and environment influences on the development of memory: Evidences 

from twins, Xuejun Bai, Deli Shen, Li Li, Tianjin Normal University, China 

Using the classical twin design, this study investigates the influence of genetic and environment 

factors on the development of memory.44 pairs of twins (22 monozygotic, MZ; 22 dizygotic, DZ) 

participated, they are primary school students and middle school students. Each subject was 

individual measured his/her STM span, WM span, the speed of retrieval information from LTM 

and Raven’s Progressive Matrices. Results suggest the development of memory influenced by 

genetic. The relation of IQ of the MZ is higher than the DZ, and also the relations of STM, WM 

and LTM of MZ are higher than the DZ. 

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1081.5 Interaction of brain structures in verbal functions (In normal and stuttering speakers), 

Janna Glozman, Andrey Kiselnikov, Alexander Vartanov, Moscow State University. Russian 

Federation 

The paper is a cross-disciplinary cognitive and neural analysis of mechanisms of speech in normal 

and stuttering subjects. Original method of analysis of electric brain waves images preceding 

pronunciation through equivalent dipoles reveals the neural mechanisms of readiness for speech 

(verbal action preparation). The preliminary cerebral activity is synchronized both with verbal 

sounds perception and with word pronunciation. A comprehensive neuropsychological assessment 

proves, that the neural organization of the readiness to speak is related with individual patterns of 

cognitive functioning and cerebral dominance of subjects. Different inter- and intrahemispheric 

interactions of brain structures realize the normal and pathological readiness potentials. 

1081.6 Effects of pre-training inactivation of the striatum on over-reinforced inhibitory 

avoidance, Roberto A. Prado-Alcala, Luisa E. Galindo, María E. Garín-Aguilar, Miguel A. 

Díaz del Guante, Gina L. Quirarte, National University of Mexico, Inst. of Neurobiology, 

Mexico 

Post-training inactivation of the striatum produces amnesia of inhibitory avoidance (IA), but under 

conditions of enhanced learning, post-training inactivation does not produce memory deficits. To 

test whether pre-training interference with striatal activity produces equivalent effects, 

tetrodotoxin (TTX, a sodium channel blocker) was administered bilaterally into the striatum 1 h 

before training of one-trial IA, using low, medium, or high foot-shock; retention of the task was 

measured 48 h later. Profound amnesia was found in all experimental groups. These results 

strongly suggest that enhanced training does not protect against memory deficiencies induced by 

pre-training inactivation of the striatum. 

1081.7 Why do Chinese obey their mother?--Neuroimaging studies of Chinese self construction, 

Ying Zhu, Peking University, China 

Self is as culture product, then culture can inflluence self-concept. For example, most people in 

Western culture hold independent self excluding mother, whereas most people in Asian culture 

hold interdependent self including mother. Our fMRI study has shown that when self-encoding 

condition minus other-encoding condition the medial prefrontal and cingulate activations were 

observed, whereas self encoding minus mother-encoding the medial prefrontal ctivations 

disappeared. These results suggest that mother-encoding may share medial prefrontal lobe with 

self-encoding for Chinese subject, which provide strong evidence for interdependent self including 

mother at brain level. 

1081.8 An event-related potential study of picture memory encoding, Nan Qu, Aiqing Nie, 

Chunyan Guo, Jinhong Ding, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China 

In the present experiment, subjects viewed pictures of common objects under incidental learning 

conditions in which each picture required a two-choice decision based on semantic 

criteria(animal/nonanimal). Subsequently a free recall test where subjects were asked to recall the 

name of the pictures was required. Event-related brain potentials elicited in response to the 

original presentation of each picture were found to differ as a function of later memory 

performance. Over the 400-800ms latency range, responses to remembered pictures were positive 

174

elative to responses of forgetten pictures. 

1082 ORAL 

Human development 

Chair: Joscha Kaertner, Germany 

1082.1 An exploratory factor analysis of the structure of infant curiosity, Yunyan Liu, Zhang 

Dajun, China 

The research of the structure infant curiosity is the basic study of the development of infant 

curiosity. The present study, in the light of the investigation on the existing literatures and some 

open questionnaires, compiles A Teachers’ Questionnaire of Infant Curiosity Development, and 

analyses the statistics by investigates teachers of 3 to 5 years old infants. Then the author of the 

dissertation appllies an exploratory analysis factors of only to find that infant curiosity is mainly 

composed of eight factors: sensitivity, observation, interest, exploration, questioning, problem 

solving, imagination and absorption. 

1082.2 A comparative study of development of self-regulation of infants as they interact with 

others-Based on observations of infants raised in the U.S. and Japan, Sakae Nakata, Kunio 

Shiomi, JPA, APA & IAAP members, Japan 

This study considered case observations of infants brought up in U.S. and Japan. Attention was 

paid to how the parents interfered with their children and how infant interacted with other infants. 

This study covered kindergartners aged 5-6 and their mothers. Observed were six pairs of a 

kindergartner and his/her mother in each nation. In total, twelve infants and mothers provided data. 

The study found out 1) Japanese infant tends to learn what is happening around when she/her is at 

a loss. 2) Japanese infant is easier to doubt own ideas. 3) U.S. mother does not intervene until 

infant verbally requested. 

1082.3 The development of theory of mind in the second year in life, Dake Zhang 1 , Lixin 

Wang 2 , 1 South China Normal University, China; 2 Beijing Normal University, China 

The research discussed if the infants has got the ability to understand others’ mental states (theory 

of mind) by the proportion of responsive turns in pretending/non-pretending games for 14 or 22 

months old infants. We found that 14-month old infants had statistically significantly more 

difficulty than 22-month infants in producing responsive turns and maintaining an extensive 

communication. Especially, 14 months infants did worse in pretending games while 22 months 

infants did not. The results suggested that the infants got great progress for pretending games in 

which the ability of theory of mind is necessary from 14 to22 months. 

1082.4 Developmental intervention for rural infants in Andhra Pradesh, India, Mayuri 

Kandalla, Bilquis, Madhavilatha Karnamadakala, ANGR Agricultural University, 

Rajendranagar, Hyderaba, India 

The efficacy of an intervention programme with 5 packages for rural infants was tested with pre 

post experimental control group design. Children in 5 age cohorts from birth to 18 months (Exptl 

=40, Control =45) were pre tested on Bayleys Scale of Infant Development, weight and height and 

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mothers on childcare knowledge, home environment and feeding practices. Six monthly posttests 

with regular intervention until all children reached 36 months were carried out. The ANOVA 

indicated that experimental group was significantly superior to control group on Psychomotor 

Development Index, Mental Development Index, weight, height, mothers’ knowledge, home 

environment and feeding practices. 

1082.5 The measurment of regional cerebral blood flow during the religious experience:a 

priliminary SPECT study, Javad Hatami 1 , Reza Kormi-Neuri 2 , Maryam Noroozian 3 , Shahram 

Seifollahi 4 , 1 Tarbiat Modares Universiyy, Iran; 2 Tehran University, Iran; 3 Tehran Medical 

University, Iran; 4 Rajaie Hospital, Iran 

This study measured changes in regioal cerebral blood flow (rCBF) during the religious 

experience, using SPECT neuroimaging.Three groups- 5 healthy subjects in each 

group-participated in this study.The first group was Quranlearner who had technical information 

about religion.In the second group of religious subjects, religious experience achived by 

participating practical religious rituals.The third group was control group.All of subjects 

participated in rest situation & religious recitation situation while their rCBF measured.An 

evaluation of changes in rCBF showed a significant increase of right & left amygdala, 

rightorbitofrontal & rightdorsomedialfrontal in ritual oriented subjects as compared with the other 

two groups.In the Quran learner group rCBF unexpectedly deacreased. 

1082.6 The mother’s deprivation in the first month postpartum influence on spectral power and 

coherence child’s EEG, Ninel Iovleva, St. Petersburg State University, Russian Federation 

There were observed neonates in ages 20 + 2 days postpartum with and without mother’s 

deprivation. EEG analysis showed higher total power at the alpha, beta bands, higher total 

coherence level at the teta, alpha, beta bands, also, higher coherence between frontal and central 

area of the brain’s hemisphere at the delta, teta, alpha frequencies in infants with mother’s 

deprivation. The present data suggest increasing of the regulator underlying mechanisms and 

allow us to suggest that mother’s deprivation lead to development baby’s discomfort, starting of 

stress-respond and involve adaptation mechanisms. 

1082.7 Influences of maternal parenting behavior of 3 month old infants on the development of 

the self-other-distinction and early empathic behavior at 18 months, Joscha Kaertner, Heidi 

Keller, Astrid Kleis, Bettina Lamm, University of Osnabrueck, Germany 

This longitudinal study analyzes influences of different aspects of parenting behavior on 

developmental outcomes in 18 month old toddlers. The participants were 40 mother-infant-dyads 

living in Berlin that were visited at home. Especially contingency toward infant signals and the 

structure of face-to-face interaction are hypothesized to play a central role in supporting the 

development of the self-other-distinction as a socio-cognitive precondition of early empathic 

behavior.Analyses are based on videotaped behavioral observations of mothers of 3-month old 

infants and behavioral measures of toddlers including rouge-test and a standardized empathy 

situation with the experimenter. 

1082.8 Clinical work with infants and their families when mother suffers from birth depression, 

Mette Sund Sjøvold, Aline center for infants and families, Norway 

176

This paper presents experiences from clinical work with young families where mothers suffer 

from birth depression. The mother`s depression might have long term affect on the child. The 

paper focuses how the development of the infant and the attachment betweeen mother and infant 

might be affected. Several actions are needed to help the family, including therapy to the mother, 

couple counceling, supporting the father to be an alternative caretaker and working with the 

attacment and interaction between infant and mother by focusing on the infant`s develomental 

needs. 

1083 ORAL 

Developmental processes 

Chair: Georg Spiel, Austria 

1083.1 The long-term impact of early intervention on achievement variables in children at slight 

risk, Georg Spiel 1 , Christiane Spiel 2 , Petra Wagner 2 , Patrick Wolf 2 , 1 Dept. of Neurology & 

Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents, Austria, 2 University of Vienna, Institute of Psychology, 

Austria 

Two independent samples of children participated in a longitudinal study. Sample 2 consisted of 

129 children selected for slight biological risks at birth. Sample 2 children and their families 

participated in a tailored intervention program that required high compliance. Application of 

multiple regression analyses and SEM showed that biological factors only have a significant 

impact on achiviement variables at the age of 12 years in children not supported by an intervention 

program while socio-economic factors have an impact in both children groups. Althought, the 

effect of life events is more pronounced in Sample 1 children. 

1083.2 Acquistion of knowledge, Denise Land, University of Phoenix, USA 

This presentation will test the criteria by which Neo, in the popular movie Matrix, came to know 

his world and to meet the challenges of that world. This paper will explore Neo’s psychological 

process as he explored the realm of the real world, establishing and testing his criteria for 

knowledge acquisition. When Neo is ready to know -- he will have the knowledge to succeed -- 

it’s all about evolution. 

1083.3 The comparisons of the development of scientific creativity between English and 

Chinese adolescents, Weiping Hu 1 , Jiliang Shen 2 , Chongde Lin 2 , Philip Adey 3 , 1 Shanxi 

Teachers University, China; 2 Beijing Normal University, China; 3 King’s College London, UK 

Administered the Scientific Creativity Test for Secondary School Students to 1190 adolescents 

aged 11 to 15 from 6 secondary schools in England and 1087 adolescents aged 12 to18 from 2 

middle schools in China. Result indicated that: (1) the age difference of scientific creativity of 

adolescents is marked. (2) The sex differences between English and Chinese adolescents are 

different, and we proposed the culture model of sex difference of scientific creativity. (3) There is 

marked difference in scientific creativity between Chinese and English adolescents. (4) There is 

marked difference in scientific creativity among students in different kind of Chinese schools. 

1083.4 Effect of training of cognitive ability and moral reasoning on attitude towards moral 

177

ehaviors of students, Sood-chai Boon-aree, National Research Council of Thailand, Thailand 

Experimental study was conducted on 281 college students to assess the effects of two training 

programs. Cognitive training had impact on some groups of students but moral reasoning training 

had impact on all groups of students. Six months follow up scores revealed reversed results. 

Several groups of students who joined the training of both cognitive ability and moral reasoning 

ability had lower follow up scores than those who joined only one of them, except for the students 

who had high pretest scores on social perspective taking. Cognitive ability and social perspective 

taking were found to be bases of moral reasoning. 

1083.5 The development study of pupils’ creative question-asking ability, Qin Han, Weiping 

Hu, Shanxi Teachers University, China 

Although question-asking has been valued by ancient and contemporary psychologists 

educators,the development of creative question-asking ability is neglected by elementary 

education.The purpose of this study for 200 pupils who graded from 1 to 5 and came from the 

town and the country averagely is to search the development rules of creative question-asking 

ability in science, maths and literature by the means of oral examination. The results show that: 

the whole development will be ascent in waves and also help people involved in elementary 

education develop creative question-asking ability of pupils. 

1083.6 Problem difficulty and children’s problem-solving behaviors: A new model, Ziqiang 

Xin, Beijing Normal University, China 

In this paper, a Relational-Representational Complexity Model was proposed to interpret problem 

difficulty and children’s problem-solving behaviors. Two studies were conducted in order to 

examine this model. Results of study 1 based on think-aloud data of 26 3rd-graders showed 

strategies used in problem solving were determined by representational complexity. Results of 

study 2 based on investigation of 172 students from 4th- to 6th-grade showed the existence of 

hierarchical ordering of templates relating to area-of-rectangle problems. The hierarchical ordering 

of templates could be interpreted in terms of representational complexity and knowledge base. 

Finally, the implications of this model were discussed. 

1083.7 Etho-cognitive approach of free drawing in young children from different cultures, 

Ghazi Chakroun, Letters and Humans Sciences, Sfax, Tunisia 

In order to study cognitive development, we associate methods from psychology and ethology. 

The graphical method consists in studying final results of twenty thousands free drawings from 2 

to 6 years old french and tunisian. The ethological method allowed us to analyse the dynamics of 

the graphical construction as well as the verbal and gestural behaviours of 52 french. ALCESTE 

and AMADO software, allowed us to validate the use of a 12 levels scale, as a result of the 

graphical method, and to identify, as a result of the etho-graphical method, 16 cognitive levels 

concerning the 2 to 6 age. 

1083.8 Metacognitive developmental patterns of primary and secondary school students, Yan 

Fung Mok 1 , Sun Keung Pang 2 , Ruth Fan 2 , 1 City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; 

2 

Chinese University of Hong Kong, China 

This paper presents a study of the metacognitive developmental patterns of students in Hong Kong. 

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9329 students from primary 4 to secondary 6 took part in the study. A metacognitive inventory 

was designed to measure the perception of metacognitive competencies of students. Six 

components were included, they were: Intrinsic Value of Learning, Self-efficacy, Self-perceived 

Academic Performance, Awareness of Metacognitive Strategies, Use of Cognitive Strategies, 

Regulating, and Evaluating. Results show that students’ metacognitive competencies decreased 

rather than increased from primary 4 to secondary 6. The lowest scores were found in Selfperceived 

Academic Performance. Girls showed slightly higher scores than boys. 

1084 ORAL 

Educational psychology 

Chair: Dilys Treharne, UK 

1084.1 Comparing the effectiveness of two listening stimulation programmes in the 

management of auditory processing and literacy difficulties, Dilys Treharne 1 , Marcin 

Szczerbinski 1 , Gwyneth Rapsey 2 , 1 University of Sheffield, UK; 2 Hillcroft School, UK 

This study compares the effectiveness on auditory processing and literacy skills of the eight week 

Listening Programme (Lawrence et al 1999) which uses modified music with the effects of a 

dummy listening programme (containing non-modified music) using a multiple baselines design. 

15 children with literacy and learning difficulties were assessed repeatedly at 2 month intervals: 

before and after the first and second interventions. Apart from the key measures of auditory 

processing and literacy, control measures were also collected. These included measures of 

reasoning, visual processing, and attention. The non-specific and specific effects of the two 

programmes will be presented. 

1084.2 An analysis of the relationship between the rate of Alexithymia with the performance of 

the students, Fatemeh Noughani 1 , Abbas Ali madady 2 , 1 School of nursing and midwifery Tehran 

University of Medical Sciences, Iran; 2 Piam Noor University, Iran 

Some excitement such as anxiety, fear and depression leaves indesirable effect on learning and 

concentration. Alexithymia, is common among the students Samlpe: 132 student from ZPNU. 

Their two GPA is taken as the educational index. Alexithymia questionaire is used as the 

instrument of work, because of high coefficient in Iran. Results: educational performance has a 

negative and, meaningful relationship P

perceived selfefficacy, attitude toward math and math performance is statistically significant. 

Males scored higher on selfefficacy and females scored higher on math performance but the 

differences were not statistically significant. 

1084.4 The relationship between attributional style and academic motive with academic 

achievement, Mehrnaz Shahraray, Valiollah Farzad, Alireza Zarei, University for teacher 

training, Iran 

Three-hundred and seventy (170 female and 210 male) secondary school students in Arak, Iran 

completed the academic motivation scale (vallerand et al., 1989) and the attributional styles 

questionnaire (peterson and seligman, 1982). Results indicated that there was a positive 

relationship between achievement motive and academic achievement. No relationshjip was found 

between attributional style and academic achievement. A positive relationship was found between 

achievement motive and atrributional styles (successful and unsuccessful events in 

internal-external, general-specific and stable-unstable dimenstions). The relationship between 

achievement motive and attributional styles ( unsuccessful events in internal-external dimenstions) 

was negative. 

1084.5 College academic success predictors: A cross-cultural study, John Marasigan, 

Kwantlen University College, Canada 

How do college students who speak English as a second language (ESL) compare with English 

native speaker students? At Kwantlen University College in British Columbia, the largest 

Canadian university college, a random sample of 429 ESL and 338 native speaker first year 

students during academic year 2002-2003 are compared on 26 predictors of GPA. Predictors range 

from current number of courses to civil status. Analyses, including ANOVA, multiple regression, 

and discriminant function, yielded significant values useful to educators and students. This 

investigation continues as a longitudinal study until the sample completes post-secondary 

education. 

1084.6 The role of self-efficacy beliefs, self-regulation and intelligence in school performance 

among secondary school first grade students, Parvin Kadivar, Teacher Training University, Iran 

This research was conducted to examine the role of self-efficacy, self-regulation and intelligence 

in school achievement of junior high school students.A total of 60 classes of male and female first 

graders were randomly selected from the secondary schools in Tehran to participate in the study. 

Self-regulated learning in this study stress the importance of integrated components of the 

motivational as well as cognitive strategies (various cognitive and metacognitive strategies)that 

students use to control their learning.Analysis of the data indicated that intelligence,self-efficacy 

beliefs and self-regulation variables made indipendent contribution of the prediction of school 

achievement. 

1084.7 Effects of collaborative writing on high school students’writing performance, Shaozhen 

Tan, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China 

With the shift in writing pedagogy from product to process, from emphasizing the individual 

writing"in a vacuum" to emphasizing the social context of writing, collaborative writing becomes 

an important research field in writing psychology. The present study selected two classes (1st 

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found on L scale, scale 7, 8, and 9. 

1085.7 Why do we recall personal photographs? A new method of access to the critical points 

of personal history, Veronika Nourkova, Moscow State University named after M.V.Lomonosov, 

Russian Federation 

Because the main purpose of our study was to investigate personal photographs as internal cues to 

the hidden moments of personal history, it is important to note that in our research we concentrate 

not on photographs themselves, but on memories about photographs. 31 adults took part in the 

study. We found two equally well-established types of mental photographs. Episodic mental 

photographs provide access to concrete episodes of personal past while essential photographs were 

likely to provide an access to life period that people do not like to recollect consciously. They 

support the feeling of personal continuity across the life span. 

1085.8 A sudy on the development of defense mechanisms in children, Carina Coulacoglou 1 , 

Anastasia Atsarou 2 , 1 Child psychologist/test developer, Greece; 2 Mental Health Center of 

Peristeri, Greece 

A number of defense mechanisms as they appear in children responses to a projective test have 

been systematicall studied. The Fairy Tale Test is a projective personality for children aged 7-12 

years. Children's responses to the FTT can be interpreted both quantitavely and qualitatively. The 

qualitative analysis of responses, among other things, provides information about a large nuber of 

defense mechanisms such as Undoind, Negation, Denial, Projection, Introjection, Projective 

Identification, Repression, Rationalization, Reaction Formation and Splitting. The sample of the 

study consists of 800 Greek children 6-12 years. In this study the developmental pattern of the 

above responses is analyzed. 

1086 ORAL 

Social psychology 

Chair: Amy Ai, USA 

1086.1 Job satisfaction amongst hospital nurses in South Africa, Karl Anthony Heslop 1 , Betta 

Marapo 2 , 1 University of the Western Cape, South Africa; 2 Pelonomi Hospital, South Africa 

South African nurses are increasing leaving the profession seeking alternative employment or 

emigrating. The aim of the study was to identify determinants of job satisfaction amongst 312 

non-supervisory full and part-time nurses representing diverse clinical areas and employed in four 

large hospitals in South Africa. The questionnaire elicited data on status variables, overall work 

satisfaction, perception of rewards and work values. Autonomous, meaningful and interesting 

tasks, supervisory assistance and salary emerged as significant predictors of job satisfaction 

amongst hospital nurses. While nurse’s levels of satisfaction were not extremely low, moderate 

amounts of dissatisfaction could affect performance. 

1086.2 Cultural values and Independent vs. Interdependent self conceptions in two generations, 

Shahrenaz Mortazavi, University of Shahid Beheshti- Iran, Tehran, Iran 

An earlier cross cultural research showed that the suggestion of a direct relationship between 

183

cultural values (collectivism vs. individualism) and self-concept (importance of dependent vs. 

independent aspects of the self), could not be held over two generations (Watkins, Mortazavi and 

Trofimova 2000). To test the reliability of theses observations, two Iranian samples and two 

American ones (belonging to younger and older generations) were asked to complete a survey 

assessing cultural values and the self concept. Significant interaction was observed with respect to 

gender * culture and generation *culture, regarding independent and interdependent self concepts. 

1086.3 Prayers, spiritual support, and optimism in coping with the 9-11 crisis, Amy Ai, 

Christopher Peterson, Terrence Tice, University of Michigan, USA 

This theory-driven study was designed to fill gaps in faith-related and positive psychology 

research. Psychologists have called for precise assessment of faith factors inherent within spiritual 

experiences, which may account for their effects, and of the social and faith-related contexts of 

optimism. On the basis of various assumptions, we redefined spiritual support, an 

underinvestigated concept and developed a new assessment to offer a precise measure. The study 

is a secondary analysis of survey data among 475 students three months following the 9-11 

terrorist attacks. The results showed the prayer effect on positive attitudes might be explained by 

spiritual support. 

1086.4 Tracking multiple epistemology In Malaysian science students, Sharifah Norhaidah 

Syed Idros, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Malaysia 

This study investigated the beliefs some Malaysian Muslim students hold about knowledge. In a 

previous study Sharifah & Merza (2000) extracted the dimension of Omniscient Authority as 

source of knowledge among undergraduates at Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang. The level of 

sophistication in epistemological beliefs held showed a negative correlation to the level of 

scientific reasoning displayed. Did differing cultural and religious beliefs synergised their 

scientific thinking prowess or did it instead caused a lethargy? This paper will discuss if students 

held conflicting views about knowledge thereby holding multiple epistemologies. 

1086.5 A cross cultural study of attributional style and its relationship to anxiety in English 

speaking and non- English speaking parents of students in Australia, Mohammad Khodayarifard, 

University of Tehran, Iran 

The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between attributional style and trait 

anxiety of 653 parents of students from English-speaking and non-English-speaking background 

living in New South Wales, Australia. Due to their cultural differences, English-speaking and 

non-English speaking parents differed significantly on their anxiety and attributional style. In 

particular, non-English-speaking subjects were more anxious and possessed a more pessimistic 

attributional style than English-speaking counterparts. Differences were also found between males 

and females on their attributional style and anxiety, with males having significantly more negative 

stability of attributional style and hopelessness than females. 

1086.6 Psycho-social indicators of work behaviors in policemen under police – provincial 4, 

Neon Pinpradit 1 , Jatupol Panraksa 2 , Kanit Duanghasdee 2 , Pantong Suwanjuta 2 , Worawat 

Mali 3 , 1 Khon Kean University, Thailand; 2 Police officer, Thailand 

This correlational- comparative study aims at examining the interaction between situational 

184

variables and psychological characteristics on work effectiveness of policemen. The sample 

consisted of 203 police officers and 1006 uncommissioned polices from 51 police stations in 7 

provinces from the northeastern part of Thailand. Important research findings are: The police with 

high effective in general and specific work behavior were the ones with high achievement 

motivation, future orientation, and moral reasoning which could account for 39.7 % in 

investigation group and 42.7 % in crime suppression group. 

1086.7 Research on brand loyalty structure and its psychological mechanism, Deng-hua Yuan, 

Jiangxi Normal University, China 

This paper presents a research work on the consumers’ brand loyalty in China. Chinese citizen’s 

brand loyalty has been investigated by using the methods of Behavioral Event Interview and 

questionnaire. The empirical results indicate that the structure of brand loyalty includes four 

factors such as custom loyalty, security loyalty, identification loyalty and trust loyalty. Based on 

this result, the psychological mechanism of the formation of consumers’ brand loyalty has been 

discussed. Furthermore, on the basis of understanding brand loyalty and customer lifetime value, 

several strategies of brand management are proposed. 

1086.8 A research on the structure of Chinese postgraduates’ vocational value, Zonghuo Yu, 

Hongchang Teng, Haiqi Dai, Zhujing Hu, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, China 

The research tries to reveal the structure and characters of vocational value of postgraduates in 

China through questionnaire surveying. The result suggests: (1) the structure of the vocational 

value includes four factors, which are hygiene factor, intercourse factor, prestige-status factor and 

self-realization factor; (2) Chinese postgraduates value most self-realization factor and value least 

prestige-status factor; (3) no difference is found between MA and MSc in the four factors of 

vocational value; (4) male postgraduates think more highly of prestige-status factor and 

self-realization factor than female postgraduates. 

1087 ORAL 

Social issues 

Chair: Roberto Mendoza, Philippines 

1087.1 The relationships between work-family-conflict and selected outcome variables, Suriati 

Ismail, Aminah Ahmad, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia 

Work-family conflict is a growing concern for employees and organisations due to its associations 

with negative consequences. This study examined the interrelationships among work-family 

conflict, emotional exhaustion, job satisfaction and job performance. It was conducted on 207 

clerical female employees in selected commercial banks in the Klang Valley region, Malaysia. 

Data were gathered using self-administered questionnaires. The results of multiple regression 

analysis indicated that higher levels of work-family conflict resulted in higher levels of emotional 

exhaustion (beta=0.514, p

of Psychology and social work, Malaysia 

Using data gathered from 93 intercultural-married respondents in Sabah, Malaysia, this study 

examines motivational factors for intercultural marriage and level of marital quality. A 10-item 

Likert Scale adapted from Lewis and Yancey (1997) was used to measure motivational factors 

while marital quality was measured using a 4-item scale adapted from Schumm (1986) by Rumaya 

(1997). Findings revealed that respondents who earned higher income were not motivated by 

racial factors. However, respondents who hold higher employment status were motivated by racial 

factors such as the uniqueness of intercultural marriage, attractiveness of other races and 

communication when choosing their partner. 

1087.3 A survey on the relationship between family functioning and occupational identity, 

Mohammadjafar Javadi, Farnaz Jalili Marand, Azad University Iran 

275 students were randomly selected to participate in the study. The measures used in this study 

were Dellas (1981) and Bloom (1985).The analysis of the data shows that there is a significant 

relationship between family functioning and identity.The foreclosure identity gained the highest 

mean in the family funtioning scores. Achievement, moratorium, undistinguished and diffusion 

identitiy, stand respectively in the next levels. 

1087.4 A survey on the relationship between family functioningand moral judgementment, 

Parvin Kadivar, Mohammad Hadi Shahsavari, Teacher Training University, Iran 

The present study was conducted to consider the relationship between family functioning and 

moral judgments among the female first graders in Arak high schools.230 students were randomly 

selected to participate in the study. The measures used in this study were Rest,s Defining Issues 

Test(DIT)and bloom,s family functioning scale.Using Pearson corrollation coeffficient and 

multiple regression, the data analysis indicated that there is a significant relationship between 

moral judgement and family functioning in general. Further analysis show some dimentions of 

family functioning such as: cohesion, expressiveness, democratic family style, and external locus 

of control had a significant relationship with the student’s moral. 

1087.5 Stability and change: The acculturation of Chinese families in US, Kit Ng, Kean 


The purpose of this presentation is to examine the different critical issues related to the 

post-modern Chinese families in America. Major focus will on the Chinese family system, 

acculturation, inter- and intra-generational concerns, discrimination, parenting and other related 

issues which impact the stability of the Chinese families. Further discussions will also be on 

‘building the cultural bridges’ between immigrant parents and American-Born children. Different 

case studies, real life experiences, and didactic will be used in this presentation. 

1087.6 Creativity and adolecents undrestanding of their family interactions, Mohammadjafar 

Javadi, Mariam Mohammadzadeh, Azad University Iran, Iran 

This research investigated the relationship between family functioning and creativity among the 

third grader high school student (male and female). 347 pupils were raaandomly selected to 

participate in the study. The measures used in this research were Bloom’s family functioning 

(1985) and Abedi(1984) creativity scales. Using multiple regression, independent t test, analysis of 

186

variance, there was a significant relationship between creativity and family functioning in general. 

Specifically, a meaningful relationship was observed between family functioning and innovation, 

fluency, flexibility and expansion elements of creativity. There was a meaningful difference 

between male and females regarding the elements of creativity. 

1087.7 Examing the relationship between family functioning and coping styles, Abdullah 

Islami, Parvin Kadivar, Teacher Training University, Iran 

This research was conducted to study the relationship between the family functioning and coping 

styles.2700 senior high school students (157 males and 191 females) were randomly chosen to 

complete the scales: Bloom’s family functioning(1985) and Parker and Endler’s critical 

coping(199). Using multiple regression, independent t test and analysis of variance, there was a 

significant relationship between family functioning and three coping styles. there was also a 

significant relationship between coping style and 12(out of 15) dimentions of family functioning. 

There is no significant difference between male and females in coping style. Both sexes use 

problem-based style, avoided-based and emotion-based styles respectively. 

1087.8 The family man: Phenomenology of intimacy with wife and bonding with son, Roberto 

Mendoza, De la Salle University, Philippines 

Eleven married, middle aged men were invited to share their notions and experiences on topics 

ranging from masculinity, gender roles, intimacy with partner dealings with son and 

recommendations as to how to improve the male condition. Eleven essences were revealed. The 

male, his partner, his son, the condition or situation and the most significant coping are 

interrelated in a proposed model of the family man as making a life and earning a living. 

Incorporation of feminine component and the importance of the spiritual component in the 

partnership with wife and relationship with son are two important conclusions. 

1088 ORAL 

Psychology and law 

Chair: Lina Leander, Sweden 

1088.1 The drug courts: Discipline, punish and/or cure, Omar Alejandro Bravo, University of 

Brasilia, Brazil 

The american model of Drug Courts is trying to be implemented by the justice of Distrito Federal, 

Brazil. Therefore, with the allegation of treating illegal drug consumers, the drug users are under 

the obligation of treating their supposed disease, diagnosed in magistrate's court by a judiciary 

authority. It was used, as a methodological analysis of the documents that describe and justify 

these policies, an critical discourse analysis that with an hermeneutical judgment tries to show the 

ideological characteristics of the texts and discourse according with an hermeneutical approach. It 

is understood that these policies of compulsive treatment of drug users. 

1088.2 Stalker typologies: A law enforcement perspective, Lorraine Sheridan, University of 

Leicester, UK 

Over the last ten years diverse attempts have been made to produce classificatory systems of 

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to the therapist as to the patient in question and how to address these factors constructively in a 

therapeutic environment will be identified. Finally, the experience of impulsivity, anger and 

helplessness will be linked with the necessity of self preservation and how to recognize it. 

1088.7 What child victims remember and report about sexual abuse, Lina Leander 1 , Anders 

Granhag 1 , Sven Christianson 2 , 1 Department of Psychology, G, Sweden, 2 Stockholm University, 

Sweden 

Although research has shown that children remember stressful events well over time, a somewhat 

different pattern emerges in cases of sexual abuse, where the victims are found to report little 

information from the abusive events. The present paper aim to explore child victims’ memories of 

either psychological or physical sexual abuse. We examine which type of information they report, 

the completeness and accuracy of the children’s statements, and whether there are systematic 

patterns in terms of memory distortions and omissions. Preliminary findings show that the 

children omit most of the sexual information, but are accurate in the information they report. 

1088.8 Homicide offenders and psychiatric morbidity, Martin Grann 1 , Seena Fazel 2 , 

1 2 

Karolinska Institute, Sweden, University of Oxford, UK 

We examined psychiatric diagnoses of all individuals convicted of homicide and attempted 

homicide in Sweden from 1988-2001 (n=2005). High quality national crime and hospital registers 

were linked to investigate standardized psychiatric diagnoses of homicide offenders. Psychiatric 

diagnoses were obtained in 1625 (81%) homicide offenders. One in five had a psychotic illness, 

and about half had a substance use or personality disorder. 10% had no diagnosis. This 

investigation used a more comprehensive method for identifying psychiatric illness and found 

higher rates of psychiatric morbidity than previous studies. This underlines the importance of 

psychiatric assessment in homicide offenders. 

1089 ORAL 

Culture and psychology 

Chair: Priscilla Mary Anne Blinco, USA 

1089.1 Traumatic stress and PTSD symptoms as a result of school bullying: A cross national 

survey among Greek and American students, Michael Fakinos 1 , Daphne Halkias 1 , Dimitris 

Akrivos 1 , Irwin Hyman 2 , Mahon Matthew 3 , 1 University of La Verne, Greece; 2 Temple 


Many children in the West now spend most of their waking hours during the week in the school 

setting, especially with the expansion of the school day with childcare and extra curricular 

programs. Traumatic stress caused by peer interaction in school, such as bullying and cruel teasing, 

has been well documented. Yet, there is still relatively little scientific literature exploring the topic 

of traumatic stress and PTSD symptoms in children caused by educators and other adults in the 

school setting, where students are often exposed to stressful events caused by authority figures 

over which they have little or no control. 

1089.2 Japan Meiji Period (1868-1912) popular culture compared to popular culture of the 

189

1990s: Societal effects, Priscilla Mary Anne Blinco, Stanford University, USA 

This paper examines the societal effects in Japan of the Meiji Period (1868-1912) popular culture 

to popular culture in the decade of the 1990s. Japanese culture consists of two parts of a cultural 

tradition that have come together and exist side by side. There is the Japanese traditional culture 

that has been in existence from the beginning of Japan’s long history and there is the culture of the 

West which began to take a prominent place in Japan’s during the Meiji Period. During this Period, 

literature, music, art, drama, and dance became popular and had a positive effect on social and 

personal traits. Much of the popular culture of the 1990s has been brought about by the 

fast-changing ecenomic conditions and technological advances. This rapid advancement, at times, 

has placed a strain on the society. Reischauer and Jansen (1995) point out that “Japan has not been 

Westernized, as is commonly asserted? They go on to state that “What the Japanese have taken 

over are the modern aspects of Western culture, which for the most part the West has only recently 

developed in response to modern technology? Things like railroads, factories, mass education, 

newspapers and mass democracy. In this sense, Japan has become modernized, not Westernized, 

and the process of modernization has taken place on the foundation of Japan’s own traditional 

culture, just as happened in the West, with the same sort of resulting contrasts and strains? 

(Reischauer and Janses, 1995). 

1089.3 Culture-dependent assimilation and differentiation of the self: Preferences for 

consumption symbols in the USA and China, Cheng-min Han, Suzhou Vocational Universit, 

China 

We investigate how differences in self-construal patterns affect preferences for consumption 

symbols through the process of self-expression. The results demonstrate that individuals with a 

dominant independent self-construal hold attitudes that allow them to express that they are distinct 

from others. In contrast, individuals with a dominant interdependent self-construal are more likely 

to hold attitudes that demonstrate points of similarity with their peers. Differential levels of recall 

for similar and distinct items exist across culturally-encouraged selves, documenting higher recall 

for schema-inconsistent information. We discuss the results and encourage future research that 

expands the framework to group decisions and social preferences. 

1089.4 Study on the cultural turn of Western psychology, Cheng-min Han, Suzhou Vocational 


This paper deals with the trend that western psychology increasingly turns to cultural 

considerations. The cultural turn shows in the following respects: (a) The natural science model of 

psychology has been criticized. (b) Multicultural psychology comes into being. (c) Mainstream 

cross-cultural psychology was criticized for its ethnocentrism and universalism, and transcultural 

psychology, a branch of human science instead of natural science like cross-cultural psychology 

has emerged. (d) Psychologists from cognitive psychology, developmental psychology and health 

psychology begin to recognize the importance of cultural factors. The author suggests that the 

cultural turn is conducive to the development of western psychology. 

1089.5 Descriptions of a sense of presence in intercultural and international encounters, Gary 

Fontaine, University of Hawaii, USA 

This paper explores further the state of consciousness referred to as a "sense of presence" by 

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complementing earlier quantitative work on presence in intercultural/international encounters with 

descriptive accounts of the experiences by the participants, themselves. These descriptions 

illustrate previously established factors of the state, including: being present in the immediate 

place and time; having a broad awareness of everything around them: experiencing vividness, 

realness and being very alive; and responsiveness the situation. Additional descriptions illustrate 

other important aspects of presence. The conclusion stresses the need to better understand the 

conditions that affect presence whether encounters are face-to-face, mediated or virtual. 

1089.6 Maintaining cultural integrity: Cultural resilience in theory and practice, Peter John 

McKimmin, USA 

How do cultures maintain “cultural integrity” when confronted by challenges to their survival? 

Ancient cultures and indigenous peoples have long demonstrated resiliency by drawing on 

strengths from within their world views. Often reduced to a phenomenon of individual coping 

capacities and adaptive abilities, resilience can only be fully understood when viewed in the 

cultural context in which it arises and is enacted. This presentation will present a culture-centered 

approach to resilience, identifying Cultural Resilience as an integral component of one’s world 

view and cultural identity. It will examine the implications of this strength-based construct for 

contemporary cultural theory development. 

1089.7 Culture differences in gay identity and “come out”process, Wei Bu 1 , Chaoliang Chen 2 , 

1 2 

Liaoning Normal University, China, Trade and Economics School of Dalian, China 

This paper is to reveal how the variable of culture in shaping and influencing the psychological 

process in gay identity and self-exposure to the outside (“come out”). With a sample of 136 local 

Chinese homosexuals involved in the study and an indigenous scale created in exploring what 

causes the cultural differences in gay identity and self-exposure, we find subtle cultural 

differences such as collectivism, traditional education, oriental moral attitudes and personality 

mixed play a very important role in gay identity compared with western counterpart. Therefore, a 

cross-culture research on gay identity and “come out” process is brought under the discussion. 

1089.8 The psychology of Zen Buddhism: Considerations for cross-cultural psychology, 

Reginald Pawle, The International Research Institute for Zen Buddhsim Hanazono University, 

Japan 

Implicit within Zen Buddhism is a psychology of mind that is founded on an East Asian 

understanding of how mind functions, what is pathology, and what is healing. This presentation 

will examine some aspects of this Zen understanding that offer alternatives to various Western 

psychological theories: causality, the Zen ego, situated/pure experience, gradual/sudden 

awakening, and healing. These ideas will be examined and compared with Western theory. There 

will then be a discussion of the alternatives to Western understandings of mind that are offered: 

how these alternatives broaden psychology and give the clinician alternative ways of engaging 

their client. 

1090 ORAL 

Political psychology 

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Chair: Kerry John Kennedy, Hong Kong, China 

1090.1 The dynamics of Identity Traumas: Suicide and suicide terror, Ibrahim Kira, ACCESS 

Community Mental Health and Research Center, USA 

There are four kinds of identity trauma: Physical, personal, interpersonal and collective identity 

traumas. Mental life is regulated in accordance with appraisals of safety and danger associated 

with the pursuit of various developmental goals, and not only of threat to physical survival. While 

physical traumas can prime mortality salience and activate death fears. Traumas that threaten the 

individual’s personal and collective identity can cause two kinds of annihilation anxiety: 

self-annihilation and group annihilation fears. Self-annihilation fears deactivate mortality salience 

causing suicidal tendencies, or psychotic symptoms to surface. Suicide can be seen in this case as 

an attempt to provent. 

1090.2 Reflections about psychotherapy in Latin America, Osvaldo Jose Filidoro 1 , Luciana 

Marisa Louro 2 , 1 Universidad del Salvador, Argentina; 2 Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina 

The use of Psychotherapeutic resources must be the response to the needs as the multiple services 

arise. Furthermore, a strict supervising System can be required so as to guarantee an efficient 

therapy. It becomes necessary to recognize that in Psychotherapy our subject matter can be 

analyzed in an indirect way. We need to tend to a new view in the analysis of the scientific theory 

supporting the Empirics as a group of conjectures about the way that a sector of the reality 

behaves. We must also be adjusted to a juridical frame of reference. 

1090.3 Political socialization of Irainian schoolchildren, Rahmatollah Marzooghi, Shiraz 


The present research investigated the political socialization of Iranian school children.Based on 

the devine/humanly legitimacy theory of government and the general orientation of Irainian 

educational system,The model of the desired poltical socialization curriculum in the dimensions of 

orientation, principles, objectives, contents, teaching/learning methods and evaluation was 

designed. The findings showed some congrunencies between the desired model and the existing 

situation. But the general conclusions of the research indicates that there is no a coherent and 

systematic planning about political socialization in Iran s general education system. In this respect, 

some guidelines are suggested. 

1090.4 The new “Gender Gap”: Issues for Australian adolescents’ political socialization, Kerry 

John Kennedy, The Hong Kong Institute of Education, China 

This paper will report on the Australian component of the IEA Education Civic Study. Three 

thousand fourteen year old students were tested on political knowledge and surveyed on political 

issues. The partial credit model was used for data analysis enabling a fine grained measure of 

latent traits. Significant gender differences (p

1090.5 The psychological effects of war on children, Maria Askita, Vasiliki Vlacholia, Greece 

The objective of this paper is to provide an overview of the effects of war on children from World 

War One until now. Children's concepts about war and similar conflict forms are discussed as well 

as manifestations of more common stress related disorders. Comperative evidence is mentioned to 

indicate that the effects of trauma transced the cross-cultural barriers of social systems and 

language. Finally, therapeutic intervention strategies are discribed and compared, however, there is 

still a lack of substantial and relevant research that has been conducted and which can ultimately 

improve our ability to help such children. 

1090.6 Is the world a safer place as a function of the “War on Terror”? Svein Larsen, Wibecke 

Brun, Therese Kobbeltvedt, University of Bergen, Norway 

Data from a study of changes in travel risk perceptions and travel preferences, as a function of the 

“War on Terror” indicate that subjects’ risk perceptions regarding tourist destinations in the USA 

changed after the onset of the Iraq war (“more risky”). Subjects’r preferences for these 

destinations also decreased during the war. The results are discussed with reference to the concept 

of tourist experiences and implications of the “War on Terror” on international tourism. 

1090.7 Memory for sale: How group “adjust” their lollective memory for reconciliation 

purposes, Muluk Hamdi, University of Indonesia, Indonesia 

Issue of "voluntary reconciliation" between groups divided by political conflict happened 20 years 

ago in Indonesia were explored. Current polemical discourse prefers to bring the army to the trial. 

But, majority of the victims choose to forgive the perpetrators and make reconciliation. Although 

the study results revealed the role of forgiving, psychological distancing, and healing as the 

prerequisites for reconciliation, but what makes this case becoming interest of the scholars of 

collective memory lies in the fact that the group intentionally distorts their collective memory 

through the processes of collective remembering in order to fit with their current need: 

reconciliation. 

1090.8 Entitativity, conflict schema and conflict attitudes: Moderating role of motivated 

cognition, Agnieszka Golec, Institute of Psychology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poland 

This paper aims at demonstrating that strategies people prefer in political conflict depend on (1) an 

aspect of a conflict schema activated in their minds and (2) the out-groups perceived entitativity. 

These effects are moderated by individual level of the need for cognitive closure a motivation to 

seek out and rely on unambiguous and stable knowledge in face of cognitive uncertainty. Four 

studies demonstrate interactive effects of the need for closure and (1) fight vs debate meaning of 

conflict primed by lexical decision task; (2) group consensus about desired conflict resolution 

strategies and (3) opposite group entitativity manipulated by questionnaire instructions. 

1091 ORAL 

Clinical/counseling psychology 

Chair: Ruth Pat-Horenczyk, Israel 

1091.1 Young school children’s self- and parent-reported anxiety disorders: A comparison, 

193

Elfriede M. Ederer, University of Graz, Austria 

Empirical research has shown only a slight to medium correspondence between the self-reports of 

children and the reports of adults with regard to the children’ emotional problems. This 

presentation examines the correspondence between the self-reports and the assessments of parents 

regarding anxiety symptoms of their children using two DSM-IV-based rating scales. These 

instruments were administered to 184 third- and fourth-grade elementary school children and one 

parent of each child. We find low and medium intercorrelations between the self-reports of 

children and the assessments of parents and lower symptom intensity for parents' reports in 

particular for girls. 

1091.2 The study of worriness & wishes among adolescents in the north of fars province, 

Siamak Khodarahimi, Ali Rahimi, Rahman Rahimian, Eghlid Islamic Azad University, Iran 

Accoding to the importance of adolescence period, this study investigated the worriness & 

whishes among teenages in the north of fars province in Iran. Worriness measured by AWI & 

whishes by WMS scales. Ss were 300 adolescents (150f & 150m) that selected by ratio sampling 

method. The main results are as following: (1) Worriness and whishes are positivly correlated 

constucts. (2) Worriness and Whishes are multifactorial phenomenons,(3)Girls whishes in 

comparison with boys are significantly higher on cognitive-emotional, moral-philosophical factors 

and total WMS scale,(4)Girls worriness in self-esteem, job, relations with others,insecurity, detail 

problems factors and total AWI scale are significantly higher than boys. 

1091.3 Prevalence of the psychiatric disorders among the childern with Enuresis, Farshid 

Khosropour, Zarand Islamic Azad University, Iran 

To determine the prevalence of mental disorders among children with enuresis 145 children who 

were referred to Psychiatric Hospital were selected. The sample were examined by a psychiatrist 

and based on the DSMIV criteria the diagnosis were done.The results indicated that about 30% of 

the children with enuresis had other mental disorders.The most prevalent disorders were Anxiety 

disorders (4.8%) Attention Deficit and Disruptive disorders (4.1%)and Mental Retardation (4.1%) 

respectively.It was also found that there is no significant difference between boys and girls. The 

disorders had a higher prevalence in families with lower socioeconomic status (p

Claude Chemtob 3 , 1 The Israel center for the treatment of psycho-trauma, Herzog hospital, 

Jerusalem Israel, 2 Jewish Board of Family and Child’s Services, Israel 

This project screened adolescents exposed to ongoing terrorism for PTSD symptoms, functional 

impairment and related distress. The study started 22 months after the outbreak of the Al-Aqsa 

Intifada, in September 2000. 2187 students (1037 boys and 1150 girls; ages 12-18, M=15.81), 

attending 8 schools, completed a self-report battery of questionnaires, regarding exposure to 

terrorism, symptoms of PTSD, depression, somatization and functional impairment. PTSD was 

diagnosed in 4.3% of the adolescents, with additional 4.8% with partial PTSD. Girls showed 

higher rates of posttraumatic symptoms, depression and somatic complaints. However, boys 

express more functional impairment and more risk taking behaviors. 

1091.6 Executive functioning deficits in preschool children at risk of externalizing behavior 

problems, Lisa Thorell, Uppsala University, Sweden 

The present study investigated executive functioning (EF) among preschool children (n=218) at 

risk of developing Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and/or Oppositional Defiant 

Disorder (ODD).Correlations between EF, ADHD and ODD showed significant relations to both 

types of problem behaviors. However, studying group differences, the results showed that ADHD 

children (with/without ODD) differed from controls, whereas significant differences were not 

found between ODD children and controls. Thus, EF deficits in preschool are specifically related 

to ADHD, and not to externalizing problems in general. Besides, EF can be reliably measured in 

preschool, which could improve early identification of children at risk of ADHD. 

1091.7 The development of cognitive vulnerability to hopelessness depression in children of 

affectively-ill parents, Christian Webb, John Abela, Karen Brozina, McGill University, Canada 

The current multi-wave longitudinal study examined the psychological and environmental factors 

that contribute to the development of depressogenic inferential styles in children (ages 6-14) of 

affectively-ill parents. At Time 1, children and parents completed measures assessing inferential 

styles. Childrens' experiences with depressive symptoms and negative events were assessed every 

six weeks for the following year. Childrens' inferential styles were reassessed at the end of the one 

year interval. The following factors predicted the development of depressogenic inferential styles: 

(1) chronic hassles, (2) negative life events, (3) emotional abuse, (4) elevated levels of depressive 

symptoms, and (5) parental depressogenic inferential styles. 

1091.8 The relationship between paranoid ideation and bullying, Sachiko Morimoto, 

Yoshihiko Tanno, University of Tokyo, Japan 

Recent studies reported that normal people had paranoid ideation. It is reported that paranoia 

patients have actual persecutory experiences. The bullying is one of the persecutory experiences 

that many people had at school in Japan. This study investigated the relationship between the 

paranoid ideation and bullying in normal people. The paranoia scale and the bullying scale were 

administered to 78 college students. The results showed that bullying score predicted paranoid 

ideation in normal people. The experiences of being bullied are important factor to develop 

paranoid ideations in normal people. 

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1092 ORAL 

Health psychology 

Chair: Marita McCabe, Australia 

1092.1 University students mental health in the North of Fars Province in Iran, Siamak 

Khodarahimi, Ali Rahimi, Rahman Rahimian, Eghlid Islamic Azad University, Iran 

The mental health of university students are inevstigated in Abadeh Payanoor University, Bavanat 

Payamnoor University & Eghlid Islamic Azad University in the Nnorth of Fars Provins in IRAN. 

Ss consisted of 300 students (94 b & 206 G). Mental health measured by SCL90-R cheklist. The 

most important results are as folowing: (1) University type were beeb effective on students mental 

health and aggression, anxiety, depression, phobia, paranoia, psychosis & somatization scales 

significantly had been higher among Eghlid Islamic Azad University students than others two 

groups, (2) Gender, birth order, dicipline, immigration from others provinces, years of education 

in university and marital status were not effective on their mental health, (3) SES was been 

effective on students mental health. 

1092.2 Psycho-neuro-immunological effects of a new psychological method of intervention: 

BIODANZA, Marcus Stueck 1 , Ullrich Sack 2 , Alejandra Villegas 1 , Raul Terren 3 , B. Aires 3 , 

Veronica Toro 4 , 1 Institute of Applied Psychology, Leipzig University; 2 Institute of Immunology; 

Leipzig University; 3 Escuela de BD, Germany 

Biodanza, a form of intervention intended to further health and well-being, originated in South 

American and encourages self-expression and self-management through music, dance and 

interaction. We have been investigating this method on 150 subjects by examining the influence of 

10 Biodanza sessions on various psychological (relaxation, activity, mood) and immunological 

(Immunglobulin A) variables. Subjects showed a significant increase in Immungloblin A (IgA) 

after 5 of 10 sessions compared to the IgA-Level before the session. A significant steady increase 

of the Pre-IgA-level (measured before the sessiones) between the 1st and 8th-10th session was 

documented. Significant psychological improvements were observed (relaxation, mood). 

1092.3 Behavioral anger response in relation to perceived physical health and self-esteem, 

Nutankumar S. Thingujam, St. Xavier's College, Mapusa, Goa, India 

During the last two decades Spielberger’s State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory (STAXI) has 

been the major tool for research on anger. Recently, Linden et al. strongly argued that STAXI is 

not sufficient for assessing anger coping and talked about Behavioral Anger Response 

Questionnaire (BARQ). In the present study BARQ along with measures of perceived physical 

health and self-esteem were administered to 67 middle-aged Indians in Goa. Results indicated that 

low physical health status was correlated positively with Direct Anger-Out, Rumination, but 

negatively with Avoidance. Lower self-esteem was correlated positively with Direct Anger-Out, 

Social Support Seeking, and Rumination, but negatively with Avoidance. 

1092.4 A longitudinal study of body change strategies among children, Marita McCabe, Lina 

A. Ricciardelli, Deakin University, Australia 

This study was designed to examine changes in body image and strategies to lose weight and 

increase muscles among 443 children (207 boys, 236 girls) aged 8-12 years over 16 months. Boys 

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were more likely than girls to receive messages from sociocultural influences to increase msucles, 

and to adopt strategies to increase muscles. The strongest infuences were Body Mass Index, media 

and mothers, and to a lesser extent fathers and best friend. Girls were focused on losing weight, 

whereas boys were focused on both incrasing muscle and losing weight. The implications of these 

findings for preventative eductation programs are discussed. 

1092.5 Treatment adherence among primary care patients in a historically disadvantaged 

community in the Western Cape: Psychological and contextual considerations, Shaheen Ashraf 

Kagee, Marieanna Le Roux, Stellenbosch University, South Africa 

The aim of the study is to provide a culturally and contextually relevant understanding of patients’ 

experiences of the barriers to treatment adherence. Semi-structured qualitative interviews were 

conducted with South African patients residing in a rural historically disadvantaged community 

and attending primary care clinics for treatment for diabetes and hypertension. The data were 

analysed using Atlas.ti. Results indicate that psychological factors such as health literacy, quality 

of life, and social support, and contextual factors such as poverty and transport problems, were the 

most important barriers to adherence. These results are discussed in the context of health care in 

post-apartheid South. 

1092.6 A comparative reserch into psychological well-being of the six colleges’ students 

between Taibei and Gannan, Hong Zhai 1 , Hui-ren Cai 2 , Zhi Zhang 1 , Hong-yu Zhou 3 , 1 Gannan 

Teachers' College, China; 2 Taibei Science and Technology University; 3 Beijing Normal University, 

China 

This study was to compare the quality of psychological well-being of the college students from 

different areas and to explore if there are differences between them. After verlidating the scale’s 

structure, 485 students from six colleges in Taibei and Gannan were surveyed in “autonomy”; 

“positive relations with others”; “environmental mastery”, “personal growth”, “self-acceptance”, 

and “purpose in life”. Results from cross-sectional surveys show that students from different area 

have distinct opinion on “autonomy”. There are moderate or distinct differences on the four 

factors between the sex of Taibei’s college students, while no differences on the five factors 

between Gannan’s college students. 

1092.7 Short stature, personality functioning and daily living as a young adult, Robert 

Stratford, Fiona Ulph, Peter Betts, Jean Mulligan, University of Southampton, UK 

In a prospective logitudinal study of short normal children and young people interviews were held 

with participants between 18 and 20 years (using the Adolescent to Adult Personality Functioning 

Assessment). Data were obtained from 48 short normal young people (mean height SDS at 

recruitment -2.62) and 66 controls(SDS -0.22). Comparisons were also made between the groups 

on qualitative aspects of daily living. No significant differences in personality functioning or 

aspects of daily living were found which could be attributed to height. Short stature young people 

may experience problems in social development, but no more than those who are taller 

1092.8 Psychological health and self-disclosure, Linying Li, Yue Chen, Wenhua Liu, China 

Objective: To investigate self-disclosure and its relationships with personality traits, loneliness, 

and psychological health in college students. Methods: 424 college students received JSDQ, 

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in developing sport education programmes. 

1093.4 Developing of the cope scale for basketball athletes participating in games, Zhi Hu, 

China 

The purpose of this study was to develop the Cope Scale that assessed ways of coping for 

basketball athletes participating in games, according to the thinking of circumstance research. The 

Cope Scale was tested on a total of 372 athletes from eleven professional basketball teams in 

China.Exploratory factor analysis found that ways of coping mainly had four basic types: (1) 

direct action, (2) venting of emotion, (3) plan afresh, (4) aviding the problems. The results showed 

that the new Scale had good reliability and validity, and enough to be applicable to measure 

basketball athletes ways of coping. 

1093.5 The formation of collective efficacy and its impact on effort in a sport team, Peng Wang, 

Fengqiang Gao, China 

Collective efficacy is one of the main parts of human agency. Experiments were performed to 

focus on formation of collective efficacy beliefs and the impact of the beliefs on effort in a group 

task. The results indicated that under the same initial efficacy condition, groups receiving success 

feedback increased their efficacy scores significantly, while groups receiving failure feedback 

significantly reduced their efficacy scores. All groups received failure feedback after trial 2, and 

groups high in collective efficacy maintained performance and HRmax, that is, maintained their 

effort and persistence. 

1093.6 Kinesthetic sensitivity among KABADDI players and its implications in training, Jolly 

Roy, Nitya Barke, Natraj Venkatasubbiaha, Soman Sankarnarayan, Ishwar athyakumar, 

Sports authority of India, Bangalore, India 

Kinesthetic Perception is essential in executing a motor skill at all levels os skill in Kabaddi. It 

refers to spatial position and movement information occuring from stimulation of muscles, 

tendons, nd mobile joints. Seventeen players (novice and experts0 selected under specialized 

sponsored program were tested under field conditions for movements under active and passive 

series. The results revealed better kinesthetic sensivity during active series than passive series 

implying efference copy mechanism. Novice players showed better sensitivity than the experts in 

this study. Accuracy from the end line(start) to the baulk line of the court was found to be better 

than latter positions. Training implications are discussed. 

1093.7 Doping attitude of Chinese athletes: Measurement and comparisons, Zhixiong Mao 1 , 

Lena Fung 2 , Xu Han 3 , Xiaoxiang Ma 1 , 1 Beijing Sports University, China; 2 Hong Kong Baptist 

University, Hong Kong; 3 Beijing Forestry University, China 

Based on the theory of planned behavior, the Chinese athletes' attitude toward doping was 

examined with the Attitude Scale Toward Doping in Sport. A total of 694 provincial and 

inter-collegiate athletes participated in the study. The reliability and validity of ASTD-Sport were 

within the acceptance limits. The participants' overall attitude was ambiguous which showed they 

have a high tendency of using banned substances. Athletes from low-level, technical-type events 

perceived more pressure for doping. Chinese anti-doping movement has relatively better effects on 

high-level female athletes. Social environment of doping of male-physical-type athletes was a 

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serious area to be concerned. 

1093.8 A research on psychological factors for peak performance of elite athletes, Enbo Bei, 

Jie Zhu, Wuhan Institute of Physical Education, China 

The performance of elite athletes in competition, especially in significant competition, is an 

important problem that is highly concerned. The control and re-occurrence of peak performance of 

elite athlete is difficult. This article studies attributive factors and laws of peak performance of the 

athletes, including the inner and outer experience of the peak performance, psychological factors 

influencing peak performance state, things related to the special functions and state of brain 

nervous system etc. The focus of the study lies on the consciousness of the athletes during the 

competition and the application of researches on brain science. 

1093.9 An experimental study on influential factors of speed and accuracy of fencers’ 

decision-making, Quan Fu, Cheng mou Liang, Beijing Sport University, China 

The study examined influential factors of fencers’ decision-making in simulating fencing situation. 

Ss were 77 fencers (Elite group n=15; Normal group n=40; Novice group n=22). Grade, gender 

and amount of information were tested with MANOVA. The results showed that the main effects 

and interaction of grade and amount of information were significant. The speed and accuracy of 

elite groups’ decision-making were superior to the others’. With the growing of information, all 

groups’ accuracy increased, but the speed declined. Analyses of verbal protocols indicated that 

elite fencers’ ways of information coding and strategies of decision-making were more reasonable 

than the others’. 

1094 ORAL 

Industrial/organizational psychology 

Chair: Chuanchai Chuasathuchon, Thailand 

1094.1 Constraints on the adoption of psychology-based personnel practices: Lessons from 

organizational innovation, Cheng-min Han, Suzhou Vocational University, China 

Surveys of organizational personnel practices often indicate that techniques advocated by 

industrial and organizational (I/O) psychologists are used with less frequency than might be 

expected given their technical merit. This article attempts to explain this phenomenon by viewing 

the adoption of I/O-type personnel practices as organizational innovations that are subject to the 

mechanisms and processes described in the innovation-diffusion literature. It is argued that the 

adoption of I/O-type personnel practices constitutes administrative innovation and that such 

innovation is not strongly influenced by technical merit. Recommendations are made for 

enhancing the adoption rate for psychology-based personnel innovations. 

1094.2 Moderating effect of job attributions on stress-health relationship, Anshula Krishna, 

Vasanta college for women, India 

Study conducted on supervisory level blue collar employees of production organization examines 

the modifying effect of employees' attribution on their experience of stress and consequent health 

strains. The findings conclude job attributions affect stress-health relationship. Positive 

200

elationship of stress and health is attenuated by attributions to personal factors ability, effort etc., 

and intensified by attributions are to environmental factors working conditions, nature of work, 

company policies etc., for success of failures at work. Study revealed stresses of job life result in 

noticeable deterioration in mental and physical health if the attribution are luck, supervision and 

managerial policies for failure at work. 

1094.3 Workplace psychology in the new information-technology economy in the Philipine 

semiconductor and garment industries, Jinky Lielanie, Univeristy of teh Philippines, manila, 

Philippines 

The new industrial sector demands a polyvalent and flexible workforce, which is acquainted with 

varying skills requirement. Inherent within this management philosophy is the need to upgrade the 

skills of the workers on how to deal with the new machines, their interface with computer-aided 

facilities. The study was conducted in 22 industries with 37 supervisors and 650 workers. The 

respondents task fragmentation and intensification of work within the workplace as a result of the 

introduction of information technology. New strategies as lean production, zero inventory, 

reengineering are adopted to lower cost. 

1094.4 Predicting work performance from personality variables in sales persons, Gupta Seeta, 

Genesis, India 

High predictive validity for performance was obtained for 2344 sales agents when inputs from 

personality were combined with employment interview. Research shows that 

"Conscientiousness-plus" factor is a strong predictor of work-performance and interviewers 

cannot tap the two most "job-relevant" personality traits i.e. Conscientiousness & Emotional 

Stability. Discriminant Functional Analysis helped to tap the important predictors of job success. 

Based on a longitudinal study over two years, "Selection- system" thus customized for the client 

organisation consisted of 1. 16 PF Test 2. Bio-data Form & 3. Conventional interview. Results 

support research findings that Psychological tests improve efficiency of Recruitment Procedure. 

1094.5 Research on organizational citizenship behavior of elementary and secondary school 

teachers in China, Xia Li, China 

Teacher’s OCB is a multifaceted construct that is critical to school effectiveness and the education 

enterprise. Questionnaires from 505 teachers in eight different cities in the mainland of China 

were used to test the generalibility of the OCB scale of Cheng, Bo Xun, a Taiwanese scholar. The 

antecedents and outcome variables of OCB were also examined in this research. The result 

showed that teachers’ job satisfaction, occupational satisfaction, organizational commitment and 

some demographic variables influenced teachers’ OCB. In addition, teachers’ OCB influenced 

their occupational turnover intention and organizational intention, as well as the performance. 

1094.6 Psycho-social indicators of resource saving behaviors of instructors in Rajabhat Institute, 

Chuanchai Chuasathuchon, National Research Council of Thailand, Thailand 

A Sample of 1,294 instructors in 24 Rajabhat Institutes was used. The variables in the situational 

and psychological groups together with attitude towards the behaviors yielded 44, 44, and 40 

percents predictability, of the time saving behaviors, the energy and office material saving 

behaviors, and the cost saving behaviors, respectively. The attitude towards the behaviors yielded 

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the highest predictability for the time saving and energy and office material saving behaviors, 

while Future Orientation and Self Control showed the highest predictability for the cost saving 

behaviors. Intervention techniques were recommended follow scorers. 

1094.7 Impact of management style and work value on organizational climate perceptions, 

V.S.R.Vijayakumar, ICFAI Business School, India 

Studies have shown the impact of organizational climate perceptions on individual and 

organizational performance. Present investigation aims to unravel the dynamics of formation of 

positive organizational climate perceptions. Structural equation modeling strategy is used to test 

the hypothetical relationship between management style and work values in shaping positive 

climate perceptions. The fitted model shows the role of work values in moderating the relationship 

between management style and climate perceptions. Diversity tolerance and team orientation 

strengthens the impact of participative style on organizational climate perceptions. Directive style 

increases negative perceptions. The implications of these findings on various organizational 

processes are discussed. 

1094.8 Organizational and inter-organizational factors affecting Chinese civil aviation safety, 

Yongjuan Li, Erping Wang, Feng Li, Guangtao Yu, Institute of psychology, Chinese Academy 

of Sciences, China 

The study aimed at exploring the organizational and inter-organizational factors which affect the 

safety of civil aviation. 78 aviation members were interviewed with semi-structure method. 

Coding technique was used to quantitatively transform the qualitative data. Criteria were collected 

from the CAAC. Results showed: 1) based on the experts’ meta-plan analysis, three organizational 

factors were obtained, and the relatively immature non-technical control factor played a more 

important role in the safety. 2) Pilots focused more on the departure standard of aircraft than 

maintenance technicians. Air traffic controllers thought about more their control role, whereas 

pilots viewed the controllers’ job as service. 

1095 ORAL 

Environmental psychology 

Chair: Duchduen Bhanthumnavin, Thailand 

1095.1 Current research findings on vital aspects of environmental psychology in Thai youths, 

Duchduen Bhanthumnavin, Graduate School of Social Development National Institute of 

Development Administration, Thailand 

Five most recent studies, based on Interactionism Model and Multiple Regression Analysis, 

employed more than 2,600 Thai youths in total. Psychological and situational predictors could 

account for various behaviors, from waste minimizing behavior in urban areas to animal 

protection behavior in rural places ranging from 43.1% to 57.4% predictability. Consonant results 

were that attitude toward behavior was the most important psychological predictor, followed by 

future orientation and self-control, belief in internal locus of control, modeling from significant 

others, love-reasoning oriented child rearing practices, and media influence. Male and low GPA 

students were frequently found as at-risk groups. 

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1095.2 Practicing social psychological theories in environmental psychology, Mirilia Bonnes, 

Marino Bonaiuto, Giuseppe Carrus, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Italy 

Some peculiarities of past and recent developments of environmental psychology are considered. 

Its basic theoretical tensions, between the attempt to respond in a satisfying way to external 

demands in addressing environmental problems, and the need of following its theoretical and 

methodological disciplinary traditions, are discussed. The importance of developing 

environmental psychology, not as a simple further domain of applied psychology, but as a 

"psychology of interface" between, on the one hand, the interdisciplinary domain of 

people-environment studies, and, on the other hand, the more specific domain of social 

psychological theories and processes, is pointed out. 

1095.3 Goal-setting theory and product-integrated feedback: A field study of household energy 

conservation, Lorna Theo McCalley, Cees J. H. Midden, Technical University Eindhoven, 

Netherlands 

In order to meet energy conservation goals policy makers generally advancements in technology 

for both industrial and household use, while often down-playing the role of human behavior. 

However, goal-setting theory has led to the design of product-integrated energy feedback which 

encourages appliance users to conserve. The present paper reports a field study where already 

highly efficient washing machines were fitted with control panels giving energy feedback coupled 

to user goals. Results indicate that behavioral change occurs yielding a 33 per cent saving of kWh. 

Further applications of the theoretical principles involved in household energy conservation are 

discussed. 

1095.4 A causal model to explain attitudes towards environment, Fatma Elsiddig, University 

ok Khartoum, Department of Psychology, Sudan 

Aim: To elucidate the causal relations that link several factors with attitudes toward environment 

as composed of environmental behavior, environmental knowledge, and reaction to environmental 

pollution, besides the causal relations that link those three with each other. Sample: 320 female 

and male students of Khartoum University. Method: The causal and the comparative causal 

approach were used. Statistics: Path Analysis was applied. Results: There are causal relations 

amongst the following variables; 1) Environmental behavior and each of: religious behavior, 

nvironmental education, reaction to environmental pollution, and gender. 2) Class level and 

environmental knowledge. 3) Environmental knowledge and reaction to environmental pollution. 

1095.5 The deprivation phenomenon and psychosomatic crises of personality of adolescents, 

who are removed from locations suffered after the Chernobyl disaster, Viktor Panchenko, 

Institute of Pedagogy and Psychology of Vocational Education of Academy of Pedagogic Sciences 

of Ukraine, Ukraine 

The conceptions of “deprivation” as a system of sensory defectiveness, and of “psychosomatic 

crisis” as disintegration of biological and psychical bases, i. e. a kind of disease in a forming 

adolescent’s personality, are examined. During long-term practical work with migrant adolescents, 

we have chosen several leading types of deprivation, which influence the development of 

psychosomatic crisis in this age. They are: social, cultural, biological, intellectual, professional 

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and humanistic deprivation of the mentioned group of adolescents. The problem of deprivation 

and its psychological analysis remains actual and important for general understanding of 

determinants of psychical development of the harmonic personality. 

1096 ORAL 


Chair: Christopher Correa, USA 

1096.1 The investigation and research of the personality characters of the middle school elite 

teachers, Xiaoqin Wang, Jiang Xi Institute of Education, China 

To investigate and understand the mental quality and personality characters of the middle school 

elite teachers. Method: To make a poll in the middle school elite teachers by 16PF. Result: On the 

whole the middle school elite teachers have excellent personality characters. Particularly indicate 

the following aspect sociability, excitement, sophistication etc. but they are not so good at the 

aspects experiment, Independence, nervousness, concernedness and there exist sexual differences 

in the personality characters of the middle school elite teachers. Conclusion: It is important to 

utilize and promote their excellent personality characters and overcome their passive ones. 

1096.2 Using conditions and validity of classroom cooperative learning, Lu Sun, Dianzhi Liu, 

Southwest China Normal University, China 

Nowadays, cooperative learning has become a popular teaching model in China. However, the 

more frequent it is used, the more possible the misuse and the overuse of it will happen. According 

to several classroom teaching cases, this research analyzed the using conditions and validity of the 

cooperative learning and recovered that: the using conditions included resource-sharing, 

creative-thinking-using, important, hard or troublesome points-teaching; for the validity of this 

teaching model, teachers should pay more attention to the thinking, inspectation and the 

examination from the beginning to the end of the cooperative learning. 

1096.3 Teacher beliefs across cultures: Interviews with Chinese and American teachers, 

Christopher Correa, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA 

This study compares the beliefs and values of elementary mathematics teachers in the United 

States and China. Analysis of 40 interviews suggests cultural differences among Chinese and 

American teachers in their discussion of the use of practice and repetition, views about student 

ability, and the use of hands-on/discovery methods. We propose that teachers’ many ideas and 

beliefs concerning education are interconnected and form a coherent system of beliefs and values 

related to education. We suggest this finding is important and relevant to efforts to reform 

education because stable and culturally-shared configurations of beliefs may be resistant to 

change. 

1096.4 Responding to poor students: The influence of teachers’ social axioms, implicit theories 

of intelligence, and attributions, Allan B. I. Bernardo, De la salle University-Manila, Philippines 

The study explores the relationships among social axioms, implicit theories of intelligence, 

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attributions for academic achievement and how teachers respond to academically poor students 

(i.e., adjusting to student's level or motivating student to do better). 373 teachers answered 

self-report questionnaires. Analysis of results showed that adjustment to student's level was 

associated with the beliefs that intelligence is fixed and that students succeed because they behave 

properly. Motivating students was associated with the same beliefs, and also with the belief that 

students succeed because of effort. The academic beliefs were also associated with specific 

culturally-rooted social axioms or beliefs. 

1096.5 A longitude study: More adaptable, more creative, Xiaomei Zhao 1, 2 , Jinrong Bai 1 , 

1 2 

Hebei Normal University, China; Beijing Normal University, China 

A new teaching approach, independence-discovery-connection, was investigated in a longitude 

study. This approach designed teachers just led the way in a classroom, while students were 

encouraged to learn independent, find and connect knowledge unities by all sorts’ types. Two 

classes were selected in grade two in an ordinary elementary school randomly, either for 

experimental condition (new teaching approach), the other for contrast-balanced condition 

(traditional teaching approach). In grade two, pre-test were administered, and through mid-test, by 

grade five, post-test were examined. The results indicated: the new teaching approach had 

improved students learning adaptability and creativity significantly. 

1096.6 Emotional intelligence in the classroom, Glória Franco, Universidade da Madeira, 

Portugal 

The purpose of this study was to ascertain what impact teachers emotional intelligence training 

might have. Main questions: In what way emotional intelligence training modify teachers 

interaction with students?; In what way this training help teachers identify their feelings in class?; 

In what way this training alter teachers emotional intelligence?; In what way teachers experience 

this training? Sample comprised five elementary teachers, in Funchal/Portugal. Methodology 

employed was action-research; the training project had three strategies (reflection, observation, 

supervision). The impact was evaluated by interviews, teacher/student observation graphs, video 

records, emotional intelligence test. Results point too effective changes in all areas. 

1096.7 The cognition of contextualized learning modalities, Christopher Andersen, Ohio State 


Inspired by the research of Lave & Wenger, Rogoff, and others in situated cognition and 

apprenticeship, educators are using teaching methods in the classroom that recreate essentials 

elements of authentic contexts. Contextualized teaching approaches such as problem-based 

learning, role playing, and process drama embed learning within imagined situations that foster 

legitimate peripheral participation, scaffolded inquiry, transfer of learning, and authentic problem 

solving. These teaching methods also have the potential to foster the development of 

metacognition, which plays a key role in the acquisition, consolidation, and use of academic 

concepts and skills. 

1096.8 Intra- and inter- psychological process in collaborative work of teachers in Japan: How 

do they deal with conflicts? Yuko Hosaka, University of Hyogo, Japan 

Because of the educational reformation, teachers’ work has changed; they need to work as a team. 

205

This change made them face with conflicts with others and within themselves. To study how 

teachers deal with those conflicts in local practice, I conducted developmental work research, a 

kind of action research based on cultural-historical activity theory. As for they are not familiar 

with the new curriculum and working as a team, they need to re-construct their image of teaching 

and to re-conceptualize their own professional identity. By analyze these data of communicating 

others and themselves, I will discuss teachers’ development in practice. 

1097 ORAL 


Chair: Aya Nodera, Japan 

1097.1 Expectancy confirmation in spite of disconfirming evidence: The case of price increases 

due to the introduction of the Euro, Tobias Greitemeyer 1 , Stefan Schulz-Hardt 2 , Eva 

Traut-Mattausch 1 , Dieter Frey 1 , 1 Ludwig Maximilians University, Germany; 2 Technical 

University Dresden, Germany 

In Germany, the introduction of the Euro led to a widely shared belief in increasing prices. 

However, official statistics suggest that prices remained almost stable. The present research 

investigated whether this gap can be explained by people’s reluctance to revise their expectations. 

Participants compared the prices of two menus, one with German Mark prices and one with Euro 

prices. In five studies, price trend judgements were biased towards rising prices. Results imply 

that expectations can influence judgements even when clear disconfirming evidence is available 

that can be compared with an objective standard, thus leaving no room for interpretation. 

1097.2 Trust asymmetry: A comparison of three theoretical explanations, Mathew White 1 , 

Richard Eiser 2 , 1 University of Sheffield, UK, 2 Sheffield University, UK 

Trust is said to be hard to gain but easy to lose, hence 'trust asymmetry' (Slovic, 1993). However, 

the popular negativity bias explanation (i.e. bad news is more powerful than good) does not take 

into account the multi-dimensional nature of trust (made up of competence, values and openness) 

or that for some of these dimensions positive information may be more important than negative. A 

re-analysis of Slovic's (1993) data and two follow up experiments suggests that trust asymmetry 

only reliably occurs for the openness dimension and thus trust may be more stable than previously 

thought. 

1097.3 Failure in self-control of eating behavior, Hiroshi Yamaoka, Kaori Karasawa, Nagoya 


This study examined the affects that were experienced before and after the dilemma situation of 

eating behavior in which people needed to exert self-control effort. The results showed that people 

who were highly motivated to control their eating behavior both anticipated (before the activity) 

and experienced (after the activity) long-term negative affects such as “regret” or “self-disgust” 

more frequently than people who had low motivation. On the other hand, people who could not 

control the eating behavior felt “regret” more frequently than people who did. The relation 

between affects and failure in self-control was discussed. 

206

1097.4 The inhibitive effect of punishment on stereotype activation, Aya Nodera, Kaori 

Karasawa, Nagoya University, Japan 

The inhibitive effect of punishment on activation of stereotypes was examined. Fifty male students 

were randomly assigned to punishment or control condition. In the punishment condition, aversive 

sound was inflicted as punishment when negative female stereotypical associations were presented 

on CRT, whereas the sound was given for non-female stereotypical associations in the control 

condition. Then the activation of female stereotypes was measured with a semantic priming 

paradigm. The results indicated that the negative female stereotypes were more activated in the 

control condition than in the punishment condition, and positive rather than negative female 

stereotypes were activated in the punishment condition. 

1097.5 The effect of goal framing on the explicit and implicit affects, Hiroki Takehashi, Kaori 

Karasawa, Nagoya University, Japan 

Guided by Regulatory focus theory (Higgins, 1998), this study examined the effect of regulatory 

concerns (goal framing: promotion focus vs. prevention focus) on the explicit affects and the 

accessibilities of emotional representations (implicit affects). After the manipulation of goal 

framing, both explicit affects and implicit affects were assessed. The results found that goal 

framing did not influence explicit affects. Moreover, an asymmetrical effect of goal framing was 

identified; only prevention focus led to more accessibility toward the affects of 

“quiescence-agitation.” The discussion considered the function of implicit affects as a mediator 

between goal framing and self-regulatory affects and behavior. 

1097.6 Effects of group membership on the language use of stereotype-based communication, 

Sayaka Suga, Karasawa Minoru, Kobe University, Japan 

People chose more comprehensible words when transmitting impressions of others so that the 

message receiver can understand the characteristics of the target easily. Drawing on this 

communication principle, we hypothesized that stereotype-consistent, rather than inconsistent, 

information would be more likely to be transmitted. Undergraduates were presented with 

behavioral descriptions of either an in-group or an out-group member and communicated their 

impressions. Results showed that the out-group member was described in more 

stereotype-consistent, abstract trait terms than was the in-group target, presumably reflecting a 

stronger expectancy bias for the out-group. Effects of linguistic abstraction on 

communication-based impression formation is discussed. 

1097.7 The aggressive social cognition of the deaf juvenile, Caina Li, Xiaoli Yang, Beijing 


Using the method of signal detection theory, this paper examine the explicit and implicit 

characters of aggression cognition of 64 deaf juvenile and their hearing-peers. The results show: 1) 

A significant experimental dissociation proved the existence of implicit cognition; 2) The deaf 

juveniles’ A’ reveal distinct age difference in implicit level which oppugn the stability of the 

implicit social cognition; 3) All subjects show lower B" in explicit judgment. The deaf juveniles’ 

lower B" shows a rigid tendency in implicit social cognition then. (A' express resolving power 

index; B" means response bias. they all root in "hit" and "false alam" in signal detection theory) 

207

1097.8 Comparison and priming effect of implicit and explicit self-esteem, Zhen Zhang 1 , 

Yousui Li 2 , 1 Hebei Medical University, China; 2 Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, China 

The study employs two procedures to measure implicit and explicit self-esteem of adolescents and 

youths. Implicit self-esteem is measured with Implicit Association test (IAT), and explicit 

self-esteem is measured with three scales of self-esteem. The results of two experiments indicate: 

implicit self-esteem exists in adolescents and youths across gender and age; scores of IAT are not 

significantly correlated with scores of self-esteem scales; implicit self-esteem is relatively stable, 

but variable with current situation or mood; negative priming condition diminishes this effect 

strongly, and has stronger priming effect than positive priming condition; priming condition has 

little effect on explicit self-esteem. 

1098 POSTER 

COGNITION 

1098.1 An experimental study on memory resources required by short duration reproduction, 

Yigui Qin, Xiting Huang, Southwest China Normal University, China 

Studied whether short duration reproduction requires short-term memory resource or working 

memory resource. In 2 experiments, subjects (graduate students) were demanded, during 

reproducing short target duration (4.5 seconds), to maintain memory-load (Arabic numerals) and 

perform non-temporal processing task (Chinese characters’ rhyme-judgement or polygon pairs’ 

mental rotation). The results showed that temporal intervals reproduced were lengthened 

proportionally as the amount of Chinese characters / mental rotation increased, but not affected by 

the change of memory load. The results suggest that short duration reproduction does not require 

passive short-term memory, but requires active working memory, mainly including 

verbal-phonological module and visuo-spatial module. 

1098.2 Self-schemas and implicit processing information about the self, Xiaoyi Wu 1 , Bing Xu 2 , 

1 2 

Northeast Normal University, China; Aironotical University of the Air force China 

Self-schemas are cognitive generalizations about the self. The role of self-schemas in implicit 

processing information about the self was examined by 3 studies. In these studies the participants 

with schemas in a particular domain and those without the schemas were selected, and their 

performance of receive, choice, and explanation on a variety of information about the self was 

compared. The results indicated: implicit processing information about the self is self-organizing 

process. It can be carried out automatically under the facillitation of self-schemas, and in most 

situations the process is unconscious. 

1098.3 Priority of commonalities and differences in similarity comparison, Yatong Wang, 

China 

Comparison process involves an alignment of structured representations. Our view is that it should 

be the easiest both to find the commonalities between pairs of similar items and to find the 

differences between pairs of dissimilar items, and that it should be easier to find the differences 

between pairs of similar items than to find the differences between pairs of dissimilar items. This 

prediction was tested in two experiments in which subjects listed a single difference or a single 

208

commonality for each of a number of word pairs. The results are consistent with the predictions of 

structural alignment. 

1098.4 The relationship between whole-analytical cognitive style latitude and field 

dependence/independence cognitive style latitude, Lihong Li, Ling Sun, Guofu Fu, Fengjiao 

Zhang, Hongtu Xu, Northeast Normal University, China 

This paper examines the relationship between whole-analytical cognitive style latitude and field 

dependence/independence cognitive style latitude.42 Northeast Normal University students 

participated in the experiment. Findings indicate the correlation between Rod-Frame Test and 

Cognitive Style Analysis Test is not significant. At present, there are enough evidences indicating 

whole-analytical cognitive style latitude highly correlates with Embedded Figure Test, so does 

field dependence/independence cognitive style latitude with Rod-Frame Test. So, it indicates, field 

dependence/independence cognitive style latitude is not included in whole-analytical cognitive 

style latitude, which does not agree with Riding's view. The two are different cognitive style 

latitudes. 

1098.5 Deception or information: Effects of verbal response type in guilty knowledge test, Yan 

Ma, Fu Genyue, Miao Wei, Zhejiang University, China 

This polygraph research successfully demonstrated the role of deception rather than information in 

the Guilty Knowledge Test with comparisons of three types of verbal response (to reply as”I do 

not know”, to deny items and to repeat items in a laboratory setting. Guilty participants (N=60) 

with key items of meaningless letter strings were required to respond in 3 ways in a 

non-motivational background. Comparisons of T-scores based on skin resistance responses 

indicated the highest differentiation of key and control items in the denying group, while the 

lowest in the repeating group. A significant difference in detection rates was found between the 

denying group and the repeating group. 

1098.6 The role of sentence boundary in discourse comprehension, Aitao Lu, South China 


In this thesis, it expounds how to use Analytic To study the role of sentence boundary, we carried 

out two experiments. In Experiment 1, readers were delayed in noticing a contradiction on target 

line when the sentence continued onto a post-target line. In Experiment 2, target line was an intact 

sentence. The result of the recognition probe demonstrated that there was no significant difference 

between the two different versions. Readers noticed the contradiction after finishing reading the 

target line. We can conclude that sentence boundary is important in reading. And it may be a 

signal which lets the readers integrate. 

1098.7 Feeling of guilt and the physiological and cognitive response to sex-appealing 

advertisement, Alicja Grochowska, Warsaw School of Social Psychology, Poland 

This research tested the hypothesis 1.the level of feeling of guilt influences on physiological 

reactions to erotic ads and 2.individuals with high level of feeling of guilt do not accept, reject ads 

which appeal to sex, on cognitive level. 64 Ss (students) completed "The feeling of guilt 

questionnaire". Physiological reactions to three print ads varying on level of sex-appeals were 

registered and analysed by the computer polygraph system Lafayette LX-3000W.To evaluate ads 

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the semantic differentials were distributed to Ss. The results which supported the hypothesis are 

discussed in the light of defense mechanisms, cognitive representations and information 

processing. 

1098.8 Can face processing potentials be observed under the passive attention condition? 

Kenzo Konishi, Kibi International University, Japan 

Two ERP components, N170 and N270, related to the face processing have been reported in recent 

studies. N170 was specifically observed to the human face stimuli, and N270 was related to the 

familiarity of the presented face. In these studies, subjects were normals and forced to pay 

attention to the visually presented stimuli. In this study, behaviors of these 2 components were 

investigated when subjects did not pay attention to the presented face stimuli. Subjects were 

instructed to listen to the music in the background. This attempt can be applied to understand the 

cognitive mechanism of the disabled persons. 

1098.9 Unconscious mechanisms in subliminal number processing, Lijun Ma, Zhang Jijia, 

Zhi Suhua, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China 

Subliminal semantic priming procedure was employed. Numbers were used as prime stimuli and 

positive or negative words were used as target stimuli. At the same time, experiments use Reaction 

Time (RT) and Accuracy as a response criteria, this research was designed to study the 

mechanisms of unconscious processing in subliminal number activation. The results showed that 

when prime stimuli and target stimuli were corresponding states in affection, the SSA was 

observed in this experiment. Across the experiments, because number processing was more 

quickly, we thought number processing was different from Chinese character processing in those 

experiments which were done before. 

1098.10 On the study of decision making strategy based on the attribute of value, Jinbo Zhou, 


By a consumption decision making experiment, we find that it is very good cost-benefit ratio to 

make a decision based on the most important attribute (we define it as the “attribute of value”). 

We can gain a decision with high quality and satisfaction, although little information is accessed. 

The research also finds that there is the difference and interaction in the attributes of value 

between the individual and collective. 

1098.11 Effects of strategies in location judgment tasks: Selected strategies and instructed 

strategies, Ayaka Watanabe, Yuji Itoh, Keio University, Japan 

This study examined the relation between the alignment effect and strategies of representing 

routes and performing location judgment tasks. Subjects watched a screen image from a virtual 

camera pacing along a route in a virtual maze, or were guided along a route in a real maze, and 

worked on location judgment tasks. Whether the strategies were selected by the subjects or were 

instructed to use, the size of the alignment effects varied with the adopted strategies. It was also 

found that the mode of movement experiences (virtual or real) affected the subjects' selection of 

the strategies. 

1098.12 A Japanese standardized set of line drawings (2): Addition and correction of pictures, 

210

Masaru Takahashi 1 , Takashi Ueda 2 , Yuko Une 2 , Kaori Miyawaki 2 , Takehiko Nishimoto 2 , 

1 2 

Saitama Institute of Technology, Japan; Waseda University, Japan 

In Nishimoto et al. (submitted), we standardized 359 line drawings of common objects for the 

Japanese, part of which were taken from Snodgrass and Vanderwart (1980). In the present study, 

we introduced new picture set that consists of 360 pictures, 83 of which had been redrawn because 

of low name agreement. We compared these redrawn picture with the old ones in name agreement, 

as well as the other indices. It was indicated that the new picture set had been useful for cognitive 

studies. 

1098.13 A Japanese standardized set of line drawings (1): Norms for naming time, name 

agreement, and age of acquisition, Takehiko Nishimoto, Takashi Ueda, Yuko Une, Kaori 

Miyawaki, Masaru Takahashi, Waseda University, Japan 

In Nishimoto et al. (submitted), we standardized 359 line drawings of common objects for the 

Japanese, part of which were taken from Snodgrass and Vanderwart (1980). In the present study 

we redrew 83 pictures that had shown low name agreement in Nishimoto et al. (submitted), and 

provided normative measures for 360 pictures including these revised pictures: voice-key naming 

times, name agreement, and age of acquisition. 

1098.14 Image representation by Chernoff faces, Takuya Ohmori, Kazuo Shigemasu, The 

University of Tokyo Komaba, Japan 

We propose a new representation method of images by Chernoff faces. Although Semantic 

Differential (SD) techniques and factor analyses are often used in measurement and analysis of 

images, it is difficult to understand the result of measurement from the factor loadings. In this 

study, some objects and some Chernoff faces are measured by SD technique respectively, and the 

images of objects are represented with Chernoff faces by matching each factors using neural 

networks. 

1098.15 The influence of degree of distinctiveness on face recognition, Naoshi Hiraoka, Sakiko 

Yoshikawa, Kyoto University, Japan 

Using caricature paradigms, this study examined the influence that degree of distinctiveness has 

on face recognition. As targets, we used photographs of faces whose distinctiveness had been 

manipulated to 3 varying degrees (-20%, 0%, +20%) using morphing software. We asked the 

participants to memorize a target and then choose the photograph that they regarded as correct 

from a group of photographs (including the target face and other transformed faces). In 

recognizing faces, regardless of the distinctiveness of the target, the participants tended to select 

the veridical faces. The results suggest that participants selected the veridical faces although they 

memorized distorted faces. 

1098.16 Stroop-like interference of magnitude in physical size judgment of numbers, Ting Jiang, 

Qi Dong, Hongchuan Zhang, Xinlin Zhou, Hui Zhao, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 

China 

Numerical distance effect was repeatedly found in stroop-like numerical comparison task. 

However, numerical distance effect was absent in stroop-like physical size comparison task while 

numerical information interfered with physical information. The present study found that 

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sample sheet. The proportion the category-accordance response and the confidence of the response 

were analyzed. The results showed that: (1) the number of matching features and their matching 

probability were in direct proportion with the accordance and confidence of the response;(2) the 

number of rivalrous features and their rivalrous probability were in inverse proportion with the 

accordance and confidence of the response. 

1098.21 Relationship between self-concept and the academic achievement among university 

students, Liying Zhang, Harbin Normal University, China 

Self- concept is a central issue in the field of psychology both at home and abroad. It has a direct 

correlation with one’s state of psychological health. The self- concept refers to an individual's 

perception attitude and evaluation of his own ability, temperament and personality, etc. This article 

analyzes the composing elements of self- concept and its impact on students’ psychology and 

behavior; relations between the self- concept and students' academic achievements in universities. 

Finally, it points out the significance of a positive self-concept and offers methods of improving 

self-concept and academic performance. 

1098.22 The effect of text design on conceptual change, Ling Xia, Xinchun Wu, Beijing 


This study aimed to explore the effect of text design on conceptual change. 123 students of sixth 

grade from one elementary school in Beijing were arranged to 2 groups randomly. The first group 

read the traditional text, the other group read the conceptual change text. The results indicated that 

the conceptual change text can help students induce cognitive conflict and improve their 

metaconceptual consciousness, consequently, facilitate students’ conceptual change. 

1098.23 Relationship between similarity judgment and generalization of mere exposure effect, 

Sachiko Kiyokawa 1 , Daisuke Tanaka 1 , Ayumi Yamada 2 , 1 University of Tokyo, Japan; 

2 

Gakushuin University, Japan 

In this study, we examined the generalization of mere exposure effect (MEE). Specifically, we 

examined whether positive affect was generalized to unseen stimuli (changed stimuli), which were 

different only in one of three parts (ear/tail/body-pattern) of the exposed ones. The results showed 

that similarity ratings of the tail-changed stimuli to the exposed ones were higher than those of the 

other changed ones, and that positive affect were generalized only to the body-pattern-changed 

stimuli. It was suggested that the generalization of MEE depends not only on how similar a pair of 

stimuli are, but also on what features they share. 

1098.24 Knowledge partitioning with verbal and nonverbal rules in categorization, Stephan 

Lewandowsky, Leo Roberts, Lee-Xieng Yang, University of Western Australia, Australia 

Yang and Lewandowsky (2003, in press) showed that people can learn to apply different 

categorization rules to identical stimuli, based on a non-predictive context cue. This was evidence 

for knowledge partitioning in categorization, which was consistently observed with conceptual 

and perceptual stimuli. The rules these researchers manipulated seemed all to be verbal. Due to 

that learning verbal and nonverbal rules are different in nature (cf. Ashby, Alfonso-Reese, Turken, 

& Waldron, 1998), this study examined whether knowledge partitioning can occur in 

categorization with verbal and nonverbal rules. The empirical and modeling results showed 

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supports for the learning of both rule types. 

1098.25 What the classification response time tells us about a category learning process, Takashi 

Ueda, Waseda University, Japan 

One of the common assumptions in the recent categorization research is that the classification 

response is mediated by different strategies. Of these strategies, the use of verbal describable rules 

and the memory retrieval are frequently supported. However, the interaction of the strategies is 

somewhat ambiguous, especially in category learning processes. In this study, I examined the role 

of a strategy in categorization, mainly in terms of the response time. The results indicated that 

both the rules and the memories seemed to be used as a categorization strategy but a caution must 

be needed in interpreting the response time data. 

1098.26 Children’s quantity conservation with visual or haptic cue, Xiuying Qian 1 , Huajun 

Zhu 2 , 1 Zhejiang University, China; 2 Zhejiang Police Vocational College, China 

Children's understanding of conservation of quantity under transformation is affected by visual 

cues during Piaget's experiments. Children failed to collect all of the information about quantity 

but rather pick up one-dimensional visual cues. Another view of this process stresses the 

importance of haptic exploration as a way to understand the physical world. In the present study 

we tried to mask the visual cue that children always attend to or let children haptically perform the 

experiments. The results showed the percentage of children who correctly stated the quantity 

increased significantly under the conditions with visual cue masked or with haptic cue. 

1098.27 The different role of geometry-characters and topology-characters of figures in 

similarity judgment and categorization basing on Stevens’s law, Rong An, Guoen Yin, China 

Stevens’s law was used to observe the influence of geometry-characters and topology-characters 

of figures in similarity judgment and categorization in the current work. The results show: firstly, 

geometry-characters and topology-characters of figures made great influence in similarity 

judgment and categorization; Secondly, under untachistoscopic vision, geometry-characters of 

figures were the foundations in similarity judgment obviously; Thirdly, sexual distinction made 

influence on topology-characters in similarity judgment; Fourthly, under any vision, the more 

broaden of geometry-characters of figures, the less changing geometry-characters of figures and 

reports in similarity judgment. Fifthly, the more broaden of geometry-characters, the more mental 

load in similarity judgments. 

1098.28 Monotonicity effect and no-monotonicity effect in inductive reasoning, Yonggang Wei, 

Hong Li, Southwest China Normal University, China 

In inductive reasoning, the number of premises plays an important role in inductive strength. 

However, it does not mean that the more the premises are, the stronger the inductive strength is. 

This can be explained in the terms of monotonicity effect ( inductive strength increases with the 

adding of premises in an argument) and non-monotonicity effect (inductive strength decreases 

with the adding of premises in an argument). This is strongly proved even by six-, seven- and 

eight-year-old children under standard inductive reasoning tasks both with blank property and 

knowledge-based property, which are not considered in previous researches. 

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1098.29 Cognitive process of insight: Representation change or progress monitoring, Jiang Qiu, 

Qinglin Zhang, Southwest China Normal University, China 

There are two cognitive theories of insight in problem solving, including the representational 

change theory (Simon,1990) and the progress monitoring theory (Chronicle,1999). This article 

studied 80 undergraduates’ cognitive process of solving the nine-dot problem by providing 

different cues so as to investigate the cognitive mechanism of insight. The results indicated that 

telling subjects to go outside the boundaries of the square had a very stronger effect on solution 

than providing the first line (horizontal or diagonal line) of the solution. It suggested that the 

representational change theory is the better indicator of performance in solving the insight 

problem. 

1098.30 A comparative study of mental models and mental logic in spatial reasoning, Qin Qiu, 

Zhujing Hu, Cuanxuan Cao, Jianxi Normal University, China 

Mental models and mental logic, which are the two sorts of theory in reasoning, give an 

explanation to the inferential mechanism of spatial relations respectively. Two experiments were 

designed to know which of the explanation is correct. The first experiment adopted two-factor 

repeated measured design. One variable is the number of models, the other is the number of 

inferential steps. Since the materials showed by oral language could cause an imagery-based 

strategy, the second experiment used the literal materials presented by PowerPoint. The procedure 

was similar to the first experiment. The results supported the mental model theory. 

1098.31 Bayesian explain and experiments on diversity effect in inductive reasoning, Antao 

Chen, Hong Li, Southwest China Normal University, China 

By comparing experience-full task with experience-poor task, researchers find that the latter 

facilitates more inductive reasoning than the former. Within experience-poor task, researchers deal 

quantitatively and systematically with diversity, find that diversity effect is sufficient but 

non-necessary condition of inductive reasoning. According to Bayesian, researchers put forward a 

hypotheses that diversity effect consists of three successive and separate processing phases, 

furthermore design complex cognition subsection delay (CCSD) to study thoroughly inductive 

reasoning. Results show that CCSD is reasonable and feeling of surprise (FOS) in the second 

phase is the key factor of diversity effect formation. 

1098.32 On construction of thinking process model for children’s resolution of practical 

mathematical problems, Xiaorong Wu, Dong Yang, Qinling Zhang, Southwest China Normal 

University, Chongqing, China 

Constructing the thinking process model for children’s resolution of practical mathematical 

problems, the paper based on multiresearching methods such as oral reports & experiments on eye 

motion has verified from diverse perspectives Model including literal representation, situational 

representation, integral representation, structure-regulatory representation, arithmetical 

representation and schematic representation, which hence has confirmed that the thinking process 

during which children resolve practical mathematical problems is actually one of representations’ 

transforming constantly. In addition, the present study suggests that there lacks rigid linearity 

among representations. 

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1098.33 A research on the strategy of younger children in numberica estimation process, 

Hongqiu Jia, South China Normal University, China 

32 children were ask to perform a number_to_position task in different conditions.Experiment1 

involved a 25cm number line for 0-100 scale and 0-1000 scale. The result revealed the children 

had a logrithmic numberical representation in a large scale and a linear representation in a small 

one. In experiment2,5cm number-line is for 0-100scale and 50cm line is for 0-1000scale.The 

finding is completely inverse. The results suggest that younger children had a internal length 

strategy in numberical estimation process, when they have not obtained the landmark-base 

estimation strategy just like adults. This kind of intuitive, internal length strategy is possible 

source of children's estimation difficulties. 

1098.34 Heuristic factors in choosing positive diagnostic and negative diagnostic test, Zhi Ya 

Liu, Lei Mo, Xiu Li Tong, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China 

Studied the heuristic factors in choosing positive diagnostic and negative diagnostic Test. 592 

college students participated in 4 experiments. The results show that (1) participants are 

significantly more likely to prefer positive tests over negative tests, and diagnostic tests over 

nondiagnostic test. (2) participants are tended to choose negative tests question between the 

positive nondiagnostic and negative diagnostic test. (3) offering falsify sample or enhancing 

positive complexity promotes negative diagnostic test. The result consisted with the predicting of 

mental model theory. A conversion-mechanism provides a complemented explanation for the 

model theory. 

1098.35 Causal judgments in the concentrative presentations of information with different 

external representations, Moyun Wang, Xiaolan Fu, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy 

of Sciences, Beijing, China 

An experiment was conducted to investigate causal judgments in the concentrative presentation of 

information with the three different external representations. It was found that judgments of causal 

power of single causal relationships had the four characteristics: (a) More judgments conformed to 

the Power PC theory in preventive causes, but conversely most judgments conformed to the DP 

rule in generative causes; (b) the three representations had no impact on causal judgments in 

generative causes, but had the impact on those in preventive causes, (c) no participant used pCI 

rule; and (d) there were obvious individual differences in causal judgments. 

1098.36 The compound mental model of individuals’ solving of five-term series problem, 

Zhongming Zhang, Hong Li, Southwest China Normal University, China 

Six experiment conditions have been designed to explore the compound mental model of 

individuals' solving of five-term series problems accomplished by 200 children and adolescents 

aged 10~20. The result shows: (1) individuals' transitive reasoning ability is developed by the 

series of spatial model, linguistic-spatial mixed model, linguistic model and pivot model, and 

finally forms the compound mental model constructed by the above four sub-models with the 

pivot as its core; (2) the compound mental model follows parsimony principle, and after 

individuals form the model, what kind of sub-model they take depends on the degree of problems' 

being imaged. 

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1098.37 Processing of logically valid and logically invalid conditional inferences in discourse 

comprehension, Liu Ailun, Suei Huajie, China 

Syntactic theories and semantic theory are two different ways to understand processing 

mechanism of logically valid (MP) and logically invalid(AC) conditional inferences in discourse 

comprehension. Two experiments were used to test these predictions. Participants read stories that 

had strong or weak semantic relations and conformed to either the MP or AC form, then they were 

asked to judge the conclusion of each story right or wrong in deliberately or rapidly. Results 

indicate that both MP and AC inferences occurred; Under strong semantic relations or deliberate 

condition the right rate increased significantly. Findings support semantic theories. 

1098.39 A experimental research on the development of the ability of reasoning on the selection 

task in junior-school students and senior-school students and university students, Xia Zhang, 

Sichuan Normal University, China 

The Selection Task was offered by Wason in 1966. Psychologists were interested in the problem 

and committed themselves on it. But they nearly neglected the development of the ability on 

Wason’s Selection Task. So a experiment about the development was done. The results showed 

that (a) concrete content produced facilitation effect, (b) there was significant development on 

concrete material and the students of senior high school and university were more excellent than 

that of junior high school, (c) the forms of instruction affected the performance on Wason’s 

Selection Task only when it was combined with concrete versions of the task. 

1098.40 The comparison of thinking style on university and middle school students, Jiayuan Yu, 

Zijian Suo, Nanjing Normal University, China 

The Sternberg's thinking style questionnaire was used to 857 students of university and 603 

students of middle school. The thinking styles of students on different grade and gender were 

compared. It was showed that six thinking styles had significant difference between university 

students and middle school students, and only two thinking styles had gender difference. The 

correlation of thinking style and achievement was computed, it was showed that the correlation 

coefficients between thinking style and arts were higher than that between thinking style and 

sciences. 

1098.41 Structure of the situation of “being convinced”, Tsuneo Shimazaki, Kwansei Gakuin 


The present study was planned to describe the structure of situational aspects in which the 

subjective feeling of "being convinced" emerges. We collected 214 reports of episode concerning 

conviction from 109 university students. These reports were summarized into 61 items through the 

contents analysis. This 61-item questionnaire was presented to 682 university students. They were 

required to evaluate the degree how much do they feel the subjective feeling of being convinced. 

The factor analysis to the acquired data reveals that three factors, logical clearness, emotional 

stability, and self-participation control the subjective feeling of being convinced. 

1098.42 A neural networks model representing the subjective probability of combined 

conditionals, Koji Nakajima, Masanori Nakagawa, Tokyo Institute Technology, Japan 

In this study, we propose a neural network model representing the generation process of the 

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subjective probability of combined conditionals. The two nodes denote the antecedent and the 

consequent of the conditional, where the connection weight between nodes means the latent 

strength of the conditional. The value of the consequent node represents the subjective probability 

of the conditional, and the subjective probability of the combined conditionals with the same 

consequent is calculated from the sum of weights referring to the strengths of two conditionals. 

The model represented the result of the experiments successfully. 

1098.43 How was scientific literacy acquired? The effect of collaborative discovery learning 

with an association scheme, Hiroko Kobayashi, the University of Tokyo, Japan 

The ability to coordinate hypotheses with evidence is an essential skill for scientific discovery 

learning. To improve this ability, the present study proposed an instructional program which 

introduced an association scheme into collaborative discovery learning situations. In study 1, the 

experiment with eighth-grade students (n=139) revealed that this program was more effective in 

acquiring of scientific literacy than three traditional programs. In study 2, the case study, it was 

found that this program enabled the students to detect irrational data processing, which led to 

acquirement of science literacy. These results suggested that this program is effective in scientific 

discovery learning. 

1098.44 Factors promoting thinking processes in everyday problem solving discussion, Eiji 

Tomida, Shunichi Maruno, Kyushu University, Japan 

We explored factors which promote changes in personal causal explanation for a social 

phenomenon through everyday discussion. Hypothesis one, that engagement in conflicting and/or 

cooperative discourse promotes explanatory change, and hypothesis two, that self-explanation 

generation promotes explanatory change, were examined. Forty-three undergraduates were 

divided into 10 groups and asked to discuss to construct a hypothetical causal model which 

explains teenager’s impulsive aggression. All discussions were videotaped and coded. 

Participants’ personal explanations were investigated before and after the discussion. Although 

hypothesis two was supported, hypothesis one was partially supported. That is, while cooperation 

facilitated cognitive change, conflict had no such effect. 

1098.45 An experimental study on the reversible thinking training for middle school students, 

Heping Tan, East China Normal University, China 

The researcher proposed a new theory of reversible thinking processes and a corresponding new 

model for the training of reversible thinking processes, titled as 

Reversibility-Attention-Planning-Operation-Knowledge-acquisition Model (RAPOK model). 

Operationalized the RAPOK model and constructed forty performance tasks for the training of 

reversible thinking processes, an experiment was conducted using these tasks for 260 middle 

school students, the results showed that there were significant improvements in intelligence, 

thinking and school achievement for the experimental group. This research demonstrated that the 

RAPOK model is of both theoretical value and practical use in improving general thinking 

abilities and fostering creative thinking. 

1098.46 The bias of heuristic probability estimate with feedback, Huang Lingyun, Huaqiao 


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Heuristic probability estimate in uncertain condition is the important part of national reasoning. 

Two experiments are designed to study on effect of feedback on probability estimate, which can 

well reveal how the feedback interfere with each link of heuristic. In exp.1 feedback promote the 

inner process of two kinds of heuristic probability estimate, distribution thinking and single 

thinking. The results of exp.2 show that feedback's decreasing the bias of probability estimate is 

conditional. It is familiar to be changed by abstract level and difficult of availability and 

characteristic of thinking. The factors effecting heuristic probability estimate are discussed. 

1098.47 Role of number magnitude in single digit multiplication, Yi Guo, Qi Dong, Hongchuan 

Zhang, Xinlin Zhou, Hui Zhao, Beijing Normal University, China 

Although basic phenomena in single-digit multiplication are robust, the mental process involved 

still remains controversial. Three tasks, digit naming, digit comparison, and multiplication facts 

production were used to model the behavioral data of 1-digit multiplication. The regression 

equation involving RTs of comparison and naming of production, and the logarithm of the two 

multiplicands, could account for 75.2% of the variance. This model well explained the problem 

size, order, split, and tie effects, but not significant for 0 and 1 problems. The inclusion of 

comparison and logarithm of multiplicands strongly supported that number magnitude is involved 

in single digit multiplication. 

1098.48 The processing model in perceptual similarity: The roles of structure and feature in 

similarity comparisons, Rong Min, Zhujing Hu, Jiangxi Normal UNiversity, China 

Similarity model characterized as feature-based processes or structural-based processes. Gentner 

claims that similarity judgments invoked structural alignment and that this promoted relational 

responding in subsequent one-shot, cross-mapping task. 0ther researches indicate similarity must 

not necessarily involve structural alignment. Experiment 1 set up two variables of task order and 

time pressure. Experiment 2 presented subjects with two kinds of pictures, which varied in the 

degree of feature or structure. The results show there is no significant difference between 

similarity judgments and relational responding in mapping task. The feature-based process and the 

structural-based process are two parallel processing models in similarity processes. 

1098.49 An experimental study on implicit reasoning, Jianzheng Du, Guoxiang Zhao, 

Education Science College, Henan University, China 

This present paper, using the process-dissociation procedure and the multi-process-dissociation 

procedure, with the Raven Advanced Progressive Matrices, experimentally studies the implicit 

reasoning. In study 1, the expected possibility of correct guess in both inclusion test and exclusion 

test was estimated. In study 2, the contribution of both explicit reasoning and implicit reasoning 

was estimated. The result shows that both explicit reasoning and implicit reasoning has its 

significant effect. 

1098.50 From psychology laboratory to urban classrooms: The training and transfer of the 

control of variable strategy, Li Junlei, David Klahr, Carnegie Mellon University, USA 

The Control of Variable Strategy (CVS) is at the heart of scientific experimentation. It is an 

essential benchmark of science education standards. We build on the state-of-the-art of CVS 

training research over the last decade, a large portion of which is conducted by our group. Our 

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current study implements CVS training in a large scale urban school design experiment. We link 

CVS training outcomes with performance on Standardized Test items. We extend the studies of 

CVS to the overall instruction of scientific content. Based on models of current/past research, we 

propose a roadmap to integrate research innovation with classroom practice. 

1098.51 Wishes and plans: Children’s understanding of intentional causation, Bo T. Wale 1 , 

Katrina Bates 2 , 1 University Polytechnic, Namibia; 2 University of Mississippi, USA 

Following Joseph and Tager-Flusberg (1999). two experiments with 3, 4, and 5 year-olds were 

tested on their ability to differentiate between intended and unintended actions on the basis of the 

agent's desire (wanting vs. not wanting the outcome) and/or the agent's knowledge state (having vs. 

not having relevant knowledge to intend the outcome). Although all age grps had little difficulty 

imputing intention on the basis of desire, only about one-third of 3- and 4-year-olds were able to 

impute intention on the basis of knowledge, mastery of this latter aspect of intention 

understanding was not in place until after the age of 5 or 6 years. 

1098.52 The development of creative personality of Chinese social celebrities, Gu Chuanhua, 

Chen Huichang, Beijing Normal University, China 

In this historiometric study, the development of social creative personality of 30 Chinese 

celebrities who died after A.D. 1840 was investigated using the revised Personality Adjective 

Checklist (Huang, et al., 1992) according to related historical materials. The results indicated that: 

(1) In factor analysis five similar factors emerged basically corresponding with Big Five 

Personality Factors (Openness, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Neuroticism) 

throughout four stages (childhood and adolescence, early adulthood, middle adulthood, late 

adulthood), but each one had different weights at different stages. (2) The development of their 

personality had been remarkably characterized by the change of the degree of counterbalance 

orientation. 

1098.53 Exploring to scale of creative intelligence, Zhan Xu, Qinglin Zhang, Southwest China 


Creative intelligence is an ability which is different from traditional intelligence but related to 

creativity. The research focused on the dimensions of creative intelligence and how to test it. After 

a confirmatory factor analysis, the scale was worked out. Hundreds of students in the university 

were tested twice between four years. Some of them were creative. Moreover, Torrance Test of 

Creative Thinking and Cattell Cross-cultural Intelligence Test were done. It proved that the 

creative intelligence test has acceptable validity and reliability. Problems of scale also were 

discussed. 

1098.54 The individuation and the socialization in the development of children’s creativity, 

Baogen Liu, Ze Yang, Dianzhi Liu, China 

The individuation and the socialization are the most important characters in the development of 

children’s creativity. The children have their individual originality, personal value and the privy 

aim of their creativity. The creativity will be socialized on the originality, value and aim with the 

development of mind. The development of the children’s creativity spires with the individuation 

and the socialization. Between the individuation and socialization, here is the “zone of the 

220

proximal development” of the creativity, which we can take advantage of it to develop the 

children’s creativity. 

1098.55 A study of assessing on-line metacognitive regulation, Jian Li, Yiming Li, Beijing 


A computer-based instrument (OMRI) was developed for assessing on-line metacognitive 

regulation. By using it, two cognitive tasks (letter recalling and key striking) were given to 34 

subjects of college students in order to assess information management, monitoring and debugging. 

An abridged Metacognitive Awareness Inventory (MAI) was also conducted. Then the two scores 

were compared with another one got from a self-report on metacognitive regulation. Results 

showed that the scores from OMRI was significantly correlated with their self reports, but the 

correlation between the scores of MAI and self-report, which reflects metacognitive regulation 

ability, was not significant. 

1098.56 The relation between IT and IQ: What makes them associate? Yufeng Wu, Guoying 

Qian, Shaanxi Normal University, China 

Many studies have suggested that the relation between inspection time(IT)and intelligence is 

indirect, they are associated with other mediate factors. Participants (N=120) performed four tests: 

IT task, perceptual speed, working-memory capacity and general intelligence test. The results 

indicate: IT is more related to perceptual speed than IQ.IQ correlated with perceptual speed and 

with working-memory capacity and the two coefficient is similar. The interaction between 

working-memory capacity and perceptual speed is significant. IT does not influence 

working-memory capacity. The result suggest that IQ is affected parallelly by perceptual speed 

and working-memory. Perceptual speed, not working-memory, is one of medi-factors between IT 

and IQ. 

1098.58 The views on implicit intelligence of the excellent teacher and the ordinary teachers, 

Guosheng Liu 1 , Lin Yang 2 , Xuejun Bai 2 , 1 Education Bureau of Hexi District, Tianjin, China; 

2 

Tianjin Normal University, China 

The views on implicit intelligence of 223 the excellent teacher and the ordinary teacher were 

investigated. They were asked to list the characters of clever student of pupils and middle school 

students. The results show that the excellent teachers consider the clever middle school students of 

the most important character are mathematical logic thinking, and also t he clever boys of pupil. 

The clever girls of pupil are language. Ordinary teachers consider the most important character of 

the clever boys of pupil and middle school are mathematical logic thinking, the clever girls are 

human relationships. 

1098.59 The curvilinear relationship betweeen creativity and domain specific knowledge, Chun 

Nae Janny Wong, Wai Lap Albert Chau, University of Hong Kong, China 

Simonton (1983) suggested an "inverted-U" relationship between creativity and formal education 

that creativity could decrease with education. As formal education is vaguely defined, this study 

aims to examine such curvilinear relationship between creativity and domain-specific knowledge. 

Creativity is measured with an adapted version of Mednick's (1962) Remote Associates Test (RAT) 

and "information technology" is used as the domain for its relatively convenient measurement and 

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wide applications. Preliminary data from six participants reveal an obvious inverted-U curve for 

the most difficult items in RAT than the easier items. Theoretical accounts provided for the 

curvilinear relationship in the literature will be discussed. 

1098.60 Developmental change between urban and rural children on performance in divergent 

production, Zhengkui Liu, Jiannong Shi, Xiaohui Song, Institute of Psychology, Chinese 

Academy of Sciences, China 

This study examined the influence of environment on divergent production of 400 children aged 

9,11,13,15 yrs. Two groups, rural children and urban children of same ages, received two tests: use 

test and figural divergent thinking test. The results suggest that the performances of all children in 

divergent production increased significantly the age increasing, and urban group scored 

significantly higher than rural group. However, the differences in divergent thinking between the 

rural and urban groups as their age increase. Gender differences in divergent production were not 

found among urban children, while boys scored significantly higher than girls among rural 

sample. 

1098.61 Emotional intelligence and students’ academic achievement, Arménio Rego, Cláudia 

Fermandes, University of Aveiro, Portugal 

The paper aims at to show how six dimensions of emotional intelligence (emotional sensitiveness, 

empathy, emotional self-awareness, use of emotions, emotional awareness of others, emotional 

self-control) explain students’ academic achievement. A measure previously developed and 

validated by the authors was used. The sample comprises 152 university students. The main 

findings are as follow: (a) the six-factor model fits the data well; (b) Cronbach Alphas range 

between 0.72 and 0.95; (c) emotional intelligence explains 21% of the variance of students’ 

academic achievement; (d) emotional sensitiveness, empathy and self-control are the main 

predictors. 

1098.62 The effect of learning motivation, self efficacy, and knowledge foundation on learning 

efficiency, Gangyu Jin, Hongyu Yang, Capital Normal University, China 

513 junior school students are investigated by studying strategy scale in this study, and their 

learning efficiencies are checked in order to explore the possible factors by which could predict 

the efficiency. The junior students are intervened on study motivation and self-efficacy, and we got 

the effects on their efficiencies. The study showed that under inner motivation, the one who has 

lower self-efficacy has lower efficiency. Meanwhile, total efficiency could be predicted by 

intellective basis, inner motivation and positive attribution; also technique efficiency best is 

calculated by schema-strategy, and followed with effort-management, gender, behavioral 

self-efficacy and outer mutation. 

1098.63 The relation between creativity and the experience of knowledge, Guiping Yuan, Zhina 

Chen, Hengcai Zhou, Shenyang Normal University, China 

The paper refers to the relation between creativity and the experience of knowledge. The creativity 

greatly depends on the experience of knowledge. But if someone only has enough experience of 

knowledge, he may have great creativity or he does not have great creativity. At last it puts 

forward what is reasonable structure of knowledge which is good for creativity and how to deal 

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with the accumulation of knowledge in traditional education system. 

1098.64 A study of consumer’s decision making with case-based reasoning, Xian Li, Nanjing 


The research studied the degree of consumer's satisfaction and the relative importance of the 

attributes, which were taken into account when consumers decided which commodity to buy. A 

calculating method was proposed which could quantified the difference of the consumer's 

decisions with the distances of the cases. We found the lower similarity of the commodities was, 

the easier decision making could be, and vice versa. The research also proved an effective way to 

the producers to familiarize their products and improve their quality. 

1098.65 Effects of metacognitive training and strategic training on mathematical problem solving, 

Haidong Lu, China 

One hundred and twelve 5th graders were randomly assigned to three conditions. Training group 1 

received metacognitive training and strategic training during problem solving. Training group 2 

simply received strategic training during problem solving. Control group received no training 

during problem solving. Treatments were conducted for 4 weeks. Students were pre- and 

posttested on problem-solving tests and responded to a metacognitive questionnaire. The students 

who were exposed to Training group 1 outperformed the control group and enhanced 

metacognitive ability. The students in Training group 2 outperformed the control group and 

enhanced the ability of problem representation. 

1098.66 Eye movement study of problem representation and problem solving strategy during 

solving plane geometry, Feng Hong, Yin Guoen, Tianjin Normal University, China 

ASL Model 504 Eye tracker and verbal protocols are used to study the eye movements pattern of 

middle school students in the process of plane geometry solving and their age differences. The 

Results are as follows: First, different age students have different eye movements patterns during 

problem representating and the chosing process of problem solving strategy. Second, experts and 

novices have different eye movements patterns during plane geometry solving process. 

1098.67 Rules learning by children, Qi Zhang, Chinese Psychological Scciety, China 

Giving to the subjects the problem is how to use a 200 ml cup with a 150 ml cup from 500 ml big 

cup to mete out 100 ml or 250 ml waters. The experiment result shows that 6years old child can 

not independent to resolve this problem. Then the child over 9 years of age can independent to 

resolve this problem and can generalize a problem-solving operation rule. According to the 

experiment, I can divide the process of rule learning into: trying--insight--application--generalizes. 

1098.68 High school students’ college and major decision making, Xue ping Shen, Jie Yang, 

Xue ying Gu, Nanjing Normal University, China 

This study is to examine the factors which high school students and their parents attach 

importance to when they choose colleges and majors. By opening survey,30 items of 

college-related decision making and 30 items of major-related decision making were found. After 

surveying hundreds of Senior Three students and their parents with the self-made questionnaire 

including above 60 items, eight factors of college choice and seven factors of major choice were 

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obtained through Exploratory Factor Analysis. The sex, subject and family background were 

correlated to those factors through Confirmatory Factor Analysis. Research and counseling 

implications are discussed. 

1098.69 Novice investors’ level of expertise in equity fund portfolio diversification, Ted Martin 

Hedesstrom, Henrik Svedsater, Tommy Garling, Gothenburg University, Sweden 

Choices of equity funds by lay people were examined. In Experiment 1 the value development of 

funds were in one condition expected to be dependent, in another condition independent. More 

diversification was observed in the latter condition, thus indicating that dependencies in value 

development are taken into account. In Experiment 2 participants who were forced to choose two 

or three funds selected more high-risk funds than those who were forced to choose only one fund. 

Taken together, the results suggest that lay people have a sufficient level of expertise for taking 

advantage of the risk-reducing effect of diversification. 

1098.70 Eye movement patterns during the mental rotation task, Sayuri Takahira, Risa Soeda, 

Tamagawa University, Japan 

Eye movement patterns during the solving process of mental rotation tasks (MRT) between high 

and low scoring subjects on the MRT were examined. Eye movement patterns of high scoring 

subjects tended to be less complex and less number of times goes back and forth between the base 

figure and the target figure than those of low scoring subjects. High scoring subjects tended to 

look whole figures, while low scoring subjects tended to look the parts by parts. These differences 

in eye movement patterns may indicate strategy differences between high and low scoring 

subjects. 

1098.71 Analogical decision making in career choice, Naoko Kuriyama 1 , Takahiro Saito 2 , 

Hideo Ueichi 3 , Takashi Kusumi 4 , 1 Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan; 2 National Institution for 

Academic Degrees, Japan; 3 University of Tsukuba, Japan; 4 Kyoto University, Japan 

When students make decision on their carrier, such as choosing their universities or jobs, they 

simultaneously consider multiple conflicting factors, and take a balance between the ideal and the 

reality. The purpose of this research is to examine factors and their causal relation that underlie in 

high school students' decision making. As a result, student decision making strategy have two 

process roots. There are Decision by consideration and decision by intuition. When they 

compromise in the decision making, the analogy plays an important role. 

1098.72 Creating effective worked examples, Zhaoming Guo, Qinglin Zhang, Southern China 


Three experiments study worked examples learning on ill-structured arithmetic word problems. 

Experiment 1 examines the effect of cues. The result shows that providing cues can be more likely 

to help learners solve test problems than non-cue. Experiment 2 examines how the number of 

worked examples affects performance for good students and poor students. The result indicates 

that the number of worked examples affects good students' performance on the same time 

condition. Experiment 3 examines how presenting sequence of worked examples with different 

difficulty affects performance. The result shows that various levels of students and presenting 

sequence are interacted. 

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1098.73 Cognitive mechanisms of flexibility in problem solving, Jaroslaw Orzechowski, 

Jagiellonian University, Poland 

The purpose of the study was to investigate cognitive mechanisms (various aspects of attention 

and working memory functioning) of flexibility in problem solving. Guilford’s Figural Similarities 

Task (FST) in computer implementation as a divergent production task was used. Subjects have to 

devise as much as possible categories of exposed figural stimulus. Experimental manipulation in 

FST is connected with cognitive demands (separately for working memory and attention) 

necessary to put into finding a properly solution. Results indicate strong relationship between 

flexibility and selective attention functioning. The obtained data will be discussed in terms of 

ecological validity of flexibility in problem solving. 

1098.74 Effect of generalization of worked-out example on access and use of principle, Xing 

Qiang, China 

Using the probability principle problems as the materials, two experiments had been done to 

examine the effect of generalization of worked-out examples on the access and use of principle. 

Exp.1 probed into the effect of different generalization of subgoal labels on the principle access. 

Exp.2 probed into the effect of different generalization of subgoal labels on the principle use. The 

findings showed that it was the generalization of subgoal labels had some important effect on 

principle access and use. It was the different generalization of worked-out examples that make 

learner acquired different generalizational schema. 

1098.75 Additive integration in multiple-cue judgment, Linnea Karlsson, Peter Juslin, Henrik 

Olsson, Uppsala University, Sweden 

There is considerable evidence that judgment is constrained to additive integration of information. 

The authors propose an explanation of why serial and additive cognitive integration can produce 

accurate multiple-cue judgment both in additive and non-additive environments. Hypothesized is 

that, whereas additive linear relations between cues and criterion can be explicitly abstracted and 

integrated by a serial, additive judgment process, a variety of task properties, like non-additive cue 

combination, are carried implicitly by exemplar memory. 3 experiments investigating the effect of 

additive versus non-additive cue combination verify the predicted shift in cognitive 

representations as a function of the underlying combination rule. 

1098.76 Influences of currency on price evaluations, Amelie Gamble, Goteborg University, 

Sweden 

Research has documented an influence of the nominal representation of prices that are evaluated 

as more expensive in a large-unit currency than in a small-unit currency. These results may 

however be reversed when prices are compared to income since the difference between price and 

income will appear smaller in the large-unit currency than in the small-unit currency. To test this 

hypothesis two groups of undergraduates were informed of their income, then requested to 

evaluate prices of different consumer products. Both prices and income were expressed in either a 

small-unit currency or a large-unit currency. Results supported the hypothesis. 

1098.77 The relationship between reading skills and the abilities in mathematical word problems, 

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Zhao Hong 1 , Zhang Qi 2 , Hu Kezu 3 , 1 Dalian University, China; 2 Liaoning Nomal University, 

Chibna; 3 Tianjin University of Techenoledge Education 

Pupils always have difficulties when they face mathematical word problems. Reading skill is an 

very important factor which affect pupils doing their mathematical word problems. The purpose of 

this study was to examine relations between reading skills and the abilities in mathematical word 

problems. We have pupils in a random sample(n=20) from fist to sixth Grades. The results show 

that pupils with reading disabilities always have difficulties in solving in mathematical word 

problems in every grade. The higher pupils' grade, the lower influence in mathematical word 

problems. 

1098.78 Re-study on framing effect: In extrinsic risk and intrinsic risk perspectives, Jinsong Li, 

Shanghai University of Finance and Economics, China 

Framing effect was one of the most important findings in decision making and supported by some 

empirical studies. However, there were some pendent issues about it, which relate to the different 

perspective of risk. This study distinguished intrinsic risk from extrinsic risk and then re-studied 

the framing effect through a simulated experiment. Results showed that the framing effect was 

significant different from the extrinsic risk perspective and the framing effect attenuated while the 

risk degree and the outcome increased. The framing effect was not significant different from the 

intrinsic risk perspective. Decision maker was intrinsic- risk-averse in the positive frame as well 

as negative frame. 

1098.79 A study of purposeful character and self-control capacity, Shu Yi Li, Institute of 

Psychology, China 

Will is adjusting and control system of man's mentality and conduct. The adjustment and control 

over men's mentality and conduct is realized through the adjustment and control of cognition, 

emotion, conduct and mental activities. This article proposes that according to the mental process 

of purposeful action, through training of children's good purposeful characters and self-control 

abilities, the children's overall quality can be improved. The training of children's self-control 

abilities is to make children more clearly realize their abilities and characters and design their 

own-developing objectives according to their actual conditions so as to rouse their internal 

driving. 

1098.80 Preference and grammaticality judgments are differentially sensitive to different 

representational forms acquired in artificial grammar learning, Ayumi Yamada, Gakushuin 


This study investigated what kind of knowledge is utilized by preference and grammaticality 

judgments in artificial grammar learning. Participants were presented with strings generated from 

a finite-state grammar and then made forced-choice preference or grammaticality judgments for 

pairs containing a grammatical string(target) and nongrammatical one(distracter). When 

distracters had invalid bigrams, grammaticality judgments resulted in higher target selection, 

compared with preference judgments. When distracters had valid bigrams in invalid locations, 

judgment type gave no differences target selection. The results suggest that preference judgments 

are mostly based on abstract rather than fragmentary knowledge whereas grammaticality 

judgments depend on both kinds of knowledge. 

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1098.81 Affective priming: Effects of stimuli’s volumes and repetition, Jiuqing Cheng, 

Xiangping Gao, Shanghai Normal University, China 

The research tested affective primacy hypothesis through hearing. Chinese material was adopted 

as prime stimuli in present experiment and subjects were asked to make positive-negative ratings 

on unfamiliar French sentences in conditions where volumes were either beyond acoustic limen or 

under it. The results demonstrate that unconscious affective priming with volumes under limen 

emerges strongly while conscious affective priming is not obvious possibly because of instructions 

and guesses of subjects. We also find a trend that repetition of stimuli which are outside of 

conscious awareness can cause more salient unconscious affective priming but this trend does not 

exist in conscious condition. 

1098.82 ERP research of unconscious perception, Yunfeng Li 1 , Haiyan Geng 2 , Silu Fan 3 , 

Siyuan Hu 3 , 1 Purdue University, USA; 2 Peking University, Beijing, China; 3 Institute of 

Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China 

We dissociated the conscious and unconscious perception according to the pattern of Stroop effect 

in each block and compared their ERP result. We found there is a significant difference on N120, 

which is mainly distributed on the parietal and frontal lobe of the brain. This indicated that maybe 

at the early stage (about 120ms after the stimulus), the difference between conscious and 

unconscious perception has come into being. We also observed the difference on P400, which is 

distributed on the parietal lobe. This difference probably reflects the different influence of 

conscious and unconscious perception to the later cognitive process. 

1098.83 Research on representation mechanisms and age differences of implicit learning of 

sequence knowledge, Ying Lin, Management School of Fudan University, China 

Representation mechanisms of implicit learning of sequence knowledge was discussed by testing 

the effects of aging in this article. 31 students in Grade Two of primary school, 70 sophomores, 

and 25 retired old persons were involved. Two results were obtained: (1) Both association 

mechanism and hierarchical encoding mechanism work in the implicit learning process of 

sequence knowledge, and the latter plays more important role. (2) No significant difference of 

implicit learning is found among the three groups of subjects in different ages, that supports the 

first result indirectly. 

1098.84 Effect of encoding-processes on subliminal priming in Chinese lexical judgment, Rende 

Shui, Yinli Liu, Zhejiang University, China 

Two experiments examined whether orthographical, semantic coding, or both, affects the 

subliminal priming in Chinese character judgment task. Each experiment contained two phases: in 

phase 1, subjects were required to judge whether briefly presented Chinese character (prime) is 

orthographically (or semantically, in another group) similar to the following showed Chinese 

character (target) (experiment 1), or is the same one (experiment 2); in phase 2, to judge whether 

the target is or not a Chinese character. The results showed that the subliminal priming is 

depended on the factors of encoding-process, prime-target relationship, and the level of activation. 

1098.85 Implicit learning in children’s drawing performance: Another evidence of its 

227

independence from IQ, Xiangping Gao, Shanghai Teachers' University, China 

By employing neutral parameter procedure (NPP), the research explored the relationship between 

different rule trainings (accordant, not accordant and irrelevant with “initial-rotate law”) and the 

following behavioral change in children’s drawing performance. The participants are children with 

normal intelligence, mild retarded and medium retarded. The result shows that the drawing 

behavior of the retarded groups had been changed significantly with the training against the 

“initial-rotate law”, thus it gives evidence to support the independence of implicit learning from 

intelligence; The role of “consciousness contamination” played in implicit learning output may be 

complex and multi-dimensioned. 

1098 POSTER 

Language, Reading And Communication 

1098.86 Chinese vowels and consonants perceived by Chinese and Uygur speakers, Jie Liang 1 , 

Chong Sun 2 , Min Dai 2 , 1 Phonetics Lab Leiden University, Netherlands; 2 Xinjiang Normal 


This paper presents a cross linguistic study on categorical perception of vowels and consonants in 

Standard Chinese by Chinese and Uygur speakers. Thirty Uygur university students from Xinjiang 

Normal University and its matched group took part in the laboratory controlled experiment with 

vowel and consonant minimal pairs identification in Standard Chinese. A three-way ANOVA with 

listener-type, linguistic-task and time-pressure showed that relative to the control, in both accuracy 

and reaction time the Uygur were significantly poor in consonants but much sensitive to vowels in 

the minimal pair identification. It indicates vowels and consonants play different roles in second 

language acquisition. 

1098.87 Attentional strategic control over the nonlexical and lexical processing in written 

spelling to dictation in adults, Sandra Collay, Patrick Bonin, Michel Fayol, Alain Meot, 

LAPSCO/CNRS, France 

Can adults exert strategic control over nonlexical and lexical processing in spelling to dictation? In 

Experiment 1, regular and irregular words were produced either in a regular and irregular nonword 

context or in a high-frequency regular and irregular word context. In Experiment 2, the critical 

words were produced either in a regular nonword or in an irregular low-frequency word context. 

Experiment 3 replicated Experiment 2 with a stronger context manipulation. In Experiment 4, 

participants produced either under time pressure or standard instructions. Regularity effects were 

not affected in size by manipulations intended to increase or decrease reliance on nonlexical 

processing. 

1098.88 The research summarization of stroop effects in bilingual learning, Xin Ju, Southern 

China Normal University, Guangzhou, China 

Stroop effects in bilingual learning are one of important problems in psycholinguistics. It refers to 

semantic interference effects and former facilitate effects of bilingual tasks. At present, there are 

many research normal formers to study the effects, such as picture-word interference tasks, 

bilingual translation tasks, priming tasks, and so on. Furthermore, some research supports Kroll’s 

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evised hierarchical model and bilingual language production model. With the development of 

technique, psycholinguists should combine linguists, psychology, and cognitive neurobiology to 

study this effect deeply. In China, because of the orthography degree, this research can elicitates 

Chinese-English teaching and learning. 

1098.89 Eye movements during reading: Some current problems and controversies, Shihua 

Huang, South China Normal University, China 

Today more and more researchers have interested in this issue: the relation between reading and 

eye-movement. They have discovered and examined many variables that affect the nature of 

readers’ eye movements during reading. Despite of numerous consistent conclusions, there are still 

some crucial problems unresolved. In this article, we will discuss three controversial issues of 

these problems: (1) The low-level oculomotor factor and the higher-level cognitive process, which 

will have more influence on eye movements? (2) Which type of information can readers get from 

the right of fixation (i.e, parafoveal)? (3) Can readers process more than one word at one time? 

1098.90 Prosody generation in language production, Jin Chen Yang, Yufang Yang, Institute of 

Psychology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, China 

It reviewed transversely the researches related to prosody generation in language production, 

basing on issues they concerned. Most findings suggest that there is an abstract metrical structure 

independent of segmental content in word production. It includes information of stress pattern and 

syllable number. In the production of phrase and sentence, prosodic structure and pause pattern are 

both independent of syntactic structure. Prosodic word is the preferred and minimal unit of 

processing during the phonological encoding of connected speech. The generation of linguistically 

geared prosody tends to activate left hemisphere. 

1098.91 Phonological awareness of l1 and l2 and English word reading of Chinese children 

learning EFL, Ying Liu, Guangdong University of Foreign Studies, China 

As Chinese children nationwide are beginning to receive English instruction, we need to 

understand how they acquire English literacy skills. Phonological factors contribute to English 

children’s acquisition of word reading skills. However, whether this applies to children learning 

English in China is not clear. The fact that Chinese children learn to read characters and use pinyin 

to aid reading makes the situation even more complicated. This study aims to find out the 

relationship between Chinese children’s phonological skills in both English and Chinese and their 

English word reading. Grade 3 children are tested on a number of skills. 

1098.92 Mental state verbs and emotional verbs in the production of narratives in childhood and 

adulthood, Maria Rosa Sole, Olga Soler, Autonomous University of Barcelona. Spain 

This work aims to study the production of emotional and mental state verbs in a narrative uttered 

by 60 children of different ages (5,7,9,11 and 13 years) and 20 adults (10 undergraduate and 10 

old-aged-people). Participants were asked to recall a videotaped story. The study focuses on the 

relationships between categories making up a story- according to the grammars of story- and the 

production of emotional, cognitive and distancing verbs. Results show that the production of 

emotional and mental verbs is limited in this narrative. Nevertheless, these kinds of verbs appear 

more frequently in certain narrative categories. 

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1098.93 Electrophysiological estimates of the time course of semantic, orthographic and 

phonological encoding during implicit Chinese monosyllabic word production, Qingfang Zhang, 

Yufang Yang, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China 

Two different event-related potential (ERP) components were used to investigate the time course 

of lexical access during implicit Chinese monosyllabic word production. Participants were shown 

pictures and carried out a dual choice go/nogo decision based on semantic information and 

orthographic information (Experiment 1), or the orthographic information and phonological 

information (Experiment 2). Both the lateralized readiness potential (LRP; related to response 

preparation) and N200 (presumably related to response inhibition) indicated that semantic 

activation occurs earlier than orthographic and phonological processing. In addition, compared to 

the phonological processing, the orthographic encoding appears relatively early. 

1098.94 Influence of pre-composition planning time on the pre-composition planning effect, 

Miao Liu, Biyin Zhang, China 

This paper attempts to study the influence of pre-composition planning time on the 

pre-composition planning effect by the method of combining natural experiment and laboratory 

experiment. Our study discovers that the composition form determines the planning time, which in 

turn influences the planning effect, which then determines the composition form. This indicates 

that with both the plan and the external representation, the plan itself plays a decisive role in the 

relations between the limited time for planning and the planning form. A more complicated case 

about the effect of the external representation emerged when the plan exists. 

1098.95 Lexicalization of idioms in people with schizophrenia, Yamazaki Ikuo, Shimizu 

Hajime, Hiroshima University, Japan 

Lexicalization is a key feature of language use. If lexicalization is not sufficient in certain 

language, we cannot use that language fluently. People with schizophrenia have language 

dysfunction in various aspects, in which dysfunction of lexicalization has seldom been 

investigated. An important facet of lexicalization is knowledge of idioms, which are frequently 

used in everyday conversation and important for practical language use. Ten male people with 

schizophrenia were tested on two kinds of idiom test; multiple choice task (338 idioms) and 

completion task (278 idioms). Results showed better scores on multiple choice task than on 

completion task and correlation with general language ability. 

1098.96 The role of the discourse focus in the processing of demonstrative NPs, Marion 

Fossard 1 , Alan Garnham 2 , H. Wind Cowles 2 , 1 Université Toulouse le Mirail, France; 2 Sussex 

University, UK 

In four experiments using off-line and on-line methodologies, we investigated the role of the 

discourse focus in the processing of the demonstrative 'that N'. by studying this expression in 

contrast with two other expression types: the pronoun (he/she) and the repeated noun, we showed 

that only the demonstrative NP is specialized in accessing less salient referents. Contrary to the 

ordinary pronoun which serves to signal referential and attentional continuity, and unlike the 

repeated noun which is not sensitive to the focusing entity constraint, the demonstrative appears to 

be a specific marker serving to signal a new orientation within the discourse. 

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1098.97 The role of the phonological output buffer in speech production, Hanzhong Xiong 1 , 

Hua Shu 1 , Zaizhu Han 1 , Xiaoli Bai 2 , Yanchao Bi 3 , 1 Beijing Normal University, China; 2 Beijing 

Friendship Hospital, China; 3 Harvard University, USA 

The phonological output buffer is an important stage in speech production, but its function is 

unclear so far. The present study described a Chinese-speaking patient, who showed selective 

impairment in all phonological output processes. He made the same error patterns, which most 

consisted of onset-errors, in reading, repetition of words and nonwords as in picture naming. 

Further analyses revealed that there was a strong length effect, but no effect of word frequency, 

grammatical class, and concreteness in above tasks. The result is interpreted as damage to the 

phonological output buffer. Its function in speech production is discussed in detail. 

1098.98 Spelling in Chinese: A RT study, Haiyan Zhou, Hua Shu, Beijing Normal University, 


Few researches focus on Chinese spelling, because it’s hard to find on-line task to record the 

processing sensitively and accurately. Furthermore, lots of homophones exist in Chinese and the 

sound-to-spelling rule is more complex. This study is interested in Chinese spelling using 

cross-modal paradigm. Mono-syllable characters used in E1, showed the effect of homophone 

family. Bisyllable words used in E2, revealed the effect of transparency of words, except for the 

effect of homophone family. The results suggests the existence of plenty of homophones increases 

difficulty in Chinese spelling, but semantic-context will help to select the right one from 

homophones. 

1098.99 Semantic features in the comprehention of novel metaphors, Midori Shibata, Jun-ichi 

Abe, Hokkaido University, Japan 

This study explored what semantic features are activated during the comprehension of novel 

metaphors. Three types of sentences were prepared as materials; anomalous sentences, 

conventional metaphors, and novel metaphors which had been proved to be understood 

figuratively in our previous experiment. Participants were required to respond to the sentences 

above in terms of their semantic features; the ones associated with the topic, the vehicle, and the 

sentence itself respectively. The result showed the majority of the semantic features associated 

with the novel metaphor sentences were not the same as those associated with the topic and the 

vehicle, but newly emerging ones. 

1098.100 The cognitive processing of verbal reading of Chinese between hearing-disabled and 

hearing children: A comparative study, Zhao Zhang, China 

The results showed that the function of graphic code in visual processing was strongly correlated 

with recognition of words of Chinese characteristics than the phoneme code and semantic code in 

both the hearing-disabled and hearing children. For hearing-disabled children, the alternative was 

the direct access that a semantic code was produced directly form a translation of the graphic code, 

however, the hearing children used the strategies of grapheme-phoneme conversion rules to 

interpret the meaning of words. The analysis of various results showed: Perhaps both the direct 

access and the grapheme-phoneme conversion would be a comprehensive information processing 

activated each other. 

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1098.101 Feature geometry in the perception of Korean spoken language, Moon-Jung Bae, 

Jung-Oh Kim, Seoul National University, Korea 

Two experiments were conducted to test the psychological reality of nonlinear phonology that 

assume the priority of distinctive feature (compared with phoneme) and the hierarchical 

organization of feature classes. Experiment 1 in which participants had to discriminate the target 

syllable from the distractors compared the feature-based detection with the phoneme-based. The 

results showed the priority of feature processing and the hierarchy of feature classes in processing 

automaticity; laryngeal-manner-place. Experiment 2 examined the interdependency between the 

feature classes using the Garner task. The results revealed the asymmetry of interdependency 

between feature classes and ensured the psychological reality of feature geometry. 

1098.102 The relationship between Chinese children’s English phonological awareness and their 

English non-word spelling, Dong Li, Beijing Normal University, China 

This study investigated the relationship between Chinese children’s English phonological 

awareness and their English spelling by a series of tests of English phonological awareness, 

English non-word spelling and pinyin from a total of 92 2-4 graders in an elementary school. The 

results indicated: (1) the performance of phonological awareness as well as non-word spelling 

developed with increasing grade level but the significant difference in these tasks among the three 

grades appeared to diminish. (2)Chinese character spelling by pinyin, middle sound categorization 

in the Initial Sound Categorization Test and rhyme of pinyin predicted strongly the performance of 

English nonword spelling. 

1098.103 Investigating individual differences in reading comprehension ability, Youngin Kim 1 , 

Kwangill Choi 2 , Yoon Yim 2 , 1 Ajou University, Korea, Republic Of; 2 Graduate School of Ajou 

University, Suwon, Korea 

The purpose of this study is to examine the difference of reading ability in college students. 

Individual difference of reading ability was measured by four cognitive tasks that were designed 

for language comprehension processes (word level, sentence level, text level, model construction). 

The following results are obtained; In word level and text level, no difference of reading ability 

was found. But In model construction level, it was found. In sentence level, The reading time of 

unskilled reader was faster than that of skilled reader in specific sentence in which the sentence 

complexity was variously manipulated. further research was discussed. 

1098.104 Individual differences in reading comprehension ability of elementary school children, 

Youngjin Kim 1 , Kwangill Choi 2 , JeongHee Woo 2 , 1 Ajou University, Korea; 2 Graduate School of 

Ajou University, Suwon, Korea 

The purpose of this study is to investigate difference of reading comprehension ability of 

elementary school children. They performed four cognitive tasks that were designed for language 

comprehension processes (word, sentence and text level, model construction). Obvious difference 

of reading comprehension ability of children was revealed in two levels of language 

comprehension processes. In model construction and sentence level, the reading times of unskilled 

reader was faster than that of the skilled. These results lead us to the conclusion that the skilled 

reader spent more time to parse a sentence or to analyze a text than the unskilled did. 

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1098.105 Constructing a model for English writing meta-cognition and its relevant factors in 

Chinese non-English-major undergraduates, Ying Jie Jiang 1 , Guang Li 1 , Xiao Song Gai 1 , 

Wenbo Che 2 , 1 Northeast Normal University, China; 2 Jilin University, China 

A model for meta-cognition in English writing and its relevant factors(such as self-efficacy, task 

value, achievement goals, and attribution) was tested in 1043 Ss. According to former researches, 

five theory models are constructed. After the validating and selecting by covariance configuration 

equation, the model which the parameters are x2=33.204, df=10,x2/ df= 3.320,CFI= 0.995,NFI= 

0.993, TLI= 0.982, IFI= 0.995,GFI=0.987,RMSEA =0.049 is selected as the model of 

meta-cognition and its relevant factors in English writing of undergraduates who are not major in 

English. 

1098.106 Phonological encoding in Chinese speech production: Evidences from speech errors of 

aphasic patients and oral response inhibition paradigm, Yaxu Zhang 1 , Xiaolin Zhou 1 , Baoquan 

Min 2 , Jianping Jia 2 , Jie Li 2 , 1 Peking University, China; 2 Xuanwu Hospital, Capital University of 

Medical Sciences, China 

Models of speech production differ in the assumption about phonological encoding in speech 

production. Phonological encoding in Mandarin Chinese was investigated with both the speech 

errors of two aphasic patients and the oral response inhibition paradigm. The results suggested that 

(1) neither tonal nor segmental syllables are the planning unit in phonological encoding, (2) 

segmental syllables are assembled, but not stored and retrieved, (3) the onset has different status 

from and is more vulnerable than rhyme within a syllable, and (4) the tone is an independent entity, 

leeching on to the rhyme at the phonetic, but not the phonological level. 

1098.107 ERP evidence for the time course of graphic, phonological and semantic information 

activation in the identification of Chinese characters, Baoguo Chen 1 , Danling Peng 1 , Ying Liu 2 , 

Lihui Xiao 2 , 1 Beijing Normal University, China; 2 University of Pittsburgh, USA 

Using ERPs in the task of priming-phonology category judgment, the study explored the time 

course of graphic, phonological, semantic information activation in the identification of Chinese 

characters. There were three types of prime-target relations: graphic similar, homophonic and 

semantic related. Each priming condition has its own control. The results showed for 

high-frequency characters, there were graphical and semantic priming starting from 300ms and 

reach its peak at 350ms,which was a reduced N400. Homophonic priming was observes at late 

component-P600, which was a reduced P600. The results suggested: for high-frequency characters, 

the semantic activation is prior to the phonological activation. 

1098.108 The semantic raical’s consistent effect on Chinese phonograms’ recognition, Zhuyuan 

Liang, Danling Peng, Beijing Normal University, China 

Using the semantic categorization task, three experiments were done to investigate the effects of 

semantic radical’s consistency in Chinese character. The results showed that when the semantic 

radical’s consistency is high, the large semantic radical’s density would facilitate the access of 

whole character’s meaning. And subjects processed a character more quickly when its phonetic 

radical is regular and its semantic radical is consistent. It suggested that the meaning of a 

character’s neighbors plays a more important role in the access to the meaning of the target 

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character. The results support the view that Chinese phonograms are processed based its function. 

1098.109 Repetition priming within- and between-language of pictures in English as a second 

language students, Jingxin Wang, Kuo Zhang, China 

The current work examined the repetition priming within and between languages of pictures in 

English as a second language students. We used a repetition priming paradigm. The participants 

were asked to name the pictures that were presented previously marked with Chinese characters or 

English words in the same language (Chinese-Chinese or English-English) or in the opposite 

language (Chinese-English or English-Chinese). We found a larger repetition priming within 

languages than between languages whether the subjects named the pictures in Chinese or in 

English. The results are consistent with the view on within and Between languages priming are 

mediated by different mechanisms. 

1098.110 Development of phonological skills and reading acquisition in French children, Jean 

Ecalle, University of Lyon2, France 

In a longitudinal study following prereading kindergartners through first grade (N=47), three 

phonological tasks involving different linguistic units (syllable, intrasyllabic unit, phoneme) were 

proposed: an epiphonological task (judgment of similarity (E)) and two metaphonological tasks 

(extraction of common units (M1); unit substitution (M2)). Performances decreased from E, to M1, 

to M2. In response to formal instruction, phonemes yielded better performances than larger units. 

The best predictors of reading were the substitution of syllables and phonemes. The links between 

phonological skills and reading were investigated to take account of both types of phonological 

processes involved when assessing phonological skills. 

1098.111 Development features of naming, Shorena Mamukadze, WFNS, Georgia 

Goal of the study was investigation of child naming in Georgian language. 240 children of both 

sexes from 3 to 11 were studied. 48 black-white pictures were used and 6 factors were controlled: 

word length, word frequency, word complexity, category, speech part, visual complexity of picture. 

In case of failure in naming child provided with following prompts: representative-cue, 

category-cue, word first syllable-cue, essential feature-cue, situation feature-cue, and 

procedural-cue. Different influences of word frequency, word complexity, word length, category, 

speech part, visual complexity of picture were revealed in different age groups. 

1098.112 Psychological analysis of avoidence phenonmenon in second language learning, Lu Sun, 

Dianzhi Liu, Southwest China Normal University, China 

"Avoidence Phenomenon" is very general in second language learning. Although there are some 

different linquistic theories about it, it has never been interpretted psychologically. In this research, 

the essence and the causes of the avoidence phenomenon were analized psychologically, and the 

results shows that the cause of this phenomenon has something to do with learning motivation, 

self-efficacy and personal character. 

1098.113 Assignment of grammatical gender in French: A developmental study, Alix Seigneuric, 

Daniel Zagar, Université de Bourgogne, France 

French has a system of two genders: nouns are either masculine or feminine. Among the possible 

234

clues available to guide gender assignment are the morpho-phonological cues carried by noun 

endings. By the age of four, children have overcome grammatical gender assignment. The goal of 

this study was to explore how word endings influence gender categorisation as a function of age 

level. Children (aged 4-11) had to classify spoken nonwords whose endins were either typically 

masculine, typically feminine or gave no indication of gender. Results allowed to specify the 

process by which phonlogical information influenced gender attribution. 

1098.114 Subtypes of Chinese developmental dyslexia, Sina Wu 1 , Hua Shu 1 , Yanru Liu 2 , 

1 2 

Beijing Normal University, China; Shunyi district education and study center, China 

By more than one hundred years' studies, researchers gain more and more support for the view 

that developmental dyslexics do not form a homogenous population. Around a phonological core, 

developmental dyslexics show variability in linguistic and non-linguistic tasks. Given to the great 

influence of orthography to manifestations of dyslexia, We gave Chinese dyslexics all kinds of 

linguistic and non-linguistic tasks. We found a quite different result from alphabetic one. Instead 

of phonological core deficit, Morphological deficit seems to be a predominant deficit to Chinese 

dyslexia. Around it, Chinese dyslexia may show some variability in other tasks. 

1098.115 Literacy and meta-linguistic awareness in Chinese-English bilingual children, Qing Xue, 

Bruce Homer, New York University, USA 

Literacy and metalinguistic awareness was investigated in children (JK, SK, Grade 1; N=110) 

from Chinese-English dual-immersion schools in China and U.S. Child were given Chinese and 

English metalinguistic-awareness and reading tests. Results indicated country by age-group effects 

for English, F(2, 105)=6.5, p

eviews researches on the positive and negative effect of mother tongue on SLA and related 

factors. Finally, the review evaluates previous research and raised some questions which need to 

be resolved in the future. 

1098.122 Auditory processing and speech perception in Chinese developmental dyslexia, 

Xiangzhi Meng, Xiaolin Zhou, Cixin Wang, Jue Wang, Shuying Sha, Peking University, 


Using behavioral and ERP methods, the present study examined the auditory processing, speech 

perception and its neural substrates in Chinese developmental dyslexia. Experimental one found 

that auditory processing abilities significantly correlated with reading fluency, phonological 

awareness, and word naming latency. Experimental two found that dyslexic children had a 

significantly smaller MMN under tone pattern and initial consonant, vowel of Chinese syllable 

conditions, which indicated that dyslexic children were less efficient in discriminating temporal 

information and linguistic information. These results suggested that Chinese dyslexic children 

have deficits in auditory temporal processing as well as linguistic processing in neuro-behavioral 

level. 

1098.123 Visual infromation in synchronous speech, Bei Wang 1 , Shu Mu 1 , Cummins Fred 2 , 

Hua Shu 1 , 1 Beijing Normal University; 2 University College Dublin, Ireland 

Cummins (2002) first reported that two speakers can easily read a text in synchrony with each 

other. Remarkably, visual information was found to improve the degree of synchrony. In this paper, 

the use of visual information is studied by using eye-tracking. A speaker is asked to read materials 

in synchrony with an audiovisual recording. We test the hypothesis that synchrony will be greater 

when read materials are paragraphs than isolated sentences, and it will be worst on non-syntactic 

word strings. We will also present results about the differential use of visual information at phrase 

onsets and within the phrase. 

1098.124 Sounds before words or words before sounds? A cross-linguistic study of English and 

Mandarin, Ellen Hamilton 1 , Jiayin Wu 1 , Twila Tardif 1 , Paul Fletcher 2 , Weilan Liang 3 , 

Zhixiang Zhang 3 , Virginia Marchman 2 , 1 University of Michigan, USA; 2 University College 

Cork, Ireland, 3 Peking University First Hospital Beijing, China 

Cross-cultural differences exist in children’s emerging phonetic inventories and patterns of lexical 

acquisition. However, interactions between phonological and lexical development are 

under-examined. Some proposals suggest word-learning drives phonology, whereas others suggest 

phonology drives word-learning. Our study examines relationships between vocabulary and 

phonological development for children first learning to speak. Specifically, we examine 

phonological neighborhood density, lexical frequency, articulatory features, and word-acquisition 

in two samples of over 1500 8-to-30-month-old English-speaking and Mandarin-speaking children 

tested on the MacArthur CDI. Significant effects of word class, frequency, and phoneme are found 

and discussed in relation to universal tendencies and language specific constraints in development. 

1098.125 The development of mandarin-speaking preschool children’s hypothetical references, 

Chiung-chiuen Chen, Hsin-feng Wu, National Chengchi University, Taiwan, China 

This study examined Mandarin-speaking preschoolers’ acquisition of hypothetical expressions and 

237

easoning. Sixteen children aged from 2 to 6 participated in the study. The children’s hypothetical 

questions and responses were elicited in story-telling sessions. The results showed that the 

children started to engage in hypothetical references as early as two and half years old. They 

acquired future reference earlier than past references although it was possible that they were 

capable of using past references; an open or neutral hypothetical was an earlier acquisition than a 

counter-to-fact hypothetical. Overall, a strong developmental trend was found. 

1098.126 Perceptual symbol representation and reposition symbol representation in 

comprehension, Li Li, Lei Mo, Ruiming Wang, South China Normal University, China 

Using moving window method to investigate the mode of information representation in the human 

brain. According to whether the shape of the object in picture was consistent with that in sentence, 

the experimental materials were divided into two categories: consistent version and inconsistent 

version. The results in experiment 1 show that there is perceptual symbol representation in 

comprehension. The results in experiment 2 show that there is prepositional symbol representation 

in comprehension when comprehension task becomes more difficult. The results in experiment 3 

show that there is also prepositional symbol representation when related information is pushed 

into long-memory. 

1098.127 Dynamic lexical activation effects of lexical tones in Cantonese, Siyun Liu, Arthur 

Samuel, State University of New York, Stony Brook, USA 

In Indo-European languages, a word’s perception is influenced by the set of words with similar 

onsets (its “cohort”). For tone languages like Cantonese, tones affect lexical identification. This 

study investigates whether there is a cohort effect based on lexical tone onset, as there is with 

segmental information. Four Cantonese tones were tested( Tones1,2,6 and 7). On each trial, 

participated heard a “prime” and a “target” word, and had to identify target tone. The prime’s tone 

could be identical, similar, or different from the target’s; the completeness of the prime was also 

varied. Results and their implications will be discussed. 

1098.128 Perceptual symbol representation and propositional symbol representation in 

conprehension, Li Li, Lei Mo, Ruiming Wang, South China Normal University, China 

Using moving window method to investigate the mode of information representation in the human 

brain. According to whether the shape of the object in picture was consistent with that in sentence, 

the experimental materials were divided into two categories: consistent version and inconsistent 

version. The results in experiment 1 show that there is perceptual symbol representation in 

comprehension. The results in experiment 2 show that there is propositional symbol representation 

in comprehension when comprehension task becomes more difficult. The results in experiment 3 

show that there is also propositional symbol representation when related information is pushed 

into long-memory. 

1098.129 Experimental research on the role of Information structure and accent in Chinese speech 

comprehension, Dan Wang, Yufang Yang, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 

China 

Two experiments were investigated the correspondence between sentence accentuation and 

distribution of information in speech comprehension. Experiment 1, target words provided either 

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given or new, and were either accented or deaccented. The result showed that new was accented 

and given was deaccented would be fast in speech comprehension. Experiment 2, target words 

were the theme or the rheme in the first utterance, and the target words were accented in the 

second utterance. The result showed that accented word referring to a previously mentioned less 

salience entities when information was given. 

1098.130 The influence of correspondence between accentuation and information structure on 

discourse comprehension, Xiaoqing Li, Yufang Yang, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy 


Two experiments were carried out to investigate how correspondence between accentuation and 

information structure influenced discourse comprehension, using sentence-by-sentence auditory 

moving window technique and word recognition respectively. The results showed that: 

inappropriate accentuation slowed discourse comprehension, compared to appropriate and neutral 

accentuation; although appropriately accented sentence was not processed faster than neutrally 

accented sentence, activation of important new information was enhanced in the former than in the 

later condition, which took place about 1000 ms after the offset of accented words and lasted for a 

relatively long time. Therefore, inappropriate accentuation impeded discourse processing and 

appropriate accenting accelerated discourse comprehension. 

1098.131 An experimental research on the training of exposition’s configurative schema reading 

strategy to improve the reading comprehension level of junior students, Dianzhi Liu, Zejun Sun, 


There were 136 students from two junior middle schools as subjects. Adopting design of balance 

group experimentation, combined with teaching infiltrating method and concentrating training 

method to teach the students exposition article’ configurative schema reading strategy. The 

findings suggested: 1.Training of exposition article’s configurative schema reading strategies help 

to improve the middle school students’ exposition article’s reading comprehension level And 

speed. 2. the training had more bigger help for the excellent And middle level students. 3. reading 

strategy straining combined teaching infiltrating method training has obvious transfer 

effect.4.Under this experimentation condition, intentionally activating the students to find the 

structure. 

1098.132 Prosodic phrase and cues to parse it, Xianjun Huang, Yufang Yang, Institute of 

Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China 

This article deals with the problem of what features a prosodic phrase may have and on what 

factors we can depend to parse it. Based on our experiments, we first conclude a prosodic phrase 

is a multi-branching structure, and has one head. Secondly, after analyzing every prosodic phrase 

and its distribution features, we find there are four main factors, which influence the boundary of 

prosodic phrase parsing. They are the breakdown into syntactic constituents, the grammatical 

function of a constituent, constituent length, and speech rate. All of them are contributed to predict 

performance structures of sentences. 

1098.133 A research on the reading comprehension ability and test of primary and middle school 

pupils, Yuqiu Li 1 , Houcan Zhang 2 , 1 Taiyuan Teachers College, China; 2 Beijing Normal 

239


Research on the reading comprehension ability has been one of the major projects of all countries. 

This research tested pupils of primary and junior middle schools. The results of exploratory and 

confirmatory factor analyses on different tests all showed that the structure of reading 

comprehension ability is made of five abilities: abilities of knowing and reading, general 

comprehension, deeper comprehension, evaluation and appreciation, and comprehensive 

application. The results also showed that the method of multilevel score can improve the 

distinguishing ability of choice questions and the scientificalness of screening and classification of 

examination questions. 

1098.134 Metasyntactic and reading abilities: A study with Brazilian Portuguese speaking children, 

Maria-Regina Maluf 1 , Ean-emile Gombert 2 , Ediva Sousa 1 , 1 Universidade Católica De São 

Paulo, Brazil, 2 Université de Rennes II, France 

There is written evidence of the specific relationships between metasyntactic abilities and reading 

skills. In this study we investigate two hypothesis: 1)epimorphosyntactic abilities are predictors of 

word decoding skills and episyntactic abilities are predictors of sentence comprehension skills; 2) 

word decoding skills are predictors of metamorphosyntactic abilities and sentence comprehension 

skills are predictors of metasyntactic abilities. Individual tests were carried out on 36 children 

starting school. The results supported both hypothesis for Brazilian Portuguese speaking children. 

1098.135 Phonological awareness and early reading in Chinese and English: The, E Hang Eunice 

Choy 1 , Catherine McBride-Chang 1 , Yanping Li 2 , Karen K.Y. Chong 1 , 1 Chinese University of 

Hong Kong, China; 2 Shan Xi Normal Universtiy, China 

Thirty-five Chinese first graders each from Xian and Hong Kong learning English as a second 

language were administered reading-related tasks. Results revealed that Hong Kong students were 

significantly better in both Chinese and English real-word reading, whereas Xian students 

performed significantly better on tasks of explicit phonological awareness in both Chinese and 

English. The groups did not differ in Chinese pseudoword reading. Results demonstrate that 

teaching a phonemic coding system to facilitate reading development (as in Xian) promotes 

explicit phonological awareness. However, explicit phonological awareness is not universally a 

prerequisite for early reading (e.g., Hong Kong). 

1098.136 The influence of phonology and context comprehension in Japanese proofreading, 

Michiko Asano, Kazuhiko Yokosawa, University of Tokyo, Japan 

The influence of phonology at the pitch accent level in Japanese proofreading was investigated. 

Participants silently read short Japanese sentences and detected misprints in them. We found that 

when the misprints were the same-pitch-accent homophones of words that fitted the sentence 

meanings, misprint detection was more difficult than when they were the different-pitch-accent 

homophones or non-homophones. This suggests that phonological information is distinguished at 

the pitch accent level in Japanese proofreading. The interaction of the phonology and the location 

of the misprints had an influence on context comprehension, and on misprint detection. 

1098.137 An attempt to integrate the dual route cascaded model and the triangle model, Shini-ichi 

Asakawa, Tokyo Woman's Chirstian University, Japan 

240

There has been existing a debate about the models about reading English words aloud. One is the 

Dual Route Cascaded model(DRC), and another is the Triangle model. Because there are arbitrary 

variables of both models, we did not decide which model gives better accounts for the numerous 

data. Therefore, an attempt to integrate the DRC and Triangle model was made by introducing the 

Mixture of Experts Network. From the Mixture of Expert Network's point of view, the difference 

which lies between the DRC and Triangle models would be able to describe as the quantitive 

difference of the dispersion parameters. 

1098.138 Does discussion about others’ essay facilitate writing? Miwa Inuzuka, University of 

Tokyo, Japan 

In writing essays, a framework for monitoring plays an important role. Through writing 

interventions, this study examined whether reading and discussing essays written by others was 

effective on constructing the monitoring framework. The results of Study 1 suggested that having 

diverse viewpoints during the discussion was crucial for the improvement of their writing. From 

the results of Study 2, it was indicated that participants improved their writing when they 

conducted discussion after individual work. It was considered that the diverse viewpoints and 

individual activity facilitated the construction of the framework for monitoring and improved 

students' writing performance. 

1098.139 Dishabituation to phonetic stimuli in a “silent” event-related fMRI design, Jason Zevin, 

Bruce McCandliss, Sackler Insitute, USA 

Auditory brain regions habituate rapidly to repeated presentation of a single stimulus or type of 

stimulus. The timing and location of habituation and dishabituation responses can be used to 

elucidate the brain basis of speech perception. We compared a critical condition, in which the 

repeated ("standard") stimulus was a member of one phonetic category and the dishabituating 

("deviant") stimulus was a member of a different category to a range of conditions in which the 

standard and deviant stimuli were members of the same phonetic category. BOLD responses to 

stimuli were recorded while subjects passively listened to trains of stimuli. 

1098.140The effect of phonological coding on sentence comprehensions in silent and oral reading, 

Maiko Takahashi, University of Tokyo, Japan 

This study investigated whether the phonological coding during silent reading influences the 

differences in comprehensions between silent and oral reading. Thirty-two subjects were asked to 

read sentences either silently or orally. To examine the effects of phonological coding, they also 

read silently under articulatory suppressions. Subjects, whose comprehensions were impaired by 

the articulatory suppression, comprehended better in reading silently than orally. In contrast, the 

others showed equally comprehensions across silent and oral reading. It is concluded that the 

difference in comprehensions between silent and oral reading depends on whether a reader do the 

phonological coding during silent reading. 

1098.141 The effects of L1 phonological and orthographic systems on L2 word identification, 

Lun Wang, Jun-ichi Abe, Hokkaido University, Japan 

This study aims at examining whether the first language (L1) phonological and orthographic 

processing strategies affect the second language (L2) word identification. Participants were 

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Cantonese and Mandarin, we found that people use L1 is faster than L2 to name the picture, and 

Cantonese to Mandarin is slower than Mandarin to Cantonese. The results show that Mandarin is 

the dominant concept accessing ways for the bilinguals. 

1098.156Reflections on bilingual education in China from a psychology perspective, Hua-yu Tan, 

South China Universty, China 

In China, though bilingual education is still a fresh phenomenon, it has attracted wide-spread 

attention. The author of this paper makes a brief introduction of bilingual education and discusses 

some factors influencing the implementation of bilingual education in China from a psychology 

perspective, such as students' emotion, ages, mother tongue, learning strategies and the 

relationship between bilingual education and the development of students' intelligence. 

1098.157 Second language contrast acquisition and the impact of acculturation, Katherine 

Yoshida, Janet F. Werker, the University of British Columbia, Canada 

Languages have varying phonemic repertoires that contrast with one another to denote differences 

of meaning (e.g., the /r/-/l/ contrast is not valid in Japanese). Infants are born able to discriminate 

both native and non-native contrasts, yet by one-year only those in their native language continue 

to be perceived (Werker & Tees, 1984). The subsequent perception of non-native contrasts 

belonging to an ensuing language is less clearly understood. This work uses Cantonese-native ESL 

speakers to investigate the acquisition of non-native (English-specific) contrasts. Results of the 

English-Cantonese bilinguals will be discussed in the context of degree of acculturation to 

mainstream Canadian culture. 

1098.158 Adaptation to the facial expressions of emotion, Susumu Shibui, Kazuo Shigemasu, 

The University of Tokyo, Japan 

We investigated the categorization process of the facial expressions by means of the adaptation to 

the facial expressions of emotion. Subjects judged the expressions of 200 ms test faces following 5 

seconds viewing of an adaptation face. In the control condition, subjects judged only test faces. 

The effects of adaptation were represented by the delays of RTs between the control condition and 

the condition with adapt faces. The result suggested that the effect of adaptation was explained by 

the categorical distances between the test faces and adapt faces. This is in line with the categorical 

model of the facial expression. 

1098.159 Dismissing-avoidant pattern of attachment related to facial mimicry, emotion regulation, 

and empathy, Marianne Sonnby-Borgstrom, Peter Jonsson, Department of Psychology, Lund, 

Sweden 

Dismissing-avoidant individuals are assumed to repress anxiety, a disposition hypothesized to 

interfere with facial mimicry and empathy. Mimicry (electromyography) was compared in 

dismissing-avoidant and non-dismissing individuals. Happy or angry faces were exposed at 

different levels of information processing. At the automatic level (56ms) dismissing-avoidant 

participants showed “normal” corrugator responses (negative emotions) upon exposure to angry 

faces. At the controlled level (2350 ms) they showed no corrugator response and "smiling 

reactions” to angry faces, whereas the non-dismissing participants reacted with mimicking and 

scored also significantly higher on emotional empathy. "Smiling" at the controlled level may be 

245

interpreted as repression of anxiety. 

1098.160 The effects of nonverbal behaviors on impression formation and rapport in a triadic 

communication, Yukiko Iso, Masanori Kimura, Akiko Sakuragi, Ikuo Daibo, Osaka University, 

Japan 

This study investigated the relationship between nonverbal expressions and impressions on 

interactants in same-sex triadic interactions. 48 students who were not acquaiontace with each 

other, participated in either of the following two conditions; the cozy conversation, or the 

discussion about a social problem. The results suggested that the effects of nonverbal behaviors on 

impressions of interactants were different depending on types of conversation. Especially, smile 

was positively correlated with favorable impressions on the cozy conversation, while nodding 

showed the same tendency on the discussion. Furthermore, it was suggested the balanced gaze 

between other interactans brought favorable impressions and rapport. 

1098.161 Predictors of unexpected approaches by strangers, Kikue Sakaguchi, Hasegawa 

Toshikazu, The University of Tokyo, Japan 

We examined predictors of unexpected approaches by strangers, in light of the estimation of a 

target person's social attitude through expressive behavior in a natural gait. Three conditions were 

considered; sexual approaches from a man to a woman [1] to pick up, 2]to grope without 

permission], and 3)nonsexual approaches. Female walkers reported the frequencies of 

encountering those approaches and their personality traits. Male raters viewed video segments of 

walking women. Analysis revealed that the best predictor of the frequency of being picked up as a 

woman's self-monitoring trait (controlling strongly emotion expression), instead of her grooming 

or attractiveness. 

1098.162 The perceived relationship between the conversation style and the nonverbal cues in a 

triadic conversation, Ikuo Daibo, Manabu Goto, Hayami Miyagi, Osaka Univeristy, Japan 

The present study aimed to clarify the perceived relationship between the expressiveness in a 

triadic conversation and the nonverbal cues. The expressive dimensions consist of the organizing 

ability, relaxing the members, and the nervousness. 393 undergraduates considered mainly the 

utterance and the hand movement as the cues of organizing the conversation, the nodding and the 

facial expressions as the cues of relaxing the members, and the eye contact and the hand 

movement as the cues of interactants’ tension. The posture was used frequently on male 

conversation condition. In addition, the high expressive participants (by ACT) attached 

importance to the organizing ability. 

1098.163 Synchrony tendency in the conversation about emotion episodes, Masanori Kimura, 

Ikuo Daibo, Osaka University, Japan 

Synchrony tendency refers to the coordination of movement between individuals in interpersonal 

communications. So far, most methods of studying synchrony tendency have focused on the 

particular channel. However, because communication behavior depends on the emotional tone of 

conversation, it might be difficult to understand the synchrony tendency on the particular channel 

only. This study made use of the pseudosynchrony experimental paradigm, and the synchrony 

level in the conversation on emotional episodes was measured. The results suggested that 

246

communication behavior varied depending on emotional episodes, while overall synchrony 

tendency was observed regardless of the emotional episodes in the conversation. 

1098.164 The relationship between visual information and affective meanings involved in the 

recognition of facial expressions of emotion, Nobuyuki Watanabe, Aki Maeda, Hiroshi Yamada, 


This study investigated the relationship between the visual information (physical variables) and 

affective meanings (psychological variables) involved in the recognition of facial expressions of 

emotion. In the experiment participants were made to assess the facial images of basic six facial 

expressions and neutral expression using the Affect Grid technique. Multiple regression analyses 

were conducted to examine the relationships between the affective scores of each expression and 

its facial structural variables, which scores were computed from the displacements of facial feature 

points in each image. The results indicate that "slantedness of the upper face" correlates with 

"pleasantness", and "curvedness/openness" with "activity". 

1098.165 The congruence of the prosodic features in dyadic communication, Masashi Komori 1 , 

Chika Nagaoka 2 , Toshie Nakamura 3 , 1 Osaka Electro-Communication University, Japan; 2 JSPS 

Research Fellow, Japan; 3 Osaka University, Japan 

It has been reported that the paralanguage of speakers within dialogues becomes congruent, this 

being possibly affected by their receptiveness. In this light, the present study compared prosodic 

features; the duration of switching pauses (SP), the fundamental frequency (F0) and the vocal 

intensity, in receptive and non-receptive dialogues. The results indicated that in receptive 

dialogues, some prosodic features of the conversational partners become gradually similar, while 

in non-receptive dialogues, these are dissimilar. It is suggested that speakers with a receptive 

mental set adjust their prosodic features to match those of their partner. 

1098.166 Pointing at the conversational partner, Ayumu Arakawa, Naoto Suzuki, Doshisha 


Although the phenomenon that people point at empty space to intend to refer to an absent object 

has been discussed, the phenomenon that Japanese people point at each other in conversation has 

not been clearly explained. In current research, conversations of 22 pairs of friends were observed 

and classified into categories to investigate the pointing behavior. The results show that the 

speaker often points at the partner to refer to the absent object, person or event that the partner 

knows, and that sometimes the speaker points at the partner to refer to the partner without the 

corresponding utterance. 

1098.167 The development of HSK for young learners, Aimin Cheng, Jiayuan Yu, Shiyi Lu, 

Ying Liu, Huihong Wu, Nanjing Normal University, China 

HSK is a series of international Chinese proficiency tests which is offered by NOCEL (National 

Office of Teaching Chinese as Foreign Language) of Chinese government. HSK for young 

learners developed by Nanjing Normal University is one of the HSK tests. This test is composed 

by three forms which are suitable for different proficient levels respectively. The pretest has been 

conducted in European, Asian and American countries where Chinese teaching for young learners 

is typical. The data has been analyzed with item response theory. The results showed this test has 

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higher reliability and validity. 

1098.168 Is there exists interaction of lexical selection and phonological encoding in Chinese 

monosyllabic word production? Qingfang Zhang, Yufang Yang, Institute of Psychology, Chinese 


The interaction of lexical selection and phonological encoding in Chinese monosyllabic word 

production was investigated using the classic picture-word interference paradigm. The basic 

manipulation was to change the relationship between an interfering word and picture name, while 

altered the interval between picture and distractor word (Stimulus Onset Asynchronys, SOAs). 

The results indicated that there exist multiple orthographic activations and feedback from 

orthographic to semantic level. No multiple semantic activations were detected probably due to 

the experimental materials. These results were in line with the interaction activation model of 

word production. 

1098.169 Hemispheric asymmetry in solving lexical ambiguity in Chinese, Zhijin Zhou, 

Yongming Chen, Xianfeng Ding, Lie Zhao, China 

Two experiments were conducted to investigate lexical ambiguity resolution in Chinese. Semantic 

priming paradigm and lexical decision task were employed in the experiments. The probe words 

were presented in left or right visual field in experiment 2. Experiment 1 showed priming of 

dominant meanings in short SOA, and priming of both dominant and subordinate meanings in 

long SOA. Experiment 2 showed priming of dominant meanings in the right hemisphere in short 

SOA. In long SOA, it was only showed priming of dominant meanings in right hemisphere, and 

priming of all meanings in left hemisphere. 

1098.170 The immediate processing of Chinese discourse comprehension, Suiping Wang, 

Hsuan-Chih Chen, Lei Mo, Jinmian Yang, South China Normal University, China 

In three experiments, we examined whether readers could make integration of related background 

information immediately during Chinese discourse processing. In experiment 1 and 2, using line 

by line reading paradigm, readers were immediately noticing a contradiction on target line no 

matter whether it is a full sentence or not. In experiment 3, subjects’ eye movements were 

recorded during reading, and the data showed that readers could also detect the inconsistence 

immediately and carrying out extra processing right at the target position. These results indicated 

that integration processes start very rapidly in Chinese discourse comprehension. 

1098.171 Mental representation and acquisition of Chinese classifiers, Henrik Saalbach 1 , 

Elsbeth Stern 1 , Xiaolin Zhou 2 , 1 Max-Planck-Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany; 

2 

Peking University, Beijing, China 

The study targets the impact of classifiers, i.e. lexico-syntactic structures providing 

language-inherent classification in Chinese, on categorization. Chinese adult participants show 

significant classifier bias: within lexical decision paradigm, response to the target word is faster 

when it is preceded by a picture of object sharing same classifier. German control data are 

currently sampled. In a developmental study, 120 Chinese children’s comprehension, production, 

discrimination and generalization of classifiers was tested (ages 3-6). Assignment of classifiers 

just heard even to artificial objects is managed at age 3; production and discrimination abilities 

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1098.176 The roles of frequency and stroke number of Chinese character on learning by students 

from alphabetic language background, Xin Jiang, Beijing Language and Culture University, 

China 

This study was designed to examine the roles of occur frequency and stroke number of Chinese 

Character on learning by adult students from alphabetic language background. Subjects were ask 

to write down the Pinyin and make a word or phrase for each of 100 learned characters which 

were different in their occur frequency in textbook and stroke number. The results showed that the 

main effects of both factors and their interaction were significant. It was suggested that both occur 

frequency and stroke number played important roles on Character learning by alphabetic language 

students, and this two factors' roles interacted each. 

1098.177 The semantic raical’s consistent effect on Chinese phonograms’ recognition, Zhuyuan 

Liang, Danling Peng, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China 

In Chinese phonograms, phonetic radicals indicate the characters’ pronunciation while the 

semantic radicals indicate meaning. Using the semantic categorization task, three experiments 

were done to investigate the effects of semantic radical’s consistency. In experiment 1, the 

frequency effect was found but no consistency effect. In experiment 2, when the semantic radical’s 

consistency is high and its density is large, the RT of recognition is shorter than the density is 

small. In experiment 3, when the phonetic radical is regular, the RT for a high semantic radical 

consistency character is shorter than a low one. 

1098.178 The differences of word recognition on single- and multiple-character Chinese words for 

students with learning disabilities, Shih-yi Chan, Jen-Lung Chuang, Taiwan, China 

This study compares the performance differences on the target word recognition between words 

and phrases displayed in the Graded Chinese Characters Recognition Tests for students with 

learning disabilities in primary schools. The subjects include 25 fourth-graders and 25 

sixth-graders. The main result of the study has revealed a significant difference on the amount of 

the target Chinese characters recognition between two tests for both fourth and sixth graders with 

learning disabilities. The study also discusses the characteristics of meaning-based of Chinese 

words and phrases. 

1098.179 Semantic activation of color morpheme in the opaque compound words, Xi Chen, Jijia 

Zhang, South China Normal University, China 

Semantic priming and stroop interference were used to probe color morpheme in the opaque 

compound words. Results showed that, (1) there was competition in the mental resources between 

color morpheme and whole word, which resulted in mutual inhibition, and the relative superiority 

was displaced to each other, and finally the whole word was identified; (2) the processing of 

morpheme in the compound word was influenced by structure of word and attribute of itself, and 

there was superiority in the color morpheme even in the subordination of the word. 

1098.180 Distribution of sentence focus and sentence accent in Mandarin, Yunjia Wang 1 , Min 

Chu 2 , 1 Peking University, China; 2 Microsoft Research Asia, China 

The distribution of sentence focus and the distribution of sentence accent in Mandarin are 

investigated empirically. 300 utterances are studied, in each of which the semantic accents were 

250

The issue of "mind and body" has become a big problem in this century. In the last century, we 

made tremendous progress in science and technology, and now we can enjoy pleasurable and 

effective lives. However, as a shadow of this prosperity, people today suffer from many types of 

psychological distress. People in modern societies are, so to speak, cut off from the great earth. We 

are very busy engaging in intellectual work and ignore our bodies. Our life energy is becoming 

less and less. This tendency is reflected in the fact that the number of suicides of middle age men 

is increasing year by year in Japan. To recover from this situation, I think that ancient Japan's 

wisdom, wherein mind and body, matter and psyche were not separated, might be useful. I would 

like to discuss Sandplay therapy, inaugurated by Swiss Jungian therapist Dora Kalff, as one 

example of the use of such ancient wisdom in this age. Although it was developed in the West, this 

therapy includes much wisdom from the East, as Kalff understood Japanese culture very deeply. 

The method quite resembles the Japanese traditional art of Hakoniwa (box garden). This therapy is 

based on: 1) a deep relationship between the therapist and the client, 2) the spontaneous power of 

self-cure in the client, and 3) the significance of images and symbols that come out of the deeper 

levels of the psyche. These are elements that cannot be seen in modern medicine. I would like to 

show present examples of this therapy and discuss the issue of mind of body in relation to them. 

1101 STATE-OF-THE-ART 

Chair: Ge Fang, China 

Activating historical and conceptual links in the realm on instruction in Latin America, Alfonso 

Orantes, Instructional Psychology, University of Caracas, Venezuela 

After reviewing the emergence of Bell's mutual teaching method and Lancaster's monitorial 

system, some issues about instruction are considered. Both methods used pupils who knew a little 

to teach others who knew less, allowing one instructor to teach hundred of students. The Lancaster 

approach spread all over the world, during early XIX century, including most of the emerging 

Latin American republics. Lancaster lived shortly in Venezuela. Many of the peculiar features of 

both methods are here related to seminal concepts present in prevailing psychological trends in 

education. Perhaps, developing countries should try to revive the Lancaster approach. 


Chair: Hsuan-Chih Chen, Hong Kong, China 

Words, grammar and the brain, Alfonso Caramazza, Department of Psychology, Harvard 


Retrieving a word from the mental lexicon entails access to three types of knowledge: the word's 

meaning, its sound structure, and its grammatical properties. In this talk I discuss what is currently 

known about how different grammatical categories are represented in the brain. Evidence from 

neuropsychology, neuroimaging, electrophysiology, and transcranial magnetic stimulation 

indicates that a word's grammatical category may be represented independently of its meaning at 

the levels of word form and morphological computation. 

1106 ORAL 

252


Chair: Birthe Loa Knizek, Norway 

1106.1 Multiple intelligence and the structure of thinking, Chongde Lin, Tsingan Li, Beijing 


We argue that Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences is surprisingly analogous to the theory of 

intelligence implied in the ancient Chinese educational program of the 'Six Arts', even though 

there are also important differences between them. Although we regard components of intellectual 

structure as multiple, our theory of intelligence is also different from Gardner's. In this paper we (1) 

compare Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences and the theory of intelligence implied in the 

Six Arts education of ancient China, and (2) analyze Lin Chongde's theory of intelligence and his 

perspective that the components of intellectual structure are diverse. 

1106.2 Myth and ritual as theoretical questions of modern psychology, Andranik Suleymanian, 

Moscow Psychlogical-pedagogical University, Russian Federation 

The interdisciplinary investigations are necessary for decision of the important problem of 

mythological consciousness origin. Follow our concept, mythological consciousness is not a 

consequence of absence of “natural-science picture of the world”, not a result of activity 

“collective unconscious” and not a relict of primitive times. Its basis is “ congenital ideas “, 

inducing the person to creativity, eternal search of an ideal and of the supreme meaning of life. 

Scientific and religious “pictures of the world” synthesis is necessary for creation of a complete 

science about the person and decisions of global problems of the modernity. 

1106.3 Suicidal behaviour as meaningful communication: A semiotic model as an interpretative 

tool, Birthe Loa Knizek, Heidi Hjelmeland, The Norwegian University of Science and 

Technology, Norway 

Repeatedly the lack of theoretical framework in suicidology has been pointed out. We will discuss 

the demands on a theoretical model in suicidology, which is both cross-disciplinary and caught up 

between clinical practice based on an idiographic approach and scientific standards based on 

nomothetic perspectives. As suicidal behavior as a phenomenon is extremely context sensitive it 

seems more realistic to work towards a model, that can enhance data interpretation and is flexible 

regarding the methodological approach than to try to work out an overall understanding of suicidal 

behavior. 

1106.4 Oriental spirituality: Sadness from the perspective of evolutionary psychology, Shinichi 

Takeda, The Japanese Psychological Association, Japan 

Humans in modern society live within bodies that were developed about 100,000 years ago. The 

notion of mind has therefore come to play a special role. When a person's mind is deeply hurt, a 

transcendent dimension of spirituality may be revealed. Through the spiritual dimension of desire, 

the mind diverts the self, and infinite life is allowed to gush forth. This report clarifies the inverse 

polarity as knowledge through experience, for instance, the sadness of losing a loved one through 

death allows a more real encounter with him from the perspectives of original Japanese 

psychology. 

253

1106.5 History, presence, and future of psychology in the Czech Republic, Daniel Heller, 

Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Czech Republic 

The author deals with history, presence and future of psychology in the Czech Republic. He 

reflects the pre-history and origins of Czech psychology (influences form Germany and Austria), 

development of psychology after establishing Czechoslovakia (1918) including beginnings of 

applied psychology known as psychotechnics, methodological issues, research problems, results, 

interpretations, history of psychology under totalitarian regimes and revivals of psychology in 

sixties and nineties of the 20th century. The most important application fields of contemporary 

psychology in Czech Republic, research institutes, universities, and journals are presented. The 

perspectives and future tasks of psychology including problems of national capacities building are 

enumerated. 

1107 ORAL 


Chair: Valiollah Farzad, Iran 

1107.1 A research of the influence of teachers’ background diversity on the psychological 

health in rural middle school, Dong-Bin Li 1 , Yan-Hong Diao 2 , 1 Gannan Teachers’ College, 

China; 2 Student Managing Unit, Gannan Teachers’ College, China 

There is a fundamental difference in the scores of physical, psychological health and self-testing 

health between school teachers of different education levels; The difference proves to be mighty in 

those teachers of different marriage states; There exists a great difference between those from rural 

and urban or suburbs in such three sub-diversities. Conclusions: A higher education level leads to 

a better performance of teachers’ psychological health; marriage state proves to be a key factor in 

the improvement of psychological health that can not be ignored; those teachers living and 

working in rural have greater trouble in psychological health. 

1107.2 Development of a new program based on IRT for psychological and educational analysis, 

Shuqing Qi 1 , Haiqi Dai 1 , Shuliang Ding 1 , Zhaosheng Luo 1 , Jun Zhou 2 , 1 Jiangxi Normal 

University, China; 2 Tianjin examination institute, China 

There are some features in Chinese tests, e.g. the scoring categories of an item over 15.Neither 

PASCALE nor MULTILOG deals with these kinds of data. The new program, known as ANOTE, 

designed by us offsets this limitation. There are many functional modules with ANOTE, such as 

estimating parameter, equating test, computing information function. Empirical study shows that 

estimating parameter function not only is satisfied with the estimation accuracy, but also is more 

robust than MULTILOG when difference between the values of difficulty parameters of the 

adjacent categories is very small. 

1107.3 Development of the memory assessment battery for Chinese children, Shijie Zhou, 

Yaoxian Gong, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, China 

This study was to develop a new instrument for assessing Chinese children’s memory functions, 

the Memory Assessment Battery for Children (MABC). The MABC was developed within an 

information processing and multiple memory systems framework, and contains 4 verbal, 4 visual, 

254

and 2 span subtests. The assessment procedures include multiple learning trials, delayed-retention 

tests, free recall vs recognition retrieval, and both visual and verbal materials. The test-retest 

stability coefficients ranged from 0.65 to 0.97 for the subtest scores. Exploratory factor analysis 

resulted in a four-factor solution, which could be specified as Working Memory, Auditory Memory, 

Visual Recognition and Visual Free Recall. 

1107.4 A study of the psychomrtric characteristics of the identity style inventory, Valiollah 

Farzad 1 , Mehrnaz Shahraray 2 , Mohamad Hossin Aghajani 3 , 1 AERA,IES, Iran; APA (U.S), 

IES (Iran) 

Eight-hundred and three bachelor level students who were selected from Tehran Universities, 

completed the Identity Style Inventory (White, Wampler and Winn,1998). The validity of the test 

was calculated by three methods:1)Factor analysis,2) Differential validity, and3)Concurrent 

validity. The factor analysis showed four identity style, namely informative, normative, 

diffuse/avoident and commitment. Differential validity was investigated by using correlation 

coefficient among opposite factors. Dellas`s Identity Status Inventory-Occupation was used for 

investigating concurrent validity. A Cronbach alpha showed appropriate internal consistensies 

ranging from 0.69 to 0.76.A test-retest reliability with a three-week time interval showed a 

correlation from 0.52 to 0.71. 

1108 ORAL 


Chair: Sabine Langevin, France 

1108.1 Is distinctiveness of faces evaluated by comparison to a sexed or asexued prototype? 

Jean-Yves Baudouin 1 , Mathieu Gallay 2 , 1 University of Burgundy, France; 2 UMR 8605 CNRS, 

France 

The purpose of the study was to see whether the distinctiveness of faces is assessed by comparison 

of an individual face with the average properties of the population of all faces, whatever their 

gender, or with the average properties of a subcategory of this population, faces of the same 

gender category. In two experiments, faces were manipulated in order to be closer to either a 

(non-sexued) face prototype or to the sexued prototype of the category. Participants had to 

evaluated the distinctiveness of these composite faces. Results indicated that distinctiveness 

evaluations were mainly based on sexed prototypes. 

1108.2 A computer modeling of semantic memory and mental lexicon, Catriona Raboutet, 

Marc Michel Corsini, Bernard Claverie, Bernard N'Kaoua, Laboratoire de Sciences 

cognitives, France 

This study focuses on the knowledge organization of memory and their retrieval processes. It 

proposes a computer modeling of semantic structures (categorical, schematic) and lexical 

networks (phonemic, syllabic). These organizations were implemented and tested through a 

semantic fluency task, comparing simulated words productions and productions of healthy 

subjects (common words number, numbers of semantic and phonologic links between words, 

categorical structure exploitation). The results showed the relevance of phonologic and semantic 

255

networks in productions, but they indicated that the categorical structure exploitation was different 

between subjects and computer system. Others formalizations of semantic structures are proposed. 

1108.3 Comparison of two web-ad pricing model by measurement of the ad memory, Yong 

Wang, Mouchao Ma, Li Lei, Xiaqi Ding, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 

China 

The pricing models of internet advertising are under debates. Which one is more rational in 

measuring web-ad effect, CPM (cost per-thousand impressions) or CPC (cost per-thousand 

click-through)? In this study, after surfing simulated web pages about 30 minutes, subjects were 

assigned to reunite the web-ad pictures by adding the logo which was presented in the target 

banner ad before. The accuracy and judgment certainty were measured. The result shows that pure 

page-view without click-through does make memory ad-effect. Comparing to another group who 

clicked the web-ad during browsing, it shows about 1.4~1.5 times ad-effect difference between 

click-through and pure page-viewing. 

1108.4 False recognition and aging: Comparison between word and text, Sabine Langevin, 

Hélène Sauzeon, Bernard Claverie, Bernard N'kaoua, Laboratoire de Sciences cognitives, 

France 

False recognitions occur when subjects mistakenly claim to recognize non-studied information. 

The aim of this study was to investigate whether a more elaborate support such as expository texts 

can reproduce the well-known effects of false recognition for words: lure effect (according to 

associative strength: critical versus related lures), presentation order effect (blocked versus 

random order) and aging effect. Our results revealed false recognition differences as well as 

similarities between word and text material, and are discussed in terms of storage and decision 

based hypotheses. 

1109 ORAL 


Chair: Ling-po Shiu, Hong Kong, China 

1109.2 Culture-specific and pancultural models of approaches to learning: Factorial validity of 

Bigg’s learning process questionnaire using confirmatory factor analysis, Arief Darmanegara 

Liem 1 , Elizabeth Nair 1 , Allan B. I. Bernardo 2 , Paulus Hidajat Prasetya 3 , 1 National University 

of Singapore, Singapore; 2 De La Salle University, the Philippines; 3 Maranatha Christian 

University, Indonesia 

The Learning Process Questionnaire (Biggs, 1987) is a measure designed to assess students’ 

approaches to learning (surface, deep and achieving motives and strategies) at the 

secondary-school level. Various theoretical models regarding to approaches to learning as 

operationalized by the LPQ have been noted in the literature. This study tests such models with 

the data sets from Singapore, Indonesia, the Philippines and Australia (N=230, respectively; male 

and female are equally distributed). While the existing theoretical models were supported, 

culture-specific and pancultural model were also revealed. These findings lend the latest support 

to the theory and construct of approaches to learning. 

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1109.3 The use of unique rewards as a training tool, Leh Woon Mok, J. Bruce Overmier, 

University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, USA 

Many everyday behaviors are learned and reinforced through the availability of unique rewards, 

e.g., when we want coffee, we go to Starbucks; but when we want pizza, we know we should go to 

Pizza Hut instead. The learning of this relation between the presenting stimulus (coffee), choice of 

where to go (Starbucks) and the outcome (getting coffee, not pizza) can be characterized as 

conditional discriminative choice learning. Research shows the technique of presenting unique 

rewards makes such learning better and faster, and has great potential to be developed into a 

training tool to help children and adults learn complex discriminations. 

1109.4 What the hand tells the eye: The effect of copying on recognition memory, Ling-po 

Shiu, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China 

Can copying a figure by hand help us recognize the figure? Participants in our experiments studied 

some diagrams of knots by either copying or mere looking. Then they tried to recognize those 

figures in both an immediate and a delayed memory test. Results show that participants who copied 

had better recognition memory than participants who merely looked. The benefits of copying were 

not found, however, if copying was done under time pressure. These results are explicable by the 

cognitive load theory (Sweller, Merrienboer, & Paas, 1998). We also examine several hypotheses 

regarding why copying can enhance recognition memory. 

1110 ORAL 

Cognition 

Chair: Mikiya Hayashi, Japan 

1110.1 Emotional stroop test for the stimuli associated with the increase and decrease of the 

experimental reward, Mikiya Hayashi, Nagoya University, Graduate School of Education and 

Human Development, Japan 

This study examined the emotional Stroop interference effect for positive, negative and neutral 

stimuli. In the first section of the experiment, two types of stimuli were associated with the 

increase or decrease of the experimental reward. Another one type of stimuli was not associated 

with the change of reward. The amount of the increase or decrease was 10, 50, and 90. Thus, three 

positively valenced stimuli and three negatively stimuli and three neutral stimuli were prepared. In 

the second section, these stimuli were used for emotional Stroop test. Different interference 

gradient was observed for positive and negative stimuli. 

1110.2 An ERP study on processing numeracy, Yun Nan 1 , Jun Lei 1 , Yue-Jia Luo 1 , Thomas R. 

Knosche 2 , 1 Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, 2 Max-Planck-Institute 

of Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Germany 

The ERPs were recorded to investigate the enumeration abilities with/without distractors, and 

sheds light on the relationship of subitizing and counting. The results show that the discontinuity 

of the effects of the variation of distractors from the subitizing range to the counting range. The 

electrophysiological evidences support the idea of the two processes being implemented in 

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functional different systems. The distractor’s number variation caused different type of ERPs 

waveforms in two enumeration processings. The results confirmed the argument that subitizing 

and counting are two functionally different processings, they can be differentiated by the different 

effects of the variation of distractors. 

1110.3 Retrieval of categorical semantic knowledge through a semantic fluency task: Model of 

categorical network exploration, Catriona Raboutet, Helene Sauzeon, Veronique Lespinet, 

Bernard N'Kaoua, Laboratoire de Sciences cognitives, France 

This study explored retrieval processes of categorical semantic knowledge. Aims were (i) to 

dissociate automatic vs. controlled processes and (ii) to define the dynamic temporal profile of 

processes. Two experimentations were carried out. The first investigated categorical network 

exploration through semantic fluency productions obtained in dual task condition (51 subjects). 

The second studied the temporal involvement of processes across task (standard passation, 50 

subjects). A model of categorical network exploration was proposed, based on a first automatic 

activation spreading in the first time (horizontal exploration and labels retrieval), followed by 

controlled retrieval processes (vertical exploration and exemplars retrieval). 

1110.4 The developmental features of imagery ability and its relationship with 

encephalofluctuography: A study of adolescent aged from 13 to 18, Jianzhong Wo, Chongde Lin, 

Institute of developmental psychology, B.N.U, Beijing, China 

In this study, 188 adolescents aged from 13 to 18 were recorded and analyzed by 

Encephalofluctuography Technology (ET). And all subjects completed two imagery tasks 

including sentence-figure matching and mental rotation. The results obtained were as follows: In 

the two matching task, the powers of the high group in deferent area of several series are higher 

than those of low group. It appeared different average powers of brain areas of the different 

imagery ability with ages. The percentage of left-right power reverse is higher in the anterior area 

than that of the posterior area for the low group. 

1111 ORAL 

Language, reading and communication 

Chair: Leo Noordman, Netherlands 

1111.1 Language comprehension and production in l2: A bimodal approach to language 

teaching/ learning, Zahra Fotovatnia 1 , Mansoor Koosha 2 1 

, Azad University of 

Nafafabad-Isfahan, Iran; 2 Isfahan University, Iran 

This study investigated the effect of various arrangements of modality on language comprehension 

and production. One hundred university students in four groups received four different treatments 

during one semester of study. In condition one, audio recordings were presented before visual 

scripts. In condition two, the order of presentation of the materials was reversed. In condition three, 

the same materials were presented in both modes simultaneously. In condition four, the materials 

were presented aurally without any written script. Analysis of the performance on language 

comprehension and language production tests showed different effects of the treatments on the 

improvement of these skills. 

258

1111.2 Can you learn better with “better” colors? A study of codability and learning effects in 

colors for basic vowels in the silent way approach, Mei-ying Lin, Hsin-feng Wu, National 

Chengchi University, Taiwan, China 

This study examines the codability of the colors on the Fidel charts, an array of color charts used 

in a language teaching approach called the Silent Way. It also examines whether the codability is 

related to the effectiveness of this approach. An investigation of the codability of Chinese colors 

terms and a teaching session were conducted. The results showed that colors on the charts had low 

codability, and replacement of those colors with focal colors (highly saturated colors) yielded 

better learning outcomes. The findings were discussed in relation to linguistic relativity hypothesis. 

Implications for language teaching were also proposed. 

1111.3 Pronoun resolution in a model for knowledge-based inferences, Leo Noordman 1 , 

Stefan Frank 2 , Wietske Vonk 3 , Mathieu Koppen 4 , 1 Discourse Studies, University of Tilburg, 

The Netherlands; 2 NICI, University of Nijmegen, The Netherlands; 3 Max Planck Institute for 

Psycholinguistics, The Netherlands 

When reading a sentence like Alan lost the match to Bill, because he played skillfully, the referent 

of the pronoun he can only be inferred by resorting to world knowledge. A model is presented that 

simulates this process of knowledge-based pronoun resolution. In this model propositions are 

represented distributively as points in a high-dimensional space. The referent that is chosen by the 

model and the time this takes depend on focus, context information and world knowledge. The 

results of the model agree with empirical data regarding the time course of pronoun resolution, 

reading times and error rates. 

1111.4 The application of psycholinguistic research in Taiwanese cram schools: Observations, 

prospects, and implications, Joseph Anthony Narciso Tiangco, Fortune Institute of 

Technology-Taiwan, Taiwan, China 

Taiwan has been hard hit by the English fever. Given the country’s bid towards internationalizing 

its economy and in producing globally competitive human resources, the study of English has 

become a fashionable trend within Taiwanese society. Reflective of this is the phenomenal 

popularity of English cram schools (Bushiban) all over the country. The paper aims to determine 

the status of the application of psycholinguistic research in these cram schools. Equally as 

important is to assess current pedagogical approaches utilized in cram schools within the backdrop 

of psycholinguistics. 

1111.5 Simultaneous activation of dual routes in oral reading: Evidence from two Chinese cases, 

Zaizhu Han 1 , Hua Shu 1 , Yanchao Bi 2 , Hanzhong Xiong 1 , Xiaoli Bai 3 , 1 Beijing Normal 

University, Beijing, China; 2 Harvard University, Cambridge, USA 

Two Chinese aphasic cases (ZBL, WJX) were investigated to explore the reading mechanisms. In 

oral reading and defining task, the better they defined the words, the better they read them. In 

reading, ZBL exhibited no regular and consistent effects, although with many semantic errors, 

while WJX presented a reversed pattern. Furthermore, ZBL had a high correlation between word 

reading and picture naming, but WJX had low. Therefore, ZBL might depend mainly on the 

259

semantic route to read, but WJX both semantic and sublexical. routes. It is consistent in the 

summation hypothesis, arguing oral reading combines sublexical and semantic information. 

1112 ORAL 


Chair: Hsuan Chih Chen, Hong Kong, China 

1112.1 Mood incongruent facilitation in recognizing emotional words, Yiu Kei Tsang, Hoi Yee 

Lee, Hsuan Chih Chen, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, China 

It has been shown that incongruent mood can facilitate processing (e.g., happy Christmas holidays 

is better recalled in the sad mood than in the neutral or happy mood). However, this incongruent 

facilitation has often been found with off-line measurements. Two experiments were conducted to 

investigate mood regulation in word recognition using on-line measurements such as eye tracking 

techniques. Mood was induced through pre-selected music listening. Results showed that mood 

incongruent words (e.g., pleasant words in the sad mood) were processed more efficiently than did 

mood congruent words. Implications of the obtained findings for the immediacy of mood 

regulation are discussed. 

1112.2 A study on emotional expressivity of university students in China, Xiqing Su, Kai Fong 

Chan, Angela Tsun, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China 

Findings of a research on emotional expressivity of Chinese university students was reported. 

There are 1531 subjects from 13 universities in Beijing, including 701males and 829 females from 

different grades in the research. A survey based on the BEQ (Berkeley Expressivity Questionnaire) 

and in-depth interview are combined as the methodology of the research. Findings suggest that 

both positive and negative emotional expressivity of Chinese university students are high with 

significant difference (p

1113.4 The relationship between brain development and early behavior development of 

spraque-dawley rat, Wei Zou, Yaoyao Zhan, Yongkui Zhao, Bosen Feng, Institute of Life 

Science, Liaoning Normal University, China 

To explore the relationship between brain development and early behavior development, the infant 

Spraque-Dawley (SD) rat were used respectively for testing their spontaneous behaviors, 

inhibitory escaping response and behavior development, and also determine their brain weight and 

the content of Zinc (Zn) in different parts of the brain at age of 1day, 11days and 21 days. Results 

showed that there is a positive correlation between brain development and early behavior 

development of SD rat, the high content of Zn in hippocampus and cerebellum suggested the high 

content of Zn guarantee the early behavior development of the infant SD rat. 

1113.5 Working memory contents and visual selective attention: An ERP study, Caiqi Chen, 

Zhicheng Jin, Southern China Normal University, China 

Using event-related potentials (ERPs), the study investigated the influence of working memory 

contents on the guidance of visual selective attention. ERPs were recorded from 16 subjects while 

performing a modified delayed matching-to-sample task during which they were first required to 

hold a sample triangle in working memory, then were exposed to two triangles (one matching the 

sample, the other novel), one of which was probed by a task-irrelevant dot. The results suggested 

that ERPs elicited by probes showed attention-like modulations with greater amplitude responses 

for dots occurring at the matching locations than dots presented at the unmatching locations. 

1114 ORAL 


Chair: Yanjie Su, China 

1114.1 A comparison between children’s public deception and anonymous deception, Bing Shi, 

Su Yanjie, Peking University, China 

This research compared children’s public deception with anonymous deception in one competitive 

game. 3, 4, 5, 6-year-olds were tested about their anonymous deceptive behavior, public deceptive 

behavior, public deceptive language (lie) and false belief understanding. 4, 5-year-olds’ 

anonymous behavioral deception, 4-year-olds’ public behavioral deception significantly correlate 

with false belief understanding; No significant correlation between public lying and false belief 

understanding exists. Different from former results (Carlson, 1998), all age-groups’ anonymous 

deceptions are significantly better than public deceptions. Present results suggest public deception 

is not related to children’s inhibition only. The possible role of social intimidation in public 

deception is discussed. 

1114.2 The development of desire understanding of two- to five -year-olds, Tao Yu, Yanjie Su, 

Peking University, China 

Previous researches suggested the possibility of the existence of multi-levels in desire 

understanding. The goal of our research is to test this possibility systematically. There are five 

tasks in our research: simple desire reasoning task, desire formation understanding task, 

conflicting desire understanding task, understanding own past desire task and understanding 

262

others’ past desire task. Two- to five -year-olds participated in this study. Results showed in 

different tasks there is different developmental characteristic. All ages do much better in 

understanding own past desire task than other four tasks. The findings provide some evidence that 

the development of desire understanding is stratified. 

1114.3 Temporal duration estimated by primary school students and their strategies: A dual-task 

procedure, Lili Yang, Ge Fang, Institute of Psychology, Chinses Academy of Sciences, China 

This experiment tested the effect of a dual-task on time production in 7-, 9- and 11-year-olds. 

Children had to reproduce a stimulus duration lasting for 6 or 12 s, during which they either did or 

did not perform a concurrent non-temporal task. The results showed that children produced shorter 

duration in the dual-task than in the single-task condition. When the non-temporal task need more 

attentional resources, the temporal reproductions were significantly shorter. And this shortening 

effect was greater in the 7-year-olds. Most children in three age groups used count as their main 

strategy in the process of time reproduction. 

1114.4 Parental warmth and control and their relations to children’s uncertainty orientation, 

Zhengyan Wang 1 , Xinyin Chen 2 , 1 Capital Normal University, Beijing, China; 2 The University of 

Western Ontario, London, Canada 

The present study explored the roots of one’s uncertainty orientation. According to theories of 

uncertainty orientation and parenting, Parental warmth may constitute a social and emotional 

resource that allows children to explore their environments and facilitate children's development 

of uncertainty-oriented. Parental control and monitoring may be useful for directing and 

maintaining appropriate behavior in children and facilitate development of certainty-oriented. 339 

Chinese children at grade 4-6 completed a series of questionnaires and assessment of uncertainty 

orientation. As expected, parental warmth was related to uncertainty-oriented children and the 

relation between parental control and certainty-oriented children were complex and discussed. 

1115 ORAL 


Chair: Siyamak Samani, Iran 

1115.1 Methodological aspects of development and evaluation of military command and control 

systems, Per Wikberg, Per-Anders Albinsson, Mirko Thorstensson, Johan Stjernberger, 

Helena Holmstrom, National Defence Research Agency, Sweden 

Current changes in military command and control (C2) includes a spectrum of aspects such as 

technology, processes, culture etc. These changes are happening fast and thus methods and 

techniques for rapid evaluation are essential. Still, the demand for reliable and valid results is the 

same as in ‘conventional’ research. At Sweden’s National Defence Research Agency (FOI) 

methods for evaluation of military C2 systems are being developed. The work focuses on four 

essential parts of evaluation: modelling of test design, test environments, data collection and 

feedback of results. Experiences from this work are presented together with a number of 

illustrative cases. 

263

1115.2 Quality of life assesment in different contexts: ICV a new measurement instrment, 

Isabel Maria Mikulic, University of Buenos Aires, Argentina 

This study is an approach to quality of life conceptualisation and assessment considering different 

contexts in Argentina. Life stressors, social resources, coping responses, personal factors and 

environmental data has been taken into consideration when investigating quality of life related to 

different problems (health problems, offences, unemployment) and contexts (rural, urban, prison, 

hospital). Quality of Life Inventory (Mikulic, 2000) developed evaluates positive/negative life 

satisfaction and assessment data obtained is easy to collect and to interpret. Developing new 

measures of quality of life and improving existing ones may be useful as outcome measures in the 

evaluation of psychotherapies including psychoanalysis in Argentina. 

1115.3 Study on standard errors of ICC equating, Zhaosheng Luo, Jiangxi Normal University, 

China 

Equating is a primary and necessary task in the process of test construction. The procedure of 

ICC(Item Characteristic Curve) equating has many advantages to the procedure of CTT equating, 

according to its sample-independent and strictly model-based and also other characteristics. In this 

study, the standard errors of ICC equating according to sampling has been discussed. The results 

show that form of ability distribution has much effectiveness on the coefficient of equating 

equation than sample size. It is also been proved that the estimates of coefficient BETA (threshold) 

is not as much stable as ALPHA (slope). 

1115.4 Developing a family cohesion scale for Iranian adolescents, Siyamak Samani, Shiraz 

University, Shiraz, Iran 

The aim of this study was to develop and validate a family cohesion scale. Initial scale, including 

32 items derived from the literature, was given to 1592 (754 girls and 838 boys) Iranian 

adolescents who aged between 15-18 years. The principal component factor analysis was used to 

determine the construct validity of the scale. Eight factors were cohesion with mother, cohesion 

with father, time, place, decision making, emotional bounding, marital relationships, and 

adolescent-parent relationships. On the whole the family cohesion scale was shown to possess 

adequate reliability and validity with adolescents Iranian. 

1116 ORAL 


Chair: Raya Morag, Israel 

1116.1 The mental health professions and homosexuality: Global perspectives, Jin Wu, 

Chinese American Service League, USA 

This presentation is a historical review on the changing views of mental health professionals in 

different parts of the world, including North America (the United States and Canada), Europe 

(Great Britain, Germany, Switzerland, Norway, Finland, Italy) and Asian (India and China) on 

homosexuality. The international efforts in psychology and psychiatry fields on gay, lesbian and 

bisexual work will also be summarized. 

264

1116.2 Etiology and process of therapy in depression with emphasis in Islamic point of view, 

Ali Naghi Faghihi, Mohammad Khodayarifard, Bagher B. Ghobadi, Iran 

Depression is a disorder characterized by dysphoria, sadness, hopelessness, feeling of disability 

and anxiety. In Islamic view cognitive distortions, extreme desires and wills, dependence on 

worldly possessions, and self-induced stressors, has been recognized, and in treatment procedures, 

remediation of cognitive processing, recognizing realities implicated in divine will, has been 

emphasized. The main goal of this article is explanation of Islamic orientation in etiology, and 

procedure of treatment in depression. Method of investigation is descriptive-analytic, and efficacy 

of Islamic approach in treatment of depression has been validated by data extracted from two 

cases-studies in this project. 

1116.3 Post-trauma and Pan-Chinese cinema, Raya Morag, The Hebrew University, Israel 

This paper will offer a novel re-examination of the major characteristics of present trauma theory 

through analyzing Chinese, Taiwanese and Hong Kong cinema. My aim is to use interdisciplinary 

methods, combining the discourse of trauma, current feminist corporeal discourse, and 

Pan-Chinese cinematic culture in order to discuss various definitions of the post-traumatic subject. 

The films made in the 80s-90s in these three Chinese entities are marked by a post-traumatic 

reinterpretation of Pan-Chinese history; mostly of the Cultural Revolution era. Because the trauma 

is "inscribed on the body" I will address the relation between representations of the Pan-Chinese 

body and post-trauma. 

1116.4 Transcultural clinical meditation: A new direction in clinical psychology, Marja Taams 1 , 

Maurits Kwee 2 , 1 Transcultural society for clinical meditation, The Netherlands; 2 Transcultural 

society for clinical meditation, Japan 

This article is a seminal presentation of a framework for Clinical Meditation (CM), defined as a 

subfield of clinical psychology and complementary counterpart of psychotherapy. The thesis is 

submitted that CM is to clinical psychology as psychotherapy is to clinical psychology. CM 

pretends to be a scientifically substantiated way and process of systematic treatment or planned 

intervention by a professionally trained expert who methodically establishes, structures, and 

handles a relationship in order to help a client to experience (embodied) salutary states of 

well-being - from relaxation to bliss to Satori (Light) - by certain well-described consciousness 

transforming techniques. 

1117 ORAL 


Chair: Minati Panda, India 

1117.1 Experience of caregiving with mental illness in Singapore: A grounded theory approach, 

Frances Healey 1 , Vicky L.M. Tan 1 , Siow Ann Chong 2 , 1 National University of Singapore, 

Singapore; 2 Institute of Mental Health, Singapore 

The experience of caregiving has been studied extensively in the West. This study sought to 

investigate the experience of caregiving in Singapore for a group of caregivers whose relatives had 

recently experienced their first episode of psychosis. Ten caregivers, whose relatives were part of 

265

the Early Psychosis Intervention Programme in Singapore, participated in in-depth interviews. The 

transcripts were analysed using a grounded theory approach. The results showed that the 

experience of these caregivers mirrored that of those in the West in most respects. Two areas 

emerged as being culturally salient for Asian populations, the notions of Duty and Superstition. 

1117.2 Psychometric properties of the Italian Proactive Coping Inventory (PCI), Anna Laura 

Comunian, University of Padua, Italy 

The author examined the psychometric properties of the Italian Proactive Coping Inventory (PCI) 

(Greenglass, 2000) in a sample of 502 undergraduate Italian students. The 55 items were adapted 

to Italian language. Bilingual participants completed the inventory in both Italian and English. 

Data revealed that PCI total subscale scores were similar across language administration. Results 

indicate that the established model for the Italian-speaking sample provided adequate fit in the 

present sample. The author performed a Confirmatory Factor Analysis of a previously reported 

5-factor solution (Comunian, 2003). The data suggest that the Italian PCI can be reliably used in 

Italian. 

1117.3 Models of agency mediates cultural differences in Euthanasia attitudes, Kim Pong Tam, 

The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China 

Previous research documented cultural differences in subscription to agency models. Chinese 

culture endorses a conjoint/group agency model, while American culture a disjoint/individual 

agency model. In the present research we linked these cultural differences to understanding 

euthanasia attitudes. It is found that voluntary euthanasia is endorsed by both cultures but of 

different reasons. Americans see voluntary euthanasia as a way to display autonomy, while 

Chinese see it as a way to relieve others’ emotional and financial burden. In addition, involuntary 

euthanasia is endorsed more by Chinese than Americans. These findings suggests the importance 

of a socio-cultural approach to understanding people's attitudes. 

1117.4 Culture and mathematical cognition: Bringing the Saora tribe’s perspective to 

mathematics teaching, Minati Panda, Jawaharlal Nehru University, India 

Studies show that the tribal children in India perform less well in school mathematics and science 

because classroom teaching practices, based on abstractions from the dominant cultures, are 

divorced from everyday experience and knowledge base of indigenous cultures. The paper 

provides an ethno-cultural analysis of the mathematical knowledge rooted in the naturalistic 

traditions of the Saoras and the discursive acts in their routine ways of knowing, learning and 

problem solving. Based on an analysis of their indigenous knowledge, a Saora perspective to 

mathematics teaching is suggested and its implications for a truly multicultural basis to teaching of 

mathematics are discussed. 

1118 ORAL 


Chair: Cristina Berthoud, Brazil 

266

1118.1 An investigation on the development of family responsibility, Yuan Zhang, Zhe jiang 


Family responsibility is a part of traditional morality. The thesis has adopted the questionnaire 

compiled by myself to investigate 447 students from primary school to university. Results show 

that: there is a great improve of the cognition development of family responsibility during the high 

grade of the primary school. Different from it, there are some declines during the middle school in 

the development of emotion. Then, the development of internal motivation is quite slow. And 

Gender difference is very clear in the investigation, female students trend to have more family 

responsibility than male students. At last, the reasons are also discussed in the thesis. 

1118.2 Junior high school students’social support and its relationship with personality variables, 

Wendao Li 1 , Xia Zhao 2 , Cunyan Ma 1 , 1 Beijing Normal University, China; 2 China Youth and 

Children Research Center, China 

This research explored the characteristics of junior high school students' social support from the 

perspective of both social support providers and social support receivers, trying to investigate the 

influence of receivers' personality on their perceived social support. The research found: 1.There 

were significant correlations between students' perceived social support and provided social 

support from mothers and teachers. Provided social support had significant direct effect on 

perceived social support. 2.The students of different personality categories had significant 

difference in perceived social support. 3.Openness and conscientiousness each had significant 

direct effects and indirect effects on perceived social support. 

1118.3 Family variables promoting south african students’ productive coping skills: A 

cross-cultural study, Martin J.L. Jooste, Petria Eloff, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, 

South Africa 

Aim: Whether family variables predict productive coping of first-years in the main cultural and 

SES groups at two universities. Participants: N=433, mean= 20 years. Measures: Moos Family 

Environment Scale (FES), Frydenburg & Lewis' Adult Coping Scale (ACS) and a biographical 

questionnaire (BQ). The design utilized step-wise multiple linear regression of FES and BQ 

effects on ACS variables. Findings on independent variables: Afrikaans (higher SES): Active 

recreation, moral-religious emphasis and family cohesion. English (higher SES): Organization and 

moral-religious emphasis. Zulu (combined SES):Active recreation, organization and income. 

Sotho (combined SES): Conflict management, independence, number of siblings and active 

recreation. 

1118.4 How well do you know your Child? A prevention project designed to build resources for 

low income Brazilian parents, Cristina Berthoud 1 , Adriana Oliveira 2 , Eleonora Silva 2 , 

1 2 

University of Taubeth, Brazil; University of Taubat&Eacute, Brazil 

The research was conducted as a first phase of a prevention program target to low-income parents. 

A questionnaire was applied to parents living in a poor community, with the purpose of analyzing 

their level of information about the normal development of children and adolescents and, specially, 

about health ways of raising and educating children. The results showed parents have limited 

knowledge and almost no access to professionals and/or materials to help them. This survey was 

further used as a basis to the design of an educational material, constituted by booklets about 

267

human development and family life, specially written and illustrated. 

1119 ORAL 


Chair: Patricia Smith, USA 

1119.1 The sixth graders’ conceptual understanding about computational estimation in primary 

school, Ji Wei Si 1 , Qing Lin Zhang 2 , 1 Shandong Normal University, China; 2 Soutwest China 


Using three different self-designed tasks, the sixth graders’ level of conceptual understanding 

about computational estimation in primary school was investigated. The results showed that 1) 

primary school child gained much more conceptual knowledge and procedural knowledge than 

conditional knowledge about computational estimation; 2) there was a significant correlation in 

the level of mastery between conceptual knowledge and conditional knowledge; 3) only the level 

of conceptual knowledge contributed significantly to the difference of computational estimation 

performance between high-level group and low-level group. The result and its implications to the 

teaching of mathematics in primary school were also deeply discussed. 

1119.2 The relationship between academic self concept with teacher communication styles in a 

sample of Iranian elementary school students, Mahbobe Alborzi, Mohamad Kayyer, Iran 

The purpose of the present was to investigate relationships between academic self-concept with 

teacher communication styles in a sample of elementary school’s students in Iran. For this purpose 

263(145 boys and 118 girls) were selected as the sample. The instruments were Self Descriptive 

Questionnaire (SDQ) and Questionnaire on Teacher Interaction (QTI). The results showed that: a 

positive and significant relation between academic self concept and teacher cooperation and there 

is a significant correlation and negative between academic self concept and teacher dominance. 

Finally, the findings of the study were discussed and suggestions were presented. 

1119.3 A comparison of two concept-mapping techniques: Implications for scoring, 

interpretation, and use, Yue Yin, Jim Vanides, Maria Araceli Ruiz-Primo, Carlos Ayala, 

Richard Shavelson, Stanford University, USA 

We examine the equivalence of two construct-a-concept-map techniques: with created linking 

phrases (C) and with selected linking phrases (S). C places few constraints on the respondent and 

is considered the gold standard; S is cost/time efficient. They are compared in terms of both 

concept-map products and processes, with both quantitative and qualitative variables. We 

conclude that they are not equivalent: C is better than S in capturing students’ partial knowledge, 

even though S could be scored more efficiently than C. If used as an assessment tool, C suits 

formative assessment while S is a better fit for large-scale assessments. 

1119.4 Can students’ science notebooks be used to assess learning and opportunity to learn? 

Maria Araceli Ruiz-Primo 1 , Min Li 2 , 1 Stanford University, USA, 2 University of Washington, 

USA 

Science notebooks are viewed mainly as a written account in more or less detail and with diverse 

268

quality, of what students do and, hopefully, learn in their science class. In this study, we examined 

the characteristics of students? Science notebooks from ten fifth-grade classrooms. Each entry of 

each student’s science notebook was analyzed according to: characteristics of the activity, quality 

of student’s performance as reflected by the entry, and teacher feedback. Based on this analysis we 

describe the type of entries most commonly found across classrooms and their appropriateness, 

and provided information about students learning, and some aspects of quality. 

1119.5 Assessment and prediction of mental retardation in Saudi children, Patricia Smith 1 , 

Christopher Kearney 2 , Cherul Tillotson 2 , 1 Private Practice, USA; 2 University of Nevada at Las 

Vegas, USA 

Cross-cultural patterns and characteristics are a necessary but largely lacking area of research with 

respect to mental retardation. This study examined 115 Saudi youth to assess whether commonly 

used instruments for cognitive functioning and adaptive behavior would predict level of mental 

retardation. Results indicated this to be so for overall cognitive and communicative 

functioning.The findings support a degree of congruence among youth with mental retardation in 

the United States and in Saudi Arabia 

1120 ORAL 


Chair: Dietrich Albert, Austria 

1120.1 An overlook on the emergence of the self-education paradigm in the light of information 

technology revolution, Guoqing Yu 1 , Hongyan Zhu 2 , 1 East China Normal University, China; 2 No. 

33 Middle School of Suzhou, China 

This paper advances a viewpoint that IT Revolution (ITR) has brought man into a new era of 

information society, knowledge-based economy and learning-based survival, and will call for and 

promote the emergence of a new Self-Education Paradigm (SEP) which integrates and goes 

beyond the education of the family, school and society, brings the initiatives of the self into play, 

and fully utilizes the educational resources both in the reality world and in the digital network. 

The paper dwells on the definition of SEP, the internal needs for and technical feasibility of SEP 

created by ITR, and the advantages of SEP. 

1120.2 A reseach on a three-in-one intervention model to promote school childern’mental 

health, Jun Gao, Hui Li, Yunnan Normal University, China 

To explore a three-in-one intervention model to promote school children's mental health. A 

three-in-one intervention model composed of teacher intervening, parents intervening and student 

intervening was applied on 505 students of a primary school in Kunming of China. Other 505 

students from another school were collected as control. The intervention was lasted for 2 years. 

Result showed that after intervention, the study group had decrease in general anxiety and increase 

in adaptive ability. There was a significant difference between the two group(p

1120.3 Knowledge space based technologically enhanced learning and teaching (e-Learning), 

Dietrich Albert, University of Graz, Austria 

The Knowledge Space Theory (KST) founded in 1985 by Doignon and Falmagne is a 

psychological mathematical theory using dependencies among the learning objects (LO)in a 

knowledge domain for personalizing the assessment and the teaching processes. The resulting 

system behaves like a private tutor who adapts to the individual student. The key concepts of KST 

are prerequisite relationships between LO, knowledge states and knowledge spaces for describing 

the learner, and learning paths describing the possible ways from an individual starting state to an 

the desired goal state. Recent results of research and development by the CSS 

(http://wundt.uni-graz.at) are presented. 

1120.4 A study on the learning disabilities of students’ equation understanding under 

developmental viewpoint, Wang Shan, China 

Equation learning is the key of algebra studying. From developmental viewpoint, we focus on the 

students' psychological mechanism and learning disabilities of the equation understanding at the 

different stages. In my opinion, the equation understanding from primary school to higher middle 

school should be divided into four levels: (1) concrete perceptive level; (2)operational level; 

(3)connection level; (4)formal level. The disabilities of equation understanding are the major 

barriers to develop mathematical thinking. We played the questionnaire investigation, the case 

study and interview to analyzed the learning disabilities, the mathematical understanding 

mechanism and the development rule of children conception. Lastly, we provide some teaching 

advices to improve equation learning. 

1121: ORAL 


Chair: Henrik Danielsson, Sweden 

1121.1 Innovative use of dance/movement therapy to develop specific skills in learning 

disabled children, Shikainah C. Samuel, Paul Samson Samuel, Rashmika Centre for Learning 

and Counselling, Coimbatore, India 

Dance/Movement therapy enables behavioral changes, which can automatically be transferred to 

the academic setting, thereby enhancing performance. A sample of 15 children, aged 8-12 years, 

(identified to have Learning Disabilities) was selected. Problems common to them were poor eyecontact, 

attention span, memory and sequencing skills, social skills and awareness of self. Therapy 

comprised various dance and movement activities like warm-ups, mirroring, dancing with props, 

moving through space and group games. Post therapy, the children showed increase in eye-contact, 

concentration at work, enhanced ability to copy correctly from the blackboard as well as personal 

confidence and social skills. 

1121.2 That’s me in Beijing - Person and environment picture recognition for pupils with 

intellectual disability, Henrik Danielsson, Jerker Ronnberg, Jan Andersson, The Swedish 

Institute for Disability Research, Sweden 

Familiarity of person and familiarity of environment in pictures were manipulated in a forced 

270

choice picture recognition task for 45 pupils with intellectual disability. An interaction effect 

between the 2 types of familiarity were found in addition to the main effects. Pictures of oneself 

were harder to recognize in unfamiliar environments than in familiar, whereas for other familiar 

persons the reverse was found. This is interpreted in terms of absent or implausible semantic 

associations between the person and environment conditions. Interestingly, the result pattern were 

independent of degree of intellectual disability. Possible implications for picture-based e-mail 

communication are discussed. 

1121.3 An analysis of interrelationships between cognitive functioning and academic 

achievement of children diagnosed with specific learning disabilities at a referral center in 

Mumbai, India, Smita Desai, Drishti, A Diagnostic & Learning center, India 

This study examined cognitive functioning and academic achievement of 250 children diagnosed 

with specific learning disabilities in the areas of Reading, Written language and Math. Analysis 

indicates mean IQ's in the average range. Below average achievement seen in the area of Written 

language. Significant inter-correlations seen between intelligence and achievement measures. 

Significant gender differences seen on specific cognitive functions and math achievement. 

Weschler's Vocabulary subtest appeared as an important predictor of performance across 

achievement areas. 30% of the sample showed history of school failure. Further research is 

required to aid development of appropriate intervention for Learning Disabilities in developing 

countries. 

1121.4 A psychological analysis of collegians’behavior of boring learning, Qi He, Jing Li, 

Educational School of Lanzhou University, China 

The attitude and behavior of collegians may influence the improvement of teaching quality, 

collegian’s comprehensive ability and the purification of cultural environment on campus. 

Recently, there are certain phenomena of boring learning among collegians. Based on an 

investigation of about 2000 Chinese students from various backgrounds, the psychological aspects 

of boring learning of collegians may include: negative behavior of dealing with frustration, 

psychological contradiction about self-consciousness, demand of sensibility; failure of personal 

association and improper motivation of learning. The study would help collegians to overcome 

such negative psychology. 

1122 ORAL 


Chair: Dominique Berger, France 

1122.1 Special education for the mentally retarded children in Bangladesh, Anwarul Hasan 

Sufi, Murshida Ferdous Binte Habib, University of Rajshahi, Bangladesh 

In Bangladesh, no National Policy and Special Education program for the Mentally Retarded 

persons exist. Few NGOs are doing trials and errors only in some urban areas with them. After 20 

years longitudinal study, the researchers recommend that it will be unwise to introduce segregated 

special schools. Both subject-centered and child-centered curriculum for mentally retarded and 

other disable children in government primary schools throughout the country are recommended. 

271

Adult life adjustment of the Mentally Retarded persons with and without special education were 

compared. Problems and prospects of the urban and rural mentally retarded persons were also 

studied. 

1122.2 For a reappraisal of the concept of intellectual deficiency, pedagogical psychological 

typology essay, Dominique Berger, Institut Universitaire de Formation des Maîtres de 

LyonUniversité de Lyon II, France 

The nosographical vagueness of the concept of slight intellectual deficiency has entailed the 

absence of a notional definition. Psychometry and non-analytic psychopathology mark out the 

field of deficiency, on the other hand, specialized educational methods and psychoanalysis free us 

from them to give the subject’s own history more importance. A new approach to this concept is 

therefore likely to provide a better understanding and a more suitable educational treatment and 

clearly demonstrate the development of a deficient structuring and point out a psychological 

process which strongly fits in with a relation of dependency. 

1122.3 The effects of worked example and cognitive guided instruction on arithmetic word 

problems, Kevin K H Chung 1 , Yee Hing Tam 2 , 1 Department of Educational Psychology, 

Counselling and Learning Needs, Hong Kong, China; 2 The Hong Kong Institute of Education, 

Hong Kong, SAR China 

This study was conducted to examine factors that influence learning to solve arithmetic word 

problems by applying various problem-solving instructions. Three instructions were investigated 

using thirty mildly mental handicapped students in Hong Kong: conventional instruction, worked 

example-based and cognitive guided instruction. The results indicated that students presented with 

worked example-based and cognitive guided instruction outperformed those presented with 

conventional instruction. However, it showed no difference between worked example-based and 

cognitive guided instruction. Implications for word problem-solving instructions will be discussed. 

1122.4 Effects of active music therapy on behavior disorder on mental retardation, Ali Zadeh 

Mohammadi, Mahmoud Heidari, Family Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Evin, 

Tehran, Iran 

This study examined the effect of active music therapy on the depression, aggression and 

withdrawal of society in mental retardation. 30 primary school (MR) randomly assigned in tow 

experimental group and a control group. The experimental group was exposed to active music 

therapy wherein they participated in the active playing of different musical instruments, singing 

and dancing. All participants were rated on the behavior disorder scale before and after the 

experiment as the pre and post tests. The main findings is that music therapy has more favorable 

effects on the 1) depression, 2) withdrawal from society and 3) aggression. 

1123 ORAL 

Personallity and individual differences 

Chair: Kerry Richard Cronan, Australia 

272

1123.1 Evidence for the congruence between the Chinese MMPI-2 and MMPI in testing mental 

disorder patients, Zhanbiao Shi 1 , Jianxin Zhang 1 , Nianfeng Guo 1 , Chunqin Li 2 , 1 Institute of 

Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China; 2 Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, China 

This study investigated the degree of concordance between the Chinese MMPI-2 and MMPI in 

clinical scales. A sample of 138 patients (include schizophrenia, mood disorder, neurosis).was 

tested on a MMPI/MMPI-2 Complex Inventory. Results indicated that (1) the scores of MMPI-2 

and MMPI clinical scales were highly correlated, (2) the concordance rate for total code types 

between MMPI-2 and MMPI is about 88.7%,for other code types, the concordance rates range 

from 46.8% to 68.8%, and (3) for 2-point code types which are well-defined, the concordance rate 

between MMPI-2 and MMPI is 84.3%. 

1123.2 Decomposing the construct of ambivalence over emotional expression in a Chinese 

cultural context, Sylvia Xiaohua Chen, Fanny M. Cheung, Michael Harris Bond, Jin-Pang 

Leung, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China 

To tap the underlying processes of emotional expression, King and Emmons (1990) proposed the 

construct of ambivalence over emotional expression (AEQ) as an important mediator between 

emotional styles and well-being. We examined the AEQ construct in the Chinese context, and 

identified a factor structure different from those identified in previous Western studies. Our results 

provided discriminant validity for the newly extracted factor structure. Their additive effects in 

predicting life satisfaction showed that emotional experience has its own specific characteristics in 

Chinese culture, and that responding to its emic characteristics will yield more culturally 

responsive understanding of emotional experience and expression. 

1123.3 Self-confidence in different culture context: A comparative study on Chinese and 

Japanese female students, Yezhu Zhao 1 , Lixin Wang 2 , 1 The Research Institute for Higher 

Education of Xiamen University, China; 2 Quanzhou Teacher's College, Fujian, China 

Using Personal Evaluation Inventory (PEI, 1990), a survey focused on self-confidence has been 

conducted among female college students both in China and Japan. The results of it shows that 

there are notable differences in the eights facets such as interacting, talking with others, sports, 

academic achievements, outward appearance, love affairs, state of minds, self-evaluation by using 

T-test and other test methods. This article also points out the main reason why there are 

differences coming from different gender cultures, though both Chinese and Japanese are 

belonging to Confucian school of culture. 

1123.4 Cultural cues of intimacy: A learning point? Kerry Richard Cronan, Australian 

Psychological Society, Professional Consulting & Counselling Centre, Australia 

Individuals in each culture learn from a young age cues of acceptable and appropriate behavior. 

These cues enhance the opportunity to find satisfactory intimacy experiences in the life span. Not 

sufficient attention has been given to the opportunity of enriching cues of intimacy by evaluating 

and teaching opportunities from other cultures that can blend with already learnt intimacy cues in 

constituent cultures. This presentation will endeavor to explore, together with input from the 

audience, the opportunity and the difficulty of incorporating intimacy cues from cross cultures into 

monocultural enrichment. 

273

1123.5 A study of life situation antecedence, personality and motivational patterns of small 

scale women entrepreneurs, T.J. Kamalanabhan 1 , V. Vijaya 2 , 1 Indian Institute of Technology, 

India; 2 Manipal Institute of Management, India 

This research study focussed on entrepreneurial intention of small scale women entrepreneurs in 

manufacturing, trading and service sectors. The variables studied were life situation antecedence, 

personality, entrepreneurial motivation, certain demographic variables and business-related 

variables. Fifteen personality bipolar factors, five dimensions in the life situation antecedence 

scale and the five factors of the entrepreneurial motivation scale were the variables considered for 

psychological analysis. Both univariate and multivariate analysis was done to process the data. 

The results reveal that there are significant contributions of life situation antecedence, personality 

and certain demographic variables in contributing to the entrepreneurial intention in small scale 

women entrepreneurs. Personality differences have also been observed. 

1124 ORAL 


Chair: Noga Sverdlik, Israel 

1124.1 Gender equity among engineers: A challenge for the future, Glennelle Halpin, Gerald 

Halpin, Larry D. Benefield, Auburn University, USA 

Relative to the number of men who are scientists, mathematicians, and engineers, there are very 

few women. If we are to have the technical workforce needed in the future, it is imperative that 

this gender gap be reduced. With the focus being on initial professional preparation, factors related 

to success or lack thereof were identified for students (N > 3,500) matriculating as pre-engineers 

at a large university in the United States over the last decade. These factors were compared and 

contrasted for women and for men, thereby enhancing the research basis for future policies and 

programs aimed toward gender 

1124.2 Sex differenced in cognitive abilities: Suport for the developmental-differentiation 

approach, Santha Kumari Kunjayi, George Kurian, School of Management & Social Sciences, 

Thapar Institute of ENGG. & Technology, India 

An attempt was made to explicate gender differences in mathematical and spatial tasks across 

distinct developmental stages. Findings suggest that pre-pubertal girls have an edge over 

pre-pubertal boys on geometric tasks, but no difference between the sexes in performance on 

arithmatic tasks. Post-pubertal boys scored higher than post-pubertal girls on geometric tasks with 

no difference on arithmetic tasks between them. A comparison of post-pubertal girls and boys with 

a sample of post-menopausal women on their performance on 3-D space perception tasks showed 

that the latter two groups out-performed the former. Results appear to support Brown & Grober 

(1983) neuro-hormonal hypothesis. 

1124.3 Study on the sex difference of undergraduates’ choices when online, Jing Liang, 

Guikang Cao, Qinglin Zhang, Psychology School in Southwest Normal University, China 

In this study, we planned to observe male and female undergraduates’ choices when online in 

order to investigate the sex differences of their attitude and utilization toward internet. So I mainly 

274

The purpose of the study was to test the hypothesis that women display more complex emotional 

knowledge than men. Male and female participants from five different samples completed the 

Levels of Emotional Awareness Scale, which is an emotion-based performance task in which 

respondents generate verbal description of anticipated feelings of their own and those of another 

person. Results showed that women consistently displayed more complexity and differentiation in 

their articulations of emotional experiences than men, even when the effect of verbal intelligence 

was controlled. The findings suggest that a sex difference in emotional awareness is a stable, 

highly generalizable effect. 

1125.3 The correlation of prevalence and intensity of primary dysmenorrhea with personality 

type in Rafsanjan high school students, Hamid Bakhshi ali abad 1 , Fatemeh Mirzaee 1 , Mojtaba 

Yasinee 2 , Zahra Hossini 1 , 1 Rafsanjan Medical University-Iran; 2 Yazd medical University, Iran 

This descriptive study was conducted to recognize the correlation between prevalence and 

intensity of primary dysmenorrhea with personality type in high school female students. 380 

students 14-18 years old were selected randomly by clustering method. A questionnaire was used 

for collecting the data. Result showed that prevalence of primary dysmenorrhea was 85.5% Result 

showed that prevalence of primary dysmenorrhea was 85.5% and 63.3% students had personality 

typeA and 36.7% had B type. Correlation between dysmenorhea and personality type was 

significant (p

Tuesday, 10 August 2004 


The origin and the present status of Gestalt psychology 

Convener and Chair: T. Oyama, Japan 

Co-convener: V. Sarris, Germany 

2001.1 Quantification of Gestalt laws, T. Oyama, Nihon University, Tokyo, Japan 

Quantification of Gestalt laws was made on the basis of the experimental results of perceptual 

grouping and apparent motion in bistable stimulus situations. A combination of a larger horizontal 

separation between the homogenous stimulus elements and a smaller constant vertical separation 

between heterogeneous stimulus elements produced two kinds of apparent motion or perceptual 

grouping with equal probabilities. Such matched separations between the homogenous stimulus 

elements were obtained for various heterogeneities in colors, brightness, size and/or shape. It was 

also indicated that perceptual effects of differences worked additively across different perceptual 

dimensions. A perceptual state-space model is proposed. 

2001.2 Comparative perception: Gestalt psychophysics, V. Sarris, Frankfurt University, 

Frankfurt, Germany 

Relational psychophysics, as illustrated by the well known frame-of-reference and transposition 

phenomena, is based on the principles of “stimulus ratio” and “shifting level”, according to the 

axiom that all stimulus-response effects are interrelated. This Gestalt-psychophysics approach is in 

line with modern research on (a) perceptual illusions (e.g. geometric-optical distortions, GOD) 

and (b) transposition (TP) shifts studied with humans and other animals. Out of several unsolved 

issues, two fundamental questions for future research are of special interest, namely the 

comparative measurement issue of psychophysics and the cognitive neuroscience approach (Sarris 

2003, 2004). 

2001.3 Treatment of Gestalt factors in visual illusion and aesthetic preference, K. Noguchi, 

Nihon University, Tokyo, Japan 

The present study reviews our experimental-phenomenological work on visual illusion and 

empirical aesthetic work, and examines how aesthetic preference is influenced by Gestalt factors 

determining visual illusions including anomalous surface and perceptual transparency as well as 

geometrical illusion. Participants made both of psychophysical judgments and of aesthetic 

preferences for the same test pattern. The results showed that illusions and aesthetic preferences 

changed similarly as a function of Gestalt variables. It seems that the paradigm to investigate 

aesthetic phenomena along with perceptual structures is useful to bridge the gap between 

experimental phenomenology and experimental aesthetics. 

2001.4 Geons and Gestalts, I. Biederman, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 

USA 

What is the function of the tendency in perceptual organization towards good gestalt? Geon theory 

(Biederman, 1987) proposes that we can understand good gestalt in terms of fundamental 

277

processes by which complex objects are decomposed into convex (or singly concave) regions at 

points of matched cusps (transversality regularity) for purposes of view- and occlusion-invariant 

object recognition. It is these simple parts that are the stable elements of shape, not the whole 

object. In fact, geon theory leads to the expectation that shape recognition proceeds most 

efficiently when the parts are good (in the good gestalt sense) but the object is bad! 

2001.5 Non-linear dynamical systems approach for a new Gestalt psychology, R. Luccio, 

University of Florence, Florence, Italy 

It is assumed that the main reason for the crisis of Gestalt Psychologie after the Second World War 

was the fact that little mathematical tools to study phenomena evolving dynamically in temporal 

course were at the time available. The non-linear dynamical systems approach (NDSA) give us 

today such tools, and with its help we can today reinterpretate the main concepts of Gestalt 

psychology, and expand fully the heuristic import of many Gestalt concept: This was the intuition 

of the late Gaetano Kanizsa in the last years of its scientific work. Some experimental results 

obtained along this line are presented. 


Advances in equitable assessment practices 

Convener and Chair: B. Bracken, USA 

2002.1 Models of diagnostic assessment of learning disabilities: Methodological and ethical 

issues, J. Grégoire, Université Catholique de Louvain, Belgium 

There is no universal definition of learning disabilities. The official definitions used to identify 

children with learning disabilities are challenged by several others. Each one emphasizes a set of 

criteria considered as allowing a fair identification of disabled children. Unfortunately, each 

definition has also shortcomings and unintended effects. In this presentation, the main definitions 

used around the world will be discussed and their fairness and equity will be appraised. 

2002.2 Applicant, assessor, and selection method factors related to ethnic score differences in 

police officer selection, M.Ph. Born 1 , L.A.L. De Meijer 1 , H. van Loon 2 , H.T. Van der Molen 1 , 

1 2 

Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Police Institute for Competence 

Assessment and Monitoring, The Netherlands 

This study explores the relationships between ethnicity and scores on selection devices in the 

context of Dutch police officer selection. Dutch majority candidates (N=6800), and minority 

candidates (N=1200) are distinguished. The fluctuation of ethnic score differences across selection 

tools, and the relationship strengths of applicant demographics (e.g., level of education) with 

ethnic score differences are determined. We also take a look at systematic differences between 

assessor ratings (N=20 assessors) in the extent to which they show different ratings and job 

performance predictions for ethnic groups. Future research suggestions are offered to account for 

remaining unexplained variance in ethnic score differences. 

2002.3 Clinical assessment of behavior: Age, race, gender, and parent education, B. Bracken, 

The College of William & Mary, Williamsburg, VA, USA 

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The Clinical Assessment of Behavior (CAB; Bracken & Keith, 2004) is a new instrument that 

assesses clinical and adaptive behaviors in children ages 2 to 18 years. The CAB, normed in the 

United States, includes six scales (i.e., Internalizing, Externalizing, Critical Behaviors, Social 

Skills, Competence, Adaptive Behavior), 10 clinical clusters, and 2 adaptive clusters. This study 

will examine differences in American students’ behavior as a function of age, race/ethnicity, 

gender, and parent education level (socioeconomic status) across the 18 CAB scales and clusters. 

2002.4 Assessing diverse language groups: Challenges to equitable assessment practices, C. 

Foxcroft 1 , E. Koch 1 , S. Sireci 2 , 1 University of Port Elizabeth, Port Elizabeth, South Africa; 

2 

University of Massachusetts, Amherst, USA 

The Clinical Assessment of Behavior (CAB; Bracken & Keith, 2004) is a new instrument that 

assesses clinical and adaptive behaviors in children ages 2 to 18 years. The CAB, normed in the 

United States, includes six scales (i.e., Internalizing, Externalizing, Critical Behaviors, Social 

Skills, Competence, Adaptive Behavior), 10 clinical clusters, and 2 adaptive clusters. This study 

will examine differences in American students’ behavior as a function of age, race/ethnicity, 

gender, and parent education level (socioeconomic status) across the 18 CAB scales and clusters 


Music across the life-span 

Convener and Chair: S.E. Trehub, Canada 

2003.1 Musical beginnings in infancy, S.E. Trehub, University of Toronto, Mississauga, 

Ontario, Canada 

Infants are surprisingly adept at processing musical patterns. They perceive global aspects of 

music such as its pitch contours and rhythms, and fine details such as subtle pitch and duration 

differences. They also show long-term memory for relative pitch patterns, or tunes, and for the 

surface details of familiar tunes (e.g., pitch level). At times, infants notice pitch and timing 

distinctions that adults fail to notice in foreign or unusual musical materials. In such instances, 

adults’ implicit knowledge of the conventions of their musical culture interferes with the 

processing of music from other cultures. 

2003.2 Absolute pitch and its development, E.G. Schellenberg, University of Toronto, 

Mississauga, Ontario, Canada 

In general, adults have difficulty remembering the pitch of isolated tones. Nevertheless, they can 

remember the pitch level of familiar musical recordings such as those that accompany the 

television programs that they watch. Comparisons of children and adults in Canada and Japan 

reveal better pitch memory on the part of Japanese listeners. The implications of these findings for 

traditional views of absolute pitch and its development will be discussed. 

2003.3 Developmental and cross-cultural perspectives on singing, M. Adachi, Hokkaido 

University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan 

Singing is a form of expression that is observable in children and adults across cultures. Our 

research has revealed that North American children express happiness and sadness in their 

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enditions of familiar songs by means of expressive devices that are used in speech. Moreover, the 

intended emotions are communicated successfully to child and adult listeners. We have replicated 

this research with Japanese child singers and adult listeners. The role of age and culture in the 

expression and perception of emotion in singing will be discussed. 

2003.4 When the brain is out of tune, I. Peretz, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, 

Canada 

It is estimated that about 4% of the general population may be afflicted with amusia (or 

tone-deafness). Congenital amusia is a lifelong disability for processing music despite 

above-average intellectual, memory, and language skills. We will present behavioral, 

electrophysiological and haemodynamic evidence that the disorder stems from a deficit in 

fine-grained pitch perception in the right auditory cortex. 


Time and timing in mental activity 

Convener and Chair: E. Szelag, Poland 

Co-convener: M. Wittmann, Germany 

2004.1 The mismatch negativity (MMN) as an index of the automatic prcessing of time 

intervals in the brain, R. Näätänen, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland 

The mismatch negativity (MMN) brain response is elicited by any detectable sound change even 

in the absence of attention. Previous studies found an MMN when a sound of an order of 100 

msec is infrequently shortened or prolonged, suggesting that such durations are automatically 

represented in the memory trace for the repetitive sound. Moreover, very recent MMN data 

obtained with sound durations of an order of 1-2 sec suggest that even sound durations of that 

range are represented by these memory traces. 

2004.2 The attentional gate model, D. Zakay, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel 

Ample empirical evidences support the notion that prospective judgment of short durations is an 

attentional based process. Accordingly, the more attentional resources are allocated for temporal 

information processing during a target interval, the longer the prospective judgment of its duration. 

However, the exact nature of the cognitive processing underlying the attentional based process of 

prospective duration judgment is not well understood. The attentional-gate model is one of the 

models which posits that an internal clock is included in the attentional mechanism. In the present 

talk, the different models will be reviewed and compared and the questions of whether an internal 

clock and an attentional-gate are needed or not will be discussed. 

2004.3 Reliability and validity of temporal-order judgment measures in patients with aphasia, 

M. Wittmann, M. Fink, J. Churan, University Munich, Munich, Germany 

Empirical findings concerning the possible causal relation between auditory temporal processing 

and phoneme discrimination has lead to diagnostic and training devices for patients with aphasia 

and children with language-learning impairments. A critical assessment of published studies, 

however, reveals several methodological weaknesses that touch the question of reliability and 

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validity. We present results on temporal-order judgment showing group differences in performance 

(men vs. women, young vs. elderly person, aphasics vs. controls) that depend on the stimulation 

parameters and the reliability of the method. The association of temporal-processing and phoneme 

discrimination in patients with aphasia varies depending on the assessment method employed. 

2004.4 The time course of inhibition of return for target discriminations and aging effects, Y. 

Bao 1 , L.T. Fu 1 , J.Z. Zhou 2 , 1 Peking University, Beijing, China; 2 Beijing Normal University, 


Inhibition of return (IOR) refers to a slowed response time for targets appearing at a previously 

cued location. The present study examined the age-related differences on the time course of IOR 

with a discrimination task in 48 young and elderly adults. Intervals between peripheral cues and 

targets were systematically varied from 400 ms to 2100 ms with a typical double cue procedure. 

Results show that elderly adults exhibit both a later onset and an earlier offset of IOR as compared 

to young adults. Possible reasons underlying the different time course of IOR for the two age 

groups were discussed. 

2004.5 Temporal information processing in cognitive processes, E. Szelag 1 , K. Magdalena 1 , K. 

Iwona 1 , K. Joanna 1 , S. Joanna 2 , 1 Nenchi Institute of Experimental Biology, Poland; 2 Institute of 

Physiology and Pathology of Hearing, Warsaw, Poland 

Neuropsychological evidence suggests an association between temporal information processing 

(TIP) and cognition. At least three different ranges of around 30, 300 and 3000 milliseconds seem 

to be crucial for human behaviour, including language functions. In a series of experiments we 

studied TIP on the above time domains in young healthy volunteers, elderly people, centenarians 

and subjects with language disorders of different etiologies: congenital deafness, cochlear 

implantation, autism, aphasia. We found associations between atypical TIP and chronological 

ageing or language deficits. We conclude that in many cognitive processes timing is of an essence. 


Recent developments in working memory 

Convener and Chair: A. Baddeley, UK 

2005.1 Child development as a portal to working memory processes, N. Cowan, University of 

Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA 

This talk will focus on two questions about the development of working memory: why it is worth 

studying and what methods might help in studying it. Basically, it is worth studying because the 

history of the child’s working memory helps to explain the processes of the adult mind, much as 

the history of a nation helps to explain its present political form. When studying a theoretical 

concept such as working memory and trying to pinpoint its mental mechanisms, one must be 

particularly concerned with psychological measurement issues. Some methodological suggestions 

will be offered with respect to two basic parameters of working memory: its speed and its 

capacity. 

2005.2 Individual differences in working memory: What do working memory span tasks really 

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measure? A. Miyake, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA 

One influential line of research on working memory (WM) focuses on individual differences in 

so-called WM span tasks. Unlike traditional, storage-oriented span tasks (e.g., digit span), WM 

span tasks (e.g., reading span) require simultaneous processing and storage of information and can 

predict people's performance on complex cognitive tasks (e.g., reading comprehension, abstract 

reasoning) quite well. What do WM span tasks really measure? Where do their predictive powers 

come from? In this presentation, I will address these two central yet highly controversial questions 

regarding WM span tasks and the nature of individual differences in WM and outline my current 

answers to them. 

2005.3 Mathematical and computational modeling of phonological working memory, G. Hitch, 

University of York, Heslington, UK 

Conceptual models have played an important part in developing our understanding of working 

memory, but necessarily have their limitations. For example, if one wants to account for the 

detailed operation of phonological working memory and its role in activities such as vocabulary 

learning, there is a clear need to go beyond the simple concept of a phonological loop. Progress in 

mathematical modeling and computational simulation of phonological working memory will be 

described. The use of such detailed models to guide research will be illustrated by tests of their 

ability to predict performance in tasks such as learning a novel phonological sequence. 

2005.4 The mental workspace of visual and spatial working memory, R.H. Logie, Kings 

College, Aberdeen, UK 

This paper will present experimental evidence from healthy adults and individuals with disorders 

of visuospatial cognition to argue that visuo-spatial working memory: (a) comprises a domain 

specific cognitive resource (b) can be further subdivided into a “visual cache” for relatively static 

visual arrays and an “inner scribe” for dynamic sequences of movements or pathways (c) deals 

with the product of activated traces from the store of knowledge and past experiences and (d) is 

not an interface or “waiting area” between perception and long term memory, but functions as a 

mental workspace in which meaningful material is held and manipulated. 


Causal models in reasoning and learning, Part I 

Convener and Chair: M.R. Waldmann, Germany 

2006.1 Causal learning in children, A. Gopnik, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA 

We propose that children employ specialized cognitive systems that allow them to recover an 

accurate “causal map” of the world: an abstract, coherent, learned representation of the causal 

relations among events. This kind of knowledge can be perspicuously understood in terms of the 

formalism of directed graphical causal models, or “Bayes nets”. Children’s causal learning and 

inference may involve computations similar to those for learning causal Bayes nets and for 

predicting with them. Experimental results suggest that 2- to 4-year-old children construct new 

causal maps, discriminate between intervention and covariance information, and infer unobserved 

common causes, and that their learning is consistent with the Bayes net formalism. 

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2006.2 Building wide-ranging causal knowledge, D. Danks, Carnegie Mellon University, 

Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Univ. of West Florida, USA 

Causal learning in “real-world” situations focuses (because of various constraints) on a relatively 

small number of potentially relevant variables. At the same time, there are domains in which we 

seem to have rich causal knowledge about many different variables. In this talk, I will ask how we 

“get there from here”: How do we learn or build wide-ranging causal structures from instances of 

local learning? I will argue that this question is best answered from within the Bayesian network 

framework, and will present a (psychologically plausible) candidate “construction algorithm.” 

Time permitting, I will also present relevant empirical data. 

2006.3 Integrating causal models: Explicit versus implicit sensitivity to structural implications, 

Y. Hagmayer, M.R. Waldmann, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany 

Causal models are normally acquired by learning about individual causal relations, which later 

have to be integrated into coherent wholes. Causal Bayes nets provide a normative model for the 

integration of the fragments. Three experiments will be presented showing a dissociation between 

implicit and explicit measures of sensitivity to structural implications. Participants had little 

problems with generating the normatively correct patterns of events when their task was to make 

predictions in a trial-by-trial fashion (implicit measure). However, explicit measures, in which 

participants estimated frequencies of patterns of causal events, showed clear deficits of normative 

understanding. We propose causal simulations as a possible mechanism explaining these findings. 

2006.4 Theory-based causal inference, J.B. Tenenbaum, T.L. Griffiths, S. Niyogi, 

Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA; Stanford University, USA 

People routinely make sophisticated causal inferences unconsciously, effortlessly, and from very 

little data -- often from just one or a few observations. We explain these inductive leaps as the 

interaction of two computational components: (1) domain-specific theories, specifying classes of 

entities and abstract causal principles defined over those classes, which generate a space of 

causal-model hypotheses appropriate to reasoning in a given domain; (2) domain-general 

Bayesian inference machinery, for evaluating these hypotheses in light of the data observed. We 

show how theories provide crucial constraints for Bayesian causal inference in several domains, 

and sketch how these theories may themselves be learned from data. 

2006.5 Violations of "Screening Off" in human causal reasoning, B. Rehder, New York 

University, New York, New York, USA 

Recently, numerous theorists have forwarded the formalism known as Bayesian networks as a 

psychology theory of human causal reasoning. The heart of Bayes’ nets is the screening off 

principle in which knowledge of the state of certain network variables makes other variables 

conditionally independent of one another. However, the results of several experiments showed that 

reasoners systematically violate the screening off principle. Nevertheless, the results also showed 

that subjects were reasoning causally, as they exhibited sensitivity to the asymmetries inherent in 

causal relations. Implications for the use of Bayes’ nets as a model of human causal reasoning are 

discussed. 

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Language processes: Text and discourse comprehension 

Convener and Chair: M. Singer, Canada 

2007.1 Processes of routine retrieval and verification of text statements, M. Singer, University 

of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada 

Memory-based text processing research indicates that brief phrases (e.g., striped animal) provide 

memory cues for the automatic retrieval of semantically related ideas from antecedent text and 

general knowledge. In this study, reading time for longer phrases (e.g., the vehicle with the flat 

was a truck) systematically reflected the status of the current clause in the context of its antecedent 

(e.g., Dan drove past a BUS which was stopped with a flat). This suggests considerable similarity 

between the processes of tacitly verifying text statements during reading and those of intentional 

text retrieval. This result pattern extends the significance of the memory-based analysis. 

2007.2 FMRI explorations of narrative language processing, M.A. Gernsbacher, University of 

Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA 

I shall present the results of three FMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging) experiments in 

which we watched the brain process narrative language. One experiment mapped the time course 

of the resolution of homographic words (e.g., bank as in the river bank versus the financial bank). 

Another experiment identified the brain regions involved in processing coherent (versus less 

coherent) narrative text, when that coherence was cued by a one-word device. A third experiment 

isolated the common neural circuitry involved in comprehending narratives regardless of whether 

they are presented as spoken text, written text, or nonverbal pictures. 

2007.3 When and where inferences are constructed in the mind and the brain, F. Schmalhofer 1 , 

C.A. Perfetti 2 , 1 University of Osnabrueck, Osnabrueck, Germany; 2 University of Pittsburgh, 

Pittsburgh, PA, USA 

Recent advances in methodology allows us to address the question when and where certain 

cognitive processes occur in the human brain by experimental investigations. At which locations 

in a text inferences occur during reading has already been investigated for thirty years and 

profound results have been achieved. In our work, we enhance these results by several 

experiments where event-related potentials (ERP), lateralized presentation techniques and 

computational models are jointly applied to obtain a more complete understanding. A theory that 

distinguishes between a representation of the text contents and a representation of the physical and 

social world explains the data well. 

2007.4 Modeling knowledge-based inferences in story comprehension, W. Vonk 1 , L. 

Noordman 2 , S. Frank 1, 2 , M. Koppen 1 , 1 Nijmegen University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; 

1 

Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands 

How is relevant knowledge selected during narrative comprehension and how does relevant 

knowledge update the text representation? This paper presents a computational model of 

inferences that simulates these processes. Knowledge as well as text propositions are represented 

distributively as vectors in a high dimensional space. Story comprehension is simulated as a 

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trajectory through this space. Knowledge and text propositions affect the belief values that 

unstated propositions are the case, thus adjusting the trajectory and making inferences. The results 

of simulations correspond to empirical data concerning inference, reading time, depth of 

processing, story recall, and intrusion. 

2007.5 Language processing in monologue and dialogue, S.C. Garrod, University of Glasgow, 

Glasgow, UK 

Traditionally psychologists have taken monologue as the basis for experiment and theory in 

language processing. Yet, there is a strong argument that dialogue is basic (everyone who can 

speak can engage in dialogue, language is learned in a dialogue context and so on). This paper will 

review recent advances in the study of language processing in dialogue and present the argument 

that dialogue supports a special interactive alignment mechanism that explains why it is easier to 

engage in a conversation than to prepare or listen to a speech. 


Perception and attention 

Convener and Chair: S. Han, Peking University, Beijing, China 

Co-convener: G.W. Humphreys, UK 

2008.1 Subitization, pattern recognition, counting and estimating: Neuropsychological evidence 

for separable processes, G.W. Humphreys 1 , N. Demeyere 2 , 1 University of Birmingham, 

Birmingham, UK; 2 KU Leuven, Belgium 

What information can be gained from a scene without the serial scanning of spatial attention? We 

investigated this by examining counting and magnitude estimation in GK, a patient with Balint’s 

syndrome and poor serial scanning of attention. The data indicate that several separate processes 

can be distinguished. First, there is rapid estimation of a small number of objects (subitization) 

which is distinct from a pattern recognition process. Second, a process of estimating the statistics 

of elements in a scene is distinct from explicit counting. Even with severe impairments in 

scanning serial attention, pattern recognition and statistical estimation processes can operate. 

2008.2 Complexity reductions by temporal integration in visual perception, E. Poeppel, 

Munich University, Muenchen, German 

As transduction time in retinal photoreceptors is dependent on stimulus brightness, and as visual 

objects usually are defined by areas of different brightness, temporal uncertainty of information 

which is necessary to define a percept is introduced at an early stage of processing. Stimulus 

triggered neuronal oscillations are probably used to create system states, each period in the range 

of 30 to 40 ms representing such a state, i.e. a window of integration overcoming uncertainty. A 

further integration mechanisms in the range of 2-3 s is apparently used as an operational platform 

to allow the maintenance of identity of a percept. 

2008.3 Perception of statistical properties, A. Treisman, S. C. Chong, Princeton University, 

Princeton, NJ, USA 

Attention limits preclude our perceiving every detail of a complex scene. We must quickly 

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summarize the perceptual layout, and use the results to guide more detailed processing. Our 

research shows that statistical properties can be rapidly and automatically extracted for different 

sets of items. In tasks requiring participants to estimate the mean size of sets of circles, we found 

surprisingly little effect on accuracy of either exposure duration, display size, delay time, or 

heterogeneity of distributions. In dual task conditions performance was better when the competing 

task required global rather than local attention. Feature binding, however, may be severely limited 

in this statistical processing mode. 

2008.4 Stimulus-driven and goal directed attentional control in human cortex, S. Yantis, J. 

Serences, H. Egeth, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA 

The deployment of visual attention depends on an interaction between voluntary goal-directed 

orienting and involuntary capture by a salient perceptual event. I will describe experiments that 

explore the role of salient visual events (feature singletons and onsets) in attentional control. First 

I will review behavioral evidence about the role of feature singletons in attentional capture, 

including the evidence for contingent involuntary orienting. I will then describe evidence from 

fMRI that the neural mechanisms for contingent capture by color singletons and stimulus-driven 

capture by abrupt onsets share some important components and differ from those subserving 

voluntary deployments of attention in space. 


Workload, Situation Awareness, and automation in modern transportation systems 

Convener and Chair: C. Wickens, USA 

2009.1 Workload measures of cockpit crews in the glass cockpit, D. Gopher 1 , A. Kahana 2 , 

1 2 

Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel; Center for Work Safety and Human Engineering, 

Haifa, Israel 

In the new glass cockpit pilots share their tasks with a plethora of automatic devices. Consequently, 

the traditional division of labor and responsibilities of team members change radically. We 

investigated the continuous workload of flight teams during a simulated flight mission, and their 

response to irregular events. Measures were based on a new technique measuring Peripheral 

Arterial Tone (PAT) at the finger tip. Overall load was higher for pilots not flying than pilots flying, 

whether captains or first officers. In contrast, irregular events affected primarily the load of 

captains, and were highest when captains served also as pilots not flying. 

2009.2 Interplay of light and shadow in adaptive automation, T. Inagaki, University of Tsukuba, 

Tsukuba, Japan 

Adaptive automation shifts control of functions dynamically between humans and machines, 

depending on situations, loads and demands to operators, and their performance. Adaptive 

automation can contribute to workload management. However, it may produce negative effects, 

such as loss of situation awareness and automation surprises. This paper discusses problems of 

human-automation collaboration in modern ground and air transportation systems, by 

distinguishing types of transportation and operator characteristics. This paper also argues how 

human interface design can be analyzed from the viewpoint of level of automation, by taking, as 

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an example, the lane departure prevention system for an advanced automobile. 

2009.3 Workload on rail, road, air, and water, S. Haga, Rikkyo University, Tokyo, Japan 

When assessing workload in transportation systems, it is important to note that there is different 

work stress in different traffic mode. I will show my own attempt to measure workload of train 

drivers, motorcycle riders, and ship captains. Then I will compare major stress factors in train 

driving, automobile driving, motorcycle riding, aircraft flight, and ship operation, and discuss the 

importance of selection/development suitable workload measures for assessment. 

2009.4 Automation system should support operators’ situation awareness, A. Ishibashi, Japan 

Institute of Human Factors Inc., Yokohama, Japan 

In the last 18years no fatal accident has been occurred in Japanese commercial airlines. However a 

near mid-air collision had occurred and one hundred passengers injured on January 31,2001. The 

accident investigation team pointed out that the pilot, who had been advised to climb by the TCAS, 

had not followed the advisory message. The board of accident investigation had given a 

recommendation to ICAO to make a rule that pilots should follow the TCAS Resolution Advisory 

(RA) without any hesitation. This paper focuses on relationship between system accuracy in the 

glass-cockpit and pilots’ situation awareness under the time criticality. 

2009.5 Imperfect automation for Airborne conflict avoidance: Implications for trust, situation 

awareness and display design, C.D. Wickens, X.D. Xu, University of Illinois, Institute of Aviation, 

Savoy, IL, USA 

Traffic conflict warning systems for aviation represent a form of automation designed to relieve 

pilot workload (of continuous monitoring), and improve situation awareness. But because 

automation must make inferences about the future behavior of air traffic, in an environment of 

uncertainty due to winds, weather, and unknown pilot intent, such automation will be vulnerable 

to both false alerts, and misses (or late alerts). We describe the consequences of such imperfect 

automation for pilots’ trust in, and reliance on, such automation, along with the evaluation of a 

mitigation strategy based on the concept of multi-level alerts, or likelihood alarms. 


Translating and adapting psychological tests for cross-cultural uses: Problems, solutions, 

models and guidelines 

Convener and Chair: R.F. Ostermann, USA 

2010.1 What do we need to successfully adapt a test? F. van de Vijver 1 , J. Chantale 2 , 1 Tilburg 

University, Tilburg, The Netherlands; 2 Laval University, Quebec, Canada 

It is argued that a successful test adaptation requires the combination of linguistic, cultural, and 

psychometric expertise. Test adaptations (translations) have multiple, linked stages, beginning 

with the design of the study ad ending with reporting the results. In each stage the considerations 

relevant for test adaptations are described. A project in which the California Personality Inventory 

(CPU-434) was adapted for use among French-Canadians is used as an illustration. The adaptation 

process (using an extended committee approach with multiple forward translations and an 

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evaluation of their linguistic equivalence) is described. The American inventory was administered 

to 1129 English-Canadians and the French adaptation to 1018 French-Canadians. An analysis of 

the structural and metric equivalence of the data is presented 

2010.2 Difference and equivalence: Questionnaire translation, adaptation; and cultural tailoring, 

J.A. Harkness, European Centre for Cross-Cultural Surveys at ZUMA, Mannheim, Germany 

Taking an instrument abroad involves adapting the original or source instrument. In contexts 

sharing a language, modifications needed may be moderate. Frequently, however, translations are 

required. The paper discusses three interrelated kinds of adaptation/modification: translation, 

design modification (instrument adaptation); and cultural tailoring. It describes the different forms 

of adaptation involved in each, illustrates the different procedures, and points to measurement 

issues to be considered. The discussion draws on recent basic research on translation and 

instrument design. Examples are taken from health research, psychology, and social science 

instruments, as well as demographic surveys. 

2010.3 Objective standards for cross-cultural research in psychopathology, J. Butcher 1 , R. 

Fowler 2 , 1 University of Minnesota, MN, USA; 2 American Psychological Association, Washington, 

DC, USA 

Objective psychological tests can add substantially to the cross-cultural study of psychopathology. 

Psychological tests that have been developed in the United States, for example, are being widely 

adapted into other languages and cultures around the world. This paper explores the 

generalizability and utility of personality assessment instruments across cultures. This paper 

specifically addresses the use of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI-2). 

Strategies used for translating, adapting, and standardizing questionnaires in other languages and 

cultures are surveyed, and methodological issues considered. The effectiveness of several 

successful MMPI-2 adaptations will illustrate the extensive research on the test in other countries. 

2010.4 Adapting measures of anger and anxiety for use in different languages and cultures, C.D. 

Spielberger, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA 

This presentation will focus on the development of the State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory 

(STAXI) to assess the experience, expression and control of anger, and on translating and adapting 

the STAXI for use in different languages and cultures. Thirty years of research on adapting the 

State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) in more than 60 languages and dialects will also be briefly 

reviewed. Conceptual issues in defining anger and anxiety as psychological constructs will be 

examined. Methodological and statistical procedures for selecting items and developing and 

validating tests for use in cross-cultural research and professional practice will be considered in 

detail. 

2010.5 Measuring anxiety in the Japanese culture, M. Fukuhara 1 , T. Hidano 2 , 1 Tokiwa 

University, Tokyo, Japan; 2 University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan 

In translating the items for the (STAI-JYZ), the Japanese version of the Spielberger Stait-Trait 

/Anxiety Inventory, the conceptual meaning of each item as related to Japanese culture was taken 

into consideration. Although a number of items could be literally translated, several items required 

constructing alternative and choosing among them on the basis of their psychometric properties. 

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For Japanese respondents, the difference between anxiety-present and anxiety-absent items was 

stronger than between state and trait anxiety. A greater difference between Japanese and American 

subjects was also found for anxiety-absent than anxiety-present items. These findings demonstrate 

the importance of considering cross-cultural issues in adapting psychometric tests. 

2010.6 SWS-survey: Research model for cross-cultural assessment, R.F. Ostermann, Fairleigh 

Dickinson University, Staunton, VA, USA 

With World Federation for Mental Health sponsorship, over 800 professionals in 22 countries 

participated in developing the 200-item SWS-Survey, a self-administered questionnaire of six 

scales regarding Stress and Support indicators of one’s SOCIOENVIRON, WORK and SELF, plus 

two scales for POOR and GOOD MENTAL HEALTH. The SWS research model, available for 

replication in other countries, includes: original, basic American-English text, bi-lingual, 

multi-disciplinary groups in each country for native language translation with certified back 

translation, and item-by-item content validation considering separate gender utility. The SWS 

model, available for replication, provides for universal and separate country-group scoring. 


Sleep states and memory consolidation: Evidence from animal and human studies 

Convener and Chair: C. Smith, Canada 

2011.1 Evidence for differential functions of slow wave sleep and rapid eye movement sleep in 

human memory consolidation, U. Wagner, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany 

Sleep after learning enhances memory consolidation compared to wakefulness. To investigate the 

differential roles of slow wave sleep (SWS) and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep for this process 

in humans, we compared the effects of early, SWS dominated sleep and late, REM sleep 

dominated sleep on memory consolidation in a variety of tasks. Our results point to a specific 

beneficial role of SWS in the formation of explicit (declarative) memory, which depends on the 

hippocampus, whereas REM sleep appears to be more favorable for the formation of 

hippocampus-independent implicit (nondeclarative) types of memory and the processing of 

emotional materials. 

2011.2 Neural correlates of memory consolidation during human sleep, P. Peigneux, University 

of Liege, Liege, Belgium 

Functional brain imaging studies in humans have shown that the brain structures engaged in the 

learning process during wakefulness may be re-activated during sleep. Experience-dependent 

reactivations of neuronal ensembles have been reported in neocortical and hippocampal regions 

during REM and non-REM sleep states, respectively, using procedural and declarative memory 

tasks. In addition, learned material content and acquisition level modulate cerebral reactivation 

during post training REM sleep. Conversely, modifications of hippocampal activity during 

non-REM sleep eventually lead to post-night behavioral performance improvement. These data 

support the hypothesis that sleep states contribute to the reprocessing and strengthening of specific 

memories. 

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2011.3 Pontine-Wave (P-Wave) generator: A switch in the brainstem for the sleep-dependent 

memory processing in the hippocampus, S. Datta, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA 

There is now considerable evidence for the involvement of sleep stages with memory processing 

and improvement of learning in the mammalian species. To understand the mechanisms for the 

sleep-dependent memory processing, using multidisciplinary approaches (single cell recordings, 

anatomical pathway tracing, chemical stimulation, cell-specific lesions, and quantification of 

different molecular markers), a number of studies have been conducted in our laboratory. The 

combined results indicate that the P-wave generating cells in the brainstem act as a 

time-dependent switch to activate the hippocampus for the sleep-dependent memory processing of 

two-way active avoidance learning in the rat. 

2011.4 The role of REM sleep in memory consolidation, C. Smith, Trent University, 

Peterborough, ON, Canada 

It has been shown in both animal and human studies that some tasks are most efficiently learned if 

rapid eye movement (REM) sleep occurs between task acquisition and re-test sessions. In animals, 

post-training REM sleep increases are observed. In humans, there is an increase in REM sleep 

intensity, as measured by number and density of actual rapid eye movements. Selective REM 

sleep deprivation results in post acquisition memory deficits. In humans, memory for cognitive 

procedural tasks seems most vulnerable to REM sleep deprivation. 


Health and cognitive functioning in old age 

Convener and Chair: A. Wahlin, Sweden 

2012.1 Health, disease, and cognitive functioning in old age, A. Wahlin, Stockholm 

Gerontology Research Center, Stockholm, Sweden 

The absence of a comprehensive view about cognition-associated diseases may result in failures to 

take into consideration health conditions that are critical to cognitive functioning, sometimes 

selectively. This may be particularly true in the study of old age. Different approaches to the 

definition of health and disease are discussed, followed by examples of research explicitly focused 

on the relation between health-related variations and cognitive performance among elderly 

persons. Possible ways to expand this research are exemplified. The main message is the need for 

clarity about what it means that participants in cognitive aging research are rarely free of disease. 

2012.2 Lifestyle correlates of cognitive performance in old age, D. Bunce, Goldsmiths College, 

University of London, London, UK 

Accumulating research suggests that variables reflecting lifestyle such as physical fitness levels or 

nutrition, may explain significant proportions of that variance. This paper considers some of the 

theoretical and methodological issues associated with work in this area. Particular reference is 

given to underlying physiological mechanisms, and the cognitive demands of tasks for which 

associations with physiological variables are found. Empirical work in cognitive domains such as 

episodic memory, sustained attention, and processing speed, will be described. That work suggests 

that physiologically-based models have considerable utility in understanding age-related cognitive 

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impairment, and that not only the type cognitive task, but also the demands of that task, should be 

considered carefully when assessing physiological correlates of cognitive performance in old age. 

2012.3 Does chronic smoking predict cognitive performance in older Dutch adults? Findings 

from the maastricht aging study, R.D. Hill 1 , M.P.J. van Boxtel 2 , J. F. M. Metsemakers 2 , H. 

Bosma 2 , J. Jolles 2 , 1 Unversity of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; 2 Maastricht University, 

Maastricht, The Netherlands 

Chronic cigarette smoking is a pervasive high-risk behavior that has been linked to the early 

emergence of chronic disease in late life. This presentation will examine the impact of cigarette 

smoking on cognitive function in old age. Empirical data will elucidate a conceptual model for 

characterizing the complex influence of cigarette smoking on cognitive function including the role 

of smoking on cognitive activation by way of nicotine deliver, in contrast to the negative influence 

of cigarette smoking through neurological degredation by way of pulmonary and cardiovascular 

disease. Both processes impact memory functioning in old and very old age. 

2012.4 Is reduced sensory function a causative factor in cognitive aging? Results from 

longitudinal and intervention studies, M.P.J. Van Boxtel 1 , S. Valentijn 1 , S. van Hooren 1 , J. Jolles 1 , 

R.D. Hill 2 , 1 Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands; 2 Unversity of Utah, Salt Lake 

City, UT, USA 

In cross-sectional research sensory function and cognitive performance are interrelated in old age. 

In the Maastricht Aging study longitudinal hypotheses were tested that self-initiated interventions 

in the sensory domain (vision/hearing) are benificial for cognitive function after a follow up 

interval of six years. Furthermore, the results of two controlled studies in older individuals will be 

presented that specifically evaluate the effect of sensory remediative strategies on cognition and 

functional status. Preliminary results do not support the 'sensory deprivation' hypothesis of 

cognitive aging. The effect of improvements in sensory function may be more substantive on more 

general aspects of functional status. 

2012.5 The association between pulmonary function and cognitive test performance at three 

stages of adulthood, K. Anstey, T. Windsor, A. Jorm, H. Christensen, B. Rodgers, Australian 

National University, Canberra, Australia 

The relationship between Forced Expiratory Volume at one second (FEV1), a measure of 

pulmonary function, and cognitive test performance was examined in three cohorts aged 20 to 24, 

40 to 44 and 60 to 64. Significant associations were found between FEV1 and measures of 

processing speed, RT, memory and vocabulary in unadjusted analyses in all age-cohorts. After 

controlling for demographic variables, smoking, physical activity, and respiratory disease, the 

association remained. Current smoking status and physical activity also had independent 

associations with cognitive performance. Associations between FEV1 and measures of speed 

increased with age. Results are discussed within a Primary/Secondary Aging Framework. 


Recent developments in the prevention of child, parenting and family problems 

Convener and Chair: M. Sanders, Australia 

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2013.1 A comparison of universal, indicated, and universal plus indicated school-based 

approaches to prevention of depression in adolescents, S.H. Spence 1 , J. Sheffield 1 , R.M. Rapee 2 , 

N. Kowalenko 3 , A. Wignall 4 , 1 University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; 2 Macquarie 

University, Sydney, Australia; 3 Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, Australia; 4 Senior Clinical 

Psychologist, School Link Coordinator, Sydney, Australia 

36 high schools were randomly allocated to one of four conditions (universal prevention; indicated 

prevention; universal + indicated; monitoring control). Of the 2 479 students, 21.0% were initially 

identified as at risk for depression based on elevated depression scores. Both interventions 

included cognitive restructuring and problem solving skills training, with the addition of 

assertiveness training and stress management components in the indicated program. The universal 

program included all students in a classroom, implemented by teachers. The indicated intervention 

was restricted to students with elevated depression scores, conducted by experienced mental 

health professionals. The results of the study at 18-month follow-up will be presented. 

2013.2 Parenting programmes with Chinese families in Hong Kong, S. Leung, Department of 

Health, Hong Kong SAR Government, Hong Kong, China 

This paper describes the process in the development and implementation of a community-wide 

parenting programme, with the aim of improving the mental health of children and their parents, 

by the Family Health Service, through a network of Maternal and Child Health Centres that covers 

90% of newborn babies. A community survey was conducted to map out the prevalence of child 

behaviour and parenting problems in the community. A programme with proven effectiveness is 

then taken to the clinic settings through training and accreditation of health workers, continual 

peer review and learning, and professional mentorship, to ensure the quality of programme 

delivery. An evaluation mechanism has also been put in place to monitor the effectiveness of the 

programme. 

2013.3 Implementing Triple P as a public health initiative in the UK, R. Calam, University of 

Manchester, Manchester, UK 

A public health initiative sponsored by Children’s Fund, Salford, UK, makes parenting advice 

universally available to all parents of young children via schools. Parents are asked to complete 

the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) prior to, and following implementation of a 

universally delivered Triple P intervention, involving provision of newsletters, seminars for 

parents and individual advice on parenting concerns delivered by staff trained in Triple P levels 

2-3. Uptake and access other services is monitored. More detailed measures of change are 

available for parents who take up Triple P levels 2-3. Processes in implementation and preliminary 

data will be presented. 

2013.4 Triple P in Singapore, S.H. Quah, Rehabilitation & Protection Division, Psychological 

Services Unit, Singapore 

The paper will describe the process of adapting the Triple P: Positive Parenting Program to better 

match the culture and needs of parents in Singapore. It will also present how Triple P has been 

used with various client groups in Singapore. Preliminary outcome data and consumer feedback 

will be shared. Key learning points and the challenges faced in conducting the program with 

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Singaporean parents will also be discussed. 

2013.5 Promoting a positive transition to parenthood: Couple CARE for parents, W.K. 

Halford 1 , J. Biber 2 , D. Creedy 2 , L. Hohaus 2 , 1 Griffith Psychological Health Research Centre, 

Australia; 2 Griffith University, Australia 

Becoming parents is a major transition in couple’s relationships. There are numerous, 

well-established risk and protective factors that influence this transition, including couple 

communication, individual partner adjustment, social support, and infant care knowledge and 

skills. The results of an ongoing, randomized controlled trial of a skill-based program for couples 

becoming parents for the first time will be reported. The program fosters couple development of 

positive, realistic expectations; communication skills; relationship self-regulation; mutual support; 

and infant care skills. Outcomes are relationship skills and satisfaction, individual partner 

adjustment and parental bonding with the infant. 

2013.6 Effectiveness of the positive parenting programme with Chinese families in Hong Kong, 

C. Leung, Department of Health, Hong Kong SAR Government, Hong Kong, China 

The study reported the continuous evaluation of the effectiveness of the Positive Parenting 

Programme with Hong Kong Chinese families. The data was based on programmes conducted by 

(i) health professionals within Maternal and Child Health Centres and Child Assessment Centres 

for parents of preschool and primary school children, and (ii) school guidance personnel within 

schools for parents of primary school students. Participants were requested to complete measures 

on child behaviour problems and parenting stress before and after intervention. The effectiveness 

of the Programme with different age groups, within different settings, and with parents from 

different backgrounds was discussed. 

2013.7 A population approach to the management of cond, M.R. Sanders, The University of 

Queensland, Brisbane, Australia 

This paper provides an overview of the theoretical and scientific basis of a multi-level population 

approach to the promotion of parenting competence in the prevention of behavioural and 

emotional problems in children. The Triple P-Positive Parenting Program is a tiered multi-level 

approach to promote competent parenting and reduce coercive parenting and family conflict. The 

“Every family” initiative is a large scale population level trial evaluating Triple P using a cluster 

randomization design. Data from the first population survey, first training of professionals and 

initial program implementation will be presented. Implications of the findings for research into the 

evaluation of population level strategies are discussed. 


Psychological accompaniment of educational process. 

Convener and Chair: N.V. Bordovskaya, Russia 

Co-convener: M. Larissa, Russia 

2014.1 Parent-children relations in China, X. Jing, J. Shi, Institute of Psychology, Chinese 


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In order to explore the characteristic of parents-children relationship in China, the Child Version 

and Parents Version of Parental Acceptance-Rejection Questionnaire (Rohner) are employed and 

executed to a sample of 157 children (aged from 8 to 12) and their parents. The findings indicate 

that unlike the findings in the western culture, warmth dimension is highly related with the control 

dimension in China. With children's development, the relatedness between the two dimensions is 

gradually decreasing. At the same time, parents and children all approved and accepted control, 

and regard it as another manner of warmth. 

2014.2 Seven-years longitudinal research of Russian teen-ager’s self-esteem, M. Larissa, 

Saint-Petersburg State University, Saint-Petersburg, Russia 

We fulfilled longitudinal research of 76 teen-ager’s self-esteem, which were from 10 to 17 years 

old, 9 teachers were as experts in 1993-2000y.y. 80- 90% teen-agers have middle and high level of 

self-esteem, only 10-20% had low level of self-esteem. We revealed week dynamics of level 

(quantity) characteristics of teen-ager’s self-esteem: 8-14% of all features changed, at the same 

time 86-92% of all features remained steady. Level self-esteem’s characteristics (high, adequate, 

low) formed on more earlier period of life: in pre-school and primary school age. 

2014.3 The Influential factors about job search of university students and guidance strategies in 

China, S. Zhang, W. Yu, C. Liu, Y. Shi, Shenyang Normal University, Shenyang, China 

This study introduced the influents factors in job search of university students, after analyzing the 

problem in vocational guidance of university students; put forward the predictive model about 

successful employment of university students. And provide career development program and 

managerial strategy from three sides of job guide to university student in China. 

2014.4 The relationship between the president’s perception on teacher’s participating school 

reform and their motivational orientations, B. Tian 1, 2 , A. Menlo 3 , K. Shi 2 , 1 Capital Normal 

University, Beijing, China; 2 Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; 

3 

University of Michigan, An Arbar, MI, USA 

Based on 124 samples of presidents of middle school, this study first tested the psychological 

property of President’s Perception Scale (PPS) and made some revisions according to the result. 

T-test and one-way ANOVA showed president’s perception and their motivational orientation were 

influenced by demographics variables. Hierarchical regression analysis indicated that 

self-determination, intrisic satisfaction were power predict of president’s perception, external 

regulation and external reward had no significant contribution to president’s perception 

2014.5 Psychological accompaniment of educational process, N.V. Bordovskaya, 

Saint-Petersburg State University, Saint-Petersburg, Russia 

Psychological accompaniment of educational process is co-operation of teacher and pupils to 

resolve pupils problems during their education. There are several stages of psychological 

accompaniment collaboration: fulfilling of psychological diagnostics, which helps to find out 

pupil's educational difficulties; finding the adequate methods and qualified specialists' which can 

help to resolve this problem; overall discussion of educational establishment administration with 

teachers, parents and other specialists (psychologists, medical staff, logopedists, physiologists, 

lawyers) about possible version of resolving the problems and choosing the best way of its 

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esolving; program collaboration: assistant actions, supporting methods, stages and variants of 

realization. We are fulfilling research, which aimed on finding the optimum variance of 

psychological accompaniment of educational process. 

2014.6 The influence factors of parents and teachers to the students’ E-learning effects, Y. Xie, 

J. Lu, W. Hu, K. Shi, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China 

This research was carried out based on a questionnaire investigation during the SARS days. The 

subjects were 394 parents and 582 high school students in Beijing. 163 items were included in the 

survey questionnaire for the students, while the other one for the parents included 105 items. The 

lisrel 8.53 was used in the statistics. The results showed: (1) Teacher support and parent support 

both affected the students’ Learning effects on internet. (2) The feeled work-family conflict 

affected the parents’ concern and care for their children, which was moderated by the superior 

support and spouse support feeled by the parents. 


Personal future and life fulfillment 

Convener and Chair: Z. Zaleski, Poland 

2015.1 The personal future in a life-span context, J.F. Diaz Morales 1 , E. Thiebaut 2 , 

1 2 

Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Groupe d’Analyse Psychométrique des 

Conduites (GRAPCO), Université de Nancy II, France 

On the basis of postulates derived from the Nurmi’s future orientation model, the authors explored 

the extent to which the personal future change in different age periods. Orientation to the future is 

described in terms of three processes: goal-setting, planning and prospective evaluation. 

Equivalence in measurement of construct is tested in four different age group: adolescents, 

undergraduates, adults and aged. The results of this analysis showed that a three-factor solution 

represents a reasonable fit to the data across age. Moreover, it is analysed mean group differences 

on the three components across age from a life-span context. 

2015.2 Time as context: Living in the now shapes cultural adaptation, J.M. Jones, University of 

Delaware, Newark, DE, USA 

This paper will explore the idea that focusing on the present, what we call Living in the now, can 

have significant consequences for psychological well being. Living in the now gives rise to 

characteristics modes of thinking, behaving, judging and being. Present time orientation results 

from living in oppressive circumstances over a long period of time. Self-protective processes 

focus on the past and future, while Self-enhancing processes focus on the present. TRIOS (Time, 

Rhythm, Improvisation, Orality and Spirituality drawn from African cultural origins) moderates 

psychological well-being by instilling a present time coping capacity that projects to a secure and 

confident view of the future. 

2015.3 Future time perspective, values, perceived instrumentality and self concept among 

adolescents of private and public secondary schools and universities in Lima, D. Herrera 1 , W. 

Lens 2 , 1 University of Lima, Peru; 2 University of Leuven, Belgium 

Future Time Perspective (FTP), Values, Perceived Instrumentality and Self Concept are explored 

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and compared among 800 university and secondary public and private school students in Lima 

(Peru). Data were with Motivational Induction Method (MIM) (Nuttin & Lens, 1985) and with the 

Portrait Values Questionnaire (PVQ) by Schwartz (2001). The Perceived instrumentality of 

schooling has been evaluated with a Likert type scale; and the Self concept was measured with 

Marsh SDQ III (1990). This research provides better understanding of the motivational role of 

students' values and self concept, of their FTP and of perceived instrumentality of school topics. 

The analysis shows evolution from secondary school to university and differences among the 

studied groups. 

2015.4 Japanese adolescents’ future time perspective during the transition to junior high school, 

M. Tsuzuki, Chuo University, Tokyo, Japan 

In Japan, compulsory education is consisted of six-year elementary school and three-year junior 

high school. Adolescents simultaneously experience school environmental changes and their own 

developmental crisis during the transition between two different school systems. Based on the 

four-year longitudinal study, the author has been examined developmental changes concerning 

future time perspective during the transition to junior high school. Analyzing the obtained data, 

relations between adolescents’ future time perspective and other factors (psychological adjustment, 

academic ability, and self esteem) is examined. The implications for educational support for 

adolescents’ development of future time perspective are discussed. 

2015.5 Future time perspective and satisfaction with life across life span, P. Martínez, Z. 

Zaleski, Z. Chlewinski, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, Perú; Catholic University of 

Lublin, Lublin, Poland 

The present study focus in the concepts of Future Time Perspective in its different dimensions 

(goals, temporal location of goals and temporal attitudes), and satisfaction with life since 

adolescence through elder ages. 570 males and females from 16 to 65 years of age, from two 

socioeconomic levels were evaluated. The used tools were the Nuttin acute’ Motivational 

Induction Method (MIM) and Temporal Attitudes Scale (TAS) and the Diener acute’ Satisfaction 

with Life Scale, besides an interview. The results showed that the age makes important differences, 

more influenced by the socioeconomic level, than by the gender. 


Appeasement and forgiveness in social conflict resolution 

Convener and Chair: K. Ohbuchi, Japan 

Co-convener: S. Takaku, USA 

2016.1 Effects of apology and reconciliation strategies on forgiveness, G. Bono, University of 

Miami, Coral Gables, FL, USA 

The effects of transgressors’ apology and reconciliation strategies on forgiveness are investigated 

in three different contexts. Study 1 staged a conflict and then measured intergroup forgiveness and 

how much emotional vs. informational apologies were mitigating or aggravating. Evidence was 

found for ingroup transgressor leniency. Study 2 investigated forgiveness cross-culturally (Sicily 

vs. U.S.). Remorse had a pervasive beneficial effect on forgiveness judgments in both cultures but 

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played different roles. Qualitative research also showed that apologizing differed by culture, age, 

and forgiveness judgments. Study 3 investigated reconciliation strategies longitudinally in the 

context of close relationship forgiveness. Implications for conflict resolution are discussed. 

2016.2 Conventional expressions of apology in Japanese, S. Okamoto, Aichi Gakuin University, 

Aichi, Japan 

In this presentation I will address conventional expressions of apology (e.g. Sumimasen) in the 

Japanese language. I will point out, by presenting the results of experiments on verbal expressions 

of request and gratitude, that these expressions are frequently used in situations in which the 

speaker has not done any substantial damage to the hearer. After speculating on possible 

motivations for these usages, I will raise the possibility that the "abuse" of these conventional 

apologetic expressions has devaluated their effects in situations involving real conflicts. 

2016.4 A cross-cultural examination of perceptions of apology, responsibility, and justice: The 

U.S.S. Greenville accident and the E-P3 airplane accident, S. Takaku 1 , Y.T. Lee 2 , B. Weiner 3 , K. 

Ohbuchi 4 , 1 Soka University of America, Aliso Viejo, CA, USA; 2 Minnesota State University, 

Mankato, MN, USA; 3 University of California; Los Angeles, CA, USA; 4 Tohoku University, 

Sendai, Japan 

This paper examines the cultural effects on in-group biases in people’s perceptions of apology, 

responsibility, and justice as they relate to the two international incidents, the U.S.S. Greenville 

incident (study 1) and the American E-P3 incident (study 2). The results from study 1 indicated 

that the unnecessary escalation of the incident was partially caused by in-group biases displayed 

by both sides and culturally specific meaning of apology. The results of study 2 further confirmed 

that in-group biases held by the two sides played a major role in the escalation of the conflict. 

Implications for future inter-group conflicts are discussed. 

2016.5 Egocentric and altruistic motives of forgiveness in interpersonal conflicts, K. Ohbuchi, 

N. Takada, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan 

Assuming that forgiveness is motivated by both egocentric and altruistic concerns, we constructed 

21 items to measure them. We had Japanese students rate their interpersonal conflict episodes, in 

which they were harmed by someone, in terms of forgiveness and the motive items. A 

factor-analysis revealed 6 motive dimensions: social acceptance, relationship maintenance, 

avoidance of stress, social harmony, non-involvement, and empathy. Among them, only empathy 

is altruistic and the others are egocentric. Acceptance, relationship maintenance, social harmony, 

and empathy positively correlated with forgiving behavior for the harm-doer. These results are 

consistent with our assumption. 


Applications of psychology to public policy: Part I 

Convener and Chair: J. Berry, Canada 

2017.1 Implications of Advances in Health Psychology for Policy and Intervention, S. Hobfoll 1 , 

E. Greenglass 2 , K. Moore 3 , K. Noguchi 4 , S. Pick 5 , R. Schwarzer 6 , 1 Kent State University, Kent, 

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Ohio, USA; 2 York University, Canada; 3 Deakin University, Australia; 4 Bunka Women’s University, 

Japan; 5 National University of Mexico (UNAM) and Mexican Institute for Research on Population 

and Family, Mexico; 6 Free University, Germany 

Sychological science can do much to inform health care policy. This paper explores critical 

advances in how key findings in health psychology can be translated to intervention and policy 

recommendations. We explore research advances on the topics of stress and coping, social support, 

burnout, and self-efficacy. We examine how culture and poverty influence health and how 

intervention, both traditional and non-traditional may intervene. We also examine how well-being 

can be enhanced through preventive efforts. 

2017.2 Bridging the gap between policy and program development in HIV/AIDS prevention 

and sexuality education: The critical role of NGOs, S. Pick, National University of Mexico 

(UNAM) and Mexican Institute for Research on Population and Family, Mexico 

In controversial areas such as HIV/AIDS prevention and sexuality education, there is often a 

discrepancy between public policy and program development. NGOs are a bridge for this gap 

between policy and programs. They coordinate and facilitate the necessary research to formulate, 

implement, evaluate and carry out advocacy campaigns for successful, innovative programs 

designed around the needs of individuals and specific communities as well as national and 

international populations. This paper will discuss possible causes and solutions of the gap between 

policy and programs in HIV/AIDS prevention and sexuality education and will present the 

advocacy strategies used by NGOs to successfully implement their programs. 

2017.3 Active Ageing, R. Fernandez-Ballesteros 1 , C. Lu 2 , N. Abeles 3 , F. Curbertson 4 , A. 

Efklides 5 , C. Paul 6 , C. Schwarzer 7 , 1 Autonoma University of Madrid, Spain; 2 China; 3 USA; 

4 5 6 7 

USA; Greece; Portugal; Germany 

Ageing is a population phenomenon and an individual experience. Throughout the twentieth 

century all over the world, there was an increase both in the rate of people older than 65 and in the 

absolute number of these age range. In 2002, United Nation approved a II International Plan of 

Action on Ageing which has been adapted to the five continents in the World. This plan has a 

priority direction regarding the relevance of active ageing for all societies. Also, The World Health 

Organisation (WHO, 2002) published the document “Active Ageing” as a target to be promote all 

over the world. 

2017.4 Roles for psychological science in building human capital, M.D. Hakel, Bowling Green 

State University, Bowling Green, OH, USA 

Not a day passes without concern being expressed by policy makers in international news media 

about human capital issues. Human capital shows in citizens skills and abilities as productivity in 

the workplace, and is built through schooling. It is reflected in population demography, and 

damaged by substance abuse, ill health, and violence. The experiences gained by representatives 

of 65 U. S. research-oriented psychological societies in addressing human capital issues will be 

the focus of this report. Successes and continuing challenges will be discussed. An urgent question 

is what role IAAP should play in advancing dialog about human capital issues. 

2017.5 Psychology of unemployment and public policies, T. Kieselbach, University of Bremen, 

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Germany 

The psychology of unemployment covers several areas of psychological theory and practice 

including the psychological meaning of employment, the differential role of mediators and 

moderators in the experience of unemployment and the conceptualization of interventions that 

limit the detrimental psycho-social effects associated with the loss of employment and continuing 

unemployment. Psychological unemployment research has focused on the analysis of the 

individual and social requirements to adapt to and cope more adequately with the requirements of 

the new labour markets. Occupational transitions that do not exceed the personal resources of the 

individual contribute to the formulation of public employment policies that limit the health risks of 

new trends of unemployment relations. 


Current perspectives on the prevention, assessment and treatment of adolescent problems. 

Convener and Chair: E. Lucio, Mexico 

2018.1 Conduct problems and parental control in pre-adolescents, P. Andrade, H. Fernandez, 

D. Betancourt, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico 

The objective of this study was to determine how parental control influence in adolescents 

externalized and internalized conduct problems in boys and girls from 10 to 13 years old, who 

attended Public Schools at Mexico City. A study was designed in order to measure psychological 

control and conduct control, The Achenbach scale was used in order to measure internalized and 

externalized conduct. Results show that different dimensions of psychological and conduct control, 

from mother and father influence differentially in boys and girls conduct problems. 

2018.2 Young people and their resources: The relationship with coping, E. Frydenberg, V. 

McKenzie, University of Melbourne, Carlton, Victoria, Australia 

Young people's resources are linked with their coping efficacy. For example, it has been found that 

those who are resource rich are likely to use more productive coping strategies and less 

nonproductive ones. In order to maximize young people's capacity for resilience it is proposed that 

resources be enhanced, particularly those resources that relate to their coping. It is suggested that a 

lack of resources can be compensated for by providing the skills to cope productively. One such 

coping skills program, the Best of Coping, is presented along with studies which evaluate its 

efficacy in a number of school settings. 

2018.3 Self-perception of a group of clinical adolescents about their emotional problems, E. 

Lucio, M. Forns I Santacana, C. Duran, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico 

The objective of this study was to know how a group of 60 adolescents, who receive 

psychological treatment, perceive their emotional problems and their environment. The 

instruments used were the Life-Events questionnaire, The Self-descriptive questionnaire, 

elaborated especially for Mexican populations socio-demographic cell and the narrative they made 

about they consultation motive. This motive was contrasted with the one that the person in charge 

of the treatment wrote. Results show that adolescent have an objective perception of their 

problems which enriches the outside perception with subjective traits. This perception can be used 

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in a collaborative approach for the adolescent treatment. 

2018.4 Suicidal risk and behavior among Mexican adolescent students, Q. 

Hernandez-Cervantes, E. Lucio, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico 

Suicidal ideation and attempts among Mexican youth have risen in the last two decades. Particular 

concern emerges from suicidal behavior prevalence data indicating that urban high-school students 

of 12 to 15 years old are at greater risk than other populations. In this study we present the 

findings of a school-based multiphase intervention strategy. In the first stage, a screening program 

is conducted to identify at-risk students; afterwards a psychological assessment is carried out with 

an emphasis on stressful life events, personality traits, and current life circumstances. Finally, 

guidelines for psychosocial treatment derived from the psychological evaluation are proposed. 

2018.5 Individual, family and social factors of suicidal attempts in adolescents, M.E. 

Rivera-Heredia, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico 

The purpose was to identify differences between adolescents with and without suicidal attempts, 

in some individual, family and social factors such as: depressive symptoms, suicide ideation, 

drugs consume, family interactions, academic achievement and consume of alcohol and drugs in 

relatives and friends. The sample was integrated with 106 adolescents (15-20), distributed in two 

groups with equal characteristics of age and sex. Data was gathered via CES-D, Family Interaction 

Assessment, and scales about drug consume, suicide ideation and suicide attempts. It was 

confirmed that individual, family and social factors differ between the 2 groups. Possible 

prevention strategies are suggested. 


Cognitive functions in schizophrenia 

Convener and Chair: M. Preiss, Czech Republic 

2019.1 Cognitive dysfunction in the first episode of schizophrenia, H. Kucerova, P. Radovan, 

K. Tomas, C. Eva, Faculty Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic 

The aim of the study was to assess the level of cognitive deficit and its change after a year of 

treatment in patients hospitalised with their first schizophrenic episodes.Hypotheses:1. Cognitive 

deficit is present already during the first schizophrenic episode.2.Successful pharmacotherapy 

leads only to alleviation of cognitive deficit. The different aspects of cognitive functions were 

examined in all patients. Our finding is consistent with published opinions that cognitive deficit is 

a core symptom of schizophrenia and does not originate as late as in the process of the illness or as 

a result of pharmacotherapy. 

2019.2 Family tree – The new test executive function, M. Preiss 1 , K. Vraná 2 , J. Klose 3 , M. 

Rodriguez 1 , P. Mohr 1 , 1 Prague Psychiatric Center, 1 Prague, Czech Republic; 2 FF UK, Praha, 

Czech Republic; 3 Prague Military Hospital, Czech Republic 

The game called Family Tree has been adopted and tested for clinical and research use. In this test, 

the patient is asked to find the ancestors of the members of a broader family tree according to the 

basic information written on the cards. Planning, reasoning, volition and goal directed behavior 

are presumed to play a key role in the process of problem solving. The sample of schizophrenic 

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patients was tested and the results were correlated to illness characteristics and cognitive measures. 

The strengthts and weaknesses of the test are discussed and preliminary psychometric analyses are 

presented. 

2019.3 Neuropsychological study of schizophrenic twins, J. Preiss 1 , K. Hynek 2 , J. Böhm 3 , J. 

Zvarova 4 , 1 Hospital Na Homolce, Prague, Czech Republic; 2 Psychiatric Clinic, Prague, Czech 

Republic; 3 Neurological Clinic, Prague, Czech Republic; 4 Charles University and Academy of 

Science, Prague, Czech Republic 

The paper presents three inter-connected studies. In sample of 9 pairs of twins (5 monozygote and 

4 dizygote pairs of twins) at least one twin from all pairs in the sample suffered from 

schizophrenia. Neuropsychological impairment was found in 11 out of 13 schizophrenic patients, 

and in 1 man from 5 mentally healthy subjects. Of seven variables of smooth pursuit eye 

movements big saccades differentiated significantly schizophrenic and healthy twins. We found 

correlations between smooth pursuits eye movements and neuropsychological tests. Correlations 

were also found between white matter density and neuropsychological tests. Higher density was 

associated with poorer neuropsychological performance. 

2019.4 Computer-aided rehabilitation of cognitive functions in schizophrenia, M. Rodriguez, 

M. Preiss, P. Mohr, Psychiatrické Centrum Praha, Prague, Czech Republic 

The paper discusses options of computer rehabilitation with special focus on schizophrenia. We 

review the published studies on ecological validity and efficacy of computer-assisted rehabilitation. 

We propose a methodological research design for measurement of computer rehabilitation efficacy 

and its impact on functioning in home setting. Assessment of ecological validity of rehabilitation 

according to the following measures has been suggested: (1) tests of the rehabilitated cognitive 

functions; (2) tests of other cognitive functions than those rehabilitated; (3) subjective functioning 

in patient’s home setting. We summarize our experience with “Train the Brain” program and 

Bracy’s “COGREHAB” program, based on previous results. 

2019.5 Quality of life and cognitive functioning in schizophrenia, P. Houbová, M. Rodriguez, 

M. Preiss, E. Dragomirecká, Prague Psychiatric Center, Prague, Czech Republic 

The importance of quality of life (QOL) research as an indicator of the outcomes of interventions 

has been reflected by a large body of research seeking to measure the impact of different variables 

on QOL. This paper tries to find the relationship between cognitive functioning in schizophrenia 

and QOL. Group of individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia completed QOL and 

neuropsychological assessment. QOL was implemented in the beginning and at the end of 

hospitalization. The relationship between the change in QOL, cognitive performance and other 

parameters traditionally measured in schizophrenia were detected. 

2019.6 Regional brain metabolism as a substrate for cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia 

Positron Emission Tomography (PET) study, H. Horacek, M. Kopecek, F. Spaniel, M. Rodrigez, 

M. Preiss, Prague Psychiatric Centre and Centre of Neuropsychiatric Studies, Charles University, 

Prague, Czech Republic 

Introduction: In our study we investigated the relationship between the regional glucose brain 

metabolism and cognition in schizophrenia (N=45). Methods: The brain metabolism was 

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evaluated by the 18F-deoxyglucose PET. PET data were treated by the SPM99 with the cognitive 

functions (attention, executive functions, and visual-motor performance) as covariates. Results: 

The attention and executive functions were predicted by the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) 

metabolism, the visual-motor performance correlates with DLPFC, orbitofrontal, temporal, and 

cerebellar metabolism. Conclusions: Our data support hypothesis about 

cortico-subcortico-cerebellar dysfunction as the substrate for underlying information processing 

deficit in schizophrenia. 


Motor selection and execution in sports –An implicit learning perspective made explicit 

Convener and Chair: M. Raab, Germany 

Co-convener: R. Masters, China 

2020.1 An investigation of the interaction between concurrent motor output and complex 

decision-making, R. Masters 1 , M. Raab 2 , J. Maxwell 1 , J. Poolton 1 , 1 The University of Hong 

Kong, Hong Kong, China; 2 University of Flensburg, Flensburg, Germany 

Successful human performance relies on effective decision-making and efficient motor output, but, 

the need to make a complex decision and an effective movement concurrently can disrupt 

performance. Take, for example, a police officer drawing and aiming his pistol while 

simultaneously making a complex decision regarding whether to fire. This study examined 

whether decision making is more effective when the accompanying motor behaviour has been 

learned implicitly as opposed to explicitly, so bypassing the need to use working memory, which 

is a vital mechanism in decision making processes. Preliminary data indicates that performance is 

superior when the motor act is learned implicitly. 

2020.2 Effect of errors on motor learning, J. Maxwell, R. Masters, University of Hong Kong, 


Two studies examined whether number of errors influences working memory’s contribution to 

skill acquisition. The committal of errors was hypothesized to induce a hypothesis testing strategy 

that would instigate the accrual of a pool of verbalisable rules and performance breakdown under 

dual-task conditions due to the load on working memory. Reducing errors during learning was 

predicted to minimize the involvement of explicit hypothesis testing in working memory, 

distinguished by few verbalisable rules and robust secondary task performance. Both studies 

supported these predictions. Reducing errors during learning limited the number of 

error-correcting hypotheses tested in working memory. 

2020.3 A critical analysis of the evidence for implicit perceptual learning, R.C. Jackson, 

Brunel University, Middlesex, UK 

There is increasing interest in the distinction between explicit and implicit learning in the 

perceptual motor domain. In this paper, I critically analyse evidence for implicit perceptual 

learning in fast, reactive sport skills. I argue that evidence for the superiority of implicit learning 

paradigms must satisfy two criteria. First, tests for explicit knowledge must satisfy Shanks and St 

John’s (1994) information and sensitivity criteria. Second, any treatment effects associated with 

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implicit learning must be greater than those for the explicit learning and placebo interventions. 

The extent to which these criteria have been satisfied is questioned. 

2020.4 Motor selection and execution training in table tennis, M. Raab, University of 

Flensburg, Flensburg, Germany 

We used table tennis players who were trained in technique and in switching between forehand 

and backhand swings. Half of the group performed a behavioral training routine only, whereas the 

other half received, in part of the training sessions, video feedback about their technical and 

tactical performance (decisional training). The results indicated that improvements in both 

techniques and tactics, as a result of decisional training, was superior to behavioral training. These 

results are stable also in long-term competition analyses. We provide a model that explains how 

implicit behavioral and decisional learning produces a combined representation of movement 

selection and production. 


Leadership: Implicit theories and perception 

Convener and Chair: B. Schyns, The Netherlands 

2021.1 Children’s gender and the gender of their implicit leader, R. Ayman 1 , S. Ayman-Nolley 2 , 

H. Leffler 1 , 1 Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago IL, USA; 2 Notheastern Illinois University, 

Chicago, IL, USA 

Children (K-6) from a public school in USA (n = 360) participated in this study by drawing a 

leader leading. The demographic information about the children was obtained from the school 

administration. The analysis demonstrated that overall more than half of the respondents drew a 

male figure as a leader. More specifically, 80% of the boys drew a male figure. However, in the 

case of girls, twice as many drew female figures than a male figure as a leader. These findings will 

be discussed in relation to adult research on gender and ILT and their implication. 

2021.2 Who is my leader, what do they do? An examination of leadership perspectives and 

well-being, A. Carter, F. Hubert, J. Bell, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK 

Recent work examining leadership, teamworking, staff attitudes and well-being suggest different 

perspectives of leadership (e.g., Bell & Carter, 2004; Carter et al., 2003). Health care teams 

reported significantly better well-being than those working alone. Social support and role clarity 

provided by team members and not team leaders are likely factors to explain this relationship 

(Carter, 2000). More recently Bell and Carter (2004) describe relationships between leadership 

styles and well-being of team members. Further, staff surveys show consistent positive 

relationships between appraisal and job satisfaction (e.g., Carter et al., 2003). Clearly leaders’ 

behaviour is important to employee well-being. A leadership strategy development group has been 

established to examine these perspectives. 

2021.3 The impact of followers’ motives, cognitive abilities and personality on the perception 

of transformational leadership, J. Felfe 1 , B. Six 1 , K. Tartler 2 , 1 Martin-Luther-University, Halle, 

Germany; 2 Free University of Berlin; Berlin, Germany 

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To what degree is the evaluation of transformational leadership is a result of followers’ 

perceptions, attributions, traits, and cognitive abilities. Results of previous studies revealed an 

influence of extraversion and neuroticism. Participants of the current study were 175 students. 

Besides Big-Five, measures for motives, and cognitive abilities (I-S-T 2000 R) were taken at time 

one. Two weeks later participants were divided into two groups and were presented a vignette 

describing a transformational or a transactional leader. Subsequently, the described leader was 

rated on the MLQ. Results indicate specific influences of personality measures on the perception 

and attribution of leadership. 

2021.4 Implicit leadership theories and the perception of leadership in The Netherlands, B. 

Schyns, K. Sanders, Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands 

German research results show that implicit leadership theories have an influence on the evaluation 

of leaders. In this presentation these results are replicated for the Netherlands. In an experimental 

setting, we examine the effects of two implicit theories on the evaluation of a leader. The 

experiment was conducted as a two-point design: At Time 1 students indicated their implicit 

leadership theories; at Time 2, they evaluated a leader’s description. As expected, transformational 

leadership as an implicit leadership theory (ILT) had an effect on the perception of leadership. 

Romance of leadership has no significant impact on the perception of leadership. 

2021.5 Exchange and team functioning in airline crews, R.D. De Jong, Utrecht University, 

Utrecht, The Netherlands 

Restricted communication in airline crews, due to co-pilots’ lack of assertiveness, endangers the 

capability to cope with emerging danger. Assertiveness training was developed for co-pilots, 

(Salas et al. 2000), but the captain’s role received little attention. In this study, 50 captains and 51 

co-pilots completed questionnaires about the quality of crew functioning during their most recent 

flight. Team potency (ability to perform) rated by co-pilots was related task- and team self-efficacy, 

mediated by (perceived) involvement in decision making by the captain, The captain’s rating of 

team potency was related the co-pilot’s perceived expertise and open communication, consistent 

with LMX theorizing. 


Noise and psychological theory 

Convener and Chair: S. Hygge, Sweden 

2022.1 Possible relation between noise sensitivity and vigilance, H.M.E. Miedema, TNO, Delft, 


Both vigilance and noise sensitivity are considered to be personal traits. Often vigilance is 

measured in the laboratory by procedures that assess the influence of peripheral stimuli on task 

performance. Often noise sensitivity is measured in field studies regarding self-reported effects of 

environmental noise with a single question that requires a self-rating of one’s noise sensitivity. 

Vigilance and noise sensitivity have been shown to be related to fear or anxiety. An overview is 

given of findings in the literature regarding vigilance and regarding noise sensitivity, and it is 

hypothesized that these constructs are strongly related. 

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2022.2 Speech understanding in noise: Effects of cognitive skill and hearing loss, B. Lyxell 1 , E. 

Borg 2 , B. Larsby 1 , M. Hällgren 1 , 1 Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden; 2 Örebro University, 

Sweden 

Results from a series of studies where the purpose was examine the relationship between cognitive 

skills, hearing loss and auditory and audio-visual speech understanding in noise will be reviewed 

and discussed. The general trend in the results demonstrate a significant relationship between 

cognitive skill and type of noise and type of listening situation such that cognitive skills is related 

to level of speech understanding in listening situations that requires an active listening (i.e., 

answering of questions) and that background noise constituted by human voices proved to be more 

tied to cognitive skills than other types of background noises (e.g., white noise). 

2022.3 Reverberation time, cognitive load and fatigue, A. Kjellberg, University of Gävle, 

Gävle, Sweden 

Speech communication under unfavourable acoustic conditions means that a larger part of the 

limited working memory resources must be allocated to the phonological coding of the speech. 

Less resources therefore remain for the further processing of speech: integration of current 

information with previously presented parts of the speech and with permanently stored 

information and the more permanent storing of new information. Effects of reverberation time on 

the listener’s cognitive load and learning are discussed from this perspective. Studies are needed 

of reverberation effects in realistic long-lasting speech communication situations to better 

understand the effect of RT on speech communication. 

2022.4 Implications of the RANCH study for cognitive mechanisms of noise, C. Clark, S.A. 

Stansfeld, M. Matheson, University of London, London, UK 

The RANCH project has examined the effects of road traffic and aircraft noise exposure on 

children’s cognitive performance across three European countries. Effects were found for aircraft 

noise on reading comprehension, working memory, and episodic memory but not for sustained 

attention or prospective memory. Road traffic noise was not associated with effects for any of the 

cognitive outcome measures. An effect was found for exposure to both aircraft noise and road 

traffic noise for reading comprehension. The implications of these results for current models of the 

mechanisms underlying noise effects will be explored. 

2022.5 Structural equation modeling of memory systems in relation to noise exposure, age and 

gender, S. Hygge, I. Enmarker, E. Boman, University of Gävle, Gävle, Sweden 

Three recent noise experiments have employed the same design, procedure noise sources and 

memory tests. Participants were children aged 13-14 years, young adults aged 18-20 years, and 

teachers aged 35-45 and 55-65 years. Noise sources were meaningful irrelevant speech and road 

traffic noise, which were compared to a silent control condition. For memory tasks with a time 

differentiation between encoding and retrieval, retrieval was performed in silence. Structural 

equation modeling of the memory sub-systems showed attention, episodic, and semantic memory 

to be roughly invariant across age, noise exposure and gender. Thus, noise effects on memory 

operate on the efficiency of the processes, but not on its structure. 

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Key growth points in cross-cultural psychology 

Convener and Chair: P.B. Smith, UK 

2023.1 Social cognition in socio-cultural context, Y. Kashima, University of Melbourne, 

Melbourne, Australia 

Social cognition has been a dominant research tradition in social psychology since the 1980’s. 

However, despite its original promise, social cognition has remained individualistic in its 

metatheory and subject matter until cross-cultural research as well as the research on intergroup 

behavior among others encouraged the field to take seriously the socio-cultural embeddedness of 

social cognitive processes. To justify this claim, I will review the recent work on culture and social 

cognition with some reference to the intergroup relations literature, and point to promising 

metatheoretical developments as well as research areas in social cognition. 

2023.2 Culture and self, C. Kagitçibasi, Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey 

Cross-cultural research provides fertile ground for contributions to conceptualizations about the 

self. Given the emphasis on the individual in mainstream psychology, the collective aspects of the 

self are often ignored. Yet self, as a product of social interaction, is infinitely bound with others 

and thus with culture. In particular "interpersonal distance" dimension, when combined with 

"agency" dimension sheds light on understanding diversity as well as uniformity across cultures. 

Development of the different types of self in different familial and socio-cultural contexts and 

global changes in these contexts are key issues here. Such conceptualization promises to serve as a 

corrective to uni-cultural perspectives on the self. 

2023.3 Recent developments in personality and culture, A.T. Church, Washington State 

University, WA, USA 

Recent developments in the study of personality across cultures are examined. Topics and issues 

include the current status of indigenous and cross-cultural research on personality structure, 

lexical studies of personality traits, implications of cultural psychology perspectives for the study 

of personality, recent efforts to compare personality profiles across cultures, and methods and 

levels of analysis. Suggestions for future research are offered. 

2023.4 Culture-level studies in cross-cultural psychology: Unpackaging a nebulous construct, 

M.H. Bond, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China 

Culture is an integrated set of contexts for socialization. Distal structures, such as political, 

economic, legal, and enforcement institutions, constrain the socialization activities of the primary, 

proximal agencies of family, school, and work place. The affordances characterizing the distal 

structures then constrain the interpersonal exchanges in the proximal agencies of socialization, as 

culture members strive to negotiate security, sustenance, sociality, status and meaning with their 

in-groups. These socialization forces combine with biological predispositions to produce the 

psychological phenomena we study. I will present a model of these hypothesized processes, and 

link it to prior research and future studies. 

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2023.5 Coming of age: The maturation of acculturation theory and research, C. Ward, Victoria 

University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand 

Theory and research on acculturation have matured. Over the last decade. Theoretical approaches 

(stress and coping, culture learning, and social identification) arising from mainstream psychology 

have been synthesized, refined and systematically applied to the study of acculturation. More 

sophisticated theorizing has been matched by increased attention to measurement with particular 

consideration given to measures of identity, acculturation, and social support. Most significantly, 

contemporary research highlights the importance of the socio-political and cultural context of 

intercultural contact. The International Comparative Study of Ethno-cultural Youth is described as 

an excellent example of current research that reflects the maturation of our field. 


Leadership and change: Cross cultural perspectives 

Convener and Chair: B. Kabanoff, Australia 

2024.1 Physiopsychological niches of delegative leadership: A 76-nation study, E. Van de 

Vliert, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands 

How, where, and why do leaders follow the people they lead? An analysis of survey responses 

from 12,557 managers shows that their delegative reliance on subordinates depends on the level of 

wealth and development, and the harshness of cold or hot climates. Leaders in more developed 

countries, especially in countries with more demanding climates, delegate more authority to 

subordinates. Additionally, in line with modernization theory, the more strongly positive link 

between national development and delegative leadership in more demanding climates tends to be 

J-curved. This interaction of wealth-based resources and climatic demands generates an ecological 

leadership theory, which will be summarized. 

2024.2 The Leader-Member Exchange (LMX) Model in China: A comparison between public 

and private ownership sectors, X. Wang 1, 2 , B. Kabanoff 2 , 1 Peking University, Beijing, China; 

2 

Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia 

LMX model has been widely tested. However, little has been done in China. It has been suggested 

that using this model may help to understand the supervisor-subordinate relationships in private 

sector in China. The present study examines some of the implications of this proposed difference 

in supervisor-subordinate relationships between state owned enterprises and private ones. It is 

different from previous studies in that the current research focuses on the comparison between 

different sectors (i.e., private vs. public) in the supervisor-subordinate relationships in the same 

cultural setting (i.e., China), whereas, most previous studies compared supervisor-subordinate 

relationships in different cultures. 

2024.3 Change in the UK public sector: Understanding negative response behaviour and its 

implications for leadership, S. Cartwright, G. Kenealy, the University of Manchester Institute of 

Science and Technology, Manchester, UK 

It has been suggested that working in a climate of continuous change has a negative impact on 

employee emotions and behaviours and results in "change fatigue". This research study explores 

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how a large UK government organization copes with radical structural change over time and 

provides an insight into the effects of time pacing and scheduling of change initiatives on 

behaviour and receptivity. Both questionnaire and interview data will be presented. Findings will 

be discussed in the context of the "change fatigue" phenomenon - does it exist? What it actually is 

and the implications of leadership. 

2024.4 Leadership during organisational mergers, E. Wilson-Evered, Monash University, 

Caulfield, Australia 

Though an increasingly common event, sixty to seventy percent of mergers fail not because of 

strategic or financial mismatch but because of lack of ‘cultural fit.’ Case study research indicates 

that leadership has an essential role in organizational mergers and influencing the culture and 

climate. However, few studies have examined the impact of leadership on mergers over time. 

When a merger of two hospitals was initiated, a research program was commenced to support both 

the strategic change effort and advance knowledge of leadership impacts during an organizational 

merger. By integrating themes of leadership and climate, this paper explicates the role of 

leadership on organizational and employee outcomes during mergers which has significant 

implication for research and practice in organizational psychology. 

2024.5 Leadership: The central roles of tacit knowledge and intuition, R. Waldersee, 


Leadership is ultimately about influencing others to do something they normally would not. How 

well this happens has been examined in terms of personality, behavioural styles, situational factors, 

follower characteristics and so on. But influence may also be construed as leaders using 

psychological and sociological drivers of followers to change their behaviour. When construed 

this way, leadership effectiveness (LE) is determined by the collection of complex and often 

intangible information and the use of this tacit knowledge in expert or intuitive decision-action 

processes. This paper proposes a model of LE based on complex and informal information 

systems and decision processes. 

2028 POSTER 

EMOTION AND MOTIVATION 

2028.1 Relationship between emotional intelligence ofschool headmaster and their styles for 

conflict, Rasool Kord Noghabi, Fariborz Dortaj, Maryam Ashkan, Allameh Tabatabayee 

University, IR 

The aim of this research was to study the relationship between emotional intelligence of school 

headmasters and their styles for conflict management. Five hundred eighty nine school 

headmasters were selected. Using a cluster sampling procedure, of this sample 292 were male and 

297 female. Half of the participants were from secondary school and the other half were from high 

school. To assess conflict management style and emotional intelligence from Robins and 

Cyberiashrin questionnaire used respectively. The data were analysed using the T student and 

correlation qoefficant stastictical procedure. The result indicate that there is a significant 

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elationship between emotional intelligence and cooperative style. 

2028.2 A longitudinal study of mood states among college seniors, Song Chi, Wenjuan Lin, 


A preliminary observation was made of the variation of mood states among college seniors who 

were assessed 4 times with Brief Profile of Mood States during 6 months. College seniors showed 

more tension and anxiety than the student norms at the beginning, but improved soon. The 

subjects showed less vigor with the passage of time but mood states improved in other fields, 

which were better than the student norms in the end. However, similar changes were not seen in 

the control group. The fluctuation in mood states was significant, and proper guidance is 

recommended according to the special time point. 

2028.3 Influence of emotion on reasoning to different intelligence students, Shengli Liao, 


The three experiment (simple reasoning task, middle reasoning task and higher difficulty 

reasoning task) of this research verify the influence of emotion (happiness, natural emotion, and 

sadness) on reasoning to different intelligence (upper rate, middle rate, middle-low rate). Results 

shows Upper rate intelligence subjects the interaction between intensity emotion and efficiency of 

reasoning is in accord with Yerkes-Doson law, middle rate intelligence and middle-low rate 

intelligence subjects is not the in accord with Yerkes-Dodson law. The influence of different 

intelligence and different emotion in higher difficulty reasoning is the most remarkable in the 

three reasoning tasks. 

2028.4 Native assessment of international affective picture system, Yuxia Huang, Yuejia Luo, 


This research carried out the native assessment of IAPS (International Affective System) that is a 

set of pictures widely used in researches on emotion. 48 Chinese university students (24 female, 

24male, aged 18-25 years) rated valence, arousal and dominance in a 9-point rating scale for 330 

pieces of IAPS pictures. The scores of the present study were strongly correlated with the NIMH 

ratings, which suggests IAPS is highly internationally-accessible. However, there were still 

significant differences between the two sources. Many factors, such as culture, social life and 

personality, might result in the differences. 

2028.5 The development of emotional display rules (EDRs) and differences between children 

with and without learning disabilities (LD), Ruihe Hou, Guoliang Yu, Institute of Psychology, 


Numerous studies have shown that emotional knowledge is positively related to social competence 

in childhood, and children with LD demonstrated more deficits in social information processing 

and emotion development than normal children. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether 

children with LD show delays in the development of EDRs. 89 (LD=44, Normal=45,) elementary 

school students were administered 2 tasks: knowledge and goals of EDRs. Results revealed that 

children (LD) were related to less knowledge of EDRs and reported more self-protect goals and 

less pro-social goals, which underscored the importance of EDRs for children’s with LD health 

development. 

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2028.6 Research on the relationship between emotional direction, expression and mental health in 

college students, Lifang Deng, Richang Zheng, China 

This study explored the influence of emotional direction and emotional expression on mental 

health in college students with questionnaire. The results indicated (1)male students have more 

negative affects than female, but their scores in emotional expression are lower. The freshmen 

have more happiness than senior. (2) Bivariate correlation suggested that positive affects, 

happiness negatively correlated with mostly factors of SCL-90, e-motional expression negatively 

correlated with personal relation, hostility, depression, anxiety. (3) Regression analysis shows that 

there is good regression relation between negative affects and mostly mental health factors, the 

emotional expression and certain mental. 

2028.7 The correlational research of delaying self-control of 2-year-olds and their family factors, 

Junli Yin, Huichang Chen, Hongxue Zhang, Institute of Developmental Psychology, Beijing 

Normal University, Beijing, China 

This study examined both the developmental level of delaying self-control of 2-year-olds and its 

family factors. 86 2-year-olds children participated the observation in laboratory in two situations. 

All children’s parents completed three questionnaires. Findings show that: (1) 2-year-olds have 

gained the delaying self-control behavior. There are difference between girls and boys.(2) the 

child-rearing practice, especially mothers’ practice predicted children’s delaying self-control 

behaviors significantly. (3) Mothers’ feelings about her family’s harmoniousness predicted 

children’s delaying self-control behaviors significantly.(4). The parent-child relationship did not 

predict ‘s delaying self-control behaviors significantly after controlling these factors including 

gender, marriage quality and the child-rearing attitude. 

2028.8 Study on the relationship between Sternberg dual task performance, emotional stability 

and heart rate variability, Xufeng Liu 1 , Danmin Miao 1 , Wei Xiao 1 , Weifen Huang 2 , Fang Liu 2 , 

1 2 

Aerospace & Aviation Medicine Faculty, Fourth Military Medical University, China; Institute of 

Space Medicine Engineering, China 

89 flying cadets were tested by Sternberg dual task and ECG were recorded and analyzed. The 

performance of Sternberg dual task, flying ability, emotional stability and HRV were compared 

and analyzed. The individuals of good performance in Sternberg dual task show more emotional 

stability than those of poor performance, and they have less LF, HF, SDNN, RMSSD, LF/HF and 

heart rate than those of poor performance. Behavioral performance has a certain innate connection 

with emotional stability, which exist specific physiological basis. Emotion can be induced in the 

situation of behavioral task by changing the difficult level. 

2028.9 Emotional disorders through hotline counseling of the public during SARS epidemic 

period in Chinese mainland, Yiniu Wang, Yuejia Luo, Key Laboratories of Mental Health, 


To investigate the features of emotional disorders from the public through hotline counseling in 

mainland China during SARS epidemic period, 479 person-times inquirers with mood disorders 

were analyzed among the total 764 person-times inquirers through hotline counseling from May 1, 

2003 to June 24, 2003 based on categories of emotional disorders and constitution, age groups, 

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periodical features and behavioral reactions of different groups. Inquirers due to emotional 

disorders, 479 person-times, are more than ones due to non-emotional disorders or other contents 

(p

cultural values for stress and coping mechanisms. 

2028.14 Effects of positive mind-body experiences on EEG pleasantness and nostalgic affects, 

Yoshitaka Konno, Takashi Uesugi, Yoshikawa Nobuyo, Bunkyo University, Japan 

Authors examined the effects of positive mind-body experiences through Dohsa-method on EEG 

pleasantness and nostalgic affects in undergraduate students. This study consisted of two 

experiments. Experiment I examined a correlation between the EEG pleasantness and the positive 

mind-body experiences. Experiments II explored the facilitating effect of positive mind-body 

experiences on nostalgic affects elicited by sound stimuli. Results indicated that positive 

mind-body experiences could enhance the EEG pleasantness, and facilitate nostalgic affects 

elicited. These results suggest the possibility of developing a new version of Life Review, 

Dohsa-method based Life Review technique for elderly people. 

2028.15 Exploratory study of cognitions and emotions in fears, Yumi Ito, Yoshihiko Tanno, The 

University of Tokyo, Japan 

In the field of clinical psychology phobias have been regarded as so irrational that no cognitive 

factors were thought to be related to the symptoms. The present study investigated the cognitive 

factors in fears. Subjects were presented fearful situations in the form of writing and requested to 

imagine it as vividly as possible. While imagining each situation, subjects had to answer the 

questionnaires measuring cognitions and emotions. The results of the pass analyses indicated the 

significant effects of cognitive factors to predict fearful emotions and the effects of the gender 

difference were observed. 

2028.16 A research on anxiety status of armed police combatants, Wen Zhang 1 , Wang Dan 2 , 

1 2 

Special Police Academy, China; Insitute of psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences 

This research used STA and EPQ testing anxiety status of 227 armed combatants. The results 

showed no significant of combatants’ education experience and urban /rural. Personality and trait 

anxiety were correlated. Stressor caused the state anxiety, a significant of anxiety reaction was 

found in the stressor. Introvert and instable combatants were more anxiety level. According 

different training date, a significant was existed. During intensified training, anxiety level of 

combatants was higher than general training. There was a significant of serving years in anxiety 

level. More serving years combatants had more anxiety, and male combatants were more anxious 

than female ones. 

2028.17 The evaluation of mood condition for fragrance of body soap using EEG signals, 

Haduki Ogawa 1 , Noboru Ichinose 1 , Tomoyuki Yoshida 2 , 1 Lion Corporation, Japan; 2 Hiroshima 

International University, Japan 

The present experiment examined 40 subjects for relationship between mood condition and the 

character of fragrance of body soaps. We measured the period-fluctuation rhythm of alpha wave 

during 102.4s under sniffing 8 kinds of fragrances of soaps. The results suggested that citrus note 

induced arousal feeling, fruity or lavender note did pleasant feeling and floral or powdery note did 

calmed feeling, respectively. We also found that green note had an effect for heeling and a 

combination of citrus and fruity note induced refreshed feeling. 

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2028.18 The effect ole of culture on recognition of music emotions, Deqing Tao, South China 


99 participants (43 males, 56 females), 68 college students as high-education group and 31 

workers without high education as low-education group, displayed obvious difference of ability in 

identifying the emotional types of the 20 melodies (10 from Sino-music and 10 from West-music). 

The findings show: (1) it is easier for Chinese listeners to identify the emotional types of 

Sino-music melodies than that of West-music melodies, (2) high-education group can identify 

some types of music emotion (such as, angry, calm and fearful) much better than low-education 

group. This findings suggests that culture plays an important role on recognition of music 

emotion. 

2028.19 Sex difference in emotion response to music, Wai Shing Tse, Ka Kin Simon Tsui, City 

University of Hong Kong, China 

Women are more likely to develop depression than men. This might be due to diffeences in their 

response to emotive-stimuli. 132 Chinese healthy volunteers were recruited for a randomized, 

double-blinded, crossover study of mood responses to sad and happy music with a one-hour 

interval in-between. Basline and post-music moods were measured by the Mood Rating Scale. A 

significant sex difference in response to music was found in the sad music condition. Females 

reporrted significantly a greater degree of negative emotion than males. Further understanding of 

the gender-differences in emotion response might shed light on the understanding of 

sex-differences in depression. 

2028.20 Research on autobiographical memories under music mood induction, Muneyoshi 

Hyodo, Rui Nouchi, Chuo University, Japan 

We investigated the relation between memory and mood. The college students who was induced 

mood(positive or negative) by music, recalled the events of their junior high school and high 

school days, and they rated their events recalled positive, negative or neutral. We compared with 

the number of their events of junior high school days and their high school days, many negative 

events in their junior high school days were recolled, But there was no statistically significant. As 

a whole, the rate of positive, negative, and neutral was 5:3:2. This consisted with prior research. 

2028.21 Mood congruent effect by modified autobiographical retrieve task, Rui Nouchi, 

Muneyoshi Hyodo, Chuo University Japan 

When self-referent task is performed, it is known that mood congruent effect will occur. We 

investigated mood congruent effect by modified autobiographical retrieve task. The participants 

were assigned to positive or negative mood states at random. Participants were presented the trait 

adjectives (positive, negative, neutral). They judged whether they would be difficult to recall the 

autobiographical memory about the words. After this task, they were given an incidental free 

recall test. The mood congruent effect was not seen in the number of recall. 

2028.22 Culture and solitude: Meaning and significance of being alone, Yao Wang 1 , James 

Averill 1 , Louise Sundararajan 2 , 1 University of Massachusetts, USA; 2 Forensic Unit, Rochester 

Psychiatric Center, USA 

Experiences of solitude can be highly emotional, from the despair of loneliness to the bliss of 

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self-transcendence. A taxonomy of solitude experiences is developed, and cultural differences 

(Chinese/American) are explored. Three broad categories of solitude, two positive (related to 

autonomy/freedom and intimacy/belonging, respectively) and one negative (loneliness) have been 

identified. Additional research, starting with factor analyses of 19 possible experiences of solitude, 

as rated by Chinese and American students, identifies more specific subcategories. Prototypic 

episodes of solitude, as portrayed in the indigenous literatures of China and America (e.g., poetry 

and folk-tales), are examined as combinations of elementary components. 

2028.23 The Asymmetry search of facial expression: The research of isolated feature and 

emotionality, Ronghui Liu, Lei Wang, Peking University, Beijing, China 

The two studies examined whether the asymmetry search of facial expression is based on 

configurational features. In Experiment I, 16 Subjects were asked to search a target among 

distractors on a card shown on computer screen. The results showed that searching positive face 

among neutral faces is faster than searching neutral face among positive faces, no matter they 

were inverted or not. Experiment II replaced the positive facial expression with negative facial 

expression (sad) and got the similar results as Experiment I. These results revealed that the 

asymmetry search of facial expression were based on part features. 

2028.24 Age differences in emotional expressivity among Hong Kong Chinese and its influence 

on psychological well being, Yik Ching Kong, Helene H.L. Fung, The Chinese University of 


Findings regarding how age and gender influence emotional expressivity have been inconsistent. 

Besides, while researchers have demonstrated the beneficial effects of emotional expressiveness to 

physical health, the link to psychological well-being is unclear. The present study examined the 

influence of age and gender on emotional expressivity and its link to psychological well-being in a 

Hong Kong Chinese sample. 194 participants aged between 18 and 85 completed measures 

including the Berkeley Expressivity Questionnaire and CES-D. Findings suggest an interaction of 

age and gender on emotional expressiveness, with males reporting increased emotional expression 

while females reporting decreased emotional expression since middle adulthood. 

2028.25 Distinct neural reponses to scenes evoking disgust, fear and horror, Paul Wright, 

Wayne Goodman, Yijun Liu, University of Florida, USA 

Functional imaging studies disagree about the insula's role in processing disgust. We propose two 

hypotheses: that the insula responds specifically to scenes evoking disgust and that pictures of 

mutilations ("horror") evoke a distinct neural response to pictures of contamination ("disgust") and 

attack ("fear"). "Disgust" and "horror" activated the anterior insula in correlation with picture 

ratings of disgust. "Fear" and "horror" activated the ventral occipito-temporal cortex in correlation 

with picture ratings of arousal. A third region in the ventral parietal cortex was activated 

exclusively by "horror". These results support both hypotheses and dissociate categorical and 

dimensional emotion processing. 

2028.26 The process of mood regulation and mood effects on memory from the perspective of 

age differences, Naoko Tomiyama, Ochanomizu University, Japan 

Short animated cartoons were shown to 72 third-grade children and 66 undergraduates to induce 

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decisions existed age difference. Children’s emotional expressed behavior was influenced by 

many factors, such as age, sex, social context and so on. The main reason that children hidden 

emotion was afraid of negative consequence and the reason that they expressed emotion is for 

receiving positive consequences. 

2028.31 Effects of simple clue in facial expressions cognition, Jinghong Le, Jia Yu, Minjing 

Jia, East China Normal University, China 

30 subjects participated in a series of experiments on recognizing 6 basic facial expressions (anger, 

disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, surprise) by means of computer programs.They were asked to 1) 

produce an expression according to words and 2) duplicate an expression according to a given 

picture. Generally, females pay more attention to the slope and curvature of eyes than males in 

these expressions, and stress the slope and curvature of lips in discriminating fear and surprise. 

Males only emphasize the slope of mouth in discriminating happiness and the slope of right eye in 

discriminating surprise. 

2028.32 4- to 11- year-old children’s understanding of shame and its influences, Chunyan Zhai, 

Qinmei Xu, Zhejiang University, China 

The clinical interview method was applied to this study, which require children’s inference to 

affect reactions and attributions in the ashamed situations. The results indicates: Their inferences 

are affected by some external factors such as the other’s reactions or the others’ evaluation initially, 

then they begin to pay attention to the self-evaluation and the strategies they used in the internal 

self-evaluation was influenced by the social criterion, others’ expectations, or personal goals. As 

the children grow up, they pay attention to the influence of personal responsibility. The ability of 

inference second-order belief affected the development of understanding of shame. 

2028.33 Assessments of affective norms for Chinese two-character words, Yiniu Wang 1 , 

Lingrong Kong 2 , Yuejia Luo 1 , 1 Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China; 

2 

Army Aviation Command Ministry, Beijing, China 

It is important to develop the affective norms of Chinese words for research on Emotion and 

cognition. 1500 two-character Chinese noun, verb and adjective words, were assessed into 4 

dimensions with 9-point-scale in 64 undergraduates. Four dimensions consist of pleasantness, 

invitation, dominance, and familiarity. The factor pleasantness and invitation are two necessary 

factors of the dominance. The result endues with these Chinese words the affective meanings and 

it therefore provides a useful tool in studies of emotion and cognition in China, and also a helpful 

set of normative emotional ratings for a large number of words in the Chinese language. 

2028.34 Monitoring and self-regulation of psychological states by using Two-dimensional Mood 

Scale, Yosuke Sakairi, University of Tsukuba, Japan 

The Two-dimensional Mood Scale (TMS) was developed to measure changes in the core 

affect(Russell) or the background feelings(Damasio) induced by either exercise disciplines or 

relaxation techniques. It can be administered continuously every few minutes. It consists of eight 

adjectives used three times as indicators for arousal, pleasure, and tense or energetic arousal levels 

with a high reliability and validity. Subjects become aware of their psychological state by rating 

the TMS and self-regulate it by implementing an adequate strategy, i.e. calisthenic exercise to 

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increase their low level of energetic arousal or relaxation technique to decrease their high level of 

tense arousal. 

2028.35 Effects of emotional valence and self-relevance on working memory in mild depression, 

Misaki Shimura 1 , Hideki Ohira 1 , Michio Nomura 2 , 1 Nagoya University; 2 Japan Society for the 

Promotion of Science, JP 

Working memory, the ability to store and simultaneously manipulate information, is affected by 

depression leading to severe cognitive deficits. In addition, there is a bias to the negative 

emotional stimulus such as depressed-relevant words in depression. We examined the influence of 

emotional information on working memory using n-back task in mildly depressed individuals. The 

n-back task is considered as a dual task including Updating and Matching processes. Mild 

depressed individuals showed worse performance for negative self-relevant stimuli in a high task 

demand condition, indicating that they reallocated cognitive resource for Matching to Updating 

for negative self-relevant stimuli. 

2028.36 The influence of compensatory secondary control on emotional memory, Yuka 

Nakajima, Ochanomizu University, Japan 

This study investigated the specific current appraisal functions as compensatory secondary control 

to positively distort emotional memories for past adversity. Eleven types of emotions of 50 

high-school students striving for university entrance examination were measured, and four kinds 

of current appraisals were examined their influence on the change of recalled emotions over 2.5 

years. Current appraisal on the experience of the adversity was found to function as compensatory 

secondary control; positive emotions were overestimated while negative emotions were 

underestimated when participants evaluated the experience fruitful. Thus, the function of current 

appraisal on adversity experience as compensatory secondary control was clarified. 

2028.37 The nature of emotional experiences of new teachers, Mei Ngan Tammy Tam, Hong 

Kong, China 

From student teacher to practising teacher that a new teacher experienced, as found in many 

literature, is 'cultural shock'. However, this study focuses on the emotional experiences of eight 

new teachers including work pressure, teaching competence and relationships between colleagues 

and pupils. The methodology of this study is on qualitative basis which in-depth interview and 

journal writing are employed. Besides understanding the new teachers' emotions, the events that 

give rise to such emotions, the management of emotions adopted by these new teachers were also 

studied, hoping that will throw some lights on teacher education and teacher induction 

programme. 

2028.38 Experiment study of autonomic nervous response patterns in five basic emotions, 

Jianping Li, Nianfeng Guo, Kele Yan, Beijing Forestry University, China 

The present study investigated the autonomic responses of five types of basic emotion (sadness, 

disgust, anger, fear, and happiness) and the neutral state, which elicited by the film segments. The 

emotional states of the participants were evaluated by “adjective checklist scale”. The heart rate, 

heart rate variability, blood pressure, respiration rate, and skin temperature of finger were 

measured. The results indicated that: (1) Each basic emotion demonstrates its specific autonomic 

317

esponse except anger; (2) Autonomic nervous response pattern exhibit differently in each basic 

emotion. 

2028.39 The tendency of association under different emotion, Zhiheng Liang, Xifu Zheng, 

South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China 

The relation between emotion and association was investigated in 2 experiments. In study1 we 

induced emotion by bringing the emotional photos to the participants, and then asked them to 

associate freely according to every cue in limited times. In study2 we measured the level of the 

trait anxiety of the participants and inspected their associations. Results show that experimental 

groups tend to show more emotional contents in their associations than control group, and the 

level of trait anxiety is correlated to the anxious content positively. The authors discuss the effect 

of mood-congruency on cognition and its clinical implication. 

2028.40 The study of the relationship between human reliability with human emotion and mood, 

Zhibing Pang, Weiwei Ruan, Kun Niu, Zhengzhou Air Defence Force Command Academy, 

China 

There is a vast range of research on human reliability, but a few people combine it with human 

emotion and mood. Relied on the analysis of the relationship between the functions of human 

emotion and mood and human reliability, we propose the ways of promoting human reliability, 

which provide evidences for the cultivation of excellent human quality and improving working 

efficiency. 

2028.41 Endocrine, immune and cardiovascular responses to experimentally-induced emotions 

among healthy subjects, Hongyu Yang, Wenjuan Lin, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy 


The study investigated endocrine, immune and cardiovascular changes during 

experimentally-induced affective states in healthy subjects. We studied whether the valence of the 

stimuli affected endocrine, immune and cardiovascular responses by comparing neutral and 

unpleasant pictures on heart rate (HR), systolic(SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP), salivary 

cortisol and secretory immunoglobulin A(SIgA) levels. 31 subjects were random submitted to two 

sessions. A different endocrine, immune and cardiovascular pattern was obtained in the subjects. 

In comparison with neutral stimuli, unpleasant stimuli elicited increase in HR, SBP and DBP, but 

the unpleasant and neutral stimuli did not induce significant changes in cortisol and SIgA levels. 

2028.42 The effects of the monthly available money on subject well-being of undergraduates, 

Yanping Huang, Liangxin Lei, Jiangxi, China 

To explore how do the difference of the available monthly affects the SWB and its six aspects. The 

general well-being questionnaire was used to investigate the SWB of the 256 undergraduates 

which came from Nanchang’s five colleges. And find: The students’ SWB would be improved 

with the increasing of the monthly available money, but meanwhile some factors are affecting the 

SWB. The excessive monthly available money could conspicuously promote the SWB level, the 

effect of the lowest on SWB was not remarkable, and on three aspects of the SWB was 

conspicuous. The most student's SWB was the same in rough. 

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2028.43 The facial expression and cognition of contempt, Naoki Takahashi, Ikuo Daibo, Osaka 


In the present study, (1) we compared Japanese facial expressions of contempt that are based on 

the Emotion Recollect Method (ERM) that stimulates encoder’s free facial expression, with them 

based on the Photograph Copying Method (PCM) that requests to the encoder for copying the 

facial expression on the photograph, (2) we compared Japanese facial expressions of contempt that 

are based on the Independent Condition (IC) on that coder makes the facial expression all alone, 

with them based on the Same Room Condition (SRC) on that coder makes the facial expression in 

the presence of another person (experimenter). 

2028.44 1/f frequency fluctuation in frontal alpha waves as an indicator of emotion, Tomoyuki 

Yoshida, Hiroshima international University, Japan 

Our approach is to evaluate emotions objectively using physiological responses along with the 

subjective emotional experience. The method is based on the "level-crossing point detection" 

method, which involves the analysis of frequency fluctuations of EEG and is characterized by 

estimation of emotionality using coefficients of slopes in the log-power spectra of frequency in 

fluctuation in alpha waves on both the left and right frontal lobe. In this paper we introduce a new 

theory of estimation of an individual's emotional state by using and a non-invasive easy 

measurement apparatus. 

2028.45 A survey on depressive symptoms of children aged 8-15 years in Tianjin, China, Ling 

Sun, Tianhong Zhou, Tianjin anding Hospital, China 

Objectives To explore the prevalence rate and clinical characteristics of depressive disorder in 

children aged 8-15 years in Tianjin. Methods 516 children completed the Depression Self-Rating 

Scale for Children (DSRSC), and then the children with a total score above cut-off point of 

DSRSC were assessed through the CCMD-3 symptom criteria of depressive episode. Results 

There were 78 children with a total score above cut-off point of DSRSC in 516 children.2 children 

(0.4%) met the criteria of depression. Conclusions Depressive symptoms were found frequently in 

children aged 8-15 years, but only a few met the criteria of depression in our samples. 

2028.46 The relationship between children’s emotional cognition and maternal emotional factors, 

Li Hong, Chen Yinghe, Li Xue, Peking University, China 

This study was largely based on the “Theory of Mind”. The characteristics of children’s cognitive 

development of emotion was explored, and the relationship between children’s emotional 

cognition and maternal emotional factors were examined under the theory’s direction. The aims of 

this research were to explore the effective methods so as to promote the development of children’s 

emotional cognition, and to do some practical work for enriching “Theory of Mind”. Furthermore, 

it might help to build up a positive ethos for the development of children’s emotional cognition, 

and to improve family’s ecological environment. 

2028.47 Heart rate variability and defense reactions, Jaime Vila 1 , Jose Luis Mata-Martin 2 , 

Elisabeth Ruiz-Padial 2 , Maria del Carmen Fernandez-Santaella 1 , Julian F. Thayer 2 , 

1 2 

University of Granada, Spain; University of Jaen, Spain 

The cardiac defense is a multi-phasic heart rate response to an intense or aversive stimulus. The 

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esponse typically habituates very quickly (usually after one trial). It also shows important 

individual differences. In the present study we examined in 90 students differences due to resting 

heart rate variability (HRV). The cardiac time series was recorded for two minutes at rest and 

during each of three presentations of an intense auditory stimulus. The results showed that the 

participants with low HRV, as compared to participants with high HRV, failed to habituate the 

cardiac defense response after three trials. 

2028.48 Food craving and heart rate variability (HRV), Maria del Carmen 

Fernandez-Santaella 1 , Sonia Rodriguez 1 , Pedro Guerra 1 , Miguel Angel Munoz 1 , Marisa 

Viedma 2 , 1 University of Granada, Spain; 2 National Institute of Aging, USA 

Cardiac defense and HRV have been reported as reliable indexes of emotional regulation. We 

present the results of two studies aimed at examining the relationship between these indexes and 

food craving. In the first study, 36 female chocolate cravers and 36 controls were examined. 

Results revealed that the high chocolate craving group showed the highest defense reaction and 

the lowest HRV. In the second study, 48 women with high risk of eating disorders (bulimia 

nervosa) were examined either under 6-hour food deprivation or under no-deprivation. Results 

showed that the deprived group had the highest defense reaction and the lowest HRV. 

2028.49 Achievement motivation among black university students, Bongazana Mahlangu, 

University of the Western Cape, South Africa 

This paper reports a study whose aim was to examine the effects of socioeconomic status, gender, 

and faculty affiliation on achievement motivation among Black university students amongst a 

random sample of 105 students. The Mehrabian (1975) Scale of Achieving Tendency was 

administered. Socioeconomic status was measured by means of Hollingshead’s (1958) social 

index. No significant effect of sex on need for achievement was found. There was also no 

significant difference between the need for achievement scores of students in the Commerce 

Faculty, and those in the Faculties of Arts and Education. 

2028.50 Research on relations between mental health and achievement motive, Li Mei Hua, 

China 

In this research, high middle school students from Shaoguan No.1 Middle School, No.2 Middle 

School, Ruyuan Middle School and Ruyuan National Middle School were selected to explore the 

relation between their mental health and achievement motive. The results indicate: 1) There are 

some problems in the mental health of Yue Bei High middle school Students. 2) The High Middle 

School students of Shaoguan are lower in the achievement motives than the standard of Middle 

School students in China. 3) Achievement motives are related to mental health. 

2028.51 A study on the characteristics& exercises of achievement attribution in vocational 

school, Na Li, Liaoning Normal University, China 

With a self-designed questionnaire, 681students from three grades are participated in the study on 

characteristics & exercises of achievement attribution. The results show that there is no difference 

between grade level and profession, but significantly in gender. Thus, difference also falls in the 

scope of grade level and gender related to the attribution style on the study, work, interpersonal 

relationships and life attitude. However, as far as the attribution characteristic is concerned, the 

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general tendency for vocational school students is inclined to attribute to goal, effort and ability. 

Correspondingly, the way of attribution exercise is adopted based on the study. 

2028.52 Examination and implication of self-organization goal hypothesis of human motivation, 

Kai Zhang, Xia Wang, Huichen Zhang, Xiaoyu Liu, Renmin University of China, China 

Based on the self-organization theory, this paper puts forward a self-organization goal theory of 

human motivation. It suggests that human psychology is a kind of self-organization system, and 

there are some kinds of motivating variables within it, which are named psychological goals and 

connect with future states. Under a certain circumstance, when a psychological goal is activated 

and becomes a predominant goal, it will become an organizer of individual psychology and a 

dominant motivation as well. Two experiments are done to examine the theoretical hypotheses 

from this new theory, and its theoretical implications for organizational psychology are discussed. 

2028.53 Motivational intelligence: A theoretical model and empirical evidence, Catalin Mamali, 

Loras College and NICC, Iowa, USA 

Motivational intelligence refers to the capacity to accurately perceive one's own and others' 

motives and of balancing the extrinsic and intrinsic motives in order to increase the chances of 

personal growth and codevelopment. It includes the ability to detect, select, rank, and generate 

rewards that enhance motivational development (Mamali, 1981, 1998). Motivational intelligence 

is discussed in relation to "mental modules" (Fodor, 1983), "multiple intelligences" (Gardner, 

1983, 1993), 'emotional intelligence' (Goleman, 1995; Salovey, 1989; Salovey & Mayer, 1990), 

and "emotional competence" (Saarni, 1990, 1997). The results of a study on 51 dyads, using 

Nuttin's method of motivational induction are discussed. 

2028.54 Study on the life-span theory of control in successful aging: Control strategy, 

self-esteem and life-satisfaction, Miao Cui, China 

According to Life-span Theory of Control in Successful Aging, two samples from Shanghai and 

Ningxia were investigated on their control strategy, self-esteem and life-satisfaction. SEM and 

ANOVA studies on the individual control strategy, life satisfaction and self-esteem reveals: (1) 

The hypothesized model on the control strategy, self-esteem and life satisfaction are fit in the data, 

indicating that the model possesses cross-cultural consistency. (2) In the two samples, the selective 

secondary control was employed more frequently by the male than the female, the other control 

strategies, self-esteem and life satisfaction have no significant difference between the two areas 

and between genders. 

2028.55 Interactions of temporal and chronic environmental features in automatic goal pursuit, 

Masanori Oikawa, Hitotsubashi University, Japan 

Automotive model posits that motives guide subsequent behavior even when it was induced out 

side of actor’s awareness. These lines of studies have emphasized the effects of automatic motives 

driven by single environmental features, but the interactions of these environmentally driven 

effects are yet to be uncovered. Present study inquires in to the interactions of temporal and 

chronic type of environmental features that drive nonconscious achievement motivation. 

Participants were primed with achievement motivation 10 days before or 1day before their end of 

year examination. Possible mechanism underlying the interactions of temporal and chronic 

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Benyu, Zhang Chengfen, Jinan University, China 

With measuring scales we explored the relationship between adolescents’ perceived social support 

from significant others and the diverse academic self-regulatory styles to detect the effect of social 

support on the internalization of academic motivation. Perceived social-support from parents and 

teachers was found to relate positively to deep sorts of adolescents’ academic motivation, and be 

an effective predictor of relatively internalized motivation. The results produced evidence in the 

perspective of social support in support of the viewpoint held by SDT that the internalization of 

motivation is a process of socialization. 

2028.61 The relationship of emotions aroused by external regulation to self-determination and 

subjective vitality, Zhang Chengfen, Tang Benyu, Jinan University, China 

Our preliminary work explored the relationship between adults’ self-determination, subjective 

vitality and their emotions aroused by external regulation in their early years to verify the 

hypothesis that emotions play a central role in personality organism. Most of the negative 

emotions have been found to relate negatively to self-determination and subjective vitality while 

positive emotions positively to them. Furthermore, interest and sadness have been found to be 

effective predictors of self-determination while pleasure and disdain effective predictors of 

subjective vitality. The results suggest why the basic emotions theory deals with basic emotions as 

the core of personality. 

2028.62 The development of AMCMS Scale and its assessment in Chinese junior, Na Zhang, 

Jilin University, China 

Achievement motivation has been well-documented as a crucial factor in life-span development. 

However, less related research has been done concerning the difference between the Western 

individual-oriented and the Chinese social-oriented. The present research developed the 

Achievement Motivation Questionnaire of Chinese Middle-school Student (AMCMS). Three 

major factors were revealed and confirmed to the preconceptualization in a sample of 300 junior 

high students: self-efficacy, achievement goal (master and performance), and attribution style 

(effort, luck, ability, and task difficulty). The questionnaire was then administered in 286 junior 

high students. Results have shown self-efficacy, achievement goal and ability attribution strongly 

correlated with learning performance. 

2028.63 Premarital sexual relations of Tehran pre-graduate university boys, Nader Jebelli, Iran 

The theme is derived from one hundred questionnaires and interviews of university boy students. 

Forty percent of the participants claim to have had at least one such experience. Twenty five 

percent had only communicated about it. Five percent declared that they had relationships but 

decided not to continue for different reasons. Fifteen percent were eager to have relationship under 

the Temporary Marriage Law. Ten percent refrained from participating in the research. Five 

percent reject the whole idea. Attraction is pointed out as the main contributing factor. Somatic 

and psychosomatic problems caused by these relationships are discussed in the paper. 

2028.64 Homophobia and attitude toward HIV/AIDS among undergraduate psychology students 

in Malaysia, Adi Fahrudin, Ahmad Rozelan Yunus, Mohamad Azhar Mohammad Nor, 

Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Malaysia 

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The study is about homophobia and attitudes toward HIV/AIDS among undergraduate psychology 

students in Malaysia. The study showed that students with homophobia are negative attitude 

toward HIV/AIDS. Male students scored higher in homophobia than female. The students were 

active in HIV/AIDS awareness campaign is less homophobia and more positive toward HIV/AIDS. 

The study also showed that education about HIV/AIDS is significant predictor of homophobia and 

attitude toward HIV/AIDS. Based on the study, education awareness program is important to 

prevent HIV/AIDS and to enhance caring society. 

2028 POSTER 

Cognitive science and intelligent systems 

2028.65 A hybrid connectionist model of serial order behaviour, Charles Chun-Fai Or, The 

University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China 

Structure-sensitive symbolic representations are traditionally favoured over connectionist models 

using distributed representations to explain systematicity in cognition. It has been argued that 

connectionist models can encode structural information, but their ability in the systematic and free 

transformation of component ideas in conscious mental processes is in question. A two-layer 

connectionist network employing a structured representation was constructed to investigate its 

capacity to locally transform a serial order. Simple weight exchange is sufficient for the 

transformation, which is difficult with a simple recurrent network employing distributed 

representations. This finding confirms the necessity of a structured representation in displaying 

systematicity. 

2028.66 A study on human computer interaction based on eye tracking technology, Chengzhi 

Feng 1 , Shen Mowei 2 , 1 Soochow University, China; 2 Zhejiang University, China 

Eye tracker, an input device in human computer interaction can simplify the interaction procedure, 

widen the bandwidth between human and computer, and reduce cognitive workload in human 

computer interaction. However, the usability of the current eye-movement based HCI is poor due 

to the lack of ergonomic research. This study has, for the first time, investigated systematically the 

relevant ergonomic parameters, “Midas Touch”, eye typing of Chinese characters and multimodal 

integration in eye-movement based HCI. On the basis of the ergonomical experiments, this study 

has also developed an eye typing system of Chinese characters and a multimodal electrical 

appliance management system 

2028.67 Natural color image processing and related psychology theories, Qiao Wang, Kaiqi 

Huang, Zhenyang Wu, Southeast University, China 

The natural color image processing is now a very exciting research topic since digital camera and 

web camera products become very popular. The techniques used in this paper were not ordinary 

generalization of traditional gray scale image processing. Instead, the psychology models was 

introduced and played very important roles. Based on human visual system models, we improved 

the color image enhancement algorithm. The results showed that the new algorithm were better for 

people's visual perception than before. 

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2028.68 Application research of individualized intelligent fashion-shopping system with HSV 

color model, Zhi Liang Wang, Ma Yun, Wang Li, University of Science and Technology Beijing 

(USTB), China 

As the applications of Artificial intelligent and Artificial Psychology, Individualized Intelligent 

Fashion-Shopping System is the expert system, which achieved humanizing designs of commodity 

and market exploitation considering consumers’ psychology. In this paper, we describe the HSV 

Color Model and its application in the Intelligent Fashion Shopping System, and present 

intelligent shopping model. The results of experiment displayed that HSV color model integrating 

the ideas of dress designing not only improve greatly veracity of fashion shopping system, and 

preferably satisfy psychology of consumers, but also decreased the size of the feature database, 

and increase the speed of on-line query. 

2028.69 Virtual simulators for the training of professional competencies, Georgina 

Cardenas-Lopez, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico 

Last years, educators and instructional designers focused in the development and implementation 

of learning virtual environments that puts together in an efficient way the theoretical knowledge 

into computers models. One of the purposes of the Virtual teaching of Psychology Lab is to 

develop and to evaluate simulated models designed to teach practical skills. This paper describes 

the advances of this technological development, that more than replace the out campus settings for 

teaching and supervise professional competencies, it emphasizes the development of systems that 

will impulse a movement from the conceptual thinking towards the concrete representations. 

2028.70 Expertise of actors - three viewpoints in acting, Hanae Ando, Kyoto University, Japan 

Previous studies have shown that expert actors assume the viewpoints of character, actor, and 

audience at the same time in acting. It is not clear, however, whether these viewpoints are acquired 

through experience or not. In this study, we examined the extent to which novice actors, 

intermediate actors and junior-expert actors consider each viewpoint in acting. Through analyzing 

videotaped performance, we have found that novice actors cannot stand on any of the viewpoints, 

intermediate actors stand on the three viewpoints inadequately, and junior-expert actors stand on 

all the viewpoints adequately. These differences may affect the quality of their performance. 

2028.71 Brian-computer interface based on event-related potentials during imitated natural 

reading, Shuiqing Xie 1 , Zhongle Yang 1 , Yang Yang 2 , 1 South-Central University for Nationalities, 

China; 2 Chinese Ship-building Industrial Corporation, Wuhan, China 

This paper design a brain computer interface (BCI) based on a new stimulus display mode. 

Different form the general BCI base on the flash stimulus display mode, this BCI presents 

stimulus to the subject with moving display mode which imitate human natural reading. Because 

of elimination of abrupt stimulus, this BCI not only decreases user's fatigue, but also restrains the 

noise of exogenous and endogenous, this BCI's transfer rates and accuracy are improved 

observably. 

2028 POSTER 

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2028.72 Ontogenetic adaptation of behavioral development in post-weaning pre-juvenile rats, 

Kunio Miyamoto, Tokai Women's University, Japan 

Several aspects of behavioral development were examined in rats. Food hoarding of 30-day-old 

rats was at the lowest level, facilitated by hunger. Crickets-predation was best performed in 

30-days rats. Runway emergence and responsiveness to aversive stimuli (electric shocks and loud 

noises) of the same age rats suggests that they were less emotional. The performances of radial 

maze learning of these rats were at the lowest level, showed active responding strategy, different 

from other age rats. These findings suggest the ontogenetic adaptation of post-weaning, 

pre-juvenile rats in terms of general tendency as well as specific behavioral properties. 

2028.73 The advantages and limitations of ERP in lie detector tests, Hongguang Liu 1 , Zhou 

Lin 2 , 1 Chinese People’s Public Security University, China; 2 Capital Normal University, China 

n the view of psychological measure, based on ERP’s review of research literatures, this article 

introduces the theories and techniques of traditional polygraph briefly, and then discusses the 

problems on research of ERP in the polygraph, as follow: (1) the representativeness of analog 

studies about the criminal photo/word of question sentence and veracity of criminal field studies, 

(2) in ERP and polygraph, high incidence of false-positive classifications due to instandardization, 

(3) what are the criterions and improvement of reliability and validity of ERP in the polygraph. it 

suggests the trend on the research of ERP in the traditional polygraph. 

2028.74 Song-induced ZENK gene expression in the brain of female budgerigars, Suteo 

Yamazaki, Hiroko Eda-fujiwara, Ryohei Satoh, Takenori Miyamoto, Shuzo Ohi, Japan 

Women's University, Japan 

In male songbirds, vocal- and auditory-related neuronal activity produces rapid expression of an 

immediate-early gene, ZENK, after exposure of conspecific song. Little is known about this in 

case of females, however, so we analyzed the expression of the Zenk protein caused by 

conspecific male song stimuli in many forebrain regions of female budgerigars. Marked Zenk 

protein expression was observed in the caudomedial auditory-related centers, such as fields L1 and 

L3, the caudomedial neostriatum and so forth. Zenk protein expression in these brain structures 

may be associated with the mechanism of auditory perceptional processing of conspecific male 

songs. 

2028.75 Tree shrews Tupaia belangeri and Rats (Rattus norvegicus) abstract transitive relation in 

context of transitive inference, Makoto Takahashi, Tomokazu Ushitani, Kazuo Fujita, Kyoto 


Tree shrews and rats were trained A+B, B+C, C+D, D+E with a modified radial maze which had 8 

arms labeled A through H from one end. After training, animals were tested with FH in 

Experiment 1, and FGH in experiment 2. In Experiment 3, all one step combinations were tested 

with reversed apparatus in term of south-north orientation. Some tree shrews and rats showed 

transitive responding. These results suggested that tree shrews and rats could abstract transitive 

relation, and apply it to novel situation. 

326

Donald Mckay, Memorial University, Canada 

Shortly before their first babies were born, men’s hormone levels, their emotional responses to 

infant stimuli, and whether they had experienced physical changes throughout their partners’ 

pregnancies were recorded. The men were later tested after interacting with their two-week, 

two-month and 20-month old children. Men with high prenatal responsiveness (reporting feeling 

concerned after hearing taped baby cries or reporting numerous couvade or male pregnancy 

symptoms) showed a different hormonal pattern after father-child interactions than less responsive 

men. These results suggest that prenatal variation in responsiveness provides an indication of how 

men will respond to contact with their own children. 

2028.81 Recognition of emotion in Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) vocalizations and facial 

expressions by Chimpanzees and Humans (Homo Sapiens), Yuka Hida 1 , Akihiro Izumi 2 , 

Kazuhide Hashiya 3 , Toshikazu Hasegawa 1 , 1 University of Tokyo; 2 Kyoto University, Japan; 

3 

Kyushu University, Japan 

The ability to recognize other individuals’ emotional states is important to behave socially and 

adaptively in primates. Recent data have suggested a number of similarities in facial expressions 

or vocalization between humans and nonhuman primates, especially chimpanzees. However, in 

nonhuman primates, only a few experimental studies have investigated the effects of emotional 

expressions on the recipients. The present study examined chimpanzees’ and humans’ responses to 

unfamiliar chimpanzees’ emotional stimuli: facial portraits and voices in 4 categories from scenes 

of subjects 1) screaming, 2) being excited (vocalizing pant-hoot), 3) playing, and 4) begging for 

food and vocalizing food-grunt. 

2028.82 Stress-protective effect of glucose on behaviour, Kathrine P. Vinogradova 1 , Dmitry 

Zhukov 2 , 1 St.Peterburg State University, Russian Federation; 2 Pavlov Institute of Physiology, 


The search of safety stress protective drugs is an important problem. Anxiety levels in rats were 

determined before and after exposition to mild stress. The glucose was injected just immediately 

after stress. In control stress induce significant individual changes of behaviour, which may be 

caused by various influence of stress on person with different coping style. Rats after glucose 

injection showed slight individual changes in anxiety and locomotion. The present data suggest 

the stress-protective effect of glucose being injected after aversive event. 

2028.83 Genetic-environmental animal model of depression and anxiety, Dmitry Zhukov 1 , 

Kathrine P. Vinogradova 2 , 1 Pavlov Institute of Physiology, Russian Federation, 2 St.-Petersburg 

State University, Russian Federation 

Proposed models are two rat strains genetically selected for high (KHA) and low (KLA) 

acquisition of active avoidance subjected for escapable or inescapable footshocks. Inescapable 

footshocks applied to KHA rats induce escape failures and dexamethasone nonsuppression of the 

BHPA axis. In contrast, KLA rats exposed to footshocks demonstrate elevated anxiety and 

elevated corticosterone levels, but the learning abilities, and dexamethasone-reactivity of KLA rats 

still unchanged. Therefore, the KHA rats exposed to inescapable stress represent the model of 

depression, and KLA rats exposed to stress represent the model of elevated state anxiety. 

328

2028 POSTER 


2028.84 The role of serotoninergic system genes in verbal memory, Margarita Alfimova, 

Tat'yana Shcherbatikh, Evgenii Rogaev, Vera Golimbet, National Mental Health Research 

Centre, Russian Federation 

Effects of two genes involved in serotonin neurotransmission on short-term memory (a word span), 

long-term mediated memory (the Pictogramm method by A. Luria), and semantic verbal fluency 

were evaluated in 173 healthy adults. T102C and A1438G polymorphisms in the serotonin 

receptor 2A gene, as well as intron 2 VNTR and LPR polymorphisms of the serotonin transporter 

gene were studied. Significant associations were found between the mediated memory and the 

serotonin receptor T102C and the serotonin transporter VNTR polymorphisms. These findings 

suggest that allelic variations of the genes implicated in serotoninergic functions may play a role 

in long-term mediated memory. 

2028.85 A behavior-genetic study on adolescent temperament assessed through The Rusalov 

Structure of Temperament Questionnaire (STQ): Results from a Russian sample, Sergei Malykh, 

Elena Gindina, Victoria Nadyseva, Psychological Institute of Russian Academy of Education, 


As a part of a Moscow longitudinal twin project, this study was aimed to explore genetic and 

environmental contributions to temperament in adolescence. 85 pairs of monozygotic (MZ) and 64 

pairs of same-sex dizygotic (DZ) Russian twins aged 12-14 years completed the children version 

of STQ. Model-fitting analyses revealed significant genetic influences on 3 of the 8 STQ 

dimensions - Social Temp (a=60%; c=0.59; p=0.96), Emotionality (a=66%; c=0.17; p=1.00) and 

Social Emotionality (a=66%; c=4.34; p=0.36). Non-shared environmental effects explained the 

rest of the total variance in these dimensions. Individual differences in the other STQ dimensions 

were due to environmental factors. 

2028.86 Higher sensitivity, but lower sensibility for vection-induced nausea in Chinese as 

compared to Caucasian subjects, Fang Pan 1 , Sandra Kellermann 2 , Ursula Stockhorst 2 , Paul 

Enck 2 , Sibylle Klosterhalfen 2 , 1 School of Medicine, China, 2 University Hospitals Tuebingen, 

Germany 

In 48 subjects (24 Caucasian, 24 Chinese) nausea was induced by circular vection (CV) in a 

rotation drum, and symptoms (SR), time for first CV as well as the total rotation tolerance (RT) 

were noted. Results: Time to CV was not different between the groups, but RT was significantly 

shorter in Chinese; age and gender did not determine CV and RT. SR was significantly higher in 

Caucasians but also affected by gender. Maximal SR and number of symptoms were equal for 

both groups. SR prior and post rotation were not correlated to CV and RT. 

2028.87 Sex limitation in cognitive abilites at age 16, Qi Christine Liu, University of Virginia, 

USA 

A multivariate structural equation model was used to examine sex limitation in cognitive abilities 

of 16-year-olds in cognitive abilities, including verbal, spatial, perceptual speed, and memory, 

329

Event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded from a young and an older group to investigate age 

effects on the neural correlates of successful episodic retrieval in the absence of the potentially 

confounding effects of age-related performance differences. Relative to ERPs elicited by 

unstudied pictures, ERPs elicited by items attracting equivalent levels of source accuracy showed 

marked age-related differences. Those from younger subjects demonstrated the positive-going, 

‘left parietal’ and ‘right frontal’, ‘old/new’ effects. In contrast, analogous ERPs from older subjects 

contained a large, left-lateralized negative effect. The findings suggest the engagement of 

qualitatively different retrieval strategies in the two groups. 

2028.96 The time course of brain activation in two-digit comparison: An ERP study, Hui Zhao, 

Qi Dong, Hongchuan Zhang, Yi Guo, Libo Zhao, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China 

Event-related potentials were used to examine the organization of brain activation during two-digit 

comparison. ERP recording revealed independent effects of notation and magnitude processing. 

Notation processing was reflected by a first negativity at around 150ms after stimulus onset, 

which was right lateralized for Arabic digits but bilateral for Chinese. The bilateral activation of 

Chinese was different from previous studies with other alphabetic writing. However, magnitude 

processing was reflected by the response-locked averaging in both notations which started about 

350ms before response. The results strongly supported the assumption that number magnitude is 

processed independent of the input modality. 

2028.97 An ERP study for the degrees of the difficulty in visual search, Yanyun Ma 1 , Yuejia 

Luo 2 , 1 China National Institute for Educational Research, China; 2 Institute of Psychology, Chinese 


The paper mainly probed the relationship between ERP components and the degrees of the 

difficulty in visual search. The experiment included four conditions. The initial P1, N1and P2 

latencies and amplitudes had no significant differences between different degrees of the difficulty 

in visual search. P3 amplitudes increased as the difficulties in visual search decreased. ERP 

waveforms of the easiest search condition (parallel processing) were different from that of other 

conditions (serial processing). These results might indicate that ERP waveforms of parallel 

searches were very different from that of serial search. But all ERP waveforms of serial searches 

were very similar. 

2028.98 Involvement of NMDA and its receptor NMDAR in central mechanisms underlying 

stress-induced behavioral changes, Huanhuan Li, Wenjuan Lin, Institute of Psychology, Chinese 


The roles of NMDA and NMDAR involving in the mechanisms underlying stress-induced 

behavioral changes gained more and more attention. The findings showed that stress upregulate 

number or activity of NMDA and NMDAR in some brain regions associated with behaviors, such 

as hippocampus and amygdale. Injection of NMDAR antagonists into these regions prior to stress 

reduces anxiety and depression, suggesting they were important mediators between stress and 

behavior. Furthermore, neurogranin was also a downstream signal molecule involving in 

NMDAR-dependant signaling pathway. Studies on neurogranin and behavior may shed new light 

on the mechanism studies of relationship between brain and behavior. 

332

necessary nucleus involved in association conditioned stimulus (CS) with unconditioned stimulus 

in the CIS paradigm. BLA is possible a substantial nucleus related to conditioned taste aversive. 

This study provides the foundation for revealing the central pathway involved in immune 

alteration in response to CS. 

2028.107 Controllability of stress and crosstalk of autonomic, endocrine, and immune reactivity, 

Tokiko Isowa 1 , Hideki Ohira 2 , Michio Nomura 3 , Naho Ichikawa 4 , Kenta Kimura 4 , 1 Mie 

prefectural college of nursing, Japan; 2 Nagoya University and Japan, 3 Janese Society for the 

Promotion of Science and Japan; 4 Nagoya University and Japan 

To examine effects of controllability on biological systems,we measured heart rate, blood pressure, 

levels of endocrine (norepinephrine and epinephrine), and subsets of lymphocytes (CD3+ T cell, 

CD3+CD4+ helper T cell, CD3+CD8+ cytotoxic T cell, CD19+ B cell, and CD16+CD56+ natural 

killer (NK) cell) during a mental arithmetic task in controllable and uncontrollable conditions. The 

task elicited elevation of autonomic activity and changes of proportions of circulating lymphocyte 

subsets. Especially, the uncontrollable stress task elicited stronger peripheral vascular activity and 

higher correlation among autonomic, endocrine and immune activity compared to the controllable 

stress task. To 

2028.108 Association between perceived social support and Th1 dominance, Takao Miyazaki 1 , 

Gen Komaki 2 , Shotaro Sakami 3 , Toshio Ishikawa 2 , Noriyuki Kawamura 4 , 1 Japan Association 

for the Promotion of Science, Japan; 2 National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of 

Neurology and Psychiatry, Japan; 3 Tokyo University, Japan; 4 Nagoya University, Japan 

We assayed the associations between perceived social support and lymphocyte populations and T 

helper type1(Th1)/T helper type2(Th2) cytokine productions in male Japanese workers. The 

Generic Job Stress Questionnaire, and immunological assessment were administrated by 

measuring their T cell and Natural Killer cell counts and their in vitro productions of Interferon-g 

(INF- g) and interleukin-4 (IL-4) after stimulation with phytohemaglutinin (PHA). We observed 

significant correlations between perceived social support and the IFN- g/IL-4 ratio (r=0.16 to 0.26, 

p

México, Mexico 

Dopamine antagonists are useless for the treatment of addiction to amphetamine since they 

produce large array of side effects. The aim of present work was to study weather serotonina 

agonists are able to modulate reinforcing properties of amphetamine. Rats were trained on a place 

preference model. Dose response curve of amphetamine to induce place preference was 

determined and 5-HT2C receptor agonists were tested for their ability to enhance or block the 

reinforcing properties of amphetamine. It was found that while serotonina agonists were unable to 

induce place preference or aversion they were able to modulate the reinforcing properties of 

amphetamine. 

2028.115 The influence of estrogen on memory, Jincai He, Jingwei Chi, Hongqing Zhao, 

Xiaobo Zeng, Bilv Ye, Hospital of Wenzhou Medical College, China 

To explore the influence of estrogen on memory. Two groups of women were investigated: One 

group bilateral oophorectomized and hysterectomized, compared with the other group 

hysterectomized but ovaries preserved. WMS and MMSE were used to assess the cognitive 

function. Serum concentration of sex hormone (E2, LH, FSH) were determined. Compared with 

the ovaries preserved women, the estrogen level of bilateral oophorectomized women were 

significantly decreased (p=0.001), the memory was worse but there is no significant difference 

between the two groups(p>0.05) except the orientation memory(p

2028.118 Development of spatial memory tests suitable for early detection of mnestic disorders, 

Jan Preiss 1 , Andre Fenton 2 , Iva Holmerova 3 , 1 Hospital Na Homolce, Prague, Czech Republic; 

2 3 

Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences, Czech Republic; Gerontological Center, Czech 

Republic 

We developed non-verbal tests of spatial cognition, suitable for the objective assessment of 

cognitive impairment caused by brain disease. Computerized tracking of movement was used to 

analyses navigation behavior and the quantitative evaluation of memory deficits of epileptic 

patients with lesions of the medio-temporal cortex and other brain disorders. We also developed 

and validated analogous computer tests by comparing performance on the computer and 

real-world navigation tasks. The norms were formed. The tests are available for a broader range of 

clinical applications, particularly in the field of early diagnosis of Alzheimer disease. 

2028.119 Relationships between frontal executive functions and language processing: 

Implications for aphasia rehabilitation, James Tin Hang Yip, Sam-Po Law, The University of 


Models such as those proposed by Gullapalli and Gelfand (1995) serve to highlight the 

complexities of frontal executive functioning. Previous lesion studies have implied 

frontal-subcortical loops for both frontal executive functioning and language processing. Nicholas 

(2003) has also suggested that the assessment of frontal executive functioning will be useful in 

determining the appropriate of various types aphasic treatments for patients with language 

impairment. Of particular interest to the present paper, the nature of the relationship between 

frontal executive functioning and language processing will be explored with special attention paid 

to its implication for rehabilitation of patients with language impairments. 

2028.120 Endogenous orienting on two subtypes of attention deficit hyperactive disorder (ADHD) 

children, Yan Xu 1 , Xiaolin Zhou 2 , Yufeng Wang 2 , 1 City University of Hong Kong, China; 

2 

Peking University, Beijing, China 

Two experiments were conducted on two main subtypes of ADHD children and matched normal 

children to examine: 1) the potential deficits of children with ADHD in tasks tapping into 

endogenous and exogenous orienting; 2) the potential differences between ADHD children of the 

predominantly inattentive subtype and children of the combined subtype; 3) the sensitivity of 

different attention tasks in distinguishing ADHD subtypes. The results showed that, compared 

with normal children, ADHD children have deficits in covert orienting. Furthermore, ADHD 

children of the combined subtype and the predominantly inattentive subtype have different mode 

of deficits in the orienting network. 

2028.121 Reconstruction of psychological functions after brain damage, Ayumu Goukon 1 , Mikio 

HIrano 2 , Kazuhito Noguchi 1 , Toru Hosokawa 1 , 1 Tohoku University; 2 Tohoku Bunka Gakuen 

University, Japan; 3 Miyagi University of Education, Japan 

The patient, H.Y., suffered from viral encephalitis when he was 10 years old, resulting in serious 

mental and physical disabilities. We attempted to analyze the long-term recovery process of 

psychological functions in H.Y. seen in subsequent years. The results of our analysis clearly show 

that he continued to show improvements for about 10 years. His recovery process corresponded to 

338

the five stages of development (Golden, 1981; Sakano, 1999). Additionally, MRI findings showed 

that the atrophy to brain had disappeared after 10 years. In conclusion, it is suggested that 

psychological functions have been gradually reconstructed. 

2028.122 Face processing in autistic individuals: A look into spatial frequencies and the inversion 

effect, Christine Deruelle, Cécilie Rondan, CNRS, UMR5105, Grenoble, France 

This research was aimed at exploring possible abnormal face processing strategies in high 

functioning adults with autism (HFA). Subjects were to match faces (upright or upside down) or 

chairs filtered in high (HSF, local processing) and low spatial frequencies (LSF, holistic 

processing) to non-filtered images. Results show that contrary to controls the autistic group did 

not show a face inversion effect but that they presented the typical LSF advantage when matching 

faces. We suggest that the HFA population may de deficient in some (LSF processing) but not all 

(relationships between parts) forms of configural processing. 

2028.123 Blood pressure predicts dementia 10-years prior to diagnosis, Cindy De Frias 1, 2 , Lars 

Bäckman 2 , Lars Nyberg 3 , Lars-Goran Nilsson 1 , 1 Stockholm University, Sweden; 2 Karolinska 

Institute, Sweden; 3 Umeå University, Sweden 

The present study examined the prospective relation between systolic and diastolic blood pressure 

and pulse pressure on dementia. We assembled a sample of 44 men and women from the Betula 

Project who were classified as demented at 10-year follow-up (Time 3; aged 65-90 years). All 

demented participants were matched on age and sex to three control participants (total n = 176). 

Middle-aged and older adults had higher systolic pressure and greater pulse pressure 10-years 

prior to the diagnosis of dementia. The long-term effect of elevated levels of blood pressure and 

pulse pressure on dementia has theoretical and clinical implications. 

2028.124 Cognitive progression in dementia: Revisiting the redundancy hypothesis, Stuart W.S. 

MacDonald 1 , Sari Jones 1 , Hedda Agüero-Eklund 1 , Laura Fratiglioni 1 , Lars Bäckman 2 , 

1 2 

Aging Research Center, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; Stockholm University, 

Sweden 

Variables that predict cognitive functioning in normal aging exert surprisingly little influence for 

those with dementia, suggesting that individual differences are overshadowed by the 

neurodegenerative process. Using a novel statistical approach, we examined diverse predictors 

(psychological, biological, genetic, social) of cognitive decline for 308 demented participants from 

the Kungsholmen Project. Multilevel models demonstrated reliable variance in rates of cognitive 

decline, with ongoing analyses examining potential moderators of these individual differences. 

Findings are discussed vis-a-vis central tenets of the redundancy hypothesis including whether: the 

dementing process renders individuals more cognitively similar, and the only cognitive variation 

in dementia is error variance. 

2028.125 Developmental dyslexia: Exploring the relationships with postural deficits, Fabrice 

Robichon 1 , Alix Seigneuric 1 , Patrick Quercia 2 , Thierry Pozzo 1 , Alexandre Puissant 3 , 

1 2 3 

Universite de Bourgogne, France; Hopital Universitaire de Dijon, France; Laboratoire de 

Sciences Cognitives, France 

Postural deficiency syndrome (PDS), clinically evidenced by physical therapists, is characterized 

339

y functional anomalies of proprioception involving postural instabilities. A recent study has 

shown a PDS in all 45 children included suffering from developmental reading disabilities. This 

leads to the question of the relationships between the two syndromes. In the present study, 50 

dyslexic children were carefully assessed with neuropsychological batteries and examined from 

clinical standards used to diagnose the PDS. They also were examined with an accurate protocol 

using a force platform. The link between PDS and dyslexia is discussed in the light of cognitive 

deficits of reading. 

2028.126 Development of a cross-cultural neurocognitive screening test, Ihan Lam, Robert 

Anderson, Argosy University/Honolulu, USA 

A cross-cultural neurocognitive screening test consisting of 13 subtests has been designed to 

capture many of the areas of cognitive functioning. It has the following advantages. First, It 

requires less time and resources than a comprehensive neuropsychological assessment. Screening 

items are used for a rapid and efficient administration (approximately 30 minutes). Moreover, it is 

designed for cross-cultural applicability. Feedback from a panel of experts on cross-cultural 

clinical psychology was used to ensure its translatability across cultures. Finally, the test is 

available for free, particularly beneficial to qualified clinicians in developing countries. 

Preliminary research suggests that it has adequate reliability. 

2028.127 Cognitive decline, Gerstmann’s syndrome, and apraxia in a case of corticobasal 

ganglionic degeneration (CBGD), Amy L. Siegenthaler 1 , Kathryn A. Stokes 2 , Norman W. 

Park 3 , Tiffany W. Chow 4 , 1 University of Tsukuba, Japan; 2 Baycrest Centre for Geriatric Care; 

3 4 

York University; Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Canada 

Corticobasal Ganglionic Degeneration (CBGD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder 

characterized by abnormal motor behaviours and fronto-parietal cortical dysfunction. Whether 

cognitive skills are preserved is debated, but few cases have received detailed neuropsychological 

testing. We tested a 52-year-old woman with a 10-month history of decline in skilled behaviours. 

Neuropsychological testing revealed evidence of general cognitive decline and impairments in 

episodic recall, visual scanning, and verbal fluency, in addition to features consistent with parietal 

involvement such as Gerstmann’s syndrome (finger agnosia, agraphia, right/left disorientation, 

acalculia) and apraxia. Our results suggest that cognitive decline can be an early symptom of 

CBGD. 

2028.128 ERP research on simplified operation for calculating, Dianzhi Liu, Xiting Huang 

Southwest Normal University, China 

ERP experiment is used on children’s Operation for Calculating for the first time.15 elementary 

schoolchildren (age 8-9) were experiment In this study, children’s strategies physiological 

mechanism is revealed: (1) Simplified calculation uses less brain energy than normal calculation, 

and the difference between them is significant. The effect of the strategy training is proved 

through physiological index for the first time. (2) The brain orientation also depends on the 

alteration of Calculating methods. (3) Both Simplified calculation and not-Simplified calculation’s 

activated areas are in the bilateral intraparietal, accorded further with the activation of the 

approximate calculation and exact calculation of big numbers. 

340

2028.129 Effects of trait anxiety on memory-based categorization: An event-related potential 

study, Midori Inaba, Hideki Ohira, Nagoya University, Japan 

The present research measured event-related potentials to examine the contribution of memory 

retrieval processes to categorization in high anxious individuals. According to previous reports 

concerning a facilitation of familiarity-related frontal activity especially for negative items in 

anxious group, we focused attention on the relationship between the frontal component and the 

extent of the intrusion of automatic process to analytic judgments depending on emotional valence 

of items. Implications of effects of trait anxiety on behavioral performance and ERP data are 

discussed in view of memory systems mediating categorization and recognition. 

2028.130 Hidden memory area of word production, Yong-Chang Liu 1, 2 , Liu-Qing Huang 3 , 

Zhong-Xin Zhao 3 , Fei Zhou 2 , Jia-Li Feng 2 , 1 Peking University; 2 Shanghai Maritime University, 

China; 3 Chang Zhen Hospital, Second Military Medical University, China 

Left inferior prefrontal cortex/ Broca’s area has traditionally been linked to word production. 

Right inferior prefrontal cortex showed increasing functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) 

activity, and meanwhile his Broca’s area showed decreasing, when a right-handed male stroke 

patient could not produce a word, but wanted to speak. fMRI activity was contrary when he could 

speak, his Broca’s area showed increasing activity, however, hidden in the memory area of word 

production, the counterpart in the right hemisphere decreased. We argue that there are many 

hidden memory areas of category-specific higher function in the brain. 

2028.131 Hierarchic evidence of the brain’s dictionery, Yong-Chang Liu 1, 2 , Liu-Qing Huang 3 , 

Zhong-Xin Zhao 3 , Fei Zhou 2 , Jia-Li Feng 2 , 1 Peking University; 2 Shanghai Maritime University, 

China; 3 Chang Zheng Hospital,Second Military Medical University, China 

Although Collins and Quillian set up the hierarchic model of semantic memory by the way of 

information processing by computer, few cases of neuropsychology were supported. The 

hierarchic attribute of words of female patient recovering from infarctions of the basal ganglia is 

reported. She denoted a jersey, or an article of underwear, or a pair of trousers etc, with word of 

“clothing”. She could not say cabbage, spinach, and cucumber etc. except “vegetable”. She forgot 

first names of three sons and called them “son”. Concrete words which were taken place by upper 

abstract words were showed by this case. 

2028.132 Quantitative assessment of the clinical-identified postural deficiency syndrome, Paul 

Vernet 1 , Patrick Quercia 2 , Fabrice Robichon 1 , Pierre Hirtz 1 , Thierry Pozzo 3 , 1 Universite de 

Bourgogne, Dijon, France; 2 Hopital Universitaire de Dijon, France, 3 Shanghai Maritime 


Physical therapists and ophthalmologists have identified a general deficit in proprioception of 

postural and ocular muscles named Postural Deficiency Syndrome (PDS). PDS, leading to varied 

patterns of functional disabilities, begins to be suspected in neuropsychological deficits. To our 

knowledge, no study has provided quantitative evidence for the clinical diagnosis. Our work tried 

to assess accurately the PDS. We used a force platform to record center of pressure displacements, 

optoelectronic systems to measure segment positions, and a calibrated image analysis system to 

evaluate podal support. Our results showed body asymmetries and postural instabilities allowing 

us to specify requirements for clinical evaluation. 

341

examine the relationship between neuropsychological performances and subjective complaints of 

postconcussion symptoms. These reviewed findings provide empirical guidelines for clinicians to 

judge whether the postconcussion symptoms complaits made by the clinical groups are causally 

related to the neuropsychological deficits observed. 

2028.142 Present condition and progress of research on brain plasticity, Yapeng Wang, Qi Dong, 

BeiJing Normal University, China 

Plasticity is one of main natures of brain. Central nervous systems own potentials of plasticity 

during life-span courses of animal and human development. This paper briefly sums up exhibition 

forms of brain plasticity, reviews present condition and progress of brain plasticity of animal and 

human, and briefly introduces mechanisms and influenced factors of brain plasticity, finally the 

paper points out current faced issues and future trends of research on brain plasticity. This paper 

argues that, only experts of different fields unite to tackle key problems, can we really open out 

the mechanisms and influenced factors of brain plasticity. 

2028.143 Decreased thalamic D2 dopamine receptor binding in drug-naive patients with 

schizophrenia, Mirjam Talvik, Anna-Lena Nordstrom, Lars Farde, Karolinska Institute and 

Hospital, Sweden 

The thalamus is a neuroanatomic structure that has reciprocal connections with several brain 

regions suggested to be involved in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Recent studies have 

reported structural as well as functional abnormalities of the thalamus in schizophrenia. We 

examined the thalamic D2 receptors in nine drug-naive patients with schizophrenia and eight 

controls using the radioligand [11C]FLB 457 and positron emission tomography. The D2 receptor 

binding was significantly lower in the right medial thalamus in the schizophrenic patients 

compared to control subjects, supporting the hypothesis that the thalamus is a key region in the 

pathophysiology in schizophrenia. 

2028.144 The serotonin system and spiritual experiences, Jacqueline Borg 1 , Bengt Andrée 1 , 

Henrik Soderstrom 2 , Lars Farde 1 , 1 Section of Psychiatry, Karolinska Institute, Sweden, 

2 

Gothenburg University, Sweden 

The serotonin system has long been of interest in biological models of human personality. In a 

positron emission tomography study of 15 human volunteers, we examined the serotonin 5-HT1A 

receptor, a marker for the serotonin system, and assessed personality with the Temperament and 

Character Inventory. We found that 5-HT1A receptor density in brain correlated strongly with 

scores for Self-Transcendence, a personality trait including religious behaviour and attitudes. 

Our findings indicate that the serotonin system may serve as a biological basis for spiritual 

experiences and that variability in 5-HT1A receptor density may explain why people vary greatly 

in spiritual zeal. 

2028.145An fMRI study of the temporal and linguistic factors in prosodic processing, Yue Wang 1 , 

Gui Xue 2 , Jin Hao 3 , Kuncheng Li 3 , Qi Dong 3 , 1 Simon Fraser University, Canada; 2 Beijing 

Normal University, China; 3 Beijing Xuanwu Hospital, China 

Research has shown different hemispheric processing patterns for linguistic tone and intonation. 

This difference may be due to either temporal frame length or linguistic function, with intonation 

344

extending over a longer time window and tone occurring on one syllable. Using functional 

magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), this study compared Chinese speakers’ processing of 

Chinese intonation (statement/question judgment) in short (one-word) and long sentences, and 

tones in word and sentence contexts. Results show that intonation, regardless of length, is 

processed differently than tone, indicating that linguistic function rather than temporal frame 

length is a factor determining hemispheric activation patterns. 

2028.146 Brain activations in the transformation of Chinese characters and English words, Hengyi 

Rao 1 , Dingguo Gao 1 , Tiangang Zhou 2 , Kai Zhong 2 , Yan Zhuo 2 , 1 Sun Yat-Sen University, China; 

2 


This study used functional MRI to investigate the brain activations as ten bilingual 

(Chinese-English) participants naming pictures in one language or discriminating words in two 

languages. Activation patterns for naming pictures by Chinese characters or English words are 

similar. Compared to the picture naming tasks, the two-language words discrimination task 

induced significant activations in left middle frontal gyrus (GFm, BA9/45) and left fusiform gyrus 

(BA19). These findings suggested that Chinese and English naming tasks in bilinguals involve 

overlapping brain activations and the left GFm plays a key role in the transformation of Chinese 

characters and English words. 

2028.147 An investigation of the neural basis of conscious and unconscious priming effect using 

the process dissociation procedure and fMRI, Atsushi Matsumoto, Tetsuya Iidaka, Graduate 

school of environmental studies, Nagoya University, Japan 

Recent neuroimaging studies have revealed that repetition priming causes a reduction of the 

activity in the brain regions such as the left infero-temporal cortex and the left inferior frontal 

cortex while the activity in several regions was increased by priming. However, the results of 

these studies have possibly failed to dissociate the conscious and unconscious priming effect. We 

employed event-related functional MRI study to investigate the neural substrates of conscious and 

unconscious priming effect using the process dissociation procedure. This procedure enabled us to 

strictly dissociate the brain region concerning the conscious and unconscious priming effect. 

2028.148 The human brain in a blocking task, Philippe Tobler 1 , John O'Doherty 2 , Ray Dolan 2 , 

Wolfram Schultz 3 , 1 University of Cambridge, UK; 2 University College London, UK; 3 University 

of Cambridge, UK 

A prediction error occurs when an outcome fails to meet an expectation. Prediction errors have 

been proposed to elicit learning in current theories of conditioning. A formal test came from the 

blocking paradigm where a fully predicted reinforcer blocks a new stimulus from forming an 

association with the reinforcer. We found that the ventral pallidum was more activated by a reward 

predicting stimulus than by a neutral stimulus, showed learning related activity changes and was 

more activated by a non-blocked control stimulus than by a blocked stimulus, suggesting a role of 

the ventral pallidum in reward learning. 

2028.149 Multiplication by mental number line: An fMRI study, Hongchuan Zhang 1 , Qi Dong 1 , 

Zhen Jin 2 , Lei Zhang 2 , Gui Xue 1 , 1 Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China; 2 Beijing 306 

Hospital, Beijing, China 

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It is proposed that simple multiplication facts are stored and retrieved in a domain specific 

visuospatial magnitude representation, known as mental number line. The present fMRI study 

revealed that compared with a visual fixation task, 1-digit multiplication caused intensive 

activations in left superior and inferior parietal lobule, and left premotor cortex, either in Arabic or 

Chinese number form, but far less activations in traditional language areas. The activated cerebral 

network strongly overlaps with that involved in motor and visuospatial processing. It is further 

supported by a behavioral study showing mental number line may play an important role during 

simple multiplication. 

2028.150 Premotor cortex in numerical processing: A meta-analysis to neuroimaging studies, Qi 

Dong, Hongchuan Zhang, Xinlin Zhou, Yi Guo, Hui Zhao, Beijing Normal University,Beijing, 

China 

Premotor cortex was repeatedly found activated in various numerical processing tasks, but its 

actual role remains cloudy until today. A meta-analysis with 17 papers was used to explore the 

possible role of premotor cortex in numerical processing. The dorsolateral (PMd) and ventrolateral 

premotor area (PMv) were significantly activated in most studies, while few involved SMA. 

Number comparison, addition and subtraction caused more activation in PMd, multiplication and 

addition caused more in PMv. The rostral parts of PMd, PMv and SMA were significantly 

modulated by numerical properties. This suggests a role more than motor reaction of premotor 

cortex during numerical processing. 

2028.151 Dynamic processes and dissociation of Chinese characters and spatial information in 

working memory: An event-related potential study, Yiwen Wang, Chongde Lin, Yuejia Luo, 

Xing Wei, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China 

In order to explore activation time-course and space domain of maintaining Chinese characters 

and spatial information in working memory, event-related potentials were measured when 14 

normal adult participants (6 males, 8 females; ages 18-25) were performing delay-match tasks. 

During the delay interval, P250 was generated in bilateral frontal cortex. The latency of P250 

elicited by Chinese characters in left PFC extended to 800ms, and the latency of P250 elicited by 

spatial locations in right PFC extended to 1000ms. N150 was elicited in bilateral parieto-occipital 

areas, which ended at 500ms and was followed by a sustained negative complex (SNC). 

2028.152 Neuroimaging studies of post traumatic stress disorder effects on the brain, Wanzhen 

Wu, Hu Zhao, Shantou University, China 

Neuroimaging techniques, including CT, MRI, MRS, SPECT, PET and fMRI, provide 

opportunities to investigate structural and functional brain abnormalities. Post traumatic stress 

disorder (PTSD) is the abnormity of brain function followed serous and/or long-time chronic 

stress. This article will briefly review the evidences for brain changes in PTSD, which involve 

structural, biochemical, functional aspects, and attempt to integrate ever more complex 

neurobiological models across neurochemical systems and structures into a cohesive 

understanding of PTSD. And the functional connectivity is the promising ways to explore the 

pathogenesis of the disorder. 

2028.153 Regional brain volume correlations in disorders of neurodevelopment; can we date the 

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onset of pathology? Grainne Mary McAlonan 1 , Vinci Cheung 1 , Charlton Cheung 1 , TP Ho 2 , 

Siew Eng Chua 2 , 1 University of Hong Kong, China; 2 Queen Mary Hospital 

Neurodevelopmental disorders have abnormalities across brain networks. Reciprocal afferentation 

of brain regions established in utero gives mutually trophic support, thus their volumes should 

positively correlate. We predicted children with autism or ADHD would have disrupted network 

connectivity reflected by less positive correlation coefficients between regions of grey matter 

abnormality. This was true for autism, but despite regional grey matter reductions, children with 

ADHD retained a pattern of positive frontostriatal intercorrelations similar to controls. Therefore 

initial neuropathology in autism may arise earlier in fetal life than ADHD. The implications for 

assessing aetiological impact of postnatal events upon each condition are discussed. 

2028.154 The Evolution of brain activation along with processes of motor recovery after stroke: A 

fMRI study, Yang Jiao 1 , Xuchu Weng 1 , Xiandong Zhang 2 , Lijun Zhang 2 , 1 Institute of 

Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, 2 Daqing General Hospital, China 

Purpose: To investigate the neural mechanism for motor recovery after stroke. Methods: Eight 

infraction patients were scanned within different time point after stroke using fMRI during a 

passive motor task. Functional outcome was measured using neurophysiology scales meanwhile. 

Results: There are widespread passive task-induced activation in bilateral hemisphere early after 

stroke. These regions undergo a progressive reduction and finally focus on the ipsilesional 

hemisphere accompanying by motor recovery. Conclusions: The activation pattern after stroke 

presents a dynamic evolution along with the function recovery processes. The mechanism 

underlying recovery of motor abilities due to enhanced activity in preexisting network. 

2029 Keynote 

Chair: Kan Zhang, China 

States of mind: Political systems as implicit theories of psychology, Diane F. Halpern, Berger 

Institute for Work, Family, and Children, Claremont McKenna College, USA 

Plitical systems are, at their heart, psychological theories. They are theories of motivation, 

personality, mental health, human development, education, and social interaction -- topics that are 

the very life blood of psychology. Sociopolitical context is a strong determinant of the way in 

which psychology develops, the way and type of data that are collected, and the way data are 

interpreted to support or refute hypotheses. Despite obvious differences created by sociopolitical 

contexts and the use of different research paradigms, commonalities among people in different 

regions of the world are often more apparent than differences. Thchnological advances are 

shrinking the world, making a psychology that embraces all people a goal that is worth pursuing. 

2030 Keynote 

Chair: Kurt Pawlik, Germany 

Automatic processes in the capture of attention and activation of emotion, Arne Öhman, 

Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Sweden 

Emotions give value to stimuli. For some classes of stimuli, this occurs quite automatically with 

minimal involvement of advanced cognition. Threatening animals such as snakes or spiders are 

quickly located in an array of stimuli regardless of the number of distractors, particularly by 

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fearful participants. Fearful subjects respond psychophysiologically to masked presentation of 

pictures of their feared animal. Brain imaging data show rapid amygdala activation to feared and 

nonfeared animals that remain unrecognized because of masking. Without masking the amygdala 

response is enhanced to feared stimuli, and structures such as the insulae, anterior cingulated and 

the orbitofrontal cortex are activated. 

2031 Keynote 

Chair: J. J. Sanchez-Sosa, Mexico 

Stress, type A behavior, anger/hostility, and heart disease, Charles D. Spielberger, Center for 

Research in Behavioral Medicine and Health Psychology, University of South Florida, USA 

Research in behavioral medicine and health psychology has identified specific behavior patterns 

and personality traits that predispose individuals to the development and progression of 

hypertension and coronary heart disease. This presentation will review recent findings that 

demonstrate the effects of stress, Type-A behavior, and anger-hostility on hypertension and 

coronary heart disease. Anger, hostility and aggression as psychological constructs, and relations 

between measures of the experience, expression and control of anger with Type-A behavior and 

cardiovascular disease will be examined in detail. 

2032 Keynote 

Chair: Hiroshi Imada, Japan 

Applied psychology in the 20 th century: A historical perspective, Helio Carpintero, Universidad 

Complutense de Madrid, Spain 

Applied psychology has become the largest part of the psychological field, after a century of 

continuous growth and development. While in the scientific level ceaseless discussions held about 

its theoretical grounds and its alignement with the natural or the social sciences, psychology 

evolved into a practical knowledge oriented toward intervention, in which conceptual ressources 

are subservient to the client's needs. Its techniques and procedures have largely worked in the 

direction of the desired unity. Wars, political changes and technological advances have largely 

influenced its development. An effort to synthesize the main highlights of the field permits to trace 

the basic social influences that have been operating upon it, and interact with its theoretical lines. 

2033 Keynote 

Chair: Ingrid Lunt, UK 

From individual learning to learning organizations: Principles of learning for teaching and 

schooling, Lauren Resnick, Learning Research and Development Center, University of 

Pittsburgh, USA 

Strong research-founded principles for teaching and individual learning have been formulated by 

psychologists and scholars in closely related disciplines. As psychologists work with educators 

and policy-makers to implement these principles, we find that barriers to success derive less from 

unknowns or disputes in the psychological "base science" than from features of the organizations 

and socialsystems into which changes must be introduced. If our science is to prove useful, we 

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must also build a science of learning organizations--grounded principles for how the organizations 

responsible foreducation can themselves learn to behave differently and perform more effectively. 

2034 Keynote 

Chair: Merry Bullock, USA 

Language and cognition: A cross-language perspective, Hsuan-Chih Chen, Department of 

Psychology, Chinese University of Hong Kong, China 

Most research on language and cognition has been carried out using materials in English or other 

European languages, and only a small amount has been addressed to non-European languages. 

Because there are striking differences between European and non-European languages, it is by no 

means self-evident that the same cognitive processes underlie both language groups. Thus, to 

build a genuinely comprehensive theory of language processing, it is important and useful to carry 

out cross-language research. East Asian languages, due to their distinctive structures, provide 

challenging opportunities to explore both language-specific processes and the universality of 

theories developed from the study of European languages. Given its importance in developing 

universal theories, recent research on processing major East Asian languages will be reviewed in 

this talk. 

2035 Keynote 

Chair: Xiaolin Zhou, China 

Subprocesses of supervisory control in willed thought and action, Tim Shallice, Institute of 

Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, UK 

Functional imaging studies, particularly ones on episodic memory, have suggested the existence of 

partially separable functions for different regions of prefrontal cortex. A neuropsychological study 

on rule induction will be described where certain manipulations were stimulated by the above 

studies. They lead to converging conclusions concerning the relations of left and right dorsolateral 

prefrontal cortex in active schema elicitation when schema are not triggered by environmental 

stimuli, and in monitoring and checking the appropriateness of the behaviour the schema 

operations actually produce. The empirical evidence will be set within a theoretical framework 

based on developments of the Supervisory System model. 


The internationalization of psychology 

Convener and Chair: J.G. Adair, Canada 

2036.1 Internationalization of psychological research, J.G. Adair, University of Manitoba, 

Winnipeg, MB, Canada 

Internationalization of psychological research is conceptualized as the process by which 

researchers from a widening distribution of countries become contributors to the world’s 

psychological literature. As the discipline is introduced, attention focuses on the development of 

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individual researchers; collective focus is then directed toward the national development of the 

discipline; as this is attained, researchers increasingly look to participation in the larger world of 

psychology. Internationalization is empirically measurable by changes in the proportion of 

non-U.S. authors in PsycINFO and in premiere (primarily APA) journals. Stages of 

internationalization are reflected in by-country measures of international presence, research 

contributions, and research collaborations. 

2036.2 Indigenization and internationalization of psychology, R. Pe-Pua, The University of 

New South Wales, Sydney, Australia 

The spread of psychology to countries in the majority-world implies internationalization of the 

discipline, yet raises questions about the interface between indigenous psychologies and 

internationalization. Is indigenization simply a process of introducing the discipline into 

"majority-world" countries, a discipline that will ultimately become a substantial part of world 

psychology, or do indigenous psychologies need to be something different, a challenge to or a 

rejection of mainstream psychology? Considering the progress made to date, is the indigenous 

psychology movement a promise for the future or a reality of accomplishments in the present? 

Such important questions are raised and considered. 

2036.3 International practice of professional psychology, R. Fowler, L. Jolla, California, 

Seagrove Beach, FL, USA 

The professional practice of psychology, including clinical, counseling, school, neuropsychology 

and health psychology, expanded rapidly in the United States in the decades immediately after 

World War II. Comparable growth is now taking place in Europe and Asia, and some growth is 

being experienced in many other areas. This paper will examine the current status of professional 

practice, certification and training in representative countries around the world. 

2036.4 Practice without borders? Psychology in the European union, I. Lunt 1 , Y. Poortinga 2, 3 , 

1 2 3 

University of London, London, UK; Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands; University of 

Leuven, Belgium 

The professional practice of psychology, including clinical, counseling, school, neuropsychology 

and health psychology, expanded rapidly in the United States in the decades immediately after 

World War II. Comparable growth is now taking place in Europe and Asia, and some growth is 

being experienced in many other areas. This paper will examine the current status of professional 

practice, certification and training in representative countries around the world. 


Advances in test translation methodology 

Convener and Chair: R.K. Hambleton, USA 

Co-convener: B. Zumbo, Canada 

2037.1 Test translation east and west, F. Cheung, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong 

Kong SAR, China 

Most psychological tests were developed in the West. In adapting these tests for use in Asia, 

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psychologists have to consider the ecological validity, cross-cultural validity, and generalizability 

of the test interpretations. To ensure comparability of test scores at the item and scale level, careful 

translation procedures should be adopted. I will use the translation and adaptation of the MMPI 

into Chinese and the CPAI into English as examples to illustrate good practices in test translation 

and adaptation. 

2037.2 Assessing structural and metric equivalence: A case study, F. van de Vijver 1 , C. 

Jeanrie 2 , 1 Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands; 2 Laval University, Quebec City, Canada 

The California Psychological Inventory was adapted for use in Canada. The multistage committee 

approach to develop the translation/adaptation is described. The instrument was administered to 

1129 English-speaking and 1018 French-speaking participants. A factor analysis showed the same 

factorial in the two samples. Item bias analyses showed items that showed a larger difference in 

means across the two groups, that had lower endorsement rates, and that contained words with 

apostrophes (indicating nonliteral word usage) were more biased. The removal of the biased items 

had a remarkably small and nonsignificant effect (of .11 SD) on the size of the mean differences. 

2037.3 The French adaptation of the WAIS-III: Methodological issues and main results, J. 

Gregoire, Universite Catholique de Louvain, Belgium 

This presentation describes the main steps of the French adaptation of the Wechsler Adult 

Intelligence Scale (WAIS-III). New items were generated to have: (1) The same subtest 

discrimination and difficulty than the original ones, (2) the same strong four-factor structure than 

in the US version. The reliability and the construct validity of this adaptation were compared to 

those of the US original test. The factor structures were very closed. Minor discrepancy was only 

observed with the Arithmetic subtest. The meaning of this discrepancy is discussed in relation 

with cultural and educational differences. 

2037.4 Effective implementation of the international test commission guidelines for adapting 

tests, R. Hambleton, S. Li, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA 

Over the last 15 years the field of test adaptation methodology has advanced considerably. The 

purposes of this paper are to organize the technical advances that have been made around the 22 

International Test Commission Guidelines for Test Adaptation and, where appropriate, to suggest 

areas where more research remains to be completed. The idea of the paper is to organize for 

researchers some of the most useful methodological advances along with examples from large 

scale international comparative studies of achievement and personality to contribute to the general 

improvement of test adaptation practices. 


Learning of mathematical concepts and instruction 

Convener and Chair: F. Matsuda, Japan 

Co-convener: M. Yuzawa, Japan 

2038.1 A cross-national study of young children's numerical and quantitative expressions 

during free play, S. Amaiwa 1 , Y. Okamoto 2 , 1 Shinshu University, Nagano, Japan; 2 University of 

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California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA 

Children during preschool years acquire a range of mathematical competence through their 

everyday experiences. In this longitudinal study, we videotaped children's free play to study this 

process. We documented and compared American and Japanese children's use of numerical and 

quantitative expressions. We found that both groups of children used more quantitative than 

numerical expressions and that frequency and types of expressions increased with age. We found, 

however, that Japanese children used a wider variety of numerical expressions with greater 

frequency. These findings suggest that Japanese children have more opportunities to explore, 

integrate, and master mathematical competence in everyday experiences. 

2038.2 Development of quantity concepts in young children, M. Yuzawa 1 , M.B. William 2 , 

1 2 

Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan; University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA 

Young children construct informal quantity knowledge and make perceptual judgments for 

quantities such as length and area. Our hypothesis is that young children develop a basis for 

understanding a unit by relating the informal quantity knowledge with the knowledge of numbers 

and using a cognitive tool spontaneously that is internalized for comparing the magnitudes of 

quantities. We are going to report three studies that examined this hypothesis. We focus especially 

on the procedure of placing one object on another (superimposition) as a cognitive tool that is used 

for comparing areas by young children. 

2038.3 The importance of units in preparing children for fractions, C. Sophian 1 , S. Madrid 2 , 

1 2 

University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA; The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA 

Two experiments, with 7th graders and college students, provide evidence of fundamental and 

persisting limitations on students’ understanding of fraction magnitudes. Specifically, students 

have difficulty understanding the impact of the denominator of a fraction on its magnitude. They 

often rely inappropriately on additive relations in comparing fraction magnitudes. The root of 

these difficulties likely lies in inadequate foundational knowledge about mathematical units, 

because fractions derive from partitioning an initial unit to create a smaller unit and the 

denominator of a fraction indicates what fractional unit is being used. Instructional strategies for 

helping young students understand mathematical units are discussed. 

2038.4 Effects of understanding of relational concepts among duration, distance and speed on 

achievement in math “speed” in 5 th grade, F. Matsuda, Fukuyama University, Fukuyama, Japan 

Twenty-seven school children took part in a longitudinal experiment that examined the 

development of the relational concepts among duration, distance and speed. The experiment was 

conducted once each year from the 1st through the 6th grade. In the experiment, three toy trains 

ran linearly one by one, at particular speeds and for particular durations and distances. Participants 

were asked to guess the relations among duration, distance, and speed. They showed not only 

greater progress in understanding relational concepts, but also better achievement in math speed in 

5th grade, compared with other children who had not taken part in the experiment. 

2038.5 A middle level model of mathematics education, S. Strauss, Tel Aviv University, Tel 

Aviv, Israel 

Teaching mathematics should look for middle level cognitive organizations of mathematical 

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understanding. Cognitive universals, as discovered in Piaget’s work, lead us to deep and general 

mental structures that are not influenced by education. Mental organizations that allow the 

solution to specific problems, such as ratio comparisons in pan balance scales as studied by 

Siegler’s rule assessment procedure, lead us to mental organizations that have very little generality, 

but they can be influenced by education. Middle level cognitive organizations have some 

generality and can be influenced by education. Finding them should be a goal of research, 

teaching and curriculum and development. 


Neo-gestalt contributions to the understanding of perceptual organization 

Convener and Chair: J. Wagemans, Belgium 

2039.1 Past experience and competition in figure assignment, M.A. Peterson, University of 

Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA 

An assumption that long served as a foundation for research in visual perception and cognition is 

that figure-ground segregation precedes access to shape memories, including traces of configured 

portions of shapes. Contrary to this assumption, experiments measuring perception both implicitly 

and explicitly show that past experience with particular shapes is among the cues that determine 

figure assignment, and that these effects can be evident following a single exposure to a novel 

shape. These results are best understood within a competitive model in which past experience is 

expressed for portions of configured edges. 

2039.2 Neural mechanisms of perceptual organization in humans, S.H. Han, Peking University, 


We investigated when and where perceptual organization occurs in human brains and whether the 

neural substrates underlying perceptual organization are modulated by task relevance and attention. 

Subjects identified orientations of perceptual groups formed by proximity or similarity of local 

elements or identified colors of dots at fixation or in the visual field. Using ERPs and fMRI neural 

substrates of perceptual organization of local elements were localized within the calcarine cortex 

as early as 80 ms after stimulus onset; the neural correlates were weakened when the elements 

were of low task relevance and fell outside an attended area of field. 

2039.3 Can the gestalt rules be replaced by a single rule of adjacency? R.J. Watt, Stirling 

University, Scotland, UK 

The Gestalt rules of vision describe those circumstances where distinct elements in the visual field 

will be perceived as belonging together. It is proposed that the various rules are equivalent to 

adjacency within a visual topology defined by the intera 

2039.4 Visual computations and visual cortex, S.W. Zucker, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 

USA 

A computational abstraction for visual cortex is developed in which the clustered, long-range 

horizontal connections provide a substrate for early perceptual integration. We introduce a model 

of orientation continuation based on differential geometry to formalize the intuitions behind 

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perceptual integration. Curvature arises in a fundamental way, and this explains and expands 

collinear facilitation, as well as exceptions and individual differences. It further clarifies certain 

alignment differences as arising from texture continuation rather than curve continuation, and 

leads to new predictions about the variation of angular differences with displacement. 

Computational examples support the curvature-based models for realistic imagery. 

2040 PRESIDENTIAL SYMPOSIUM 

Psychology meets technology 

Convener and Chair: M. Denis, France 

2040.1 Developing cognitive design principles for computer created diagrams, B. Tversky, 

Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA 

Effective diagrams, such as route maps and assembly instructions, should be designed according 

to two principles: Congruity, according to which elements and relations of diagrams should 

correspond to elements and relations of the desired cognitive structures; Apprehension, according 

to which elements and relations in diagrams should be readily perceived and accurately conceived. 

Research on segmentation of events and production and comprehension of diagrams informs the 

design principles. The principles have been translated into algortihms for generating 

individualized diagrams for route maps and object assembly, which users have praised. The 

methods apply broadly to interfaces and visualizations. 

2040.2 Cognitive psychology and technology of learning: A mutual regard, E. Bigand, 

Université de Bourgogne, Dijon Cedex, France 

The purpose of the talk is to illustrate some of the striking interactions that pertain between 

cognitive psychology and technology. We present examples of research taken from different fields 

(music psychology and cognitive ergonomics) that illuminate the interests for cognitive 

psychology to integrate technology in the core of the research program. We start by focusing on 

the contributions of technology to simulate the working of cognitive processes. Then we consider 

technology as a real cognitive tool that can facilitate the processing of information, specifically in 

learning situations. We close this talk by considering the interest for technology to integrate 

cognitive psychology in its development. 

2040.3 Spatial memory and spatial updating in an augmented reality, W.M. Mou 1 , F. Biocca 2 , 

C.B. Owen 2 , A. Tang 2 , F. Xiao 2 , 1 Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China; 

2 

Michigan State University, USA 

The term Augmented Reality (AR) is used to describe systems that blend computer generated 

virtual objects or environments with real environments (Azuma, 1997; Barfield & Caudell, 2000). 

Using an AR system, it is possible to display virtual objects that are attached to the surrounding 

physical environment or to the participants' body when they are moving in the physical 

environment. The investigation explores whether experiencing an array of virtual objects attached 

to the environment or the body will affect the participants' choice of different frames of reference 

to represent location of objects and to recalibrate human spatial updating of object locations. 

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2040.4 Treating anxiety disorders with virtual reality or telepsychotherapy, S. Bouchard, 

Université du Québec en Outaouais, Hull, Québec, Canada 

Despite the availability of empirically validated treatments for anxiety disorders, most of the 

patients either do not receive these treatments, or do not fully benefit from them. Many reasons 

could be evoked, such as treatment accessibility, lack of motivation to face feared stimuli or 

practical limitations inherent to in vivo exposure. There has been tremendous developments in the 

fields of computer science and telecommunications in the last decade, to the point where virtual 

reality and telepsychotherapy are no longer topics of science-fiction, but offer useful solutions for 

clinical psychologists. Empirical results from outcome and process studies on VR and TP will be 

presented. 


Causal models in reasoning and learning, Part II 

Convener and Chair: M.R. Waldmann, Germany 

2041.1 Seeing versus doing: Two modes of accessing causal knowledge, M.R. Waldmann, Y. 

Hagmayer, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany 

The ability to derive predictions for the outcomes of potential actions from observational data has 

been suggested to be one of the hallmarks of true causal reasoning. We present experiments 

showing that people make different predictions from identical observationally acquired causal 

models depending on whether they believe that an event within the model has been merely 

observed (“seeing”) or was actively manipulated (“doing”). Whereas associative theories often 

postulate separate learning processes for classical conditioning (“seeing”) and instrumental 

conditioning (“doing”) the present results show that learners can derive predictions for the 

outcomes of actions from observational data without having ever undergone an instrumental 

learning phase. 

2041.2 The advantage of intervention in causal induction, D. Lagnado 1 , S. Sloman 2 , 

1 2 

University College London, London, UK; Brown University, RI, USA 

Do people learn causal structure more readily if they can intervene on a system rather than 

passively observe it? This question is explored using a novel paradigm where people manipulate 

or observe a system of virtual slider controls. Several experiments show that interveners rapidly 

learn complex causal structures, while observers struggle to differentiate structures without 

additional cues. The reasons for the advantage of intervention are discussed within the context of a 

causal model framework. It is also argued that temporal features of the learning environment serve 

as critical cues to causality. 

2041.3 Induction of causal chain, W.K. Ahn, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA 

Given only information about covariation between X and Y and covariation between Y and Z, 

people willingly inferred a causal relationship between X and Z, although it is not factually 

warranted. The basis of this judgment appears to be the conditional independence assumption; in a 

causal chain where X causes Y, which causes Z, X is not predictive of Z given the value of Y. 

Adding this assumption, contingency between X and Z becomes the product of the contingency 

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etween X and Y and the contingency between Y and Z. I present experiments demonstrating that 

people follow this product rule. 

2041.4 The deductive nature of causal induction, P. Cheng, University of California, Los 

Angeles, CA, USA 

People are capable of answering various causal questions flexibly and coherently. This paper 

reports two experiments showing that the outcome density bias, a robust finding, is due to a 

misperception of the input. A third experiment shows that results that appear to fit no plausible 

rational model are due to subjects interpreting a causal question under two different contexts. They 

may also be due to subjects assessing their confidence in whether a relation is causal rather than 

the strength of the relation, as supported by a fourth experiment. Representing hypothesized causal 

relations explicitly allows a coherent formulation of people's answers. 

2041.5 Blocking in serial compound stimuli: The role of temporal spacing in causal model 

induction, M.J. Buehner 1 , Y. Hagmayer 2 , 1 Cardiff University, Wales, UK; 2 University of 

Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany 

“Blocking” refers to decreased causal attribution to a redundant cue R, when presented in 

compound with a previously established predictor P. Although PR is always followed by the effect, 

participants usually attribute more causal strength to P than R. So far, causal induction research 

has only considered simultaneous compounds, where both cues occur concurrently. Our 

experiments involved serial compounds. P and E were always separated by a 3.8s gap, R either 

occurred concurrently with P, concurrently with E, or in the middle of the P-E gap. Results 

showed that different temporal spacing can enhance, inhibit and reverse blocking. 


Chinese character processing and the brain 

Convener and Chair: B. Weekes, UK 

Co-convener: X.C. Weng, China 

2042.1 The plastic changes on speed readers: An fMRI study, D.L. Peng 1 , D. Xu 2 , Z. Jin 1 , G.S. 

Ding 1 , Q. Luo 1 , 1 Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China; 2 Beijing 306 Hospital, China 

The study was designed to investigate the neural mechanisms of speed-reading by comparing 

speed-readers and normal readers with normal pace, as well as by comparing speed-reading and 

normal reading with speed-readers. The results showed that there was a significant difference 

between speed-readers and untrained readers during their normal pace reading in the frontal cortex 

and the parietal cortex, but no significant difference between speed and normal pace reading by 

speed-readers. These results could be due to that speed reading training might have led to 

functional plastic changes in some brain areas of speed-readers. 

2042.2 The triangle model of reading and the "division of labor" in different writing systems, M. 

Seidenberg 1 , J.D. Zevin 2 , 1 University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA; 2 Cornell University, 

New York, NY, USA 

The triangle model of reading (Harm & Seidenberg, Psy. Rev., in press) addresses the use of visual 

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and phonological information in computing the meanings of words. The "division of labor" 

between these two sources of information depends on factors such as frequency, phonological 

consistency and semantic complexity. Although initially applied to English, the model can be used 

to explore writing systems with different properties. We discuss how the triangle model can be 

used to explore effects of writing systems on the reading process. From this perspective, we can 

identify surprising similarities in how Chinese and English are read despite obvious differences 

between the writing systems. 

2042.3 A dual-route model of reading Chinese characters: A cognitive neuropsychological 

approach, S.P. Law, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China 

Case reports of impaired cognitive and linguistic abilities in brain-injured adults are recognized to 

be a significant source of data for the development of models of normal cognitive and language 

processing. While the cognitive neuropsychological approach to normal cognition has led to a 

fruitful and ever-expanding research discipline in the west, its adoption to Chinese studies has 

only begun in recent years and so far been limited to acquired dyslexia and dysgraphia. This paper 

reviews published and newly completed case studies of Mandarin- and Cantonese-speaking 

dyslexic patients. Existing data strongly support a dual-route model of reading Chinese, including 

a semantic pathway and a lexically-mediated direct route. 

2042.4 The time course of Chinese and English word reading: Evidence from event related 

potential, Y. Liu 1 , C. Perfetti 1 , M. Wang 2 , 1 University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; 

2 

University of Maryland, MD, USA 

Written Chinese is very different from English both in its non-alphabetic appearance and the 

principles that organize its mapping to language. Our question is how Chinese and English are 

processed by Chinese-English bilinguals and American students who are learning Chinese as a 

second language. High-resolution Event related potentials (ERP) was used to unfold the time 

course of graphic, phonological and semantic processing of Chinese and English words. The brain 

regions corresponding to above processes were calculated by using an ERP source localization 

method. Although the general processing framework for both writing systems are universal, some 

fine differences were found due to the characteristics of Chinese and English words. 

2042.5 Language experience modulates brain activation, M. Chee, C.S. Soon, H.L. Lee, 

Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Singapore, Singapore 

Exposure to a second language modifies neural that can be demonstrated with brain imaging. With 

written words, we found that semantic processing of words in the less familiar language results in 

greater activation in a number of regions in the frontal and parietal lobes. With auditory words, 

competence in a second language resulted in greater activation within left hemisphere areas in an 

auditory working memory task involving memory of words in a third, unfamiliar language. These 

results are discussed within a framework of brain plasticity arising from language experience. 


Music psychology: Emotion and cognition in the music domain 

Convener and Chair: E. Bigand, France 

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2043.1 The time course of emotional and cognitive response to music, F. Suzanne, E. Bigand, 

University of Bourgundy, Dijon, France 

First, we tested whether the emotional reaction or the perception of the tonality comes first when 

listening to music. Participants were tested with pairs of clips (in the same key, or one step apart) 

using an emotion categorization task. We expected a shorter response time on the second clip of 

pairs played in the same key, as compared to pairs played in different keys. Our results show a 

significant key effect. Second, participants judged whether pairs of melodies were same or 

different a)structurally and b)emotionally. Our hypothesis that shorter response times would be 

obtained for structural than emotional judgments was upheld. 

2043.2 Cognition and emotion interwoven in musical peak experiences, A. Gabrielsson, 

Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden 

Adequate definitions of, and distinctions between, fundamental psychological categories as 

perception, cognition, and emotion are still the subject of much discussion. These problems were 

highlighted in the analysis of more than 1000 verbal reports relating to strong experiences of 

music. At least 150 different reactions could be discerned and were ordered into a descriptive 

system comprising physical, perceptual, cognitive, emotional, existential/transcendental and 

personal/social aspects. Many of the reported feelings indicate interweaving of cognitive and 

emotional aspects in complex and individually different ways, moreover depending on the context. 

Maybe neuropsychological research can contribute to clarify these matters. 

2043.3 Is music emotion expression special? Responses from neuropsychology, I. Peretz, 

University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada 

Emotion is an integral part of music experience. This emotional impact is something of a paradox 

since music has no obvious adaptation function. Hence, music emotion expression might be rooted 

in the way emotions are expressed through other, evolutionary more important, channels (e.g., 

human voice and faces). Accordingly, the processing of emotions expressed by music is expected 

to share neural networks with other channels. This seems to be the case of the perception of fear 

ascribed to the amygdala (a limbic brain structure). We will present new findings that extend to 

music the role of the amygdala in recognizing danger. These results confer biological significance 

to music while questioning its specificity. 

2043.4 Emotional responding to music among children and adults, G. Schellenberg, University 

of Toronto at Mississauga, Mississauga, ON, Canada 

Emotions such as "happy" and "sad" are often considered to be polar opposites. Nonetheless, 

many experiences involve mixed emotional responses, when negative and positive emotions are 

experienced simultaneously. The present findings confirm that listeners perceive and experience 

mixed emotions when music has conflicting cues (fast tempo but minor mode). A second study of 

young children revealed that 4-year-olds can reliably identify happy and sad sounding music when 

it has consistent cues (fast tempo and major mode). Both experiments indicated that tempo has the 

strongest influence on listeners’ judgments of the emotions conveyed by music. 

2043.5 Music recognition in deaf children with cochlear implants, S.E. Trehub, University of 

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Toronto at Mississauga, ON, Canada 

Adults and children with cochlear implants perceive speech successfully, but music is problematic 

because the implants afford poor pitch resolution. We evaluated music recognition in prelingually 

deaf children who received implants in early life. They had to identify familiar recordings (closed 

set) from (1) original recordings, (2) original minus vocals, (3) synthesized piano melodies, and (4) 

bass-and-drum tracks. Implanted children were relatively accurate on original and original 

instrumental versions, but they performed at chance on melody and bass-and-drum versions. 

Moreover, poor pitch resolution did not preclude musical enjoyment, as reflected in their reported 

participation in various musical activities. 


Society, economy and organizational culture 

Convener and Chair: A. Zankovsky, Russia 

Co-convener: K. Shi, China 

2044.1 Social support and psychological health under different social conditions, A.V. Rubtzov, 

Institute of Psychology, Russian Academy of Educational Sciences, Moscow, Russia 

The Author will discuss about the social support and psychological health under different social 

conditions, He will introduce the psychological service in education: from emergent psychological 

assistance to psychological escort and prophylaxy. The problem of learning and development in 

cultural historical tradition of Vigotsky, Leontjev, Davidov. Developmental approach to child’s 

development as the theoretical basis for new educational technologies in Russian schools. And 

answer the question: Is the theoretical thinking of a child possible in the primary school? 

2044.2 Social loafing in the continuous public good dilemma, W.P. Hu 1 , W.T. Au 2 , Y.Z. Xie 1 , 

K. Shi 1 , 1 Institute of psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; 2 The Chinese 

University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T. Hong Kong, China 

The study investigated the effect of social value orientation, information structure and decision 

time on the occurrence of social loafing in Public Good Dilemma. Results found that without 

information feedback, social value orientation would significantly predict the occurrence of social 

loafing; with the information feedback, social value orientation, information structure and decision 

time would have effect on the occurrence of social loafing; moreover, both prosocial and proself 

behave similarly at the beginning and at the end of the process; It seems that social value 

orientation would be changed with the influence of other’s decision information under the social 

interaction. 

2044.3 Personal and group dynamics under conditions of economic growth, A.L. Zhuravlyov, 

V.F. Petrenko, Institute of Psychology, Russian Academy of Educational Sciences, Moscow, 

Russia 

The Author will discuss about Personal and group dynamics under conditions of economic growth, 

and also discuss Consciousness and social mentality. By the way, they will introduce The problem 

of political psychology: Russian approach. 

2044.4 Job burnout as a mediator between job stress and turnover intention, L. Lin, K. Shi, 

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The authors examined the relationship between job stress, job burnout and turnover intention. 

Based on 156 samples of Chinese teachers, using the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) and Job 

Stress Scale, Turnover Intention Inventory, we found that (1) three dimensions of job stress, 

namely role ambiguity, role conflict and job overload, influenced turnover intention; (2) emotional 

exhaustion and cynicism were partially mediators between role ambiguity, job overload and 

turnover intention, whereas reduced personal accomplishment fully mediated the relationship 

between role ambiguity, role conflict and turnover intention. Authors held that job burnout was a 

mediate variable between job stress and turnover intention. 

2044.5 The study of cognitive representations of organizational cultures, A. Zankovsky 1 , D.Y. 

Sergeevna 2 , P.N. Viktorovna 2 , 1 Institute of Psychology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 

Russia; 2 Moscow State University for Statistics, Economics and Informatics, Moscow, Russia 

In order to identify and compare the basic cognitive frames of organizational cultures in Russia the 

empirical approach based on the psychology of personal constructs has been elaborated. 

Dominating organizational values were used as the constructs scales for the assessment of 12 

organizational concepts (my boss, I myself, my colleagues etc.) This has allowed to create a 

network matrix that measures the sociocognitive frames and connectedness of the cognitive 

representations of organizational concepts. Managers and employees from different organizations 

took part in the study. The results demonstrated the differences in cognitive representations of 

organizational cultures in term of the content, structure and quantitative characteristics. 


The SWS—Survey of occupational and mental health: Cross-cultural adaptation and 

validation world-wide 

Convener and Chair: R.F. Ostermann, USA 

2045.1 SWS survey: Theoretical and research model for cross-cultural assessment of 

occupational health, R.F. Ostermann, Fairleigh Dickinson University, Staunton, VA, USA 

With World Federation for Mental Health sponsorship and W.H.O. Coordinating Centers for 

Occupational Health assistance, over 800 professionals in 21 different country-groups developed 

the 200-item SWS-Survey, a cross-cultural, self-administered, occupational health questionnaire. 

Consistent with the original SWS Model (Ostermann, 1991) are eight scales: separate Stress and 

Support indicators of SOCIOENVIRON, WORK and SELF, and separate indicators of Poor and 

Good MENTAL HEALTH. The SWS research model includes: original, basic American English 

text; bi-lingual, multi-disciplinary groups in each country for native language translation and 

certified back translation; and item-by-item content validation considering separate gender utility. 

The SWS research model is available for replication. 

2045.2 Effects of individual factors and work conditions upon personal and social support, R.E. 

Gutierrez 1 , C.C. Contreras-Ibáñez 2 , 1 Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico City, 

Mexico; 2 Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Mexico City, Mexico 

In order to evaluate concurrent and discriminant validity of two dimensions of the SWS Survey, 

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effects of individual differences (v. g. depression, age) and working conditions (v. g. hours worked, 

hierarchical level) are structurally modeled upon levels of perceived support in the social and 

personal areas in a sample of 3150 Mexican workers interviewed in their work place. This 

measurement model stem from de facie indicators for each dimension (SWS theoretical 

framework) and those structural models found in the literature regarding different functions of 

personal and social areas in life quality. Results allow for differentiation of psycho-social 

processes involved with life quality in the work place and support the theoretical base and 

instrumental operation of the SWS Survey. 

2045.3 Validation of the SWS survey of occupational stress: Findings from an Australian 

Sample, H. Muenchberger, E. Kendall, Griffith University, Qld, Australia 

Aim: This study examined the utility and validity of the SWS-Survey of occupational stress in the 

Australian context. Method: Administered to a national sample (N=2500) across eight major 

industry groups, the SWS-Survey was used to measure the relationships between personal and 

environmental stressors and supports and the mental health experienced by workers. Results: The 

content and construct validity of the survey was examined and its relevance to the Australian 

culture was confirmed. Factor analysis of the SWS-Survey subscales also provided promising 

results for use of this survey in Australian workplaces. Conclusions: Preliminary findings provided 

partial support for the utility of the SWS Survey as a measure of occupational stress in Australian 

workers. 

2045.4 SWS-survey worldwide, cross-cultural results: Universal and culture specific items of 

occupational and mental health, R.F. Ostermann, Fairleigh Dickinson University, Staunton, VA, 

USA 

Professionals (N=800) in 21distinct country-groups provided content validation of native language 

translations by rating each item as to suitability for use for men and for women in their culture. 

For each item of each scale, for each gender within each country-group we computed mean 

item-rating, standard deviation and standard error, percent of “acceptance” and “rejection” for 

each item, Cronbach Alpha and Pearson Product Moment Correlation. Results identified 150 

“universal” items and some distinct items for different country-groups. While some item-ratings 

for men and for women differed significantly, there were no opposed differences. The 

SWS-Survey is truly a native language, cross-cultural instrument. 


Neural mechanisms of learning and memory in vertebrates 

Convener and Chair: X.J. Xu, USA 

2046.1 A common plan for learning and memory systems in the brain of vertebrates? Insights 

from teleost fishes, C. Salas, F. Rodríguez, University of Seville, Sevilla, Spain 

Historically, the dominant trend in comparative brain and behavior research has emphasized the 

differences in cognition among vertebrate species. However, recent comparative evidence suggests 

that the evolution of cognitive capabilities and their neural basis could have been more 

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conservative than previously thought. Experimental data reveal that, from classical conditioning to 

spatial and relational memories, the neural mechanisms of learning and memory appear notably 

well conserved in vertebrates. Thus, vertebrates present highly similar cognitive functions 

supported by a basic common pattern of brain organization. These traits may have appeared early 

in the evolution of vertebrates and have been conserved through phylogenesis. 

2046.2 The roles of NMDA receptors and NO in learning and memory consolidation of 

avoidance conditioning, X.J. Xu, Grand Valley State University, Allendale, MI USA 

N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors and nitric oxide (NO) are implicated in learning and 

memory in mammals. In goldfish, we found that pre-training administration of NMDA antagonists 

produced anterograde amnesia but post-training administration of NMDA antagonists did not 

produce retrograde amnesia in avoidance conditioning. However, pre-training or post-training 

administration of NO inhibitors produced anterograde amnesia or retrograde amnesia respectively. 

Therefore, NMDA receptors may mediate learning processes or be involved in physiological 

processes that are completed during training whereas NO may also mediate memory consolidation 

or be involved in physiological processes that are completed following training and that are 

necessary for long-term memory. 

2046.3 Toward a Molecular Mechanism of Memory Consolidation, R. Schmidt, 

Justus-Liebig-Universitaet Giessen, Giessen, Germany 

Biochemical processes of memory formation depending on transcription and translation of genetic 

information proceed for hours after learning. Thus, several types of cell adhesion molecules 

exhibit increased synthesis after acquisition of various tasks in fish, and antibodies or anti-sense 

probes against these molecules interfere with memory consolidation when injected 

intracerebroventricularly. Following classical shock avoidance conditioning, one class of such 

glycoproteins, the ependymins, is secreted from meningeal fibroblasts, redistributed via the 

extra-cellular and cerebrospinal fluids and recovered in a calcium dependent manner at cell 

membranes, in particular around synapses of neurons involved in the processing of excitations 

relevant to this learning-paradigm. 

2046.4 Function of avian hippocampus in spatial learning, T. DeVoogd, Cornell University, 

Ithaca, NY, USA 

Some bird species hide many food items and retrieve them weeks later using spatial memory. The 

hippocampus is larger in such species than in species that do not. Birds that store cannot retrieve if 

the hippocampus is lesioned. Hippocampal volume increases in juveniles with the onset of caching, 

and fluctuates seasonally with use of seed storage and retrieval. Inactivating hippocampal NMDA 

receptors disrupts retrieval based on spatial cues. However, inactivating CB1 receptors during 

learning improves retention. Thus, hippocampal structure is modified to encode spatial learning, 

and the balance in activity between different receptor classes determines the strength of the 

encoding. 

2046.5 Role of the medial prefrontal cortex in post-extinction expression of CS-related 

memories, R. Garcia, S. Hugues, O. Deschaux, University of Nice, Nice, France 

Memories associated with traumatic conditioning (‘CS-US’ memory) and extinction (‘CS-no US’ 

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memory) are known to implicate different brain circuits. However, recent studies, in mice, have 

revealed that post-extinction potentiation of synaptic efficacy in the medial prefrontal cortex 

promotes expression of ‘CS-no US’ memory, while depression signals expression of ‘CS-US’ 

memory (fear responses). Here, we found, in rats, that post-extinction prefrontal blockade of 

MAPK, a key component of synaptic plasticity, impairs the expression of ‘CS-no US’ memory. 

These data support the ideas that extinction recruits prefrontal synaptic changes (via activation of 

MAPK cascade) that protect against expression of ‘CS-US’ memories. 


Research on psychotherapeutic interventions and counseling services with older adults 

Convener and Chair: C. Chen, Ireland 

Co-convener: E. O’Leary, Ireland 

2047.1 Outcome and process research with older adults in Ireland, E. O’Leary, National 

University of Ireland, Cork, Ireland 

This paper considers research on older adults using a scientist - practitioner approach. Outcomes 

which occurred through participation in a gestalt group are outlined and the use of methodological 

triangulation are discussed. Changes occurring during participation in a gestalt reminiscence group 

in a nursing home context are described and the use of consensual selection of data in a discourse 

analytic approach highlighted. The paper concludes with a discussion of the necessity of training 

for practioners in both qualitative and quantitative methods. 

2047.2 The future of therapeutic interventions with older adults in Zhejiang, China, E. 

O’Leary 1 , C.F. Chen 1, 2 , 1 National University of Ireland, Cork, Ireland; 2 Ningbo University, 

Ningbo, China 

This paper considers the training of psychological professionals for working with older adults in 

Zhejiang Province, China. Demographic and psychosocial data relating to the older population 

(marital status, health evaluation, income, daily activities, satisfaction with life and worries) are 

presented. This data is considered in the light of needed service provision by professionals from 

the psychological counselling and psychotherapeutic fields. The specific types of training for 

counselling psychologists, counsellors and psychotherapists within the province are outlined and 

the optimisation of these resources in relation to future service provision is explored. 

2047.3 Psychological counselling and psychotherapeutic services for older adults in the 

Republic of Ireland, E. O’Leary, C. Staunton, National University of Ireland, Cork, Ireland 

The paper considers models of service provision for older adults in Ireland in relation to current 

practice and future challenges. Both governmental and voluntary organisations are investigated 

and the contributions of three groups of professionals, counselling psychologists, counsellors and 

psychotherapists, are evaluated. Since service provision usually reflects models of training 

available in a particular country, the relationship between such service provision and professional 

training is outlined. An important challenge is the establishment of multi-disciplinary teams which 

operate in an integrative manner allowing older adults to profit from the specific contribution of 

each. 

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2047.4 Depression and psychological counselling in community-dwelling older adults, X. He 1 , 

C. Chen 2 , S. Chen 3 , D. Diao 1 , Y. Han 1 , 1 Ningbo University, Zhejiang, China; 2 National 

University of Ireland, Cork, Ireland; 3 Kongning Hospital, China 

A questionnaire method was used to identify depression in 100 older individuals. Subsequently, 

interviews which explored the effect of depression on the health of 12 depressed older adults were 

conducted. Psychological counselling and intervention were used with this sample. 

2047.5 An investigation of the social support and expectations of older adults, C. Chen 1, 2 , E. 

O’Leary 2 , H. He 1 , 1 Ningbo University, Ningbo, China; 2 National University of Ireland, Cork, 

Ireland 

The social support and expectations of older adults were explored in a survey of 272 urban 

dwellers in east China. Differing patterns of social support were found. Gender, age, educational 

level and occupational status had different influences on various aspects of social support while a 

significant percentage of older people were in need of care, understanding and support from 

family and society. 

2047.6 A study of the perception of the physical self of older adults in China, H. Chen, W. 

Feng, Southwest China Normal University, Chonqing, China 

An Older Adults’ Physical-Self Scale was developed based on previous research. Its reliability and 

validity were established through the assessment of 300 adults over the age of 60. The perception 

of the physical self of older people and differences in the physical self of older and younger adults 

were explored. Cultural characteristics were discussed. 

2047.7 The relationship between negative emotional suppression and expression in breast 

cancer diagnosis and treatment of older adults, Y. Iwamitsu 1 , K. Shimoda 2 , H. Abe 1 , T. Tani 1 , M. 

Okawa 1 , R. Buck 3 , 1 Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu Shiga, Japan; 2 Dokkyo University 

School of Medicine, Tochigi, Japan; 3 University of Connecticut, CT, USA 

The research investigated differences in emotional distress in older adults with breast cancer who 

were undergoing medical treatment. The Profile of Mood States (POMS) was used at four 

different time points: 1) at the first visit to the clinic; 2) immediately after being informed of the 

diagnosis of breast cancer; 3) after surgery; and 4) at three months after discharge. The results 

showed that emotionally suppressive patients tended to report more emotional distress than 

emotionally expressive patients. The findings suggested that it is essential to encourage 

suppressive patients to express both negative and positive emotions clearly and appropriately. 

2047.8 Environmental stress and mental health of older adults in the process of urbanization, H. 

He 1 , C. Chen 1, 2 , 1 Ningbo University, Ningbo, China; 2 National University of Ireland, Cork, 

Ireland 

In general, when environmental stress exceeds the individual’s capacity to deal with it, the 

person’s health and behaviour is affected. Focusing on the process of urbanization and the aging 

population in China, this paper studies environmental stress in older adults. The specific reasons 

why some older adults failed to adapt psychologically to urbanization and the relationships 

between individual personality, environmental change and life satisfaction were explored. 

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Suggestions for consultation and intervention to improve the psychological health of older adults 

were given. 


Contributions of psychology to enhancing cognitive competence 

Convener and Chair: C. Kagitcibasi, Turkey 

2048.1 The development of critical thinking skills: Our best hope for the future, D.F. Halpern, 

Claremont McKenna College, Claremont, CA, USA 

Although the ability to think critically has always been important, it is avital necessity for the 

citizens of the 21st century. The twin abilities of knowing how to learn and knowing how to think 

clearly are the most important intellectual skills for the 21st century. Empirical research has shown 

that with appropriate instruction college students and other adults can become better thinkers. 

When we design learning activities for long-term retention and transfer, enhancements in critical 

thinking are a likely outcome from education. A short sampler of applications from cognitive 

psychology designed to improve thinking skills will be presented. 

2048.2 Malleability of children: Critical ages for cognitive stimulation in naturalistic and 

experimental settings, N. Baydar, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey 

A review of current knowledge and new evidence regarding developmental changes in the 

effectiveness of cognitive stimulation of children will be presented. Developmental changes in 

cognitive malleability must be considered from physiological, developmental, social, and cultural 

perspectives. A substantial body of research suggests that there are periods in early and middle 

childhood when most gains can be accrued in response to cognitive stimulation. Research on this 

issue has developed in naturalistic settings (i.e., family), and in experimental settings (i.e., in 

educational interventions). Current knowledge in these two domains will be reviewed with the 

objective of identifying critical developmental periods. In addition, new longitudinal research 

findings regarding malleability will be presented. 

2048.3 Relevant learning environments for enhancing young children's cognitive competencies, 

R. Gelman, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA 

I will report on a collaboration between my labs and a large US Child Care Center to develop a 

hands-on, adult-guided, developmentally appropriate program that provides young children 

opportunities to do, talk about and start to learn about the language, basic concepts and tools of 

science. Preschool Pathways to Science (PrePS©) is designed to place young children on 

relevant learning paths, ones that will facilitate their attention to and understanding of lessons they 

will have in school. 

2048.4 Improving early childhood education: Challenges for psychology, P.M. Leseman, 

University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands 

Based on recent evaluation studies of both home-based and center-based education programs for 

preschool children at risk for educational failure, the paper addresses the challenges for 

psychology to contribute to the innovation of the basic program design in order to enhance 

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program efficacy. The focus is on how psychology can help to develop programs that adapt to 

individual and cultural differences in the developmental pathways of complex cognitive (school) 

skills, to the neurobiological timing of development and to the core process of motivational 

self-regulation in development and learning. 

2048.5 Two programs with cognitive effects, S. Gulgoz, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey 

Intervention programs for underprivileged groups have attempted to empower participants by skill 

acquisition activities. Two studies evaluating the effectiveness of intervention programs will be 

discussed. In one program, children participated in weekly activities developed on the basis of 

cognitive research. The effects of program participation were tested after 8 weeks using a control 

group. In the other program, adult women participated in government literacy program or a 

program developed by researchers in cognitive psychology. The effects of participation was 

evaluated compared to a non-participating control group. The overall results showed support for 

intervention programs. The implications for cognitive psychology applications in program 

development will be discussed. 


The transition to school: International perspectives on a natural experiment 

Convener and Chair: H. Wellman, USA 

Co-convener: F. Morrison, USA 

2049.1 School transition in America: The interaction of child and instruction, F. Morrison, 

C.M. Connor, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA 

We present the results of a series of studies that examine the effect of language arts instruction on 

growth in children’s early reading skills and the degree to which the impact of instruction depends 

on the language and reading skills children bring to the classroom. Overall, the effect of 

instruction depended on children’s fall language and reading scores. For example, children with 

average to low fall scores achieved greater reading growth in classrooms with more time in 

teacher-managed instruction. Children with higher fall scores demonstrated stronger growth in 

classrooms with more child-managed instruction. 

2049.2 Preschool experience and early literacy and quantitative skills: Evidence from Asia, N. 

Rao, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China 

This paper considers the influence of preschool experience on academic skills by comparing: (a) 

children who have attended preschool in India with those who have not; (b) children in Hong 

Kong with differing amounts of preschool experience; and (c) children with differing home and 

preschool literacy environments in Hong Kong, Beijing and Singapore. Taken together, these 

studies illustrate the critical role of early education in preparing children for the transition to 

school, help disentangle the influence of maturation versus schooling on development, and 

highlight the importance of home environments and explicit teaching for early attainment. 

2049.3 Age- and schooling-related influences on the development of number concepts and 

addition skills; evidence from Japan, M. Naito, Joetsu University of Education, Niigata, Japan 

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To separate the influences of schooling- from those of age-related factors, Japanese children's 

development of number concepts and addition skills were examined. Three groups of kindergarten 

and Grade 1 children who differed in age and/or school experiences completed tasks on their 

numerical competencies 1 and 6 months after school entrance. Children's use of addition strategies 

and their base 10 number concepts improved primarily with the amount of schooling. Results 

suggest that schooling is an important determinant in developing Japanese speaking children's 

numerical competencies, which were not explained solely by their language characteristics nor by 

age-related factors. 

2049.4 Transitions in mathematics: From intuitive quantification to symbol-based reasoning, E. 

Stern, Max-Planck-Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany 

The acquisition of basic quantitative skills such as counting or modeling the exchange of sets is 

supported by innate modularized knowledge. In contrast, academic mathematics based on 

complex symbol systems emerged through cultural development and can only be acquired through 

systematic schooling. The age level for children to be expected to make the transition from an 

intuitive to an advanced symbol-based mathematical reasoning varies tremendously between and 

within cultures. Results from a large German longitudinal study on cognitive development 

between ages 3 and 17 suggest that early advanced mathematical understanding has positive long 

term effects on mathematical achievement even if intelligence is partialed out. 


Peer interaction in childhood: US-China comparative studies 

Convener and Chair: Z.K. Zhou, China 

2050.1 Knowing and showing respect by Chinese and U.S. children: Relating children’s 

understanding of respect to friendships, Y. Hsueh 1 , Z.K. Zhou 2 , R. Cohen 1 , R.J. Hundley 3 , D.P. 

Deptula 4 , 1 The University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, USA; 2 Central China Normal University, 

Wuhan, China; 3 Franciscan Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; 4 Eastern Illinois University, 

Charleston, IL, USA 

This research evaluated U.S. and Chinese children’s understanding of respect and related this 

understanding to peer behavioral decisions and friendship. We assessed third through sixth 

graders’ definition of respect, reasons to show respect, and beliefs as to how to show respect 

toward teachers. Findings suggested that U.S. children generally defined respect in terms of 

reciprocity, and advocated obedience as the way to show respect to teachers. Chinese children 

defined respect in terms of admiration and reciprocity, and advocated working hard as the way to 

show respect to teachers. Findings are discussed in reference to the conceptual framework of 

cultural schemas. 

2050.2 Distinguishing among respect, liking, and friendships as measures of peer social 

competence, R. Cohen 1 , Z.K. Zhou 2 , Y. Hsueh 1 , M. Hancock 1 , 1 The University of Memphis, 

Memphis, TN, USA; 2 Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China 

Being respected by peers and being perceived as respectful towards peers should relate to other 

indicators of peer social competence. However, little research has examined children’s 

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understanding and display of respect, and no known research has addressed associations between 

respect and social competence in peer relationships. The present study evaluated whether 

children’s attributions of respect contributed to social competence beyond constructs such as 

liking and friendship for US and Chinese. 

2050.3 Loneliness as a function of sociometric status and self-perceived social competence in 

middle childhood, D.M. Zhao 1 , Z.K. Zhou 1 , J. Chen 1 , R. Hundley 2 , 1 Central China Normal 

University, Wuhan, China; 2 The University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, USA 

Scales and peer nomination were used to examine the relations between sociometric status, 

self-perceived social competence and loneliness in primary students from Grade 3 through Grade 

6.The results indicated that there was significant gender difference on score of loneliness, boys 

scored higher than girls. And significant differences on score of loneliness were also observed 

among sociometric groups. The low-accepted children scored significantly higher on loneliness 

than the normally accepted and high-accepted children. The relation between children’s loneliness 

and sociometric status was discussed in respect of cultural differences. 


The social foundations underlying our understanding of this world: How shared reality is 

constructed through the act of communication. 

Convener and Chair: Y. Endo, Japan 

2051.1 Social construction of reality: An empirical study using Japanese national surveys, K. 

Ikeda, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan 

Without sharing the meaning and contents communicated human being fails to obtain social 

reality of things and happenings. This social reality is sustained by three layers all of which are 

closely related with communication; (1) large institutional layer constructed by the work of mass 

media or education, (2) small institutional layer which is realized through interpersonal 

communication environment, and (3) intrapersonal layer which is made of individual beliefs and 

cognitions. These three layers construct social reality interactively. The construction of political 

reality has the same structure. The author will elucidate it empirically through the analyses on 

major Japanese national surveys. 

2051.2 Communication and essentialism: Can socio-cultural processes underlie essentialist 

thinking? Y. Kashima, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia 

Psychological essentialism, a tacit belief in the underlying essence of a class of objects in the 

world, has been suggested to derive from innate modules that humans acquired through evolution. 

Although this possibility cannot be rejected, there is also evidence for cultural variability in 

essentialist thinking, implying the importance of socio-cultural influences on essentialism. In this 

paper, communication processes are examined as a potential cause of essentialist thinking, 

especially exploring the roles played by both language-specific linguistic practices and 

collaborative processes universally necessary for communication. 

2051.3 The influence of perceived social consensus on stereotyping, prejudice, and 

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discrimination, C. Stangor, University of Maryland, MD, USA 

Although traditional social-psychological approaches have usually assumed that stereotypes, 

prejudice and discrimination are learned and changed through direct contact with members of the 

outgroup, these beliefs and behaviors are also at least in part the result of the sharing of social 

reality. People are prejudiced because they think other members of their reference groups are too, 

and they discriminate when such behaviors are seen as normatively appropriate. Our research has 

investigated the extent to which stereotypes are developed, maintained, and changed through 

perception of social consensus. Experiments are presented that demonstrate the remarkable ability 

of social perceptions to influence our intergroup attitudes and behaviors. 

2051.4 A pragmatic approach to collectively shared cognition, M. Karasawa, Kobe University, 

Hyogo, Japan 

Communicators normally take the viewpoint of their communication partners into consideration. 

Such role-taking tendency in turn influences the contents of the communication in a reflexive 

manner. Based on this pragmatic perspective, I will report findings from our own studies 

concerning how stereotypic information and causal reasoning are communicated as collectively 

shared information processing. Evidence regarding the relationship between the individual and 

collective levels of processing will also be provided. I will furthermore address an attempt to 

construct a conceptual framework for the study of shared cognition. 


Applications of psychology to public policy: Part II 

Convener and Chair: J. Berry, Canada 

2052.1 Disperal of immigrants and their implications for policy formation, David Lackland 

Sam, University of Bergen, Norway 

Assimilation policy enshrined in dispersal of immigrants tends to be the settlement policy of 

choice when countries and societies that for years have been culturally homogenous are 

confronted with immigration and cultural diversity. The underlying motive for this is the desire to 

avoid the creation of ghettoes and large ethnic communities that may be out of touch -- culturally, 

socially and politically -- with the larger society of settlement. In this paper we review studies 

dealing this policy, and contrast it with other settlement policies and their implications for 

migrants' long-term. Central to the presentation is the size of the ethnic community and adaptation 

outcome. 

2052.2 Indigenous psychologists and public policy – making it to the table, L.W. Nikora, M. 

Levy, B. Masters, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand 

The number of indigenous psychologists engaged in the task of researching, documenting and 

producing indigenous psychological knowledge in Aotearoa/New Zealand is still limited to a 

handful of people, most of whom are recent graduates of psychology. Even so, some critical 

indigenous psychological concepts have, over the last 2-3 decades, become integral to public 

policy in New Zealand. One such concept is that of whanau and whanaungatanga. In this paper, 

we track the journey taken by this concept into the arena of public policy and make critical 

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comment on the twists that have bitten those charged with implementing policy, and those 

intended to be served by it. 

2052.3 Psychological issues in ethnonational violence, C. McCauley 1 , Y. Lee 2 , I. Maoz 3 , 

1 2 

Solomon Asch Center for Study of Ethnopolitical Conflict, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Minnesota 

State University, Mankato, MN, USA; 3 Hebrew University, Israel 

The psychology of perpetrators of ethnonational violence is relatively well understood as a 

combination of cause and comrades; our paper focuses instead on the pyramid of sympathizers 

and supporters beneath the perpetrators. The psychology of the pyramid is based in ethnic 

identification, and we advance a theory of ethnic identification in which hatred for the enemy is 

understood as an extreme form of negative identification that includes essentializing the enemy 

and often the ingroup as well. Issues of group identification in contact-based peace education are 

also considered. 

2052.4 Environmental Psychology in Policy and Practice, D. Canter 1 , M. Bonnes 2 , T. Hartig 3 , 

1 2 3 

The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK; University of Rome "La Sapienza", Italy; Uppsala 

University, Sweden 

The central role of the concept of Place in environmental psychology, with its recognition of the 

differences in conceptualisations of different populations, and its significance in influencing our 

understanding of environmental decision-making, is discussed. Three scales of place are then 

considered, at the level of the building, the city and the environment in general. It is argued that at 

each of these levels Environmental Psychologists can contribute to more effective user 

empowerment and the consequent creation of more effective places; thereby creating better homes, 

workplaces and institutions; safer more pleasant and less stressful cities; and reducing 

environmental risks and improving environmental relations. 

2052.5 Status of Women, F. Denmark, Pace University, New York, NY, USA 

The efforts to integrate women’s issues into international applied psychology vary from good to 

poor depending on the situations in different parts of the world. All too often the concerns of 

women are ignored. Given the large number of women entering psychology this is an issue that 

cannot be overlooked. Mentoring is essential, especially utilizing international friendly colleagues. 

This paper will suggest ways that will benefit both women psychologists, and the psychology 

organizations or departments. Special attention will be paid to the role of the International 

Association for Applied Psychology (IAAP). 

2053 ORAL 

Psychology in India 

Chair: Pandey Janak, India 

2053.1 Social psychology as a sensitive discipline for solutions of problems in India, Pandey 

Janak, Allahabad University, Allahabad, India 

Development of social psychology in India as a sensitive and creative problem solving discipline 

is examined. Since independence of India in 1947, social psychologists have focused their 

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esearch and related findings to the developmental efforts to facilitate policy formulation and 

execution leading to social change and national development. In the 1960s necessity to undertake 

applied research was strongly advocated and supported by the national funding agencies. 

Significant contributions are made in the areas of intergroup relations, community work and 

co-operation, social motivations, leadership, influence, deprivation, poverty, environmental stress 

and health. The challenge is integrating psychological research with social action. 

2053.2 Psychology in the Indian tradition: A classical model with contemporary relevance, Rao 

Ramakrishna, Institute for Human Science & Service, India 

This paper sketches the following psychological model with implications for educational theory, 

therapeutic practices and social action. Psychology is the study of the person. The person is 

embodied consciousness. Consciousness, mind and the brain are irreducibly distinct. They are 

primary bases for three forms of awareness -- brain-processed learning, mind-generated 

understanding, and consciousness-accessed realization. Embodied and conditioned, consciousness 

becomes clouded and engenders the sense of ego. With the ego come attachment and craving and 

consequent anxiety, insecurity, stress, distress, disease and suffering. The goal is liberating the 

person from the existential predicament of ignorance and suffering. Yoga is the method. 

2053.3 Cultural shaping of emotion experiences: The Indian experience, Girishwar Misra, 

University of Delhi, India 

The cultural shaping of emotional lives was empirically explored with the help of self reported 

narratives in a group of Hindi speakers (N=140). The analysis antecedents of emotion experiences 

revealed that while there are multiple pathways through which emotions are experienced there is 

considerable similarity within and differences between emotion categories. The pattern faired 

quite well when compared with emotional accounts in the texts of ancient India. As an interpretive 

schema culture operates through normative practices and social institutions. Through enculturation 

the culturally rooted meanings and implicit theories differentially shape emotional experiences and 

influence communication, patterns social interaction and well-being. 

2053.4 Concepts of social behaviour in India, Krishnan Lilavati, Indian Institute of 

Technology, Kanpur, India 

The present paper examines the cultural specificity of some Indian concepts of social behaviour. 

Considering some examples, it is argued that daan as a form of prosocial behaviour goes beyond 

the norms of social responsibility, reciprocity, and equity, and may be culture-specific. 

Deservingness as a justice criterion in the Indian context, is a multi-dimensional concept, but is 

evidently not culture-specific. The implications of using such concepts for alternative explanations 

of cultural variations in social behaviour, and blending the prescriptive and conceptual 

traditional-Indian approach with the non-prescriptive empirical approach of contemporary 

psychology, are discussed. 

2053.5 Indian research on cognitive and developmental psychology: Emerging Indigenous 

perspectives, Mohanty Ajit K., Jawaharlal Nehru University, India 

Review of Indian research in developmental and cognitive psychology shows an increasing 

emphasis on contextual and broad socio-cultural variables and formal/structural aspects of 

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cognitive-linguistic inputs. Examples of research in the areas of socialization, language acquisition, 

multilingualism and reading development are cited to point to the emergence of indigenous 

perspectives with increasing emphasis on indigenous problem orientation, willingness to transcend 

disciplinary boundaries and openness to psychological approaches in the rich heritage of Indian 

psychology. The paper concludes that emphasis on relevance and contextual orientation in 

theoretical, problematic and methodological aspects of research is needed for a healthy 

development of indigenous psychology. 

2053.6 Evolving work culture in Indian organizations, Sinha J.B.P., Assert Institute of 

Management Studies, India 

Evolving work culture in Indian organizations reflects the changing business milieu where 

majority of the work organizations are shifting from being culturally embedded to market driven 

and strategically oriented. Correspondingly, work culture is becoming more work centric and 

technocratic incorporating globally applicable managerial practices, beliefs, and preferences, but 

also retaining some of the salient Indian social values of collectivism, hierarchy, and personalized 

relationships. The trend is to contextualize front versus back work behaviour and expatriates 

versus compatriots in order to selectively evoke different combinations of behaviour for effective 

functioning of individuals and organizations. 


Social identity and global ethnic conflict 

Convener and Chair: Y.T. Lee, USA 

Co-convener: V. Ottati, USA 

2055.1 Ethnicity: A social-triadic action approach, N. Bilik 1, 2 , H. Zhang 3 , 1 Carleton College, 

Northfield, MN, USA; 2 Nationality Institute, Chinese Academy of Social Science, China; 3 Central 

University of Nationalities, Beijing, China 

The conception of ‘knowing is doing’ is adapted to a slightly different version of cognition as 

triadic action I would like to develop, whereby the Chinese notion of minzu is considered in its 

translated, practiced forms. The triadic visions of history, power and agency is very important here. 

While the lived history defines the cognition of minzu, the history of cognition is part and parcel 

of the lived history itself, which will participate in the general force that determines following 

activities. The proper understanding of minzu depends on the adequate appreciation of its 

negotiated nature in the light of an ongoing process. 

2055.2 Social psychological theories on intergroup relations: Some lessons from South Africa, 

E. Bornman, J.C. Mynhardt, University of South Africa, South Africa 

This paper explores the significance of theories such as the theory of the authoritarian personality, 

contact theory, relative deprivation theory and social identity theory against the background of 

intergroup relations before and after the apartheid era in South Africa. Data from various surveys 

conducted before and after the advent of a new political dispensation are explored. The extent to 

which these and other theoretical frameworks provide explanations for tendencies related to 

intergroup relations in South Africa as indicated in various surveys - are contemplated. The 

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implications for further theorising on intergroup relations in the social sciences, and social 

psychology in particular, are considered. 

2055.3 The impact of formal and informal interdependence on ethnic violence: Historical 

exemplars, J. Levin, G. Rabrenovic, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA 

The literature of social psychology is replete with research suggesting an ameliorative effect of 

interdependence on inter-group relations. The present study seeks to extend this research literature 

in several ways. First, we offer a number of historical examples in which interdependence seems 

to have averted the development of violence between groups. Second, we suggest a distinction 

between formal and informal interdependence. Third, we examine the presumed requirement of a 

generalization effect, arguing instead that the ameliorative impact of cooperation or liking on 

group behavior does not depend on improving the general attitudes (i.e., prejudice) between 

groups. 


Culture and social anxiety 

Convener and Chair: M.Y. Qian, China 

Co-convener: G. Huon, Australia 

2056.1 Shame and social anxiety, M.Y. Qian 1 , B. Li 2 , J. Zhong 1 , 1 Peking University, Beijing, 

China; 2 Beijing Technology Institute, Beijing, China 

Shame and social anxiety share several similarities in many aspects. According to a series 

researches on shame, the authors has found that shame has certain correlations with self-esteem, 

some personality traits and social anxiety. The results suggested that shame plays an important 

role in the forming process of social anxiety. A model of social anxiety was raised then. The 

hypothesis has been proved that shame presents a hinge role on social anxiety among samples of 

college students via structural equation modeling (SEM). The relations of social anxiety and 

shame, self-esteem, personality, as well as parenting style will be discussed finally. 

2056.2 The characteristics of social anxiety disorder in Japan, J.W. Chen 1 , S. Sasagawa 1 , Y. 

Kanai 2 , Y. Sakano 2 , 1 Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan; 2 Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, 

Hokkaido, Japan 

Taijin KyofuSho (TKS), which was first identified in Japan, is said to be a specific form of social 

anxiety disorder (SAD) with a cultural background and is quite different from the generalized type 

of SAD as defined by DSM-IV (Lee & Oh, 1999). On the other hand, both disorders show some 

common symptoms such as fear and avoidance of social situations in which they would be 

observed. However, similarities and differences of these two disorders are still unclear. Our study 

examined the differences between SAD and TKS and tried to draw out the characteristics of TKS 

by using Japanese nonclinical and clinical samples. 

2056.3 Cognitive behavioral group therapy for social anxiety disorder in Chinese culture, X.K. 

Zhang 1 , W.Y. Wu 2 , M.Y. Zhang 1 , 1 Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai, China; 2 Tongji 

University, Shanghai, China 

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To explore the effects of cognitive-behavioral group therapy (CBGT) for social anxiety disorder 

(SAD) in Chinese culture. In 58 cases of SAD at Shanghai Mental Heath Center were received the 

therapy. LSAS was evaluated the effects. LSAS scores, total is 75.9 in before and 47.0 in after the 

therapy, fear 39.3 and 25.4, avoidance 36.4 and 22.2, had significantly difference. It is good 

effects to the Chinese participants with SAD for CBGT. 

2056.4 Co-morbid anxiety in the treatment of depression in elderly, G. I. Engels, R. 

Haringsma, P. Spinhoven, University of Leiden, Leiden, The Netherlands 

An outcome study was carried out to examine the effects of a Community Mental Health 

prevention program for depression in the elderly. Participants (N=206) were solicited through 

advertisements in local news media. Inclusion: age 55 +, depressive symptomatology. Exclusion: 

bereavement, cognitive impairment, hearing- and vision impairment, other mental health treatment. 

The program was cognitive-behavioral, had 10 sessions and 1 follow-up. Measures were taken at 

pre and post-test, follow-up at 2 months and at 14 months. 30 % Of the participants had a Major 

Depressive Disorder with co-morbid anxiety. The relationship will be analyzed between 

co-morbid anxiety and treatment outcome. 


Stress coping and promotion of resilience 

Convener and Chair: C. Hiew, Japan 

2057.1 Quality or quantity: Which facet of coping best predicts wellbeing or dysfunctio, E. 

Frydenberg, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia 

This study with 1294 adolescents examines the relationship between wellbeing and dysfunction 

and the frequency of use of various coping strategies, independent of their perceived effectiveness. 

It also reports the association between perceived effectiveness of strategies and wellbeing and 

dysfunction independent of their level of usage. For girls, examining the quantity of coping 

independent of its quality does not add to our understanding. However, for boys, once the 

perceived effectiveness of a range of non-productive strategies is controlled, frequency of use 

associates with both dysfunction and wellbeing. Furthermore, boys who report being better 

problem-solvers also note most wellbeing. 

2057.2 Divorce, risk and resiliency: A developmental perspective, J. K. Rice, University of 

Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA 

Globally divorce has become a significant and more predictable life event, and the United States 

continues to report the highest divorce rates in the world. Divorce and remarriage initially are 

usually experienced as extremely stressful transitions by adults and children; however longitudinal 

US research indicates that resiliency is a paramount and frequent outcome of divorce with only a 

small percentage of adults and children showing serious long term problems in adjustment 

following divorce. This presentation considers divorce from a developmental perspective that 

incorporates both risk and resiliency factors and integrates divorce into a family life cycle 

framework. 

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2057.3 Stress coping behavior of Jakarta riverbank families: Resiliency of helplessness? M.P. 

Satiadarma, Tarumanagara University, Jakarta, Indonesia 

Researches indicate that life stress correlates with domestic violence, life stress relates to poverty, 

yet people who are more resilient are more capable of handling life stress. Most families who have 

lived for years on riverbanks in Jakarta live in poverty and more susceptible to life stress, yet they 

remain to stay living in such condition. This seems to indicate that they are resilient in dealing 

with life stress. However, others consider that some people remain to live in stressful life 

condition because they feel helpless. This research is aimed to explore the way that people cope 

with such situation, and whether their way of coping indicates resiliency of helplessness. 

2057.4 Hope as a form of resilience: Terminal illness, R. Ow, I. Woo, National University of 

Singapore, Singapore 

A qualitative study of 8 hospice care patients (response rate about 48 %) from diverse cultural 

background over a three month period on perceptions of what constitutes ‘hope’ in their context; 

the factors that maintain the sense of ‘hope’ (if present) and the role of service providers in 

maintaining ‘hope’ as defined by the patients. Hope as an experiential process, a spiritual and 

transcendent process, a rational process, and a relational process (Farren, Herth and Popovich, 

1995) and the Herth Hope Index (1990) provided the basis for the construction of the guided 

interview schedule. Results: ‘Hope’ reflected mainly a spiritual and transcendental process (future 

orientation) as well as a relational process (connectedness with people). 

2057.5 Stress and resilience in japanese school teachers, T. Sato 1 , Y. Sato 2 , 1 Miyakojima Senior 

High School, Osaka, Japan; 2 Mukogawa Wonmen’s University 

Among the diversified stressors which may result in senior school teachers’ unadaptable behaviors 

and attitudes, the lack of mutual understanding, cooperation, and the increase of distrust and 

hostility among senior and junior high school teachers, students, and even parents, in addition to 

the increased students’ delinquency, have badly gained increased attention these days in Japan. 

Now is the time of crisis of secondary school education world in the field of clinical education. 

Further research and practice on the particular targets of problematic events or stressors and then 

adversity and resiliency from the clinical education point of view in this context are needed. Data 

will be presented in the session. 


Plasticity, environment and nitric oxide 

Convener and Chair: M. del Rosario Lores Arnaiz, Argentina 

2058.1 17 days of different environmental exposure increase NO brain production in 

pre-pubertal but not in young rats, S. Lores Arnaiz 1 , J. Bustamante 2 , G. D´Amico 2 , N. Paglia 1 , 

M. del Rosario Lores Arnaiz 1 , 1 Argentina; University of Buenos Aires, Argentina; 2 Lab of Free 

Radicals Biology, Argentina 

Rats exposed to an enriched environment –EE- from weanling to 40 days of life significantly 

increased brain plasticity measured by nitric oxide –NO- brain mitochondrial production by 

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contrast with rats exposed to a standard environment –SE- during the same age period. No 

significant differences in NO brain mitochondrial production were found between enriched and 

standard rats when environmental exposure started when animals had seventy three days. 

Handling and shaping in an eight arms radial maze with external cues also increased NO 

production in standard reared, but not in enriched rats. Learning contributed to plasticity, but 

enriched animals likely had a roof-effect. 

2058.2 Sub-chronic stress plays contrary roles in the effect of acute morphine on hippocampal 

bi-directional synaptic plasticity in infancy and adult Wistar rats, L. Xu, Kunming Institute of 

Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China 

Developing hippocampus may be sensitive to stress and/or addictive drugs. We studied acute 

morphine effects after stress on LTP and LTD in CA1 in vivo in four (4W) and ten weeks (10W) 

young rats. Stress impaired LTP in both groups and facilitated LTD in 4W. Acute morphine 

exposure (3mg/kg, i.p) impaired LTP in 4W, facilitated LTP in 10W, and LTD in both groups. 

After sub-chronic stress, acute morphine facilitated LTP and LTD in 4W, while impaired both in 

10W. Thus, stress modulates the effect of acute morphine on hippocampal plasticity in opposite 

direction between infant and adult. 

2058.3 Functional and cellular effects of environmental enrichment after experimental brain 

infarcts, B.B Johansson, Lund University, Sweden 

Housing in an enriched environment, i.e. larger cages which allow both social interaction and 

various activities, improves functional outcome after focal brain ischemia, modifies gene 

activation, and increases dendrite branching and number of dendritic spines in pyramidal neurons 

in layers II-III in the contra-lateral cortex. Furthermore, it alters lesion-induced progenitor cell 

differentiation and interacts with neocortical transplantation, drug treatment and training. It is 

proposed that the interaction between environment and specific treatment needs more clinical 

attention, and that a general stimulating and positive environment is the optimal base for specific 

interventions in neurological rehabilitation. 

2058.4 Taste aversion as a behavioral tool for the study of the involvement of nitric oxide in 

learning and memory, M. Gallo, F. Olóriz, University of Granada, Spain 

Previous evidence has shown the relevance of nitric oxide (NO) in synaptic plasticity related with 

some forms of learning, using mainly spatial tasks. However spatial learning imposes a variety of 

sensorimotor and motivational requirements that hinders a straightforward interpretation of the 

data. Moreover, comparing results showing NO-dependent and NO-independent learning obtained 

with different learning tasks adds interpretation problems. As taste aversion learning tasks impose 

minimal sensorimotor and motivational requirements, it may be proposed as a choice paradigm in 

behavioral experiments aimed to explore the NO involvement in different forms of learning and 

memory. 

2058.5 Addictive behavior, stress and synaptic plasticity, N. Sui, Institute of Psychology, 

Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China 

Behaivioral and synaptic plasticity is largely modulated by exposure to abusive drugs. In our 

recent work, corticosterone facilitated the morphine reinforcing effects and intensified 

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drug-craving behavior after long-term abstinence, which was evidenced by LTP, LTD. Extraneous 

corticosterone administration facilitated the conditioned psychostimulant by morphine and 

reduced its CPP. Also, social stress enhanced morphine psychomotor effect in an 

individually-differentiated manner. Two classes of unigenes or ETSs were involved in the 

expression of differentiated susceptibility to the CPP effect, reversed by the dopamine antagonist. 

Behavioral paradigms with rats and chicks were established in our lab, showing some advantages 

for meaningful comparison among species. 


Stress, burnout and work engagement in Higher Education Institutions 

Convener and Chair: S. Rothmann, Australia 

Co-convener: M.Y. Tytherleigh, UK 

2059.1 Job satisfaction in Australian university staff, A. H. Winefield 1 , A. Winefield 1 , C. 

Boyd 1 , C. Stough 2 , N. Gillespie 3 , 1 University of South Australia, South Australia, Australia; 

2 3 

Swinburne University, Australia; University of Melbounre, Australia 

Recent studies show that job satisfaction is related to organisational outcomes, including 

performance, injuries, and absence from work. A survey of Australian universities found that 

despite high levels of occupational stress, job satisfaction was moderately high, although higher 

among non-academics, than among academics. Of 15 job facets, most non-academics expressed 

dissatisfaction with only two: chance of promotion, and university management. Academics, in 

addition expressed dissatisfaction with hours of work and rate of pay. Satisfaction was higher 

among academics at the older, richer, universities. The results are interpreted in relation to 

repeated funding cuts imposed on Australian universities in recent years. 

2059.2 Gender differences in university staff: Exposure not vulnerability, M. Tytherleigh 1 , P.A. 

Jacobs 1 , C. Webb 1 , C. Ricketts 1 , C. Cooper 2 , 1 University of Plymouth, Exeter, UK; 2 University 

of Lancaster, Lancaster, UK 

The relationship between gender, health and employment is complex, with evidence suggesting it 

is more strongly conditioned by work and/or family roles for women than for men. The results of a 

nationwide study exploring work-related stress using the ASSET in staff (N=3550) working in 14 

higher education institutions throughout England, however, suggests otherwise. Our results show 

that when differences in job exposure were adjusted for, men and women responded to the same 

sources of stress and, generally, to the same degree. However, when the outcomes were physical, 

women reported higher occurrences of physical ill-health when compared to men. Our study 

supports the ASSET model of stress. 

2059.3 Occupational stress of support staff in higher education institutions in South Africa, W. 

Naudé 1 , Fathima Mahomed 2 , 1 North West University, Vanderbijlpark, South Africa; 2 North West 

University, Potchefstroom, South Africa 

The objectives of this research were to determine the levels of occupational stress and to 

standardise the ASSET Organisational Stress Screening Tool for employees within higher 

education institutions in South Africa. A cross-sectional survey design was used. A random sample 

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(N = 600) of support staff members of higher education institution in South Africa was taken. 

Structural equation modelling analysis confirmed the ASSET model. Acceptable internal 

consistency was found for the subscales of the ASSET. 

2059.4 Stress and burnout of academic staff in higher education institution in South Africa, S. 

Rothmann, N. Barkhuizen, M. Wissing, North West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa 

This study investigated the relationships between burnout, health, job characteristics and 

dispositional optimism in a higher education institution in South Africa. The Maslach Burnout 

Inventory, The Life Orientation Test, Job Characteristics Scale and the ASSET were used as 

measuring instruments. The results showed that overload was associated with high exhaustion and 

low professional efficacy. Job resources were negatively related to exhaustion and cynicism, and 

positively related to professional efficacy. Exhaustion and low professional efficacy were related 

to health problems. Optimism moderated the effects of a lack of resources on exhaustion and the 

effects of job resources on professional efficacy. 

2059.5 Work engagement academic staff in higher education institutions, N. Barkhuizen, S. 

Rothmann, North West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa 

The objective of this study was to validate the Utrecht Work Engagement Scale for staff members 

of higher education institutions in South Africa, and to determine the relationships between work 

engagement, job characteristics and dispositional optimism in higher education institutions. The 

study population (N = 1500) consisted of academic and non-academic staff working in higher 

education institutions in South Africa. The Utrecht Work Engagement Scale, The Life Orientation 

Test Revised, and the Job Characteristics Scale were used as measuring instruments. The results 

confirmed a three factors structure of work engagement consisting of vigor, dedication and 

absorption, Job resources were positively related to work engagement. Optimism moderated the 

effects of job resources on work engagement. 


The contemporary meanings of coping with stress 

Convener and Chair: I. Heszen-Niejodek, Poland 

Co-convener: J. Strelau, Poland 

2060.1 Sensitivity to resource loss: A lifespan perspective, S. Hobfoll, Kent State University, 

Kent, OH, USA 

According to Conservation of Resources (COR), people are particularly sensitive to loss of 

resources. Sensitivity to loss is both biologically imprinted and then also learned through personal 

and cultural experience. This process is so automatic as to result in responding that is below the 

level of awareness. On a personal level, early traumatic experience seems to have a dual effect. It 

sensitizes trauma survivors to a particular set of loss cues and also results in depletion of the very 

resources they need to combat new stress challenges that occur. 

2060.2 Individual differences approach to coping: Theory and data, J. Strelau, Warsaw School 

of Social Psychology, Warszawa, Poland 

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Coping with stress is understood here as a regulatory function that consists of maintaining the 

adequate balance (or of reducing the discrepancy) between demands and capacities. Individual 

differences in coping are moderated by personality traits among which temperament plays an 

essential role. Temperamental traits, present since birth, influence the shaping of coping styles and 

together with them contribute to the relationship between stressors and the state of stress. Data 

collected in our laboratory support this view. We have also evidence showing that individual 

differences in coping styles as well as the correlation between coping styles and temperamental 

are codetermined by the genetic factor. 

2060.3 Coping dispositions and gender as predictors of the processing of aversive information, 

H.W. Krohne, M. Hock, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany 

The study investigated the influence of coping dispositions (cognitive avoidance, vigilance) and 

gender on memory for aversive information. Stimulus material were unambiguous (threatening, 

non-threatening) and ambiguous pictures. Memory performance was assessed twice: shortly after 

stimulus presentation and three days later. Avoiders exhibited a comparatively good memory for 

aversive information in the first test and a poor memory in the delayed testing, whereas vigilant 

persons displayed the opposite pattern. Compared to men, women had a better memory for 

ambiguous information in the immediate test. Results are discussed within the framework of the 

repressive discontinuity hypothesis proposed by Hock and Krohne. 

2060.4 Coping with tumor surgery: Effects of partner support on patients, R. Schwarzer, U. 

Schulz, S. Taubert, Free University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany 

The possible influence of partner support on patient characteristics is examined within a 

longitudinal research design to assess coping and adjustment of 108 elderly patients after tumor 

surgery. The extension of support may improve coping attempts such as accommodation, 

downward comparison, fighting spirit, or search for meaning. One research question aims at the 

prediction of received support. Do patients receive support congruent with the self-reports of 

support provision by their partners? Another question addresses the prediction of coping by the 

patient. Do patients cope better when partners say they supported them? Dyads with male patients 

are compared to dyads with female patients. 

2060.5 Emotions, cognitions and strategies in the process of coping, I. Heszen-Niejodek, M. 

Januszek, Silesian University, Warszawa, Poland 

Two models of relationships between emotions, cognition and coping strategies were tested in 

anticipatory, waiting and outcome phases of stressful encounter (a difficult exam). In the first 

model the decisive role was ascribed to cognitive appraisal as a factor determining behavior and 

emotions, according to the cognitive-transactional paradigm of stress and coping by Lazarus. The 

second model assumed emotions to be a crucial factor in the process of coping, and to influence 

coping strategies and cognitions. The participants were 158 university students. Both models 

fulfilled the requirements of fit the empirical data, but the second fit better. 


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system. 

2061.5 Social supervision and services for family juvenile education in China, T. Liu, Hebei 

University, Baoding city, China 

Due to social, cultural and family structural circumstances, family juvenile education in China has 

long been problematic. The contributing factors for such an undesirable situation in family 

juvenile education include the family-centered attitude of parents, poor parent education 

background, one-couple-one-child family structure, cultural prejudice, and lack of social 

supervision. Family education issues have caught the attention of both government organizations 

and the family education society. Strong attention has been paid to family education research, 

emphasizing educational psychology. Healthy and scientifically sound social intervention systems 

in forms of government control and supervision and social services are discussed. 


Culture and agency: New directions of research 

Convener and Chair: S. Kitayama, USA 

2062.1 Class, agency and choice in American and Indian cultural contexts, H. Markus 1 , A.C. 

Snibbe 2 , K. Savani 1 , 1 Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; 2 University of California, San 

Francisco, CA, USA 

Studies comparing working and middle class Americans in self-determination and dissonance 

paradigms, find that middle class Americans evaluate objects they have chosen more positively 

than unchosen objects, while working class respondents do not differ across choice conditions. 

Replications of these studies in India also reveal a significant effect of social class. Yet the effect is 

opposite to that found among European Americans: those lower in social class standing evaluate 

chosen objects more positively than unchosen objects, but middle and upper class Indians do not 

differ across choice conditions. These studies suggest that exercising personal choice may not be 

the universal signature of agency. 

2062.2 Competition and goal achievement: Construction of their relationship in three cultures: 

Hungary, Japan and the USA, M. Fülöp, Institute for Psychology, Hungarian Academy of 

Sciences, Budapest, Hungary 

This study compares Hungarian, Japanese and American secondary school students’ concepts on 

the role and function of competition and its relation to goal achievement. It will interpret the 

similarities and differences within the context of culture. Hungary is a transitory society from 

ideologically banned competition to market economy, Japan is known as a highly competitive and 

cooperative society, while the USA has an open ethos of competition. 220 respondents in each 

country filled in a questionnaire with open-ended questions. The free descriptive answers were 

categorised. The paper will present the qualitative and quantitative differences among the three 

groups of students in the way they construct the meaning and function of competition. 

2062.3 Culture, self, and wellbeing: The voluntary settlement hypothesis, S. Kitayama, 

University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA 

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Happiness and wellbeing may take cross-culturally divergent forms depending of eudaimonistic 

dimensions that are made salient through practices and public meanings available in a given 

cultural context. I will review available evidence and suggest that whereas happiness in 

middleclass American context are predominantly personal, unqualifiedly positive, and worldly, 

happiness in East Asian cultures tend to be more relational, hedonically more balanced, and 

transcendental. I will then discuss, with initial empirical evidence, a crucial role of economically 

motivated settlement and associated ideas of frontier in shaping lay theories of person, society, and 

social relations. 

2062.4 Individual agency in cultural context: Meanings of an elderly Taiwanese woman's 

recurring dreams, H. Fung, Academia Sinica, Taiwan, China 

This paper is inspired by a Taiwanese grandmother’s life story and dream experiences. This 

elderly lady only had six years of marital life with her first husband. However, their relationship 

was sustained in recurring dreams even 45 years after his death. One compelling consequence is 

that she refused to have sex with her second husband for 24 years, whom she married after 13 

years of widowhood so as to provide better education for her first husband’s children. I argue that 

agency has to be understood in sociocultural context and may be actualized/operate 

interpersonally beyond skin and across time and space. 

2063 POSTER 


2063.1 “Body, mind and brain” paradigm and a study on children’s bodies, minds, brains and 

systemic health, Jiagui Zheng 1 , Yi Zhang 2 , 1 Jinzhou Hospital for Maternity and 

Children, 2 Department of Psychology, Liaoning,China 

The Body, Mind and Brain (BMB) affect the capacity of physical labour and the collective health 

quality of children. Our innovative research has used intersecting visions of many fields over a 

ten-year period and has been applied to about1000 cases of clinical observations. The study uses a 

post-modern phisolophy, e.g. process philosophy, as an instructional base. Our focus is based on a 

3-way inter-relationship of BMB to arrive at the central issues of children’s health and intelligence. 

Medicine (Western and Chinese), psychology and primary education all provide a mutually 

complimentary foundation for high-level obstacles in the physiological development. 

2063.2 Developmental research on children’s understanding of different cultures and 

development of friendship; Future issues and prospects on children’s development and adaptation 

to different cultures, Sakae Nakata, Kunio Shiomi, JPA, APA & IAAP, Japan 

This study covers the process in which children adapt themselves to different cultures. The 

purpose of this study is to research how preschool children and school children change in a 

different culture and how different cultures affect the children's development in each growing 

stage. In the relations with others of a different culture, many children tend to misunderstand them, 

being involved in a trouble and maladapted by the difference of their sense of value or the 

meaning of the action taken by them. Therefor this study proposes how to deal with the stress 

attributable to different cultures based on actual circumstances. 

382

2063.3 Six-month developmental follow-up of classrooms effectiveness by the Matsuyama 

Health Center: Monitoring the change in parent-child relations, Nakako Fujikawa, Matsuyama 

Shinonome Junior College, Japan 

The purpose of the study was to examine the effect of the developmental follow-up classes for 

slightly handicapped children (1-2 & 3-4 age class) given by the Matsuyama Health Center. 217 

pairs of children and their parents participated in the classes from 2000 to 2002. The assessment of 

the classes was made from four aspects: Children’s psychological development, the changes in 

child-parent relations, parents’ comments, and relevant choices of courses made. Results showed 

that the follow-up classes were effective on all four measures. Findings are discussed in terms of 

the effects of the classes on the improvement of parent-child interactions. 

2063.4 The relationship between infants’ temperaments characteristics and the PLOC of their 

parents, Ling Li 1 , Lifang Lai 2 , 1 East China Normal University, China; 2 Shanghai Municipal 

Kindergarten, China 

The temperaments of 97 children of 5-44-month old were tested by Carey & McDevitt’s RITQ, 

TTS, BSQ. The parental locus of control of these children’ parents were assessed by the PLOC of 

Campis et al. Results showed that: 1) most of the children were easy-fostered; 2) most of the 

parents were more confident of their child-fostering-abilities; 3) the children’ ages, 

temperament-types and the 9 dimensions of their temperaments affected their parents’ PLOC at 

different degree. 

2063.5 Effects of previous motor experience on learning for relation between infant voluntary 

activity and change of environment during the conjugate reinforcement mobile task, Hama 

Watanabe 1 , Gentaro Taga 1 , Keisuke Kushiro 1 , Kayo Asakawa 2 , 1 University of Tokyo, Japan; 

2 

Japan Science and Technology Agency, Japan 

We focused on developmental changes in motor patterns of limbs during the conjugate 

reinforcement mobile task, and examined how infants’ previous motor patterns and memory for 

them affect subsequent learning for relation between infants’ voluntary activity and movement of a 

mobile. Two- to four-month-old infants were assigned to two conditions for order of reinforcement; 

1) arm to leg, 2) leg to arm. The increasing rate of arm activity followed by leg reinforcement 

were higher than that of leg activity followed by arm reinforcement, and it suggested a possibility 

of different learning and memory process depending on particular physical activities. 

2063.6 The relation between mother’s responsiveness and self-perception of the parental role, 

Sueko Toda, Hokkaido University of Education, Japan 

To examine the relation between mother's responsiveness to infant and self-perception of the 

parental role, 27 mother and infant dyads participated, and mother's responsiveness to infant's 

attention and voice was observed at 5 months of age. Mothers filled out the questionnaire which 

consists of 22 items (parental role). The results showed that girl's mothers were satisfied with 

themselves as parent more than boy's mothers. Also, their responsiveness to infant's attention to 

objects was correlated to constraint of parental role. Boy's mothers wanted to know the 

information about childrearing more than girl's mothers. These results will be discussed at the 

conference. 

383

2063.7 Shelter on the sheltered children’s: A exploratorie study, Celia Vectore, Ichitaro 

Watanabe, Universidade Federal De Uberl&Acirc, India 

The purpose of this study was to examine the sheltered children’s conceptions about the shelter. In 

order to achieve that interviews and game like aspect activities were done in groups of six children 

aged between four to six years old who came from a public shelter. The results show that despite 

the short or no time of contact between these children with their families, family references are 

frequent in the carried out activities. Discussions on these findings demonstrate the importance of 

family introductions in this context and the training for sensitive caregivers. 

2063.8 Development and evaluation of intervention program for high-risk infants and mothers, 

Hee-jung Lee, Cheonan University, Korea 

The main purpose of this study was to develop and evaluate intervention program for high-risk 

infants and their mothers. It consisted of three phases, which were needs assessment, development, 

and evaluation.Needs assessment was conducted from June to August, 2003. The second phase 

was to develop the program based on the needs assessment. The conceptual framework was the 

biosocial developmental contextualism based on priming mechanisms (Ramey & Ramey, 1998). 

The last phase of the study was evaluation of the program done with 3 pairs of high-risk infants 

and mothers from September, 2003 to January, 2004. 

2063.9 The effects of three types of aggressiveness on evaluations and outcome expectations for 

aggressive responses in elementary school children, Akiko Sakai 1 , Katsuyuki Yamasaki 2 , 

1 2 

Mimasaka University; Naruto University of Education, Japan 

Nine- to twelve-year-old children (n=1482) were administered a set of questionnaires to 

investigate how three types of aggressiveness, reactive-expressive, reactive-inexpressive, and 

proactive-relational, influence children's social information processing. The questionnaires were 

the Proactive-Reactive Aggression Questionnaire and an originally developed hypothetical 

conflict situation instrument assessing children's response evaluations and outcome expectations 

for aggressive responses. Compared to non-aggressive children, expressively and relationally 

aggressive children evaluated expressively and relationally aggressive responses in positive ways, 

respectively. Structural equation modeling revealed that expressive and relational aggressiveness 

actually caused social information processing distortion in expressively and relationally aggressive 

responses, respectively. 

2063.10 Relations between interparental conflicts and children’s problem behaviors, Liping Chi 1 , 

Ziqiang Xin 2 , 1 Women's University, China; 2 Beijing Normal University, China 

Under the cognitive-contextual framework developed by Grych and Ficham (1990), relations 

between interparental conflicts perceived by children and their problem behaviors were 

investigated in a sample of 303 8-13-year-old children. The results suggested that relations 

between interparental conflicts and children’s internalizing problem behaviors were mediated by 

children’s cognitive appraisals and emotional responses. Based on this finding, a 

cognitive-emotional mediator model was proposed. Unlike internalizing problem behaviors, 

children's externalizing problem behaviors were found to be affected directly by interparental 

conflicts. As a result, the mechanisms by which interparental conflicts affected children’s 

384

Outward Bound. 

2063.15 Relations between children’s implicit personality theories and responses to social failure, 

Liping Zhang, Meifang Wang, Lihui Sui, Shandong Normal University, China 

Present study examined the relations between children’s implicit personality theories and 

responses to social failure with 160 participants aged 4-12 in Jinan City, China. The results 

indicated: (1) Older children coped with social failure more positively than youngers, trying more 

entry strategies, experiencing more positive feelings and anticipating future social outcomes more 

optimistically. (2) Compared with entity theorists, incremental theorists used more rejoining 

strategies, which were more constructive as well. (3) After social failure, incremental theorists 

showed more positive self-evaluation and future expectancy than entity theorists, while no 

significant differences existed in their attributions to social failure. 

2063.16 The development of children’s trait inferences in different informational conditions, 

Zhenhua Dong, Meifang Wang, Jinxia Zhao, Shandong Normal University, China 

Present study investigated the development of 5-, 7- and 9-year-old children’s trait inferences and 

the basis of inferences in the conditions of trait category, trait property and trait category/property 

information. The results indicated: For 5- and 7-year-old children, no significant differences 

existed in their trait inferences in 3 informational conditions, while 9-year-old children’s inference 

scores were higher in category conditions than property conditions. In category and property 

conditions, most participates inferred new properties from the provided information. In 

category/property conditions, 5- and 7-year-old children inferred from either category or property 

information, while 9-year-old children mainly from category information. 

2063.17 Do children have limits on theory of mind use? Bing Shi, Su Yanjie, Peking University, 

China 

This study examined children’s performance on two types of false belief tasks: behavior-related 

and mental state related tasks. Children’s performance on these tasks were highly correlated. 

Except 6-year-olds, 3, 4, 5-year-olds showed no significant difference between these tasks. Results 

indicate: 1) the reason that younger children may not fully understand mental terms can not 

explain their failing; 2) as Keysar (2003) demonstrates that adults have limits on theory of mind 

use, children as early as 6 begin to dissociate “using tools” from “possessing tools” and show this 

kind of limits. Several reasons for this dissociation are discussed. 

2063.18 Could the eyes alone be emotional cues to children? Shuliang Mo, Su Yanjie, Peking 


Previous studies indicated that adults’ eyes alone could convey as much information as their faces 

could. This study aimed to test whether young children could recognize four basic emotion states 

through the eyes alone. Revised Baron-Cohen (1997)’s paradigm was used to examine 159 

participants from 4 to 7 years old. There were significant differences between face and eyes alone, 

eyes alone and mouth alone. It was suggested for very younger children the eyes could convey as 

much information of basic emotion as whole face could, and the eyes alone could be emotional 

cues to young children. 

386

2063.19 The role of strategic visual attention in children’s occlusion drawing, Gao Xuemei, 

Zheng Chijun, South-West Normal University, China 

This study has examined 90 4 to 5-year-olds young children. The experimental materials are cup. 

From this study, the following conclusion has been drawn: (1) Hinting about the strategy visual 

attention can improve the 5-year-olds children’s visual realism drawing. (2) There are mainly six 

representation strategies in children’s occlusion drawing. The representation strategies utilized by 

children in occlusion drawing demonstrate the development of children’s cognition. (3) Complete 

occlusion presents less difficulties than partial occlusion. 

2063.20 The influence of complexity and reasoning direction, Zheng Chijun 1 , Gao Xuemei 2 , Li 

Hong 2 , 1 Southwest Normal University Press, Chongqing, China; 2 South-West China Normal 


Causal reasoning is the core and basis of cognition about the objective world. This experiment 

studied the development of causal reasoning in 66 3.5- to 4.5-year-olds using a ramp apparatus 

with two input holes and two output holes (Frye et al., 1995). Results revealed that (1) children 

performed better on cause-effect inferences than on effect-cause inferences; (2) there was an effect 

of rule complexity such that uni-dimensional causal inferences were easier than bi-dimensional 

inferences which, in turn, were easier than tri-dimensional causal inferences; and (3) children’s 

causal reasoning develops rapidly between the ages of age of 3.5 to 4 years. 

2063.21 Development of “more” and “less” concept from 3 to 11 year old children, Guoen Yin 1 , 

Yingxia Li 2 , Yong Li 1 , 1 Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, China; 2 Hebei Hengshui Teacher's 


Children aged 3- to 11-year-old were tested in a quantity decision task with stimuli varied from 2 

to 30 or from 5 to 100. The experiment found that a turning point of quantity decision age was 7. 

Subsequently, critical values of the quantity decision (more or less) increased with age. The 

critical quantity decision value of the dots ranging from 5-100 is bigger than that of the dots 

ranging from 2-30. 

2063.22 Developmental level of children’s co-operative stratagem, Yousui Li, China 

300 children were selected randomly from the first, second and third grades in primary schools 

and the top and middle classes in kindergartens for the current work. The co-operative stratagem 

was divided into 4 levels. The development trend of children's co-operative behavior was studied 

by the method of playing games and under the condition of encouraging co-operation. The result 

showed that the greater the age, the more co-operative behavior level but the less the competitive 

behavior. Sex factor had little influence on the co-operative behavior, but had significant influence 

on the competitive behavior. 

2063.23 Preschooler’s ability to use emotional cues to infer other’s desires, Xiao-Dong Yang, Ge 

Fang, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China 

72 three- to five-year-old preschoolers were exposed to stories in which the character got (or did 

not get) a nice (or poor) object and felt happy (or unhappy). Their ability to infer other’s desire 

according to emotion cues was investigated. 3-year-olds had difficulty to utter the cause of other’s 

emotion. More than half 5-year-olds were able to attribute character’s emotion to his(her) desire or 

387

other mental states. These preschoolers were able to use emotional cues to judge other’s desires, 

but their performance was influenced by object’s characteristics (nice or poor) and the outcome 

(got or not). 

2063.24 The relation between children’s ability of alternative naming and understanding false 

belief, Naiyi Wang, Hong Li, Southwest China Normal University, China 

The article studied the relation between ToM and the ability of alternative naming in Chinese 3 to 

5-year olds using the traditional FB task and the alternative naming tasks devised by J.Perner and 

M. Sprung etc. The results showed that the ability of understanding false belief was significantly 

correlated with the ability of using alternative names. With two control tasks added, the results 

indicated that the assume of Perspectival Understanding of Mind could not completely explain the 

common difficulty of young children on the two kinds of tasks. There may be other causes, such 

as visual clues and inhibition. 

2063.25 Carrying out psychotherapeutic works with children from families transferred stress, 

Mariam Shirkhanyan, University "Urartu", Yerevan, Armenia 

In a stressful situation of short duration, unexpectedness, suddenness is taken into account. It is 

known that in Armenia in the course of last years a turn of these extreme situations has happened. 

(The genocide in Azerbaijan, emigration to Armenia, the earthquake of nineteen eighty eight.) We 

have carried out psycho diagnostic works with such children who did not manage to feel these 

extreme situations in the families where the elder generation bore such situations. The researches 

showed that the child feels the consequences of the stress, passed from the parents, which 

transforms in the psychology of the child. 

2063.26 Person versus process praise and conceptions of ability: Implications for coping with 

failure, Bing Qian, Wang Meifang, Liu Anqing, Yang Yunyun, Shandong Normal University, 

China 

Present study explored person versus process praise and conceptions of ability and their 

implications for coping with failure in 192 four-, eight-, twelve-year-old Chinese children. As 

predicted, children displayed significantly more helpless responses to failure after person praise 

than after process praise and after no feedback. Children’s conceptions of ability included 3 

relatively distinct dimensions: conceptions of ability as uncontrollable, conceptions of ability as 

constant and conceptions of ability as capacity. The 3 dimensions had different relations to coping 

with failure. Moreover, conceptions of ability as constant and as capacity appeared to interact with 

praise to influence children’s coping. 

2063.27 Relations among children’s implicit personality theories, interpersonal affect and social 

judgments, Su Xia, Wang Meifang, Zhan Xin, Yang Yunyun, Shandong Normal University, 

China 

Present study examined the relations among children’s implicit personality theories, interpersonal 

affect (like/dislike) and social judgments with 169 participants aged 5-10 in China. The results 

indicated: (1) Children’s social judgments became more and more positive with age. (2) Children 

judged their liked peers more positively than disliked peers, particularly when their peers 

displayed inconsistent (e.g. honest and dishonest) behaviors. (3) Incremental theorists’ social 

388

judgments varied more significantly as a function of affect toward peers than those of entity 

theorists, and their integration of peer’s positive and negative behaviors was more comprehensive 

as well. 

2063.28 Conversational awareness: A study with 3 to 6 year old Brazilian children, 

Maria-regina Maluf 1 , Michel Deleau 2 , Sara Panciera 1 , Anegreice Valério 3 , Simone 

Domingues 3 , 1 Universidade De São Paulo; 2 Université De Rennes II, France; 3 Pontifícia 

Universidade Católica De São Paulo, Brazil 

The experience of conversational practices lead to awareness of social conventions and rules that 

govern conversation in our social environment. Understanding this can help to comprehend some 

important sociocognitive processes. The objectives of this study were: a) to adapt to the Brazilian 

cultural context an instrument to assess the understanding of implicit rules in conversational acts; 

b) to evaluate the influence of the age and culture in this domain. 202 children from three to six 

year old were examined. The results showed significant differences related to age and 

sociocultural context. Considerations were made for improvement of the data collection 

instrument. 

2063.29 Research on features of divergent thinking development of children aged 3-7, Xiao-ying 

Wang, Yan Yang, Lin Li, Northeast Normal University, China 

The present study examined divergent thinking development in 193 preschoolers. Individual tests 

were employed to investigate 5 aspects: sign, usage, imagination, operation and problem-solving. 

The result indicated: 1. Children’s divergent thinking development showed significant age 

difference and tended to increase gradually with children's age; 2. Children's divergent thinking 

did not advance uniformly in speed during its tenor. The turning-period was about 5 years old; 3. 

In general, there was no significant sex difference in children’s divergent thinking development. 

However, boys showed superior on the uniqueness with their age; 4. There was significant 

individual difference in children’s divergent thinking development. 

2063.30 Children’s attribution about prosocial behavior, Cuiying Fan 1 , Zongkui Zhou 2 , 

1 2 

Jianghan University, China; Central China Normal University, China 

Two experiments were conducted to investigate Chinese children’s attribution about other’s 

prosocial behavior. 80 Subjects were asked to answer questions after listening to stories of 

classmates’ helping in different situations. Results indicated that Chinese children began to use 

discounting principle from the age of 5 to 6 (kindergarten), and reached a full-function level of 

attribution at the age of 8 (second grade). Among a variety of behavior causes, actors who helped 

out of no reason, empathy, and helping norm were attributed most intrinsic motivated to help. 

Implications of these results were discussed in terms of developmental and cultural differences. 

2063.31 Development of ability to understand others’ emotions in preschool children, Makiko 

Hayashi, Hosen Junior College, Japan 

This study examined whether preschoolers change their reaction patterns according to the number 

of people in communication situations and whether the skillfulness in these patterns develop with 

their age. 72 children were presented six short stories and pictures, then asked to infer the 

character's emotion. Six short stories were classified into two kinds of communication 

389

situations.(Between two peoples and between three peoples.) The result indicated that the 

preschools could understand others' emotion and that this ability developed with age. Especially, 

older children could infer characters' emotion in the condition of communication among three 

peoples, and could adjust their emotion well. 

2063.32 Development of a young child’s utterances about causality concerning others: Analyzing 

data from a sibling relationship at home, Miho Iwata, Faculty of Education, Chiba University, 

Japan 

The purpose of this study was to examine a young child’s developmental change of utterances 

about causality concerning others, analyzing data videotaped at home in unstructured observations 

of relationship between a boy and his younger brother. At 30 months, the boy was able to talk 

about causality concerning his younger brother’s behavior/action and physical reality. At 31 

months, the boy was able to talk about causality concerning his younger brother’s internal states, 

social practices, and abilities/capabilities. The findings suggested that the boy would talk about 

causality when he felt his younger brother’s behavior was strange and immature. 

2063.33 An extensive study on child’s adaptability transition from preschool to elementary 

school in Japan, Sayoko Kobayashi, Japan 

Japan has kindergartens and day care centers as an institution for preschool children. The purpose 

of this study is to clarify the difference of adaptability to elementary school between the children 

from kindergartens and the ones from day care centers. The research was made on the first graders 

during the first half year after their admission. This study discusses the analysis of the interviews 

to the children and the questionnaire results answered by their parents, kindergarten teachers, 

nursery teachers and elementary school teachers. 

2063.34 Preschoolers’ theory of mind, emotion understanding, and interactions with peers: 

Individual differences and interrelations, Miwo Morino 1 , Masanori Taguchi 2 , 1 Hiroshima 

University, Japan; 2 Dokkyo University, Japan 

This study examined the relationship among theory of mind, emotion understanding, and 

interactions with peers, in preschool children. A hundred and forty-four children, aged from 3 to 6, 

completed 4 tasks of theory of mind and 2 tasks of emotion understanding. Teachers assessed 

children's interactions with peers in regards to social skills and popularity. The results of the 

analysis of the children's task performance and teacher's assessment showed that theory of mind 

was related with both emotion understanding and social skills in 4- and 5-year-olds, but related 

with popularity only in 5-year-olds. 

2063.35 A longitudinal study on the development and consistency of children’s prosocial 

behavior between age 4 to 6, Wenjuan Zhang, Hailei Li, Wenxin Zhang, Linqin Ji, Shandong 


The development of prosocial behavior was followed up via observation in a sample of 119 

children from age 4 to 6. Significant variations existed in the frequencies of different subtypes of 

prosocial behavior, with cooperation being the most popular. Prosocial behaviors directed to peers 

were more than to teachers, and more prosocial behaviors were towards the same gender children. 

Prosocial behavior increased with age, but developmental pattern of different subtypes was 

390

differentiated. There was stable individual differences in preschooler’s prosocial behavior. 

Consistency across different types of prosocial behavior existed except with doing good for 

collective. 

2063.36 The development of sharing behaviors in pupils of 7-11 year old, Huichang Chen 1 , 

Xifeng Geng 2 , Haimei Wang 1 , 1 Beijing Normal University, China; 2 Jiamusi University, 

Heilongjiang, China 

By using the self-rating, teachers-rating, and peer-rating methods, this study identified the 

development of four kinds sharing behavior of pupils in elementary school. The participants were 

128 pupils of 7-11 year Old who were selected from grade one, three and five in an elementary 

school. The results show that: (1) There is no significant differences between grade one and grade 

three in sharing behaviors, and the sharing behaviors significantly declined from grade three to 

grade five. (2) there is a declension of sharing behaviors with age. (3) Diferrent sharing behaviors 

are ascendant in different age. 

2063.37 The preschoolers’ sharing behaviors of different objects, Haimei Wang, Huichang 

Chen, Beijing Normal University, China 

120 children aged 4-6 year old participated an inner-subjects designed experimental procedure 

consist of three situations. Results show that (1) About 25% of 4 year old children, 50% of 5 year 

olds and 71% of 6 year olds shared own occasionally gained toy to their peer. (2) Overwhelming 

children of 4 year old could not distinguish an occasionally gained object and an object that 

received in competition as bonus, but most children at 5-6 year old viewed the bonus as “own 

possessive thing”. 

2063.38 Parental conflict and the children’s social adjustment, Dongyan Zhao, Zhengyan Wang, 

Capital Normal University, Beijing, China 

The present study explored the relation between parent conflict and children’s social adjustment. 

299 children and their parents participated in the study. Participants completed a series of 

questionnaires: loneliness (Asher, Hymel & Renshaw, 1984), depression (CDI, Kovacs, 1992), and 

self-perception (Harter, 1985). Self-perception questionnaire includes perceived social, perceived 

behavior conduct, perceived recognition and perceived self-worth. Parents were asked to complete 

a measure of parent relationship. They were asked to rating the quarrel events in the last year to 

assess parent relationship. It was found that parent conflict negatively related with children’s 

perceived social and perceived behavior conduct. 

2063.39 Parental attributions to children’s aggression and social withdrawal and its relations to 

their emotional reactions, He Shuang, Guang Chen, Chuanhua Gu, Beijing Normal University, 

China 

To investigate parents’ causal attributions and their emotional reactions to children’ s aggression 

and social withdrawal and their relationship. 287 parents of children aged from 1-8 year were 

interviewed about children’s aggression and social withdrawal in the hypothesized situations. 

Results show that: 1.Parents tend to attribute aggression and social withdrawal differently in 

behavioral continuity, but not in behavioral heritage or intention. 2. There was close relationship 

between parental attributions to children’s behavior and their corresponding emotional reactions, 

391

Huichang Chen, Beijing Normal University, China 

Children’s Social Development Scale developed by H. Chen was used to describe 3-7 year-old 

children’s social development. The scale was completed by 1497 parents (mother or father) who 

were selected from seven provinces of China. The results indicated: (1) Young children in China 

developed well in Attachment, No Aggression, Honesty & Equity, Sympathy & Altruism, 

Amour-propre and not well in Will, Life Habit, Emotion Stability, Independency. (2) The total 

scores of children ascended from age 3 to 5 and descended from age 5 to 7. (3) The total scores of 

girls were higher than those of boys at each age. 

2063.45 Children’s and teacher’s view of student-teacher relationship: Coherence and difference, 

Yun Wang, Xiaohua Wang, Xianli Deng, Qian Zhao, Beijing Normal University, China 

The coherence and difference of children’ and teachers’ view of the student-teacher relationship 

(STR) was examined at present study. 509 primary school children grade 3-6 from Beijing were 

asked to complete the Student-Teacher Relationship Questionnaire for Student, their 16 teachers 

completed the Student-Teacher Relationship Questionnaire for Teacher. The Results found that (1) 

the structure and development direction of STR from children’s and teachers’ view are significant 

consistent. (2) The status of the STR perceived by students is different from teacher’s. Teacher’s 

perceptions of STR are more positive than students on grade 4 to 6, it is reverse on grade 3. 

2063.46 A study on the relations between student-teacher relationship viewed by student and 

their development on self-concept and social emotion, Xiaohua Wang, Yun Wang, Wuying 

Chen, Xia Wang, Guiying Zhang, Beijing Normal University, China 

This study examined the relations of Student-Teacher Relationship with children’s self-concept 

and social emotion. 509 students of grade 3-6 completed the Student-Teacher Relationship 

Questionnaire, Self Description Questionnaire, Children’s Depression Inventory and Children’s 

Loneness Inventory. The results found that (1) TSR can significantly predict the status of 

children’s self-concept and social emotion; (2) Closeness in TSR is significantly correlated with 

each dimension of self-concept and social emotion. (3) Response in TSR is significantly correlated 

with children’s mathematic and school self, feeling of loneness and depression. (4) Conflict in 

TSR is significantly correlated with parent-child relationship and children’s feeling of depression. 

2063.47 The characteristics of young children’s peer interaction in play, Su Li 1 , Yan Liu 2 , 

Menyi He 2 , Juan Hu 2 , Li Wang 2 , 1 Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China; 

2 

Beijing Normal University, China 

Based on the natural observation in the context of semi-structured play setting in kindergarten, the 

present study analyzed the characteristics of 2 to 5 years old children’s peer interaction both 

quantitatively and qualitatively. The results are as follows: there are four types of interactions in 

children's play’s: verbal communication without context, non-verbal interaction, verbal 

communication and reciprocal interaction. There is significant difference in different age 

children’s mode of interaction in different play settings. Play can stimulate the children’s desire to 

interact, impel children to think out the approaches and strategies to interact. 

2063.48 Development of deception of preschool children, Xiuli Liu, Ping Wang, Northeast 


393

We adapted the standard false-belief task and devised a deceptive paradigm which was similar to 

the paradigm devised by M.Lewis, C.Stanger, M.Sullivan (1989) to study deception and 

false-belief understanding of the preschooler. The study tested 515 preschoolers from three urban 

kindergartens. The results indicated that there was the significant correlation between deceptive 

ability and false-belief understanding, and that deception was a developing skill in the preschool 

years and had three phases. The developmental phases of deception included the behavioristic 

phase (2,3-year-olds), the mentalistic phase of first-order beliefs (4,5-year-olds), and the 

mentalistic phase of second-order beliefs (6,7-year-olds). 

2063.49 On the study of the developing test of the teacher-child interaction in the kindergarten, 

Ling Li 1 , Lizhu Yang 2 , 1 Beijing Normal University, China; 2 Liaoning Normal University, China 

Interaction is defined in this paper as daily interactive behaviors and processes between teachers 

and children in the kindergarten. Through open questionnaires, case study and theory analysis, this 

research categorizes it as: language, paralinguistic, activity, emotion and outside-kindergarten 

interaction. this research shows 1) the training of it facilitates the development of interaction 

ability of children in the kindergarten; 2) teacher’s conception and competence is the crucial factor 

affecting the development of children’s interaction ability; 3) the constituent factors of interaction 

are agespecial and sex differences; 4) the improvement of interaction ability promotes the 

development of children’s interactive and social abilities. 

2063.50 The development of children’s deceptive behavior in the preschool children, Chin-Hsin 

Chen, Su Yanjie, Peking University, China 

This study aimed to investigate the development of children’s deceptive behavior through the 

preschooler period. A deceptive story demonstrated in showing puppets to test 3-5 preschool 

children. The results showed that deceptive behavior and deceptive intention could be recognized 

by 3-year-old children, and could be explained well by 4-year-old children. The understanding of 

deceptive intention and behaviour has a significant correlation with first-order and second-order 

false belief task. It was suggested that the preschoolers may understand how to complete deceptive 

behavior, and this ability may depend upon development of Theory of mind. 

2063.51 Labeling effects on the perceived deleterious consequences of pop music listening, 

Adrian North 1 , David Hargreaves 2 , Lorraine Sheridan 1 , 1 University of Leicester, UK; 

2 

University of Surrey Roehampton, UK 

Correlational studies support conservative protestors’ claim that there exists a positive relationship 

between listening to ‘problem pop music’ and adolescent delinquency. However, research on 

‘prestige effects’ suggests that perceptions of the deleterious effects of pop songs could be 

attributable to them having been labeled by protestors as ‘problem music’. Adolescents were 

played songs that they were told had been labeled by protestors as either suicide-inducing or 

life-affirming. These labels affected participants’ subsequent perception of the effects of the songs. 

Censorship and the subsequent labeling of certain songs as ‘problematic’ might itself cause these 

songs to have deleterious effects on adolescents. 

2063.52 The relationships between girl adolescents body-image with the emotional, social, and 

educational adjustment, Seyed-Hossein Salimi, Farah Yazdanjo, Psychologist, Iran 

394

The present study aims to find the relationships between the girl adolescents' body image with 

adjustment in school activities. The main hypotheses are there significant relationships between 

positive body-image with emotional, social, and educational adjustment. To test the hypotheses, 

389 girl students have been randomly selected from high schools in Mashad. The Fisher 

Body-image Inventory (1970) which was reestablished by Sinha and Singh (1993) and Adjustment 

Questionnaire were conducted. Results supported the hypotheses. That is, students who have 

better body-image show a better students with positive body-image have better emotional, social, 

and educational adjustment. 

2063.53 Physical apearence and intimate friendship in adolescence, Raul Cordeiro, Escola 

Superior de Enfermagem de Portalegre, Portugal 

Study involves intimate friendships and the perception of one’s own self, in adolescence. These 

factors acquire different values for boys and girls. 318 students, was asked to answer a direct 

application questionnaire using Intimate Friendship Scale (Sharabany,1994,2000), Self-Perception 

Profile for College Students (Neemann and Harter, 1986) and the Family Social Notation (Graffar, 

1956). Intimate Friendship are higher for girls. These values are statistically significant for 

Intimate Friendship with the Best Friend as well as for the Intimate Friendship. Intimate 

Friendship and Physical Appearance, show a relationship close enough to be considered 

statistically significant. 

2063.54 A study on the effects of self-esteem on self-assertiveness in adolescents, Ali 

Molazamani, Ali Fathi-Ashtiani, Baghiyatallah Medical Sciences University, Tehran, Iran 

In the present study the main aim was to verify the effects of self-esteem on self-assertiveness in 

girl school adolescents. In phase I, 800 students were participated in the study and filled in the 

Coopersmith self-esteem inventory. Those who showed low self-esteem (N = 300) were divided 

into two experimental and control groups. The experimental group have been instructed by role 

playing for 6 sessions. The results showed that the were significant differences between the two 

groups on self-esteem and self-assertiveness. The results supported the previous findings that 

self-assertiveness has positive effect on adolescents self-esteem. 

2063.55 The effects of adaptation an achievement among university students, Abd Majid Mohd 

Isa, Malaysia Psychological Association, Malaysia 

Every higher educational institution has to conduct orientation program to ensure that new 

students are well adapted to university life. There is a little data to support that new students really 

need to be orientated. In this particular study, the effects of adaptation on academic achievement 

are presented. Based on the findings, suggestions are forwarded to ensure that the new students are 

really oriented toward university life. 

2063.56 A study about effects of the correlated factors on development of self-esteem in 

adolescents, Jiao Runkai, Zhang Xiangkui, Zhang Lin, Ji Lin University, Changchun, China 

This paper aimed to test the relationship among self-esteem and parents caring style, interpersonal 

perception in school, and academic achievement by Questionnaire Survey. 388 subjects 

(male=166, female=222) came from junior schools and senior schools. The results indicated: (1) 

There was significantly positive correlation among self-esteem development and parents caring 

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Middle School Students. ANOVA indicated that the main effects of sex and grade were significant, 

no significant interactions were found, further analysis revealed the detailed differences. It was 

concluded that levels of mental health in pre-adolescence decline with the growth of age as a 

whole, but different trends were also found in some dimensions. Gender difference presented 

differently in three grades and changed gradually from interpersonal and adaptive dimensions to 

self-dimension. 

2063.61 How parenting styles impact on creativity personality of adolescents, Hui Zhang, 

Caimei Liu, Jianzhong Wo, China 

The present study measured creativity personality and parenting style in a normal high school 

student sample (N=767) and investigate the relationship between this two factors. The scales are 

CPQ and EMBU made by Institute of Developmental Psychology of Beijing Normal University. It 

was found that parental restriction and warmth were positively associated with creativity. And, 

there are high significant differences between different genders and grades on parenting styles’ 

impact on creativity. 

2063.62 Parenting styles and ill-emotions in adolescents, Caimei Liu, Donghui Dou, Hui 

Zhang, Jianzhong Wo, China 

The present study investigated the relationship between perceived parenting styles and 

adolescents’ ill-emotions in a normal high school student sample (N=417). It was found that 

perceived parental psychological pressure correlated positively with anxiety and other ill-emotions 

in the adolescents. A cluster analysis revealed three types of parenting styles: permissive, doting 

and authoritarian. The group with the authoritarian parenting style showed higher scores on all 

ill-enotions, while the group with doting authoritarian parenting style showed higher score only on 

fear than the permissive one. The results indicated that parenting styles played an important role in 

dysfunctional personality traits during adolescence. 

2063.63 The developmental characteristics of middle school students’ Interpersonal Competence 

and the relationships with Sociometric Status, Yingchun Wang, Hong Zou, Xiaoli Yang, Beijing 


The present research explored the developmental characteristics of middle school students’ 

interpersonal competence and the relationships with sociometric status. Results indicated that: (1) 

The reliability and validity of Interpersonal Competence Questionnaire (ICQ)-Revised was 

satisfactory according to the criteria of psychological measurement. (2) The main effect of 

interpersonal competence was significant in grade and gender. Students in grade two had higher 

scores than grade one and grade three. Boys' interpersonal competence were lower than those of 

girls'. (3) Significant difference was found in different sociometric status. Higher-accepted 

students had higher scores on Initiating Relationships, Asserting Influence, Self-Disclosure and 

Conflict Resolution. 

2063.64 A study on the psychosocial development of middle school students, Li Zhou, Yan Xu, 

Jiang Jiang, Beijing Normal University, China 

Using Adolescence Psychosocial Development Scale, the study investigated the psychosocial 

development of 579 urban and rural middle school students. The results showed as follows: Firstly, 

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there was significant difference on psychosocial development between urban and rural students, 

with the former better than the later. Secondly, there was significant gender difference between 

urban and rural students. Male students in urban area differed in 9 aspects of psychosocial 

development from those in rural area, while female students differed in 6 aspects. Thirdly, students 

in junior middle schools and in senior middle schools had the same trend in psychosocial 

development. 

2063.65 The resolution strategies of conflict with friends in junior high school, Liang Ju, Hong 

Zou, Qiuling Zhang, Xiaoping Xiang, Beijing Normal University, China 

Examined here are adolescent’s conflict resolution strategies with their friends in junior high 

school in Jinan, China. Seventh-, Eighth- and Ninth-grade students (N=683) performed 

questionnaire of conflict resolution which includes seven hypothetical conflict scenarios. 

Confirmed factor analysis confirmed four dimensions of conflict resolution which include 

negotiation, avoidance, assertion and third-party intervention strategy. Results also indicated that 

when resolving conflicts with friends, Eighth-grade students use more negotiation strategies than 

seventh- and Ninth-grade students, and no significant differences were found in other strategies; 

girls use more negotiation strategies but less assertion and avoidance strategies than boys. 

2063.66 Research on the identity of teen-age single son or daughter, Yuan Zang, Wei Ran, Xu 

Xiaofei, Qi Xiaodong, Shao Jingjin, China 

A group test survey using self-designed scale is conducted among 183 teen-age single sons or 

daughters and 149 teen-age non-single sons or daughters to examine the development of their 

identity. And interviews are also used in a part of the participants to test the validity and reliability. 

The result indicates that on the whole single adolescents differs significantly with non-single ones 

in several scale dimensions, and in others shows no statistical significance. The development of 

single teenagers’ identity is lag of the non-single ones' to some extent and is a circumstance 

required more regard. 

2063.67 A study of the developing features of macao junior high school student’s self-concept, 

Qun Zhai, Yanyi Cheng, Macao Polytechnic Institute Physical Education and Sports School, 

Macau, China 

Analyze the developing features of Macao junior high school student’s self-concept. The subjects 

including 958 high school students were investigated by S-H self-concept scale. The difference of 

gender and grade of the subjects were tested and their developing features of self-concept were 

compared with the domestic students. There was significantly difference of gender and no 

difference of grade on the self-concept of the subjects. The self-concept level of Macao student 

was significantly lower than the domestic students. The developing features of self-concept of 

Macao students and domestic students were not same. The results could provide some evidence 

for future study. 

2063.68 Prosocial tendencies, prosocial moral reasoning and their correlation patterns for 

Chinese adolescents, Yu Kou, Yan Ma, Beijing Normal University, China 

Prosocial tendencies, prosocial moral reasoning and their correlations were investigated for 226 

Chinese adolescents (mean age = 18.13) by using PTM and PROM. The results show that: The 

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was fit for Chinese. In Study 1, the psychometric characteristics of ALSEQ were examined across 

1652 adolescents on 6 grades from Junior 1 to Senior 3 in Guangzhou and determined six 

dimensions including 70 stressful event items. In Study 2, ALSEQ was used to compare stress 

feeling between adolescents in Guangzhou and Macau. The results showed, except environment 

dimension, adolescents of Macau experienced more serious stress than Guangzhou’s in other five 

ones, which were study stress, social relationship stress, parent stress, self-development stress, 

school or teacher stress. 

2063.73 Interparental conflict, parenting style’s consistence and adolescent social adjustmen, Jie 

Xu, Beijing Normal University, China 

The present study examined the association between interparental conflict, parenting style’s 

consistence between adolescents' parents and adolescent social adjustment. A questionnaire survey 

and 35 individual interviews were conducted. 736 Chinese adolescents by cluster sampling in 

elementary, middle and high school aged 10 through 20 were the subjects using CPIC, EMBU, 

CES-D, Affect Scale and some adapted measures by ourselves for measuring adolescents’ problem 

behaviors. Results show that interparental conflict is associated with adolescents’ social 

adjustment, in part through it’s association with inconsistent parenting. Implications for 

understanding the mechanism that interparental conflict can lead to adolescent maladjustment 

indirectly through influencing parent-child relation are discussed. 

2063.74 The study of the personality development condition, Yangan Nie, Xue Zheng, South 


Using the method of “Personality Test of Middle School Students”, the study explored the 

condition and feature of 14 personality traits development. The subjects were 2816 junior and 

senior middle school students of five middle school. The results showed that the condition of the 

personality development of middle school students was not well optimistic; There were significant 

differences between males and females, juniors and seniors and among different kinds of schools 

in the personality development condition of middle school students; Need strengthen the 

personality education to middle school students, especially should cultivate the persistency and 

self-discipline to the males as well. 

2063.75 Seeing through the youngsters’ mental health in the e-times, Yanping Huang, 


Great changes take place in the study and living mode of youngster as the development and 

popularity of net-work, and net-work has great influence upon their psychology. This thesis 

discuss that the net-work may influence youngster’ mental health in two ways. Positive influence 

includes setting up good relationship, showing their feelings, and so on. Passive influence is on 

perception, feelings and act. And youngsters also have great influence upon the net-work such as 

the developmental speed and direction of the network. So we must take action to help youngster 

grow up healthfully. 

2063.76 Investigation of family law education for teenagers in Chongqing, Wei Feng, Ying Ge, 

China 

With a self-made questionnaire on family law education, the status quo of 737 parents of teenagers 

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2063.81 Adolescents with social disadvantage, Estela Arcos, Lorena Gallardo, Pablo 

Maldonado, Universidad Austral de Chile, Chile 

To establish a biological, family, educational and working profile of adolescent, to carry out an 

approach to the social imaginary, meanings and senses, particular and collectively give to social 

phenomena of their contexts of interaction.. Quantitative measurements of individual interviews to 

191 students from elementary school.. Interviews in depth and focus group for understanding the 

life contexts. The combination of quantitative and qualitative methods allowed to contextualize 

the conditions under which adolescents with social disadvantages live, and to generate knowledge 

about the social pathology of significant relevance and importance for the health and the 

individual, family and community welfare. 

2063.82 How have Japanese university students’ preference behaviors changed? Kunihiro 

Fujimura, Osaka University of Human Sciences, Japan 

The change of Japanese university students preference behaviors has been explored with EPPS 

implemented every year from 1998 to 2003. With the ANOVA, it has become clear that male 

university students tend to become weaker in the trait of abasement, On the other hand, female 

university students tended to become stronger in gabasement and endurance, and to become 

weaker in gheterosexuality. It has become clear that the latter student group changed more 

preferences than the former. The above-mentioned results have been compared with the preference 

behaviors of the Japanese university students examined in the past. 

2063.83 The development of adolescent ego identity status and its relation with 

parent-adolescent communication and parenting style, Shuqing Wang, Wenxin Zhang, Shandong 


The development of ego identity status and its relation with parent-adolescent communication and 

parenting style were investigated in a sample of 1140 Chinese adolescents aged 12-25. In general, 

with age increasing, identity achievement showed an increasing trend, identity foreclosure had a 

steady decline, while identity moratorium and diffusion remained stable. Parent-adolescent 

communication can positively predict adolescent identity achievement and foreclosure, while 

negatively predict their identity moratorium and diffusion. Adolescents from authoritative families 

had higher achievement and foreclosure scores, while those from indulgent families had higher 

achievement scores, and those from authoritarian and neglectful families had higher identity 

diffusion scores. 

2063.84 The development of adolescent identity style and its relation with parent-adolescent 

communication and parenting style, Yongfang Liu, Xiaoling Li, Wenxin Zhang, Shandong 


The present study investigated the development of identity style and its relation with 

parent-adolescent communication and parenting style. The participants were 1100 adolescents 

aged 12-25 from urban and rural areas of Shandong Province of China. The results indicated: (1) 

Three identity styles (informational, normative and diffuse) showed different developmental trend 

during adolescence. (2) Parent-adolescent communication could positively predict adolescent 

informational identity style, while negatively predict normative and diffuse identity style. (3) 

There was an association between parenting style and identity style. Adolescents from families of 

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different parenting styles tended to vary in their identity styles. 

2063.85 Adolescent identity exploration and commitment related to education, occupation and 

family: The case of China, Xinxiao Zhu, Xiaocen Liu, Wenxin Zhang, Shandong Normal 


Future orientation, the image individuals have regarding their future, has important implications 

for adolescent undergoing developmental and transitional period. To examine adolescent identity 

exploration and commitment concerning education, occupation and family in contemporary China, 

the Exploration and Commitment Questionnaire was administered on 700 adolescents aged 14~19 

The analyses of the data focus on: (1) variations in adolescent identity exploration and 

commitment regarding education, occupation and family according to age, gender and sibling 

status (adolescents as only children vs. those with siblings). (2) The relative importance 

adolescents place upon the three different domains in terms of identity exploration and 

commitment. 

2063.86 Self-construals in different contexts among high-school students, Qinghua Yuan, 


More and more researchers agreed that there are two kinds of self-construals in any culture. 

Researchers began to apply the concept of self-construals to individual differences. And more and 

more researchers believed that that self-contsruals were context-dependent. We explored 

self-construals in different contexts (at school, at home, context-free) among 444 high-school 

students by between-subjects design in structural item-rank assessment. The results showed that: 

(1) The independent self-construals among high-school students at school are significantly higher 

than at home; (2) There were significant grade differences in the interdependent self among 

high-school students between the context of school and context-free. 

2063.87 The relationship between parental conflict, adolescent coping stratefied and their 

depression, Haiyan Mei, Xiaoyi Fang, Ali Yang, Beijing Normal University, China 

736 4th to 8th, 10th to 12th graders from Liaoyang city were selected to explore the relationship 

between parental conflect, adolescent coping strategies and their depression. The subjects were 

asked to report their parental conflict, their coping stratiges, their depression and well-being on an 

anonymous questionnaire. The results shows:(1) Parental conflect related to adolescent had 

significant gender and grade main effects;(2) There were significant gender and grade main effects 

in coping strategies; (2) The more parental conflict were, and the less adolescent coping strategies 

used, the more depression and the less of perceived well-being were. 

2063.88 Research on the effects of perceived parents and peers support on false self behavior in 

adolescents, Linfen Xu, Qinmei Xu, Zhejiang University, China 

The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between perceived parents and peers 

support and false self behavior in Chinese adolescents and examine the hypothesized theoretical 

mode proposed by Harter. The model linking 3 perceived support variables, namely, level of 

support, quality of support (unconditional or conditional), and hope about future support to false 

self behavior(acting in ways that are not “the real me”). We use a self-report instrument examined 

parents and peers support, Adolescents’ motivations for engaging in false self behavior were also 

403

terms of gender, grade, types of schools etc; (2) Relationship between risk behaviors and 

adolescents’ social support and whether the relationship is consistent across different types of risk 

behaviors. 

2063.93 A study of assessment of trust between adolescents and parents in China, Yiming Li, 

Hong Zou, Jian Li, Qiuling Zhang, Beijing Normal University, China 

Two self-designed questionnaires assessed the trust between Chinese adolescents and their parents. 

Adolescents evaluated their trust on their parents in dependability, confidence-sharing, 

promise-keeping, while parents evaluated their trust on their children in honesty, autonomy, 

self-restriction, privacy-respecting. Questionnaires also assessed adolescents’ perception of their 

parents’ trust on them vs. parents’ perception of their adolescents’ trust on them. Primary results 

(490 families) showed that parents’ trust in adolescents was significantly higher than adolescents’ 

trust in parents. Furthermore, adolescents’ perception of parents’ trust was significantly lower than 

the reality; but parents’ perception of adolescents’ trust was significantly higher than the reality. 

2063.94 False self and mental health in adolescents, Linfen Xu, Qinmei Xu, Zhejiang 


False self behavior involves the suppression of one’s opinions, thoughts and feelings. Engaging 

high level false self may lead to lack of zest, depressive symptoms and low self-worth, and even 

self-suicide behavior. So it is necessary to find out the expression of false self and its affect on the 

self development and mental health of adolescents and understand why adolescents suppress their 

opinions, thoughts and feelings, then we can help them preventing and decreasing their false self 

behaviors to advance their mental health. 

2063.95 The effects of peer support on adolescent global self-worth, Manman Liu, Qinmei Xu, 


Harter demonstrates that peer support is an important determinant of global self-worth for 

adolescents. To examine and extend this model, the present study investigated the relations among 

objective peer support, perceived peer support, importance ratings of peer support and global 

self-worth., and self-construals. Sociometric techniques were used to examine objective peer 

support and self-report instrument to perceived peer support, importance ratings of peer support 

and global self-worth; self-construals were examined in structural item-rank assessment. The 

results include:1)importance ratings of peer support is a moderator; 2)adolescents’ different 

importance ratings of peer support are due to the individual differences in self-construals. 

2063.96 The relationship of adolescents’ cognitive complexity on personality and their school 

adjustment, Hongmei Zhang 1 , Huichang Chen 2 , 1 Nanjing Xiaozhuang College, China; 2 Beijing 


The purpose of present study is to identify the relationships between adolescents’ personal 

construction and their school adjustment. The participants were 512 students from grade 1 to 

grade 6 of high schools. The Role Construct Repertory Test developed by George Kelley, the Test 

of School Adjustment, and Scale of Ways of Coping developed by Folkman and Lazarus were 

used in this study. Results show that there is significant relationship between adolescents’ personal 

construction complexity and school achievement, school adjustment and ways of coping stress. 

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2063.101 Research about victimization in adolescent gils and related factors, Li Zhao, Li Lei, 

China 

By using some scales, the researcher find the victimization in girls of middle schools is common. 

The type of their victimization is different from boys'. Girls in adolescence are usually bullied 

indirectly by girls. In common life, these victimed girls are depressed, lonely and have low 

self-esteem. Girls whose parents ignore them or treat them too severely will be bullied by others in 

schools. The victims deal difficulties with negative ways in life. The researcher believe that 

different measures should be taken to prevent and treat the victimization in girls and boys. 

2063.102 Iranian adolescents girls perspectives on health promotion, Forough Naseri 1 , Khadijeh 

Aminizadeh 2 , Fariba Sepahvand 3 , 1 Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Iran, 2 Zanjan 

University of Medical Sciences, Iran, 3 Tamin Ejtemaee Hospital, Iran 

Health promotion is the main goal & best criteria of healthy community. Customer orientated 

promotion’s services become more and more prominent in all aspect of health providers. A 

thematic analysis on 26 adolescents’ interviews has been done. Health promotions’ bridges were 

mental health (order, fun, freedom,…); physical health(nutrition, exercise, …); healthy 

communication(parental acceptances, peer group, good communication with parents and 

teachers,..); healthy family (supportive family, logical freedom,..); good manner(practice, 

tolerance..). Exploring adolescents’ girls’ perspectives on health bridges are crucially important, 

there are differences between providers’ perspectives and receivers. A qualitative approach will 

bridge this gap. 

2063.103 Metecognitive training: An efficient way for changing learning disabilities, Manxin 

Yang, Lei Li, China 

Disabilities is a general term referring to a heterogeneous group of disorders manifested by 

significant difficulties in the acquisition and abilities (NJCLD 1987). Metacogntive does important 

role in changing learning disabilities. 42 children with reading disability was followed for the 

ascertainment of metacognitive. Statistically significant group differences for children with LD 

versus those without LD emerged after using different training methods, LD. children who had 

higher levels of academic achievement were more likely to use metacognitive strategy at an early 

age. The pattern of results suggests level of cognitive functioning is important for the prediction of 

later metacognitive strategy use. 

2063.104 A study of the relationship between idolatry and academic self-concept and achievement 

of middle school students, Jihai Yao, Jiliang Shen, Beijing Normal University, China 

This study, involving 428 middle school students in 6 grades, explored the characteristics of 

idolatry and the relationship to academic self-concept and achievements. Results showed that: 

1)There were significant differences of numbers of students between having idol and having no 

idol. And idols were mainly singers, film stars and worthies. 2)There were no significant 

differences between having idol and having no idol on academic self-concept. 3)There were 

significant main effects of types of idols on academic self-concept. 4)There were no significant 

main effects of having idol or having no idol and types of idols on school achievements. 

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temperament, and empathy could explain 59.3% of inter-personal relationship' s all variance. 

2063.109 Coping style in adolescents under the stress of study and locus of control, self-esteem 

and mental health, Guiping Wang, Huichang Chen, Beijing Normal University, China 

Objective: To explore the stressful events and coping style in Chinese adolescents and some 

related factors. Method: 595 adolescents were assessed with WOC, SES, IAR and MHT. Results: 

1.The most stressful events the adolescents experience connect with their school learning. 2.There 

are eight coping strategies found in Chinese adolescents: positive appraisal, planful 

problem-solving, seeking social support, escape-avoidance, distancing, showing feelings, solitary 

and self-controlling. 3.Subject’s coping ability change with grade and correlated with their locus 

of control, mental-health, and self-esteem. Conclusion: Coping style in adolescents under the 

stress of study can be classified, students in higher grade need psychological help particularly. 

2063.110 Zanjans’ adolescents’ perspectives on health and family, Khadijeh Aminizadeh 1 , 

Soroor Parvizy 2 , 1 Vali e Asr Hospital, Zanjan, Iran; 2 Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran 

Family is the most fundamental structure on both health and adolescence domains. Adolescents 

are commonly supposed as a time of peak health but there are some family based important risk 

factors. This research is a content analysis of the adolescents’ perspectives on health and family. 

Adolescents have been interviewed with concern to ethical issues until data saturation. 

Communications، healthy family, social facilities and religious beliefs. Parental conflicts, 

friendship relationship with parents and tolerance were emphasized by adolescents. Sub themes 

are emerged and discussed. Exploring adolescents’ perspectives will be useful in healthy future 

foundation. More concern are required. 

2063.111 Sex-psychology development of junior-school students in the country region with 

economic flourish in China, Likang Huang, Jiemei Li, The Second Middle-school of Tangxia, 

China 

This research is concerning the characteristics of sex-psychology development of junior-school 

students. 361 students coming from 7 grade, 8 grade and 9 grade take part in our research. By the 

Sex-psychology Questionnaire, our results indicate that the level of sex-psychology have 

enhanced with the age development. But the different aspects of sex-psychology present different 

characteristics. The development of sex-consciousness show the highest level. Strategies of 

affiliating with opposite sex, value of sex and interesting of sex have also showed high level. 

Relatively the students’ sex-action level is the lowest. 

2063.112 Research on special domain self-esteem development of adolescent, Rixin Tang, 

Chongde Lin, Beijing Normal University, China 

348 Chinese middle school adolescents were investigated. Results show: a) There are significant 

differences of their actual level in each special domain between different grade students (from 

grade 1 in junior school to grade 3 in senior school, non sexual difference; b) adolescents’ actual 

level in special domain have great discrepancy with their ideal level, especially at experiences and 

talent in art, non sexual difference; c) importance of each special characteristics are difference. 

2063.113 The growing responsibility -- Attitudes toward family obligations among Chinese 

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undergraduates, Yao Yu, Capital Normal University, China 

This study was designed to examine the attitudes toward family obligations among Chinese 

undergraduates. There are many differences of values and expectations regarding to 

undergraduates’ duty to assist, respect, and support their families, which relate to their age, gender, 

family structure, and socioeconomic background. Whereas an emphasis on family obligation 

seemed to be associated with more positive family and peer relationships and academic motivation. 

The results indicated that even within a society where the western culture is more and more 

influential, youths retain their parents’ family values and that these values do not have a negative 

impact upon their development. 

2063.114 A research on the relations of university students’ self-confidence with achievement 

motivation and school scores, Liping Che, East China Normal University, China 

The paper studied the relations of university students' self-confidence with achievement 

motivation and school scores by means of canonical analysis, linear regression, and path analysis. 

It found that the relations of university students' self-confidence and achievement motivation is 

remarkable, the notable correlation only found for a few dimensions of self-confidence with 

students' school scores, and the correlation of achievement motivation and students' school scores 

was not evident. 

2063.115 The characteristics of identity crisis and development in japanese middle-aged women, 

Yuko Okamoto, Hiroshima University, Japan 

Middle age is one of the important transitions in lifecycle. Identity is reconstructed by the physical, 

psychological, and social changes experienced then. The present study investigated the difference 

of the characteristics of identity crisis and development in life-styles in Japanese middle aged 

women. Semi-structured interview was carried out to 20 working women and house-wives. 

women's identity crises and reconstruction were experienced in two demensitions, that is, 

achievement level of core-identity, and total life included work and family. These levels and 

contents were different with life-styles. The level of identity crisis was deeper in house-wives than 

working women. 

2063.116 Ideal jobs in undergraduates’ eyes: A survey in a period of economic transformation, 

Xuehong Tian, Meizhen Jin, K.P. Tin, Zhejiang Normal University, China 

This research, by means of individual interviews with 548 undergraduates in Chinese mainland, 

probes into their opinions about ideal jobs in China’s transformation from planned to market 

economy. The coding of the collected data according to P.R.C. Occupational Classification Norm, 

which identifies 66 subcategories of occupations, shows that the top 6 professions account for 

62% of the total distribution. These students’ choices display a highly concentrated and relatively 

narrow distribution. A detailed analysis is then made to explore the causes of the phenomenon. In 

the end, the values of job choices is analyzed. 

2063.117 Study on the personality characteristics of androgyny undergraduate, Li Zhang 1 , 

Jiangping Feng 2 , 1 Yunnan Radio and Telivesion college, Kunming, China; 2 Yunnan Normal 


The research hypothesis that Chinese androgyny personality include instrument, independence and 

410

interpersonal sensitivity which were foreign androgyny personality structure discovered by other 

studies. The study carried by two scales, BSRI and CPAI-2. The sample is 976 undergraduates 

come from five universities in Kunming. Yunnan province. China. The date was dealed by statistic 

soft pack SPSS10.0. Principal methods are factor analysis and one-way ANOVA. The result do not 

consist with hypothesis and show that angrogyny individual have the social potency possessed by 

masculinity and interpersonal relatedness possessed by feminility simultaneously, But there are no 

independence in the structure of Chinese androgyny personality. 

2063.118 The research on the comparison of diversities of happiness and life satisfaction, Xin Mei 

Cao, Hong Tang, Gannan Medicine College, China 

In the forms of SSRS, PGC and GDS, the structured questionnairs investigate about 800 aged 

persons in the cities and villages in Jiangxi. In total of 519 valid questionnaires, the subjects are at 

average age of 69.83. The conclusion shows that in general the aged in both the cities and the 

villages are happy, optimistic and satisfactory in life, are less depressive, and gain more social 

support; the aged in the cities feel happier and more satisfactory in life than the old in villages; the 

aged of family feel thereof better than the single. 

2063.119 The personal constructs of primary and secondary school teachers, Fenghuan Li 1 , 

Huichang Chen 2 , 1 Liuzhou Professional Technology College, China; 2 Beijing Normal University, 

China 

Based on Kelly’s theory of personal constructs, this study investigated the personal constructs of 

primary and secondary school teachers. 200 teachers participated the study. The results show that 

on the average 13.33 personal constructs were used in the process of perceiving the personality 

characteristics of persons they were familiar with, meanwhile significant gender differences and 

school style differences were found, while no grade difference was found. The number of personal 

constructs used by female teachers was more than that of male teachers, with more constructs used 

among high school teachers than among primary school teachers. 

2063.120 Parental belief systems, self conceptions and role taking by German fathers, Andreas 

Eickhorst, University of Osnabrueck, Germany 

This poster addresses a study concerning longitudinal stability of parental theories and 

independent or interdependent self conceptions (Markus & Kitayamah, 1991)from German middle 

class fathers of firstborn children at the age of three and 18 month. Parental theories and self 

conceptions will be identified with respect to content (Components of parenting) and style 

(narrating style) in interviews with father at the two times. The results of these analyses will be 

linked to some aspects of father’s role taking (elevated from questionnaire) like fulfilling the idea 

of “new fatherhood” (Beck-Gernsheim, 1984) or difficulties with performing the father role. 

2063.121 Beliefs, values and expectations about romantic relationship: A study with Brazilian 

young adults, Adriana Oliveira, Cristiana Berthoud, Eleonora Silva, Vania Silva, Ceneide 

Cerveny, University of Taubat, Brazil 

The purpose of this survey was to investigate beliefs, values and expectations of young single 

adults about their romantic relationships. A questionnaire was applied to 122 women and 86 man, 

aging from 21 to 30 years old. Results revealed that young adults believe in the possibility of an 

411

concentrated and relatively narrow distribution, and the younger the students are, the more it is the 

case. A detailed analysis is then made to explore the causes of the phenomenon. 

2063.126 The role of processing speed and working memory in cognitive development, Chang 

Liu, Xiaojiang Zhang, Yun Tian, Yanan Wang, Huilin Tang, China 

This study, involving a total of 248 children between 10 and 18 years of age, investigated the 

relative importance of working memory and processing speed in cognitive development. 

Hierarchical regression analyses revealed that the magnitude of age differences in cognitive 

development was significantly reduced by statistically controlling measures of working memory 

and processing speed constructs. Moreover, there is a larger attenuation of age differences in 

cognitive development after control of WM construct than after control of processing speed 

construct. 

2063.127 Collectivistic values, parenting styles and vocational identity in three generations in 

Malang Regency, Indonesia, Adi Atmoko, Kusdwiratri Setiono, Faculty of Psychology, 

University of Padjadjaran, Indonesia 

This research involved the grandparent, parent, and children (adolescents and school-age) of farm 

laborer families living on isolated areas bordering the forest. All 3 generations considered 

collectivistic values important, while individualistic values were less important. In accordance 

with Marcia’s theory, school-age children were at the diffusion identity status; adolescents were at 

diffusion and moratorium, and adults at achievement. Towards adolescents parenting styles were 

enabling and constraining, towards school-age children only constraining. The results were 

discussed in terms of the changing values among 3 generations as well as the unique 

social-cultural background existing in that area. 

2063.128 Teaching life-span development, Maria Ponto, St. George's Hospital Medical School, 

London University, UK 

This presentation discusses a Life Cycle module which is a core module of a two year, MSc in 

Health Studies course at St. George’s Hospital Medical School (University of London). The 

module runs over 2 semesters and teaching sessions follow a life-span approach. The contributors 

to the teaching are professors and medical consultants who are experts in their fields. Apart for the 

lectures the students participate in small group sessions designed to provide opportunities to 

debate topics relevant to taught sessions. The small group sessions are not seminars but are 

intended for peer support and provide opportunities for student presentations. 

2063.129 Relatedness constructed in the relationships with significant others and identity 

development, Akiko Nagata, Hiroshima University, Japan 

The purpose of this research was to make obvious the relatedness constructed in the relationships 

with significant others. In study1, it was concluded that the factor which gives rise the continuity/ 

discontinuity of relationships with significant others was the reconstruction of relatedness. This 

relatedness consisted of two domains, one concerning how they adopt relationships to their life, 

the other concerning commitment not only to their significant others but also to people. In study 2, 

the relation between relatedness and identity development was examined and was confirmed. 

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2063.130 A qualitative investigation of talent development of expert scientists in Japan, Katsuro 

Kitamura, Shigeru Saito, Takahiro Nagayama, Tohoku University, Japan 

The purpose of this study was to describe an in-depth description of the process of talent 

development of successful scientists. Ten Japanese scientists served as participants for this study. 

In-depth open-ended interviews were used to gather data from ten scientists. The inductive 

analysis process resulted in regrouping these interview transcripts into one category, involvement, 

which shows a significant agreement between scientists’ perceptions on how they involved 

themselves in committing their flow experiences and how the experience evolve talent 

development. Results showed that successful scientists develop their talent in a manner that 

maximizes their flow experiences. 

2063.131 Death meaning of elderly Buddhist monk in Japan; developmental trajectories of 

meaning, Daisuke Kawashima, Kyoto University, Japan 

Death studies have not sufficiently been depicted wholeness of human beings in spite of Erikson 

(1950)’s fruitful perspectives. Thus, personal meanings should be focused on in order to shed light 

on their internal reality. In addition, two other epistemological viewpoints should be considered, 

i.e. one is that religion has socio-cultural effects on their meanings, and the other is that the 

meanings develop and change through their lifespan. This research was focused on the transitions 

of the stories through analyzing life stories of 10 elderly Buddhist monks. As a result, 

developmental trajectories of meaning were shown. 

2063.132 The age-related difference in judgment of duration, Zhijie Zhang, Xiting Huang, 

Department of Psychology, China 

The aim of this research was to find the age-related difference in duration judgment under 

prospective paradigm. The participants were asked to estimate three durations (5,13 or 26s) in two 

methods of reproduction and production while made single duration judgment and dual-task 

judgment. The robust age-related effects were documented, with old adults showing a tendency to 

underestimate and overproduce intervals of time under single duration judgment condition. Under 

dual-task condition, Old adults perceived the shorter duration than young adults. Furthermore, the 

range effect was found, which indicated the dissociation between different memory system in 

reproduction and production task.. 

2063.133 Eye fixations of young and older adults while reading with distraction, Susan Kemper 1 , 

Joan McDowd 1 , Kimberly Metcalf 1 , Diane Filion 2 , 1 University of Kansas Medical Center, USA; 

2 

University of Missouri at Kansas City, USA 

Eye fixations of young and older adults were tracked while they read single sentences containing 

distracters. In the first experiment, the distracters were single words, set off by font or color. 

Inhibitory Deficit Theory predicts that young adults should be less likely to fixate distracters, 

should terminate first pass fixations more rapidly and minimize regressions to distracters. 

However, we observed few age-group differences in fixations. In the second experiment, 

distracters varied in length and meaningfulness. Again there were no age-group differences in 

likelihood of fixating distracters or the duration of first pass fixations, providing little support for 

IDT. 

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2063.138 Cross-sectional versus longitudinal aging patterns in block design performance, 

Ronnlund Michael 1 , Lars-Goran Nilsson 2 , 1 Umeå University; 2 Stockhom University, Sweden 

Cross-sectional age differences and longitudinal age changes in WAIS-R Block Design 

performance were examined. Sample 1 (35-80 years, N = 1000 initially) was tested in 1988-1990, 

1993-1995 and 1998-2000. Participants in Sample 2 (40-85 years, N = 963), first tested in 

1993-1995, served to control for practice effects. The cross-sectional data indicated a gradual 

deterioration of performance across age. By contrast, the longitudinal data revealed stability in 

performance in the period from 35-60 years. Differences in education among cohorts appear to 

explain most of the discrepancy. Past age 60 cross-sectional and longitudinal data converged on a 

steep decline in performance. 

2063.139 Occurrence pattern of intrusion errors by different age groups, Masayoshi Shigemori, 

Railway Technical Research Institute, Japan 

In the experiment 1, 20 young men (aged 18 to 22) and 20 old men (54 to 68) performed two 

Stroop tasks, what were accompanied by division of attention (DA) and what were accompanied 

by decay of vigilance (DV). As a result, high possibility of the errors was observed in the DA task 

with the group of old men and in the DV task with the group of young men. In the experiment 2, 

the effect of goal neglect on errors between the groups was investigated. In result, the effect of the 

difference in age was conspicuous in the DA. 

2063.140 The significance of using the soda pop coordination test for the elderly as a simple 

cognitive field test, Koichi Yaguchi 1 , Akitomo Yasunaga 2 , Ke Ding 1 , Yoshio Sugiyama 3 , 

Hirosuke Shimada 3 , 1 Tokai University, China; 2 Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, 

Japan; 3 Institute of Health Science, Kyushu University, Japan 

To investigate the significance of using the soda pop coordination test for the elderly developed by 

AAHPERD (SPCTE) in 1990 as a simple cognitive field test, the relationships among the SPCTE 

performance and the psychomotor performances consisting of RT by hand and finger-tapping, the 

Benton visual test, Instrumental ADL and the subjective well-being indices consisting of the 

PGC-morale scale (Lawton, M.P 1975) and the self-rated health, were examined by using 152 

elderly Japanese. The results indicated the effectiveness of using the SPCTE as a simple cognitive 

field test. 

2063.141 Age-related changes in auditory processing and hearing handicap, Chie Obuchi, 

International University of Health and Welfare, Japan 

The purpose of this study was to determine age-related changes in auditory processing and the 

relation between auditory processing and hearing handicap in every life. Auditory tests (pure tone 

test, dichotic listening, time compressed speech, rapidly alternating speech perception), hearing 

inventory and cognitive tests were performed on elderly subjects. The results showed that central 

auditory processing abilities declined with aging and that hearing handicaps increased. Elderly 

subjects with high cognitive ability, however, did not have more hearing handicap than elderly 

with low cognitive ability. These findings indicate that cognitive ability covers auditory processing 

deficits. 

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2063.142 A functional MRI study on the forward and backward recalls in digit short-term digit 

memory: The effects of aging, Xiwen Sun, Xiaochu Zhang, Xiangchuan Chen, Daren Zhang, 

Xiaoping Hu, Life Science School of USTC, China 

The neural basis of forward and backward recalls in digit working memory was investigated using 

fMRI on in young and old adults. In the young subjects, higher activation was found in the left 

prefrontal and occipital cortices in backward than in forward recalling, but the right inferior 

frontal area was more active in forward than in backward recalling. In the old subjects, more 

cortical areas showed greater activation in backward than in forward recalling. These results 

suggest that different neural mechanisms may underlie the forward and backward recall processes 

in short-term memory, and aging may have different differential influences. 

2063.143 Aging of cognition: When it goes does it all go together and for everyone? Bob Uttl, 

Amy Siegenthaler, University of Tsukuba, Japan 

Are age declines on memory tasks a reflection of universal declines in all cognitive abilities, or are 

memory declines independent from declines on other cognitive tasks? To what extent are age 

declines in memory shared with declines in other cognitive tasks? If these abilities do decline 

together, do they do so for everyone? We examined these questions using Structural Equation 

Modeling in a large sample of healthy adults from 19 to 91 years of age. Our results suggest that 

when cognitive abilities decline, they do not go together, at least not for all the people. 

2063.144 The executive function in the elderly with mild cognitive impairment, Yanmin Zhang, 

Buxin Han, Zhe Zhang, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences. China 

Porteus Maze Test, Trail Making Test, Stroop color-word test, Negative Priming, Go-No/Go test, 

and Verbal fluency test were used for exploring the processing speed and executive function of 30 

the elderly with Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) and 30 Normal Controls (NC). The results 

showed that: (1) Cognitive Planning ability and Cognitive Flexibility of MCI group is worse 

significant than NC group. (2) Inhibition ability and Processing Speed of MCI group is also worse 

than NC group, but the difference is not significant. The different results and theoretical 

implication were discussed. 

2063.145 Emotional life and psychological adaptation in later life, Kyung Ryu, Kyung-Hwan 

Min, Min-Hee Kim, Seoul National University, Seoul, S. Korea 

This study examined the changes of the characteristics of emotional life, regulation of emotions 

and its relation to psychological adaptation in old age. 212middle-aged, 171young-old, 166old-old 

S. Korean adults were participated in this research. Through the semi-structured interview and 

questionnaire, we found there were age differences in emotional experiences and regulation 

strategies of emotions. With increasing age, individuals experience more positive emotions, less 

negative emotions, change the ways of emotion regulation, and adapt better in their psychological 

life. Implications of findings are discussed in terms of the theoretical framework of affective 

optimization and socioemotional selectivity in old age. 

2063.146 The episodic memory performance in the elderly with mild cognitive impairment, Zhe 

Zhang, Buxin Han, Yanmin Zhang, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 

China 

417

7-10 year-old children. 3) The development of objective self for children was not a transformable 

process from body to action to society and to psychology, from low to high. 

2063.151 Relation of working memory updating to processing speed in cognitive aging, Tianyong 

Chen, Deming Li, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China 

The study was conducted to investigate the roles of working memory updating in cognitive aging 

and its relation to processing speed. 142 adults between 18 and 85 years of age performed a set of 

updating, processing speed, and fluid cognitive tasks. The results indicated that reductions in 

updating were associated with increased age, and greater efficiency in performing updating tasks 

was associated with better performance on memory, reasoning, and spatial tasks. Furthermore, this 

pattern was unchanged when processing speed was considered. These results suggest that 

age-related deficits in cognitive system are specific to particular basic control processes in 

working memory. 

2063.152 Secondary school teachers' abilities of diagnosing teaching problem, Tuo Zeng, 

Educational Department, Jiaying University, China 

The present study used quantitative method and qualitative method to explore secondary school 

teachers’ abilities of diagnosing teaching problem. Subjects were 79 mathematics teachers from 

one key secondary school, one ordinary secondary school and two rural secondary schools in 

Meizhou, Guangdong province. The results were as follows. (1) On the whole, the secondary 

teachers' ability of diagnosing teaching problem is poor. (2) Teacher's level of education, teacher's 

in-service years and teacher's title couldn't significantly predict observed teacher's ability of 

diagnosing teaching problems. (3) Teachers' conditional knowledge and practical knowledge 

significantly predicted their abilities of diagnosing teaching problems. 

2063.153 Self-actualization personality become part of our life, Weidong Zhong, China 

The theory of self-actualization personality is the core of humanistic psychology. However, both 

humanistic psychology and transpersonal psychology are unaware of the fact that mental 

depressions have effect on the attainment of self-actualization personality. Mental depression 

comes into existence in human-being’s infant stage and goes through their lifetime. It takes shape 

due to human-being’s suffer from corporal agony, being anesthetized, emotional hurt or some 

negative impact. This thesis points out the origin, the role and the effect of mental depression. It 

also makes a preliminary study on the influence of eliminating mental depression. 

2063.154 Somatic Inkblot Series (SIS): Diagnostic/Treatment Applications, Wilfred Cassell, SIS 

Center Anchorage Alaska, United States 

Self administerd electronic versions of the SIS will be described. This consists of a 62-item 

specifically designed inkblot like projective procedure. Initially the subject views hypnotic flowers 

and listens to relaxing audio instructions.It can take the traumatized individualto past stressful 

events projectively releasing long forgotten memories. The released imagery is immediately 

followed by beautiful flowers which therapeutically neutralizes the painful affect. Following this 

the clinician has an opportunity to complete with meaningful guidelines diagnostic/therapeutic 

interviewing. It also may be employed in educational settings to train students concerning 

subjective differences in perception and the need to adopt for empathetic tolerance for others. 

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2063.155 A developmental object-relations perspective to the diagnosis and treatment of 

borderline personality disorder, Gregory Mavrides, China 

This presentation will explore the Developmental Object-Relations model of personality 

development based on the work of Margaret Mahler and James Masterson. This model will then 

be applied to understanding the intrapsychic life of the Borderline patient for purposes of accurate 

diagnosis and treatment planning. 

2063.156 The study of combining system memory and association memory to improve memory 

efficiency, Shangxi Huang, Hunan Dizhi middle school, China 

On basis of systematism pconstructivism and the principle about harmony of two hemispheres of 

brain, We carry through the study that combine systematic memory and associational memory to 

improve memory efficiency. The study was once tested in one middle schools of Changsha on one 

class of 51 students (24 boys and 27 girls). It proved very successful. we can come to the 

conclusion: the combination of systematic memory and associational memory is superior to use 

any memory method separately. associational memory is superior to systematic memory. And 

along with the time of the examination being, the differences are increscent. 

2063.157 A study on the relationship of sensory integrative dysfunction with pervasive 

developmental disorder, Xiaoyan Ke 1 , Zhijun Zhang 2 , Minjie Wang 3 , 1 Nanjing Brain Hospital, 

South East University, China; 2 South East University, China; 3 Nanjing Brain Hospital, China 

Objective: To investigate the relationship of sensory integrative dysfunction with pervasive 

developmental disorder (PDD). Methods: Ninety child outpatients with PDD including childhood 

autism and Asperger syndrome were evaluated by sensory integrative schedule £¨SIS£© and 

childhood autism rating scale (CARS). Results: The total rate of sensory integrative dysfunction 

was 92.2% in the children of PDD. In PDD children, two factors of sensory integrative 

dysfunction negatively correlated with the scores of CARS £¨P

The emotional word of "kire-ru" has been recently influential among the Japanese society. The 

purpose of this study is to investigate emotional response of "kire-ru" among the Japanese 

university students by questionnaire. This study focuses personality character of self-respect and 

"kire-ru" responses. The results showed that personality character of self-respect influenced 

"kire-ru" responses in various contexts. 

2063.160 A study of the model of teachers’ competency in primary and secondary schools, Jian 

ping Xu, Shaanxi Normal University, China 

This paper is to construct the competency model of teachers in the primary and secondary schools 

by behavior event interview, checklist & transcript thematic analysis. The conclusions consider 

that the competency models of teachers include the traits of excellent teachers and the traits of all 

the teachers. The excellent teachers own some specific traits, such as responsibility, understanding 

the others, self-control, expertise, challenge and support, self-confidence, conceptual thinking, 

self-evaluation and efficiency etc. The competency traits of all the teachers, however, include 

managing pupils, innovation, teamwork and corporation, professional preferences, interpersonal 

communication, respect for others, analytical thinking and stable mood etc. 

2063.161 Understanding illnesses: An integrative biopsychosocial approach. Sven Ingmar 

Andersson, Lund University, Department of Psychology, Sweden 

Objective: To study illness cognitions/representations in an integrative biopsychosocial 

perspective. Methods: Questionnaire and interview studies (>500 patients). Results: The 

biomedical orientation of many patients, in particular those suffering from chronic widespread 

fatigue or pain, appeared to be a function of their extended pharmaceutical and surgical treatment 

and their efforts to be recognized, by health and unemployment insurance authorities in particular, 

as suffering from a definite somatic disease. Conclusions: Psychologists and social workers have 

an important role in dealing with everyday health problems of ordinary people/patients to a greater 

extent, notably in primary health care. 

2063.162 Memory impairment in aged patients with type 2 diabetes, Yamin Wang 1 , Buxin Han 2 , 

Long Li 1 , 1 Department of Medical and pharmaceutical administration, Anhui Traditional Chinese 

medicine, China; 2 Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China 

Aims: To explore memory impairment type 2 diabetes patients. Methods: 90 patients (aged from 

30 to 85) and 90 controls with comparable age and education participated in the study. Four 

cognitive tasks, recognition of meaningless figures, digital symbol substitute, action memory 

(Subject performed task) and mental arithmetic (digital span), were administered. Results: a 

special age effect was identified in memory impairment of NIDDM patients compared with those 

of controls. Furthermore, action memory experiments show an experimental dissociation, that both 

free recall of well-integrated items with enactment support and poor-integrated items without 

enactment were affected by NIDDM in patients aged form 30 to 70.Conclusions: Cognitive 

impairments in NIDDM patients were associated with both normal aging and impaired memory 

function. 

2063.163 Regression analysis and factor analysis on the academic achievements of high school 

students in China, Xiayan Li, Psychology Department of South China Normal University, China 

421

Using statistical software, we analyze the academic achievements of high school students in China. 

We mainly apply regression analysis and factor analysis to the research in order to find out the 

inter-relationship among seven main subjects of students. We find that some achievements can be 

used to predict others. The achievement of physics has the greatest impact on a student’s total 

achievement. The seven main subjects at high school mainly explore three kinds of abilities of 

students memory, logical reasoning ability and the abilities related to social knowledge. Our 

research can be recognized as reference to evaluate students’ academic level and academic 

abilities. 

2063.164 Lifestyle, role conflict, goal conflict, psychological distress and somatic complaints: A 

cross-sectional study in medical doctors, Abas Supeli, Youli Pomaki, Chris Verhoeven, Leiden 

University, The Netherlands 

This study examined the contribution of lifestyle, role conflict and goal conflict on psychological 

distress and somatic complaints of medical doctors at academic hospital. The main objective was 

to investigate whether lifestyle, role conflict and goal conflict were significantly associated with 

emotional exhaustion, depressive symptoms and somatic complaints, and whether lifestyle played 

a moderating role in the association between those stressors and the outcome variables. The result 

showed that role conflict was significantly associated with emotional exhaustion, depressive 

symptoms and somatic complaints. Goal conflict predicted emotional exhaustion and depressive 

symptoms. Lifestyle significantly contributed to all outcome variables. 

2063.165 Gender roles an HIV/AIDS sexual risk vulnerability in Africa, Rachel M Mokgoko 1 , 

Dee Aande Wilia 2 , 1 UNITAS of Technology, Tshwane, South Africa; 2 IIR, South Africa 

Leading evidence suggests high levels of HIV sexual risk behaviour among Africans, little is 

understood about the social and cultural context in which risk behaviour occurs. Using in-depth 

interviews in a sample of 31 men and women aged 17-49 living in 3 SADEC geopolitical entities 

reveal that women are expected to be abiding, to maintain virginity before marriage and then strict 

sexual liaision with their husbands and use of condom is like injection meant for protection 

against pregnancy. Conversely, men are free to have sexual liaison before and after marriage with 

multiple partners and mistresses. Dire need for behaviour change programmes 

2063.166 Factor analysis on bicultural involvement questionnaire, Xiaohui Guo, Brian McCabe, 

Department of Psychiatry, University of Miami, FL, USA 

One limitation of Factor Analysis is the lack of objective criteria for determining the number of 

factors. As a result, in examining the dimensionality of acculturation, researchers subjectively 

balance between plausibility and parsimony of the model. This study introduced a statistical 

means of verifying the multi-dimensionality of acculturation, namely, through comparing fit 

indices from nested models, the significance of improvement of multidimensional model over 

parsimonious model can be assessed. It is also the first latent construct study on the Bicultural 

Involvement Questionnaire, which has been widely employed for 24 years. The results supported 

the bidimensional, multifactor conceptualization of acculturation. 

2063.167 The dissociation and interaction of ventral and dorsal visual systems in function, Hang 

Zhang, Xiaolan Fu, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China 

422

Perception-action theory of vision argues that the ventral and dorsal streams are distinct systems 

whose functions are, separately, representing the world and directing the action. Views on the 

relation between the two pathways fall into two classes: traditional views that deny such a 

perception-action division, and cooperative views that emphasize interaction between the two 

systems. This article summarizes the key issues, empirical evidences, and contributions of each 

theory/view, and analyzes the conditions that visual processing takes place in a certain system, 

then concludes that the incomplete function division between the two systems leads to variety in 

visual processing. 

2063.168 Evaluation of the empathy and related variables, Vicenta Mestre, Paula Samper, M. 

Jose Nher, Ana Tur, Victoria Del Barrio, Valencia University, Spain 

The main objective of the present study is to evaluate the empathy like source of the prosocial 

behavior and like inhibiting of the aggressive behavior. The evaluation is focused in the childhood 

and the adolescence and tries to conclude the gender differences at both phases of the lifespan, as 

well as the function of the empathy throughout the development. The instruments used are: the IRI, 

(Davis, 1983); the PROM (Carlo et al., 1992); the PBS (Caprara & Pastorelli, 1993); the AS 

(Caprara & Pastorelli, 1993), and the EIS (Caprara & Pastorelli, 1993). 

2063.169 Psychology and philosophy in the future. A philosophy of life as a framework for a 

psychological theory, Helio Carpintero, Complutense University of Madrid, Spain 

Basic topics of contemporary psychology-behavior, subject, mind and many others- always 

require from a philosophical understanding. Contemporary Spanish philosopher Ortega-y-Gasset 

formulated a philosophy of 'human life' similar to modern existentialism. This appears to be a 

theoretical framework close to psychology, and flexible enough to adopt those forms that could fit 

well with an up-to-date theory of mind. A cursory view of its possibilities are presented here, 

stressing its relevance for an adequate understanding of the human person in the light of present 

day philosophical reflections and of recent findings in psychological research. 

2063.170 Cognition based entrepreneurship research empirical studies on the unemployment issue, 

Qing Miao, Zhong-Ming Wang, School of management, Zhejiang University, China 

Entrepreneurship is a key domain on the unemployment issues. Cognition-based perspective is 

helpful to provide several insights to the entrepreneurship research. In terms of this approach, this 

paper used empirical studies to answer three puzzling questions: Ùentrepreneurial action: why did 

someone become entrepreneur Evidence from the Prospect Theory and Cognitive Bias certificates 

such proposition. Úentrepreneurial decision: Why did someone identify the business opportunity? 

Prototype Model and Regulatory Focus Theory give the explanation to the hypothesis. 

Ûentrepreneurial outcome: Why did someone succeed in the end? Risk preference, counterfactual 

thinking and entrepreneuail cognition styles make effective accounts to the entrepreneurial 

outcome 

2063.171 Informed consents as a conventional and diagnostic procedure of agreement making, 

Mykhaylo Naydonov, Institute of Reflective Investigation and Specialization, Ukraine 

Informed consents are traditionally used to defend the honor and dignity of experiment’s 

participants. The practice of informed consents is widely used in a group reflection paradigm 

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(http://My.elvisti.com/naid), in practical trainings (innovative trainings, changes of relationships, 

vacancy competitions etc). Some additional possibilities in conventional and diagnostic aspects 

were discovered while using informed consents. Generalization of participants’ work strategies 

during the process of consents’ making as a practical creative task was made on analysis of 5.000 

cases of consents during seven years. The normative matrix of a compliance process includes the 

fact of event acceptance, its understanding modeling and self-determination. 

2063.172 Parameters of organization concepts forming, Vyacheslav Petrovich Kazmirenko, 

Institute of Social and Political Psychology, Ukraine 

From the side of person’s cognition concerning structural difficulty of socio-psychological 

mechanisms that regulate organizational activity organization concepts forming could be observed 

as a process possessing both inter- and intra-psychological characteristics. The subject of social 

psychology is suggested to be observed as the combination of three integral dimensions of 

organization: social environment that determines the conditions of life activity (1); form of various 

person’s unification (2); function-dynamic structure that determines, forms and generates difficult 

combinations of socio-psychological concepts and processes (3). Each dimension could be 

presented in a system of the factors as the instrumental parameters of organizational concept 

examination. 

2063.174 The sharing of family work and homework of young couples: cross-cultural 

comparison, Meinrad Perrez, Dominik Schoebi, University of Fribourg, Switzerland 

The paper will focus on cross-cultural differences in the modalities of how young professionally 

active couples with preschool children share their home and family work. We assume that in 

Europe, men from northern countries over-report their family- and homework more than do men 

from southern countries. This difference is expected as an effect of cultural gender stereotypes. 

The sharing modalities are assessed through computer-aided self-observation and by traditional 

questionnaires. We expect the phenomenon of over-reporting to be more accentuated in the 

questionnaire data. Overall, eight different European countries collaborate in the study. 

2063.175 From dance-art psychology to transpersonal psychology, Xin Ping, Beijing Dance 

Academy, China 

The thesis is concerned with the concepts of sensation and dance sensation based on psychological 

aesthetics. Sensation is one of the major subjects of psychology as well as aesthetics and art 

studies. G. T. Fechner initiated an approach of experimental psychology to study the issue of 

sensation, which honored him as a joint founder of the experimental psychology. At the same time, 

his major contribution is the creation of psychological aesthetics. In addition, dance imagery and 

artistic imagination by means of psychological distance theory, which leads to the conceptions of 

psyche time, psyche space and imagination space. 

2063.176 The interpersonal attribution of responsibility, and help giving: A structural equation 

analisis, Aiqing Zhang, School of Management of Graduate School, the Chinese Academy of 

Sciences, Beijing, China 

There were two studies to test the structural equation models that reflected the relationships 

among locus, controllability, judgment of responsibility, affect response and help giving in 

424

Chinese culture. Some proves were made to the hypotheses about the sequence of the judgment of 

responsibility, and furthered the attributional approach to a more general integrated model. Our 

findings suggested that causal locus and controllability directly influenced judgment of 

responsibility and help giving, and indirectly influenced affect responses and help giving through 

judgment of responsibility. Findings were discussed in terms of related cultural and social values. 

2063.177 The effect of gender on gender stereotype, Xu Da-zhen, Department of Psychology, 

School Educational Science, Xinyang Normal University, China 

The effect of gender on gender stereotype was explored in this study. Sixty (60) college students 

and forty (40) secondary school teachers with equal number of male and female were randomly 

selected. A 2 (gender) ´ 2 (recessive vs. dominant) factorial design was used. Findings from 

this study:(1)Both male and female considered its own sex more superior than the other, thus 

supporting theories in stereotype formulation and self-concept. Suggested that in the 

male-dominant society, it is inevitable that female, the inferior sex, could become the target of 

discrimination;(2)On the gender stereotype in this study revealed that male is superior than female 

only on the dominant dimension. (3)There was no significant effect of gender on the recessive 

dimension. 

2063.178 Seeing through the mud: What does Prism Adaptation have to do with Dyslexia? 

Rebecca Brookes, Rod Nicolson, Angela Fawcett, University of Sheffield, UK 

Traditionally, the cerebellum has been considered central to the acquisition of motor skills. One 

paradigm where this is established is in the adaptation of movements to gaze displacing prisms. 

Recently, research has also implicated the cerebellum in cognitive operations including language, 

and dysgenisis of the cerebellum has been pointed to as a possible cause of developmental 

dyslexia (Nicolson and Fawcett 2001). We apply the prism adaptation paradigm to examining the 

possibility of a cerebellar deficit in dyslexia. We report findings of decreased adaptation in 

dyslexic children and discuss the implications of these findings for the understanding of the 

disorder. 

2063.179Psychological well-being of pilots belonging to An Airline Association, Illanah Human, 

Johanna Hendrina Buitendach, North-West University (Vaal trianlge campus), South Africa 

The objectives of this study was to determine the relationship (physical and psychological)and 

coping strategies of pilots. A survey, cross-sectio0nal design was used. The COPE and General 

Health questionnaire was used. Cronbach alpha coefficients, inter-item analysis and factor analysis 

were computed to determine the realibility and validity. Pearson correlation and canonical 

correlations were used to analyse the data. The instruments were proved to be reliable. Results 

indicated that the participantd experienced high levels of psychological well-being. From the 

results it is clear that the partcipants used positive reinterpretation, acitve coping, acceptance and 

planning. The least strategies used were mental disengagement. 

2063.180 Psychological empowerment, leadership empowerment behaviour and job insecurity 

within a Steel-Manufacturing organization, Dieter Sauer, Marius Stander, Johanna Hendrina 

Buitendach, North-West University (Vaal trianlge campus), South Africa 

The objectives of this study was to determine the relationship between psychological, leadership 

425

empowerment behaviour and job insecurity (n=171). Cronbach Alpha coefficients are calculated 

to give an indication of the reliability of the measuring instruments. ANOVA, T-tests and Pearson 

Product –moment correlation are the statistical methods used to obtain the empirical results. 

Regression analysis was carried out to determine the extent to which leader empowering 

behaviour and psychological empowerment predict job insecurity. Although there is a significant 

correlation between psychological empowerment and leader empowerment behaviour, there is no 

significant correlation between psychological empowerment and leadership empowerment in 

relation to job insecurity. 

2063.181 The relationship between job insecurity, job satisfaction and organisational commitment 

of workers in a mining industry, Victor Rannona, Johanna Hendrina Buitendach, North-West 

University (Vaal trianlge Campus), South Africa 

The objective of this study was to determine the relationship between job insecurity, job 

satisfaction and organisational commitment. A cross-section survey design was used. Structural 

equation modeling (SEM) was used to address the problems associated with this design. A random 

sample (n=12) were taken. The Job Insecurity- (JIQ), the Revised/Short-version of the Minnesota 

Job Satisfaction- (MSQ) and Organisational Commitment Questionnaire (OCQ), were used. 

Pearson and canonical correlations were computed to determine the relationship between the 

variables. The results indicated differences between job insecurity of different races, Employees 

who belong to a union, experience higher levels of job insecurity. 

2063.182 The condition of cross-modal illusory conjunctions between vision and touch, Wenna 

Wang, Zhihua Liu, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China 

Most experiments show that cross-modal illusory conjunctions (ICs) happen under conditions of 

divided attention, which means the tasks showed to participants in experiments can't be too easy 

and the showing time should be reasonable. According to Caterina participants showed ICs in the 

easy tasks within a long time. But in such a condition,the probability is that participants might 

change attention instead of divided it. So we do our five experiments to support our suppose. Our 

results show that:1, participants do well in easy conditions ,they changed their attention; 2,Ics 

occur in difficult tasks---they reported felt textures/shapes as visual textures/shapes. 

2063.183 The exploratory study on the assessment of the facilities in a Japanese campus, Akifumi 

Hatakeyama, Health Science University of Hokkaido, Japan 

This study deals with the exploratory investigation on the assessment of the facilities in a Japanese 

campus. The subjects were consisted of undergraduate students. At first, they were required to 

discuss and give the items that they think that are necessary to use the facilities in the campus. 

After that, they strolled around the inside of their own campus, and assessed it in reference to the 

given items in their discussion. In the presentation, the interpretation of the clarified results will be 

discussed. 

2063.184 The effect of self-talk skill training on self confidence, Wimonmas Prachakul, Pichit 

Muangnapoe, Kunat Pithapornchaikul Sport psychology, Thailand 

The purpose of this study is to analyse the effect of positive self-talk training on the 

self-confidence. Participants were assigned into two groups (n=12) . The control group practiced 

426

football as usual, while the experiment group practiced both usual football sessions and the 

positive self-talk technique during the 8 week period. Self-confidence was measured by CSAI ¨C 

2 before, 4week and after 8 weeks. Means for self-confidence for the experiment group were 

24.25, 28.41 and 30.83 respectively. The control group mean was 25.00, 24.66 and 25.22 

respectively. Sig. were found between the control and experiment groups four and eight weeks 

after treatment. Sig. within the experiment group. 

2063.185 Genesis of friendship relationships and ideas about the friendship in the adolescence, 

Lyubov Mykhaylivna Naydonova, National Pedagogical University named by M.P. Dragomanov, 

Ukraine 

Friendship as the intimate-personal relationships and social process helps forming adolescent’s 

outlook, his/her socialization and identification. Genesis of friendship relationships was examined 

with the help of developed questionnaire targeted to reveal cognitive, communicative, value and 

normative aspects of concepts that concern genesis of relationships. Sociometry and behavioral 

characteristics of friendship were included. The differences of genesis itself as well as concepts of 

friendship’s genesis of young /10-11 years/ and senior /13-14 years/ adolescents were revealed. 

The information of emergence and development of friendship, reasons of stresses in the friendship 

relationships were suggested for work with adolescents, teachers, parents. 

2063.186 Preparedness for adaptation in foreign language environment, Lyubov Naydonova, 

Natalia Kuzichkina, Institute of Social and Political Psychology, Ukraine 

Student psychological adaptation in foreign higher schools is regarded as an extreme spontaneous 

situation with negative aftereffects like illness, behaviour deviation, lower educational quality or 

break in educational process. Here appears a necessity to study and optimize the process of 

adaptation in foreign language environment by raising the student preparedness for adaptation. 

During the adaptation, unlike the emigrants, students have to realize their communicative potential 

as a characteristic of their temporary business communication and joint educational activity. 

Communicative potential is determined by the structure and level of group reflection development. 

Methodology of raising the resource of student adaptation was developed. 

2063.187 Motivation to participate in thailand youth and club football player, Chatkamon 

Singhnoy, Naruepon Vongjaturapat, Suntipong Plungsuwan, Sompoch Anegasukha, College 

of Sport Science, Brapha University, Thailand 

The purposes of this research were to study and compare types of motivation to participate in 100 

young were competition in the department of sport and Recreation Development, Ministry of 

Tourism and Sport and 100 club football players were participate in Thai league football tourment. 

The questionair used in this study was Weisss' intrinsic/exterisic motivation scale and modified to 

clarify if there were any difference among youth and club. The results that both young and club 

player were intrinsiclay motivation represent to want to learn and develop their skills, feel good 

for being in the team as well as loving 

2063.188 Culture and organizational processes: Learning from India, Anand Prakash, University 

of Delhi, India 

Realizing the relevance of local and global forces operating in the contemporary business world 

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this paper brings out the interface of culture and organizational processes as a growing domain of 

enquiry. Building on empirical work of the author related to values, professional socialization, 

work force diversity, and liberalization an effort is made to identify the challenges and struggles 

taking place in organizational settings. In particular, attention is paid to the diverse experiments 

and innovations made in the various organizational systems and their human resource processes in 

India to make them grow and develop in a creative and resilient manner. 

2063.189 The approach of the interaction between child temperament and parenting, Mingzhu 

Xia, Wen Liu, Liaoning Normal University, China 

Temperament is an important part of personality. Parenting is one of the most important influential 

efforts to child temperament. This article reviews not only the study of the influence of parenting 

to child temperament, but new researches of the interaction between child temperament and 

parenting, including theories such as the goodness of fit, organismic specificity, bioecological 

system model and recent substantial researches. In conclusion, these researches get inconsistent 

results, which is due to statistical problems, studying different dimensions, different samples and 

methods. In China, the study of this area just begins its way and needs further efforts. 

2063.190 Professionals’ automatic decision-making and the adjudication of ethics complaints, 

Timothy Williams, Christchurch College of Education, New Zealand 

Practicing professionals usually make ethical decisions with limited time and incomplete 

information. Situations which involve high-risk or unusual situations trigger intense ethical 

deliberation. Most situations are routine and ethical decisions are made quickly and are usually 

made automatically or intuitively, without explicit deliberation. The models of ethical 

decision-making implicit in professional codes of ethics, in adjudication processes, and in training, 

are normative models which presume only explicit deliberative decision making. This difference 

between presumed and actual decision-making processes inhibits honest and fair adjudication of 

complaints. This paper explores these issues and offers possible directions for professional Boards 

to take. 

2063.191 Study of suicide As A social Issue In Golestan Province, Iran, Reza Sabery, Iran 

This research survey treats suicide in Golestan province as a social issue. The data collected on 

suicide shows 5756 cases of trying to commite suicide in this province during the period of 

2000-2004.Major findings are as follow: 1-The proporation of people trying to commite suicide to 

the whole population is 90 people per 100000. 2-The annual growth rate of commiting suicide is 

9.9 percent. 3-Suicidal behaviours among female are more than male. 4-Suicide in villages are less 

than cities. 5-Suicide among singles are more than married. 6-Rate of suicide among literates are 

more than illeterates. 

2063.192 An inquiry into the extent of the Gap among Three Ethnic Groups of Turkman, Sistani 

and Native Concerning Economic, social, cultural and political Dimensions in Golestan Province, 

in the year 2003, Ghorbanali Ganji Jameshoorani, Mohammad reza Ganji, Azad Islamic 


The objective in this project is to find out how much of social integration is achieved among three 

ethnic groups: Turkman, Sistani and Natives who have had many years of continuous 

428

socioeconomec interactions. To achieve this objective, a questionnaire was constructed and 

attitude of each ethnic group toward other two groups was measured.Major findings are as follow: 

1. Turkmans showed higher acceptance for natives than for Sistani.2. Sistanis showed higher 

acceptance for Native than for Turkman. 3.Native showed higher acceptance for Turkman than for 

Sistani. 4. Economic dimension showed the highest and political dimension the lowest acceptance. 

2063.193 Psychological trauma of early female marriage in Yemen, Maan A. Barry, President, 

Yemen Mental Health Association, Yemen 

Early marriage is a highly accepted tradition in Yemen it causes difficulties for young women. 

This strongly supported tradition is more common in rural areas which comprise 80 % of the 

country's total population. The Study highlights the magnitiude of the problem, its psychological 

consequences on women. It provides recommendation for General Practioners. The selected 

sample are women patients attended the teaching hospital of the Faculty of medicine Aden 

University and the Hotline service of YMHA. Methodology , statistical analysis of data , results 

and conclusions were devised according to accepted research standards. 

2063.194 The guiding principle of the contemporary Chinese relationship: Collectivism 

interwoven with whole-ism and individualism mixed up with egoism, Xiaoxia Wang, Jing Yu, 

Tianjin Administrative Institute, China 

The theoretical field has long been bearing different views as to what should the guiding principle 

be about the relationship among the Chinese people nowadays. This paper takes the point of view 

that among the academic community there exists a confused applying of the terms of collectivism, 

whole-ism, individualism and egoism. On the basis of clearing up these concepts, this paper puts 

forth the idea that the principle guiding the Chinese interpersonal relationship nowadays is not the 

counter-posing. 

2063.195 Advance in research on conceptual structure, Yanju Ren, Fu Xiaolan, Institute of 

Psychology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, China 

Research on conceptual structure, as a central goal of cognitive psychology, are fascinating the 

myriads of cognitive scientists. Research on conceptual structure had a devious course, from early 

assumption (the classical approach) of conceptual defining properties based on artificial concept 

study in the laboratory to representing properties view (the probabilistic approach) based on 

natural concept study. The prototype view and the exemplar view, based on similarity theory, are 

two representative views of the probabilistic approach. Recently theory-based approach of concept 

structure emerged. In this article, based on review of research on conceptual structure, the 

integration research approach was put forward. 

2064 Keynote 

Chair: Qicheng Jing, China 

The circle and the line: Eastern and western ways of thinking, Richard Nisbett, Institute for 

Social Research, University of Michigan, USA 

Westerners are inclined to be analytic in their approach to reasoning and perception. They focus 

on some central object or person, attend to its properties, categorize it, and apply rules to it, 

429

including the most formal of rules, namely logic. East Asians are inclined to be holistic in their 

reasoning and perception. They focus more broadly on the field in which central objects are 

located, they attend to relationships and similarities among elements in the field, they are less 

concerned with categories and rules, and they rely on dialectical reasoning. 

2065 Keynote 

Chair: Gerd Luer, Germany 

Leadership competency and implicit assessment modeling, Zhongming Wang, School of 

Management, Zhe Jiang University, China 

This address presents a general framework of leadership competency on the basis of four recent 

empirical studies in China: (1) executive and entrepreneurial competency modeling and situational 

assessment, (2) cooperative decision competency modeling with value judgment, (3) risk decision 

competency modeling with framing effects, and (4) selection decision competency modeling and 

multi-level assessment. Under the general framework of leadership competency, an assessment 

structure was built with four dimensions of risk coping, framing strategy, parallel processing and 

cooperative values. An implicit assessment model of leadership competency is highlighted with 

implications for leadership assessment and competency development (NSFC 70232010). 

2066 Keynote 

Chair: Kurt Pawlik, Germany 

Psychometric modeling as an approach to analyzing the situational and personal components of 

emotions, Paul De Boeck, Department of Psychology, University of Leuven, Belgium 

Psychometrics has evolved into a flexible way of modeling that can live up to the general 

behavioural formula which implies that behavior depends on the person, the situation, and other 

behavior, B(P,S,B). It is no longer restricted to the study of individual differences associated with 

the use of tests. The presentation will include two parts. First, it will be shown how the traditional 

psychometric approach which is concentrated on individual differences and correlations between 

individual-difference variables, needs to be completed. Additional aspects are situational effects, 

person-by-situation effects, and effects from other behaviors, so that a dynamic modelling tool is 

obtained. For example, the inclusion of effects from other behaviors allows one to model 

phenomena such as positive and negative behavioral feedback, behavioral specialization, and 

more in general, all kinds of behavioural interdependencies. This flexibility follows from an 

extension of the common item response model (IRT) into generalized linear and nonlinear mixed 

models for categorical repeated observations data (Rijmen, Tuerlinckx, De Boeck, & Kuppens, 

2003). Second, it will be illustrated how these models can be used to analyze the process at the 

basis of an emotion. Specific emotions that will be discussed are anger, irritation, and guilt. The 

behaviors we will focus on are verbally aggressive behaviors. The purpose of the psychometric 

modeling is to test theories about emotions. For example, it was found that, as expected, anger is 

primarily action-oriented (vs. appraisal-oriented) whereas irritation is more appraisal-oriented (vs. 

action-oriented), both when situational and personal effects were concerned. 

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Although fear and anxiety are closely related we now have data to suggest that the central nucleus 

of the amygdala is important for stimulus specific fear whereas the bed nucleus of the stria 

terminalis may be more involved in anxiety. Several studies indicate that NMDA receptor 

activation in the amygdala, and perhaps elsewhere, is required for extinction of conditioned fear. 

We have found that either systemic or local infusion into the amygdala of the functional NMDA 

agonist D-cycloserine facilitates extinction. Clinical trials are underway to evaluate whether 

D-cycloserine will increase the effectiveness of exposure-based psychotherapy. 

2071 ORAL 


Chair: Gunilla Bohlin, Sweden 

2071.1 Determination of psyche in the human organism, Shukran Dadayev, Department of 

Psychology, Baku State University, Azerbaijan 

Psyche is located in Brain. It rules the Brain and the Human being. Psyche consists of three 

divisions. The three organs of Brain are exactly the three divisions of Psyche. According the 

internal work of Psyche, these divisions could be named as follows: 1. Existential division (Right 

hemisphere). 2. Subjectivised division (Left hemisphere). 3. Zone of Interaction (ZIA) (Corpus 

callosum). Each division has its special activity functions. As a whole, they create general work of 

Psyche. Consciousness, Speech, Thinking, Memory, Imagination, Perception all belong to 

Existential and Subjectivised divisions. Psyche is biological, psychological and social problem. 

Psyche is described in picture-schemes. 

2071.2 The binary nature of humam psychic, Valentin Ageyev, Educational Academy 

"Prestige", Kazakhstan 

The human psychic has binary nature: reflexive and reflexion. The reflexive psychic is the means 

of transformation of the natural outside environment form in the forms of existence of the man as 

organism. The man as organism trans-forms external conditions into a possibility of own existence 

(adapt) due to the natural capability for reflexive activity. The reflexion psychic is the way of 

creation of forms of cultural “inside” environment as his own form existence. The man as the man 

generates his abilities (develops) due to created by him the cultural capability for transcending. 

2071.3 The effects of cognitive-behavior trining on anxiety reduction in the primary infertile 

women undergoing ZIFT/GIFT, Vajihe Gharaie 1 , Mohammad ali Mazaheri 1 , Ali Sahebi 2 , 

Sepideh Peyvandi 3 , 1 Shahid Beheshti University, Evin, Tehran, Iran; 2 Ferdowsi University, 

Mashhad, Iran; 3 Sari University of Medical Science, Sari, Iran 

This research evaluate the effects of behavior-cognitive trainings on anxiety reduction in primary 

infertile women, undergoing GIFT/ZIFT. Sixty patients in an infertility center were randomly 

allocated into two experimental (EG) and control (CG) groups. Subjects completed Spielberger 

Anxiety Inventory (SAI) in 21st day of menstruation. EG completed a behavior-cognitive training 

program, including cognitive restructuring and relaxation for 15-20 days. CG received only 

routine cares. Participants completed the SAI again, 2 days before and 2 days after the operation. 

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Results indicated that EG's anxiety scores before GIFT/ZIFT, were lower. EG subjects, whose 

anxiety did not increase after GIFT/ZIFT, had more successful treatment. 

2071.4 The developmental constructivism theory of memory processing mechanism, Jinliang 

Qin, Chunyan Wang, China 

The developmental constructivism theory of memory processing mechanism is proposed under the 

principle of following the ecological validity in memory study, grounded on the ethnological 

traditions of the study on people’s normal life memory, in which the study on autobiographical 

memory is an important carrier. This is a developmental constructivism approach in the view of 

life-span, and there are some influential subtheories: knowledge base theory, schema-script theory 

and so on. We proposed the script revising theory on the vague seeking of autobiographical 

memory, as a new explanation of developmental constructivism theory. 

2071.5 Do inhibition and working memory interact? Gunilla Bohlin, Lilianne Nyberg, 

Uppsala University, Sweden 

In two experiments the inhibitory demand was varied by varying the prepotency of the required 

response in a go-no go task and working memory demand was varied by task instruction. In both 

studies a main effect of inhibitory demand on commission errors was found. In study 2, using a 

more difficult working memory instruction, both main effects were significant, but not the 

interaction. Further, individual capacity for inhibition and working memory was tested in separate 

tasks. In Study 2 a significant cross-process interaction supported the idea of a mechanism that is 

partly common for inhibition and working memory. 

2071.6 A Chinese perspective on activity theory, Jianzhong Hong 1 , Ning Yang 2 , 

1 2 

Lappeenranta University of Technology, Finland; South China Normal University, China 

The Cultural-historical activity theory was developed by the Russian psychologist Vygotsky and 

his colleagues in the 1920s and 1930s. Since then, it has been expanded globally and rapidly, 

particularly during the past 15 years. However, there has been little interaction between the 

broader international community and China with respect to the development of the theory in China. 

This paper aims to examine this development, focusing on 1) basic understanding, theoretical 

construction and unique features of development; 2) idea evolution in terms of different generation 

theories; 3) focal areas in and limitations of application; and 4) emerging trends and future trends. 

2071.7 Inter-subjectivity and Psychology of “Dialogue”, Jian Guan, NanKai University, China 

The research of the inter-subjectivity is a new angle for psychology. It based on the thought of 

Martin Buber. Psychology of monologue means “I and It”, then the dialogue is “I and Thou”. 

Monologue is based on the principle of binary distinction between object and subject. It has been 

facing many messes. The main reasons that cause the messes are wrong understanding for the 

object of psychological study and departure from human nature, worship of methodology and 

technique. So monologue psychology should be unified with dialogical psychology to make up its 

limitation. Dialogue represents the direction of developing psychology. 

2071.8 Constructing the future of psychology from the viewpoint of cultural confusion, Wenbo 

Che, JiLin University, China 

433

The shortcomings of Western psychology arise from the limitations of Western culture, it can not 

research human potential and high spiritual activity. Chinese philosophical psychology is deeper 

insight of human spiritual activity, a way of interpretation and cultivate, a intellectual system that 

can solve the human spiritual problem. We should change the “selfish departmentalism” of 

western psychology, absorb the “nutrition” of the eastern psychology, constructing the future of 

psychology from the viewpoint of the confusion between the Eastern and Western culture. 

2072 ORAL 


Chair: Dunali Yan, USA 

2072.1 Comparative study of body image among dancers and anorexic girls, Isabel 

Urdapilleta 1 , Caroline Cheneau 1 , Alian Blanchet 1 , Jean Christophe Seznec 2 , 1 Université Paris 

VIII, France; 2 Shiga University of Medical Sience, Japan 

The objective is to compare the body image of dancers, controls and anorexics, by means of a 

computer tool. Using a distorted digital photograph of the subject, we asked the subject to modify 

the photograph so as to define the image she had of herself as well as the image she wished to 

have. The results show: 1) The dancers perceive their body in a more objective manner than do the 

controls and anorexics. 2) The three groups of subjects wish they were thinner. 3) The anorexic 

patients do not exhibit dissatisfaction with their bodies, while the dancers exhibit dissatisfaction. 

2072.2 The research of the relationship between state anxiety before college entrance 

examination and trait anxiety, personality & self-Efficacy, Caiping Dang, Yisheng Yang, Inner 

Mongolia Normal University, China 

With 857 students, the study examined that how the state anxiety before college entrance 

examination was affected by the inherent psychological factors using Correlate & Regression and 

external natural factors using One-Way ANOVA & T test. Conclusions: The state anxiety before 

college entrance examination has significant positive relation to trait anxiety, neuroticism, 

psychoticism and has significant negative relation to self -efficacy, intro-extroversion. Different 

city’s culture, nationality’s culture, gender, self-evaluated score affect students’ anxiety to the 

college entrance examination; But different types of students, types of schools and self-evaluated 

family economical condition do not do so. 

2072.3 Q-methodology and its application to Chinese university students’ worldviews, Guang 

Zhang, Xin Yuan, Nankai University, China 

Q-method, a post-positivist approach to psychology and all other social sciences concerning 

human subjectivity, has not been yet introduced into China mainland. This paper attempts to fill 

this gap by reviewing concisely the historical development of this method, its philosophical 

foundations, its basic techniques, and its broad application to various social sciences, including 

psychology. As a demonstration, a Q-method study of Nankai University students’ worldviews is 

presented. 

2072.4 The research of relationship between grade, sex and cognitive strategy, Enguo Wang, 

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China 

The research investigated 800 middle school students from the Grade one of junior high school to 

Grade three of senior high school with questionnaire on learning ways of middle school students 

made by our own. The result shows: 1.The Grasping on cognitive strategy of junior high school 

students is under control of others, and the using of strategies is not steady. But the students of 

senior high school is at the level of self-control; 2.There is significant difference in cognitive 

strategy of male and female; 3.There is significant relationship between learning score and 

cognitive strategy. 

2072.5 Methodological challenges in estimating the prevalence of HIV infection in Africa: The 

case of South Africa, Leickness Chisamu Simbayi, Olive Shisana, Human Sciences Research 

Council, Cape Town, South Africa 

Recently UNAIDS revised downwards the total number of people living with HIV/AIDS found 

globally and especially in Sub-Saharan Africa. Indeed, some African countries including South 

Africa and Kenya have recently conducted household-based population surveys which have 

revealed significantly lower estimates of the prevalence of HIV infection compared to those 

computed by UNAIDS based on antenatal clinic (ANC) surveillance surveys conducted among 

pregnant women only. The similarities and differences between the two methods are presented and 

illustrated with data from South Africa. It is concluded that household-based population surveys 

provide more reliable estimates on HIV prevalence than ANC surveillance data. 

2072.6 Multiple aptitude test battery for non-technical skills: A developmental study, Soumi 

Awasthy, Ministry of Defence, Govt of India, India 

Paper attempts to develop a multiple aptitude test battery for non-technical jobs of the defence 

forces. Battery of six psychological tests to measure skills pertaining to (a) alertness (b) visual 

perception, (c) intelligence, (d) number skills, (e) reaction and judgement and (f) language were 

developed based on psychometric principles. Reliability of the tests ranged from .71 to .91 and 

validity coefficients ranged from .29 to .58 (p>.01). Multiple correlations were computed to find 

the most efficient team of tests which could predict success in training of the non-technical skills. 

Norms along with minimum selection grades have been provided. 

2072.7 Design and analysis in a cognitive assessment, Dunali Yan 1 , Robert Mislevy 2 , Russell 

Almond 1 , 1 Educational Testing Service, Princeton, New Jersey, USA; 2 University of Maryland, 

College Park, Maryland, USA 

There is growing interest in educational assessments that coordinate substantive considerations, 

learning psychology, task design, and measurement models. This paper concerns an analysis of 

mixed-number subtraction assessment created in light of cognitive analyses of students’ problem 

solutions. In particular, we fit a binary skills multivariate latent class model to the data, and 

compare results to those obtained with an IRT model and a modified latent class model suggested 

by model criticism indices. MCMC techniques are used to estimate the parameters in the model, in 

a Bayesian framework that integrates information from substantive theory, expert judgment, and 

empirical data. 

2072.8 Alexander curriculum-based index of towner gardens school, and, Alexander 

435

curriculum-based index of towner gardens school - special class (edition) supplementary test, 

Gerald Alexander, Singapore 

These supplementary tests were designed to accompany traditional psychological tests to give a 

more comprehensive picture of the student, may it be in the Normal Class or in the Special Class, 

in a Singapore school for the Intellectually Disabled. The class teacher rates the student according 

to the school curriculum while the school psychologist rates the student according to this and 

some semi-standardized measures. Together with the IQ test, the psychologist would be able to 

recommend appropriate remediation and/or placement for the student. 

2073 ORAL 

Sensory and motor processes 

Chair: Dilys Treharne, UK 

2073.1 Distractive effect in multiple-object tracking task, Xuemin Zhang 1 , Xuezhao Lan 1 , 

Gao Yuan 2 , Shu Hua 1 , 1 Beijing Normal University, School of Psychology, China; 2 University of 

Georgia, Dept. of Psychology, GA, USA 

Researchers have done some studies about the factors that affected the tracking performance in 

moving conditions resent years. They also drew some important conclusions. The present 

experiment was intended to study the distractive effect of numbers of distractors, color 

consistency of distractor and target, and figure of distractor and target on tracking performance. 

The results indicated that: (1) The tracking performance of subjects slowed down as the numbers 

of distractor increased. (2) The subjects were more easier to identify the targets when their color 

were different from the distractors. (3) Interaction of Numbers of Distractor and Color of 

Distractors showed that attention capacity affect the tracking performance. 

2073.2 Effect of spatial location and SOA on visual selective attention, Tian Ran 1, 2 , Yongna 

Li 2 , Xuemin Zhang 2 , 1 Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China; 2 Beijing 


The present study was intended to research the effect of spatial location and SOA on visual 

selective attention. Forty subjects involved in this experiments. The results indicated that: (a) 

Individuals responded more quickly when the target appeared at the top three locations of fixation 

than the bottom three locations in all conditions, and there was no significant difference between 

left and right. (b) The response speed of the color changed target was more quickly than no color 

changed target in all conditions. (c) The response of target decreased as the SOA increased. 

2073.3 Specificities of face recognition on ERP, Wen Wu 1 , Yuejia Luo 2 , 1 Zhujiang Hospital, 

the First Military Medical University, China; 2 Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of 


The specific effects of face recognition were examined by recording ERPs. Stimuli (human, dog, 

handset faces) are presented in a “learning-test” paradigm. The results showed that the diversities 

of the early VPP and N170 were obvious, and their amplitudes evoked by human faces were the 

biggest, handsets the smallest. The diversity of the LPC was significant mainly in frontal-central 

scalp, the different waves formed by the new and old handsets were the biggest and the dogs were 

436

the smallest. These suggest the VPP and N170 represent face structure encoding and prove 

electrophysiologically the human face perception and recognition is special. 

2073.4 Rhythm and language comprehension, Dilys Treharne, University of Sheffield, UK 

The hypothesis that an ability to perceive rhythmic patterns facilitates rapid processing of 

language is explored. A positive correlation is found between performance on a test of non-verbal 

rhythmic ability and language comprehension in children between 5 and 12years developing 

language normally, with language disorders and auditory processing disorders. A similar 

correlation is found between children with musical training aged 3-12 years. The relationship 

cannot be explained purely in terms of non-verbal ability or auditory memory. 

2073.5 Haptic and hand wave in learning and recalling words, Dan Lin, South China Normal 


Two experiments investigate the role of haptic and hand wave in learning and recalling words. 

Experiment 1 is to ascertain the required time in learning words. Experiment 2 discussed the effect 

of learning and recalling styles on recalling words. The results showed, in immediate recalling 

tasks, the recalling accuracy will be significantly improved if haptic was involved in the learning 

stage; however, the accuracy will keep steady if haptic was only involved in the recalling stage. 

Therefore, haptic plays an important role in the first several stages rather than the last stage of the 

information processing. 

2073.6 McGurk effect in Chinese: How their auditory processing is influenced by visual 

information? Shu Mu, Hua Shu, Beijing Normal University, China 

This study explored the audio-visual speech perception by using McGurk effect in Chinese 

subjects. We used Chinese monosyllables. Subjects were asked to write down what they heard 

when they watched the dubbed video which includes 15 kinds of stimulus. Three of them were 

compatible syllables, /cha/,/fa/, /wa/; the other six were visual nonlabial syllables dubbed with 

auditory labial syllables, /g-b/, /g-p/, /g-m/, /k-b/, /k-p/, /k-m/; the last six were visual labial 

syllables dubbed with auditory nonlabial syllables /b-g/, /b-k/, /b-l/, /p-g/, /p-k/. The result showed 

for Chinese, visual nonlabial were significantly influenced by auditory labial syllables and visual 

labial syllables had few effect on auditory nonlabials. 

2073.7 The study of auditory-visual integration on human brain event-related potentials (ERPs), 

Xilong Zhi, Yasuhiko Saitou, Qiang Sun, Ashikaga Institute of Technology, Japan 

This study repeated the experiment of Giard and Peronnet’s [J. Cogn. Neuroscience 11: 5, 

473-490], presented the auditory stimuli later 0 ms (experiment 1) and 3 ms (experiment 2) and 6 

ms (experiment 3) than the visual stimuli. Over the right fronto-temporal area that found the 

auditory-visual effect by Giard and Peronnet, we observed these integrative components recorded 

from experiment 1, 2, 3 have identical latency. This finding suggests when auditory-visual 

integrations occur, brain can modulate the latency of audiovisual integrative response to 

compensate auditory delay. 

2074 ORAL 

437

2074.5 Search asymmetries across feature dimensions, Jing Sun, Dingguo Gao, Hengyi Rao, 

Debin Huang, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China 

This study aimed to examine the search asymmetries of primitive features across feature 

dimensions through manipulating terminators in three experiments. In Experiment 1, searching L 

in Ss was faster than searching S in Ls, and the number of distractor affected searching S but not 

searching L. In Experiment 2, when search targets shared same terminators but different curvature, 

searching curve in line background was faster than searching line in curve background. Adopting 

different stimuli, Experiment 3 replicated the effects obtained in Experiment 1. The above results 

suggest terminator be more primitive than curvature in visual search. 

2074.6 Recognition of rotated objects: Paying attention to orientation, Irina Harris, Paul Dux, 

Macquarie University, Australia 

Recognition costs incurred by rotated objects have been interpreted as evidence for 

viewpoint-dependent recognition. We review findings which suggest that recognition is actually 

mediated by orientation-invariant representations and that these costs reflect a post-recognition 

process of determining the object’s orientation in space. We propose a two-stage theory of object 

recognition. In Stage1, the object’s identity is retrieved from memory. Strictly speaking, this is the 

recognition process, and is orientation-invariant. However, a second stage of processing is 

necessary, in which identity is bound to orientation information, in order to deliver a conscious 

percept anchored in space and time. 

2074.7 Functional asymmetry between upper and lower visual fields revealed by an 

event-related potential study, Zhe Qu 1 , Fan Silu 1 , Ding Yulong 2 , Song Yan 3 , Chen Lin 1 , 

1 2 

Graduate School and Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Sun Yat-Sen 

University, China; 3 Beijing Normal University, China 

To investigate the functional asymmetry between upper and lower visual fields (UVF and LVF), 

we recorded event-related potentials from 16 subjects while they were performing a simple visual 

discrimination task under sustained attention. The LVF stimuli elicited smaller P1, but larger N1 

than UVF stimuli. The latency of N1 was earlier for LVF than UVF. Moreover, the attentional 

effect on P1’s amplitude was smaller for LVF than UVF. These results, from visual perception and 

sustained attention, showed clear evidence for the functional asymmetry between UVF and LVF, 

suggesting LVF with more sensitivity of perception and less consumption of attentional resource. 

2074.8 Neural correlates of fast and slow visual perceptual learning: An event-related potential 

study, Yulong Ding 1 , Yan Song 2 , Zhe Qu 3 , Silu Fan 3 , 1 Sun Yat-Sen University, China; 2 Beijing 

Normal University, China; 3 Graduate School and Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of 


The present study investigated the time course of visual perceptual learning by recording 

event-related potentials (ERPs) from adult subjects while they were trained with a visual 

discrimination task. Behavioral data revealed both fast learning effect (occurred during daily 

training) and slow learning effect (occurred between days) on reaction times. For ERPs, fast 

learning effect was shown on decrement of N1 and increment of P2, while slow learning effect 

was shown on increment of N1 and decrement of N2. These results provide clear evidence 

supporting that different neural processes are involved in fast and slow visual perceptual learning. 

439

2075 ORAL 


Chair: Xiaolan Fu, China 

2075.1 The influence of the number of instances on implicit sequence learning, Qiufang Fu, 


Recent theories of implicit learning have raised the issue of what was learned (rules or instances) 

in implicit learning. The study approached this issue by changing the number of instances and 

applying the Process Dissociation Procedure (PDP, Jacoby, 1991) to a free generation task to 

disentangle implicit and explicit sequence learning. The results indicated that: (1) participants 

could implicitly acquire both rules and instances and the number of instances influenced what was 

learned, and (2) participants might explicitly learn some knowledge when the number of instances 

decreased to four. 

2075.2 Attention consumption in different modes of presentation: A study in dual task 

performance, Mohammed Reza Afzalnia, BPA, Iran 

This study compared reading, listening and television viewing in terms of their overall demand for 

attention by using recall of the presented material as the primary task while participants performed 

a secondary (tactile) task concurrently. A score combining immediate recall performance and 

secondary task performance was calculated and on this aggregate score, the Listening group did 

significantly better than the Reading group but not than the TV group. The results were interpreted 

as indicating that listening requires the least attentional resource while reading requiring the most. 

2075.3 Learning styles and school achievement: A case study of some schools in Nanjing, 

China, Adam E'nzuva-Ya-Tsuva, Nanjing Normal University, China 

We identified the different learning modes of 889 8th-grade Chinese students from 5 middle 

schools of Gulou District in Nanjing in order to understand the effective learning and its impact on 

school achievement. The empirical mode was found dominant explaining that the students were in 

general doers. T Test was carried indicating that male students differed significantly in learning 

modes with female students. The schools' differences were examined by ANOVA showing 

significant learning mode differences among students from different schools. A positive and linear 

relationship was found between the different learning modes and the school achievement. 

2075.4 The relationship between self-regulation and attribution of senior middle school students, 

Lingyan Cao, Zhengwen Zheng, Jianzhong Wo, Beijing Normal University, China 

Selected 973 senior middle school students from Sinkiang, this study examined the developmental 

characteristics of self-regulation and the relationship between self-regulation and attribution by 

scales. Results indicated that (1) Effort attribution had strong predicting effect on plan, correctness 

monitoring, pace monitoring, correctness control, pace control, estimate and summary which are 

progresses in self-regulation. (2) Ability attribution had predicting effect on plan and pace 

monitoring. (3) Task attribution had predicting effect on plan and summary, and was positively 

related to plan while negatively related to summary. (4) Fortune attribution had predicting effect 

440

on correctness monitoring, correctness control, pace control and estimate. 

2075.5 New structure of students’ self-regulated learning ability (SSRLA), Zhen Wu, Xin 

Zhao, Kezu Hu, Guicai Xian, Xingchuan Song, Tianjin University of Technology and Education, 

China 

Students’ self-regulated learning ability (SSRLA) is highly regarded because of its special status in 

learning activity. The purpose of the present study was to explore new structure of SSRLA. All of 

the 562 subjects from Grade 3,4,5,6,7,8,10,11 were examined by means of Student Questionnaire. 

The results revealed: SSRLA consists of 3 dimensionalities and 11 sub-dimensionalities. 3 

dimensionalities include self-monitoring, self-analyzing, self-controlling and adjusting. 11 

sub-dimensionalities include goal-monitoring, plan-monitoring, result-monitoring, 

state-monitoring, strategy-monitoring in self-monitoring; self-evaluating, self-attributing, 

self-summarizing in self-analyzing; self-controlling, self-adjusting, self-remedying in 

self-controlling and adjusting. 

2075.6 Enhancing students’ metacognitive awareness of reading strategies in English teaching, 

Qiao Li 1 , Zhen Lin 2 , 1 English Dept. People'Education Press, China; 2 Beijing Institute of 

Petrochemical Technology, China 

The Metacognitive Awareness of Reading Strategies Inventory, a new self-report instrument, is 

used to enhance students’ metacognitive awareness and perceive use of reading strategies while 

reading school-related materials. There were 3 strategy factors: Global Reading Strategies, 

Problem-Solving Strategies, and Support Reading Strategies. Directions for administering and 

scoring the instrument are provided, and suggestions for interpreting the results obtained are 

offered. Finally, implications for reading research and instruction are discussed. 

2075.7 Judgment of causality: Contingency learning or signal detection? Lorraine Allan, 

Shepard Siegel, Jason Tangen, McMaster University Canada 

In contingency judgments, the cue is present (C) or absent (~C), the observer predicts whether the 

outcome will be present (Y) or absent (N), and then the outcome occurs (O) or not (~O). In signal 

detection, the signal is present (C) or absent (~C), the observer reports the signal was present (Y) 

or absent (N), and then feedback indicates the signal occurred (O) or not (~O). In both cases, the 

data are summarized by the same two conditional probabilities: P(Y|C) and P(Y|~C). We will 

discuss the conceptual relationship between the tasks, and present a signal detection analysis of 

contingency data. 

2075.8 What kinds of students’ activities promote the use of diagrams in mathematical problem 

solving? Yuri Uesaka 1 , Emmanuel Manalo 2 , 1 The University of Tokyo, Japan; 2 The University 

of Auckland, New Zealand 

This study investigated the promotion of diagram use by focusing on students’ daily activities in 

class, and comparing students in Japan (n=291) and New Zealand (n=323). Algebra problems and 

questionnaires were administered. The results revealed that New Zealand students used diagrams 

more often than Japanese students. New Zealand students also evidenced higher scores on items 

suggesting the use of diagrams as tools for themselves, and these items were correlated with actual 

diagram use. In contrast, Japanese students evidenced higher scores on items suggesting better 

441

attention to teachers’ diagrams. The results suggest the importance of viewing diagrams as tools 

for themselves. 

2076 ORAL 

Cognition 

Chair: Yukihiro Itoigawa, Japan 

2076.1 An ERP study (P300) on recognizing personal possessions, Makoto Miyakoshi 1 , 

Nomura Michio 2 , Ohira Hideki 1 , 1 Nagoya University, Japan; 2 Japanese Society for the 

Promotion of Science, Japan 

What makes difference when we distinguish our personal possessions from others’? In order to 

investigate it, we employed two-stimulus oddball paradigm and measured ERPs (P300) to see the 

effect of possession on modification of P300 for target stimuli. Before the experiment, we took 

pictures of subject’s personal possessions and processed them as stimuli of subject’s possession 

and others’ as others’ possession, and we controlled the frequency of two stimuli. The result 

showed that amplitude of P300 was larger for the stimuli of personal possessions. This result 

suggests that we allocate more attention for recognizing our personal possessions than others’. 

2076.2 The role of sentence boundary in discourse comprehension, Winny Lu, China 

To study the role of sentence boundary, we carried out two experiments. In Experiment 1, readers 

were delayed in noticing a contradiction on target line when the sentence continued onto a 

post-target line. In Experiment 2, target line was an intact sentence. The result of the recognition 

probe demonstrated that there was no significant difference between the two different versions. 

Readers noticed the contradiction after finishing reading the target line. We can conclude that 

sentence boundary is important in reading. And it may be a signal which lets the readers integrate 

the current sentence before they read the following sentence. 

2076.3 Friend recognition beyond trust and distrust in the internet, Yukihiro Itoigawa, Wisdom 

Inc., Japan 

Objects: The author had aims to evaluate new friendship over cyberspace and to consider about 

Internet society as lack of true reliability and friendship. Method: questionnaires are free 

descriptive writing about junk mail (N=200) and friendship under virus and privacy in the Internet 

(N=150). Results: 1.We could ask question to professional society like group coordinated at 

different library. But we could not ask borderless society if we could not have some index or 

identity. 2.Friends were found in the Internet without face perception and we could gain important 

information by unknown people rarely. 3.Word had psychological power to imagine fact. 

2076.4 Visual sensory memory’s role in pattern recognition, Zhenling Ma 1 , Zhongle Yang 1 , 

Jinghan Wei 2 , 1 South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, China; 2 Institute of 

Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China 

To further study whether visual sensory memory (VSM) could be recognized while the target and 

the patterns to be recognized were in different locations, an elegant procedure was designed in this 

442

paper. In one experiment of this procedure, short-term memory (STM) could be used only, while 

in another one, both STM and VSM could be used. All the targets and the patterns were in 

different places. We found that the achievement in the former was better than that in the latter. 

This result suggested that VSM could be recognized when the target and the patterns were not in 

same locations. 

2076.5 Cue abstraction and exemplar memory in non-linear judgment, Anna-carin Olsson 1 , 

Tommy Enqvist 2 , Peter Juslin 2 , 1 Department of psychology, Sweden, 2 Uppsala University, 

department of psychology, Sweden 

We examined which cognitive processes people use in linear vs. non-linear conditions. Across two 

experiments we found that a non-linear task with a quadratic relationship among four binary cues 

is to demanding for analytic abstraction of any rules of cue-criterion relationship and participants 

are therefore forced to use an exemplar-based process. In a linear condition both cue abstraction 

and exemplar model were used suggesting that these models can be used in a linear multiple cue 

judgment task with the same level of achievement. 

2076.6 Conversation of energy theory: A different explain on repetition blindness, Haoming 

Liu, Jijia Zhang, China 

This experiment explored the effect of repetition blindness in Chinese language processing in 

RSVP tasks. Subjects look at a CRT screen showing rapid sequences of Chinese characters, which 

was divided into several different contrasts according to strokes level, part level, morpheme level 

and homophone level. Subjects type into the keyboard the identities of the target characters. 

Response time and accuracy data are collected. It was indicated that probably we could use the 

conversation of energy to explain repetition blindness, which was a totally different explain. 

2076.7 The effects of Chinese locative expressions on the directional judgment in 

two-dimensional layouts, Qunhui Yang, Kan Zhang, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy 


In the experiment we mainly investigated the effects of Chinese locative expressions on the 

Directional judgment in Two-Dimensional Layouts. The participants were asked to report, by 

locative expressions, which direction the line point to. A line presents itself randomly in 

Two-Dimensional coordinates system. The Lines were circularly arranged around origin and their 

angular relation was varied in steps of 22.5 degrees. Only the four canonical expressions (ease, 

south, west, north) and their single composites were allowed. The results indicated that the 

latencies of judgment are not a function of the angle between the line and the horizontal axis. 

2076.8 The role of featural and configural information across viewpoint and expressive 

transformations in the recognition of unfamiliar faces, Blossom Stephan, Diana Caine, 

University of Sydney, Australia 

While considerable evidence indicates that face identity recognition involves both featural and 

configural processing, this has been derived from analyses of full-frontal, non-expressive faces. 

This study examines the contribution of this information across viewpoint and expressive 

transformations. Participants (N=95) learnt the identity of unfamiliar faces and were later tested 

for recognition in complete or part-face format, across changes in viewpoint and expression. A 

443

complete over part-face advantage independent of transformation was demonstrated across all 

views and expressive transformation. A hierarchy of feature saliency was found. Findings are 

discussed in terms of the problem of object-constancy as it applies to faces. 

2077 ORAL 


Chair: Zahra Fotovatnia, Iran 

2077.1 Phonologic processing mechanism in Chinese speech production, Lin Yu, Shu Hua, 

China 

Production of fluent speech is one of the most complex skills humans acquire and it has been the 

least understood among psycholinguistics. The phonological processing is the most important 

stage during speech production. Using a picture-word interference paradigm, In two experiments 

the phonologic processing mechanism in Chinese speech production was examined. The results 

show a construction view of spoken syllable in Chinese speech production and the importance of 

the onset in Chinese speech production. But different results compared with the studies done in 

alphabetical language shows that no priming effect was found in end related priming condition. 

2077.2 Semantic processing: The L2 lexical competence perspective, Hong Li, Chongqing 


Three experiments were run to examine the effects of L2 vocabulary knowledge and individual 

differences in working memory capacity on L2 semantic processing. Experiment 1 showed that 

learners of high-level L2 vocabulary knowledge were quicker and more accurate than those of 

low-level L2 vocabulary knowledge regarding accessibility of L2 semantic knowledge. 

Experiment 2 showed that the response pattern observed in the learners with richer vocabulary 

knowledge was different from that in the learners with poorer vocabulary knowledge. Experiment 

3 revealed a null effect of working memory capacity and showed that L2 vocabulary knowledge 

was not correlated with working memory capacity. 

2077.3 The research of experiments of helplessness caused by the uncontrollable cognition and 

information feedbacks’ disagreement, Xin Mei Cao 1 , De Jun Guo 2 , 1 Gannan Teachers' College, 

China; 2 Capital Normal University, China 

Three experiments were used to investigate the causes that lead to learned helplessness. 

Experiment 1 was conducted on 194 college students to explore the relation between the 

uncontrollable cognition to the test score and the learned helplessness, and showed that cognition 

of importance about uncontrollable events and expectation of uncontrollability over outcome 

correlated significantly with helplessness, depression and attributional style. Experiment 2 and 

Experiment 3 investigate why uncontrollable cognition caused by inconsistence of information 

feedback, could lead to learned helplessness. The results show that inconsistence of information 

feedback damaged cognition, emotion and the following task performance under uncontrollable 

circumstance. 

2077.4 The adequacy of the socio-educational model of second/foreign language acquisition, 

444

Sepideh Alavi, Shiraz University, Iran 

The study aimed at testing a modified version of Gardner’s 2001 model of language learning 

including the variables attitudes toward the learning situation (ALS), integrativeness (INT), 

motivation (MOT), strategy use (STR), self-efficacy (SE) and language achievement scores 

(ACH). A sample of 213 students completed the Attitude Motivational Test Battery (AMTB), the 

Strategy Inventory for Language Learning (SILL), and the Self-Efficacy Questionnaire (SEQ). 

Results demonstrated that the model was theoretically and statistically adequate. Other findings 

include relationships found between ALS and SE (.238 p

kindergarteners learning to read English as a L2, Wing Yin Chow, Catherine Mcbride-Chang, 

The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China 

The present nine-month longitudinal study investigated relations between Chinese native language 

phonological processing skills and early Chinese and English reading abilities among 227 

kindergarteners learning English as a second language in Hong Kong. Phonological awareness, 

rapid automatized naming and short-term verbal memory were found to have different 

relationships with concurrent and subsequent Chinese and English reading abilities, and a 

bi-directional association between the phonological awareness and Chinese reading abilities was 

shown, after partialing for age, vocabulary and visual skills performance. Theoretical and 

educational implications are discussed. 

2078 ORAL 


Chair: Robyn Jennifer Miller, Australia 

2078.1 Emotion recognition, morphed emotions, neural substrates, James Tin Hang Yip, 

Crystal C. Y. Cheung, Kristin E. King, Leonard S. W. Li, Tatia M. C. Lee, The University of 

Hong Kong, Hong Kong China 

The present study examined the nature of emotion recognition impairments in patients with 

subcortical brain damage (SBD). Twenty-eight patients with SBD (19 left and 19 right), along 

with 19 healthy volunteers (HV) were presented with morphed facial photographs and, asked to 

categorize these photographs according to six basic emotion labels. Patients with SBD categorized 

these photographs differently from HV and, did not employ certain emotion labels. Only those 

with right SBD were impaired (relative to HV) in terms of their identification of happiness. These 

findings provide further support for the role of subcortical brain structures in emotion recognition. 

2078.2 The depressive resilience scales, Robyn Jennifer Miller, Deakin University, Australia 

Depressive resilience has heuristic value for the theory and treatment of depression., warranting 

psychometrically sound measures with validity for the adult population. This research generated 

depressive resilience measures from the concepts of self-deception and optimism. A sample of 561 

community adults comprised 303 in a Younger Group (aged under 30) and 258 in an Older Group. 

Both goups were 65% female. Confirmatory analysis identified a common scale structure for 

Adaptive Bias constituted by the subscales Defensive Optimism and Self Satisfaction. Validation 

evidence demonstrated links with depression-specific mood, explanatory style, and defense styles, 

thereby synthesising theoretical perspectives on depressive resilience. 

2078.3 Comparison of heart rate variability and heart rate between different emotional stability 

in two situations, Xufeng Liu 1 , Danmin Miao 1 , Wei Xiao 1 , Weifen Huang 2 , Fang Liu 3 , 

1 2 

Aerospace & Aviation Medicine Faculty, Fourth Military Medical University, China; Institute of 

Space Medicine Engineering, China 

96 healthy male flying students were assessed after 60 hours flying exercises using CASESFC and 

were divided into different emotional stability. In two situations, ECG were recorded and HRV 

components and HR were analyzed and compared. When subjects were exposed to Sternberg dual 

446

task situation, individuals with high emotional stability had lower LFnorm, HFnorm, LF/HF ratio 

and HR. When it comes to flying situation, individuals with high emotional stability had higher 

LFnorm, HFnorm, but LF/HF ratio and HR were still lower. We find a tendency which implies the 

situational separation of fluctuation of autonomic nervous system related to emotional stability. 

2078.4 Cognitive impairment in major depressed patients under Chinese emotional words 

discrimination task: An event-related potential study, Da-xing Wu, Shu-qiao Yao, Wenbin Guo, 

Zhening Liou, Xiang Wang, China 

Disturbed negative cognitive bias is a well-recognized feature of major depressed patients. The 

aim of this study was to investigate event-related potentials (ERPs) effects under emotional words 

to reveal the cognitive impairment character in major depressed patients. We recorded the effects 

of ERPs in 16 major depressed patients and 18 healthy subjects while they performed Chinese 

emotional words discrimination task. These findings showed that cognitive dysfunction of 

prefrontal cerebral cortex was brain mechanisms of negative cognitive bias in major depressed 

patients. 

2078.5 Attentional bias in social anxiety, Reza Pishyar, Lynne Harris, Ross Menzies, The 

University of Sydney, Australia 

This paper compares the usefulness of three dot probe measures in detecting attentional bias 

towards emotional stimuli among people with social anxiety. The ecological validity of the stimuli 

was varied. Task 1 used pairs of emotional and neutral words, Task 2 used pairs of emotional and 

neutral faces photographed in front view, and Task 3 used pairs of emotional and neutral faces 

photographed in profile as though looking at each other. From these studies it appears that the 

facial dot probe task is a more sensitive index of attentional bias than the word task in non-clinical 

samples with social anxiety. 

2078.6 Predicting performance concerns prior to examinations: An evaluation of the masked 

stroop interference index, Lynne Harris, Steven Cumming, The University of Sydney, Australia 

It has been suggested that the masked stroop interference index (MSII) may be a better predictor 

of emotional vulnerability in response to stressors than standard self-report measures of anxiety 

and depression (e.g., MacLeod & Hagan, 1992; Van den Hout, Tenney, Huygens, Merckelbach & 

Kindt, 1995). A longitudinal study compared the MSII, the unmasked Stroop interference index 

and self-report measures of anxiety and worry taken early in semester as predictors of 

self-reported concerns about assessment taken later in the semester when exam-related worry and 

anxiety had increased. Self-report measures were the most useful predictors of later worry about 

assessments. 

2078.7 The vulnerability of the self: Changes in implicit and explicit affect through 

self-confrontation, Markus Quirin, Julius Kuhl, University of Osnabrueck, Germany 

To investigate implicit vulnerability of the self, subjects described themselves, whereas control 

subjects described other people. Before and afterwards, explicit affects were measured by a 

checklist. Implicit affects were measured by word fragment completions as well as by a new 

developed instrument. Implicit negative affect increased through self-confrontation and decreased 

through other-confrontation. In contrast to implicit affect, changes in explicit affect are related to 

447

self-esteem: When turning the attention towards the self, explicit negative affect increases in 

subjects low in self-esteem and decreases in subjects high in self-esteem. The results are discussed 

with respect to self-vulnerability and affect regulation. 

2078.8 Equation of an emotional state of the man, Volodymyr Prisniakov 1 , Ludmila 

Prisniakova 2 , 1 IGTM National of Academy of Science of Ukraine, Ukraine; 2 International 

Academy of Management by Personnel, Ukraine 

The equation as relationship of force of emotions from density of emotion's information at 

different values of parameter of individuality of emotions (temperament, price of need of emotions) 

is deduced. Corresponds to space of an emotional state of catastrophe such as "cusp", confirming 

the supposition about emotions like catastrophe in behavior of the man. The large magnitude 

corresponds to the steadiest temperaments. Comparison of calculations according of proposed 

equation with experimental data. Izard is shown them good agreement. 

2079 ORAL 


Chair: Chunyan Guo, China 

2079.2 The changes of EEG synchronization index spectrum related to visual selective mental 

arithmetic, Lun Zhao 1 , Yang Jiang 2 , Jinhe Wei 1 , 1 Institute of Space Medico-Engineering, China; 

2 

National Institute of Mental Health, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, USA 

The basic feature of EEG synchronization index spectrum [SynI(f)] and its changes during visual 

selective arithmetic were calculated in 22 normal subjects. Subjects were asked to make the 

accumulative summation to visual target stimuli (SMA). It was showed that the SynI(f) in both 

1-4Hz and 9-11Hz at posterior brain locations was increased, as compared with VC (to look at the 

central LED only), and the augmentation of SynI(f) was greater for target stimuli than for 

non-target stimuli. In short, EEG SynI(f) was quite meaningful for studying the frequency-spatial 

features of EEG synchronization changes which are relevant to cognitive activities. 

2079.3 The ratio of NAA/Cho in the frontal lobe correlated with intelligence, Weidong Cai 1 , 

Changsheng Wang 1 , Wei Sun 2 , Youquan Cai 3 , 1 Peking University, China; 2 GE Medical Systems, 

China; 3 Karolinska Institutet, Sweden 

Frontal lobe has been well recognized as the critical region associated with intelligence. 

N-acetylaspartate is a metabolite closed to neurons which are the physiological basis of advanced 

cognitive activities. The ratio of NAA/Cho in left frontal white matter is correlated with IQ 

(r=0.75, p

interaction, but many people find this extremely difficult. To help develop a better understanding 

of this type of memory, we sought to obtain measures of the neural events responsible for 

successfully forming a new face-name association. In particular, we compared (1) memory for 

faces, (2) memory for names, (3) memory for face-name associations using event-related 

potentials extracted from high-density scalp EEG recordings. Our results suggest that different 

neural events at the time of encoding are relevant for these distinct aspects of remembering 

people. 

2079.5 Does imagery of vibration stimuli involve visual processing? Chetwyn C. H. Chan 1 , 

Kari Chow 1 , Christina W. Y. Hui-Chan 1 , Tatia M. C. Lee 2 , 1 The Hong Kong Polytechnic 

University, Hong Kong, China; 2 The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China 

This study compared the event-related potential elicited by the passive and active engagement in 

vibrotactile imagery induced by brief presentation of 200ms vibration stimuli applied to the right 

hand. Active imagery involved the match of 2 out of 10 stimuli presented in 5s apart, whereas 

passive imagery was to mentally rehearse a prior vibration stimulation. Active imagery was found 

to emerge a more positive P300 at frontal cortex (Fz) (p=.006) and a more negative N400 at 

occipital cortex (Oz and O1) (p

Zhang, Jiannong Shi, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China 

Inspection time (IT) has been linked to Speed of information processing which is looked as a key 

index of cognitive ability. In the present study, 30 children aged 11 with half intellectual 

supernormal and another half normal, participated the experiment, and the vertex ERPs, as well as 

the ITs, were recorded while they were engaged in performing a Visual Inspection Time (VIT) 

task. A zone of ERP, 100 to 300ms after stimulus onset was presented to reveal the relationship 

between ERPs components and ITs. The possible implications of the findings for cognitive 

development of super-normal children were analyzed. 

2080 ORAL 


Chair: Katja Elisabeth Petrovic, Austria 

2080.1 The relationship between children’s theory-of-mind and their peer interaction, Biao 

Sang, Yili Xu, East China Normal University, China 

This experiment wants to verify the relationship between theory-of-mind (ToM) performance in 

young children and their peer interaction in actual lives. The method concerned includes False 

Belief test, peer nomination and video-making which is chiefly about the reactions of children in 

the pretend play. The result shows young children’s ToM performance can reliably affect their peer 

interaction. ToM-well-developed children seem to be more active, more considerate and more 

cooperative with their partner during the play, compared to those ToM-less-developed ones. There 

is no obvious difference of children’s reactions when they are playing with their favorite friends or 

ordinary friends. 

2080.2 Children and young adult’ road risk assessment, Jean Underwood, Alison Ault, Gayle 

Dillon, Bill Farnsworth, The Nottingham Trent University, UK 

Risk perception of roadway scenes is a function of the cognitive schemata by which road users 

represent features, functions and operations of the traffic system. Two tasks investigated: Is there a 

developmental trend in the perception of risk assessment?; If a trend exists is it linear?; What is 

the effect of road experience? Sixty schoolchildren in three age groups were compared with adults. 

In Task 1 participants sorted photographs of road scenes into groups on self-selected criteria, while 

Task 2 required re-categorisation according to the overall safety of the scene. The results clearly 

indicate a step-function developmental trend. 

2080.3 The study of young children’s perceptual-predominance, Jing Chang, Lei Mo, South 


Research about categorization has focused on whether children’s categorization are 

perception-based or conception-based. Gentner advanced that after comparing the objects both 

perceptually and conceptually alike, children would categorize conceptually. We suggest children 

are more likely to categorize perceptually, and that can not be changed by comparison. In our 

study, comparison was canceled and the result was the same. Then we let children compare the 

objects only similar perceptually or conceptually, and the children categorized perceptually. 

Finally, we tested the breakage of conflicting labels to similarities, and found that 

450

conceptual-similarities are more difficult to break than perceptual-similarities. 

2080.4 Characteristics and age changes in preschoolers’intrinsic reading motivation, Hui Zhou 1 , 

Salili Farideh 2 , 1 Sun Yat-Sen Univeristy, China; 2 The University of Hong Kong, HongKong, 

China 

Intrinsic reading motivations of 177 preschool children in Beijing were tested. Intrinsic 

motivations were indicated by children’s intrinsically motivated reading behaviors and reasons for 

reading. It was found that children displayed high level of intrinsically motivated reading 

behaviors. Based on self-determination theory (SDT), their reasons for reading could be classified 

into three types: external, identified and intrinsic reasons. The study showed that older children 

had more identified and intrinsic reasons for reading than younger children. All participants had 

high levels of intrinsic motivation with mid-age group having the highest level. 

2080.5 Teachers’ and parents’ conception of children’s curiosity and exploration, Amy Chak, 

Siu Ha Janice Kwan, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China 

Curiosity, described as a natural characteristic in young children, has received little attention in 

child development and pedagogy. Manifested through exploration, it has been theorized as related 

to motivation and quest for knowledge. Teachers' and parents' beliefs on and values of curiosity 

and exploration are likely to influence their promotion or hinderance of such behavior. Preliminary 

findings of a study examining their conception of children's curiosity and exploration will be 

presented. Comparison on teachers' and parents' implicit conception of curiosity, their views on 

the circumstances under which children's exploration would or would not be encouraged will be 

discussed. 

2080.6 The development of children’s trait conceptions, Meifang Wang 1 , Huichang Chen 2 , 

1 2 

Shandong Normal University, China; Beijing Normal University, China 

In the present study with a sample of 160 Chinese children aged from 4 to 12 years, we attempted 

to explore the development of two dimensions of trait conceptions and its relations to responses to 

failure. Confirmatory factor analyses suggested that each dimension represents different 

understanding of the nature of traits. The conceptions of traits as constant across situations 

reflected developmental differences and conceptions of traits as uncontrollable reflected individual 

differences in preschool and elementary school years. Moreover, it was found that children's 

conceptions of traits as constant and as uncontrollable had different effects on their responses to 

failure. 

2080.7 MRI predictors of cognitive decline in the normal elderly: 6-year results of the Austrian 

stroke prevention study, Katja Elisabeth Petrovic, Reinhold Schmidt, Franz Fazekas, Helena 

Schmidt, Karl-Franzens University Graz, Austria 

In the Austrian Stroke Prevention Study 232 individuals free of neuropsychiatric disease were 

randomly selected from our community register (ages 46 to 73 years), and underwent a structured 

clinical interview, ECG, echocardiography, extensive laboratory work-up, brain MRI and 

demanding neuropsychologic testing assessing memory, attention/ speed, conceptualization and 

visuopractical skills. This test battery was repeated after 6 years. Cognitive decline occurred in 

23.71% of subjects. Logistic regression analysis yielded cardiac disease, the interaction of brain 

451

atrophy with increase of white matter lesions along with female gender as significant independent 

predictors of cognitive decline in subjects over the age of 60 years. 

2081 ORAL 


Chair: Frank Hagenow, Germany 

2081.2 The relationship between personality and PTSD, Faramarz Sohrabi, University of 

Allameh Tabatabai, Iran 

Objectives: This study aims to determine the role of personality characteristics in occurrence of 

PTSD symptoms. Methods: 144 children and adolescents who had lost their parents through the 

earthquake were studied. 3 research instruments of the GEPQ, Chid PTSD-RI and CAPS were 

used. Results: Subjects with higher scores on Neuroticism and Psychoticism were more likely to 

develop PTSD symptoms, whereas, subjects with higher scores on the Extroversion were less 

likely to meet the criteria for PTSD. Gender and multiple exposure to trauma is important in 

predicting PTSD. 

2081.3 The relation between after-death depression and beliefs on the after-life, Shunya 

Nakamura 1 , Naoki Kuramoto 2 , Koh Nakamura 3 , 1 Fukuoka University of Education, Japan; 

2 3 

Tohoku University, Japan; Chikushi Jogakuen University, Japan 

This study deals with the depression that may follow the loss of an important person. We 

distributed questionnaires in Japan (Fukuoka and Okinawa). Losing someone sometimes causes 

spiritual pain, all the more so if the dead were young and intimate. One of the causes of depression 

after the death of an important figure is the After-life image. We use the Ater-life scales for 

International Comparison (Nakamura, Kuramoto, Nakashima 2003), RICN (Reincarnation), SHS 

(shamanism), ADS (Dialog with Ancester soul), Place of Spirits, DTRM (Self control of Soul), 

and also DAP-R 5 factors to determine the extent of the relationship with depression. 

2081.4 Social acknowledgement and disclosure of trauma as ptsd predictors in German and 

Chinese crime victims, Julia Mueller 1 , Jianping Wang 2 , Andreas Maercker 1 , 1 Clinical 

Psychology and Psychotherapy, Institute of Psychology, University of Zurich, Switzerland, 

2 

Institute of Psychology, Normal University of Beijing, China 

In German Crime Victims (N = 151) the interpersonal variables “disclosure of trauma experience” 

and “social acknowledgement as a victim” have been shown to be PTSD predictors additional to 

well-known intrapersonal variables. We wanted to know if these variables are transculturally valid 

and if cultural values moderate the effects. Therefore 50 Chinese Crime Victims answered the 

same questionnaire-set assessing sociodemographics, trauma characteristics, psychopathology, 

both interpersonal variables, and cultural values. German as well as Chinese participants with and 

without PTSD differed significantly in the concerned variables. Additionally, cultural values 

moderated these effects. The implications of these findings will be discussed. 

2081.5 Patient’s fear reduction: The influence of client-centered-counseling, Frank Hagenow, 

452

University o Hamburg, Germany 

The doctor-patient-relationship based on trust is an important parameter for therapeutic success. 

Patient's fear, weather justified or not, often hinders medical efforts and desirable compliance. A 

German study from the University of Hamburg among 168 patients shows a significant reduction 

of patient's fear. Doctors have been trained before in client-centered-counseling on the basis of 

client-centered-therapy by Carl R. Rogers. It was found that even phobic patients reduced their 

fear by talking to their doctors before treatment. Docters were able to improve their abilities in 

client-centered-counseling and were rated more trustful, likeable and qualified afterwards by their 

patients. 

2081.6 African mothers’ and siblings reactions to mental illness, Akand Ad 1 , Jee Osagie 2 , 

Majiba Tosam 3 , Tserere Mag 4 , Williamson James 5 , 1 Inst of research, UK; 2 FAMU, USA; 

3 4 

Telekom; SOCA - NPA, SA 

Families and relatives often carry much of the burden of caring for the schizophrenics in Africa. 

Yet expressed emotion (EE) studies indicate families in poor outcome (high EE vs. low EE). 

Previous studies have concentrated on parent-child relationships despite considerable evidence 

that mentally ill patients do better in sibling households. The present study presents a comparison 

of the quality and quantity of maternal and sibling EE reactions to the same schizophrenic 

relatives. Alternative cultural interpretation were suggested using a contemporary system 

approach. 

2081.7 Emotional differences between patients with depression and patients with Hwa-Byung, 

Jung-Hye Kwon 1 , Jong-Woo Kim 2 , Min-Soo Lee 1 , Dong-Kun Park 1 , 1 Korea Universtiy, Korea; 

2 

Kyung-Hee University, Korea 

Hwa-Byung is a Korean folk illness label commonly used by patients suffering from a multiple of 

somatic and psychological symptoms. As there is some evidence suggesting overlap of the 

symptom manifestation between HB and major depressive disorder, it remains to be clarified 

whether it should be treated as separate diagnostic categories from major depressive disorder. The 

purpose of this study was to examine whether there were differences in emotional experience 

between the two groups. Participants included over 40 patients, who were assessed on the HB 

Diagnostic Interview Schedule and the SADS, BDI, STAXI, BAI, and Emotional Inhibition Scale. 

2081.8 Humanistic approach to school guidance in teacher development, Elaine Tung Cheung, 

Hong Kong Institute of Education, Hong Kong, China 

Education values and beliefs in whole child development underpin the aims of education in the 

21st century. Literature shows that teacher's belief in humanistic approach in bringing out the 

holistic development of a child plays a significant part in fulfilling the education ideology. The 

study of a group of 35 in-service primary school teachers in Hong Kong in 1999/2000 revealed 

that although a considerable number of them believed in the affective approach, they had technical 

difficulties in the implementation owing to the constraint of time and resources, whilst teacher 

development in understanding humanistic education is essential to facilitate the change. 

2082 ORAL 

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factor scores except psychoticism and that of Chinese norm. There was significant difference 

among the scores of five phases except psychoticism. Every factor scores on the five phases were 

dynamic and their mental health station was worse than that of Chinese norm. We should lay stress 

on improving the mental health station of front-line health-care workers. 

2082.5 Effects of SARS stress on psychological and physiological health of university students, 

Hong Tang, Jinping Yu, Shuiqin Chen, Xiaobo Li, Meizhu Zhong, Gannan Medical College, 

China 

Objective: to explore changes of psychological status, immune function level of university 

students on SARS stress. Method: self-control design was used to assess one hundred subjects by 

SCL-90 and EPQ. Their blood levels of IgA, IgG, IgM, PBLT were detected. Result: Total score 

and eight factorial scores of SCL-90 increased, blood level of immune molecular decreased on 

SARS stress. The laboratory results of university students, who scored higher on P and N sections 

of EPQ or total score of SCL-90, changed significantly. Conclusion: fine psychological resource, 

healthy personality and physical immune function are important factors to enhance the ability of 

university students to cope with stress. 

2082.6 The psychological bearing capacity of the unexpected incidents and psychological 

education, Yumei Liu, Inner Mongolia Normal University, China 

The extent of impairment caused by unexpected incidents is decided, not only by their destructive 

power and social overall competence of fighting disasters, but also by the psychological bearing of 

the people who run into them. With respect to unexpected incidents, there's difference in the 

psychological bearing capacity among individuals. We can guide people to shape their objective 

pattern of cognition and effective countermeasures that are helpful to psychological health and 

problem solving through the use of psychological education. These measures include building 

educational systems throughout the whole country to anticipate unexpected incidents, launching 

imitated training to resist crisis. 

2082.7 The neuroimmunology mechanisms of emotional stress on the mammary tumor growth 

in C3H/HeJ mice, Shuqiao Yao, Shixing Zhang, Chuang Shi, Clinical Psychological Research 

Center, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, China 

To determine the effects of chromic emotional stress on the growth of mammary tumor and 

investigate the mechanisms of neuroimmunology linking the stress on the growth of mammary 

tumor in C3H/HeJ mice, 110 female mice were divided into control and stress group which was 

exposed to drinking-conflict stress for 9 months. The parameters were the occurrence of tumor, 

c-fos express in hippocampus, plasma corticosteron level, splenocyte’s IL-2 and NK cell in spleen. 

The results were described and discussed in detail that the facilitating effect and the complex 

interaction of neuroimmunological system on the growth of C3H/HeJ mammary tumor. 

2082.8 A study on social stressors and mental health of different groups, Weiqing Liu, Long 

Chen, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China 

This essay focused on the social stressor and mental health of different groups in less developed 

agricultural county in China. 179 members from the county government, towns, enterprises and 

villages, completed a self-developed Social Stressor Questionnaire the General Health 

455

Questionnaire (GHQ). Social environment, economical pressure and offspring problems had great 

effect on different groups. The total score of stress on the members of government staff, enterprise 

executives and farmers was higher. The pressure on female is higher than male. Different cultural 

level groups, mental health presents the shape of “M”. 

2083 ORAL 


Chair: Saule Raiziene, Lithuania 

2083.1 Effect of personality on school performance attribution of junior school students, Jimei 

Dong, Jianzhong Wo, Beijing Normal University 

This study examined the relationship between junior school students’ personality and their school 

performance’ attribution by Personality and Mental Health Scale. Subjects were selected from a 

junior school in Henan. Results indicated that the openness and conscientiousness show a positive 

relationship with ability and effort; conscientiousness and openness show a negative relationship 

with task and fortune. Different traits of personality plays different role in predicating the style of 

attribution: conscientiousness and openness, openness have positive predicting effect on ability 

and effort separately, openness plays a negative predicting effect on task while conscientiousness 

also plays a negative predicting effect on fortune. 

2083.2 An experiment on the comprehensive ability about three kinds of time adverb of 

children, Hongyan Bi 1 , Danling Peng 2 , 1 Division of Cognitive Psychology, Institute of 

Psychology, China; 2 Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China 

The main purpose was to investigate the development of children aged 4-, 5-, 6-, 7-, 8-year-olds in 

comprehension of time adverb. Meanwhile, the strategies children used were analyzed 

preliminarily. The main results were as follows: 1. Children’s comprehensive ability of time 

adverb increased significantly. The comprehensive ability of “future” time adverb developed 

behind that of “now” and “past” time adverb. 2. The number of children using the “stress on the 

time adverb” strategy to comprehend the time adverb became more and more with age, and the 

same trend was represented by the number of children using this strategy effectively. 

2083.3 Research on theory of mind in autistic children, Lixin Wang 1 , Peimei Wang 2 , 1 Beijing 

Normal University, China; 2 University of Macau, China 

Autism is a neurobiological disorder. In order to investigated the relationship between theory of 

mind and emotion recognition to social disorder in autistic children, the comprehension of social 

emotion in a situation specific were observed by recurring to the method of matching the situation 

and the face expression pictures. 18 autistic children participated in the experiment. Results 

showed that theory of mind and emotion recognition may be independent in resulting in the social 

disorder in autism. Our result did not support the causal model. 

2083.4 An experimental research of the developmental phases of preschool children’s deception, 

Xiuli Liu, Ping Wang, Northeast Normal University, China 

We devised a paradigm similar to the paradigm devised by M.Lewis, C.Stanger, M.Sullivan (1989) 

456

to study deception and false-belief understanding. Study tested the preschooler aged 2-3 to 6-7 

years old, found that deception is a developing skill in the preschool years and has three phases. 

First is the behavioristic phase (2,3-year-olds) in that children understand how acts affect another’s 

behavior but not their beliefs. Second is the mentalistic phase of first-order beliefs (4,5-year-olds), 

children recognize how acts affect another’s beliefs. Last is the mentalistic phase of second-order 

beliefs (6,7-year-olds), children understand deceptive behavior linked to second-order beliefs. 

2083.5 The effect of dimensional salience on children’s discriminability of objects, Jinxiang 

Zheng, Guoen Yin, Rong An, China 

Thompson’s triad classification task and Navon’s hierarchical pattern stimuli were used to explore 

dimensional salience effects on discriminability of objects in 4-, 5-, 6-year-old children. In 

experiment 1, subjects viewed three objects in every figure and matched two together in free 

experiment. The result showed salience effects not only occur between color and shape, but also 

occur between global and local level; In experiment 2, It is showed that high dimensional salience 

can significantly speed children’s perceptual response and improve their accurate than the low by 

different subjects with different instructions as the base to discriminate the same stimuli. 

2083.6 The developmental characteristic of encephalofluctuography in children and adolescents 

in the memory conditions, Chongde Lin, Jianzhong Wo, Huijuan Liu, Beijing Normal 


Twenty-four students (age 7-18) were randomly assigned to explore characteristics of 

ET(encephalofluctuography) in the memory conditions. The results are as follows: Under memory 

conditions, the frequency of S1 and S2 decrease significantly, those who scored higher in the 

memory tests decrease more significantly than those who scored lower in the same tests. The male 

students’ power of right brain decrease, while female students’ power of left brain area increase 

with increase of age. In addition, the left-dominant subjects’ power in left front hemisphere 

decrease, while the right-dominant subjects’ power in the right hemisphere increase. 

2083.7 Peculiarities of classification and seriation thought operations in a child’s seventh year, 

Saule Raiziene, Bronislava Grigaite, Vytautas Magnus University, Lithuania 

The research analyses the development of classification and seriation operations under the 

influence of training. Eighty-four children in their seventh year took part in the research. 

Experimental groups participated in the four months training. While one experimental group 

received the training corresponding to the development stage of children in their seventh year, the 

other group's training (semantic mapping) exceeded their development stage. Thought operations 

were assessed using the following criteria: child's ability to anticipate classification schemas, to 

change criteria of classification, to understand class-inclusion relations, to perform 

multiplicational classification and to anticipate seriation schemas as well as to seriate objects. 

2083.8 Children’s explanations for biological phenomena, John Taplin, Llainey Smith, 

University of Adelaide, Australia 

Previous research has suggested that children and adults may engage in at least two kinds of 

biological reasoning. The first attributes biological phenomena to vitalistic or mechanistic (i.e., 

antecedent) causes, while the second seeks to account for these phenomena in teleological (i.e., 

457

consequential) terms. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether there is a preference 

for one kind of explanation over the other and whether this preference varies for 5-year-olds, 

10-year-olds, and adults. The results confirmed the dualistic nature of thinking about biology. 

Endorsement of the teleological view, however, became increasingly evident with age. 

2083.9 New cognitive challenges in digital games, Rosita Haddad Zubel 1 , Daniel Pinkas 2 , 

1 2 

Fribourg University, Switzerland; Geneva University of Multi-Media 

Inspired by and modelled on some of the famous developmental experiments by Jean PIAGET, a 

team of programmers, graphic designers and psychologists developed a series of nine digital 

games for children, translating them into the modern context of interactive games. These nine 

games are nine different cognitive challenges, built around the problems of formal combinatory 

thought, intuitive physics and space. The child's relevant interactive actions are automatically 

inscribed in a protocol and are thus available for operatory diagnosis and research in 

developmental psychology. 

2084 ORAL 


Chair: Moises Kirk De Carvalho Filho, Philippines 

2084.1 Teacher and student’s attribution of academic performance’s success and failure: The 

characteristic and interaction, Dajun Zhang, Chen Jin, China 

According to modern attribution theory and combined with the fact of teacher and student’s 

attribution of academic performance’s success and failure, This article explores the characteristic 

and the interaction between their attribution, the main emphasis includes: the general model of the 

attribution, the factors which influence the attribution and its influence in the teaching motivation. 

2084.2 The nature of knowledge-based competence: Constrained and elaborated theory, 

Qinglin Wu, Yi Hu, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China 

What characteristics of interaction between knowledge structure and cognitive process that 

mediating expert performance are? After analyzing verbal reports generated by students while 

answering questions and solving problems in physics domain, this article proposed CET 

(Constrained and Elaborated Theory): according to production rules, because of domain-specific 

knowledge structure, the condition parts are constrained and the action parts are elaborated, which 

results that experts have general formulas, think possibilities in restricted way, solve problems 

intentionally and automatically. The CET can be extrapolated to explain why expert’s cognitive 

mechanisms became more specific to his domain and more available in many circumstances. 

2084.3 Effects of metacognitive abilities, self-efficacy, and social information on confidence 

judgments, Moises Kirk De Carvalho Filho, De La Salle University, Philippines 

The relationships among metacognition, self-efficacy, social information, and how these variables 

interact to affect confidence judgments were investigated. Participants answered multiple-choice 

questions in areas in which they classified themselves as having either high or low self-efficacy 

and made confidence judgments about their answers under two different conditions (with and 

458

without social information). Performance and the magnitude of the judgments were significantly 

affected by self-efficacy and social information but this effect changed according to participant’s 

metacognitive abilities. Accuracy was also significantly influenced by those variables but without 

interactions with metacognitive abilities. Results are discussed and linked to goal-setting and 

self-regulation processes. 

2084.4 The effects of self-determination and relatedness on Chinese students’ learning 

motivation, Xuehua Bao, Shuifong Lam, The University of Hong Kong, China 

Self-determination theory (Deci & Ryan, 1985, 2000) proposes that self-determination is an 

essential factor in motivation. However, Iyengar and Lepper (1999) argued that self-determination 

might not be decisive among students in Eastern culture. The present research aims to solve this 

controversy by investigating the interaction between self-determination and relatedness in Chinese 

students’ learning motivation. We hypothesize that the effects of self-determination on students’ 

motivation may depend on interpersonal relatedness, i.e., mother-child relatedness. It is predict 

that mother-child relatedness may moderate the relation between self-determination and learning 

motivation. Given high mother-child relatedness, the students with less self-determination still 

show high motivation. 

2084.5 The interrelationship between cognition, motivation and learning from a self-schema 

perspective, Chi-hung NG, Open University of Hong Kong, China 

Using a self-schema concept, this paper explores the interrelationship between cognition, 

motivation and learning. 422 Australian grade 10 students were surveyed twice. Two types of 

schematic students in mathematics, positive and negative, were identified through clustering 

technique during Time 1. It was found that positive schematic students relative to their 

counterparts learnt mathematics with adaptive goals, strategies and favourable attitudes. In 

contrast, negative schematic students learnt mathematics mainly with a pattern that leads to 

surface understanding, disengagement, and negative attitudes. Similar relationships between 

schematic types and learning engagement patterns were also found in Time 2. 

2084.6 Differences among low-, average-, and high-achieving college students on academic 

orientations, Mohamed Albaili, Unted Arab Emirates University, United Arab Emirates 

The purpose of this study was to examine the differences among 208 low-, average-, and 

high-achieving college students on academic orientations. Subjects were classified into three 

achieving groups based on their GPA scores. Results indicated that low-achieving students scored 

significantly lower than average- and high achieving students on structure dependence, creative 

expression, and academic efficacy scales. On the other hand, the low-achieving students scored 

significantly higher than average- and high achieving students on mistrust of instructors and 

academic apathy scales. A stepwise discriminant analysis revealed that Academic Efficacy was the 

most discriminating factor that separated low-achieving students from their high-achieving peers. 

2084.7 Longitudinal relations between social competence and academic achievement in middle 

childhood, Meng Li 1 , Zongkui Zhou 2 , Chunmei Zhang 3 , 1 Hubei Children's Press, China; 

2 3 

Central China Normal University, China; Beijing Normal University, China 

Although the relation between social competence and academic achievement in childhood has 

459

een clearly demonstrated, only a few longitudinal studies have examined this relation. This 6 

months longitudinal study examined relations between academic achievement and social 

competence at the level of the group (peer sociometric nominations), dyad (friendship quality), 

interaction (behavior nominations), and individual (child reports of social competence), based on a 

sample of 360 children from 3rd to 5th grade in an elementary school in China. Results from SEM 

showed that social competence was the predictor of achievement rather than the opposite. 

2084.8 Relations between self-directed-motivated learning and approaches to learning under 

condersideration of a cross-cultural perspective, Katja Van den Brink, Instituto Superior de 

Ciencias do Trabalho e da Empresa (Lisboa), Portugal 

This PhD study to present aims at deepening the perspective of self-regulated learning by 

integrating the conceptualization of Approaches-to-Learning into a model of self-directedmotivated-learning 

under consideration of cross-cultural-psychology`s methodology. The study 

analyzes the structural relations between both concepts by investigating German and Portuguese 

Computerscience students`learning by questionnaires. Furthermore, a scale for the Intermediate 

Approach to Learning, based on Kember`s investigations of Asian students, was developed and 

administered in order to see if this specific approach can be found also in these cultures. The 

results will be discussed in the framework of implications for teaching and learning. 

2085 ORAL 


Chair: Markus Sommer, Austria 

2085.1 Prediction of job performance factors using CPAI, Yiqun Gan 1 , Fanny Cheung 2 , 

Zhaohui Chen 1 , Zengxia Sun 1 , 1 Peking University, China; 2 Chinese University of Hong Kong, 

China 

The present study examined the correlation between relevant CPAI scales and job performance 

factors, using personality constructs from the CPAI-2 that were relevant to the Chinese culture. In 

study 1, 38 senior managers in a telecommunication company were recruited. In study 2, 160 

middle managers in 6 hotels participated in the study. A 3-factor CFA model was constructed for 

the performance measure. Both studies demonstrated that the Harmony scale was the strongest 

predictor of both task and contextual performance, and Emotionality was a stable negative 

predictor of performance. The theoretical implications of the results were discussed. 

2085.2 Reflexivity revived: An algorithm for the separation of skill and working style, Joachim 

Haeusler, Mag. Markus Sommer, G. Schuhfried GmbH, Austria 

Previous operationalizations of the cognitive construct Reflexivity-Impulsivity failed because of 

the problem that raw score and response speed of a test could not be combined in one variable 

measuring a person’s response style. Based on the Signal Detection Theory and Vickers 

discontinuous model of decision-finding in the Inspection Time Paradigm, an approach is framed, 

allowing to combine raw scores and reaction times in a fair way and to produce a style-free 

measure of skill and a skill-free measure of working style. The model is being evaluated for 

usability in psychological tests. 

460

2085.3 An item respone theory analysis of measures of the behavioural activation and inhibition 

systems, Andrew John Cooper, Rapson Gomez, University of Ballarat, Australia 

Gray's Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory (RST) is a biologically based model of personality, 

positing a behavioural inhibition system (BIS) and a behavioural approach system (BAS). One of 

the key questionnaire measures of these constructs is Carver and White's (1994) BIS/BAS Scale. 

The current study examined the psychometric properties of this scale using Item Response Theory. 

520 participants completed the scale, and it was found that the scale had acceptable psychometric 

properties, with the possible exception of the Reward Responsiveness BAS subscale. Comparison 

of this scale is made with other RST measures, and potential benefits of IRT for personality 

assessment are discussed. 

2085.4 Construct validity of a new inventory to measure driving related personality traits, 

Markus Sommer, Marion Wenzl, Margit Herle, G. Schuhfried GmbH, Austria 

This study reports first results concerning the dimensionality and criterion validity of a newly 

developed questionnaire. The questionnaire consists of the scales normlessness, anticipation of 

consequences, self control, boredom susceptibility, thrill and adventure seeking and emotional 

stability. Based on a comprehensive literature research, theoretical models were determined for 

each trait which served as a starting point of a theory-based item construction. Analyses with the 

Rasch model showed that each of the individual scales measure a one-dimensional latent trait. 

Furthermore, first results on the criterion validity are presented using respondent's self-reported 

accidents. 

2085.5 Research on the relationships between personality of headmasters of the middle school 

and their job performance, Zhao Guoxiang, Jia Lizhai, Henan University, China 

This research tends to explore the relationships of personality and job performance and those 

samples chosen for this test are 189 headmasters of the middle school. The results show that: (1) 

For headmasters, personality can be the antecedent of task performance and contextual 

performance. (2) Conscientiousness has cross-cultural and cross-professional predicable functions 

to job performance. (3) Conscientiousness and Agreeableness, among the personalities of 

headmasters, have certain predictable functions to job performance. Conscientiousness, Emotional 

Stability and Agreeableness have certain predicative functions to the task performance. 

Conscientiousness and Innovation have certain predicative functions to job dedication. 

Agreeableness, Emotional Stability, Innovation and Determination have certain predictive 

functions to interpersonal facilitation. 

2085.6 A pilot study of pavlovian temperament survey (PTS) in a sample of Chinese university 

students, Chuanyun Li 1 , Qi Yan 2 , Hao Weixue 1 , 1 Nanjing Politics College Shanhai District, 

China; 2 401 hospital, Qingdao, China 

To test the validity of PTS international edition by Strelau. PTS was translated by two 

psychological experts. The participants were 210 university students, aged 16-21 (mean =18.59), 

male 146, female 55. The method to analyzing the PTS according to the five procedures presented 

by Strelau. The result is Chinese PTS is composed of 60 items, 20 in each of the three scales: SE, 

SI and MO. The mean corrected item-total correlation for SE is 0.34 (range 0.15-0.51), That for SI 

461

values, the emotional component of values and the behavior trend of values, the middle-level 

structure which is composed of the contents and forms of values, is manifested by the superficial 

structure that has three basic components: the target of values, the means of values and the 

evaluation of values. 

2086.3 The research of the diversity of arrangement of values’ importance and the acceptance 

on the various orientations of students in Gannan Teachers’ College, Cao Xin Mei, Gannan 

Teachers’ College, China 

Based on Questionare Of National College Students’ Values to 214 subjects from four majors in 

the College, it is revealed, firstly, that the subjects are diversified on the importance of the positive 

aspects of fourteen values, and on three orientations on importance, on society and on the subjects; 

secondly that the subjects all recognize the existence of the negative aspects in the current society 

but do not accept them; thirdly that the subjects believe the affective factors on the values come 

from their qualities and experiences, family education background, paternal qualities and 

behaviors, educators’ qualities and the development of society. 

2086.4 The ‘Young’ between ‘Risk and Authentication’: What value alternatives can be given? 

The ontopsychological view, Gabriella Palumbo, European Association of Ontopsychology, Italy 

The epidemiological data, all-embracing the whole industrialized world, show that adolescents 

and young adults are in the age range that gave a negative response to protective information 

recently introduced concerning problems of drug, aids, alcohol, car crashes. Socio-educational 

model weakness may lie in the lack of educational paths capable to isolate, identify and 

authenticate the position point and the pertaining fulfillment purpose, or, to be precise, to point out 

and apply the creative vectoriality of the young, within the socio-cultural environment where they 

live (Meneghetti A. 1979-2003). Presentation of the ontopsychological residence methodology and 

its results will be highlighted. 

2086.5 Correlation between self-concept and temperament of secondary school student, 

Xiuping Yao 1 , Liang Juan 2 , 1 Research Institute of Education Science, China; 2 South China 


To explore the relationship between self-concept and temperament, 262 secondary school students 

were assessed with self-concept scale written by Piers-Harris and temperament scale written by 

Chen Hui-chang. The results show that: (a) The subjects who have different temperamental types 

have different self-concept. (b) On the behavioral sub-scale of the self-concept scale, the 

difference is especially significant among subjects who have different temperament. (c) There is 

not sex difference in self-concept between boys and girls who have the same temperament. So the 

authors suggest that: temperament is biological base of self-concept. Educators should pay more 

attention to the students’ temperament. 

2086.6 Psycho-social factors related to mother’s caring behavior of the intellectual disability 

children and their adaptive behavior, Jiraporn Chano, Thailand 

The present was to investigate the effects of psycho-social factors, their interrelationship and 

predicting the percentage of mother's caring behavior of intellectual disability children. 39 mother 

who caring for intellectual disability children between 2-6 year old. The investigative instruments 

463

were personal data survey. The statistics used were pearson's product Moment correlation 

coefficient, Enter and Stepwise multiple regression. Results showed that group of mother who 

received higher social support. They would display stronger active caring behavior than who 

receive lower social support. 

2086.7 The investigative research on value-orientation of the sex morals of contemporary 

college students, Dianzhi Liu, Mo Xiufeng, Yang Ze, Xu Xingchun, China 

With high reliability and validity questionnaire formed by authors, 1673 students were 

investigated, who came from 9 different universities in China. The study indicated:(1) there are 

significant discriminations among sex morality of different classified students.(2)most college 

students agreed the existence of sex morality. (3) college students approved the morality of sexual 

behavior and the morality of edge sexual behavior, but they negatived homosexuality. two points 

were also put forward: One is that the ingredients of sexual behavior are virtue, sensation, 

unconstraint, duty and faithfulness. The other is that the ingredients of edge sexual behavior are 

sensation, unconstraint and duty. 

2087 ORAL 

Social issues 

Chair: Wolfgang Lind, Portugal 

2087.1 A study on marital satisfaction of educated/employed women in Tehran, Ashraf-sadat 

Mousavi, A-Zahra University, Iran 

The aim of this study was to investigate marital satisfaction among women in Tehran. Subjects 

chosen from the community sample of 100 married (less than 5 years), educated and working 

women compared with 100 married, and working women; 100 married, educated and housewife 

women; and 100 married, housewife women. They filled GRIMS and ENRICH questionnaires. 

Results showed that the education and job of women had no negative effect on marital satisfaction. 

The interesting finding of this study was that almost 40% of subjects were not satisfied with their 

marriage. Clinical implications of the findings will be discussed further. 

2087.2 Plans for an egalitarian marriage in college seniors, Francine M. Deutsch, Amy Kokot, 

Mount Holyoke College, USA 

Life plans of 202 graduating seniors at a women's college in the United States were assessed in an 

online questionnaire. The questions measured students' intentions to equally divide childcare and 

housework, as well as their gender ideology, views on motherhood, career expectations, 

anticipated family relationship dynamics, and undergraduate experience. Two different types of 

egalitarian marriages were identified and associated with different predictors. Desire for an 

egalitarian mate was important overall, but particular beliefs about motherhood distinguished 

between students who wanted both spouses to cut back on paid work and those who thought both 

could continue to work full-time. 

2087.3 Effect of psychological environment and parents’ rearing style on the social 

464

development of children with learning disability, Guoliang Yu 1 , Yan Dong 2 , 1 National Institute of 

Education research, China; 2 Institute of Psychology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, China 

This study investigated the effect of family psychological environment and parents' rearing style 

on social development of 211 children with learning disabilities and 218 children without learning 

disabilities. The results showed that normal children’s family psychological environment and 

parents’ rearing style were greatly superior to children with learning disabilities. These family 

factors were closely related to the social communication, self-concept and social behavior of 

children with learning disabilities. The results suggested that family psychological environment 

and parents’ rearing style had important effect on the social development of children with learning 

disabilities. 

2087.4 Parental-adolescenct conflict: The relationship between family circumstance and 

adolescent coping strategy, Cuiping Tu, Beijing Normal University, China 

829 7th, 8th, 10th and 11th graders who were selected from four ordinary middle schools in 

Beijing were asked to fulfill an anonymous questionnaire to explore the relationship between 

family circumstance and their coping strategy. The result is: (1) There have close correlations 

among family circumstance and their coping strategy and their satisfaction about effect of coping 

strategy. (2) With the increase of grade, the conciliation tactics, forced tactics, third party 

prevention tactics though no apparent gender-age interaction was found. 

2087.5 Mixed-marriage in Malaysia: An exploratory study, Jo-Pei Tan 1 , Rozumah 

Baharudin 2 , Rumaya Juhari 2 , Martin Richards 1 , 1 University of Cambridge, UK; 2 University 

Putra Malaysia, Malaysia 

The study explored variations in the socio-demographical characteristics, marital relationship, 

support systems and parenting among 357, purposively selected, mixed-marriage couples from 

different ethnic backgrounds (Malay=47.9%, Chinese=21.4%, Aboriginal=12.3% & Indian=19.3%) 

in Malaysia. Results revealed significant variations in majority aspects of the socio-demographical 

characteristics, marital relationships, support systems and parenting of mixed-marriage couples 

from different ethnic backgrounds. Findings implied that mixed-marriage families from different 

ethnic backgrounds differ in their ecological characteristics. These findings suggested that 

programs, which are sensitive to the differentiated needs and experiences among mixed-marriage 

families, are essential for understanding the different ways intermarriage functioned and 

encouraging effective family development. 

2087.6 Length of conversation and marital satisfaction within a Japanese married couple, Reiko 

Tsuchikura, Hokkaido Bunkyo University, Japan 

This research explores the relationship between the length of conversation (how long a couple 

talks together per day) and the gap in their evaluation of marital satisfaction. In particular, it 

examines the gap between a husband's evaluation of his satisfaction and the wife's evaluation of 

her satisfaction. Further, it examines each partner's estimation of the other's satisfaction and 

whether there is a gap with the actual reported satisfaction of that partner. The results suggest that 

the length of conversation does not necessarily improve understanding between couples, however 

it does seem to have relational maintenance function, but only for the wife. 

465

2087.7 Socioeconomic factors, marital satisfaction and parental behaviour amongst at-risk 

families, Rumaya Juhari, Rozumah Baharudin, Malaysia 

This study examines the relationships between socio-economic factors and marital as well as 

parental processes amongst at-risk families. The respondents were 1262 Malay married women 

from both rural and urban areas in Malaysia. Findings revealed that level of risk faced by the 

family is found to influence parental behaviour. However, none of the socioeconomi factors was 

found to relate with marital satisfaction. Furthermore, increased in respondents' level of marital 

satisfaction is found to enhance parental behaviour. The study supports the importance of looking 

beyond the social address variables in order to understand family well-being amongst at-risk 

families. 

2087.8 Marital satisfaction resources of bicultural couples, Wolfgang Lind, Universidade de 

Lisboa, Portugal 

The number of bicultural marriages is increasing all over the world. Cultural norms and values are 

important issues, because they frame our whole thinking, feelings and behaviour. Some studies 

show that bicultural couples have to cope with greater complexity and adversities, and therefore 

are in higher risk. However, we are interested in what may enhance marital satisfaction in 

bicultural couples. Based on a focus group study with Portuguese-German couples, the results 

suggest the importance of individual, family and social-cultural resource factors. We will discuss 

the implications of these findings for family therapy with bicultural couples and suggestions for 

further research. 

2087.9 Perception of social change and national identity among Hong Kong Chinese, Jungsik 

Kim 1 , Sik Hung Ng 2 , 1 Western Washington Univeristy, USA; 2 City University of Hong Kong, 

China 

This study explored the relationship between social identity among Hong Kong people and their 

perception of social change since the unification of Hong Kong with the People’s Republic of 

China. Two hundred Hong Kong residents participated in a telephone survey to report their 

perception and evaluation of the current and the past changes in major social areas in Hong Kong 

and their Chinese identities. The results showed that the perception of change in economy, politics, 

social welfare, education, and housing influenced Hong Kong people’s identity changes from 

‘Hong Konger’ to ‘Chinese’ and vice versa in a different way. 

2088 ORAL 


Chair: David J. Weiss, USA 

2088.1 Globalization effects on the Mexican workers conditions in the garment industry, 

Nadima Simon 1 , Isabel Rueda 1 , María Teresa Mendoza 2 , 1 National University of Mexico, 

Mexico; 2 Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mexico 

We present the main findings of a survey applied in 60 Mexican enterprises in order to know the 

impact of the globalization on the Mexican workers conditions in the garment industry. Global 

chains in this industry are controlled by large foreign enterprises that established their plants in 

466

Mexico called "maquiladoras" where the workers have very low wages and have to work more 

than 50 hours per week. They have to accept that job conditions because the high unemployment 

in Mexico, where many small and median enterprises have disappeared because the strong 

competence with cheaper foreign products and illegal practices as "dumping". 

2088.2 A research on empolyment ability of the college students, ShengNan Liu, Liaoning 


Based on the research both from home and abroad, this paper draws a framework of employment 

ability aiming at the college undergraduate students. Thus, with the self-evaluation scale effective 

both in validity and reliability adopted in measuring employment ability at Liaoning Normal 

University for 407 subjects as a sample in Apr. 2003, it shows: (1) undergraduates’ employment 

ability contains obvious grade difference (2) difference as well as commonness are seen in the 

development of employment ability (3) the employment ability goes up with the grade but 

develops continuously. 

2088.3 Evaluating people who evaluate people, David J. Weiss 1 , James Shanteau 2 , 1 California 

State University, Los Angeles, USA; 2 Kansas State University, USA 

Many professionals are responsible for making judgments about other people. Professors judge 

students’ academic performance or potential, personnel analysts evaluate applicants, Olympic 

judges rate athletic performance, and physicians diagnose health states. Those being judged are 

not passive stimuli; they have an interest in the evaluation, and so may try to influence the 

assessments. In most instances, there is no objective way to determine whether the judgments are 

accurate. We illustrate how to evaluate the professionals by examining two internal properties of 

their judgments, discrimination and consistency. These observable properties are combined in the 

CWS ratio, an empirical index of expertise. 

2088.4 Validation of an intercultural effectiveness training, Stefan Thomas Mol 1 , Madde 

Elisabeth Willemsen 2 , Marise Philippine Born 1 , Henk Tjeerd Van Der Molen 1 , 1 Erasmus 

University Rotterdam, The Netherlands; 2 GITP International BV, Nijmegen, The Netherlands 

This study aimed to validate an Intercultural Effectiveness Training using a customized time-series 

design with sufficient statistical power (80%). Based on cross-cultural training performance 

criteria employed by Lievens, Harris, Van Keer, & Bisqueret (2003) a competency-based 

instrument was developed with which self and other ratings were obtained. It was hypothesized 

that training participants would improve on competencies deemed relevant for intercultural 

effectiveness (being Tenacity-Resilience, Communication, Adaptability, Teamwork, 

Self-Discipline, Cross-Cultural Awareness and Organizational and Commercial Awareness) while 

competencies irrelevant to intercultural effectiveness were expected to yield no effects. Results are 

discussed in light of current theoretical developments. 

2088.5 Development of training system of human factors skills for occupational safety of track 

maintenance workers, Yukimasa Sato, Ken Kusukami, East Japan Railway Company, Japan 

A safety training system is developed for railway track maintenance workers to raise the ability to 

prevent occupational and operational accidents. The system is composed of a personal computer, 

input devices, and a projecter in hardware, and one lesson has a flow of display of an incident, ten 

467

questions about the case, group discussion, and the explanation of human factors essence for 

preventing the case. Sixteen scenarios are made in total, each of which has a subject, such as 

"features of human attention", "weakness of hastily made plan". 

2088.6 An empirical study on a causual moodel of turnover intention among technical staff in 

15 Chinese information and technology companies, Mian Zhang 1 , De Zhang 1 , Shu Zhuo Li 2 , 

1 2 

Qinghua University, China; Xi’an Jiaotong Univeristy, China 

Based on a sample of 470 technical employees from 15 IT companies in Xi’an, this research 

examines the Price (1996) model of turnover intention in the Chinese setting. The effects of some 

structural determinants on satisfaction or commitment were found to be moderated by the 

corresponding values. Ten variables were identified as the main determinants of turnover intention, 

including organizational commitment, job satisfaction, search behavior, opportunity, job 

involvement, met expectation, positive affectivity, professional growth chance, promotional 

chance and routinization. Forty-eight percent of the variance in turnover intention is explained in 

this study. The findings suggest that the model works adequately. 

2088.7 The predictive validity of specific instruments for stock brokers, Sonia Swanepoel, 

Wingate Park, South Africa 

In a changing South Africa, with its increasing emphasis on individual rights, fair and equitable 

selection techniques is a priority. The target population for this investigation was employees of a 

stockbroker organization. The aim of the study has been achieved by the proof that specific factors 

or fields of the measure instruments do have prediction validity. These findings can be used with 

fruit in search of a selection model for stockbrokers. 

2088.8 Empowerment through Entrepreneurship: A study of Indian women entrepreneurs, 

Anjali Ghosh, Psychology Research Unit, Indian Statistical Institute, India 

The present study investigated the pattern of task motivation and individualist- collectivist 

orientation of Indian women entrepreneurs and also tried to find out whether it can be related to 

entrepreneurial success. Findings indicate that the success rate is significantly related with task 

motivation and individualistic orientation of entrepreneurs. Nearly 85% of the entrepreneurs were 

first generation entrepreneurs who feel empowered by creating something on their own initiative 

and at the same time balance between family responsibilities and work commitment. They were 

found to sustain even under adverse environmental conditions particularly in the North- Eastern 

region of India. 

2089 ORAL 


Chair: Larisa Tsvetkova, Russian Federation 

2089.1 Therapy techniques and issues related to Chinese immigrants in America, Kit Ng, Kean 


This presentation will delineate and explore the different pressing mental health issues presented 

by Chinese immigrants in America. Issues such as acculturation, family systems, treatment 

468

emarks and insulting prevail, is a reality for many employees in public and private organizations. 

(Einarsen, 2000). The Negative Act Questionnaire (NAQ) was originally intended to briefly 

quantify bullying and harassment at work (Einarsen & Raknes, 1997). This research focuses on 

the validation of an Italian version of the instrument analyzing its reliability, dimensionality, 

concurrent and discriminant validity. Future researches will include more representatives of the 

target population to ensure that their measures include the full range of outcomes. 

2090.2 Effects of sleep deprivation on ERP, Guoping Song 1 , Danmin Miao 2 , Huangfu En 2 , 

2 2 

Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Fourth Military Medical University, 

China 

Young male adults (av.21) were divided into four groups (n=8), SD21, SD45, SD69 and control. A 

battery of PFC-oriented neuropsychological tests was used to compare the effects of SD of 

different time with that of control. The battery consists of Stroop, verbal fluency, WCST, working 

memory, RNG and source memory. 

2090.3 Organizational factors that affect mental health of women workers in the manufacturing 

industries, Jinky Leilanie Lu, University of the Philippines, Manila, Philippines 

The study aimed at looking into the problems caused by organizational factors to mental health of 

women workers. This was conducted in an export zone involving 31 industries and an interview 

with 613 women workers. The results showed that the need for new quality for products is 

associated with the need to upgrade knowledge and skills, fast-pace work is associated with heavy 

physical load. Hazardous work was also correlated with boring and repetitive jobs, work pressure 

and those without autonomy in accomplishing work. Workers also tend to have low mental health 

when they are subjected to close monitoring. 

2090.4 Relationship between personality traits and organizational commitment in nurses, 

Kaghani-zadeh, Ali Fathi-Ashtiani, Seyed-Hossein Salimi, Baghyatoolah medical Sciences 

University, Tehran Iran 

The study is a cross-sectional and correlational study. The main aim was to verify the relationships 

between personality traits and organizational commitment in nurses in a hospital in Tehran. The 

subjects were selected randomly. They filled in a demographic Form as well as organizational 

commitment questionnaire and the cattle personality inventory. The finding showed that the 

majority of nurse had moderate organizational commitment and 20% also had power commitment. 

They had high level control instincts and inflexibility and mid level of extroversion, anxiety. In 

general, there were no significant relationships between personality traits and organizational 

commitment, but for some there were. 

2090.5 Strategies to cope with bullying and suppression in the work place, Christiaan Daniel 

Jacobs, University of Pretoria, South Africa 

This paper (based on Hopson and Adam's Model of Adult Transitions) gives the results of a study 

that focused on bullying and suppression in the work place. It was found (a) that bullying and 

suppression are negative forces that can destroy the innovative (creative) thinking of employees in 

the work place; and (b) that employees that are subjected to bullying and suppression suffers from 

stress that impacts negatively on their mental health. The recommendations of this study 

471

highlights important outcomes and strategies how psychologists can empower employees (as 

victims of bullying and suppression) with skills to combat these negative forces. 

2090.6 Different effect of self-efficacy on burnout in different age, Si Guo, Jian'an Zhong, 

China 

The aim of the study was to explore the self-efficacy as a moderator of role ambiguity, job control 

and burnout in the different age. The data from 425 Chinese nurses was proceeded with 

hierarchical multiple regression. The result found that the self-efficacy had the moderated effect of 

the role ambiguity on the burnout in the group of the over 35 years old and had not the effect in 

the younger group. More amazing, the role ambiguity did not effect on the burnout in the older 

group, and the self-efficacy also did not significantly in the younger group. 

2090.7 Employee assistance program, Philippe Robert 1 , Gran MArie Christine 2 , 1 McGill 

University Hospital Center and the Center of Research and Intervention on Violence, Canada; 

2 

EAP at Pratt & Withney, Canada 

The workplace remains the focus point within the process of rehabilitation in the case of physical 

and mental problems. It is a privileged setting for detection and intervention. This environment 

permits an evaluation of one's functional capacity as the individual already has in place 

performance objectives such as productivity, equality of work and assiduity. This presentation will 

propose an integrated model of EAP for the management of problems in the work place in order 

for the different actors, according to their different roles and responsibilities, may help an 

employee get his life back and to regain his optimal functioning level. 

2090.8 The psychological contract and its positive potentials: Making promises and keep them 

creates an atmosphere of trust and fairness, Thomas Rigotti 1 , Gisela Mohr 1 , Andreas Müller 1 , 

UNele De Cuyper 2 , 1 University of Leipzig, Work- and Organisational Psychology, Germany; 

2 

Catholic University of Louvain, Research Centre for Stress, Health and Well-Being, Belgium 

Within the concept of Psychological Contract we distinguish the content (amount of promises) and 

the delivery of the deal (the extent to which the promises are kept). In a German sample we can 

show that getting promises from and making promises to the employer is both correlated with 

well-being and positive attitudes towards work. Furthermore we will present evidence, that 

making promises is not good enough by half, if not kept. We will also show that these relations are 

fully or partially mediated by trust and fairness and discuss the impact of the findings for the 

modern labour market. 

2091 ORAL 


Chair: Andrea Schreier, Germany 

2091.1 The role of family coherence in self-esteem and depressive symptomatology in children, 

Giorgos Kleftaras, Eleni Didaskalou, University of Thessaly, Greece 

The dominant patterns of family function and interpersonal relationships determine considerably 

its stability and coherence as a system. The kinds and quality of social interactions within families 

472

affect significantly the ways children relate to themselves and the formulation of their self-concept. 

In particular, family coherence seems to be closely associated with maladjustment, 

psychopathology and specifically depression in children. This study examines the relationship 

between family coherence, self-esteem and depressive symptomatology in primary school Greek 

children (N=150). The findings indicate that there are strong correlations between dominant 

patterns of family interaction, children’s self-esteem and depressive symptomatology. 

2091.2 A test of the integration of the hopelessness and self-esteem theories of depression in 

children of affectively ill parents: A multi-wave longitudinal study, John Abela, Jodie 

Richardson, McGill University, Canada 

The current study tested the integration of the hopelessness and self-esteem theories of depression 

in a sample of high risk children using a weakest link approach. We initially assessed 

depressogenic inferential styles, self-esteem, and depressive symptoms in 140 children (ages 6-14) 

of parents with a history of major depressive episodes. Subsequently, every six weeks for one year, 

we assessed children's depressive symptoms and stress. Results provided full support for the 

integrative theory. More specifically, a depressogenic weakest link was associated with elevations 

in depressive symptoms following elevations in stress in children with low but not high levels of 

self-esteem. 

2091.3 Contagious depression: Does excessive reassurance seeking moderate the relationship 

between parental and child depressive symptoms? John Abela 1 , Philippe Adams 1 , Benjamin 

Hankin 2 , 1 McGill University, Canada; 2 University of Illinois, Chicago, USA 

The current study utilized a multi-wave longitudinal design to examine whether the relationship 

between parent and child depressive symptoms is moderated by children's level of reassurance 

seeking. At Time 1, 140 children (ages 6-14) of affectively disordered parents completed measures 

assessing reassurance seeking and depressive symptoms. In addition, every six weeks for the next 

year, children and parents completed measures assessing depressive symptoms. Excessive 

reassurance seeking was associated with elevations in depressive symptoms following elevations 

in parental depressive symptoms in adolescents (ages 10-14) but not children (ages 6-9). The 

impact of development on Coyne's (1976) interpersonal theory will be discussed. 

2091.4 An examination of the specific vulnerability hypothesis in high-risk children and 

adolescents, John Abela, Clara Wagner, Christian Webb, Steven Skitch, McGill University, 

Canada 

This study examined the specific vulnerability hypothesis of Blatt and Zuroff's theory of 

personality predispositions to depression. In addition, we examined whether high self-esteem 

buffers children high in self-criticism or dependency against developing depressive symptoms 

following negative events. Children (ages 6-14) completed measures assessing depressive 

symptoms, self-criticism, dependency, and self-esteem. Every six weeks for the next year, children 

completed measures assessing depressive symptoms and stress. Results indicated that both 

self-criticism and dependency serve as vulnerability factors to depression in older but not younger 

children, with low but not high self-esteem. No support, however, was obtained for the specific 

vulnerability hypothesis. 

473

2091.5 The possibility of setting up the out-patient education counseling in children’s hospital, 

Bing Zhao, Tianjin children's hospital, China 

The out-patient education Counseling of Tianjin children’s hospital was set up in May 2003. Our 

main service objects are 0-18 year-old children; our aim is to help parents to handle the problems 

encountered in children’s growth process, that is to guide the parents for the problems of 

children’s physical development, nourishment, education in different life stage, and for early 

period education, key period education, etc. Although the children concerned by us are normal, the 

methods we use are from clinical medicine about children and clinical Psychology. Therefore, the 

out-patient education counseling should be set up in hospital, especially children’s hospital. 

2091.6 Ego-control and ego-resilency on children behavior problems, Rocio Valencia, Patricia 

Andrade, Facultad de Psicología.Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico 

Empirical evidence sustains that behavior problems in children eventually lead to more severe 

pathology in older ages. Therefore, the effect of the Ego-Control and Ego-Resilency on behavior 

problems was studied in 672 children with an age average of eleven years old. They answered 

adjusted version of the California Child Q-Set (Block & Block, 1980) and the adjusted version of 

the Youth Self Report (Achenbach & Rescorla, 2001). The results show that the Ego-Control and 

Ego-Resilency are reliable predictors on children behavior. The implications of this results are 

analyzed regarding to the use of intervention programs. 

2091.7 The relationship between parenting styles, cognitive schemas, school life, and 

adolescent suicidal ideation, Wai Fun Yau, Patrick Wing Leung Leung, The Chinese University 

of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China 

A total of 451 Form 2 or 3 high school students participated in this study. It aimed at examining 

the relationship between parenting styles, cognitive schemas, school life, and adolescent suicidal 

ideation. Results indicated that the three groups of independent variables - parenting styles, 

cognitive schemas, and school life - were all significant predictors of suicidal ideation, each 

contributing additional variance on top of their shared variance. A complete mediational model 

with cognitive schemas as the mediator between parenting styles/school life and suicidal ideation 

was not supported. Clinical implications of this study and future research direction were 

discussed. 

2091.8 Major depression and anxiety disorders in mothers and their children: Results from a 

prospective community study, Andrea Schreier 1 , Hans-Ulrich Wittchen 2 , Roselind Lieb 1 , 1 Max 

Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Clinical Psychology and Epidemiology, Germany; 2 Technical 

University Dresden, Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Dresden, Germany 

Family-genetic studies indicate that Major Depression (MDD) and anxiety disorders aggregate in 

families. Among the open issues are the specificity of this aggregation and the relevance of 

clinical characteristics. Within the epidemiological "Early Developmental Stages of 

Psychopathology" study we examined originally 1395 14-17-year-olds longitudinally (1995, 1997, 

1999) and their mothers with direct M-CIDI interviews after DSM-IV. Elevated rates of anxiety 

disorders were found in children of mothers with MDD, social phobia or generalized anxiety. 

Especially maternal panic disorder put children at risk for MDD. MDD with melancholic features, 

impairment or of the severe subtype was found to aggregate within families. 

474

2092 ORAL 


Chair: Seema Vinayak, India 

2092.1 Life threatening and life debilitating illness: Psychosocial impact on parents of affected 

children, Seema Vinayak, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India 

The study, first of its kind, assesses the impact of having children with muscular dystrophy, 

diabetes Type I and normal health on 210 mothers and fathers. Spielberger's anxiety scale, and 

stress, general well-being, quality of life and coping scales were administered. Semi-structured 

interviews were conducted. 3x2 Repeated Measures Design revealed significant differences in 

three groups on stress, anxiety, general well-being and quality of life. Within groups, mothers and 

fathers differed on these variables. Turning to religion and humour were used more in parents of 

the affected children whereas in control group, positive reinterpretation, planning and alcohol 

were frequently used. 

2092.2 Quality in health: Difficulties due to ethnic, cultural and religious diversity, Sandra 

Cristina Domingues Feliciano, QEC Operations Director for Portugal & Sweden, Portugal 

Quality in health is a complex theme, and the recent cosmopolization of the Portuguese society 

has created new challenges for the health care system, due to the diversification of the needs and 

expectations of the citizens. This study made an informal listing of the difficulties inherent to this 

new social reality. The results showed problems at the levels of communication with foreigners, 

disrespect for religious beliefs and insufficient training. Action is needed in order to fully 

characterize the situation in the field, promote the open and prejudice-free dialogue between the 

interested parties and create conditions to implement the necessary changes. 

2092.3 A confirmatory study on the structure of middle school students’ examination mental 

problem, Qi Jiang, Dajun Zhang, China 

Based on interviews, open questionnaires and exploratory factor analysis, we tested the dimension 

of examination mental problem of middle school students and the validity of the measurement 

scale (EMP), which was tested on 576 subjects in Chongqing. The results are that the sub-scales of 

EMP involve thirteen factors: interpersonal sensitivity, anxiety, stage fright, blame oneself, the feel 

of family pressure, body symptom, motion problem, compel, depressive symptom, inferiority 

complex, mental disease, cognition problem and neurosis; the scale has high reliability and 

validity, and it can be used as an effective tool to assess middle school students’ examination 

mental problem. 

2092.4 A study of the internet mental disorder of fresher, Mingxia Wu, Qin Luo, Xiaodong Qi, 

Juhu Ou, China 

This study explored the internet mental disorder of 699 freshers with self-designed questionnaire. 

The data are handled to find the different effects of gender, family source, familial atmosphere and 

mode of bringing-up on the emotion response, motive conflict, realism alienation and the body 

symptom. The results showed: (1) generally the negative mental disorder of freshers is not serious; 

475

(2) there were significant differences on emotion response and realism alienation among three 

types of familial atmosphere; (3) significant interaction on motive conflict and body symptom 

between familial atmosphere and mode of bringing-up was found. 

2092.5 The state-trait anxiety in seven hundred and seventy-five Chinese college students, 

Jianren Zhang, Hunan Normal University, China 

Seven hundred and seventy-five college students were sampled from 13 colleges distributed over 

Beijing, Shanghai, Chongqing, and Hunan, Sichuan, Guangdong provinces; and their anxiety 

symptoms were checked with the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). The results indicated that 

the college students showed significantly higher trait-anxiety level than the Chinese norm, while 

no difference was found in state-anxiety. This study found no gender differences and nationality 

differences in Chinese college students’ anxiety levels. 

2092.6 New perspectives about the psychlogical quality of military personnel and the 

psychological intervention system in military settings, Zeqing Wang, the PLA General Hospital, 

China 

The psychological quality of military personnel is the combination of psychological characters and 

behavioral characters, which develop through the subject-object interaction in military activities. 

The psychological quality is necessary for military personnel to compete for his task. The 

structural extension of the psychological quality includes 18 elements. In order to improve the 

personnel’s psychological quality and to enhance the combat effectiveness of military groups, the 

psychological intervention system in military settings consists of 4 systems: building up a group of 

psychological professionals; psychological testing, personnel selection, and management of 

psychological documents; psychological educating and training; and crisis intervention. 

2092.7 Correlation analysis between servicemen personalities and the polymorphism of ace 

gene, Zeqing Wang, Yang Jun, Hongwu Zhu, Xiaoling Fu, the PLA General Hospital, China 

To explore theoretical basis of the heredity of servicemen’s personalities and provide references 

for developing a set of scientific and effective psychological interventions, the 16-PF inventory 

and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were administered to 1306 servicemen. The results showed 

that there was a significant correlation between the scores of the female servicemen’s dominance, 

social boldness, self-reliance, perfectionism and DD genotype of the ACE gene, and there was a 

significant correlation between the scores of the male servicemen’s dominance, boldness, 

self-reliance, emotional stability, openness to change and DD genotype of the ACE gene. 

2092.8 A research on well-being of prison police, Haixia Yu 1 , Hongyan Bi 2 , Lili Tian 1 , 

1 2 

Beijing Normal University, China; Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China 

The status of well-being (WB) of prison police and some relational factors were investigated. The 

results showed: (1) the WB’s degree of prison police was lower than that of common people; (2) 

the WB’s degree of the female police working in the man-prison was higher than that of the male 

police; (3) the WB’s degree of prison police working over 8 hours per day was lower than that of 

those work within 8 hours; (4) the degree of social support was relative to the WB of prison police 

closely. 

476

2093 ORAL 

Sports psychology 

Chair: Gregory Kolt, New Zealand 

2093.1 Telemedical investigation of a high mountain expedition to Cho-Oyu (8201 m), Marcus 

Stueck 1 , Hans-Ullrich Balzer 2 , Karl Hecht 2 , Harry Schröder 1 , Olaf Rieck 3 , 1 Institute of 

Applied Psychology University of Leipzig, Germany; 2 Institute of stress research Berlin, Germany 

A tele-medical experiment was carried out while climbing the Cho-Oyu (8201 m.). For 10 months, 

8 subjects carried skin response measurement instruments to determine their vegetative-emotional 

stress conditions. Using a satellite-telephone and laptop, climbers’ skin response data could be 

sent to Germany and back to Cho-Oyu, thereby keeping climbers constantly informed as to their 

psycho-physical condition. The influence of hypoxia on emotional and vegetative regulation, and 

on various psycho-physiological defense mechanisms, could be observed. Conspicuous was the 

lack of emotion in subjects over 8000 meters, where, due to exhaustion, a physical container for 

emotions seemed to be lacking. 

2093.2 Interest of psychological assessment before couseling in the training centers of the 

French Fencing Federation, Elisabeth Rosnet, University of Reims, France & French Fencing 

Federation, Paris, France 

Top-level sportsmen and women are faced to stressful conditions during training and competitions. 

Transactional stress theories insist on the influence of individual characteristics in the 

transactional process and in adaptation. That is the reason why it seems useful to realize a 

psychological assessment before the beginning of counseling. The presentation deals with the 

assessment done for the French Fencing Federation when fencers integrate official training centers. 

This assessment is not done for selection purpose, but in order to prepare the integration. Its 

description shows how different sorts of tools bring useful information helping to better 

counseling. 

2093.3 The psychological analysis in football referees offence behavious, Tian Sheng Wang, 

TangKe Ren, Xi’an physical education college, China 

With development of professional sports in China some offence behaviors appear. For example, 

"dark whistle" phenomenon in football game. As a social strange phenomenon, different people 

have different opinion on it. The author of this article think if we want to extinct this events 

completely, we must know psychological origin of this behaviors. As a result, author make widen 

statistics on etical value psychology. In the end, author give advice to change unbalance state 

during economy reform period in sports area is a only way to solve this problem. 

2093.4 The relationship between social physique anxiety and exercise behaviors, Xia Xu 1 , Liu 

Ji 2 , Jiaxin Yao 1 , Wentao Su 3 , 1 Wuhan Institute of Physical Education, China; 2 East China Normal 

University; 3 Hubei Polytechnic University, China 

This study investigated the relationship between social physique anxiety (SPA) and exercise 

behaviors. The results from questionnaires survey (n=382) revealed Chinese young women with 

high SPA tended to be more anxious about social comparison and the presence of new member 

477

This paper examines the relevance of the organizational commitment construct amongst highly 

mobile knowledge workers. South African knowledge workers (n=650) completed a survey 

questionnaire that assessed their affective commitment to three commitment foci (organization, 

immediate manager, and co-workers), frequency of citizenship behaviours, and intention to quit. 

The results confirm the value of distinguishing between employee's affective commitments and 

evidence the continued relevance of the organizational commitment construct in that affective 

commitment significantly helped explain the variance in salient organizational outcomes. 

2094.5 Direct and moderating effects of coping strategies among employees in Hong Kong, Oi 

Ling Siu, Lingnan University, China 

The study aims to develop scales of coping strategies frequently used by Hong Kong employees; 

and to test the direct and moderating effects of coping strategies between stressors and work 

well-being. First, 40 employees were interviewed with an open-ended approach and 17 items were 

generated. In a survey with 183 employees, a factor analysis of the developed items revealed 4 

coping scales (by deleting 2 items): relaxation, rational/cognitive thinking, social support, and 

behavioral means. The results show that rational/cognitive coping related positively with job 

satisfaction but negatively with physical symptoms, and all of the coping scales were significant 

stress moderators. 

2094.6 Perceived organizational support and organizational commitment: The mediational 

influence of psychological well-being, Meenakshi Aggarwal, Indian Institute of Management, 

Ahmedabad, India 

Assessed the relationship between perceived organizational support (POS), psychological well 

being (PWB), and organizational commitment (OC). 513 managers working in two large Indian 

manufacturing organizations were administered standardized measures of SPOS, PWB, and OC. It 

was hypothesized that both POS and PWB will influence OC directly and PWB will mediate the 

relationship between POS and OC. Regression analysis revealed that POS and PWB significantly 

influenced affective, continuance, and normative commitment. Mediation analysis revealed that 

PWB mediated the relation between POS and affective and continuance commitment but not 

normative commitment. Theoretical and managerial implications of the findings are discussed. 

2094.7 Study on factor structure and factor weight of brand image, Xuan Jiao, Yiwen Chen, 

Jianhong Lv, Institute of Psychology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, China 

The study was to explore factor structure and factor weight of brand image. 446 undergraduates 

accomplished the questionnaires. Image factors of three different product categories were 

extracted by exploratory factor analysis. Variance explained method, holistic assignment method 

and conjoint analysis were used to ascertain factor weight. Result show that brand image was 

composed of several factors which belonged to functional components and meaning components; 

image factor structures of different categories had commonness and individuality; function 

components of low conspicuous products were more important than the counterpart of high 

conspicuous products; variance explained method was not applicable to ascertain factor weight. 

2094.8 Analyzing the mechanism of work stress, Liuqin Yang, Xichao Zhang, Hongsheng 

Che, Lin Shi, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China 

480

Based on Occupational Stress Indicator-2 in Chinese version and semi-structured interview, a 

study of 297 employees from a bank, a company and a nuclear power plant contributes to 

generalizability of work stress theories. By hierarchical regression, results show that job 

satisfaction, leave intention, psychological and physical well-being are significantly predicted by 

different stressors. And, there is evidence that negative affectivity (NA) plays different role in 

different stressor-job satisfaction relationship: hyper-responsibility mechanism through which NA 

might affect relationships-strain relationship, perception mechanism through which NA might 

affect home/work balance-strain relationship, etc.. Further, some validation data for OSI-2 are 

provided in Chinese sample. 

2095 ORAL 


Chair: Victor Corral-Verdugo, Mexico 

2095.1 Trust in risk regulation: Cause or consequence of the acceptability of GM food? Wouter 

Poortinga, Nick F. Pidgeon, Centre for Environmental Risk, UK 

Although there is evidence that trust is strongly related to the perceptions of risk, it is less clear 

what the direction of these relationships is. In this study two models of trust are compared. It is 

investigated whether trust is the cause or the consequence of the acceptability of GM food. Results 

from three studies on GM food were more supportive of the associationist view than of the causal 

chain account of trust. In line with the associationist perspective, affect accounted for a large 

portion of the variance between perceived risk, perceived benefit, trust in risk regulation and 

acceptability. 

2095.2 Effects of caffeine and/or placebo suggestion on alertness during sleep deprivation, 

Yunfeng Sun, Danmin Miao, En Huangfu, Aerospace & Aviation Medicine Faculty, Fourth 

Military Medical University, China 

To study caffeine and/or placebo suggestion as countermeasures during sleep deprivation (SD). 

Six health males volunteered for the within-subjects and counterbalanced design study during 30h 

SD and received information about scientifically proven effects of caffeine. Except control group, 

twice 200-mg caffeine or once 200-mg caffeine and 200-mg placebo were administered at 12:00 

and 4:00, respectively in the other two groups. The alertness was assessed with Letter Cancellation 

Test. Numbers of cancelled letters of two treatment groups were more than that of control group 

(p

analog scale. With paired T-test, it was shown that sleep inertia influences short-term memory 

more seriously than it does the others. During the time positive emotions improved in the sleep 

group while in the non-sleep group they decreased. 

2095.4 The study on perception and cognition of landmark building, Aiping Wang, Shangyi 

Zhou, Mei Peng, Chun Li, Beijing Normal University, China 

The landmark architectures in a city or a region have embodied its unique regional enchantment 

and characters, reflecting its well-established culture and tradition. A typical landmark building 

should be assessed by the criterion of whether it is appealing to, identified with, or adored by 

people to a great extent. In present study, the receptive level of native Beijing residents and 

traveling tourists on accepting some most representative landmarks in Beijing was examined 

based on their perceptional factors and cognitive characteristics. The result of research will 

contribute additional scientific evidences to construction of man-made views for Beijing 2008 

Olympic Game. 

2095.5 Cross-cultural comparison on the relationship of environmental awareness and 

environmentally-friendly behavior, Chihiro Kobayashi 1 , Hiroaki Ishii 2 , Akira Kajiwara 3 , 

1 2 3 

Osaka University, Japan; Kobe University, Japan; Institute for Economic & Business 

Administration, Kobe University, Japan 

The present study examined the relationship of environmental awareness and environmentally 

friendly behavior of students. Participants (216 Japanese and 260 American undergraduate 

students) were asked how often they engaged in 19 types of environmentally friendly behaviors, in 

addition to questions on their environmental knowledge and how they perceive each behavior's 

psychological cost, time cost, and financial cost. For Japanese, the most important factor for not 

engaging in environmentally friendly behaviors was the time cost. Whereas for Americans, both 

time and psychological cost were equally important. Knowledge level did not correlate with 

behavior for both groups. 

2095.6 Attitude change toward the new solid waste incineration system in Meia Serra (Portugal), 

Glória Franco, Manuel André, Maria João Pereira, Maria Carmo Aragão, Margarida 

Pocinho, Universidade da Madeira, Portugal 

In order to change the impact of a new solid waste incineration system in Meia 

Serra/Funchal/Portugal, we developed an intervention trough schools with the following strategies: 

Photo album collection of Meia Serra Solid Waste Incinerator (MSSWI), Mascot concourse, 

theatre play on the problems caused by the MSSWI, Information pamphlets, and visits to the 

MSSWI. To evaluate the impact of this study we develop a test of perception on MSSWI, applied 

it in the beginning and in the end of the intervention. Results point to a change in the way people 

deal with the presence of the Solid Incinerator. 

2095.7 Sex difference among marked maze: A study of environmental psychology, Li He, 

Zhang Li, Capital Normal University, China 

There is a marked difference between the male and the female in spatial orientation. The male 

depends on the time counting and the distance, whereas the female depends on specific signs. 

Existent evidence was mostly originated from field researches, which the extraneous variable is 

482

hard to be controlled. To solve this problem, we adopted marked maze (a sign of animal's head) 

and non-marked maze in lab experiment. Forty students firstly passed a marked maze on the paper, 

then passed another similar non-marked maze on the second day. We found the male finished the 

non-marked maze. 

2095.8 Sustainable behavior and time perspective: Present, past, and future orientations and 

their relationship with water conservation behavior, Victor Corral-Verdugo 1 , Jose Q. Pinheiro 2 , 

1 2 

University of Sonora, Mexico; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brasil 

This paper explores the relationship between people’s time perspective and their proenvironmental 

tendency. 300 individuals at a Mexican city responded to items of Zimbardo’s Time Perspective 

Inventory (ZTPI), and self-reported how frequently they engaged in water conservation practices. 

The ZTPI assesses individual differences in terms of attitudes believed to identify persons of past, 

present or future orientation. Results of a model showed that Hedonistic Present and Water 

Conservation significantly and negatively covaried. Such covariation was also produced between 

Water Conservation and Fatalistic Present. Water conservation did not correlate with either 

sub-type of past orientation but positively covaried with future orientation. 

2096 ORAL 


Chair: Shudong Wang, USA 

2096.1 A study of interrelationship of adjustment, motivational pattern, occupational aspiration 

and life satisfaction of female students in technical institutions, Priti Singh, Seth j.b.shah college 

for women, India 

Today we need more forceful strategy to remove the hurdles in way of women in higher education, 

sex should not be the basis of any inequality. To overcome these barriers, education at school level 

must be made absolutely free for girl child. Gender sensitivity camps be organized in backward 

and remote areas. Social recognition should be given to girls excelling in education especially in 

profession like engineering, management and medical studies. In this study we have taken a 

sample of 350 women students and questionnaire on adjustment, MAT occupational aspiration and 

life satisfaction were got filled and data analyzed. 

2096.2 Epidemiology of test anxiety among high school students, Mahnaz Mehrabizadeh 

Honarmand 1 , Abbas Abolghasemi 2 , Bahman Najarian 1 , Hossein Shokrkon 1 , 1 Shahid Chamran 

University, Iran; 2 University of Moaghegh Ardebili, Iran 

To investigate the epidemiology of test anxiety among Ahvaz high school students (Iran), 3109 

high school students were randomly selected from Ahvaz high schools. Ahvaz Test Anxiety 

Inventory (Abolghsemi et al., 1996) and a clinical interview were the instruments employed to 

measure test anxiety symptoms among the subjects. Results showed that 539 subjects (17.3%) 

suffer from test anxiety. Greater frequency and intensity of test anxiety were found in girls than 

boys (22%), and in Arab speaking students than in Farsi speaking students (18.7%). Also, low 

socio-economic status students (18.7%) were found to suffer higher levels of test anxiety than 

upper. 

483

2096.3 Students’ opinions about university teaching staff, Carolina Platon, Daliana Tascovici, 

Mirela Matauanu, State University of Moldiva, Republic of Moldova 

The paper presents a study of opinions regarding how the institution turns to account the 

evaluation of the university teaching staff by the students. The questionnaire has been carried out 

on a sample of 328 subjects. The results show that the most of the students consider the evaluation 

of teaching important in order to improve its quality, the students’ role being decisive for this step. 

Some students believe that their action makes few teachers examine out corrective measures. A 

great number of subjects think the authorities do not take into consideration their opinions while 

made decisions about the quality of teaching. 

2096.4 Using gifted rating scale in the assessment of gifted children in China: Validity and 

reliability across age, informant, and nationality, Huijun Li, Steven Pfeiffer, FLorida State 


The present study examined whether the Chinese translation and adaptation issues influence the 

validity of a newly published Gifted Rating Scale (GRS) in the U.S. and whether U.S. and China 

share similar values of giftedness as indicated by GRS. The study included 300 teachers who rated 

1500 students from age 6 to 14 from both the U.S. and China. The study examined the results 

obtained from GRS and students’ achievement to investigate concurrent validity of GRS. The 

study also compared U.S. and Chinese parent ratings of their children with teacher ratings to 

investigate whether parents could provide accurate ratings on. 

2096.5 Rapid cognitive assessment of reading skills, Slava Kalyuga, Peter Knapp, University 

of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia 

Recent research in cognitive processes involved in text comprehension, especially relations 

between working memory and long-term memory components, created a foundation for 

developing new approaches to testing reading skills. A rapid method of assessment of reading 

comprehension is suggested. The method is based on examining readers' memory content and 

assessing the extent to which working memory limits have been altered by available syntactical 

rules and schematic knowledge structures stored in long-term memory. A pilot study has 

demonstrated a high level of correlation between obtained measures and traditional reading 

comprehension test scores with considerably reduced testing time. 

2096.6 Validity evidences of the computer automated scoring of standardized, large scale, 

on-line writing assessment, Shudong Wang, Michael Young, Thomas Brooks, Harcourt 

Assessment, Inc., USA 

The purposes of this study were to provide empirical evidence and to see if it is reasonable, 

meaningful, and appropriate to interpret and use Web administered, state used, large scale 

standardized writing assessment across different scoring methods. In particular, we were interested 

in whether the computer automated scoring (CAS) could be used in the same way as the human 

rating. The results showed that CAS had moderate agreement with human raters, tended to result 

in a wider score range than did human, and gave higher scores than human. There were moderate 

interrater reliabilities between human raters and CAS. 

484

2096.7 Assessing 16 year-old intelligence by using the Wechsler Intelligence Scales: WAIS-III 

(Chinese version) vs. WISC-III(Chinese version), Wai-Cheong Carl Tam 1 , Shu-Hui Chang 1 , 

Shih-Kuang Chiang 2 , 1 Chung Yuan Christian University, Taiwan, China; 2 Yu-Li Veterans 

Hospital and National Taiwan University, Taiwan, China 

The use of the WAIS-III and WISC-III overlaps on 16 year-olds and thus clinicians need to have 

some guidelines on the choice of either scales. In this study, fifty-eight 16 year-olds were 

administered both the WAIS-III (Chinese version) and the WISC-III (Chinese version), with a 

time interval of 5 to 7 weeks, by using counterbalanced research design to eliminate practice 

effects. Results indicated that there were significant differences between the respective means 

from these two scales with regard to FSIQ, VIQ, Verbal Comprehension Index, and Working 

Memory Index. Tentative guidelines on the choice of the WAIS-III vs. WISC-III were presented. 

2096.8 Administration mode effect on student performance of Stanford Diagnostic Reading and 

Diagnostic Mathematics Tests, Shudong Wang, Michael Young, Harcourt Assessment, Inc., USA 

This study was designed to investigate the comparability between computer-based (CB) and 

paper-and-pencil (PP) administration modes of the Stanford Diagnostic Reading Test (Fourth 

Edition, SDRT4) and Stanford Diagnostic Mathematics Test (Fourth Edition, SDMT4) across 

grades 2 to 12. We were particularly interested in, (a) what is the relationship between measures 

obtained from the CB and PP modes, (b) what is the relationship between students’ computer 

familiarity and their test scores? The results showed strong evidence of the comparability of 

SDRT4 and SDMT4 scores for all levels regardless of the administration mode. Students had same 

feeling on two modes based on. 

2097 ORAL 


Chair: Yunn-Wen Lien, Taiwan, China 

2097.1 Serial experimental study on the effects of exemplar activation in social judgment, 

Xinbo Wang, China 

Through the investigation of the condition, intensity, direction and relations with other mental 

phenomena of the exemplar-activation effect in social judgment, the study aims to find characters 

of it, and then to provide some references to the researches of social cognition. the systematic 

study consists of five experiments. Subjects are college students and postgraduates. Various 

methods, such as assessment scale, SDT, projective technique and situational test, are employed in 

the experiments. The main results suggest that the assimilation effect exist explicitly or implicitly 

in all the areas of social judgment; the existing and effecting of the effect needs certain conditions. 

2097.2 There must be great potiential and prospest awaited for development: The concentration 

on the social pyscology of private university, Fusheng Qiao 1 , Lun Ouyang 2 , 1 The red cross 

pyscology and education research institute in inner mongolia, China; 2 Shaanxi Normal University, 

China 

Having spent 3 years on investigation on 10 university. The author think that there great potential 

and prospect for development of private universities. 1) The enforcement of the law of promotion 

485

of private education and give Chinese private education appropriate policy and legal space and 

environment for development. 2) The opening up and reforming policy has exerted more than 20 

years. It inspiring Chinese psychological requirement of knowledge acquisition, this psychological 

demand can not be met by the education run by our nation. So the private education emerged at 

the historic moment, 3) The current problems and countermeasures existing in the area of private 

education. 

2097.3 Selective exposure to supporting vs. conflicting information: The moderating role of 

information number, Peter Fischer 1 , Stefan Schulz-Hardt 2 , Dieter Frey 1 , 1 University Munich, 

Germany, 2 University Dresden, Germany 

Up to now there is a dispute about whether people systematically prefer supporting or conflicting 

information according to their decisions. Empirical evidence exists for both standpoints. Four 

studies show that differences in the number of information available moderate the preference for 

supporting and conflicting information. Presenting two pieces of information leads to a preference 

for conflicting information; presenting more than two pieces leads to a preference for supporting 

information. The preference for supporting information is mediated by asymmetric evaluation 

processes whereas the preference for conflicting information is mediated by an increased salience 

of the information direction. 

2097.4 How disadvantaged group members explain their failure: Impact of group identification, 

Nobuko Asai, Minoru Karasawa, Kobe University, Japan 

The present study tested the hypothesis that the strength of identification with a disadvantaged 

group mediates the willingness for discrimination attribution. Female undergraduates read a 

scenario in which a female protagonist (self or a fictitious student) failed in a job interview, and 

made causal attributions about the outcome. Participants with strong gender- identification were 

more willing to attribute one’s own failure to discrimination than were those with low 

identification. In contrast, the judgments concerning the in-group other constantly showed 

discrimination attribution regardless of the level of identification. Coping strategies by victims of 

discrimination and their psychological well-being are discussed. 

2097.6 Brain activities during Go/No-Go Association Task, Kouichi Hioki 1 , Katsunori 

Matsuoka 2 , Hiroshi Watanabe 2 , Hiroyuki Umemura 2 , 1 Kobe-University, Japan; 2 National 

Institute of Advanced Science and Technology, Human Stress Signal Reserch Center, Japan 

This research examined brain activities with event-related potentials (ERP) during Go/No-Go 

Association Task (GNAT) trials. In GNAT, incongruent trials result in longer reaction time than 

congruent trials. We argue that this time -lag index can measure evaluative conflict between the 

target concept and its attributes. We further hypothesized that the conflict predicted for 

incongruent trials would influence the activation of the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). Result 

showed that the frontal N200 and P300 were observed only in incongruent trials, demonstrating 

that the GNAT time; lag may reflect cognitive conflict. 

2097.7 The illusion of transparency between friends and unacquainted others: Do friends really 

know me better? Eriko Kudo, Aoyamagakuin Women's Junior College, Japan 

This study examined if the illusion of transparency, the tendency to estimate one’s mid or inner 

486

state is observable by other people, would be exaggerated between friends. Half of the participants 

were asked to make choices for multiple-choice questions and estimated whether their partner 

could correctly guess their choices. The other half participants tried to guess their partner’ s 

choices. The number of correct guesses did not differ whether partners were friends or not, 

however the estimated number of correct guesses were greater among friends. The author would 

like to discuss the meaning of this exaggerated illusion of transparency. 

2097.8 Why did he lose the presidential election? Investigating the ‘ultimate attribution error’ 

of Taiwanese, Yunn-Wen Lien, Chun-Hui Jen, Ruey-Ling Chu, National Taiwan University, 

Taiwan, China 

Morris and Peng (1994) argued that Chinese committed neither ‘fundamental attribution error’ nor 

‘ultimate attribution error’, since they were context-sensitive. To verify the issue, causes of win or 

loss for each candidate in Taiwan presidential election of 2000 were weighted by their own and 

rival’s supporters in the present study. It showed that an out-group loser was attributed more 

personal causes than was the in-group one, as ‘ultimate attribution error’ indicated. Furthermore, 

personal causes for a loss remained high across groups, whereas situational causes dropped 

significantly for out-group raters. Implications for context sensitivity and attribution tendency of 

Chinese are discussed. 

2098 POSTER 


2098.1 The psychological analysis in football referess' offence behaviour, Tangke Ren, 

Tiansheng Wang, Xian Physicial Education Institute, China 

With the development of professional sports in China, some offence behaviours appear. The author 

of this article think if we want to extinct this events completely, we must know the psychological 

origin of those behaviour. As a result, the author make a widen statistics on ethical value 

psychology, criminal psychology, sociology and economy psychology. In the end, the author give 

the advice that, to change the unbalance state during the economy reform period in sports area is a 

only way to solve this problem. 

2098.2 Handedness and footedness in Swedish 6-year old children, Erik Domellof, Louise 

Ronnqvist, Umea University, Sweden 

In order to investigate whether 6-year-old children display evident lateral preferences in using the 

arm/hand and leg/foot, a questionnaire (based on the Edingburgh Handedness Inventory, extended 

with questions regarding the use of leg/foot) was collected from 145 Swedish 6-year-old children 

and their families. Anthropometric measurements of the length of the children’s arms, legs and 

feet were also collected. The results are discussed in terms of concordances, heredity and 

structural differences, as well as in relation to previously made kinematic studies of functional 

asymmetries in younger children, infants and newborns. 

2098.3 Orientation of the drawings produced by young child and adult, Masanori Taguchi 1 , 

Yutaka Noma 2 , Seiya Hirai 3 , Morino Miwo 4 , Masanari Kinoshita 4 , 1 Dokkyo University, Japan; 

487

2 3 4 

Naruto University of Education, Japan; Nagasaki Internatinal University, Japan; Hiroshima 


Fifty-six right-handed young children and adults were asked to draw a fish in the side-view by 

each hand in order to study their directionality trends in drawing. The analysis of the directionality 

of the fish-drawing showed that young children produced more fish-drawings facing to the right 

than adults when they performed with right-hand. However, the result did not revealed the 

significant effect of the age in the left-hand drawing. In drawing with left hand, it was suggested 

that even adult subjects tended to make fish-drawings facing to right. 

2098.4 Physical development status of Indian rural children and influencing factors, Anju 

Manocha 1 , Tej Verma 2 , Pushpa Khadi 1 , Shobha Nandwana 1 , K Mayuri 3 , 1 COHS, CCSHAU, 

HISAR, India; 2 ICAR, New Delhi, India; 3 Shigakukan University, Japan 

Physical development status of Indian rural children and influencing factors Verma, T., Manocha, 

A., Khadi, P. B., Nandwana, S., Mayuri, K., Jaswal, S and Ahuja, A. The physical growth of rural 

boys and girls of 6-18/20 yrs. was studied by assessing their weights and heights. The results 

revealed that the weight and height of children increased with the advancement in age up to 19 yrs. 

in boys and 17 yrs. in girls. However the weights and heights of rural children of all the six states 

were below the 50th percentile of the NCHS standards. The extent of influence brought about by 

the environmental factors was to the extent of 10-20 percent. 

2098.5 The significance of learning potential assessment in south africa, Karl Anthony Heslop, 

University of the Western Cape, South Africa 

The aim of this theoretical paper is to report on the utilization of learning potential assessment in 

South African educational settings as opposed to relying on traditional IQ tests. Considerable 

variation in educational quality and in the availability of opportunities for cognitive enrichment is 

a legacy of South Africa’s past. Since learning potential scores do not correlate with 

socio-economic class, it offers an alternative to conventional testing to facilitate fairer selection 

processes in contexts where some candidates are from disadvantaged backgrounds, and reports on 

progress in academic institutions in addressing the inadequacies of past learning of disadvantaged. 

2098.6 Assessment of voluntary activity in Mexican rural and urban pre-scholars, Yulia 

Solovieva, Luis Quintanar, Emelia Lazaro, University of Puebla, Mexico 

According to the theory of cultural development the voluntary activity is the basic psychological 

formation of pre-school age. The grade of development of voluntary activity can help to predict 

the exit in school learning. The aim of the present study was to characterize voluntary activity in 

Mexican pre-scholars of rural and urban background. The Scheme of assessment included special 

tasks for voluntary actions, voluntary speech and voluntary movements and was applied to 40 

children from rural and urban groups. The results show significant differences between 

performance in groups. The conclusions stress the necessity of development of voluntary activity 

in pre-scholars. 

2098.7 Philosphy of knowledge, Denise Land, University of Phoenix, USA 

The greatest source of wealth is something specifically human: knowledge. Only knowledge 

allows us to achieve these two goals (Drucker in Houtzagers, 1999). Descartes is known for trying 

488

to create a paradigm of knowledge that provides certainty. Philosophers refer to this as normative 

epistemology. Distribution of knowledge and information contains the process, enabling the 

organization to share information and knowledge in a formal as well in an informal way, 

promoting learning, production of new knowledge, and understanding. The objective is to offer 

the members of the organization a route map whereby which knowledge can be consulted. 

2098.8 The age-related difference of knowledge effects in children’s category learning, Kuo 

Zhang 1 , Guoen Yin 2 , Jingxin Wang 2 , 1 Jiangxi Normal University, China; 2 Tianjin Normal 


The current research is designed to examine the influence of prior knowledge on children’s 

category learning as well as the development of the knowledge effects. The feature-theme 

paradigm was adopted in the experiment. And 268 subjects of 3 age groups coming from primary 

school and middle school participated this research. The results showed that the senior group 

made more promotion on category learning by the influence of prior knowledge than the younger 

group, and the knowledge effects were influenced not only by children’s prior knowledge, but also 

by children’s capability of information encoding and retrieving. 

2098.9 From pretense to representative theory of mind: Effect of pretense training, Ciping 

Deng, Ming Liu, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China 

Since Leslie’s (1987) analysis of relation between pretense and theory-of-mind (ToM), young 

children’s pretense has been a question of common interest in the area. The influence of pretense 

on young children’s development of ToM was probed in the study. Sixty 3- to 4-year-olds’ 

performances in ToM tasks nested in pretend context were examined, but the facilitating effect of 

pretense context on children’s performance was not found. However, after 2 weeks’ pretense 

training, those children failing in ToM tasks formerly got better scores, showing that pretense 

experience enhanced children’s ToM development. Thus, pretense seems play an important role in 

ToM development. 

2098.10 Analogical reasoning making of children aged 4 to 5 years on one and two dimensions, 

Tingyong Feng, Hong Li, Southwest China Normal University, Chongqing, China. 

Studied the development of analogical reasoning in three experimental conditions using causal 

materials, Ss were 42 children aged 4 to 5 years. Results indicated: nearly all children aged 4 and 

5 grasped analogical reasoning on one dimension; the 5 year olds were markedly superior to the 4 

year olds in the two-dimension; there was significant difference between the 4 and 4.5 year olds in 

the two-dimension; 5.5 year olds were markedly superior to the 5 year olds, to some degree which 

reflected that the age of 4.5 to 5.5 is the “rapid development period” of analogical reasoning on 

two dimensions. 

2098.11 Hemispheric asymmetry of executive inhibition in two subtypes of children with ADHD, 

Yonghui Wang, Xiaolin Zhou, Yufeng Wang, Peking University, Beijing, China 

A cross-modal interference task was used to examine the potential hemispheric asymmetry of 

executive inhibition in two subtypes of children with ADHD (predominantly inattentive and 

combined). The results showed that children with ADHD (combined subtype) had a right 

hemispheric deficit in conflict control compared with normal controls. The results of which were 

489

consistent with the findings of research on motor response inhibition in ADHD children, 

suggesting that there could be some common cognitive and brain mechanisms in these two kinds 

of executive inhibition, and the combined subtype of ADHD were impaired more severely than 

predominantly inattentive in these mechanism. 

2098.12 The regression analysis between perceptual speed ability and inductive reasoning ability 

in adulthood, Mingyue Wang, Jiliang Shen, Beijing Normal University, China 

A sample of 221 adults aged 20s-70s participated in this 3-year longitudinal project in which The 

Kit of Factor-referenced Cognitive Tests was given. After the background variables and the 

stability of each ability were controlled, the regression analysis showed that inductive reasoning 

ability could be significantly and positively predicted by perceptual speed ability, but in turn, 

perceptual speed ability could not be predicted significantly by inductive reasoning ability. While 

some researchers used to consider the Primary Mental Abilities parallel related, whether 

perceptual speed ability was more primary than inductive reasoning ability is discussed. 

2098.13 Is work memory an entity of EFs, Yiyuan Li, Hong Li, Southwest China Normal 


This study carried out two experiments to illustrate whether work memory (WM) is an entity of 

executive functions (EFs). Experiment 1: 3-, 4-, and 5-year-olds were given a battery of “cool” EF 

and “hot” EF measures. We found that children could not perform the above two tasks, even they 

had accomplished the WM questions. Experiment 2: the measures used in above were modified to 

reduce the WM demands. The result showed that there was no significant difference between the 

two experiments. Therefore, we argued that WM plays an important role in higher-order cognition, 

but it cannot act as an entity of EFs. 

2098.14 Development of probability reasoning in third and forth-grade children, Yujing Ni, The 


This study, involving 120 third and fourth-grade students, examined how numerical relation 

between the parts in a probability task (e.g., 2:2 vs. 5:5 or 1:2 vs. 2:4) poses a constraint on 

children’s reasoning multiplicatively. More than half of the students could solve the tasks of 

special equivalent class (e.g., 2:2 vs. 5:5), a clear indication of multiplicative reasoning. However, 

very few of them could solve the tasks involving other equivalent classes (e.g., 1:2 vs. 2:4). The 

special status of the special equivalent class in probability reasoning of children, with regard to its 

developmental mechanism and instructional potentials, was explored. 

2098.15 Development of self-belief and that of others for preschool children, Guoen Yin 1 , 

Youqing Chen 2 , Bing Zhang 3 , 1 Tianjin Normal University, China; 2 Nanjing Xiaozhuang College, 

China; 3 The Command College of the Armed Police Forces, China 

This research discussed developing features of self-belief and that of others for preschool children, 

which showed: 1. 3-year-old children not only master their own correct belief, but also do that of 

others, the latter ability for 4-year-old children decrease, that for 5-year-old children gets stable; 2. 

In the task of perception and belief, 3-year-old children not only master false belief of themselves, 

but also do that of others; 3. However, in the experiment of representational change task, not until 

4-year-old children can master false belief of themselves, 5-year-old children can do that of others. 

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2098.16 Developing features of theory of mind for preschool children in various tasks of false 

belief, Youqing Chen 1 , Guo'en Yin 2 , 1 Nanjing Xiaozhuang College, China; 2 Tianjin Normal 

University, Tianjin, China 

The research discussed developing features of theory of mind for 3 to 5-year-old children in three 

experiments where real people and doll coexisted. Conclusions are as follows: 1. Children 

recognition of false belief has not significant difference between real people and doll; 2. 

Behavior-predicted ability for 3 and 4-year-old children is better than that of recognition of false 

belief; 3. Self-recognition of false belief for 3 and 4-year-old children is significantly better than 

that of others; 4. Correct-recognition of false belief towards others for 5-year-old children gets 

stable; 5. Self-recognition of false belief for 4-year-old children is already stable. 

2098.17 Rational numbers: Fractional or decimal coding preferences in 12- and 14-years-olds, 

Henri Lehalle 1 , Lucile Dompnier 2 , François Jouen 1 , 1 Laboratoire Développement Complexité 

et Informatique, France, 2 Laboratoire Psychologie de la Mémoire et de la Cognition (LaMéCo) 

Montpellier, France 

Studies on rational numbers have focused on procedural and conceptual acquisitions but scarcely 

on the representational level (coding and transcoding). In this experiment, fifty adolescents, 7th 

and 9th grades, had first to establish and justify proportional correspondences between two 

dimensions (length of sticks and sheets of paper), second to express the same ratio "with a written 

number", third to indicate if they can express the same quantity in another way (another number). 

Results show a strong preference for fractional writing. Decimal writing improves with age as for 

the accessibility of both writings. Strategies for the proportional correspondences are also 

considered. 

2098.18 Development of the awareness of numerical codes in young children, Laurent Benoit 1 , 

Henri Lehalle 2 , François Jouen 2 , 1 Laboratoire Mémoire et Cognition, Montpellier III., France; 

2 

Laboratoire Développement Complexité et Informatique, France 

Despite numerous studies on counting, we know little about how young children learn the 

correspondences between the three main numerical codes: analogous, verbal/oral, written/arabic. 

In this experiment, forty-eight children (3-, 4- and 5- years old) were presented first to a 

designation task including all the combinations of the codes (for numbers 1 to 6), and second to an 

identity task letting to judge if two notations were “the same number”. Results show the 

developmental pathway up to the correct use of the three codes, and indicate that children before 5 

y.-o. can use the codes but fail the identity judgments. 

2098.19 Identifying whether the entity is alive from goal-directed movement, Sulan Qing, Fuxi 

Fang, Jie Luo, China 

To identify whether the entity is alive or not, unlike adults, young children rely chiefly on whether 

the object can move itself. In two studies we examined the effect of goal-directed verses aimless 

autonomous movement on children’s biological reasoning. Half of the participants (4-, 

5-,6-year-olds: Ns=96) were shown videos of unfamiliar blobs moving aimlessly, and the other 

half were shown videos of identical blobs moving identically but toward a goal. Goal-directed 

movement reliably elicited life judgments, however, speed and track (beeline and curve) affect 

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2098.24 Experimental study of eye-movement characteristics in children and adolescents’ 

classification, Binrong Dai, Guoli Yan, Zhengping Liu, Guoen Yin, China 

The experiment was designed to study the eye movement characteristics of different age groups 

while they were classifying the materials. 72 subjects including primary pupils, junior high school 

students and undergraduates were from Tianjin, their intelligence and eyesight were normal. The 

materials were consisted of 54 perceptually different pictures which were divided into 3sets.These 

materials were presented in 2 conditions. The results showed: The materials-presenting modes had 

effect on subjects’ classification, the numbers of area of interest, duration of fixation, times of 

fixation, the size of the pupil diameter, and all factors were different with ages. 

2098.25 Explicit memory and social communication in infancy as precursors for cognitive 

development at 4 years, Karin Strid 1 , Mikael Heimann 2 , Tomas Tjus 1 , Lars Smith 3 , 1 Goteborg 

University, Sweden; 2 University of Bergen, Norway; 3 University of Oslo, Norway 

Memory and social communication in infancy was tested as precursors for cognitive development 

at 4 years in typically developed Swedish children (n=30). At 9 and 14 months the children’s 

memory was examined using three different deferred imitation tasks on actions with objects. At 14 

months they conducted the joint attention part of the Early Social Communicative Scale. At 4 

years they were given the McCarthy Scales of Children’s Abilities. Memory and social 

communication together explained 25% of the variance on McCarthy. The mean score on 

McCarthy was higher for individuals performing above mean on both deferred imitation and joint. 

2098.26 Five to ten years old children’s individual differences in strategy choices, Hong Zhang, 

Wo Jianzhong, Beijing Normal University, China 

The participants in this research were 144 5-10 years old children. We used different addition 

problems to examine the individual difference in strategy choice. In solving the addition problems, 

various strategy rate of utilization had remarkable difference. Retrieval, counting up from the 

larger number and rounding strategy were faster than other strategies on 5-7 years old children. 

For 5-6 years old children, there was no difference in RT, but the perfectionists used more 

strategies. For 7-10 years old children, there was no significant difference in strategy choice, but 

the perfectionists used retrieval and rounding strategy faster than the not-so-good students. 

2098.27 Development of different components of theory of mind and their relations to preschool 

children’s prosocial behavior and peer acceptance, Jingxin Zhao, Wenxin Zhang, Shandong 


Development of children’s attribution of second-order false-belief and second-order 

emotion-understanding and the relative contribution of theory of mind and prosocial behavioral to 

children’s peer acceptance were examined in two related studies. The subjects were 108 children 

aged 3-6. Measures of theory of mind were two false-belief tasks and two emotion-understanding 

tasks. It was found that the two components of theory of mind showed different trend of 

development. Prosocial behavior was the best predictor of children’s peer acceptance. However, 

the prediction power of children’s theory of mind and prosocial behavior to peer acceptance varied 

with age. 

2098.28 Theory of mind, emotion understanding, aggression, and peer acceptance in 

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preschoolers, Yinghe Chen, Yanli Cui, Yuqing Wang, Beijing Normal University, China 

Young children’s understanding of mind and emotion constitute the two key early cmoponets of 

their social cognition. Individual difference in young children’s theory of Mind, emotion 

understanding, aggression, and peer acceptance were examined in 107 urban preschoolers from a 

kindergarten in Beijing of China. Results indicated: (1) children’s understanding of false belif and 

emotion increased with age. Individual difference in young children’s understanding false-belief; 

(2) understanding emotion and relational aggression were associate with difference in language 

ability. (3) Results show that both relational aggression and overt aggression are related to peer 

acceptance, while false-belief understanding and emotion understanding are not. 

2098.29 The social perspective taking in children: Its subtypes and measurement, Qinggong Li, 


The four stories, which were usually used to measure children’s social perspective taking (SPT) in 

western culture, were revised in order to measure children’s SPT in Chinese culture, two of them 

measured cognitive social perspective taking (CSPT), the other two measured affective social 

perspective taking (ASPT). We used the revised stories to measure 5- to 6-year-old children in 

China. The results indicated that the measurement of SPT had a good construct validity, and the 

developmental level of CSPT was lower than ASPT significantly which might be caused by 

different levels of difficulties in understanding the stories. 

2098.30 Children’s causal explanations and theory of mind, Cynthia Hsin-feng Wu, National 

Chengchi University, Taiwan, China 

This research assessed children’s causal utterances and reasoning in relation to children’s theory of 

mind, i.e., their explanations of how their own and other people’s minds operate. Forty-eight 

2½ to 5½ years old Mandarin-speaking Taiwanese children were engaged in 

book-reading activities and given theory of mind tasks regarding others’ false beliefs. Results 

indicated that the more varied the children’s causal explanations, the more they tended to pass the 

tasks. The finding suggests that children offer explanations to people and themselves in a pursuit 

of internal coherence and consistency. In turn, children’s mental development is driven by the 

pursuit. 

2098.31 Preschoolers’ understanding of second-order mental states, Hajimu Hayashi, Kyoto 


This study examines whether preschoolers can understand second-order mental states. Participants 

were 4-, 5-, and 6-year-olds. First-order and second-order false belief tasks were prepared. The 

two tasks had almost the same simple structure, so there was little difference in 

information-processing load between the tasks. The results show that 4-year-olds did not pass 

either task, while the 5- and 6-year-olds passed only the first-order task, despite the second-order 

belief task being nearly as simple as the first-order belief task. These results indicate that 

understanding of second-order mental states is a developmental issue for elementary school 

children. 

2098.32 The postnatal factor amplifies the difference of TOM ability development between 

normal and gifted children, Xiaojuan Jing, Jiannong Shi, Yuqing Zhang, Institute of 

494

inter-individual activity into intra-individual process. Ratner et al. (2002) considered 

source-monitoring error as an index of inter-subjective engagement and examined relationship 

between source-monitoring error and task performance. Although they found task performance 

was mediated by source-monitoring error, they did not examined whether inter-individual 

activities were internalized. We re-examined their findings using the errand planning task to 

examine that with third graders. We found participants who showed more source-monitoring error 

performed better and more likely to use strategies used in inter-individual activities than their 

counterparts even when they work for themselves. 

2098.41 Development of Chinese and North American children’s theory of mind, David Liu, 

Henry M. Wellman, Twila Tardif, Mark A. Sabbagh, University of Michigan, USA 

Scholars have argued that theory-of-mind development follows an universal course. In a recent 

meta-analysis (Wellman et al., 2001) of false-belief studies, children from different (largely 

Western) countries showed a consistent developmental trajectory. For a comprehensive 

comparison between Western and non-Western children, we conducted a meta-analysis of 150 

Chinese false-belief conditions (from Mainland China and Hong Kong) and 155 matched North 

American false-belief conditions. The results of the meta-analysis showed that Chinese and North 

American children similarly develop false-belief understanding between 2 ½ and 6 

years-of-age, providing important support for some universality in theory-of-mind development. 

2098.42 Developmental trend on children’s digit symbol coding and symbol search abilities: 

USA and Taiwan WISC-III norm compared, Hsin-Yi Chen 1 , Jianjun Zhu 2 , 1 Taiwan, China; 2 The 

Psychological Corporation, USA 

WISC-III Digit Symbol and Symbol Search subtests have been identified as yielding useful 

clinical information. In this proposed study, U.S.A WISC-III Standardization sample (N=2200) 

and Taiwan WISC-III norm sample (N=1100) are compared, and the developmental trends 

(includes performance and slope) based on raw scores of two cultures will be examed. We also 

interested in the role which Chinese character may play, since Chinese character is more like a 

complex symbol, it is expected that Chinese children may do better on these tasks, and this 

difference should be detected at very young age, and might disappear later as age grows older. 

2098.43 A longitudinal study on 3-year-old children’s mental rotation development, Jin Sun 1 , 

Sha Tao 1 , Hua Zhang 2 , Hongxia Wu 1 , 1 Beijing Normal University, China; 2 Peking University, 

China 

104 children of 3-year-old were traced for one year with standard mental rotation tasks. Children's 

performance much developed after one year. There was no significant difference in 3-year-old 

children's slide, rotation and flip scores, but in 4-year-old children's scores, their slide score was 

best, whereas rotation score was worst. No gender difference was found in both 3-and-4-year-old 

children's performance. While in the developmental pattern, boys' improvement in the slide task 

was fastest, and that in the rotation task was slowest. Girls' improvement was quite opposite to 

boys'. 

2098.44 Pattern cognition in early childhood: Its development and correlations, Hongxia Wu, 

Lijuan Pang, Yajuan Shi, Sha Tao, Beijing Normal University, China 

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2098.53 The role of 2nd order theory of mind in children’s comprehension of irony, Xiaosong 

Gai 1 , Fuxi Fang 2 , Yingjie Jiang 1 , 1 Northeast Normal University, China; 2 Institute of Psychology, 


Three experiments were designed to explore the role of 2nd order Theory of Mind in children’s 

comprehension of irony. Experiment 1 confirmed the correlation between these 2 factors, but 

further analysis showed that this correlation was indirect. Experiment 2 found that the prompt 

about irony speaker’s second order mental state did not contribute to children’s comprehension of 

irony. Experiment 3 showed that knowledge training about irony could significantly improve the 

comprehension of irony in children without TOM2. We concluded that at least for children in early 

stage of irony comprehension, the difficulty is mainly from the lack of knowledge. 

2098.54 Development of phonological skills and reading acquisition in French children, Jean 

Ecalle, Annie Magnan, University of Lyon2, France 

In a longitudinal study following prereading kindergartners through first grade (N=47), three 

phonological tasks involving different linguistic units (syllable, intrasyllabic unit, phoneme) were 

proposed: an epiphonological task (judgment of similarity (E)) and two metaphonological tasks 

(extraction of common units (M1) and unit substitution (M2). Performances decreased from E, to 

M1, to M2. In response to formal instruction, phonemes yielded better performances than larger 

units. The best predictors of reading were the substitution of syllables and phonemes. The links 

between phonological skills and reading were investigated. 

2098.55 Alphabet knowledge and early literacy skills in French beginning readers, Jean Ecalle, 

Annie Magnan, Catherine Biot-Chevrier, University of Lyon2, France 

Studies in different alphabetic languages have shown that letter knowledge constitutes a strong 

predictor in reading. In French, this issue is rarely addressed. Experiments examined the 

development of letter knowledge with literacy skills in French children before and during 

schooling. Different skills related to alphabet was studied in 62 kindergartners. A longitudinal 

study was carried out during formal instruction. Children with good letter-name knowledge in 

kindergarten got better performances in reading and spelling in first grade. Assessment of alphabet 

knowledge (letter-name, letter-sound, reciting tasks and name's writing) could be a good window 

to examine the level of alphabetic code. 

2098.56 The role of linguistic and contextual variables in preschool children’s emergent literacy, 

Lizbeth Vega, Silvia Macotela, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México 

This paper presents results of a study conducted to determine the predictive role of contextual and 

linguistic variables on emergent literacy in preschool children. Eighty three, 3 to 6 years old 

preschool children, their parents and teachers participated. Contextual variables were home daily 

activities, materials related to literacy and story reading in home and school. Children's oral 

linguistic abilities were also evaluated. Regression analysis revealed single and combined variable 

contribution, major effects corresponding to linguistic abilities and story reading by teachers. 

Results are discussed in terms of the importance to promote linguistic development trough daily 

activities. 

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2098.57 Development of preschool children’s early reading and its relationship with home 

literacy, Hui Zhou 1 , Bao Zhang 2 , 1 Sun Yat-sen University, China; 2 New Star Kindergarten, China 

Both cross-sectional and longitudinal designs were employed to explore Chinese preschoolers’ 

emergent literacy development, as well as the influence of home literacy on emergent literacy. 

Children’s early reading levels were indicated by knowledge of reading, character recognition and 

story understanding. It was found that the development of children’s emergent literacy was 

continual and the three components of emergent literacy developed independently. Home literacy 

could account for 5.4% to 9.1% variance of children’s emergent literacy. Further path analysis 

found that home literacy could impact children’s emergent literacy over time. Moreover, different 

home literacy categories affected different components of emergent literacy. 

2098.58 Paragraph structure awareness of Beijing and Hong Kong elementary school students, 

Qiu Zheng 1 , Xinchun Wu 1 , Hua Shu 1 , Alice Cheng Lai 2 , 1 Beijing Normal University, China; 

2 

The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China 

This research investigated the effect of five main paragraph structures on the elementary school 

students of grade 3 and grade 5 from Beijing and Hong Kong while using a 25-item test consisting 

of five kinds of traditional paragraph structures. The result showed that the paragraph structure 

awareness of children from Beijing is significantly better than the children from Hong Kong and 

as the grade increases, children’s paragraph structure awareness will improves significantly while 

gender difference is not significant. It also seemed that some kinds of paragraphs structure will be 

easier for the children to grasp. 

2098.59 The development of phonological awareness in Chinese children, Fen Xu, Qi Dong, Jie 

Yang, Wenxing Wang, Beijing Normal Universtiy, China 

This study examined Chinese children’s development of phonological awareness. In the short-term 

longitudinal study, the results show: (1) there is no significant difference of accuracy in tasks of 

Chinese rhyming, onset, tone awareness for the test taken in the beginning of first semester. But 

tone awareness was being developed faster than others in the end of the semester. (2) Different 

components of English phonological awareness have different developmental level. In the 

cross-sectional study, the results show that both Chinese and English phonological awareness was 

developed with the grades but development speed varies according to different components of 

phonological awareness. 

2098.60 Auditory pattern discrimination and phonological processing in children of school age, 

Miyuki Hosokawa 1 , Naoko Muroya 1 , Shinji Sato 2 , Hisao Maekawa 2 , 1 Doctral degree program 

of disability sciences, University of Tsukuba, Japan; 2 Institute of Disability Sciences, University of 


The purpose of this study is to examine the relation between the ability of phonological processing 

(phonological awareness, phonological recoding, and phonetic recoding in working memory) and 

the ability of auditory pattern discrimination in children of school age. Subjects were 42 younger 

children (CA6:07-9:06) and 48 elder children (CA 10:07-15:11), and each children group was 

divided more two groups by the performance of pattern discrimination task. The performances of 

phonological processing tasks were compared two groups. In results, it was suggested that the 

performance of pattern discrimination was associated with the performance of phonological 

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awareness tasks in younger children. 

2098.61 The interacted influence on seven year children from temperaments and home 

environmental factors, Liu Zhijun, Chen Huichang, Yu Fengru, Beijing Normal University, 

China 

The experimental observe was used to examine linguistic interacted theory on children’s vocal 

ability in China. Sixty-four participants were randomly chosen from a large longitudinal study. 

The results showed that family income, housing area and different fosters had no impacts on their 

vocal ability, father’s punishment was positive and mother’s refuse was negative to children’ 

linguistic ability among parental fostering styles, and their temperaments had no influence. Further 

correlated and regressional analysis also found there were no general interacted influence on 

children’ vocal ability between children’s temperaments and parental fostering, which possibly 

resulted from Chinese parental fostering. 

2098.62 Ecological performance and language development of preschoolers, Santosh Sangwan 1 , 

Sangeeta 2 , Anju Manocha 1 , 1 COHS, CCSHAU, Hisar, Haryana, India; 2 KU, Kurukshetra, 

Haryana, India 

Sangwan, Santosh, Sangeeta and Manocha, Anju. The present study was conducted on a sample of 

240 preschoolers. Results revealed that ordinal position of child and parental age had significant 

impact on verbal comprehensive and expressive language components in urban setting whereas in 

rural setting no impact was observed. The language performance of children was remarkably 

influenced by the educational level of parents. Children from high and middle caste families and 

with higher family income had significantly better performance on verbal comprehensive and 

expressive language in both the settings. Better performance in language component was observed 

in children who belonged to service and business class families in both the settings. 

2098.63 Relationship between emotional understanding and helpful intention & helpful behavior 

in 3- to 9-year-olds, Jinsheng Hu, Lizhu Yang, Liaoning Normal University, China 

Through situational experiments to 600 children, this study shows that emotional understanding 

scores increase with age; understanding of consistent situational and facial cues precedes that of 

conflicting cues, integrated cues precede facial or situational cues. Through situational stories test 

to 314 children, this study also explains that emotional understanding of children aged 3 to 5 is in 

the period of situational description and self-experience projection, which then preceded by 

empathy and re-processed understanding over 7 years old; children's helpful intention increases 

with ability of emotional understanding and partial donation gradually precedes no or whole 

donation. 

2098.64 Relationship of enabling-constraining parenting to exploration and commitment in the 

political domain, Wismaningsih Sudradjat, Samsunuwiyati Marat, University of Padjadjaran, 

Indonesia 

Research on a sample of Indonesian women indicate the existence of negative attitudes towards 

their active participation in political activities. A contributing factor was parental influence during 

their upbringing. The present study continues by examining the relationship between parenting 

style (enabling-constraining) to exploration and commitment in the political domain. Measures are 

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of the common middle school students. 

2098.69 A study on the mental quality structure for college students in China, Tao Wang, Da jun 

Zhang, Jian wen Chen, China 

This study composed a questionnaire for the college students’ mental quality according to the 

theoretical structure model. After researching on the mental quality of 2548 students from 13 

colleges with this questionnaire, we concluded that the structure was of multi-dimensions and 

multi-levels including 3 basic dimensions, 10 factors and 26 components. The cognitive 

dimension was comprised of reflectivity, creativity, practicality and meta-cognition; the 

personality dimension consisted of motivation, emotion, will and ego characters; the adaptation 

dimension was constituted by self-oriented adaptation and social-oriented adaptation. The 

empirical structure model could be conformed to the theoretical structure model. 

2098.70 Traits of students’ value orientation and the environmental situation, Xiaowen Li, China 

The objective of this research is to study the value orientation lying in the daily behavior of the 

adolescents and analyze the relation between the students’ value orientation and environmental 

situation. The results indicate that the adolescents have much more stronger individual value than 

collective and relational value which is quite different from the traditional value. They have strong 

inclination of competition and efficacy, and obvious tendency of equal and harmonious assort with 

adults. The correlations reveal that active learning and class atmosphere help to bring about 

students’ intrinsic and initiative value orientation. 

2098.71 A research of primary school children’s understanding and moral evaluation of lies and 

truths, Yanxin Zhu 1 , Risheng Zhang 2 , 1 Liaoning Normal University, China; 2 Beijing Normal 


This research investigated the differences of the participants’ understanding and moral evaluation 

of different types of lies and truths. 90 subjects in three groups (8,10,12) were asked to determine 

whether the characters lied or told truth and make moral judgments on their statements. Results 

revealed that primary school children mainly relied on factuality to determine whether a statement 

was a lie or a truth. Self-regard lies were considered as the most serious lie type than trick lies and 

white lies. The moral evaluation of direct truth telling is lower than positive truth telling and 

factual truth telling. 

2098.72 The relationship between individual characteristics and psychosocial adjustment of 

preschool children, Andreja Brajsa Zganec, Croatia, HR 

The aim was to examine the relationship between dimensions of children’s temperament (negative 

affectivity, extraversion/surgency and effortful control) and externalizing and internalizing 

problems, understanding of emotion and aggressive and prosocial behaviour of children. The 

investigation included 506 children (265 girls, 241 boys) aged between three and seven as well as 

their parents and kindergarten teachers. Hierarchical regression analyses were conducted with 

externalizing and internalizing problems, understanding of emotion and aggressive and prosocial 

behaviour as criterion variables and sociodemographic variables and dimension of temperament as 

predictors. The results showed that effortful control is the most important for better child 

psychosocial adjustment. 

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2098.74 Influences of social context on self-assertion of young children, Ayumi Suzuki, Kyoto 


This study investigates the influences of social context on self-assertive behavior of young 

children in two different social contexts: self's goal context and other's goal context. Participants 

were 4-year-olds (n=25) and 5-year-olds (n=23). In self's goal context, the promise that they could 

later play with attractive toys was not kept. In other's goal context, they could not finish the task 

requested by the experimenter because they lacked the needed materials. Whether they showed 

self-assertive behavior was observed in these two contexts. The results show that they displayed 

more self-assertive behaviors in other's goal context. 

2098.75 Study on relations among students’ prosocial behavior, interpersonal trust, social 

desirability and self-esteem in the elementary and middle schools, Li Wang 1 , Caina Li 2 , 

Tingzhao Wang 1 , 1 shaanxi Normal University, xi'an, China, 2 Beijing Normal Uiniversity, China 

Using the prosocial behavior evaluation questionnaire, the children’s machiavellianism scale, the 

Children’s social desirability scale and the self-esteem scale. 519 students were selected (257 

males and 262 females, whose age period is 8-17.) The result show: 1), the development of 

students’ prosocial behavior is charactered by coherence. 2), there is marked sex difference that 

schoolgirls has much more prosocial behavior than schoolboys.3) According to the results of the 

regression analysis, social desirability has the greatest influence on students’ prosocial behavior. 

We builds a path model of influences of interpersonal trust, social desirability and self-esteem on 

students’ prosocial behavior. 

2098.76 Developing the Five-Factor Personality (FFP) Questionnaire for children, Hong Zou, 

Yan Liu, Yingchun Wang, Liang Ju, Beijing Normal University, China 

This study is an attempt to revise the Five-Factor Personality (FFP) Questionnaire for Children 

previously developed for adolescents. A total of 2,556 children participated in the study and took 

the 60-item questionnaire (1,334 fourth graders and 1,222 seventh graders). In addition, 2,353 

parents of the children completed a related parent questionnaire. Factor analyses confirmed a 

five-factor structure. Correlation between FFP subscales and corresponding parent questionnaire 

subscales ranged from .453 to .340. Validity and reliability analyses were reported. MANOVA 

revealed significant gender and age differences on some of the five dimensions (extraversion, 

agreeableness, consciousness, and so on). 

2098.77 A study on development of the non-intelligence factors among pupils and high school 

students, Hongxin Yin 1 , Yisu He 2 , Hongyu Li 1 , Jun Dong 1 , Yuan Li 1 , 1 Tianjin Normal 

University, China; 2 Tianjin Physical Education College, China 

With the self-compiled Scale, we interviewed 365 juvenile subjects. The results are as follows: (1) 

the levels of some Non-intelligence factors (such as achievement motivation, affiliation 

motivation etc.) will be highly improved as the grows older. (2) the levels of most of the 

Non-intelligence factors for key school students are much more higher than those of the general 

school students. (3) the levels of learning-responsibility, stability of attention and 

learning-perseverance for female students are much more higher than those of the male students. 

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2098.78 The research of moral behavior and the sense of moral behavior efficacy of middly 

school students, Xiaodong Ma, China 

This paper put forward a new concept, the sense of moral behavior, which is based upon 

Bandura’s self-efficacy theory and Kohlberg’s model of moral judgments transforming into moral 

action. The thesis takes the middle school students as subjects and uses Sense of Moral Behavior 

Questionair and Moral Behavior Questionair as measuring instrument in order to explore the 

development characteristics of the sense of moral behavior and the relationship between the sense 

of moral behavior and moral behavior. 

2098.79 The development of solidarity with other members and self-independentness among 

Japanese college students of education, Mayumi Tanaka, Showa Women's University, Japan 

This research examines how Japanese college students of Education develop their personality 

component, Solidarity with Other Members (SO), and Self-Independentness (SI), during their 

college life. The subjects were 99 female education majors. They were asked to answer a 

questionnaire both at the beginning and at the end of their college life. The survey found that the 

average score of SO was higher than that of SI. It also found that the less-motivated students for 

going into the teaching proffesion had characteristics of low SO and that they had not developed 

SO as much as the motivated students during their college life. 

2098.80 The reseach on the education about the personality of the children from the single parent 

family, Liping Yun, Hongbin He, Chang'an University, China 

Single parent family is a family that the other parent has died or divorced and given up the custody 

and foster rights. There is much negative influence on the children who are in those kinds of 

families. Therefore, how to cultivate perfect personality of those children is an important thing for 

the children, for the family, especially for the society. The writer analyzed the formation of the 

negative influence on those children, and point out the advantages and disadvantages of the filial 

education in those special families. Then the writer offers a set of manipulative strategies for the 

single parent. 

2098.81 The relationship between family functioning and general health among junior high 

school students, Parvin Kadivar, Valiollah Farzad, Teacher Training University, Iran 

Using multiple sampling method, 406 third grade male and female students (204 girls and 202 

boys) were selected. The family functioning scale (Bloom, 1985) and Goldberg’s General health 

Questionaire (GHQ), were used to measure the variables. Data were analyzed using multiple 

regression coefficient and Pearson corrolation methods. Analysis of the data shows that in general 

there is a positive statistical significant relationship between family functioning and general health. 

Among the family functioning variables, there was a positive significant relationship between, 

family cohesion and general health. There was also a positive significant relationship between 

family expressivesness and general health. 

2098.82 The relationship between family functioning, moral Judgement and adjustment, 

Mohammadhadi Shahsavari, Parvin Kadivar, Morteza Manteghi, Teacher Training University, 

Iran 

The present research investigated the relationship between family functioning, moral reasoning, 

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and adjustment. 230 male first-graders of high schools were chosen randomly as sample group. 

Subjects completed three scales, Bloom’s family functioning scale (1985), Defining Issues Test 

(DIT) and Sinha and Singh adjustment questionnaire. USing Pearson correlation coefficient and 

multiple regression, the data analysis showed that there is meaningful relationship between Moral 

Judgment and 4 dimensions of family functioning. These dimensions are: Cohesion, 

expressiveness, external locus of control, and democratic family style. There is also a meaningful 

relationship between family functioning and adjustment. 

2098.83 The comparison of social skills level in orphan and normal girls, Mohsen Rangraz 

jeddi, Fariba Zarani, B.S, Iran 

To examine and comparison social skills level in orphan and normal girls, 53 students were 

included in this study.33 students were orphan that compaired with 20 normal students in social 

skills. All students were asked to complete Social Skills Inventory. The results showed that orphan 

students have lower level of social skills than normal students. Results and implications are 

discussed in terms of family role and social development theories. 

2098.84 The characteristics of educational belief of parents in kindergartens of minority area, 

Shangbao Chen 1 , Rong Bi 2 , Li Dong 1 , Jianzhong Wo 2 , 1 Beijing Normal University, China; 

2 

Xinjiang Institute of Education Research, China 

This study tries to explore the characteristics of educational belief of parents in Xinjiang--a 

minority area so that the difference between Han and minorities could be found. Subjects are 

selected from 16 kindergartens and there are altogether 2519 parents. Results are as follows: (1) 

fathers generally prefer the educational ideas of environment-determinism and passive-acceptance 

than mothers do while mothers prefer the ideas of appreciation and frustration; (2)parents of 

minority lay more importance on environment-determination, active exploration and passive 

acceptance than Han parents do while Han parents prefer the ideas of appreciation and frustration. 

2098.85 Study on the relationship among temperament type, mother’s attitude and self-regulation 

from 3-7 ages old, Dawei Li, Northeast Normal University, China 

This paper, through observational methods and questionnaires responded to by 121 children from 

3-7 years old in Yichun region, probes into the relationship among children’s temperament type, 

mother’s attitude and self-regulation. The results show that: (1) The children’s temperament type, 

which present the positive correlation with self-regulation. Moreover, there are negative 

correlation among self-regulation, activity, and attention distraction; (2) It can interpret 43.6% 

percent of self-regulation by children’s temperament type and mother’s attitude, namely, other 

factors also function in self-regulation; (3) In the situation of “to do” and “not to do”, children’s 

self-regulating behavior will increase as it grows up. 

2098.86 Fathers’ childrearing attitude and its prediction of children’s problem behaviors, 

Hongxue Zhang, Huichang Chen, Junli Yin, Beijing Normal University, China 

This study examined longitudinally relations between fathers’ childrearing attitude and children’s 

problem behaviors and school adjustment from four to seven years. 54 children (24 boy, 30 girl) 

participated the study. At children’s four and seven years, 54 fathers completed CRPR and CBCL, 

at children’s seven years old, teacher completed T-CRS. The results revealed: (1) Fathers’ 

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childrearing attitude can predict boy’s problem behaviors, but cannot predict girls’. (2) Fathers’ 

childrearing attitude can predict children’s school adjustment partly. (3) From four to seven years 

of children, fathers’ childrearing attitude has both stability and change. (4) Fathers’ childrearing 

attitude had some gender difference. 

2098.87 Behavioral inhibition, maternal rearing practice and children’s problem behaviors, Ling 

Shan, Huichang Chen, China 

The purpose of this study is to examine, on the prediction of children's problem behaviors, the 

interaction of children's behavioral inhibition and maternal rearing practice when the children is 2 

to 4 years old. We observed the behavioral inhibition of the children with the Strange Situation 

Method and invited their mothers to complete the CRPR. We found that, when the children were 2 

years old, children's inhibition predicted their internal behaviors only when their mothers' 

controlling level was high and when 4 years old, Children's inhibition predicted their internal 

behaviors only when their mothers' rejecting level was high. 

2098.88 Personal social networks and multiproblem families: Frailties and strengths, Liliana 

Sousa 1 , Margarida Cerqueira 2 , 1 University of Aveiro, Portugal; 2 University of Aveiro, Portugal 

What strengths and frailties show personal social networks of multiproblem families? This is a 

crucial question in a time when a substantial body of data is showing the protective effect of social 

ties on well being, personal development and social adjustment. A sample of 100 members of 

multiproblem families was inquired through the Personal Social Networks Analysis Instrument 

(Alarcã o et al., 1998). Main findings reveal that: i) main strengths are related to the social 

network capacity of giving supports in different areas, specially emotional support; ii) main 

frailties are high location on families, low relational proximity and low reciprocity. 

2098.89 Perceived social support in relation to social networks in early adolescence, Andreja 

Brajsa Zganec 1 , Nino Zganec 2 , 1 Institute of Social Sciences Ivo Pilar, Croatia; 2 Ministry of 

health and social welfare, Croatia 

The aim of this investigation was to examine the relationship between social networks (family 

number, number of good friends, time spend with family and friends etc.) and perceived social 

support (instrumental support, support for self-esteem and belonging and acceptance) in early 

adolescence. The sample comprised 319 girls and 333 boys with a mean age of twenty years and 

six months. The results showed that number of good friends as one indicator of social network 

significantly contributed to higher perceived social support. The results are discussed in relation to 

importance of social networks for perceived social support in early adolescence. 

2098.90 Child-care and parental predictors of preschool attachment, Ping Hu 1 , Zhaolan Meng 2 , 

1 2 

Renmin University of China, China; Peking University, China 

This study used Multinomial logistic regression to examine relationship between child-care 

experience (overall family functioning) and preschool attachment. Attachment type was assessed 

at 18 months with the Strange Situation and 30 months with Q-sort tests, and A, B, C, and D was 

classification. Maternal sensitivity was the first and strongest predictor of preschool attachment 

classification, next one is the home quality. When maternal sensitivity and the home quality was 

controlled, four facts of the child temperature were relative with the attachment type. At last, the 

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internal working model in different culture context was discussed. 

2098.91 Level of disability as it affects functioning in siblings of children with cerebral palsy, 

Alexa Martin-Storey, Kellie Hadden, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Canada 

There is more parenting stress in families of children with cerebral palsy (CP) when compared 

with other families. When examining the siblings of children with disabilities, researchers have 

focused on negative effects that may result from less time spent with the non-disabled child. This 

study will examine whether the severity of disability of children who have CP predicts sibling 

psychosocial functioning. Twenty families of children with CP will be surveyed using Goodman's 

Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. Children who have siblings that are more disabled are 

expected to have lower levels of psychosocial functioning, as their siblings will require more care. 

2098.92 Video games playing and its influence on adolescent academic achievement, Jing 

Zhang, Wenxin Zhang, Shandong Normal University, China 

Adolescent engagement in video games playing is becoming a big concern of many parents and 

schools in urban China. In this study, the prevalence and major characteristics of video games 

playing were investigated in a sample of 1700 adolescents aged 12 to 16. The result indicated: a. 

more than two third of the adolescents investigated ever played video games, and net game was 

the most popular type of video games; b. boys liked video games better than girls and also spent 

more time on it; c. exposing to video games had negative effects on adolescent academic 

achievement. 

2098.93 Grand parenting and its influences on the social and behavioral development of 

grandchildren in Chinese families, Liying Pei, Wenxin Zhang, Linqin Ji, Chun Li, Xin Tian, 

Shandong Normal University, China 

Given the universal phenomenon that grandparents have been playing important role in helping 

rear grandchildren in Chinese families, systematic study of grand parenting has been rare in 

Chinese psychology. In the present study, grand parenting, parenting and the social and behavioral 

development of the grandchildren were investigated in around 600 urban and rural families of 

children aged 2 to 6. Major findings include information of grandparent role in helping rear 

grandchildren, characteristics of grand parenting in terms of SES and demographical variables, 

differences between grand parenting and parenting style, and grandparents’ influences on social 

and behavior development of grandchildren. 

2098.94 The effect of economic hardship on psychological adjustment of mothers from singleand 

two-parent families, Zora Raboteg-Saric, Institute of Social Sciences "Ivo Pilar", Croatia 

The aim of this research was to investigate determinants of parenting in families with different 

family structure. Mothers from single-parent (N=166) and two-parent (N=192) families are 

compared regarding their psychological well-being and parenting practices. The participants 

completed questionnaire that included various socio-demographic variables and measures of 

family's economic pressure, parental stress, depressive moods, parental support and monitoring. 

Single mothers experienced more often depressive moods and higher economic pressure. However, 

family structure was not related to parental behavior. The findings indicate that economic pressure 

in both family types influences parental behavior through its effects on mother's mood and 

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parental stress. 

2098.95 Parenting effect on the social adjustment of elementary school children in China, 

Xiaojuan Jing, Yuqing Zhang, Jiannong Shi, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of 


This study is to explore the distinctive effect of father and mother on the social adjustment of 

children in elementary school in China. Meanwhile, the interaction is also examined. For 

Children’s social adjustment, 231 elementary children in Beijing aged at 8, 10,and 12 were 

investigated and social nomination, emotion problems (CDI, CLS) and behavior problems (CBCL) 

were considered. Father, mother and children finished parent-child relationship questionnaire 

respectively. The findings indicate that father and mother have distinctive effect on children’s 

social adjustment. father-son relationship reports are significantly related with son’s social 

acceptance. Children’s emotion problems are more predictable with mother-children relationship. 

2098.96 The two parent-child relationships in middle-aged women: An analysis of sandwich 

generation (1), Saeko Kuwa, Myungok Yang, Takashi Muto, Hiroko Fujisaki, Ochanoimzu 


Middle-aged women hold two parent-child relationships: relationship with their parents, and 

relationship with their children. In this period of life, women maintain roles both as child and 

parent on the same time. Focusing on these two types of parent-child relationship, we developed a 

scale in the purpose of making its structure clear. The scale was based on Parent-Child 

Relationship Questionnaire. Two other scales were referred to also to better fit the characteristics 

of Japanese. A questionnaire survey was done with 800 middle-aged women (age 45-64). Four 

factors were discovered as the result of factor analysis by using SEM. 

2098.97 The middle-aged women’s two parent-child relationships: An analysis of sandwich 

generation, Myungok Yang, Saeko Kuwa, Takashi Muto, Hiroko Fujisaki, Ochanoimzu 


Middle-aged women hold two parent-child relationships: relationship with their parents, and 

relationship with their children. In this period of life, women maintain roles both as child and 

parent on the same time. Focusing on these two types of parent-child relationship, we developed a 

scale in the purpose of making its structure clear. Four factors (Interference, Disciplinary warmth, 

Warmth, Support) were found in Study 1. We used these factors as the variables and examined 

them by demographical properties, i.e., age, life stage, family structure, frequency of 

communication, and so on. The result suggests these variables affected the middle-aged women’s 

parent-child relationship. 

2098.98 Adolescents’ attitudes toward filial piety, Kun Zhang, Wenxin Zhang, Shandong 

Teachers'University, China 

Data were collected via the FPS administered to a sample of 891 adolescents of grade 9, 10, 11 

and 12 from the urban and rural areas in an effort to investigate the adolescents' attitudes toward 

filial piety. The results indicated: (1) There was significant difference in Adolescents' attitudes 

toward the four domains of filial piety. (2) In general, rural adolescents held stronger agreement 

than urban adolescents. Significant difference was found among Adolescents of different grade. 

510

accurate mothers tended to have more competent children. The results will be discussed by 

Cultural/Historical Theory of Vygotsky. 

2098.103 A study of relationship between children’s loneliness and parenting, Qingxin Shi 1 , 

Zhengyan Wang 2 , Kan Zhang 1 , 1 Institute of Psychology Chinese Academy of Sciences; 2 Capital 


The study focuses on the relationship between children’s loneliness and parenting by using a 

questionnaire. 331 students who are in grade four, five or six of a primary school in Beijing were 

interviewed. The results indicate that sex difference obviously exists in the children’s loneliness, 

the average score of boy’s is higher than that of girl’s; but there is no grade difference. Certain 

relationship between parenting and loneliness does exist. Inappropriate parental rearing is one of 

the determinant factors of their children’s loneliness, so parents should adjust their rearing style. 

2098.104 Exploration of Jewish creativity, Chen Zhina 1 , Zhou Hengcai 2 , Yuan Guiping 2 , 

1 2 

Institue of Education Science, China; Shenyang Normal University, China 

Jewish nation has a long history suffering much distress but full of intelligence. It performed an 

everlasting contribution in human civilization and social development, which manifested its 

astonishing creativity. The reasons are: (1) benefiting from religious belief system of 

contract-mode human-god relationship; (2) benefiting from misery social historic circumstances; 

(3) benefiting from special family education concepts. 

2098.105 Correlation of parents’ and teachers’ attitude forward children on their self-evaluation, 

Zhe Cui, Jianxin Zhang, Yuhui Li, Beijing, China 

To explore the effects of parents’ and teachers’ attitude forward children on their self-evaluation, 

1335 secondary school students were asked to complete the self-evaluation scale, 1022 parents to 

complete the parents’ questionnaire and 232 teachers to complete the teachers’ questionnaire. It is 

found that the self-evaluation in study is positively correlated to gender and grade, while the 

self-evaluation on peer-relation and appearance is only positively correlated to grade but gender; 

and the effects of teachers’ attitude on self-evaluation is stronger than parents’. These findings 

suggest that both parents and teachers, and teachers in particular have influence on students’ 

self-evaluation. 

2098.106 Research of the psychology situation of migrant workers’ children in Beijing suburb, 

Mei Zhao, Richang Zheng, He Huang, Beijing Normal University, China 

This study examined the possible relationship between living condition of migrant workers’ 

children and some aspect of their mental health with a sample of the children living in Beijing 

suburb. We investigated the influence of living condition to the children’s self-confidence and put 

forward that poor living condition would weaken their self-confidence. Additionally, effects of 

income status upon unfair feeling were demonstrated. According to our prediction, the results 

revealed that the elder they were, the more suspicious of the social morality. Meanwhile these 

findings provide some suggestion for the future research and intervention. 

2098.107 A research on the psychological characteristics of teenagers using internet, Liheng Fan, 

Henan University, China 

512

Alejandro Bravo, University of Brasilia, Brazil 

There are nowadays two opposed discourses about the toxicomania’s question: the traditional, 

connected to more repressive postures, that considers only the illegal drugs, turning into criminal 

the users; and one other, called harm reduction, that there is not as objective the total elimination 

of the act of consuming but the decrease of the harmful effects. At the particular case of the 

Federal District’s public institutions, Brazil, are analysed as much the kind of the predominant 

discourses in each one of them, as the power relationships that they permit and organize, regarding 

em particular the management levels. 

2098.117 Building intergroup tolerance in the South African workplace, Joha Louw-Potgieter, 

University of Cape Town, South Africa 

This paper describes a tolerance building intervention in South African workplaces. The structure, 

content and theoretical bases of the intervention are explained. The impact of the intervention on 

intergroup tolerance is analysed. Finally, suggestions for improving the intervention are offered. 

2098.118 Age images of ageing: An exploratory study on the Portuguese population, Liliana 

Sousa, Margarida Cerqueira,University of Aveiro, Portugal 

Images of ageing across different levels of individual development permit to portrait the social 

understanding on the process of ageing. Pursuing this objective a sample of 120 persons, divided 

equally into 4 age groups (15-25; 35-45; 55-65; 75-85) was inquired using a semi-structured 

interview about their perspective on ageing and being elderly. Results show: i) negative images 

are predominant in all age groups; ii) the incidence of negative images increases with age; iii) in 

all age groups negative images are associated to “dependency”; iv) positive images in all age 

groups are related to “wisdom” and being just “another life stage”. 

2098.119 Photographic identification of delinquent women, Concha Antón, Eugenio Garrido, 

Pedro Tomé, Jaume Masip, Carmen Herrero, University of Salamanca, Spain 

Brigham and Ready (1985) methodology was used to analyze the aptitude to differ the delinquent 

women. We propose that witnesses have more difficulties to discriminate against the women's 

individual characteristics that develop not consistent conducts with their stereotype that those of 

the men who realize the same conducts. 84 witnesses watch a man/woman stole a birfcase in a 

videotape and then they must realize a photographic identification wheel. The crime would not 

form a part of the stereotype of the women. We expect that the witnesses selected more 

photographies similar to the thief that the thieving. Our hypothesis was confirmed. 

2098.120 I can (not) avoid doing badly: The effects of perceived source of a negative self-relevant 

stereotype on performance, Ilan Dar Nimrod, Steven Heine, University of British Columbia, 

Canada 

The theory of stereotype threat states that activating self-relevant stereotypes can lead people to 

behave in ways consistent with the stereotype. Using a repeated measures design, attributions 

concerning gender-based differences in mathematical ability were manipulated by presentation of 

either genetic or experientially-based explanations, while the strength of the alleged differences 

was held constant. Personality, motivational, and cognitive variables, potentially mediating the 

effect, were examined. Results supported the hypothesis that the perceived basis for gender 

515

differences in math ability affects women’s mathematical performance. Several implications of 

this effect, as well as factors, which may play a mediating role, are discussed. 

2098.121 Images and meaning in stereotyping, Marcos Pereira, Federal University of Bahia, 

Brazil 

This paper intends to determine whether the evaluation of a target category, through a simple 

presentation of the verbal label of it, differs from another evaluation, in which is added, during its 

presentation, a photograph of a typical sample of the mentioned category. A second focus of 

interest tries to determine the influence of the size of city on the participant evaluation of social 

distance. The results point out a remarkable difference in the evaluation of the target category 

when participants were exposed to entirely abstract stimuli, compared to when photos of examples 

from the target group were added. 

2098.122 Stereotypes in linguistic intergroup bias in Bahia, Marcos Pereira, Joice F. Silva, 

Roberta Brasileiro, Paula Bacellar, Marcelo Navarro, Federal University of Bahia, Brazil 

The aim of this work is to evalute the intergroup linguistic bias in partcipants from white ethnic 

origin and in participants from the African ethnic origin who are living in Salvador, Brazil. The 

dependable variable was related to a forced choice among four options, each of them representing 

a linguistic codification with a different level of abstraction. The results, unlike those ones found 

in written sources, did not show any effect determined by the participant’s ethnic condition, nor by 

the character’s one, nor even by the interaction of these two variables. 

2098.123 Skin colour and cultural changing in `Portugal and Brazil: A comparative study, Marcos 

Pereira, Marcus Eugênio Lima Costa, Federal University of Bahia, Brazil 

The main purpose of this poster is to investigate, using intercultural data in a experimental design, 

the effects of skin colour and cultural changing on the evalaution of social groups. The results 

show significant differences of the skin colour and cultural changing on the evaluation and 

representations constructed on target groups. The results also indicate effects of country (Brazil or 

Portugal) on the racism against Black people. The results are discussed based on some 

contemporary theories about stereotypes and racism, stressing the sociocognitive tendency to 

essentialisation and naturalization of the difference between groups, specially the racialization and 

etnicization of minorities. 

2098.124 Hostile sexism and benevolent sexism in Japanese high school students, Kumiko 

Takabayashi, Hitotsubashi University, Japan 

This study examined whether high school students in Japan showed hostile sexism and benevolent 

sexism when they feel threat to self. It was assumed that participants who feel threat were more 

likely to apply non-traditional women stereotype “ competent but not warm”, and traditional 

women stereotype “not competent but warm” than participants who do not feel threat. As a result, 

despite threat, on the whole career-oriented women were evaluated more favorably than 

housewife-oriented women, although housewife-oriented women were evaluated favorably as 

dream bait. This results were affected the recent social tendency of gender equality and women’s 

social advancement. 

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2098.125 U. S. Films perpetuate the stigma of mental illness, Wedding Danny, University of 

Missouri, Columbia, USA 

Movies shape public perceptions of mental illness, people with mental illness, and those 

professionals who threat these disorders. Likewise, public attitudes about alcoholism, drug 

addiction and developmental disabilities are all profoundly influenced by the portrayal of these 

conditions on television and in contemporary cinema. This poster session will review the ways in 

which schizophrenia is portrayed in contemporary American movies. Photos from films will be 

used to illustrate both accurate and inaccurate presentations of mental illness in movies, and the 

poster session will highlight the ways in which films perpetuate the stigma associated with mental 

illness and addictions. 

2098.126 Perception of a just world and prejudice among men and women of the communitiies- 

Hindu, Muslim,Sikh and Christians, Sangeeta Khullar, Sangeeta Bhatnagar, MKP (PG) college, 

Dehradun, India 

With religious revivalism and communal strife providing a backdrop, this study attempts to assess 

Prejudice and Just World perceptions of Male and Female Ss belonging to the 4 major eligiions in 

India-Hindu, Muslim, Sikh and Christian. Results of 4*2 ANOVA for Prejudice show a significant 

F-ratio for Sex, Religious groups and Interaction. Similar analysis for Just World scores show a 

non significant F-ratio for Sex but significant F-atio for Religious groups and Interaction. The 

correlation coefficients between Prejudice and Just World perceptions are positive but not 

significant. 

2098.127 The ambivalent sexism in a Spanish context, Concha Antón, Eugenio Garrido, Pedro 

Tomé, Carmen Herrero, University of Salamanca, Spain 

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the hostile sexism (HS) and benevolent sexism on a 

sample of 256 students of Psychology in Spain. 53 men and 203 women completed the 

Ambivalent Sexism Inventory (Glick & Fiske, 1996). The confirmatory factorial analysis 

confirmed the validity of the factor structure of the Ambivalent Sexism Inventory. This results add 

to the evidence for the cross-cultural validity of ambivalent sexism. 

2098.128 PGDD and collective action – the importance of perceived discrimination on 

understanding identity management strategies in dominated group members, Joao António, 

Maria Benedicta Monteiro, ISCTE-University of Lisbon, Portugal 

In this study, Personal Group Discrimination Discrepancy was included in Social Identity Theory 

Model in order to discuss the role of such variable on explaining collective action. In a 

correlational study with black adolescents participants, it was found that relations between 

perceived discrimination and the other variables in the model were different according to 

participant’s nationality (Portuguese vs. other). Only in the case of foreigners it was found that 

perceived (group) discrimination contributes as a significant variable on predicting collective 

action. It was also found some support, in the case of Portuguese, to the status-legitimacy 

hypothesis (Major et al., 2002). 

2098.129 Social sanctions, ethnicity and attributions of responsibility, Alexandra Snellman, 

Doctoral student, Sweden 

517

Attributions of the actor’s own responsibility for his or her situation decide what emotional 

reaction and further behaviour an observer will have towards him or her (e.g. Weiner 2001). 

Actor’s responsibility was combined with ethnicity and tested on 119 participants. The amount of 

help behaviour was correlated with scores on The Social Dominance Orientation Scale. Results 

showed higher help scores for out-group targets and a negative correlation with SDO. The first 

was unexpected and needs further research to be fully understood and the latter was in line with 

hypothesis and previous research. 

2098.130 The research for the psychological state of a son-in law who lives in the home of his 

wife’s parent, Yanmiao Li, South China Normal University, China 

The essay studies a particular phenomenon of marriage-the existence of this kind husband (a 

son-in law who lives in the home of his wife’s parent) in villages by means of qualitative study, 

and knows how the peasant treat the particular phenomenon of marriage. The analysis indicate that 

the social-oriented achievement and conformity are the two most important psychological 

peculiarities. And the clannish marriage plays a leading part and the independent marriage starts to 

appear. 

2098.131 Representations of Islam and Muslims in psychological publications, Lorraine 

Sheridan, Adrian North, University of Leicester, UK 

A review was conducted of 1,354 abstracts on the PsycINFO database that contained the terms 

‘Islam’, ‘Muslim’ and/or ‘Moslem’. These were analysed in terms of article type, publication type, 

topic, tone towards Islam, place of publication, and religious background of author. It was 

concluded that Islam remains the focus of only a small proportion of the total number of published 

works; that 19.9% of abstracts represented comments, advice, and observations, rather than 

data-driven research; that 7.2% adopted a negative tone toward Islam (compared with 12.9% that 

were positive); and that few publications investigated attitudes towards Muslim populations. 

2098.132 Problem and way out on psychological research of religion in China, Yongsheng Chen, 

Liqing Lu, Zhejiang Noemal University.China 

Since the 1980s,the Chinese researchers have been stressing to introduce and evaluate the foreign 

documents of psychology of religion. So far, there is no Chinese one in published papers which 

carried out by experimental or testing method in the field of psychology of religion. The authors 

of this article are trying to explore Chinese students’ psychological problems on religion by using 

eye-link instrument and other measurement tools. Perhaps the efforts of the authors contribute to 

improve work quality about psychology of religion in China and increase chances of 

intercommunion and cooperation with scholars from other countries. 

2098.133 Relationship between forgiveness and anxiety in parents of exceptional and normal 

children, Bagher Ghobari, Tehran University, Tehran, Iran 

This study investigates the relationship between forgiveness and anxiety in parents of exceptional 

and normal children. 36 parents of retarded children were selected and matched with 36 parents of 

normal children randomly. Enright Forgiveness Inventory, and Spielberger’s State-Trait Anxiety 

Inventory were used. A significant negative correlation was found between forgiveness and all 

kinds of anxiety (general, state & trait) in normal children’s parents. A significant negative 

518

correlation was found between forgiveness and both general and trait anxiety in parents of 

exceptional children. Moreover, there was a negative significant relationship between forgiveness 

and state anxiety in mothers of exceptional children. 

2098.134 Religiosity and Self-Construal: Interdependence in an Individualistic Culture, Emma 

Buchtel, University of British Columbia, Canada 

Investigating the relationship of self-concept and culture (Religious vs. Non-Religious), 116 

undergraduate students (50% female) filled out a Religious Means questionnaire (Fiorito and Ryan, 

1998, August), a Self-Construal Scale (Singelis 1994); and a Communal Orientation scale (Clark, 

Ouellette, Powell, and Milberg, 1987). Results showed that 1) religiosity is significantly positively 

correlated with Interdependent Self-Construal (“spiritual” feelings being the most important 

predictor) and has no correlation with Independent Self-Construal; and 2) religiosity is a better 

predictor of Interdependent Self-Construal than Communal Orientation. Findings suggest that 

religiosity, as a sub-culture within an individualistic general culture, can have measurable effects 

on self-concept. 

2098.135 Examing the relationship between religious attitude and coping style with mental health 

among university students, Javad Kavousian 1 , Hamid raza Oreizi 2 , Iraj Faizi 1 , Mohamad 

Alvandi 2 , 1 Teacher Training University, Iran; 2 Asfehan University, Iran 

This study investigated the relationship between religious attitude and coping styles with mental 

health. The sample of the research consisted of 215 boys and girls selected randomly among 

student of teacher training university. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and t-test and 

correlation methods. Results of the study showed that; there was no relationship between religious 

attitude and coping styles whit metal health, also there was no relationship between attitude 

religious with mental health. There was significant relationship between religious attitude and 

emotion-based coping. Also significant relationship was found between coping styles and mental 

health. 

2098.136 Implicit and explicit attitude to the 3 major religion of the world, Aleksandra 

Fila-Jankowska, University of Gdańsk, Poland 

In 3 experiments (3 countries) the behavioral tendency towards representative objects as a 

component of implicit attitude was measured. In computer simulation three parameters - final 

distance, time and way of moving - exhibits approaching towards representation of tested 

phenomena. Constructed indicator correlates significantly with measures of explicit attitudes. The 

final distance from the objects which represent Christianity is the shortest for Christians, the same 

way Buddhists present the most positive attitude to Buddhism and Muslims to Islam. This general 

results are consistent with hypotheses. But individual differences in compatibility of implicit and 

explicit attitudes is an important point of consideration. 

2098.137 An investigation of the relationship between parental anxiety and perfectionism with 

students’ test anxiety, Mohammad Ali Besharat 1 , Mariam Abbasi 1 , Kazem Rasulzadeh 

Tabatabai 2 , 1 Tehran University, Iran; 2 Tarbiat Modarress University, Iran 

To examine the relationship between parental anxiety and perfectionism with students' test anxiety, 

396 third grade students were studied. Students were asked to complete Test Anxiety Inventory. 

519

The positive and Negative Perfectionism Questionnaire and Cattell Anxiety Scale were used to 

measure parental anxiety and perfectionistic attitudes (170 mothers, 186 fathers). The results 

showed that parental anxiety and perfectionism scores were significantly related to the students' 

test anxiety scores: 1) parental negative perfectionism was positively related to students' test 

anxiety; 2) parental positive perfectionism was negatively related to students' test anxiety; 3) 

parental anxiety was positively related to students' test anxiety. 

2098.138 Family burden & its correlates among caregivers of schizophrenia & bipolar affective 

disorder, Ritu Nehra, Subho Chakrabarti, Parmanand Kulhara, Rajni Sharma, Institute of 

Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India 

To examine the burden and its association among the caregivers of patients with schizophrenia and 

bipolar affective disorder (BPAD).Caregivers of 100 patients (50 each schizophrenia & BPAD) 

were interviewed to determine patient’s dysfunction, burden, appraisal, coping patterns and trait 

neuroticism among caregivers. No significant differences were observed in caregivers burden 

between the two groups. Burden was found to be positively correlated with dysfunction, 

problem-focused and avoidance domains of coping. Higher the dysfunction in patient more burden 

is experienced by the caregivers. Problem-focused and avoidance coping strategies were used 

more by those who experienced higher burden. 

2098.139 An investigation of the relationship between locus of control and marital satisfaction, 

Naser Goodarzi 1 , Mohammad Naqi Farahani 2 , Valiollah Farzad 2 , 1 The University of Tehran, 

Iran; 2 The University of Tarbiat Moallem, Iran 

To examine the relationship between locus of control and marital satisfaction, 100 Tehran Medical 

University Professional Staffs (50 male, 50 female) were included in this study. Subject were 

asked to complete the Levenson's Internal, Powerful of Others and Chance (IPC) Orientation 

Scales, and the Rofe Marital Satisfaction Inventory. Results showed that internal locus of control 

was positively related to different aspects of marital satisfaction, and external locus of control (P 

and C) was negatively related to marital satisfaction. No significant differences were found 

between men and women in terms of the relationship between locus of control and marital 

satisfaction. 

2098.140 The impact of attachment styles on marital discords among infertile couples, Habib 

Meynaghi 1 , Niloofar Amir Zahedi 1 , Mohammad Ali Besharat 2 , 1 Iran University of Science and 

Technology, Iran; 2 Tehran University, Iran 

As major life crisis, infertility is a very stressful and distressing experience leading to marital 

problems. To examine the contribution of attachment styles to marital problems, 30 infertile 

couples (n=60) who entered couple therapy because of their marital discord were included in this 

study. All 60 subjects completed the Adult Attachment Inventory and the Golombok Rust 

Inventory of Marital State (GRIMS) Questionnaire. Attachment styles were shown to be 

significantly related to marital problems. Secure persons reported less marital discord than 

insecure persons. Partners of secure persons also reported lower levels of marital problems than 

partners of insecure persons. 

2098.141 Factors affecting parenting beliefs of 4-6 kindergarteners’ parents, Li Dong, Shangbao 

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Chen, Shaoxian Zhou, Jianzhong Wo, Beijing Normal University, China 

This study tries to explore the factors that affect parenting beliefs of 4-6 kindergarteners’ parents 

combined with particular parenting beliefs. Subjects are selected from 16 kindergartens and there 

are altogether 914 parents. Results are as follows: (1)kindergarteners’ gender, age and parents’ 

gender, age, educational and economic background play some role in parenting beliefs. (2)with 

children growing up, parents incline to approve the ideas of severe discipline. (3) Compared with 

fathers, mothers pay more attention on the ideas of appreciation. (4) low-income parents prefer 

severe discipline than high-income parents do. 

2098.142 The ties that bind: Familism in India, Sujata Sriram, Kanika Tewari, Tata Institute of 

Social Sciences, Mumbai, IN 

In this study on familism in India, 143 individuals from Mumbai were interviewed on family roles, 

obligations, duties, and responsibilities. Family life and relationships pervaded all aspects of 

collective and personal life. The family was the cradle for nurturing beliefs and values. Parental 

obligations to children were governed by gender. Marriage into “good” families was the exemplar 

for daughters, while education was emphasised for sons. The relationship between parents and 

daughters was tenuous, breaking at marriage. Son preference was evident in lower income 

families for carrying on the family name and for economic support of elderly parents. 

2098.143 Myths between multiproblem poor families and larger system, Liliana Sousa, Carla 

Eusébio, University of Aveiro, Portugal 

This article addresses myths between multiproblem poor families and professionals, and their 

influence in developing patterns of interaction. This study was carried out through the critical 

incidents technique, based on a sample comprising two sub-groups: 100 multiproblem poor 

families and 97 professionals. Main findings suggest that: “relationship”, classified positively or 

negatively, is a category common to both sides in the interaction; “(in)efficacy” emerges positively 

for both actors, and only from the families’ point of view is it perceived negatively; “instrumental 

support” is significant only for families; “clients’ disobedience of professionals’ instructions” 

emerges only from the negative perspective of the professionals. 

2098.144 The U-pattern of marital satisfaction: Contribution of socioeconomic changes or 

age-related changes, Ying Chi Yip, Fung Helene Hoi Lam, The Chinese University of Hong 

Kong, China 

The relationship between age, marital satisfaction (MS) and marital communication is examined 

in Hong Kong. 101 married people with age ranging from 23 to 85 completed a questionnaire 

including the Marital Communication Inventory, Kansas MS scale and the Thomas-Kilmann 

MODE Instrument (TKI). Although the curvilinear pattern between age and MS found in the West 

could not be replicated, we found that women became less aversive and more cooperative in 

communication with increasing age. No such change was found in men. Results also suggest that 

communication is a stronger predictor of MS than sociological factors such as retirement and 

parental responsibility. 

2098.145 Satisfaction with support networks, coping with HIV and depressive symtomatology, 

Gabina Villagrán-Vázquez 1 , Isabel Reyes-Lagunes 2 , Rolando Díaz-Loving 2 , 1 Escuela de 

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Psicología, Unicach México; 2 Facultad de Psicología, Unam, México 

A sample of 100 males who have sex with other males and have different sero-status responded to 

measures of satisfaction with perceived social resources (support networks: counseling, emotional, 

instrumental and relaxation-diversion support; Hoppe, 1995), coping styles (Lazarus, 1986) and 

depressive symptomatology (Salgado de Snyder and Maldonado, 1994). Pearson correlations and 

multiple regressions show patterns congruent with Cervantes and Castro’s (1985) Model of 

responses to stress. Discussion centers on the implications of basic research for the creation of 

applied interventions. 

2098.146 A probe into the cause of high school studens’ parents anxiety, Hanchun Hu, China 

The high school students' parents anxiety is increasingly serious problem which affects family 

stability. These facts cause the high school students' parents anxiety: 1) The absence of 

communication between parents and children leads to more neverous relationship each other. 2) 

Conflict of values between parents and children, the children will not comply with parents' will 

any more. 3) Double burden of both children education and self-working. 4) With society 

competion aggravating, parents' self-achievement value will not complete, so parents' expectation 

on their children inhances and they more care for children 'achievements than ever. 

2098.147 Parents’ beliefs about the financial education of their children: A Brazilian study with 

middle class families, Adriana Oliveira, Andreza Manfredini, Aline Duque, Cristiana 

Berthoud, Eleonora Silva, Univeristy of Taubat, Brazil 

The purpose of the survey was to investigate how parents educate their children to use money and 

to understand values associated with money in daily routine of Brazilian middle class families. A 

questionnaire was applied to 114 parents of children with ages between 4 and 12. The quantitative 

and qualitative analysis of data showed that the majority of parents believe it is important to 

educate their children to deal with money but they need specific information on how to do it 

efficiently. Results also revealed the importance of intergeracional values, being parents very 

influenced by their families of origin. 

2098.148 The relationship and its function between grandparent and grandchild in high school 

students of different raising type, Li Liu 1 , Risheng Zhan 2 , 1 Peoples Education Press, China; 

2 


This study investigated grandparent-grandchild relationship of different raising type of high 

school students and this function relationship on students and grandparents. 852 students from 

four high school and their grandparents completed essential status questionnaire (adolescent 

edition, ESA), grandparent-grandchild relationship questionnaire (GGR), the function of 

grandparent-grandchild relationship questionnaire (grandchild edition, FGGRC). We found 

significant raising type effect in grandparent-grandchild relationship. Grandparent raising type was 

better than parent raising type and mixture raising type. There was significant raising type effect in 

function of grandchild relationship grandparent. These results were discussed in the term of 

relationship of grandparent relationship and raising type. 

2098.149 The stressors in professional women’s work-family conflict, Wei Fan, Ying Feng, 


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impact at the family, school-municipal, and social levels. 

2098.154 Parent-adolescence conflict: The relationship between adolescent coping strategy and 

family circumstance, Cuiping Tu, Beijing Normal University, China 

829 7th, 8th, 10th and 11th graders who were selected from four ordinary middle schools in 

beijing were asked to fulfill an anonymous questionnair to explore the relationship between their 

family circumstance and their coping stratrgy. The result is: (1) with the increase of grade, the 

conciliation tactics, avoidance tactics and third party prevention tactics used by adolescent 

decreased. (2) there also has an gender differences between conciliation tactics, forced tactics, 

third party prevention tactics though no appsrent gender-age interaction was found. (3) there were 

close relationship between family circumstance and their coping strategy. 

2098.155 Investigation on deaf culture of deaf communities in 4 northern cities in China, Lijiao 

Huang, Ningsheng Zhang, Yamei Hu, Liaoning Normal University, China 

Research on deaf culture in mainland is seriously limited, comparing with western countries, 

Taiwan and Hong Kong as well. This paper addresses that it is time for researchers to start paying 

enough attention to the importance of deaf culture in deaf education, looking into what deaf 

culture is in China, how it influences deaf individuals. Full understanding of deaf culture is the 

key to improve deaf communities’ education and economic status, human right and self-esteem, 

etc. How to define deaf culture and the necessary of research on it in China are discussed. 

2098.156 The low fertility in Japan part2: Reasons for having children, Fumiko Takasaki 1 , 

Akiko Tsuji 2 , 1 Seisen Jogakuin College; 2 Waseda University, Japan 

In Japan, the decrease in the birthrate has become a social problem. Until recently, only married 

women have been surveyed about childbirth. In our survey, we took a survey of single women and 

single men. The purpose of this research was to clarify the reasons for having children, especially 

focusing on young men who are potential fathers. As a result, there were the differences about the 

reasons for having children between men and women. Men's reasons for having children were 

fulfilling or considered the conditions of child-rearing. On the other hand, women felt having 

children was the social norm. 

2098.157 The low fertility in japan part1: Value of children, Akiko Tsuji 1 , Fumiko Takasaki 2 , 

1 2 

Waseda University, Japan; Seisen Jogakuin College, Japan 

The decline in fertility is so rapid that this phenomenon is making fundamental changes in Japan. 

The low fertility rate is one serious social issue. It is widely recognized by researchers that 

research into the "reason of low fertility" and the "attitude toward children" is very crucial. We 

took a survey of single men and women’s feeling about value of children and other. This is a 

research done to know how young people feel the child and value of children. The reason intended 

for a single young person is that they are potential / future fathers and mothers. 

2098.158 Mental health among laid-off workers: The mediating role of coping style and perceived 

control, Xiaonan Yu 1 , Xiangkui Zhang 2 , 1 Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 

China; 2 Northeast Normal University, China 

Although unsupportive social interactions have demonstrated detriment on mental health, the 

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Reform and Open Policy, (1) The emphases of the people’s spouse-selection criterion have been 

changed very significantly. (2) The influence of their education, marriage situation and age on 

their requests to spouse’s age and character is very significant, and so is the divergence of 

criterions between different genders. (3) The type of spouse-selection has been transferring from 

the romantic to the realistic. 

2098.163 Personality related to coping and social support among Iranian refugees in Sweden, 

Joerg Richter 1 , Mehdi Ghazinour 2 , Martin Eisemann 3 , 1 Rostock University, Germany; 2 Umeå 

University, Sweden; 3 University of Tromsoe, Norway 

Personality, psychopathological disturbances, coping resources, and social support were assessed 

in 100 Iranian refugees resettled in Sweden, who had been exposed to various extreme traumatic 

life events in Iran before their escape. Individuals traumatized by war experiences as soldiers, with 

a low level of depression showed the lowest scores in Harm Avoidance and the highest in 

Self-Directedness and Cooperativeness. Resilient refugees are characterized by low Harm 

Avoidance, high Self-directedness, and high Cooperativeness which enables them to develop 

effective coping strategies and to obtain sufficient social support and thus becoming more resistant 

against severe trauma. 

2098.164 The social psychology of social changes, Steinar Ilstad, NTNU, Fac. Soc. Sci., Norway 

Social change is a neglected topic in social psychology. In should be studied in social psychology 

for several reasons. Social change influences the social environment and social cognition and 

behavior of individuals. It leads to new forms of adjustment, social interaction, communication, 

social control, attitudes, group processes, expectations and decisions. The main causes of social 

change may be political cultural, and technological, but there are many intermediate causes and 

resistance to change, mediated by individuals. The presentation will illustrate and discuss social 

change in Norway the last 50 years by means of time-series, longitudinal studies and evaluations 

research. 

2098.165 Measurement of factors system and weight on trademark evaluation, Jieyi Xu, China 

Agricultural University, China 

With the method of questionnaire survey, the study explored consumers’ evaluation factors on 

trademark and examined whether there are some differences between professional designers and 

audience. In the first subprogram, a survey into consumers’ evaluation of trademark was made, 

which obtained six factors, namely, creation, corporate identity, designing cognition, affection and 

medium spreading. The second subprogram concluded that there are differences between 

professional designers and audience on the weight of four evaluation factors. Audience regard 

“cognition” and “affection” as more important than professional designers do. And professional 

designers think more highly of “corporate identity” and “designing” than the audience do. 

2098.166 Applying psychology to public service: Modern Russian experience, Alexey Yupitov, 

Higher School of Economics, Russian Federation 

The continuing reform of the public service system in Russia is involving more accurate and 

technological methods for personnel selection and promotion in government. We consider three 

major issues. 1) Improvement of a present-day techniques and procedures of personnel evaluation. 

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Up-to-now the Russian psychology can not offer the high-quality testing. 2) Using of transparent 

and really competitive procedures for governmental posts assignment. The main such procedure - 

an open competitive recruitment - is based on the assessment center method. 3) Protection of the 

person rights during hiring, evaluation and promotion of governmental personnel. This issue lies 

in legislation on governmental management. 

2099 Presidential Address 

Chair: Qicheng Jing, China 

Psychological science in its multidisciplinary environment, Michel Denis, Groupe Cognition 

Humane, LIMSI-CNRS, Universite de Paris-Sud, France 

One century after its birth, psychology appears to be firmly established as a discipline in the field 

of science. It has gained a genuine profile and a clear conceptual and methodological identity. At 

the same time, since the past decade or so, it has shown a growing capacity to interact with other 

disciplines to investigate human cognition. I will report examples attesting for the unique role of 

psychology in collaborative research programs with neurobiology - where psychology provides 

models that inspire research aimed at identifying the brain activity underlying mental processes - 

and computer science - where it provides concepts that are taken into account in the building of 

human-machine interactive devices. 


Chair: Fanny M. Cheung, Hong Kong, China 

Violence against women: A global health issue, Nancy F. Russo, Department of Psychology, 

Arizona State University, USA 

Violence against women is a significant problem for women around the world and has been 

identified as a critical health and human rights issue. Culture shapes meanings and consequences 

of violence to its victims, such that a full picture of the health-related physical, mental, and social 

consequences of such violence requires examining the differential impact of different forms of 

violence on women's health in different cultural contexts. This address considers forms and 

cultural definitions of violence and provides an overview of the consequences of intimate violence, 

across cultural contexts. 


Chair: Yufang Yang, China 

Cognitive and neuroscience perspectives on speech and sign processing: Evidence from persons 

with deafness, earing impairment, and normal hearing, Jerker Rönnberg, Department of 

Behavioral Sciences, Linkoping University, Sweden 

Behavioural and neuroscience data from participants with deafness, hearing impairment, and 

normal hearing are used to illustrate the cognitive functions that mediate visual, audiovisual, and 

visual-tactile speech understanding skills. Working memory capacity - and related individual 

cognitive skills - is crucial for speech understanding with impoverished and/or poorly perceived 

signals. Experimental manipulations of working memory (e.g. of the phonological loop) also 

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suggest some surprising functional similarities between signed and spoken languages. 

Neuroimaging studies comparing early bilinguals' working memory for sign and speech 

demonstrate rather different cortical activation patterns. Models of working memory for speech 

and sign processing are discussed. 


Chair: Merry Bullock, USA 

A single meta-theoretical framework for a number of conscious vision phenomena, Talis 

Bachmann, Department of Philosophy, Institute of Law, Estonia 

Considerable part of visual information processing is carried out at the pre-conscious level (eg, 

masked priming, binocular rivalry, subthreshold discrimination). A number of experimental 

paradigms have been used in order to study the time-course functions of how pre-conscious data 

become explicitly represented in perception of objects, scenes and events (visual masking, 

flash-lag effect, line motion illusion, Frhlich effect, focusing of spatial attention, iconic memory 

research). Unfortunately, these paradigms have been developed in mutual isolation. A new concept 

- pertention - is presented in order to develop a common metatheory of the microgenesis of 

conscious representations. The neurobiological basis for the psychological process of pertention 

consists in the activity of the so-called non-specific part of thalamus (intralaminar nuclei, the 

pulvinar complex) which modulates the activity of cortical driver-neurons so as to create 

representation of specific data about objects and events in awareness. 


Chair: Ype Poortinga, The Netherlands 

Cross-cultural views of parenting, Marc Bornstein, National Institute of Health, USA 

What can we learn from studies of parents that cross cultures? I first introduce three general 

developmental questions cross-cultural research can address. Next, I overview a set of methods 

and procedures for the research. Then, I turn to review briefly data from several countries in reply 

to the three general developmental questions. Last, I overview three reasons for cultural 

developmental study. 


Chair: Yinghe Chen, China 

How children come to grasp the causal structure of the world, Frank Keil, Psychology 

Department, Yale University, USA 

Children can only track part of the immense causal complexity that exists in the world around 

them, raising questions as to what causal patterns they do use and how they deal with the 

incompleteness of their understanding. The problem is exacerbated by demonstrations that all 

people grossly overestimate the depth and quality of their causal understandings. Yet, at a more 

implicit level, even quite young children are highly effective at extracting causal gists that enable 

them to build more detailed causal explanations when needed and which allow them to effectively 

use the division of cognitive labor that exists in all cultures. 

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Wednesday, 11 August 2004 


Psychology in the future 

Convener and Chair: R. Ardila, Colombia 

3001.1 Psychology in the near, middle, and far future, R. Ardila, National University of 

Colombia, Bogota, Colombia 

During the XIXth. International Congress of Psychology (London, 1969), a symposium on 

‘Psychology in the future’ took place. Now, 35 years later, many of the ideas presented on that 

occasion are part of the psychological discipline, while others have not become a reality. Trends in 

psychology will be presented, based on some research on this topic. Psychology as a science and 

as a profession in the near, middle, and far future, will be discussed. 

3001.2 How will psychology fare in the 21st. century? C. Kagitcibasi, Koc University, 

Istambul, Turkey 

Certain lines of development of psychology are expected to continue in the 21st century that have 

already begun in the 20th. These entail moving toward lower and higher levels of analysis. 

Psychologists will find it necessary to conduct culturally sensitive and socially relevant research. 

In this process a more international outlook in both theory and research will require that Western 

psychologists pay more attention and learn from global research emerging from diverse cultures, 

much more than hay have done in the 20th century. 

3001.3 Making the most of the brain: Perspectives for the future, M.R. Rosenzweig, Berkeley, 

CA, USA 

Having attended the symposium on this topic of the future of psychology at the 19th. International 

Congress of Psychology in 1969, I would like first to compare some trends and predictions that 

were presented then, with some offered now. Then I will explore future possibilities, some of them 

based on findings of brain plasticity that started with research of my colleagues and myself in the 

1950s. These include enriched experience for full development and maintenance of brain and 

ability, methods for preventing damage to the brain and of repair of the nervous system, and 

pharmacological improvement of learning and memory. Bioethical concerns will also be 

considered. 

3001.4 Psychology and philosophy in the future: A philosophy of life as a framework for a 

psychological theory, H. Carpintero, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain 

Basic topics of contemporary psychology-behavior, subject, mind and many others- always 

require from a philosophical understanding. Contemporary Spanish philosopher Ortega-y-Gasset 

formulated a philosophy of 'human life' similar to modern existentialism. This appears to be a 

theoretical framework close to psychology, and flexible enough to adopt those forms that could fit 

well with an up-to-date theory of mind. A cursory view of its possibilities are presented here, 

stressing its relevance for an adequate understanding of the human person in the light of present 

day philosophical reflections and of recent findings in psychological research. 

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3001.5 The globalization of psychology, Q.C. Jing, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy 

of Sciences, Beijing, China. 

After psychology became a modern science in 1879, it expanded rapidly but mostly in the 

developed world. 125 years of development experience revealed that psychology is closely linked 

to a country's national development. For psychology to take root in the developing countries it 

must serve society to alleviate poverty, social injustice, and improve the quality of life. 

Psychology should address the problems of education, illiteracy, mental health, and societal 

problems. If psychology is to flourish it must do good to the needed and to those who have been 

less fortunate. 

3001.6 Psychological assessment and treatment in the 21st. century, C.D. Spielberger, 

University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA 

The utilization of computers and the Internet have greatly contributed to the enhancement of 

psychological assessment and treatment. Although confidentiality and copyright issues require 

careful attention, the administration of psychological tests via the Internet will facilitate screening 

large numbers of persons for diagnosis and treatment. Tests administrated and scored by computer 

at the beginning of each treatment session can also provide information on psychological vital 

signs (e.g. elevated anxiety, anger, depression) that will help therapists in dealing with the most 

pressing problems of their clients. Examples of computer applications of psychological tests in 

assessment and treatment will be discussed. 


New developments in psychometric testing and personnel assessment 

Convener and Chair: P.C. Kyllonen, USA 

Co-convener: Z. Wang, China 

3002.1 Advances in the uses of computers in personnel assessment, P.C. Kyllonen, Educational 

Testing Service, Princeton, NJ, USA 

The use of computers in personnel assessment promises to increase the authenticity, depth, 

immersiveness, and usefulness of personnel assessments. This presentation reviews advances in 

the presentation, response, scoring system, and score reporting systems in assessment. 

Presentation advances include increased use of graphics, and video tests, web delivery, and 

telephone testing. Response advances include point and click and constructed response methods. 

Scoring system advances include rule-based and bayesian inference net approaches, and 

automated essay and short-answer scoring. New score reporting systems use graphics and provide 

diagnostic information. Examples of assessments employing these new features will be provided. 

3002.2 Complex computer-based decision games: Challenge and promise for personnel 

assessment, W. Wittman, Universität Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany 

Research by the Mannheim research group on working memory, intelligence and complex system 

dynamics performance and others is described. Intelligence as reasoning and intelligence as 

knowledge combined with personality and interests are constructs of impressive power in 

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predicting performances differences in a variety of complex computer based micro worlds, 

mimicking and simulating complex systems. Consequences for selecting, educating and training 

managers and decision makers in charge of handling such complex systems are proposed and 

elaborated. 

3002.3 Item generation for verbal reasoning: Some possibilities for the near future, J.S. Gorin, 

Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA 

Modern methods of item generation offers remedies to current problems in computerized adaptive 

testing, including item pool size, revision, security, and construct validity. One possible solution is 

automatic generation, a precursor to which is the development of cognitive design system or item 

model that will support the prediction of psychometric properties of the items. To date such work 

has been more extensive in areas of quantitative, spatial and analytic reasoning than in-for- tests of 

verbal abilities. Several studies are discussed, which have applied cognitive modeling procedures 

to reading comprehension tests, and have successfully identified potential components for a 

generative item model. 

3002.4 Predictive validity of accuracy, speed and confidence scores from computerized tests, L. 

Stankov, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia 

The use of computers for the presentation of traditional tests of cognitive abilities opens the 

possibility of obtaining measures that are not easily available from the paper-and-pencil versions 

of the same tests. In particular, time for answering each item can be recorded. In our recent studies 

we have also collected data on confidence that the person has in the accuracy of their judgment. 

This paper will review empirical findings with accuracy, speed, and 

self-confidence/self-monitoring scores including (a) The relationship among these three types of 

measures, and (b) The available evidence on their predictive validity, including the prediction of 

performance on a business simulation game. 

3002.5 Adaptive assessment and validation for entrepreneurial competence, Z. Wang 1 , S. 

Wang 2 , 1 Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; 2 The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA 

Computer-aided adaptive assessment was developed with critical incident analysis and modeling 

of entrepreneurial competence. A web-based assessment methodology was devised under a 

multi-media situational judgment testing procedure. Three dimensions of entrepreneurial 

competence were identified including value accountability, strategic decision and progressive 

innovation. Entrepreneurial competence was adaptively assessed and cross-programmed with 

levels. The multi-level assessment of entrepreneurial competence was tested for validation. The 

results showed that for within-dimensional competence, the adaptive assessment demonstrated 

non-significantly incremental validity while for cross-dimensional competence, significant 

incremental validity was achieved. A model of synthetic validation for adaptive assessment of 

entrepreneurial competence was highlighted. 


Features of object recognition 

Convener and Chair: W.G. Hayward, Hong Kong SAR, China 

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Co-convener: B.S. Tjan, USA 

3003.1 A brief history of object features, W.G. Hayward, Chinese University of Hong Kong, 

Hong Kong SAR, China 

Over the last 40 years, models of human object recognition have proposed different types of 

features to explain human recognition of visual objects. Some proposals (eg., Gibson, Marr, 

Biederman) stressed the aspects of an object that are invariant with respect to the immediate 

viewing conditions. Others (eg., Poggio, Ullman, Tarr) have argued for representations based upon 

the features of an individual 2-D projection of the object when observed from a particular 

viewpoint. A brief historical analysis is presented, showing the rationale for each type of proposal. 

Finally, recent theoretical advances are placed within this framework. 

3003.2 Component, configural and temporal routes to recognition, H.H. Bülthoff, C. 

Wallraven, A. Schwaninger, Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Tübingen, 

Germany 

Two recent lines of psychophysical research have provided new insights on recognition processes 

in humans. The first is concerned with the view-based processing of faces, which was found to 

rely on two distinct processing routes dealing with component and configural information. The 

second line of research investigated how we can build view-based representations through 

temporal association of different views in dynamic scenes. Based on these psychophysical 

findings, we present a computational recognition framework and show that - in addition to being 

able to model the psychophysical results - we achieve excellent recognition performance with such 

a biologically motivated machine vision system. 

3003.3 Neurophysiology of object processing in relation to perception, D.I. Perrett, University 

of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK 

Specialized systems of brain cells respond selectively when faces are seen. These cells allow us to 

study how the brain recognizes images as meaningful objects. The paper will review how various 

information (colour, coarse and fine pattern detail, and sound) affects object perception and 

processing. We can see individual objects in rapid sequences changing 70 times a second. Brain 

responses demonstrate how such brief images are registered and support awareness of the presence 

of objects. We have studied how successive images in sequences can mask or set up expectations 

about target objects and thereby affect perception and cell responses. 

3003.4 Object recognition by dynamic selection of hierarchically related representations, B.S. 

Tjan, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA 

The optimal representation for object recognition depends on task and stimuli. I propose a 

computational framework for constructing and selecting representations that allows dynamic 

tradeoff between speed and accuracy based on task and stimuli. I postulate that visual processing 

along the ventral pathway results in a series of intermediate representations that are increasingly 

abstract and invariant. I showed that a horse-racing distributed Bayesian decision mechanism can 

select the appropriate representation on-demand if the computation time for decision given a 

representation is negatively related to the maximum posterior probability. Simulation results are in 

qualitative agreement with a range of empirical data. 

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Visual recognition - attention and perceptual aspects 

Convener and Chair: M.Y. Wang, China 

3004.1 Understanding the role of visual attention in change blindness and driving safety, Y.C. 

Lee, T. Schnell, F. Aktan, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA 

Change blindness refers to the failure to detect differences between visual scenes that are 

separated by a saccadic eye movement or a brief occlusion. This phenomenon may reflect the 

visual attention limits that contribute to car crashes. The cognitive load associated with emerging 

in-vehicle technology may exacerbate change blindness and undermine safety. The objective of 

this research is to investigate how driving scenes interact with cognitive load to influence eye 

movement patterns and how susceptibility to change blindness depends on cognitive load. 

Understanding these relationships may lead to improved design of in-vehicle technology and 

improved methods of measuring cognitive load. 

3004.2 Chinese word stroop effect: Encoding vs. response competition, J.C. Yuan, Fu-Jan 

Catholic University, Taipei, China 

These Chinese Word Stroop Effect studies try to test the encoding competition theory or response 

competition theory will be proper to explain this effect. We manipulate three main factors: (1) 

Basic color (red/green/yellow/blue) vs. non-basic color (brown/gray/grass/peach); (2) Three kinds 

of word: The Chinese words, the phonetic spelling of Chinese words, and English words; (3) The 

response way: voice naming or key press. Experiments divided into two parts. The first is the 

baseline recording. We let Ss naming the colored squares, colored written words, and black ink 

written words. The second part measures the standard Stroop interference effect. All the subjects 

are Chinese native speaker. The results more likely support the encoding competition theory than 

response competition theory. 

3004.3 The influences of semantic information on face perception, S.L. Cho, Fu-Jan Catholic 

University, Taipei, China 

This work explores the relationship between semantic information and imagery information for 

face perception using priming and implicit priming tasks. Experiment 1 manipulated presentation 

orientation, primer type and the congruence of primer and target. Experiment 2 manipulated 

presentation orientation, implicit primer type and the amount of information. Results found 

upright faces are perceived more accurately and quickly than upside-down faces. Name 

information is a good primer whether a benefit or a cost effect is found depends on information 

congruence, especially in upside-down condition. The difference in semantic primers affects 

priming task more than implicit priming task. 

3004.4 The specificity of the subliminal affection priming effect on TV lecture: Familiarity, 

displaying vision field and subject gender, H.C. Chen 1 , L.X. Yang 2 , 1 National Taiwan Normal 

University, Taipei, China; 2 University of Western Australia 

Three experiments were conducted to examine the effect of the subliminal face stimuli on 

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observers’ evaluation of a TV lecture. In Experiment 1, the affection contrast effect was observed 

with the photographs of famous people as the subliminal stimuli. Experiment 2 revealed that the 

affection contrast effect depended on where the subliminal stimuli were displayed. This implies a 

possibility of the hemisphere lateralization of the affection priming effect. Experiment 3 showed 

that even the facial expression of the subliminal face would induce the affection priming effect. 

All three experiments showed an interaction effect between subject gender and the manipulation 

of subliminal stimuli. 

3004.5 Separating orthographical from phonological processing during a covert lexical task, 

S.H.A. Chen 1 , E. Possing 2 , K. McKiernan 2 , J. Kaufman 2 , B. Ward 2 , L. Buchanan 3 , C. 

Westbury 3 , J.R. Binder 2 , 1 Stanford University, USA; 2 Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, 

WI, USA; 3 University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada 

This study delineated orthographical from phonological processing by incorporating 

difficult-to-pronounce but orthographically rich bigram-letter-strings in an implicit visual word 

task. Subjects underwent fMRI while performing a feature-detection-task on consonants, bigrams, 

pseudowords and words. Contrast of consonant with word/pseudoword conditions replicated 

previous findings of left-lateralized activations in prefrontal, lateral-temporal and supramarginal 

cortices. Phonological processes (bigrams versus pseudowords/words) showed left frontal 

(BA45/47), anterior-STG (BA22) and posterior-MTG (BA21) activations. Orthographic processes, 

extracted from consonants versus bigram-string contrast, revealed left ITG (BA37) and bilateral 

SMG/IPS (BA40/7) activations. These findings suggest that highly interactive orthographic and 

phonologic cortical networks can be modulated independently by manipulating statistical 

properties of stimulus-strings. 

3004.6 The role of attention in Chinese character recognition, M.Y. Wang, Soochow Univeristy, 

Taipei, China 

This study examines how attention is deployed in Chinese character recognition. An apparent 

motion detection task is devised in which either the left or the right radical of a Chinese character 

produces an apparent movement toward the lateral direction. The RT of movement direction 

judgment was faster for phonetic than semantic radicals. This phonetic radical advantage occurs 

only when the apparent motion detection task was followed by a lexical decision or naming task. 

The implication for models of Chinese character recognition is discussed. 


Action memory: The enactment effect from real life to laboratory 

Convener and Chair: R. Kormi-Nouri, Sweden 

3005.1 Action memory in elderly bilinguals, S. Moniri, Stockholm University, Stockholm, 

Sweden 

This study's goal was to compare action memory performance of 170 monolinguals and 334 

bilinguals in three adult age groups: middle-aged (35-45), young-old (50-65), and old-old (70-80) 

at two measurement occasions in a longitudinal study. The tests were free recall, cued recall (cues: 

verb or category) and recognition of 32 sentences. The results revealed in all condition there was: 

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a) a bilinguality advantage; b) a superiority of SPTs over VTs; c) a substantial decline of 

performance in both bilingual and monolingual old-old adults. It was concluded that bilingualism 

may play an important role in developing more effective learning strategies. 

3005.2 Memory effects of motor activation in subject performed tasks and sign language, J. von 

Essen, L.G. Nilsson, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden 

The controversy regarding whether motor activation per se is causing the subject-performed task 

(SPT) effect, is addressed by comparing the effect of SPT to the effect of encoding by means of a 

sign language task (SLT). The SLT condition is claimed to be a verbal/linguistic task, and 

including relevant motor activation. The results showed that subjects in the SLT condition 

performed similarly to subjects in the SPT condition in free recall. Subjects in both these 

conditions outperformed subjects in the control conditions. It is suggested that the SPT and SLT 

superiority is caused mainly by relevant motor activation. 

3005.3 Remembering what to do and when to do it: Does enactment improve prospective 

memory? J.M. Rusted, F. Flannery, L. Isham, Sussex University, Brighton, UK 

Research indicates that the enactment superiority observed in retrospective memory (RM) may not 

extend to prospective memory (PM). We present two studies designed to isolate the conditions 

under which enactment might improve PM. Study 1 reports a dissociation between RM and PM: 

enactment at encoding impaired PM initiation, while improving memory for content (RM) of that 

intention. Study 2 demonstrates that enactment to promote distinctive RM encoding can improve 

PM. In conclusion, whether enactment improves or impedes PM depends critically upon the 

motoric overlap between the enactment and the PM task. Counterintuitively, the greater the 

overlap, the poorer the PM. 

3005.4 SPT effects of aged patients with hypertension or type 2 diabetes, B. Han, Institute of 


Aim: Exploring the SPT effects of aged patients with hypertension and type 2 diabetes. Methods: 

SPT tests were applied on 30 patients with hypertension (mean age 61.6) and 30 control, 30 

patients with type 2 diabetes (mean age 66.3) and 30 control. Results: There were no difference 

between hypertension patients and control with respect to both free and cued recall performance, 

while each group showed significant SPT effects. However, patients with diabetes benefit less 

from support than control participants. Conclusion: Coding support (high semantic relation 

between verb and noun in the item, enactment) compensated the pathological memory impairment 

on patients. 

3005.5 Memory for subject-performed actions: Evidence from studies with neurological 

patients, M. Knopf, W. Mack, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universtät Frankfurt am Main, Germany 

In order to explore the basis of the enactment effect memory processes of subjects suffering from 

different neurological symptoms were studied (e.g., Parkinson Disease -, AD -, Frontal Lobe 

patients). It is tested whether memory performance level for the VT- as well as the SPT-condition 

in the different patient groups is substantially and differentially reduced compared to healthy 

subjects. Moreover, it is assessed whether a disproportionate impairment of memory performance 

level shows up in the different groups. Our findings fit best with a conceptual memory view 

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saying that performing an action while encoding results in an especially good conceptual memory 

trace. 

3005.6 Is there any dissociative enactment effect in different group of subjects (blind, Parkinson, 

deaf and dyslexic) with memory deficits? What can we learn from these data? R. Kormi-Nouri 1,2 , 

1 2 

Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden; University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran 

In different studies, groups of subjects with memory deficits were compared with control subjects 

with no memory deficits. Blind and Parkinson subjects were expected to have more memory 

deficits in action memory, whereas deaf and dyslexic subjects were expected to have more 

memory deficits in verbal memory. Although the standard enactment effects were found for all 

groups of subjects with and without memory deficits, the enactment effects were not generally 

dissociated between these groups. These findings suggest no fundamental difference between 

action and verbal memory. The enactment effect is interpreted as encoding support for all groups 

of subjects. 


Intelligence: Definition, theory and assessment issues 

Convener and Chair: G.G. Yan, China 

Co-convener: D. Saklofske, Canada 

3006.1 Intelligence: Past and present perspectives, D. Saklofske 1 , G.G. Yan 2 , V. Schwean 1 , 

1 2 

University of Saskatchewan, Canada; Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China 

Intelligence is both a remarkably stable and dynamic individual differences construct. 

Symposiums focused on defining intelligence held in 1921 and 1986 attest to this. Over the past 

century, divergent views of intelligence ranging from general mental ability vs. multiple abilities 

to process oriented, dynamic, and neurocognitive models have evolved. While Binet and Wechsler 

tests continue to be the dominant measurement scales, new tests, including these two scales, are 

now more firmly grounded in contemporary theory, research and clinical application. Practices in 

the use and application of intelligence tests have certainly changed over time and this is further 

reflected across countries and cultures. 

3006.2 Intelligence: Views of Chinese, G.G. Yan 1 , D. Saklofske 2 , 1 Beijing Normal University, 

Beijing, China; 2 University of Saskatchewan, Canada 

Intelligence is a both simple and elusive concept in domain of psychology. Everyone seems 

knowing what it means from one hand. However, everyone interpret it differently on the other 

hand. This is true both personally and culturally. The views of defining intelligence and test usage 

were surveyed in a sample of Chinese psychologists. 

3006.3 Intelligence is best viewed in both its theoretical and phenotypic forms, T. Oakland, 

University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA 

Definitions and measurement of intelligence should be viewed on both its measurable and 

phenotypic forms. Its measurable features are well conceptualized in the Cattell-Horn-Carroll 

(CHC) theory of intelligence, one of psychology’s most recent and comprehensive theories of 

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cognitive abilities. The theory classifies cognitive abilities on three strata that differ by degree of 

generality. However, its phenotypic form is equally important yet not readily conceptualized in 

theory. This form of intelligence includes personality and temperament components that give life 

to intelligence and are best observed clinically. 

3006.4 Cross-cultural definitions of intelligence, J. Georgas, University of Athens, Athens, 

Greece 

Cultures define intelligence differently. Cognitive processes are important for adaptation to the 

ecological demands of each culture. A goal of cross-cultural psychology is the search for 

universals in cognitive processes across cultures, but also to explore the manifestations of 

cognitive processes as shaped by different cultures. Universals represent cognitive processes that 

are specific to the human species, such as encoding and decoding. These cognitive processes are 

shaped by the adaptation of the individual to the ecocultural demands of the specific culture. This 

theoretical approach was employed in a 16 nation study of cognitive processes with the WISC-III. 


Chinese Children’s Literacy Development 

Convener and Chair: R. C. Anderson, USA 

Co-convener: W. Li, USA 

3007.1 Visual chunking skills in Chinese character reading and writing, R.C. Anderson 1 , W. 

Li 1 , X. Chen 1 , Y. He 1 , Y. Ku 1 , H. Shu 2 , 1 University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA; 

2 

Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China 

Chinese orthography consists of thousands of visually complex characters. But little is known 

about the units of character perception or how insight into the geometry of Chinese characters 

develops in children. The presenter will describe research showing that children as young as first 

grade have some awareness of the internal structure of Chinese characters and that some of them 

are beginning to encode characters in terms of chunks representing major character components. 

The ability to see characters in terms of major components and subcomponents is acquired 

gradually over the early elementary school years and is correlated with vocabulary knowledge, 

reading comprehension, and teacher’s rating of reading level. 

3007.2 Children’s use of sub-character information in reading Chinese characters, Y. He 1 , Q. 

Wang 1 , R.C. Anderson 1 , H. Shu 2 , 1 University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA; 

2 


Only a small percentage of semantic-phonetic compound characters provide completely regular 

and easily accessible information about pronunciation. A larger percentage of compound 

characters are semi-regular in that they provide partial information about pronunciation. Two 

studies will be presented that confirm that children are able to use the partial or less-accessible 

information in unfamiliar tone-different characters, onset-different characters, and bound-phonetic 

characters to learn the pronunciations of the characters. 

3007.3 Role of Pinyin in Chinese literacy, W. Li 1 , R. C. Anderson 1 , H. Shu 2 , W. Jiang 2 , 

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1 2 

University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA; Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 

China 

The presenter will describe a model of the psycholinguistic abilities that explains pinyin 

proficiency and later Chinese literacy. Analysis of two large sets of data indicates that pinyin 

proficiency strongly relates children’s later Chinese literacy competence. Early phonological 

awareness does not directly predict later Chinese literacy competence, but it contributes to later 

competence by influencing the development of pinyin proficiency. Children’s early morphological 

awareness is directly related to later Chinese literacy competence. 

3007.4 Identifying the causes of reading disability in Chinese: Clues from case studies of 

poor readers, Q. Wang 1 , Y. He 2 , J. Gaffney 2 , W. Li 2 , L. Yin 2 , R. C. Anderson 2 , X. Wu 3 , J. 

Zhang 3 , H. Li 3 , 1 University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA; 2 University of Illinois at 

Urbana, Champaign, IL, USA; 3 Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China 

The causes of reading disability in Chinese were explored through case studies of two poor readers. 

Data included assessments of cognitive capacities, phonological and morphological awareness, 

facility with pinyin, character knowledge, vocabulary, fluency, and reading comprehension; videos 

of the children’s oral reading and their response to classroom reading instruction; and interviews 

with teachers and parents. During the first and second grade, the children received an experimental 

literacy program involving explicit instruction in the structure of Chinese orthography and shared 

reading of long, interesting stories written in rich, natural Chinese. Both children appeared to 

benefit from explicit character instruction and shared reading; however, they still had poor fluency 

and other shortcomings. 


Small group research in Scandinavia 

Convener and Chair: K. Granström, Sweden 

3008.1 Towards a new model of group development, S. Jern, Lund University, Lund, Sweden 

Current models of group development assume that groups move from irrationality and inefficiency 

to rationality and efficiency in sequential stages. This study questions the generality of the linear 

progressive models, and presents an alternative model taking into account factors related to 

formation, time, boundary management and contextual influence. Methods: Studies of natural 

groups by group diaries analyzed by narrative methods. Results: The chosen factors are relevant 

for the study of developmental patterns. The resulting model explains diverging results in research. 

Conclusions: No model is generally valid. Developmental patterns depend on contextual factors 

mediated by events during formation and later. 

3008.2 Snap judgments and informed judgments of Big Five personality traits, P. Moxnes, 

Norwegian School of Management, Sandvika, Norway 

I will in this paper show that first impressions are not temporary but form the basis of lasting 

impressions. This conjecture was tested on 570 business managers who attended a 7 month long 

team development program. Within the first few minutes of their first meeting (in small groups of 

maximum 11 persons) each manager rated the personality traits of the strangers along each of the 

539

Big Five personality factors (Power, Love, Work, Affect, and Intellect). Seven months later the 

managers again rated each other. Results show that initial snap judgments can be considered a 

lasting aspect of group life. 

3008.3 The complexity of group development, E. Sjövold, Norwegian University of Science 

and Technology, Trondheim, Norway 

This paper discusses group development in real life groups. Work-groups failing to achieve their 

objectives, seem almost always to respond with more structure and more control even in cases 

where the opposite would have been most beneficial. In this study (military) groups facing 

identical challenges under comparable environmental conditions are analyzed. The setup for 

observation, (two maneuvers), emphasize the groups’ ability to make the best decisions under 

rapidly changing conditions and high level of stress. Shifts in role-structure, predominant 

interpersonal behavior, and emergent dynamic patterns are discussed in the light of the proposed 

SPGR model and method. 

3008.4 Is the traditional concept of work group going to be replaced by a concept of network in 

the future? A. Prahl, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark 

This paper presents some theoretical reflections on the concept of work group. The background for 

these reflections is an empirical study of innovative cross-functional project groups. The claim is 

that many new forms of work organization cannot be understood by the traditional concept of 

work group. The paper argues that this concept of work group is under pressure due to the 

changing nature of work and the problematic character of some of its basic assumptions. Concepts 

of network, from traditional network theory and Actor-Network theory, are discussed as an 

alternative and supplement to the traditional concept of work group. 

3008.5 Bipolar groupthink, K. Granström, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden 

Janis' concept groupthink can be described as a kind of collective regression. The pattern of such 

processes sometimes takes the figure of paranoid and omnipotent imaginations. However, we 

assume that a group might be predisposed to take up either a depressive or an omnipotent 

groupthink position. In this study we distinguished between a depressive and an omnipotent 

version of groupthink. By use of a questionnaire it was possible to differentiate between these two 

modes in ordinary team meetings. The results suggest that Janis' concept of groupthink is not 

given full justice to different regressive movements in a work team. 


Leader member exchange and organizational outcomes 

Convener and Chair: R. Ayman, USA 

3009.1 Leader-member exchange in a German working context, B. Schyns, Tilburg University, 

Postbus, The Netherlands 

This paper gives an overview over several studies focussing on antecedents and consequences of 

Leader-Member Exchange (LMX) in a German working context and compares the results to 

US-findings. Results indicate that the antecedents gender similarity and supervisor tenure are not 

540

elated to LMX. Span of supervision is shown to be relevant in the followers’ evaluation of LMX. 

Results also indicate that delegation as well as commitment and occupational self-efficacy are 

positively related to LMX. Therefore, we are able to specify some of the consequences of LMX in 

a German context but the antecedents of LMX still not very clear. 

3009.2 LMX, satisfaction and organizational commitment in Canadian organizations: The 

moderating effect of dyad gender composition, R. Ayman 1 , M. Rinchiuso 1 , K. Korabik 2 , 1 Illinois 

Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL, USA; 2 University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada 

The participants were men and women leaders with their male or female subordinates. The 

relationship of LMX to dyad gender composition was examined using both within and between 

dyad analyses (n=67). The moderating role of dyad gender composition on the relationship 

between LMX and subordinate’s satisfaction and organizational commitment was examined using 

a between dyad design where one subordinate per leader was selected (n=120). It was 

hypothesized that for women leaders, the subordinate’s gender would significantly affect the 

relationship between LMX and the subordinate’s attitude, whereas for men leaders the gender of 

the subordinate would have no effect. 

3009.3 What is exchanged between leader and member? Leaders’ emotional work as currency 

of leader-member exchange (LMX), T. Paul, G. Mohr, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany 

LMX focuses on the exchange relationship between leader and member. However the question 

what exactly is exchanged has not been answered, yet. Emotional labor may be useful to 

complement this gap. An important requirement of leadership, especially concerning LMX, is the 

inclusion of perceiving, showing, influencing, and regulating emotions in personal interaction. 

Therefore it is assumed that leaders’ emotional work affects the members’ evaluation of LMX and 

several performance criteria. Leaders and subordinates were asked to indicate the importance of 

emotional work in the context leadership and exchange. Results are discussed with respect to the 

idea of an emotional currency. 

3009.4 The leader-member exchange (LMX) model in China: A comparison between public and 

private ownership sectors, X. Wang 1, 2 , B. Kabanoff 2 , 1 Peking University, Beijing, China; 

2 


LMX model has been widely tested. However, little has been done in China. It has been suggested 

that using this model may help to understand the supervisor-subordinate relationships in private 

sector in China. The present study examines some of the implications of this proposed difference 

in supervisor-subordinate relationships between state owned enterprises and private ones. It is 

different from previous studies in that the current research focuses on the comparison between 

different sectors (i.e., private vs. public) in the supervisor-subordinate relationships in the same 

cultural setting (i.e., China), whereas, most previous studies compared supervisor-subordinate 

relationships in different cultures. 


Perception in animals 

Convener and Chair: J. Fagot, France 

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3010.1 Comparative perception of motion, R. Cook, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA 

Do birds see and experience the world as being composed of objects? How does motion contribute 

to these perceptions? A series of experiments looking at the perception and discrimination of 

object motion by pigeons in different contexts will be reviewed. Specific data will be presented on 

the effects of structure-from-motion, the discriminating of through versus around, and right versus 

left object rotations. The evidence will suggest that motion makes an important contribution to 

object perception in pigeons, but that the mechanisms underlying this may differ from those 

established for humans. 

3010.2 Perception of pictorial depth by baboons, J. Fagot, B. Isabelle, CNRS-INCM, France 

Two lines of research will be presented on the perception of pictorial depth by baboons. The first 

one will demonstrate that baboons perceive the corridor illusion. Manipulation of the background 

content revealed that baboons gain depth information from both gradients and perspectives lines, 

and that these cues convey sufficient depth information to control the corridor illusion. The second 

one is on a modal completion. It revealed that junction cues are insufficient to induce an 

impression of depth, but that depth perception is enhanced in baboons when background depth 

cues are added to the display. Similarity and differences with human perception will be discussed. 

3010.3 Evolution of perceptual completion: Comparison between birds and monkeys, T. 

Ushitani, K. Fujita, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan 

Pigeons and capuchin monkeys were tested how they would perceive partly occluded figures and 

photos. In the series of studies we found that pigeons failed to perceptually complete occluded 

portions of geometrical figures and even photos of food. Another experiment suggested that 

pigeons might lack completing process at a very early stage of visual recognition that would occur 

automatically in humans. These results were contrasting with those for primates, and suggest that 

an alternative strategy might have evolved in pigeons. 

3010.4 Factors affecting the pigeon’s recognition of occluded objects, E. Wasserman 1 , O.F. 

Lazareva 1 , M.E. Young 2 , 1 University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA; 2 Southern Illinois University, 

Carbondale, IL, USA 

We trained pigeons to recognize computer-rendered objects. Then we tested the pigeons with 

partially occluded objects; with objects placed on top of the occluder; with partially erased objects; 

or with a thin gap inserted between the object and the occluder. Recognition was weak in first two 

cases. After training with the objects placed on top of the occluder, recognition of the occluded 

objects greatly improved and transferred to different occluded objects. Evidently, recognition of 

occluded objects requires pigeons to learn to discriminate the object from the occluder. Follow-up 

experiments explored whether different kinds of training similarly affected pigeons’ recognition 

performance. 

3010.5 Abstraction of typicality dimensions of visual categories by pigeons, M. Jitsumori, 

Chiba University, Chiba-shi, Japan 

Some exemplars of a prototype category can be better members than are others. Rosch (1978) 

characterized prototypicality as a relevant variable in terms of its effects on a variety of response 

542

measures. It has been shown that animals are capable of categorizing pictures depicting natural 

objects. A question of interest is whether animals abstract prototypicality of exemplars of natural 

kind categories. One way to explore this possibility is to examine whether animals’ responding 

comes under the control of degree of typicality of well-defined artificial stimuli. I will report 

prototype effects shown by pigeons with artificial categories structured by family resemblance. 

3010.6 Monkey and human evidence that colour categories are not innate, J. Davidoff 1 , J. 

Goldstein 1 , D. Roberson 2 , J. Fagot 3 , 1 University of London, London, UK; 2 University of Essex, 

Colchester, UK; 3 CNRS-INCM, France 

It is argued that perceptual continua can only be divided into categories by linguistic agreement. In 

three approaches to the study of colour categories, different populations without access to colour 

names were tested in perceptual, memory and learning tasks. Comparisons were made to adult 

performance in the UK and France. The populations were young children in the UK and Namibia, 

a patient with naming loss after left hemisphere damage and monkeys. All groups showed that 

similarity judgements and memory confusions were based on perceptual rather than categorical 

mechanisms. Colour categories are therefore not innate but linguistically relative. 


Latest advancements in diagnosis and treatment of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder 

Convener and Chair: P.Y. Yee, USA 

3011.1 New understandings of attention deficit disorders (ADHD) and “executive functions”, 

T.E. Brown, Yale University School of Medicine, Hamden, CT, USA 

A new understanding of ADHD is emerging from research. This view highlights inattention 

symptoms as the most persistent and impairing. It recognizes that ADHD symptoms are 

impairments in executive functions, the management system of the mind. About 5-8% of children 

and 3-4% of adults throughout the world suffer from these impairments. Cognitive functions 

impaired in ADHD will be described as they impact academic, work, social and family 

functioning across the lifespan. 

3011.2 Production disorder: A clinical neuropsychological view of DSM-IV Attention 

Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, Predominantly Inattentive Type (ADHD, PI), X.L. His, 

Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA 

Symptoms of ADHD, PI often sound the same as what many people experience, living in a fast 

paced society and constantly overwhelmed by their tasks, not to mention such mitigating factors as 

mood and anxiety disorders and learning disabilities. This talk will demonstrate how 

neuropsychological testing, when used as part of a multi-faceted evaluation, can help elucidate an 

individual’s attention, executive functions, and memory/new learning -- areas of cognitive 

functioning very commonly compromised in individuals with a history of significant ADHD, PI 

symptoms and much compromised task completion, thus giving ADHD, PI the name of 

Production Disorder. 

3011.3 Advances in pharmacotherapy for ADHD, R. Doyle, Wang Ambulatory Care Center, 

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USA 

This presentation will focus on the development of medical treatments for ADHD. The 

pharmacotherapy of ADHD will be presented in a historical context, starting with Bradley’s use of 

benzedrine and ending with novel agents in development. The historical perspective provides a 

natural framework to illustrate the ways in which the theoretical constructs of ADHD guided drug 

development and, conversely, the ways that pharmacological research influenced neurotransmitter 

models of the disorder. Age and gender issues will also be discussed in terms of treatment. This 

paper will review what medications work, for whom they work, and why they work.. 

3011.4 Multimodal interventions for ADHD: Moderators and mediators of treatment response, 

S. Hinshaw, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA 

Combining medication plus behavioral intervention provides clinically significant benefit for 

children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Data from the Multimodal 

Treatment Study of Children with ADHD (MTA Study) reveal that combination treatments 

(careful medication management plus intensive behavior therapy) provide maximum benefit for 

key impairments related to ADHD. Also discussed are (a) key moderators of treatment outcome 

comorbid anxiety disorders, parental depression, and severity of ADHD symptomatology; and (b) 

mediators of outcome especially, reduction in parental negative/ineffective discipline, which was 

associated with normalization of disruptive behavior at school when multimodal (combination) 

treatments were utilized. 


Age-related differences in human memory 

Convener and Chair: F. Craik, Canada 

3012.1 Different neural routes to picture memory with age, D. Park, University of Illinois at 

Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA 

There is evidence that picture memory remains remarkable preserved with age. Despite this age 

invariance, in a series of studies, we investigated difference in neural activations underlying 

picture memory in old and young adults. We report evidence that hippocampal function is 

compromised with age, and that older adults show increased activation in frontal cortex. These 

increased activations occur only for remembered items, suggesting that the frontal recruitment is 

compensatory. 

3012.2 Age differences in brain activation during emotional processing: Converging evidence 

from perception and memory, L. Bäckman 1 , J. Sandblom 2 , J. Gavazzeni 1 , L. Nyberg 3 , P. 

Fransson 2 , C.I. Wright 4 , M. Ingvar 2 , H. Fischer 1 , 1 Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; 

2 3 4 

Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; University of Umeå, Sweden; Massachusetts General 

Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA 

In an event-related fMRI study, young and older adults studied emotional and neutral face pictures 

under incidental learning conditions. The young showed greater activation in right amygdala and 

hippocampus, whereas older adults showed greater activation in the right insular and prefrontal 

cortices, for successfully remembered fearful faces. The activation patterns for neutral faces were 

544

quite different, with prefrontal and hippocampal activation for remembered faces in both age 

groups. The results suggest an age-related shift in the neural underpinnings of emotional 

processing (subcortical to cortical), and are discussed relative to current theories of life-span 

changes in emotional regulation. 

3012.3 Neurocomputational inquiries of memory aging and neuromodulation, S.C. Li, U. 

Lindenberger, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany 

Memory aging cuts across neural, information-processing, and behavioral levels. Age-related 

deficits are particularly notable regarding episodic and working memory. Neurochemically, the 

efficacy of transmitter systems declines with aging. Neurocomputational theories (e.g., Braver et 

al., 2001; Li, Lindenberger, & Sikström, 2001) are instrumental in developing cross-level 

conceptions of memory aging. A theoretical link is highlighted, relating deficient dopaminergic 

modulation with increase neuronal noise, which may results in less distinctive stimulus 

representations, and, by implication, less efficient distributed conjunctive signal coding. These less 

distinctive representations may underlie aging-related working memory and associative deficits, as 

well as increased fluctuations in memory performance. 

3012.4 Episodic memory in old age and associations with executive function and physical 

condition, D. Bunce, University of London, London, UK 

The study of neuropsychological and physiological variables in relation to age and episodic 

memory can provide valuable insights into the mechanisms underpinning memory deficits in old 

age. The present study investigated executive function and objective measures of physical 

condition in relation to word recall and recognition in a sample of adults aged 65 years and over. 

Theoretically, the findings suggest that although neuropsychological and physiologically-based 

measures offer much to the understanding of memory deficits in old age, empirically, the cognitive 

demands associated with the memory task may play an important role in identifying associations 

where they exist. 

3012.5 Aging and name retrieval: A disproportional impairment? F. Craik 1 , P. Rendell 2 , A. 

Castel 3 , 1 Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada; 2 Australian Catholic 

University, Oakleigh, Australia; 3 University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada 

We report an experiment in which younger and older adults attempted to name pictures of public 

figures and pictures of uncommon objects. In subsequent phases they first matched the pictures 

with provided names and then rated correct picture-name pairs for familiarity. Older adults were 

less able than younger adults to name people that they knew, as determined by the later phases, but 

there was no comparable effect for objects. Further analysis revealed a strong relationship between 

the ratio correctly named / correctly matched and rated familiarity. The question of a 

disproportional impairment is discussed in light of these findings. 


Developing action sequences: Comparative studies of adult scaffolding 

Convener and Chair: B. Bril, France 

Co-convener: P. Zukow-Goldring, USA 

545

3013.1 Assisted imitation: Embodying action to make affordances perceivable to English- and 

Spanish-speaking infants, P. Zukow-Goldring, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, 

CA, USA 

Caregivers play a crucial role in the emergence of imitation. Caregivers direct infants to notice the 

organization and structure of events as they engage them in cycles of perceiving and acting. 

Caregivers embody infants, direct attention to the similarity of self’s body to that of others, relate 

the body to specific object(s), and make prominent affordances for action. We examined the video 

data of Euro-American and Latino infants from the sixth month through the one-word period. 

Results show that caregivers practices prepare infants to imitate by assisting them to see what to 

do before they can do what they see others doing. 

3013.2 Verbal guidance: Mothers and teachers strategies, I. Boyer, M. Hiaux, Ecole des Hautes 

Etudes en Sciences Sociales, Paris, France 

The aim of this comparative study is to analyze the verbal features of adult-child interaction in a 

situation of joint problem solving (realizing a puzzle). The question was: How much of the 

characteristics of the verbal support from the adult depend on the cultural origin and educational 

status of the adult (mother or teacher). Adult-child dyads (Children from 4 to 7 years of age) from 

three cultural settings (Jakarta, London, Paris) have participated in the study. The results show that: 

(i) In all three communities, the verbal scaffolding decreases with the age of the child. In all 

groups the frequency of explanations is higher than the statements; (ii) Teachers’ verbal episodes 

reveal important differences in the three cultural contexts. 

3013.3 Using the adult's action as a reference for task solution: Are fathers and mothers 

different? A. Siddiqui, K. Osmon, B. Hägglöf, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden 

In what way will children take advantage of the greater perception action competence of adults in 

finding solutions to problems that they are encountering? Do fathers and mothers interact with 

their six-year-old child in the same way? Sixty children (30 girls and 30 boys distributed equally 

into three groups) had to perform different tasks either alone, or with the father, or with the mother. 

The results show that success in solving the task was higher when the task was performed with the 

father while the lowest success rate was in the group alone. Children experienced less distraction 

and less discouragement with the presence of father than with the mother. 

3013.4 Learning to use scissors: Adult' scaffolding and task properties, B. Bril, Ecole des 

Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales, Paris, France 

Adult scaffolding consists in educating the child's attention to the task relevant properties. We 

present results of a comparative study (Paris, London, and Jakarta) of mother-child interactions 

during joint action. The task consists of cutting a circle drawn on paper, with the help of the 

mother. The mother's scaffolding is analyzed along the three complementary actions involved in 

the task holding, orienting and cutting. The main characteristics of the scaffolding process are 

similar in the three cultures focusing the child attention on cutting while helping in holding and 

orienting. However, the frequencies of physical and verbal guidance differ. 

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Assessment for the 21st century: New models, technologies, and methods 

Convener and Chair: E.C. Cascallar, USA 

3014.1 Computer-based assessments of higher-order thinking skills, J. Ridgway, University of 

Durham, Durham, UK 

Educational ambitions worldwide increasingly emphasise higher order thinking, so there is a need 

to assess such skills. World Class Tests - funded by the UK government - are designed to assess 

the problem solving skills of highly able students. Tests have a computer-based component, and 

students interact with large data sets, simulations, and microworlds. Here, we describe the domain 

definition, and show some tasks. Surprises in student performance on live tests are discussed. In 

particular, students perform well when analysing complex data, yet find it difficult to represent 

problems in new ways, or to explain their answers. 

3014.2 Assessments for outstanding results, L. Mattsson, AcadeMedia, Kista, Sweden 

The ability to manage human capital will be of utmost importance for the increased 

competitiveness between individuals, corporations and countries. Innovative high-quality 

assessments will play an important role in the development of increased competitiveness and 

outstanding results. Although there has been a lot of discussion in the last ten years regarding 

intellectual capital, there has not been particularly much discussion on the measurement of the 

human capital. The difference between them can be compared with the difference between the 

balance sheet and the profit and loss account. Innovative computer-based performance assessment 

systems will be demonstrated and explained. 

3014.3 Distributed performance assessment for an international e-learning environment, A.S. 

Cascallar 1 , E. Cascallar 2 , 1 Assessment Group International – Europe, Bruxelles, Belgium; 

2 

Assessment Group International – USA 

New technology-driven infrastructures have contributed to the quality of assessment systems in 

recent years. New applications have influenced all aspects of the assessment process: training of 

human markers, knowledge base management, development of test items, automated delivery and 

scoring. This presentation discusses theory and methods of a new application using a distributed 

system, which enables the CBT of a high-stakes professional performance assessment battery. 

Novel technical and conceptual contributions enable the evaluation of higher-order skills and 

strategies, which expands the ability to assess at a distance and in an automated fashion test-taker 

performance, resulting in greater validity, efficacy and utility. 

3014.4 New statistical methods and models to expand measurement applications, N. Verhelst, 

CITO-Groep, Arnhem, The Netherlands 

Recent advances conceptualize models used with the increasing number of polytomous data sets in 

educational assessment. In particular, a step model to analyze partial credit conditions with 

ordered categorical data will be explained. In this model, item parameters are unambiguously 

related to the response categories of the items, and can be interpreted as their difficulty parameters. 

In addition, a logistic model for time-limit tests will be presented, concentrating on the construct 

validity problem, regarding the invariance of the trait measured by the test under different 

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speed/time conditions. In the model presented this invariance has a central role. 

3014.5 Item response theory as a new psychometric model in personality assessment, M.C. 

Richaud, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina 

Item Response Theory (IRT) has a prominent history of both research and implementation in 

educational measurement and cognitive test scoring. Personality assessment, however, has not 

generally adopted this model. We will analyze the present applications of IRT in the personality 

domain and the significant role to play in the future, but at the same time we will present systemic 

and technical problems to its routine application. We believe that more research is needed that 

demonstrates an IRT approach leads to more valid substantive findings in the field of personality 

assessment. 


Validation of the cross-cultural (Chinese) personality assessment inventory (CPAI-2) 

Convener and Chair: F.M. Cheung, Hong Kong SAR, China 

3015.1 CPAI-2 profiles of Chinese psychiatric patients displaying a significant level of 

borderline personality disorder features, F.Y.K. Leung, F.M. Cheung, S.F. Cheung, The Chinese 

University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China 

This study examined the CPAI-2 profiles of Chinese psychiatric patients displaying Borderline 

Personality Disorder (BPD) features. Psychiatric patients (N=1674) from various regions in China 

completed the CPAI-2 and the Chinese Personality Disorders Inventory (CPDI). Comparing to the 

CPAI-2 general personality profiles of non-BPD patients, patients (n=181) who endorsed seven or 

more BPD features on the CPDI reported significant elevations in emotionality, inferiority, 

concerns about negative evaluations from others (face), and defensiveness. They also reported 

significantly lower scores on practical mindedness, optimism, family orientation, graciousness and 

harmony. Moreover, BPD patients displayed elevations on almost all the CPAI-2 clinical subscales, 

particularly depression, pathological dependence and antisocial/impulsive behaviors. 

3015.2 Multivariate relationship between personality functioning and psychological well-being 

among Chinese psychiatric patients, S.F. Cheung 1 , F.M. Cheung 1 , F.Y.K. Leung 1 , Z. Wang 2 , 

1 2 

The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; The Chinese PLA General 

Hospital, China 

The present study examines the multivariate relationship between different aspects of personality 

and psychological distress among Chinese psychiatric patients in Mainland and Hong Kong. Over 

1,500 patients completed the Chinese Personality Assessment Inventory-2 (CPAI-2) and the 

Chinese Personality Disorder Inventory (CPDI). The CPAI-2 assesses various general personality 

features, while the clinical subscales of the CPAI-2 assess psychological symptoms such as 

depression and somatization. The CPDI assesses disordered personality features as defined in the 

Axis-II of the DSM system. We used canonical correlation to explore the patterns of relationship 

between normal personality functioning and the psychological symptoms among the patients. 

3015.3 Examination of personality traits, customer orientation, and job performance of services 

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employees, J.Y.Y. Kwong, F.M. Cheung, W. Chan, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 


There is a growing interest in the use of the CPAI to predict key vocational outcomes. In this 

presentation, we will focus on an emerging topic in the services industry identifying the 

personality correlates of customer orientation. Customer orientation refers to an employee’s 

tendency or predispositions to meet customer needs in an on-the-job context. We attempt to 

address three questions: (1) to explore the relationship between personality traits and customer 

orientation; (2) to replicate the linkage between personality traits and job performance in a 

services setting; (3) to examine the mediating role of customer orientation on the personality-job 

performance relationship. 

3015.4 Validation studies of CPAI-2 in Korea, K.K. Chon 1 , J.R. Cho 2 , 1 Daegu University, 

Daegu, Korea; 2 Kyungnam University, Korea 

Two studies are reported on the validation of the CPAI-2 in Korea. In Study 1, participants were 

457 Korean college students representing five major regions in Korea. Factor analyses were 

conducted for the Korean version of the CPAI-2. It revealed a similar factor structure to the 

original CPAI-2. In Study 2, the association between subscales of the CPAI-2 (e.g., optimism vs. 

pessimism) and coping styles are explored. The construct validities of the CPAI-2 in Korea are 

discussed. 

3015.5 The relations between CPAI-2 and behavioral correlates in Japanese students, S. Wada 1 , 

F.M. Cheung 2 , S.F. Cheung 2 , 1 Private Practice, Saitama, Japan; 2 The Chinese University of Hong 

Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China 

This study showed the relations between CPAI-2 and behavioral correlates in Japanese 

undergraduate students in and around Tokyo. As correlations between CPAI-2 scales and 

behavioral correlate items were relatively low in general, scale construction for behavioral 

correlates was required. Some of the correlations still suggested validity of CPAI-2 scales. Joint 

factor analysis for CPAI-2 and NEO-FFI supported the uniqueness of the Interpersonal 

Relatedness (IR), which was not covered by the so-called universal Five Factor model. Further 

analyses will be discussed. 

3015.6 Behavioral correlates of the openness factor among two American samples, F.T.L. 

Leong 1 , F.M. Cheung 2 , S.F. Cheung 2 , 1 University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA; 2 The 

Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China 

The present study examines the external correlates of Openness in the Western contexts. Six 

Chinese Openness scales from the Chinese Personality Assessment Inventory-2 (CPAI-2) and the 

NEO-FFI were administered to two American university student samples: Caucasian American 

and Asian American students. Self-reported measures of Openness-related behaviors were 

administered, including the diversity of courses enrolled, music albums owned, and the 

engagement of novel activities, such as trying new technology. Joint factor analysis was conducted 

on the six CPAI-2 Openness scales and the NEO-FFI scales. Multiple regression analysis was used 

to predict Openness related behaviors by the CPAI-2 Openness scales and the NEO-FFI Openness 

scale. 

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Social cognition, stereotyping and group influence 

Convener and Chair: F. Moghaddam, USA 

3016.1 Social cognition in a cultural context, V. Ottati, University of Loyola-Chicago, Chicago, 

IL, USA 

In western culture, stereotypes of people with mental illness often suggest that they are dangerous, 

incompetent, unable to care for themselves, and childlike (Brockington et al., 1993; Taylor & Dear, 

1981; Corrigan, 1998; Wahl, 1992). Although these stereotypic beliefs are often incorrect or 

inaccurate, they are widely shared in the United State (Link, 1987; Rabkin, 1974). Research 

regarding the antecedents and consequences of stereotyping and prejudice against individuals 

labeled as mentally ill will be reviewed. Factors that moderate the tendency to stigmatize this 

social group will be considered, including the role of culture. 

3016.2 Perception of the most creative people by undergraduates from China, Germany, and the 

USA, X.D. Yue 1 , Y.T. Lee 2 , M. Bender 3 , 1 City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; 

2 3 

Minnesota State University, Mankato, MN, USA; Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, 

Germany 

The present study surveyed perception of the most creative people among a sample of 128 Hong 

Kong undergraduates, 143 Chinese undergraduates (Nanjing) 166 Germany undergraduates 

(Giessen), and 161 American undergraduates (Mankato). Scientists/inventors, and politicians were 

the most creative people for the Hong Kong and Nanjing students; artists and thinkers were the 

most creative ones for the Germany students; and human rights fighters and politicians were the 

most creative ones for the American students. Meritorious salience is much valued by the Chinese 

students, aesthetic salience is much valued by the Germany students; ideological salience is much 

valued by the American students. 

3016.3 Social emotions and personality inferences resulting from attributions made in the 

context of achievements, S. Hareli 1 , B. Weiner 2 , 1 University of Haifa, Mt. Carmel, Israel; 

2 

University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA 

Achievements do not take place in a vacuum, but rather occur within a social setting. Hence, 

achievements lead to variety of social-related emotions and personality inferences. Attributional 

principles are used here to provide a framework for the study of these neglected topics. The 

framework explains the relation between attributions (e.g., ability, effort, help) for achievement 

outcomes (success or failure), and emotions and personality inferences as a function of who makes 

the attribution (achiever vs. an external observer). The talk Includes an examination of admiration, 

arrogance, gratitude, envy, flattery, guilt, hopelessness, modesty, pride, schadenfreude, shame, and 

sympathy. 

3016.4 The moderating effects of multicultural vs. color-blind ideology on black Americans’ 

and white Americans’ in-group and out-group stereotypes, C.S. Ryan, University of Nebraska at 

Omaha, Omaha, NE, USA 

Recent work suggests that Blacks and Whites in the US do not exhibit out-group homogeneity and 

550

ethnocentrism. Rather, Blacks appear to have stronger stereotypes than Whites perhaps resulting 

from experiences that have led Whites to adopt a color-blind ideology and Blacks to adopt a 

multicultural ideology. Presumably, a multicultural ideology, which involves a focus on ethnic 

group differences, results in stronger stereotypes. I assessed Blacks’ and Whites’ stereotypes and 

endorsement of color-blind and multicultural ideologies. The results were generally as expected, 

highlighting the need to consider both majority and minority groups’ experiences and perspectives 

in efforts to understand stereotyping processes. 

3016.5 How do males and females evaluate ingroup favoritism and outgroup favoritism? F. 

Wang 1 , T. Yamagishi 2 , C. Yang 1 , 1 Sun Yat-Sen University, Guanzhou, China; 2 Hokkaido 


Previous experiments showed the tendency of females’ ingroup favoritism and males’ outgroup 

favoritism in intra- and inter-group interactions. In order to understand the differences between 

males and females in group behavior, we performed a questionnaire survey. The survey was 

designed as a vignette concerning cases of ingroup favoritism and outgroup favoritism in both 

experimental situations and daily routine. Respondents were asked to evaluate each target person’s 

(either a male or a female was designed) ingroup favoring behavior and outgroup favoring 

behavior on a 7-point scale. Survey data are being analyzed and important implications are under 

discussion. 


Contributions of psychology in assisting women in transition around the globe 

Convener and Chair: N. Sidun, USA 

3017.1 Clinical psychology in “translation”: International students in training, J.B. Bloom, 

Massachusetts School of Professional Psychology, Boston, MA, USA 

Doctoral training in clinical psychology confronts international students with complex challenges 

as they seek training in the US to prepare for professional work in their countries of origin. The 

translations of language and culture are obvious challenges. Less obvious is the translation of the 

culture of psychology, a distinctive American phenomenon, not always noted as such, and replete 

with American cultural assumptions of self, individualism, introspection, self-awareness, that not 

only define the field of psychology, but are projected onto the student as unfamiliar versions of 

self, requiring an additional translation of self and subject matter to the US and back.. 

3017.2 Going from research to action in a health and empowerment program in rural Mexico, S. 

Pick 1, 2 , T. Venguer 2 , I. Leenen 1 , 1 National University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico; 2 IMIFAP, 

Mexico City, Mexico 

The empowerment and health program ‘If I am OK, the my family will be OK’ was developed 

based on formative research and was tested with 31,000 women and their children in remote rural 

areas of Mexico. For its development a research to action model which incorporated evaluation 

and dissemination at every stage was utilized. Among the results statistically significant changes 

were found in number of pap smears, improvements in nutritional and hygienic aspects as well as 

551

in sexual and reproductive health behaviors. The program is currently being scaled up under the 

auspices of the United Nations. 

3017.3 Socioeconomic, cultural, political and historical considerations in the growth of 

international adoption, N. Kirwan, Stamford Hospital, Stamford, CT, USA 

The past decade has seen an explosion in the numbers of children adopted into the United States 

from foreign countries including Russia, Guatemala and Eastern Europe. Although adoption of 

Asian infants from Korea and Vietnam has a relatively long history, China is more of a newcomer 

to the international adoption scene. This paper will focus on the unique social, cultural, political 

and economic changes that have made this phenomenon possible, with particular focus on changes 

within China and the United States. Among the factors to be considered are China’s history and 

traditions, as well as more recent policies that have resulted in thousands of children, mainly girls, 

who are available for adoption. 

3017.4 International student women in transition, J.M. Hinkelman, University of Tulsa, Tulsa, 

OK, USA 

Increasing numbers of international students (ISs) face the challenges of leaving home to study 

abroad. ISs have greater difficulty in adjusting into a university than those from domestic locations 

(Hechanova-Alampay, et al., 2002) and may have more difficulty seeking assistance (Kaczmarek, 

et al., 1994). ISs experience physical and psychosocial difficulties and need support (Lund, 2002). 

A supportive campus environment assists ISs in attaining academic/personal goals (Arthur, 1997). 

Counselors are important in the delivery of direct counseling and campus outreach programming 

to ISs (Arthur, 1997). Specific suggestions for counselors to address adjustment concerns of 

female ISs in transition will be made. 

3017.5 Menarche stories, J.C. Chrisler, J.C. Rose, M. McGinn, Connecticut College, New 

London, CT, USA 

College students from Austria, India, and Nigeria were invited to write the story of their first 

menstruation in as much detail as memory would allow. The stories were read and their contents 

analyzed for the presence or absence of information on such topics as emotional reaction, 

preparedness, sources of information about menstruation, changes in body image, and celebrations 

of this rite of passage for adolescent girls. Similarities and differences in the stories from the three 

countries will be discussed and compared to earlier samples from Lithuania, Malaysia, Sudan, and 

the U.S. Implications for health education will be discussed. 

3017.6 Changing roles of women in populations that are aging, L. Garcia-Shelton 1 , J. Shiang 1 , 

H.S. Wu 2 , 1 Pacific Graduate School of Psychology, Palo Alto, CA, USA; 2 Department of 

Veteran’s Affairs, NJ, USA 

Part I: A Macro View. Common characteristics of aging populations in a number of countries will 

be presented. Part II: A Micro View. This study of 181 adults of Chinese heritage living in the U.S. 

completed measurement tools to assess family relationships, living arrangements, depression, 

self-construal, and daily symptoms. Ten individuals were interviewed to gather qualitative data to 

better understand the nature of the relationships between generations. It was found that depression 

level and specific symptoms constellations were associated with self-construal orientation and that 

552

women’s perceptions of their extended family relationships had a role in helping determine 

women’s caretaking strategies. 


Methodology issue in counseling research 

Convener and Chair: Z. Hou, China 

3018.1 Methodological challenges in career counseling research, I. Gati, Hebrew University of 

Jerusalem, Israel 

Research in career counseling faces several challenges. Awareness to the following problems may 

help minimizing their impact: Random assignment to interventions; Attrition in longitudinal 

studies; Neutralizing the influence of significant others; Anonymity cannot be maintained when 

long-term follow up is involved; There is a trade-off between collecting data for research and the 

individual’s needs; Adopting instruments from another culture is not enough - there is a need to 

adapt instruments; Measurement is an intervention for itself, carry-over effects should be 

controlled; Individual differences exist among counselors; Self-selection of participants. Ways to 

minimize the impact of these problems will be explored. 

3018.2 New methods for counseling research and its utilization, M.L. Savickas, Northeastern 

Ohio Universities, Rootstown, Ohio, USA 

This paper examines alternative research models and methods from the perspective of the eventual 

use of the research by practitioners. I document the current problems of research dissemination 

and use. Then I relate these problems to the methods currently popular in counseling research and 

show how these methods could be improved. In so doing, I will briefly compare and contrast 

seven research models: scientist-practitioner, clinical triad, practitioner-scientist, local clinical 

scientist, co-generative learning, outreach scholarship, and practice research networks. I end by 

discussing methods for studying contemporary problems in counseling psychology that deal with 

research consumption, research utilization, and empirically-based practice. 

3018.3 Action theory as a conceptual and methodological framework for counseling psychology, 

R. Young, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada 

A number of current issues from both within and without the discipline and practice of counselling 

psychology are pertinent to research methodology and the kind of research that is done and useful 

in this field. The complexity and diversity of these issues may suggest that no single research 

methodology can answer all of research questions. In this context, action theory, which has both 

conceptual and methodological dimensions is presented as a framework that can address and 

provide an integrative dimension that pertains to both theory and practice, and importantly closely 

related to the lives people live. 

3018.4 Advances in counseling Chinese: Future directions in research, training, and practice, 

S.M.A. Leung, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China 

Counseling and psychotherapy are rapidly developing in many Chinese communities, such as in 

the Chinese mainland, Taiwan, and Hong Kong. For counseling to become a mature discipline in 

553

these regions, there is a need to develop the scientific base of the discipline that is rooted in the 

indigenous Chinese culture. This presentation will examine the need for indigenous models of 

Chinese counseling. It will highlight aspects of research and theory development that are more 

salient to Chinese regions, based on the existing literature. Also, in an age of globalization, this 

presentation will also address practice and training issues, such that scientist-practitioners who 

have the competence to use a global mind to address locally relevant issues could be trained. 


Language, culture, and symbolic processes: Comparisons between Chinese and English 

Convener and Chair: K. Miller, USA 

3019.1 Young children’s initial school experience with numbers, Chinese and English, C.H. 

Liang, National Chiao Tung University, Hsin Chu, Taiwan, China 

The goal of this study was to investigate young children’s initial school experience with numbers, 

Chinese and English in a preschool classroom in Taipei. The 18 children were 3- to 4-year-old. 

Most of them were first time enrolled in school. This study was ethnographic in approach. 

Fieldwork combined with audio and video taping were conducted one day per week. For the 

purpose of this paper, the first semester of the recordings were analyzed. The findings indicate that 

the teachers employed different strategies in introducing the three symbolic systems and the 

children applied their knowledge in various daily activities. 

3019.2 Culture as reflected in a classroom: Comparison between Chinese and American 

elementary school classrooms, X.B. Zhou, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA 

Large differences between Western and Eastern cultures have been reported by social 

psychologists. This paper discusses cultural differences in the classroom settings where children 

spend most of their day learning and interacting with other children and adults (i.e. teachers). 

Comparisons of activities during typical Chinese and American elementary school math classes 

revealed that cultural values cause striking difference in classroom practice. Characteristics of the 

classroom interactions, such as teacher’s questioning style, students’ participation, along with 

general beliefs held by teachers regarding teaching and students’ learning will be examined with 

in-depth consideration of cultural values and beliefs. 

3019.3 The relationship between semantic and orthographic information for reading 

development in Chinese, S.Y. Chen, Taipei Municipal Teachers College, Taipei, Taiwan, China 

Previous studies showed the involvement of sub-character and character level semantic 

information in Chinese reading development. This study examined the relationship between 

semantic and orthographic information in Taiwanese children’s reading development. Results 

revealed two major findings. First, for second and third graders, orally presented characters with 

higher semantic similarity ratings were more likely to be judged as written identically. Second, 

presented with written compound words, first graders rated homographic characters with higher 

semantic similarity than non-homographic characters. In sum, the semantic and orthographic 

information of Chinese characters influenced each other in Chinese reading development. 

554

3019.4 Orthography and the development of reading eye movements: The case of Chinese and 

English, G. Feng, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA 

As children become proficient readers, their reading eye movements undergo substantial changes. 

This study investigates whether the development is driven by general developmental changes or 

experiences specific to reading. Chinese characters and English alphabetic orthographies provide a 

good comparison for looking at how orthography affects the development of reading 

eye-movements. Third-grade, fifth-grade, and undergraduate students who were native speakers of 

English or Chinese were asked to read age-appropriate texts while their eye movements were 

recorded. Results indicated that some aspects of the mechanism that controls reading eye 

movement can be modified by reading experience, while others are relatively 

orthography-independent. 


Attachment and Amae: Cultural perspective 

Convener and Chair: S. Yamaguchi, Japan 

3020.1 Hierarchy of love: "Love" from the parental side, O. Kitayama 1 , J. Izaki 2 , 1 Kyushu 

University, Fukuoka City, Japan; 2 Hakuoh Women's Junior College, Japan 

Children's Amae does not stand alone but the parents are usually expected to give something sweet 

which the positionally lower children ask for. Parents' psychology corresponding to the 

psychology of Amae is usually called "Amayakasu" which is nearly equivalent to spoiling. In our 

experiment in Japan, we studied the mother's behavior by allowing them to decide how long they 

would tolerate separation from their infants. The first item that was related to the time of 

separation was, naturally, whether or not the mother had known the interviewer previously. We 

then quote some sessions from our therapeutic works with Japanese neurotics who often complain 

of their mothers’ having thought that they had been dependent. 

3020.2 Amae, attachment, and cultural nationalism, P. Gjerde, University of California at Santa 

Cruz, Santa Cruz, USA 

This paper examines the recent debate about Doi’s (1973) notion of amae: the tendency to behave 

self-indulgently, presuming some special relationship which exist (p. 29) and attachment. Many 

Japanese social theorists consider amae as a key concept, on the psychological level, of 

Nihonjinron: the discourse about the Japanese with emphasis on homogeneity, group-orientation, 

and lack of individuality. The underlying theme is that Japanese culture is unique and that 

attachment therefore must manifest itself differently in Japan than in other countries. The current 

paper critically evaluates relations between cultural nationalism, amae, and attachment from the 

perspective of modern cultural theory. 

3020.3 Attachment and amae: New empirical findings, K. Behrens, University of California, 

Berkeley, CA, USA 

Although attachment and amae have been compared theoretically, there is a paucity of empirical 

exploration in this area. This paper presents preliminary findings that Japanese mothers’ 

perceptions of their 6-year-olds’ amae behaviors may not be directly related to child’s attachment 

555

security nor to mother’s attachment experiences and attachment security based on the study that 

administered the Separation Anxiety Test, the Adult Attachment Interview (AAI), and amae 

questionnaire. Further, some examples in which Japanese mothers use amae to describe their 

childhood relationships during the AAI are presented to illustrate the way in which theoretical 

concepts interact. Future studies integrating attachment and amae are discussed. 

3020.4 Parent-child relationship and the relational self in East Asia: A challenge to Western 

conceptualizations of child development and attachment, U. Kim 1 , Y.S. Park 2 , 1 Chung-Ang 

University, Seoul, Korea; 2 Inha University, Inchon, Korea 

Developmental theories focusing child development, attachment, and individuation are based on 

individualistic assumptions and they are limited in explaining development trajectories of East 

Asian children. Even the conceptualization of interdependent contrual of self is fraught with 

conceptual and empirical problems. In Confucian culture, the unit of analysis is relational and the 

parent-child relationship shapes the development of future relationships with sibling, friends, 

teachers, and colleagues. The goal of socialization is not to individuate or separate, but to expand 

an ever increasing social network of relationships. Results from Korea and Japan will be provided 

to documented the development of relational self. 

3020.5 Attachment, dependence, and amae among Japanese: An attempt to unravel the 

conceptual confusion, S. Yamaguchi, Y. Ariizumi, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan 

Amae has been confused with dependence or insecure attachment in the literature. This is caused 

by inconsistent and unclear definitions proposed by researchers. To unravel this conceptual 

confusion, we examined lay people’s perceptions about amae, as contrasted with attachment and 

dependence. The results revealed that amae can be conceptually distinguished from insecure 

attachment and dependence: Amae is typically perceived as practiced by those who are securely 

attached and it is not necessarily associated with dependence. Implications of the results for 

conceptual relationship among attachment, dependence, and amae will be discussed. 


New treatments for drug abuse: Development and dissemination 

Convener and Chair: M. Stitzer, USA 

Co-convener: Z.M. Liu, China 

3021.1 Buprenorphine: A new pharmacotherapy for opioid dependence, L. Amass, Friends 

Research Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA 

Buprenorphine-only (Subutex and buprenorphine-naloxone (Suboxone sublingual tablets are 

formulations of the partial mu-opioid agonistbuprenorphine used to treat opioid dependence. 

Suboxone was developed tomitigate abuse and diversion of Subutex and is presently available 

only inthe United States. Worldwide market penetration has been excellent and Subutex is 

currently available in 27 countries. This presentation willreview controlled research and 

international field experience supporting the safety and efficacy of buprenorphine, and discuss 

how to optimize its clinical effectiveness during dose induction, maintenance and detoxification. 

Global implementation schemes and implications for program development and improving 

556

treatment access will also be discussed. 

3021.2 Motivational incentives: Boosting patient motivation for drug abstinence, C. Wong, 

Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA 

Contingency management is one of the most effective methods for the treatment of chronic 

substance abusers. Monetary vouchers that can be exchanged for goods and services are effective 

for promoting abstinence from drugs of abuse, including cocaine, heroin, and marijuana, when 

offered as are ward based on documented drug abstinence. Other types of incentives including 

drug free housing, job skills training and employment can also promote abstinence in various drug 

abuse populations. This presentation will describe the voucher system and other motivational 

incentive approaches that have demonstrated efficacy in substance abuse treatment and discuss 

their potential for application in community treatment programs. 

3021.3 Matrix model for treatment of stimulant abusers, R. Rawson, University of California, 

Los Angeles, CA, USA 

As cocaine and methamphetamine users began seeking treatment in large numbers in the United 

States, during the early and mid 1980s, there was no established protocol for structuring treatment 

assistance. The author and colleagues founded the Matrix Institute and developed a treatment 

model that incorporates empirically supported strategies and principles into astructured written 

protocol for guiding the treatment of stimulant users in outpatient settings. Over the past 15 years 

over 12,000 individuals have received treatment and data have been collected on outcomes. This 

presentation will describe the Matrix approach, examine evidence supporting efficacy and describe 

international dissemination of the treatment model. 

3021.4 Pregnancy and substance dependence: Diversification in treatment, G. Fischer, Medical 

University Vienna, Vienna, Austria 

The fetal consequences of drug abuse during pregnancy are profound. Heroin and stimulant 

consumption can result in medical problems including infectious disease exposure, preterm labor, 

and underweight babies, as well as nutritional and social neglect post-partum. The recommended 

treatmentstandard is to maintain pregnant, opioid-dependent women on syntheticopioids such as 

methadone or buprenorphine. For cocaine abusers, intensive behavior therapy is recommended. 

Treatment should be interdisciplinary,initiated as early as possible during pregnancy, and should 

consider also the high prevalence of substance dependent partners. Clinical outcomes for pregnant 

drug dependent women with and without recommended intensive treatment will be discussed. 


Family life and professional work: Stress and synergies 

Convener and Chair: L. Shi, China 

3022.1 The sharing of family work and homework of young couples: Cross-cultural comparison, 

M. Perrez, D. Schoebi, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland 

The paper will focus on cross-cultural differences in the modalities of how young professionally 

active couples with preschool children share their home and family work. We assume that in 

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Europe, men from northern countries over-report their family- and homework more than do men 

from southern countries. This difference is expected as an effect of cultural gender stereotypes. 

The sharing modalities are assessed through computer-aided self-observation and by traditional 

questionnaires. We expect the phenomenon of over-reporting to be more accentuated in the 

questionnaire data. Overall, eight different European countries collaborate in the study. 

3022.2 An investigation on teachers’ work stress and related factors, J.L. Cheng, Beijing 

Education College, Beijing, China 

This study investigated the work stress and relevant factors of some Chinese teachers and found 

that 54.2% of the teachers have much or great stress. There is a significant positive correlation 

between the samples’ stress response and their work stress. The relevant stressor factors in the 

order of importance to stress response are family factor, social factor, individual physical and 

psychological factor, and occupation feature factor. Some explanations and suggestions are given 

to cope with stress in teaching profession. 

3022.3 East vs. West: Job stress in China and the USA, C. Liu 1 , P. Spector 2 , L. Shi 3 , 1 Illinois 

State University, Normal, IL, USA; 2 University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA; 3 Beijing 


In this study, we used both quantitative (Likert scales) and qualitative (open-ended questionnaires) 

approaches to collect job stress data in China and the U.S. Cultural-specific job stressors were 

found. While American employees perceived more job control than Chinese employees, 

Americans still complained more about lack of job control. Interpersonal conflict was an 

important stressor for both groups. However, while American sample had more direct conflicts, 

Chinese sample had more indirect conflicts. The job strain analyses also revealed unique 

psychological and physical job strains in each country. Explanations for the job stress differences 

between Eastern and Western societies were provided. 

3022.5 Work family conflict and interaction quality in young dual-earner families, D. Schoebi, 

University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland 

This paper will focus on the relationship between work overload, emerging from conflicting 

demands of family- and professional duties, and interaction quality in couples with young children. 

Professionally active parents of young children typically face the difficult endeavour not only to 

align family-duties, such as household chores and child-rearing, with their professional activity, 

but as well to preserve enriching and satisfactory intimate interaction in their partnership. The 

computer-assisted experience and behavior sampling methodology allows the assessment of daily 

life interaction within the scope of everyday professional occupation and family duties. Findings 

are reported based on the analysis of micro-episodes. 


Emotion intelligence and child rearing in culture 

Convener and Chair: S. Sogon, Japan 

Co-convener: M. Kawai, Japan 

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3023.1 How parents teach social skills to their child, S. Sogon, Human Behavior Laboratory, 

Osaka Gakuin University, Osaka, Japan 

Parents-child relationships during school age were investigated based on the memory of Japanese 

university students. Male students were often scolded regarding their school works, but did not 

give good scolding regarding their domestic helping and emotion regulation behavior, such as 

suppression of anger. Female students were often scolded their domestic helping, but did not give 

their school work and emotion regulation behavior. Although Ruth Benedict called Japanese 

culture as shame culture, parents of students did not any training for the emotion regulation. 

3023.2 Emotional problems in childrearing now, Willem Koops, Utrecht University, Utrecht, 


In this presentation it will be made clear how cultural historical changes in the conception of 

childhood and adolescence ask for a new approach to childrearing. Where the new "total" access 

to the adult electronic information destroys the classical conception of childhood, and of 

childrearing as well, new approaches have to be found. The presentation will stress the necessity 

to concentrate on emotional development and offer examples from recent research in the field of 

the development of aggression. In particular recent developments in social information processing 

(SIP) will be discussed. 

3023.3 Explore for influences of parent-child relationship in mental health of preschool children, 

J.M. Fang, N.L. Zhou, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China 

This research investigated the status of 364 preschool children; range of age is 4-6 years old. By 

interview and questionnaire and scale of CTS, follow results were gotten. The first, 12% of 

children showed problem behaviors; Second is parents who’s characters are more consistency and 

treat child kindly, their children showed less problems then other children; The third is the children 

who have awful parents showed more shrink and aggressive behaviors. 


Performance and subjective experience in complex sensory environments 

Convener and Chair: G. Neely, Sweden 

3024.1 Expertise perception and reaction times of karate athletes in realistic displays, S. Mori, 

Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan 

There is a growing recognition in sport psychology that high-level athletes possess expertise 

perception, which helps them to extract relevant information from complex dynamically-changing 

environments under severe temporal and spatial constraints. I report empirical evidence for 

expertise perception in karate, showing that athletes are faster than novices in reacting to realistic 

displays (i.e., videotaped images of opponent’s attack), but not to simplistic displays. The athletes 

are also better at anticipating the attacks from temporally occluded video displays. These findings 

suggest context-specific nature of expertise perception in karate. 

3024.2 Performance and stress in during combined whole-body vibration and sound exposure, 

L. Jessica, G. Neely, Umeå Universitet, Sweden 

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Little is known about the combined effects of noise and whole-body vibration on humans despite 

the fact that large numbers of workers are exposed to such environments daily. In this study, 24 

men were exposed to noise, whole-body vibration, both stimulus combined and a control condition 

on four separate occasions for 40 min. No effects were found in the performance of a cognitive 

task or in cortisol measurements in any of the conditions. However, subjects rated the task as more 

difficult and stressful in the noise condition and more stressful in the combined condition 

compared to the control condition. 

3024.3 The effectiveness of traffic and non-traffic related messages presented on changeable 

message signs (CMS), K. A. Harder, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA 

The objectives of this study investigating Changeable Message Signs (CMS) were to determine 

whether or not CMS messages really work, whether or not they cause traffic slow downs, and 

whether or not they have an impact on traffic flow. The participants were 120 licensed drivers 

from three age groups 18-24, 32-47, and 55-65 years old. Two experiments were conducted in a 

fully-interactive, PC-based STISIM driving simulator. A time-critical, site-specific CMS was 

investigated in Experiment 1, while a CMS related to child abduction (AMBER Alert) was 

investigated in Experiment 2. Changes to the wording of both messages are recommended. 

3024.4 Strain in railroad maintenance workers caused by passing high-speed trains, F. Müller, 

University of Applied Sciences, Lüneburg, Germany 

49 maintenance workers experienced high speed trains driving past at 200, 280 and 300 km/h. 

while standing at distances of 3 or 3.30 m to the middle of track. Subjective indicators of strain as 

well as physiological stress indicators were recorded. While the psychological measures clearly 

differentiate between experimental conditions, the physiological indicators are ambiguous. 

However, while the experienced strain, queasiness and heart rate at 280 and 300 km/h were clearly 

higher than at 200 km/h the experienced differences between 280 and 300 km/h are not. Compared 

to other life situations, the strain caused by the examined trains is low. 


Psychological, behavioral and biological factors contributing to social inequalities in health 

Convener and Chair: U. Lundberg, Sweden 

3025.1 Does hostility moderate educational differences in mortality? A. Haukkala 1 , T. 

Laatikainen 2 , A. Uutela 2 , 1 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; 2 National Public Health 

Institute (KTL), Helsinki, Finland 

The aim was to examine whether different aspects of hostility are related to mortality. The subjects, 

3938 males and 4419 females, 25-74 years of age, participated the FINRISK Finnish 

cardiovascular risk factor study either in 1992 or 1997. Data from the mortality register till 2002 

was linked to the data. Higher cynical hostility and lower anger expression predicted mortality 

after adjusting for age but both associations disappeared after adjusting for other risk factors. 

Anger suppression, anger control and trait anger were not related to mortality. Cynical hostility 

had a negative and anger expression a positive association with educational years but neither of 

them moderated educational differences in mortality. 

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3025.2 The contribution of work stress to social inequality in cardiovascular health, R. Peter 1 , 

N. Leissner 1 , L. Alfredsson 2 , N. Hammar 3 , A. Knutsson 4 , J. Siegrist 5 , T. Theorell 2 , P. 

Westerholm 6 , 1 University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany; 2 Karolinska Institute, Sweden; 3 Karolinska 

Hospital, Sweden; 4 University of Sundsvall, Sweden; 5 University of Duesseldorf; 6 Institute for 

Working Life, Solna, Sweden 

Social inequalities in cardiovascular health are reported from all socio-economically developed 

countries. Increasing work stress with decreasing socio-economic status (SES) is discussed as on 

possible explanation of this social gradient. The present study investigates the role of effort-reward 

imbalance (ERI), a theoretical model of work stress, in the association between SES and 

cardiovascular risk factors. Analyses are performed with data from the baseline screening of the 

prospective Swedish WOLF study (about 10500 employed men and women aged 20-70 years). 

Preliminary findings suggest that high efforts and low rewards explain a part of social inequality 

in cardiovascular health. 

3025.3 Total workload and symptom perception among Swedish male and female with collar 

workers, G. Krantz 1 , L. Berntsson 2 , U. Lundberg 1 , 1 Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden; 

2 

The Sahlgrenska Academy at Göteborg University, Göteborg, Sweden 

Purpose: To investigate the association between symptoms and paid and unpaid work in Swedish 

male and female white collar workers. Methods: The Total Workload Questionnaire and a 

symptom checklist were completed by 743 women and 595 men. Results: Women had a greater 

total workload, devoted more time to household chores and childcare and perceived more stress 

from paid work. Prevalence of symptoms was higher in women than in men. Childcare seemed to 

have a buffering effect on symptoms in men working long hours. Conclusion: Both paid and 

unpaid work needs to be taken into account in the study of stress related disorders. 

3025.4 Socioeconomic health inequalities among a nationally representative sample of Danish 

adolescents: The role of different types of social relations, P. Due, J. Lynch, B. Holstein, J. 

Modvig, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark 

Study objective: To investigate the role of social relations in adolescent health inequalities. Design: 

Cross sectional study. Participants: Nationally representative sample of 5,205 students from grades 

5, 7 and 9. Results: Adolescents from families of lower socioeconomic position reported more 

physical and psychological symptoms. Relationships with friends or teachers showed small social 

class differences, while strong and consistent differences were found in the ways adolescents 

reported their own and their parents relations to school. Conclusions: Socioeconomic differences 

in how adolescents and their parents relate to the school may be part of the cascade of early-life 

influences that can lead to later social and health disadvantage. 

3025.5 Does Sense of Coherence (SOC) protect against health risks? O. Lundberg, Stockholm 


The aim is to present evidence that SOC is related to biomarkers of ill health, and to analyse 

prospectively if persons with a strong SOC have better health development than people with a 

weak SOC. First, medical examinations of 337 43-year old women, including assessment of blood 

pressure and blood lipids, are analysed. Women with a weak SOC have significantly higher levels 

561

of systolic blood pressure and total cholesterol. Second, a nationally representative sample is 

followed between 1991 and 2000, and changes in health and other life circumstances is compared 

between groups with weak, intermediate and strong SOC. 


Parent-child relation studies in cultural context 

Convener and Chair: G. Zheng, China 

Co-convener: Y.S. Park, Korea 

3026.1 Parent-child relation and intergenerational changes in China, L.S. Hua, G. Zheng, S.H. 

Shi, H. Tang, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China 

As a part of the international study on the value of children and intergenerational changes, this 

paper focuses on discussing the quality and changing patterns in the relationship between parents 

and their adolescent children in China. The intergenerational data were collected from mothers, 

their 13-14 years old children, and their own mothers. Significant difference was found between 

urban, rural and shifting population contexts. The measures on values, parenting styles, attachment 

and filial anxiety were analyzed for detecting their possible determining effects on the parent-child 

relation and its change. Cross-cultural results are also briefly discussed for the Eastern-Western 

and intra-Asian comparisons. 

3026.2 Motivations underlying amae request and their effect on satisfaction,Y. Ariizumi, S. 

Yamaguchi, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan 

The present study represents a part of our systematic attempt to unravel the meaning and functions 

of amae, a Japanese indigenous concept, which has often been misunderstood in the literature. 

Amae refers to one’s inappropriate behavior or requests with presumed acceptance by one’s 

counterpart. We assumed that two motivations are operative either simultaneously or separately in 

amae: emotional and manipulative. Amae-requesters’ satisfaction would depend both on which 

motivation is dominant and how amae is accepted. We measured amae-requesters’ satisfaction in 

amae episodes as perceived by Japanese college students. Results and theoretical implications will 

be presented. 

3026.3 The place of culture in parent-adolescent conversations from an action theory 

perspective, R.A.Young, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada 

This presentation uses an action theoretical perspective, based on the cultural psychology 

paradigm (Bruner, 1990), to study conversations between parents and adolescents. These 

conversations are conceptualized as contributing to joint projects that represent a range of joint 

intentions and goals, including those in relationship, parenting, identity, career, and cultural areas. 

The supporting data are derived from several studies of parent-adolescent conversations in 

domains such as health promotion, future career, transition from school to work, and sun 

protection. These studies include participants from Euro-Canadian, Chinese-Canadian, and 

Indo-Canadian backgrounds. 

3026.4 Formation and perception of parent-child trust and distrust: The case of Korean high 

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school students and their parents, S. Lee 1 , Y.S. Park 1 , U. Kim 2 , 1 Inha University, Inchon, Korea; 

2 

Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea 

The goal of this study is to examine Korean adolescents perception of trust and distrust of their 

parents, teacher, and friends using the indigenous psychological analysis. A total of 600 high 

school students participated in the study. Adolescents trust their parents because of parental 

sacrifice and blood relationship. They trust teachers because they are teachers, and they show 

affection and concern for them. For friends: they are reliable, because they are my friends, and 

they understand me. The reasons for distrusting father are as follows: I cannot respect him and he 

does not trust me. 

3026.5 Effect of disability on parent child interaction and child rearing practice in Bangladesh, 

M.N. Haq, H. Murshida, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh 

Child rearing practice in family varies with the kids’ developmental nature. Children with special 

needs receive substantial care but fail to draw necessary attention required for their ultimate 

development. This study looked into the caring pattern of children in family whether having any 

disability or not. Significant difference is observed in care giving nature between the children 

having disability and without disability. Parents spend more time, energy and money for the 

development of their non-disabled children. Parental attitude toward development and prospect of 

children was also found more favourable in case of non-disabled children than the disabled ones. 


Experimental studies of culture: Several snapshots of culture’s dynamic face in a multicultural 

world 

Convener and Chair: C.Y. Chiu, USA 

3027.1 Representations of cultures among bicultural individuals, Y.Y. Hong, University of 

Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA 

With rapid globalization in the 21st century, people nowadays are constantly exposed to cultures 

other than their own. How would individuals who have been extensively exposed to two cultures 

(bicultural individuals) represent cultures? In the research conducted in my laboratory, we have 

examined how Asian-American bicultural individuals represent Asian and American cultures 

cognitively and emotionally. Both qualitative methodologies, such as structured interviews, and 

quantitative methodologies, such as priming experiments, have been used in our studies. 

Consistently, the findings revealed two processes: One related to cultural knowledge acquisition, 

and the other related to social identity affirmation. 

3027.2 One basket or two? Cognitive organization as a function of social context, L.A. 

Mallorie, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA 

Bicultural individuals may store knowledge acquired from two cultures in one single, or two 

separate, cognitive baskets. What might predict individual differences and situational variations in 

such individuals’ storage strategies? I propose a dynamic model of cognitive process by which 

multicultural individuals organize and navigate available cultural knowledge systems. According 

to this model, the likelihood that bicultural people will store cultural knowledge in one or two 

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askets depends on a) general life circumstance and b) on-line changes in social situation. I 

present a series of studies that test both chronic knowledge organization and on-line cognitive 

re-organization of culture in conditions where cultural comparisons are salient. 

3027.3 Studying cultures from a short distance: Change and maintenance of cultural values in a 

multicultural environment, C.Y. Chiu 1 , H.Y.J. Fu 2 , 1 University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 

Champaign, IL, USA; 2 Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 

We examined the process of rejection and incorporation of Western values and retention of 

Confucian moral values in the cosmopolitan city of Hong Kong, by measuring the cognitive 

accessibility of Chinese and Western role models, and that of their attendant cultural values among 

Hong Kong Chinese undergraduates. Chinese moral values are reproduced and retained in the 

culture. Although some competence values represented by historical Western role models are 

integrated into the society, Western moral values are not. However, the increased accessibility of 

contemporary Western role models may provide a vehicle for assimilation of Western moral values 

into the society. 

3027.4 Does endorsement of value specific to a cultural group predict stronger identification 

with this group than with other groups? The role of value centrality, Ching Wan, University of 

Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA 

In the present research, we distinguished between values that are central to a cultural group and 

those that are not by the values' importance to the self, and by the perceived sharedness of the 

values. In two studies, we hypothesized and found that participants used central cultural values to 

differentiate between different cultural groups. Endorsement of central values that differentiate 

different cultural groups also predicts relative identification with these groups. Such relationships 

were not found for values are not central to the pertinent groups. 

3027.5 Cultural attachment: An emotional approach to acculturation, Jing Chen, Y.Y. Hong, G. 

Roisman, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA 

We applied attachment theory to study acculturation experiences. Chinese-American biculturals 

residing in the United States attended an interview about their life experiences with Chinese and 

American culture. The interview was videotaped and participants’ physiological responses (skin 

conductance & blood pressure) monitored. Participants also completed a collection of self-report 

questionnaires a week before the interview. The authors propose that emotion is a concomitant of 

bicultural experiences, and bicultural individuals’ cultural attachment styles are linked to their 

acculturation strategies. 

3028 POSTER 


3028.1 The foundational, senate discretionary programme in the economic management and 

sciences faculty at the university of the western cape: a successful alternate access route? Melvyn 

November, Johan Groenewald, University of the Western Cape, South Africa 

This research reports on the efficacy of an alternate access route to tertiary-level students of the 

564

University of the Western Cape’s Faculty of Economic and Management Sciences. The purpose of 

the study was to determine the success of the programme in supporting the annual intake of senate 

discretionary students to gain their degrees. Data from the past three years was collected by 

interviewing students, lecturers and administrators, and analysing the results of those enrolled in 

the foundational programme. In addition, the results of students in the different degree streams 

were analysed and then compared with those of their mainstream peers. 

3028.2 Writing about the future: A guide to motivation induction, Haruka Kimura, University 

of Tokyo, Japan 

The present study aims to explicate the assumption that the benefit of expressive writing about 

anxious event in near future is derived from goal concretization, planning ahead, and reduction in 

procrastination. Twenty-three participants rated level of anxiety, motivation, and progress towards 

their graduation exam study before, after, and two weeks after writing about it. Half of the 

participants were instructed to write freely (control group), while the other half were asked to 

follow guided instructions (guided writing group). The guided writing group reported increased 

immediate anxiety, but displayed improved motivation and progress after 2 weeks time compared 

to control group. 

3028.3 The relationship between mathematics self-efficacy, mathematics anxiety, expected 

performance and math achievement, Pirhoseiloo, Parvin Kadivar, Teacher Training University, 

Iran 

This study was conducted to investigate the relationship between math self -efficacy, math anxiety 

and expected performance of mathematics with mathematics achievementtt.160 high school male 

and female first graders participated in this study. Using pearssson correlation, regression analysis 

and t test, the following results were obtained: There is a significant relation between self-efficacy, 

expected performance of mathematics and mathematics achievement. There is a negative and 

significant relation between mathematics achievement, mathematics self-efficacy and expected 

mathematics performance. Among the predictive variables of study, math self-efficacy is the best 

predictive variable of mathematics achievement. 

3028.4 The study on time management disposition of the excellent and disable middle school 

students, Kunliang Ruan, Southwest China Normal University, China 

Time Management Disposition is a kind of personality trait which is a multi-dimension and 

multi-level mental structure, including the sense of time value, the sense of time control and the 

sense of time efficacy. With studies and preliminary investigation as base, we have found some 

characteristics. According to the results of 374 middle school students by statistic analysis, the 

scores of ATMD they get are significant in all dimensions. Excellent students manage their time 

better than disable students. How improve the learning quality of disable student? Perhaps we can 

train student how to manage their time efficiently. 

3028.5 Development of skills, attitudes and values through “extra-academic” activities with 

bachelor students, María de Lourdes Francke Ramm, the International Association of Applied 

Psychology (IAAP), Mexico 

The objective of this paper is to present a new way to improve the significant learning in bachelor 

565

students of Psychology at the ITESM. Three years ago we started working with the students in real 

life activities named “extra-academics”. These activities are the principal agent, which have shown 

contribution to the development of values and attitudes in the students. These “extra-academic” 

activities are specially discussed in this paper. One of the conclusions found is that 

“extra-academic” activities have improved another skills like the ability to interact with people 

from different environment, make real life observations, interview skills, among others. 

3028.6 The development of middle school students’ ability of problem posing, Xiaoyang Yang, 

Jiliang Shen, China 

The main method we used in our study is open-ended questionnaire. One hundred and sixty-nine 

middle school students (age 13-18) participate in our study. Data about quantity and quality of the 

problems posed by students after reading two short stories has been collected. The results are: (1) 

The number of students who posed high-level problems is fewer than the students who posed the 

low level problems. (2) Quantity and Quality of the problem posed by students increase with grade. 

(3) There are differences between two genders about students’ ability of problem posing. 

Generally speaking, girls posed more problem than boys. 

3028.7 The relationship between reasoning ability, school achievement and personality 

characteristics, Youzhi Wang, China 

EPQ and RSPM-CR were employed to test the relationship between reasoning ability, school 

achievement and personality characteristics of 647 Hanzu, Uygur, Kazak, Zangzu, and Baizu 

Middle School Students. The results show that there are significant difference between the 5 

minority middle school students on personality characteristics and reasoning ability. In addition, 

the personality characteristics are correlated with reasoning ability and school achievement and 

can predict them. The research indicates: Fundamental education should pay special attention on 

personality education of middle school students, foster their cognitive ability and school 

achievement through cultivating their healthy personality. 

3028.8 Study on the relationship among strategies in language learning, achievement motivation 

and academic scores of students in normal university, Chen Li, Jiangxi Normal University, China 

Objective: identify the general tendencies in the use of learning strategies and achievement 

motivation. And explore the influence of achievement motivation and learning strategies on 

academic scores. Methods: 193students in normal university were collected as our samples. They 

were tested with AMS and SILL. Results: 1.The significant differences existed in achievement 

motivation and learning strategies in different levels of academic scores. 2.The academic scores 

were positively correlated with five factors of learning strategies, negatively correlated with MF.3. 

MF and metacogntive strategy influenced the academic scores directly, and Ms influenced the 

academic scores indirectly by metacogntive strategy. 

3028.9 Effects of failure, attribution and value-evaluation on school helplessness, Jingmei 

Kang, Northeast Normal University, China 

The present research examined the procedure and conditions of emergence of helplessness in 

altogether 225 subjects who came from a junior high school under ordinary or unsuccessful 

examination context respectively. The results revealed that the failure in only one or two 

566

examinations might not lead to academic helplessness, but the continuous low-performance could 

easily bring about this negative status. Furthermore, though attribution manner determined 

helplessness’s forming as the value-evaluation had little influence, four specific attributional 

patterns, not any single type of attribution, related closely to the creation of helplessness, and their 

importance varied according to the different contexts. 

3028.10 The comparatively study of student in the eye of Locus of Control, Motivational 

beliefs,and Self Regulated Learning Strategies, Hassan Jabbari, Mohammad Karim 

Khodapanahi, Mahmoud Heydari, Iran 

This Study aims to compare the Locus of Control, Motivational beliefs, and Self Regulated 

Learning Strategies in a group of university students. Using stratified random sampling method, 

383 students were selected and participate in the study. All participants compeleted the Motivated 

Strategies for Learning Questionnaire (MSLQ),the Rotter's Locus of Control test (LOC),and a 

demographic questionnaire. Results: 1) students with External Locus of Control use motivational 

beliefs and Learning Strategies less than those with Internal Locus of Control. 2) The 

engineering-technical students have more powerful Motivational beliefs and use more Learning 

Strategies than students in the human science and basic science faculties. 

3028.11 The study about developmental characteristics of pupil’ writing ability, Hong Zhou 1 , 

Qingling Zhang 2 , 1 School of Education Science and Management, Yunnan Normal University, 

China; 2 Department of Psychology; South-west China Normal University, China 

The author choose 563 participants in different types primary schools and test them with the 

“primary students’ writing ability test” which is made by the author in order to find out the 

developmental characteristics of pupil’ writing ability. The results indicate the pupils’ writing 

ability have significance difference in three types school. The students’ writing ability has 

significance difference among grades. The development of primary school student’ writing ability 

shows upswing tendency in whole. The developmental speed is not equilibrium and shows three 

stages. The students’ writing ability has significance difference in genders. 

3028.12 Correlates of motivational pattern, academic adjustment occupational aspiration and of 

female engineering students in India, Priti Singh, India 

Entry of female in significant numbers in engineering institutions in India is a recent phenomenon. 

While women excel in computers and information technology they do not do so well in 

aeronautical-,civil-,mechanical engineering. There are three major variables in this study. These 

are academic adjustment, motivational pattern and occupational aspiration. A correlation design 

was used in the present study to investigate gender bias on a sample of 350 (250 male, 100 female) 

students. The coefficient of correlation and t-test were computed to see the relationship between 

these variables included in the present study and the results computed are interpreted. 

3028.13 Review of researches on English vocabulary learning strategies in China, Manyi Niu 1 , 

Yu Zhang 2 , 1 People's Education Press, China; 2 Beijing Sport University, China 

At present, the researches on English vocabulary learning strategies in China mainly concern two 

aspects: the use of the strategies, and the relationship between learning strategies and learning 

achievements. Most of the researches focus on the use of the learning strategies. Moreover, 

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3028.18 Perception of motivational variables related to academic achievement in secondary 

school students, Rosa del Carmen Flores, Josefina Gómez, Silvia Macotela, National 

Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico 

The present study analyzed through a Likert-type scale, how secondary students perceive 

motivational variables (self-efficacy, intrinsic and extrinsic value, internal and external attribution) 

related to academic situations. 718 secondary school students that participated were classified 

according to their academic achievement (high, medium, low). Results indicate differences in 

correlations between motivational variables and academic achievement: self-efficacy (r = 73.0); 

internal attribution (r = 29.6) external attribution (r = 84.7); intrinsic value (r = 54.8); and extrinsic 

value (r = 33.7). All correlations were significant (p

The study is about the correlation between learning approach and academic achievement in senior 

high school students at SMU Catholic Aloysius Bandung. The population is composed of Catholic 

students with Chinese etnic backgrounds, aged 15-18 years, 221 students. The method were used 

is Learning Process Questionnaire and evaluation academic from teacher. The Spearman was used 

for the statistical analysis. Results: 1. Religion, Sport, Computer, English, Mathematic, showed no 

correlation (0.00-0.20) with the Learning Approach. 2. Civics, History, Biology, Chemistry, 

Economics, Geography, Art showed low correlation (0.21-0.40) with the Achieving Approach. 3. 

Indonesian, Physics showed low correlation (0.21-0.40) with Surface Approach 

3028.23 The research of the structure of undergraduates` learning adaptability and its inventory, 

Xuemei Li, Xu Xiaojun, Chongqing, China 

Objective To build up the structure of the undergraduates` learning adaptability and draw up its 

inventory for undergraduates. Methods Based on the scale analysis which investigate educational 

psychology experts, teachers and undergraduates, randomly sample 1762 undergraduates in 

Sichuan and Chongqing, this article analyzes the reliability and validity, factors and correlation of 

the inventory. Results This article defines the undergraduates` learning adaptability and constructs 

its structure and components by two dimensions of learning momentum and behavior (concretely 

8 factors), draws up the undergraduates` learning adaptability inventory (ULAI) with good 

reliability and validity. 

3028.24 The effects of multiple goals on achievement-relevant outcomes, Yanping Li 1 , Dejun 

Guo 2 , 1 China Youth University for Political Sciences, China; 2 Capital Normal University, China 

The present study investigated the relationships between multiple achievement goals and 

self-regulated learning, intrinsic motivation, attribution style, achievement grades. We divided 248 

junior high school students into four groups (high mastery/high performance, high mastery/low 

performance, low mastery/high performance, low mastery/low performance) based on median 

splits of their goal scores. Results indicated that high mastery goals were associated with more 

self-regulated activities, higher intrinsic motivation and achievement grades. In addition, we found 

that the high/high group made more ability attribution than other three groups, and students with 

high performance goals made more effort attribution for failure. 

3028.25 The study of Chinese pupils’ learning purpose, Jing Xu, Qinmei Xu, Zhe Jiang 


The purpose of this research is to describe Chinese pupils’ learning purpose. In this study, learning 

purpose is defined as a cluster of interrelated beliefs about different aspects of goals. Firstly, 54 

pupils, in primary school, were interviewed to elicit learning-related issues. Secondly, a 

questionnaire, developed on the basis of the outcomes of the interviews, was used to determine the 

interrelatedness of pupils’ beliefs about the selected aspects. In exploring group differences, three 

different learning purposes could be distinguished. The characteristics of these different learning 

purposes may be indicative of how Chinese pupils conceive learning belief. 

3028.26 Chinese version of the writing skills self-efficacy scale, Shousen Xu 1 , Meilin Yao 2 , 

1 2 

Capital Institute of Physical Education, China; Beijing Normal University, China 

There is few valid scale about writing skills self-efficacy in China. With Pajares’s permission, we 

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evised Writing Skills Self-efficacy Scale with a sample of high school students (N=505), ranging 

in age from 14 to 21 years, in Chinese Mainland. After a series of work such as translating, 

preliminary measuring, modifying, and examining of reliability and validity, we got a reasonable 

revised scale. Results indicated that a modified two-factor model had a better overall fit to the data 

than the two-factor model reported by Pajares, Hartley, and Valiante (2001) with a sample of 

middle school students in the USA. 

3028.27 The affection of the college students’ personality traits on their academic help-seeking 

behaviors, Dongmei Jin 1 , Qingmao Meng 2 , 1 Beijing Industry and Business University, Beijing, 

China; 2 Beijing Normal University, China. 

In Study 1, a questionnaire of the college students’ academic help-seeking behaviors was 

developed, in which the behaviors were divided into instrumental, executive and avoidance of 

academic help-seeking behaviors. Confirmatory-factor-analysis (N=723) indicated the 

three-factor-model fitted well. In Study 2, the affection of the college students’ personality traits 

on their academic help-seeking behaviors was explored. Through the stepwise selection regression 

of the big five personality traits on the academic help-seeking behaviors, attractiveness, 

responsibility and extroversion are the personality factors to significantly affect the instrumental 

and avoidance of behaviors. Responsibility is the single personality factor to significantly affect 

the executive behaviors. 

3028.28 Thinking styles on graduate students at the Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 

Ana Esther Delgado, Luis Miguel Escurra, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Peru 

This study tries to compare the thinking styles of Graduate Students at San Marcos University, a 

public college located on Lima Peru. The comparisons were made considering students from five 

fields of interest: Sciences, Health, Engineering, Economy, and Humanities. The participants were 

334 graduate students who were evaluated using Sternberg-Wagner Thinking Styles Inventory. 

The comparisons were made considering the types of styles related to function, forms, levels, 

scope, and related learning styles. It was found differences only on scope (internal and external). 

3028.29 Association between “implicit rules of classroom discussions” and children’s perception 

of how teacher and peers perceive their question-asking, Shunichi Maruno, Kazuo Kato, Kyushu 


This study investigated how "implicit rules of classroom discussions (IRCD)" (which children are 

assumed to hold implicitly and were empirically shown to inhibit their discussion behaviors) are 

related to children's perception of how teacher and peers perceive their question-asking in 

elementary through high schools. 1221 children (4th to 12th graders) responded to a questionnaire, 

including the "Implicit Rules of Classroom Discussions" Scale (Maruno & Kato, 2002) and 3 

types of questions on children's perception of others' perception. Results suggested that those two 

factors are related in the theoretically meaningful ways through 4th to 12 grades. Its educational 

implications were discussed. 

3028.30 Teacher’s scaffolding and development of discussion behaviors in Japanese children, 

Kazuo Kato, Shunichi Maruno, Kyushu University, JP 

This study investigated (1) teacher's scaffolding behaviors for children's question-asking in 

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elementary through high schools and (2) their associations with the development of children's 

discussion behaviors (i.e., discussion skills, values, and attitudes). 1221 children (417 of 

elementary schools, 476 of junior high schools, and 328 of high schools) responded to a 

questionnaire, including Teacher's Scaffolding for question-asking Scale and MKDI (Maruno-Kato 

Discussion Inventory. As a result, teacher's scaffolding behaviors were shown to facilitate 

children's development, especially in the domains of thinking, affect-regulation, and pragmatics of 

discussion behaviors and interactions and for 4th to 6th graders. Its educational implications were 

discussed. 

3028.31 Role of parental control in college student’s academic achievement, Priti Singh, 

Rajasthan University, India 

The study examines relationship between college student's academic success and parental control. 

A sample of 128 students completed college students attitudes and perception survey and their 

performance were predicted by both current and school days parental monitoring levels. Study 

shows that predictions are influenced with monitoring level, support and demandingness of 

parents. Results are somewhat less predictive of final year college students then they were for 

senior school/freshman at college. Family influence was more prominant for joint households 

compared to nuclear families. Findings suggest that parenting control continues to play an 

important role in the academic life of college students. 

3028.32 Self-regulated learning and academic achievement for high school students: A LISREL 

model, Guifang Fu 1 , Yimei Wei 2 , 1 Jilin University, China; 2 Center of College Student Mental 

Health of Northeast Normal Universtiy, China 

This study aimed to build a structural model of the relationships among self-efficacy, achievement 

goal, task-value, self-regulated learning strategy and academic achievement 409 high school 

students completed measures of the Chinese version of Motivated Strategies for Learning 

Questionnaire. The results indicated that self-efficacy, achievement goal and task-value had 

substantial effects on self-regulated learning strategy, and self-efficacy had a strong effect on 

Chinese, Mathematical and English performance, while self-regulated learning strategy had a 

small positive effect on these performances. 

3028.33 The Influence of two implements and subject achievement on project learning, Yanli Li, 

Changchun teachers college education department, China 

The influence of two implements and subject achievement on the effects and motivation of project 

learning were studied with 337 high school students. The project learning effects can be shown in 

research experience, data collection, communication and co-operation ability. Students involved in 

project learning that combined with subjects have better effects on research experience and data 

collection and lower perceived competence than those involved in separate project learning. There 

is no difference between the two implements in communication, co-operation ability, intrinsic 

interest and perceived cost. Subject achievement has no influence on project learning effects, 

attainment value, intrinsic interest and cost. 

3028.34 Japanese children’s mathematical understanding and their attitude towards mathematics, 

Nobuyuki Fujimura, Saitama University, Japan 

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International studies have shown that Japanese students attain high levels of mathematics 

achievement, whereas their attitude towards mathematics is not so positive. This study examined 

the details regarding their mathematics achievement and its relationship to their attitude. An 

analysis of mathematical strategies used by 5th graders during classroom lessons and their degree 

of liking mathematics revealed two points. First, there were two types of children: those who 

conceptually understand problem situations and those who memorize procedures shown by others. 

Secondly, although both groups attained roughly the same level of achievement, the former had a 

more positive attitude than the latter. 

3028.35 Citizenship behaviors of university teachers in Peru: The students’ point of view, 

Arménio Rego, University of Aveiro, Portugal 

This paper aims to show how the construct of citizenship behaviors of university teachers (CBUT) 

was validated in Peru. A sample comprising 236 university students was collected. The findings 

suggest that the four-factor model (participatory behavior; practical orientation; conscientiousness; 

courtesy) previously tested in Portugal and Brazil fits the data well. Lambdas are higher than 0.60 

and Cronbach alphas are higher than 0.76. The four dimensions explain 48% of the variance of the 

students’ motivation, 45% of their self-confidence, 20% of their academic achievement and 41% 

of a performance score given by them to their teachers. 

3028.36 Desining didactic situations to promote mathematics learning of elementary school 

children, Sandra Albores, Estela Jiménez, Rosa del Carmen Flores, National Autonomous 

University of México, MX 

In order to support learning of mathematics in fourth and fifth graders in a public elementary 

school a procedure was worked out jointly with teachers in the design instructional situations for 

classroom and home. The procedure considered teachers experiences, their methodological styles 

and contemporary theories, particularly Brousseau’s (1994). At the end of the school year, children 

showed increases in mathematical knowledge and abilities and were able to relate knowledge to 

the solution of everyday problems. They also developed pleasure and positive opinions toward the 

subject. The study demonstrates the importance of collaboration between teacher, parents and 

psychologist. 

3028.37 Parent's participation: An alternative to prevent underachievement, María Estela 

Jiménez, National Autonomous University of México, Mexico 

Based upon research that has demonstrated the relation of underachievement to family 

environment the present study addresses identification of inherent factors. In order to analyze 

home stimulation, a scale was constructed and applied to 190 parents. The relation between home 

stimulation and school achievement was analyzed as well as its association with the intellectual 

potential of the children and the sociological characteristics of parents and children. Results 

indicate that academic achievement is associated to the mother’s behavior regarding discipline, 

learning and autonomy, information that can be used in family orientation programs. 

3028.38 Undergraduate students’ general study orientations in military education, Markus 

Torkkeli, National defence College, Finland 

The study focuses on general study orientations of the undergraduate students of the National 

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adaptation, and autonomy; (2) focuses on high efficiency instruction, stresses that knowledge 

should be obtained through conceptualization, conditioning, structure formation, automation, and 

strategic planning. (3) Emphasizes development of research abilities, provides students an 

opportunity for "web-based group research learning". In the aspect of intelligence, YIWIP uses 

in-process quantitative evaluation method, is able to conduct individual diagnosis and instructions 

to students, and can provide timely feedback and adjustment if the student's learning progress and 

learning quality deviates from learning objectives. 

3028.47 The effect of metacognitive training upon learning motivation, Ling Wang, Dejun Guo, 

Capital Normal University, China 

How to arouse learning motivation? Motivational variable intervening was proved to be an 

effective method, such as attributional retraining. We hypothesized that cognitive variable 

intervening was also a probable solution. In order to test the hypothesis, a 3-week metacognitive 

training was conducted Independent-Sample T-Test suggested that through metacognitive training, 

experiment subjects showed improve on both metacognition and motivation; and Path Analysis 

revealed that the improve of motivation was resulted by the improve of metacognition. The 

present study provided us with a new method for motivation-arousing, and enabled us to deeply 

understand the relationship between motivation and metacognition. 

3028.48 The investigation and analysis pupils’ science literacy in China, Qi Fan, Jun Zhao, 

Shanghai Normal University, China 

This investigation coves 12 provinces/cities of China in order to realize the actual state of science 

teaching in primary schools and innovate the present science courses. The results indicate that, 

pupils of China have great interest in science and their mastery of scientific conception is better. 

But the whole level of pupils’ science literacy is not good. Especially, the science spirit and the 

science method are very weak. There are obvious differences between different regions and 

different nationalities, but there are no clear differences between sex, villages and cities. 

Consequently, there are much wok to do in science education. 

3028.49 The relational structure of implicit beliefs of ability, classroom structure, goal 

orientation, Bahram Jowkar, Shiraz University, Iran 

The purpose of present research was to examine a causal model between classroom structure 

variables (task, authority,…) student’s beliefs of ability (incremental vs. entity) achievement goals 

(performance-approach, performance-avoidance, and mastery), academic achievement and 

intrinsic motivation. The participants of study were 800 males and females students of Shiraz 

University. Participants completed “Achievement goal questionnaire”, “implicit belief of ability 

scale”, “classroom structure questionnaire”, and “intrinsic motivation scale”. The results of path 

analysis revealed that ability beliefs and classroom variables, were predictors of achievement 

goals, separately and simultaneously. The results showed that each of the three goals have 

different antecedents profile. 

3028.50 Organizing process of a school classroom based on weick’s theory: Bullied experience 

analysis of a female student, Taku Kogano, Chikushi Women University, Japan 

Recently, Collapse of a classroom organization has happened in many schools throughout Japan. 

576

Consideration of reality-gap between a teacher and students with the sharing students was 

suggested a little in some studies to promote effectiveness of classroom practice, focusing on a 

teacher's personality and behavior. Based on Karl E. Weick's evolutional model of classroom 

organizing to construct social realities, the study analyzed a female student's notes on her bullied 

experience in a classroom from a student’s perception. Study concluded that a classroom 

organization should meet an interpretive schema of constructing social realities than a functional 

system controlled by a teacher. 

3028.51 Psychological assessment of student art work may reveal pathology, Eleanor K. 

Brewer, South Montgomery Community Schools Corporation, USA 

The pathological revelations of troubled students’ art work, from an art teacher’s perspective, 

should lead to counseling referrals. Young people are not exempt from problems. But some young 

people are “falling through the cracks” because of pathology that goes unnoticed by their relatives, 

social workers, religious leaders, teachers and friends. Pathological signs, as evidenced in student 

art work, is always a communication from within; and those signs are sometimes an unmistakeable 

cry for help. This paper, case notes from an art teacher in a Midwest Consolitated High School, 

describes pathological signs in student art work that warrants appropriate referrals. 

3028.52 Research on the relationship between corporal punishment in schools and the quality of 

teachers, Jijun Lan, Lei Li, Shaanxi Normal University, China 

In recent years, many students suffered corporal punishment by teachers. These affairs have 

caused physical and psychological damages to the students. There are many reasons for the 

corporal punishment. The most important one is the notion of the educators. It also show there are 

many limitations on the traditional teacher training and management. To eliminate the corporal 

punishment in schools, firstly, we should help the teachers to learn to distinguish the difference 

between the punishment and corporal punishment. Secondly, encouraging the teachers to 

understand the importance of the praise principle. 

3028.53 Implications of Taoist managerial psychological thoughts for basic education, Shaozhen 

Tan, Ming Liu, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China 

Taoist thoughts are precious cultural heritage of Chinese. The authors drew psychological thoughts 

from the Taoist managerial thoughts in the following four aspects: non-action-principle of 

management; dialectical strategy of management; appreciation of person's character and capability; 

critical and doubtful spirit that nothing is absolute. These thoughts are still of great use for modern 

basic education in our country. Its implications for educators are mainly as follows: absorbing 

these thoughts, rebound to reform traditional education viewpoints, to respect education principles, 

to focus on the education process rather than only on the result, and to cultivate creative persons 

according to their characters. 

3028.54 Thoughts on ecology of education of classroom instruction monitoring, Wei Hua, 


Ecology of Education concerns to the interactional rules and mechanisms between education and 

surrounding environment. Ecology of Education has a profound and comprehensive influence over 

the Monitoring of Classroom Instruction (MCI). MCI is a self-organizing action of Ecological 

577

System of Education, which focuses on the human being’s development and environment. It draws 

more attention to adjusting rather than controlling. The key factors for practicing MCI’s ecology 

are building new academic “coordinates” and consciousness of teachers’ roles. 

3028.55 The influencing factors for the deceptive behavior: A field experiment, Xiaofeng Xu, 

China 

In an attempt to extend past deceptive research, the present study examined the influencing factors 

for the deceptive behavior of the students(N=620)in elementary school and junior middle 

school(through intelligence test)under classroom testing circumstance for 10 classes. Through the 

way of double-blind design and the quasi-experiment, The results indicate that high IQ students 

were perceived as less deceptive self-report than those of low IQ students. Most deceptive students 

showed same behavior in later classroom testing circumstance. There were no significant 

differences among differently instructional languages used by teachers. Implications for future 

research in the area of deceptive behavior are discussed. 

3028.57 The effects of explicit self-esteem and implicit self-esteem on self-handicapping, 

XiaoDong Li, DongHua Yuan, Northeast Normal University, China 

This study investigated the role of explicit and implicit self-esteem on self-handicapping. 

Behavioral self-handicapping was aroused by an experiment. Subjects were told they would take a 

problem-solving and creativity test, they could do some exercises, the more exercises they did, the 

better performance they would obtain. Time and number of exercises were indexes of behavioral 

self-handicapping. Then, they filled out a self-reported self-handicapping questionnaire. The 

following results were obtained: Implicit self-esteem had effects on both behavioral and 

self-reported self-handicapping. There was an interaction between explicit self-esteem and gender 

on self-reported self-handicapping, high explicit self-esteem men were more likely to do. 

3028.58 The parents’ Attitude towards Handicapped Children, Zewen Liu 1 , Yubai Niu 2 , 

1 2 

Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, Northeast Financial & Economic 

University, Dalian, China 

This study aims to investigate the parents’ attitude towards the handicapped children learning in 

regular class(40 parents with handicapped children and 80 parents with normal children). The 

attitude of parents with handicapped children is much more positive than that of parents with 

normal children. In comparison with the parents with MR children, the attitude of parents with 

deaf children is more positive. The attitude of parents with normal children who are studying with 

the deaf children is much more positive than that of parents with normal children who are studying 

with the MR children in the same class. 

3028.59 An experimental research on influence of cooperative cognition in the groups on 

students’ structural representation of geometry conception, Ze Yang, Dianzhi Liu, Chongqing, 

China 

Being based on the theory about social construction of cognition, Through designing different 

cognitive conditions, the 48 subjects were divided into different teams evenly. Then had the 

cognitive test. We concluded: 1.whichever kind of cognitive task, truly (independent-helpful team, 

dependent team,) cooperative teams achieved most achievement, specially the independent-helpful 

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team was superior to the other three kinds of teams significantly on profound processing as well as 

multiplicative and profound processing. 2. Structural representation in the independent-helpful 

team was clear and abundant, while dependent team was low; independent team and freely 

cooperative team were verily weak. 

3028.60 Teachers’ development from the viewpoint of their cognition for children in a class, 

Hitoshi Matsui, Kyoto University of Education, Japan 

The purpose of this study is to show the advances in use of the Role Construct Repertory Test 

(RCRT) in classroom. RCRT for teachers as an example in JAPAN was shown. First designation 

teachers answered the RCRT and discussed with an analyst on their cognition for children in a 

class. Some longitudinal studies using the RCRT in teachers' education area were described. Then 

this study discussed the usability to prompt professional development for teachers. 

3028.61 Investigation of interaction between teachers & students for college teaching in network, 

Ying Ge, Dajun Zhang, China 

With a self-made questionnaire on interaction between teachers and students for college teaching 

in network, the status quo of 51 teachers and 100 students is investigated. The results show that: 

Teachers and students think that teaching interaction in network is more vivid and extensive, but, 

thanks to the limit of network technique, such interaction is skin-deep and short of emotion 

communication. Among them, students’ opinion is relatively consistent, whereas, it exists 

difference in sex, age, length of teaching, course taught of teachers (p

3028.64 Generated gaps between students’ expectation and satisfaction for their universities, 

Takahiro Saito 1 , Hideo Ueichi 2 , Naoko Kuriyama 3 , Takashi Kusumi 4 , 1 National Institution for 

Academic Degrees and University Evaluation, Japan; 2 Tsukuba University, Japan; 3 Tokyo Institute 

of Technology, Japan; 4 Kyoto University, Japan 

University applicants had expectations for the universities, but all of their expectations cannot be 

satisfied with. This study aims to make clear the gaps between student's expectation and 

satisfaction with university and to develop the causal model for the gaps. Questionnaire survey 

was conducted for the third-year high school students. Then the follow-up survey was carried out 

when it had passed one semester after their admission. The results show that the students found 

meaning of going to the university in getting good friends and qualifications rather than in 

learning itself, and the gaps were caused by the students' psychological factors. 

3028.65 The strategic analysis of discourse in the classroom, Eugardo Ruiz, Roberto Arzate, 

National University of Mexico, MX 

The strategic analysis of discourse was used for the study the conception of the university lectures 

towards their educational practical from the construction, application and record of the discursive 

strategies that they use in the classroom. We highlight the use of eliciting fragmented dialogue and 

argumentative intention, tough with little feedback and reformulation from the students part. 

Through the use of enunciatively polyphonic strategies of persuasion, the worry of the teachers is 

observed when it comes to validating and legitimizing knowledge without giving place to 

communication. Which could be used by the students to question the construction of their 

knowledge. 

3028.66 Bullying perceived by students at a university, Yozo Takino, National Mental Support 

Center for School Crisis, Osaka Kyoiku University, Japan 

This study focused on bullying at universities. Though a considerable number of studies have been 

conducted on bullying, little attention has been given to bullying at university level. The findings 

from 87 university students revealed that some recognized bullying quite seriously but some did 

not at all. Examples of perceived bullying were ignorance, bad mouth, yanking and discrimination. 

Violence did not nominate at university level. On the other hand, there were students were not 

aware of any bullying. They were prone to recognize that they were enough grown up not to bully 

anyone, or they could escape from being bullied. 

3028.67 A study on students’ perception of teacher behavior, Zhikun Lu 1 , Jiliang Shen 1 , Xin 

Wang 1 , 1 Institute of Developmental Psychology, Beijing Normal University, China; 2 Shaoxing 


Students’ perceptions of teacher’s behavior in classroom refers to students’ subjective evaluation 

and experiences evoked by teacher’s activities towards them. The perceptions play an important 

role in the process of teacher-student interactions. This study investigated 476 subjects from grade 

5 to 9. The results indicated: (1) Students’ perception of teacher behavior in classroom consisted of 

four factors: supportive help, negative feedback, work and rule orientation, high expectation. (2) 

In general, teachers’ high expectation behavior perceived by students was more than the others. 

The negative feedback behaviors were less perceived. (3) Schoolboy perceived more negative 

feedback and more work and rule orientation than schoolgirl. 

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3028.68 A survey study on junior middle school students’ creativity in Guizhou province, Ming 

Hong, China 

The writer adopted a Questionnaire Survey on 1179 junior middle school students in Guizhou 

province to investigate their Creativity. The results show that: 1. The Creativity of junior middle 

school students in Guizhou province is at a relatively low level and has no significant difference in 

the factor of “sex”; 2. There is a very significant difference in their “grade”, “parents’ academic 

diploma” and “school” 3. The scores for students’ Rethinking ability which is most crucial to the 

developing of their Creative Ability are the lowest. The writer posed some suggestions and 

countermeasures from the angle of school education, especially from classroom teaching. 

3028.69 A research on tacit knowledge of teachers in Chinese middle schools, Huiying Shi, 

Qinglin Zhang, Guikang Cao, Southwest China Normal University, China 

The objectives of this research were to collect tacit knowledge of teachers in Chinese general 

middle schools, and to explore the validity of the method to initiate tacit knowledge by example 

demonstration. The research was mainly fulfilled through interviewing and through carrying out a 

small scale experiment. The findings showed: (1) The eight categories of tacit knowledge were 

developed by interviewing 32 Chinese middle school teachers, namely, channeling-off, reasoning, 

objectivity, generality, autonomy, stimulation, mental guidance, and strictness combined with love. 

(2) The method of example demonstration to initiate tacit knowledge was valid, subjectively and 

objectively. 

3028.70 Introduction of a scale of psychological predispositions of kindergarten teachers, 

Yuyuan Wang, The Office of Early Childhood Education, The Center of Education Research, 

West District of Beijing, China 

In order to help the selection and training of teachers for kindergartens, a scale for diagnosis of the 

special psychological predispositions needed for kindergarten teachers was developed. It is 

consisted of 130 items come from a personality test and an ability test. By using stratified 

sampling strategy, 660 teachers from different kindergartens in Beijing were used as the sample 

group in its development. The result of testing was displayed in both the form of T-score and 

percentile. After several times of practice, its reliability and validity have been verified. 

3028.71 On construction of cognitive structure model for children’s resolution of practical 

mathematical problems, Dong Yang, Qinling Zhang, Xuesong Song, Southwest China Normal 


Constructing the cognitive structure model for children’s resolution of practical mathematical 

problems and believing that Model mainly consists of three cognitive elements, metacognition, 

schema & operation, the paper has explored in detail the complex reciprocity and 

intertransformation among cognitive elements in Model, followed by a multiple-perspective 

ratification of Model’s efficacy through an integral verification of researching methods such as 

instructional experiments, oral reports, exploration & analysis of confirmatory factors and 

experiments on eye motion. Also, the present research aiming at the complexity of Model, has put 

forward a viewpoint of High-efficiency Instruction whereby to facilitate the development of 

cognitive structure. 

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3028.72 Comparative study of student’s attitude of teacher training university on pupil control 

and behavior management in the classroom, Fatemeh Ahmadi, Mahshid Yassaiee, Research 

Faculty Member of Institute for Educational Research of Teacher Training University, Iran 

The present research was conducted to compare student’s attitudes of teacher training university 

on pupil control and behavior management in the classroom in a sample of 300 students. The pupil 

control behavior and management (PCI) and a researcher made questionnairs were used to 

measure the variables. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics. Most of the student’s 

attitudes in regard to pupil control and behavior management in the classroom tended to be 

democrative. 

3028.73 Influence of scheme instruction on reading abilities inference abilities and 

self-efficiency among grade 4 and grade 5 students, Zhanguang Bao, Northeast Normal 


With 160 Ss selected from grade 4 to grade 5 in primary school of Yi Fu, Song Yang City, the 

study aimed to investigate the influence of schema instruction on self-efficiency, inference 

abilities and reading abilities of Ss.Results indicated: (1) Scheme instruction was better than the 

normal teaching method, which improves subjects reading abilities significantly. (2) The scheme 

instruction was more helpful in grade 5 students' inference abilities. (3) Scheme instruction 

improved students' self-efficience significantly. (4) There are some remarkable correlations among 

reading self-efficiency inference abilities and reading achievements. 

3028.74 The study of investigating job satisfaction of middle school teachers in Bao’an district, 

Shenzhen City, Weilan Li, South China Normal University, China 

The investigation to the 221 middle school teachers in Bao’an district, Shenzhen city shows: First, 

there is obvious difference to the factors about the job satisfaction in the work quality, students, 

advanced study and promotion, between male and female teachers; second, there is obvious 

difference to the factors about the job satisfaction of teachers in the economy condition among 

different ages, different years of teaching and whether they teach graduating class or not; thied, the 

job satisfaction of vocational teachers is higher than that of contracted teachers. 

3028.75 The theory and practice of school’s mental quality education, Dajun Zhang, China 

School’s Mental Quality Education is part of Quality-oriented education; its theory not only 

involves the mental quality education’s conception/structure and function, but also its training 

goal/principle and models. The practice involves the experimental exploring of mental quality 

education’s content/approach/strategy and evaluation. 

3028.76 Effects on the performance of study from strategy and metacognition training on 

Geometry of Grade Two in Junior High School, Wei-hai Tang 1 , Xiu-yu Sun 2 , 1 Tianjin Normal 

University, China; 2 The Second Middle School of Baotou Steel Factory, China 

Current research cared about if training of strategy and metacognition could improve the 

performance of study. 106 Ss were from Grade Two of Junior High School, half for training, half 

for control. Experimenters designed all the programs of strategy and metacognition. Altogether 

there were 16 sessions training, 5 for strategy, 11 for metacognition. The results as follow: 1 

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Training does improve the performance of study of Geometry; 2 There are effects of transferring 

on performance of algebra and physics; 3 The effect of training is influenced by Ss’ performance 

of geometry, the level of reasoning, and the style of cognition. 

3028.77 An investigation on the teachers’ teaching styles, Wen He, Shanghai Normal University, 

China 

The teaching styles of 142 teachers were measured by the questionnaires of TSTI developed by 

Grigorenko & Sternberg. The results showed: 1) The teachers’ main teaching styles are liberal, 

legislative, judical, and global styles; 2) Older teachers whose teaching years over 20 years are 

more conservative than the others; 3) Science teachers are more executive than humanity teachers; 

4) Ordinary teachers are more executive, conservative than high efficacy teachers, and these two 

styles are more simplistic, non-favoring and less effective teaching styles; 5) The proportion of 

high efficacy teachers among teachers whose teaching years between 1-4years is much lower than 

that of the others. 

3028.78 Influent factors on force conceptual change: Common sense beliefs and ill-structured 

concepts, Ming-Yi Wang, Beijing Normal University, China 

Conceptual change is very important in concept teaching while the influent factors are still open 

questions. From testing 151 middle school students by Force Concept Inventory (FCI), which is 

widely used in America with high reliability and validity, the results are that common sense beliefs 

and ill-structured concepts are the major factors; the influence of common sense beliefs includes 

assimilation, accommodation and negative thinking direction; common sense beliefs are affected 

by core beliefs within a certain range. The results are discussed in random access instruction, 

anchored instruction and cooperative learning of constructivism. 

3028.79 The model of education for mental health at middle school in China, Xu Si An, China 

This paper carried out an experiment to approaches of educating the teenagers’ mental health. The 

objects were 436 Junior One students. During the three years follow-up studied, the writer 

observed the changes among the students in IQ, AAT, FAT, KKT, PCQ, MHT. The result proves: 

(a) It improves the students IQ, enthusiasm for study and exam; (b) The experiment has more 

efficacious result for the students who are in the mid-level or under the mid- level; (c) The 

teachers and students welcome the education of mental health in our school;(d) we set up the 

model of the psychological teaching. 

3028.80 On the teaching autonomy of school teachers, Jihai Yao, Jiliang Shen, Beijing Normal 


Recent years, researchers have paid more attention to teacher’s teaching autonomy. However the 

concept of teaching autonomy has acquired diverse meanings such as: self-determination, liberty 

of rights and freedom of will. In summary, teaching autonomy means that teachers direct 

themselves, with no necessary reference to the concerns and interests of others. It is a personality 

quality of teachers rather than a right, although teachers may claim a right to exercise autonomy. It 

is influenced by internal constraints such as teaching efficiency, teaching attribution and 

occupational commitment, as well as external constraints such as teacher occupational stress, 

autonomous power and culture. 

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3028.81 Analysis on mental health and family environment of middle school students, HaiYing 

Wang, Northeast Normal University, China 

Objective: To Study the mental health state of middle school students, and its relations with their 

family environment. Methods: Three hundred middle school students were tested with FES-CV 

and MHT questionnaires. Results: The mental health of middle school students has not significant 

difference with that of national norms. The mental health among every grade has significant 

difference. Different factors of family environment were significantly correlated with those of 

mental health. Conclusion Family environment of middle school students can obviously impact 

their mental health. 

3028.82 Multi-component teaching model of learning ability cultivating, Zhongming Zhang, 

Hong Li, Yonggang Wei, Southwest China Normal University, China 

The cultivating of learning ability is an important issue in educational psychology. However, there 

are many confusions and disputes on this topic. In order to make a clarification we advance the 

multi-component teaching model (MCTM) of learning ability, which consists of the unites of 

knowledge teaching and strategy teaching, structure teaching and transference teaching, heuristic 

teaching and subjectivity teaching, meta-cognition teaching and development teaching, and 

circumstance teaching and individuation teaching. These 5 unites integrate closely and interact 

with each other. Among these unites, there are some logically and operationally combined 

sub-components. MCTM is an effective model in learning ability cultivating. 

3028.83 The impact of ancient China teaching psychology thoughts on modern teachers’ teaching 

conceptions, Cheng Guo, Anlan Qin, Southwest China Normal University, China 

This study chose 67 classical quotations of teaching psychology thoughts from famous thinkers 

and educators in ancient China. 532 teachers in elementary school and middle school in Southwest 

of China evaluated these teaching psychology thoughts by self-report, the analysis focused the 

degree of their understanding and approval to these thoughts, and the impact of these ancient 

teaching psychology thoughts on these modern teachers; teaching conceptions on student, learning 

value, learning motivation, learning strategies and their teaching strategies; teaching beliefs and 

personalities. 

3028.84 Experimental study on reading ability cultivation of middle school student, Suping 

Cheng, China 

Cognitive psychology suggests that in the reading activities there are two kinds of cognition, one 

is on the reading material and the other is on the reading procedure itself. This study have 

generated and proposed a set of workable reading strategies and meta-reading strategies, and then 

the total randomly experimental design (3*3*2) has been employed to the training on Grade One 

students of senior school. The result is that student' study interest and study achievement could all 

been improved through this training, which is consisted with both reading strategies and 

meta-reading strategies organically. 

3028.85 Activating students’ mental state with a new-format lecture, Hikaru Uda 1 , Yoshifumi 

Nakanishi 2 , 1 Nanzan University, Japan; 2 Matsusaka University, Japan 

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A new-format lecture called BRD uses 'The Brief Report of the Day'. At large, lectures with BRD 

consists of the following three phases where students: 1) identify the theme and fumble after the 

outlook, 2) gather information, and 3) complete the report. This study investigates the effects of 

BRD lecture on students' mental state of activations which includes the following four dimensions: 

1) determination for the class, 2) motivation, 3) activation of prior knowledge, 4) awareness of the 

problems. The results shows that BRD enhances the determination for the class. 

3028.86 Research on the relationship between the class-charge-teacher administration model and 

psychological health of high school students, Yanbing Li, Shaanxi Normal University, China 

The psychological problems of high school students include, most prominently, premature love, 

lack of interest in study, and ill relationship with others. At high schools, the effect of a 

class-charge-teacher’s administration is affected by students’ psychological status, and this 

administration has influences on the psychology of students in many aspects. Based on the 

relationship between subject and object of administration, and the extent to which the object takes 

part in administration, this article classifies class-charge-teacher administration models and 

researches the students’ psychological problems by means of experiments and investigation. It 

presents an exploration for the innovation of the class-charge-teacher administration. 

3028.87 Why and how do Chinese lecturers introduce dialogical teaching methods into higher 

education, Lili Zhang, Kyushu University, Japan 

The purpose of the present study was to investigate Chinese college lectures’ belief on dialogical 

teaching methods which can promote students’ thinking and train students' creativity and practical 

ability to solve problems by using the dialogue between teachers and students, and to demonstrate 

what kinds of behaviors do they take actually. We interviewed and surveyed 10 Chinese college 

lecturers and observed their lessons. In view of their beliefs, we divided them into 3groups, (1) 

traditional lecturing group; (2) transitional group and (3) dialogical teaching group. Group (1) give 

students lectures in class, but group (2) and (3) use dialogical teaching methods in class at 

different level. 

3028.88 Mentoring and teacher learning: An analysis of the staff meeting in Japanese 

kindergarten., Takako Noguchi 1 , Akita Kiyomi 2 , Muto Takashi 3 , 1 Jumonji University, Japan; 

2 3 

Tokyo University, Japan; Ochanomizu University, Japan 

This study focuses the relation between mentoring and teacher learning. In teacher professional 

development, mentoring is very important. Early childhood teachers often discuss about children, 

improve their own practice and viewpoint, and solve the problem in collaboration with other 

teachers in the staff meeting. This study elicits different types of mentoring from analyzing two 

kindergarten staff meeting. Second, the study examined the relation between mentoring and 

kindergarten culture. It is suggested that the quality of teacher learning is oriented by not only 

mentor, but also mentoring context includes implicit requirements for teacher’s knowledge. 

3028.89 Child Involvement in education, Cella Vectore, Cirlei Silva, Elayne Braga, 

Universidade Federal de Uberl & Acirc, Ndia, Brazil 

The aim of this work was to study the level of child involvement according to the Effective Early 

Learning Project, considering the activities proposed by the educators. Seventy four (37 girls and 

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novice teacher paid more attention to strategy-before-class, but gained lower score in 

strategy-in-class, and had no obvious difference in strategy-after-class. Between the proficient 

teacher and the expert teacher, there was a notable difference in all dimensions of teaching strategy. 

Flexibility, originality and effective reflectivity are characteristics of the expert teacher’s teaching 

strategy. 

3028.94 An experimental research of effect of strategy training on organization of memory in 

helping students memorize English words, Hongwu Zhang, Zhejiang Psychological Xuehui, 

China 

In condition of the conventional English teaching in class, the association categorizing methods 

are applied to the first year students of a middle school to conduct memory training research. The 

results are as follows: 1.After training, the memory performances of the training group improve 

obviously.2.The good memory performances of the students are correlated both to the higher level 

of the organization of memory of the students, and highly to the complete background knowledge 

of the students after training.3.It is possible and effective to conduct memory training in English 

class. 

3028.95 Reflection on education psychology, Ip Fu Li, Gifted Education Council, Hong Kong, 

China 

Reflections on Educational Psychology: The Experience of Gifted Education and G. T. School 

Since its inauguration in 1996, G.T. School was hailed as an innovative force in Hong Kong 

education. Reflecting on G.T. Education for the past seven years, there is much implication for 

educational psychology: (a) The controversy of General Intelligence (GI) and Multiple 

Intelligences (MI) (b) High Incidence of Learning Disability (LD) within the gifted population (c) 

ADHD/Asperger cases in the New Era (d) Qualitative Difference between the gifted and the 

exceptionally gifted (e) The issue of early identification and early development of the gifted. 

3028.96 On social responsibility of psychology: Necessity of international educational and 

research programmes, Eva Neu, Michael Ch. Michailov, J. Horst Schroder, Leo Steib, 

Germain Weber, Inst. fuer Umweltmedizin c/o ICSD e.V., Muenchen, Germany 

It is necessary that psychology as fundamental science for the future humanity will receive priority 

in political (incl. financial) support concerning better education and research, also application of 

this science in other disciplines (pedagogy, medicine) and in daily life. The high social 

responsibility of psychologists for the future of humanity concerns the development of further 

models for individual and collective positive modification of behaviour. This could be facilitated 

by foundation of international institutes of psychology to international universities via a network 

of national ones under participation of representatives from regions of big cultures. Info: ICSD, 

POB-340316, 80100-Muenchen/Germany. 

3028.97 Some important factors on expert teachers and a self-training approach for teacher 

education, Lijuan Song, Mingxia Wu, Chinese psychological association, China 

Expert teacher, as the highest level of teacher’s professional growth and development, is not only 

the training basis of educational administration, but also the goal that teachers pursue consistently. 

For teachers, the career from a novice to an expert is a course of improving professional quality 

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and life-long learning. During the course, teacher’s teaching efficacy, teaching-monitoring ability 

and teaching strategy these three teachers’ mental elements play much important roles. Therefore, 

this article focuses on expert teachers’ special characteristics on such three aspects, and finally 

brings forward to two effective self-training approaches to becoming an expert teacher. 

3028.98 Experimental study of middle school students’ applied organization of memory and 

mental dictionary for memorizing English words, Zewen Liu 1 , Yubai Niu 2 , 1 Institute of 

Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China; 2 Northeast Financial & Economic University, 

Dalian, China 

Memorizing English words is the basic of learning English. The experiment of memorizing 

English words that we made on 240 students of four grades at middle schools shows that the 

second-year students of junior middle school, who have a similar way of memorizing Chinese 

words, have formed the stable organization of memory and mental dictionary. The memory effect 

of the third-year students in junior middle school and the first-year students in senior middle 

school is better. Within the limits of organization of memory and mental dictionary, the memory 

effect of the first-year students in junior middle school is not good. 

3028.99 Seeing the light: A classroom-sized pinhole camera demonstration for teaching vision, 

Matthew Prull 1 , William Banks 2 , 1 Whitman College, USA; 2 Pomona College, USA 

We describe a classroom-sized pinhole camera demonstration to enhance learning about vision. 

The demonstration consists of a suspended rear-projection screen onto which images of the 

outside environment are projected and are viewable by students in a darkened classroom. The 

function of the lens and pupil can be demonstrated, as well as the structural basis for 

nearsightedness and farsightedness. Students who received the demonstration as part of a lecture 

on vision learned more than a comparable group of students who received the lecture only. These 

data suggest that incorporating the demonstration into a class presentation on vision can improve 

student learning. 

3028.100 Self-perception of competencies development in students at a graduate school 

psychology program, Silvia Macotela, Rosa del Carmen Flores, Estela Jiménez, Hilda Paredes, 

National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico 

The present paper reports how graduate students perceive their progress regarding development of 

professional competencies in a school psychology in-service training program. At the end of each 

semester, thirty-six students enrolled in the first two generations responded to a questionnaire 

composed of eighty-four items organized in 7 categories. In both generations, a common pattern 

of competency self-perception per semester was observed (High, Low, Medium and High). Results 

are discussed in terms of the importance of personal reflection for students during training, as well 

as the value of the information for the tutors involved in the program for decision-making. 

3028.101 International psychology for teachers around the world, John M. Davis, Texas State 

University, San Marcos, USA 

The psychology curriculum should reflect the increasing growth of international psychology but 

teachers often lack the resources to add an international perspective to their courses. The author 

has developed an annotated bibliography for this purpose. This bibliography will be available on 

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the Office of Teaching Resources in Psychology (OTRP) web site. The bibliographic items are 

organized according to common undergraduate courses in the psychology curriculum (e.g., Social, 

Developmental, Statistics). They include journal articles, book chapters, and books, and each item 

consists of the complete reference followed by a brief description of the content and its relevance 

to a specific course. 

3028.102 The transformation of psychological teaching materials of common learning in higher 

teacher’s education, Ligang Qi, Psychological Society of Jilin Province, China 

For many years, the transformation of psychological teaching materials of common learning in 

higher teacher’s education has been a difficult problem and many scholars pay careful attention to 

it. Regarding the new tendency of the education internationalizing and practice of higher teacher’s 

education in China, this article put forward the new reform ideals of taking training target as center, 

building special system, emphasizing the combination of theory and practice, and strengthening 

the property of practice. 

3028.103 “Laboratory of Scientific Production”: A tool for the processes of teaching and learning 

qualitamethodology in a Brazilian university. Tive, Cristiana Berthoud, Adriana Oliveira, 

Eleonora Silva, University of Taubaté, Brazil 

Facing the challenge of stimulating research in a Psychology course a pioneer pedagogical project 

was conducted: the implementation of the Laboratory Of Scientific Production. The objectives 

were to provide methodological advice and methodological assistance for the development and 

divulgation of scientific papers; to stimulate the participation of students and professors in 

scientific events; to produce pedagogical material and to teach new method approaches. After 

seven years solid results can be seen: students and faculty have been engaged in the systematic 

production and exchange of knowledge and involved in the development of new practices focused 

on the necessities of our population. 

3028.104 Ability based educational reform: A three-year-period practice, Jiannong Shi 1 , Xiaohui 

Song 1 , Jiansheng Cui 2 , Zhengkui Liu 1 , Zhiling Zou 3 , 1 Institute of Psychology, Chinese 

Academy of Sciences; 2 Beijing No.3 Middle School; 3 Edith Cowan University, China 

In order to help school to improve its teaching efficiency and help students to learn better during 

school years, an integrative model based on the natural perspective brought out by Shi (2000) was 

employed. 204 (92 males and 112 females) first grade junior high school students with IQs on 

GITC Test (Jin, 1996) of the whole sample ranged from 63 to 135 with SD=13.72 were involved 

and followed up for three academic years. The findings indicated that the school performances of 

students improved greatly not only in two experimental subjects (Math and English), but also in 

Chinese and other subjects. 

3028.105 On the measurement of students’ affection in class, Jiamei Lu, China 

J. S. Bloom & D. R. Krathwohl put forth the influential classification of educational goals in the 

affective domain into five levels in light of different degrees of internalization. But they did not 

mention any tools of measurement; besides their classification cannot be directly applied to 

classroom education in China because of differences in the culture background. In view of this, we 

have attempted to establish our classification of affective goals by setting four levels respectively 

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along the three dimensions of affective inclination, affective activation and affective interaction, 

and have designed corresponding questionnaires related to our classification. 

3028.106 The basics of the competence based curriculum, Munkhjargal Odonkhuu, Myagmar 

Ochirjav, Mongolian State University of Education, Mongolia 

What are the basis of competence based curriculum? The author has tried to answer this question. 

There are two dimensions of psychological basis of curriculum, a) psychological basics of 

learning (cognitive and behavioural theories), b) developmental theories (ego psychology, 

psychodynamics, humanitarian and social cognitive theories). By comparing 11 psychological 

theories the author developed two analytical frameworks to design curriculum taking into account 

the system of cognition, age and personality of students. It is concluded that in order to develop 

competence based curriculum, it is necessary to consider and appropriately combine ideas of the 

main psychological theories. 

3028.107 Design of a scale to identify task commitment in elementary school children, Fabiola 

Zacatelco, Guadalupe Acle, Universidad Nacional Aut & Oacute; Noma Dem & Eacute;Xico, 

Mexico 

This paper studies task commitment in order to detect gifted children. The goal was to develop and 

validate a scale to identify task commitment trough the following factors: Interest, Persistency and 

Effort, in fourth and sixth grade elementary school children. The task commitment scale Likert 

type was applied to 206 students, ortogonal factorial analysis and Cronbach's alpha test was used 

to validate the scale, internal consistency of 0.79 was obtained in this study. This scale allowed the 

identification of gifted children, in this study was 5.8%. 

3028.108 Research and outlook on the modern teaching assessment concerning the teacher’s 

teaching, Qiao Zhou, Research Institute of Education Science. Southwest Normal University, 


The teaching assessment concerning the teacher's teaching emphasizes on the facilitative function 

for the teacher's individual value and the professional development, and it is the new extension of 

the modern teaching assessment's meaning. Through the angle of view on the modern teaching and 

the teaching psychology, analyzing the meaning in the notion of the modern teaching assessment, 

and summarizing the traits in the thought orientation, the relationship between the subject and the 

object, function, standard, methodology and the model, furthermore, based on which the trend of 

the development of the modern teaching evaluation is prospected. 

3028.109 The new development of student assessment, Xuemei Wu, South-west Normal 


As an important component of educational practice, student assessment that is a kind of value 

judgment about learning process and result has functions of identification, direction and 

stimulation. The development of student assessment embodies on assessment target, content, 

criterion, methods and theoretical basis etc. And authentic assessment, multi-subject assessment, 

classroom assessment is in stand of its new development. Student assessment should be in 

accordance with the requirement of student and society development. 

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3028.110 The quality education and the cultivation of perfect personality, Tongyu Yang, Yun Pan, 

Hanchun Hu, GuiZhou Normal University, GuiYang, China 

This article discusses the relations between the quality education and the cultivation of perfect 

personality. As a new educational conception and model of cultivating, the ultimate aim of quality 

education is to foster the full-scale developmental human. The full-scale development can not 

separate the body and mind’s full-scale development. Health and coordinate development of 

personality plays the key role in developing the body and mind. The quality education must be 

based on the cultivation of perfect personality and improve personality’s healthy development. 

3028.111 A research on the reading comprehension ability and test of primary and middle school 

pupils, Yuqiu Li 1 , Houcan Zhang 2 , 1 Taiyuan Teachers College, China; 2 Beijing Normal 


Research on the reading comprehension ability has been one of the major projects of all countries. 

This research tested pupils of primary and junior middle schools. The results of exploratory and 

confirmatory factor analyses on different tests all showed that the structure of reading 

comprehension ability is made of five abilities: abilities of knowing and reading, general 

comprehension, deeper comprehension, evaluation and appreciation, and comprehensive 

application. The results also showed that the method of multilevel score can improve the 

distinguishing ability of choice questions and the scientificalness of screening and classification of 

examination questions. 

3028.112 Review of the research in assessment of teacher’ motivation, Guangshan Chen, 

Guangdong Educational Institute, China 

Motivating teachers is one of the important topics in school management psychology. Assessment 

is a base for and service to motivating. The motivating must rely on the result of the assessment. 

The neglect of assessment always find in the research on motivating. This situation is result form 

the lack of effective assessment instrument. The result of this research indicates that with the scale 

of assessment of teacher’ motivation the status, level and specialty of teachers’ motivation can be 

known. The result of assessment of teachers’ motivation can be the useful resource for educational 

administration in decision making. 

3028.113 The statistical assessment of learning outcome: knowledge structure, Wang On Li, 

John A. Spinks, the University of Hong Kong, China 

Knowledge structure represents understanding of the world; studying it constitutes grounds for 

understanding learning. Multidimensional scaling has been used in previous research studies on 

revealing the characteristics of knowledge structure. This study examined how multidimensional 

scaling and property vector fitting can be used to reveal longitudinal qualitative changes in 

knowledge structures. Learners’ knowledge structures appear to converge to a common structure 

as their learning experience grows. This study provides methods for statistically describing 

qualitative information about the evolution of knowledge structures during learning ?something 

that has been elusive in previous research.. 

3028.114 Self-concept of gifted children aged 9, 11 and 13, Ying Li, Jian nong Shi, Institute of 

Psychology, China 

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Ninety-four gifted children (aged from 9 to 13 years old) and two hundred non-gifted children 

(aged same as the gifted) were involved in the present study. Both the academic and non-academic 

self-concept are assessed by Song-Hattie Self-concept Inventory revised by Zhou & He (1996). 

The findings indicated that the development of self-concept in gifted children seems different from 

that of non-gifted children. Specifically, the scores of self-concept in general of non-gifted 

children increased while those of gifted children decreased from 9- to 13-years old. Both academic 

and non-academic self-concept will be discussed in the present study too. 

3028.115 Cognitive-affective determinants of performances in word reading: A structural 

modeling, Alain Olivera, Christine Bailleux, Pierre-Yves Gilles, Centre PsyCLE Universite de 

Provence, France 

This research tests a structural organization to describe children word decoding. The model 

includes cognitive abilities (general and phonological skills) and affects as well (anxiety, 

self-efficacy). Before exposure to a word identification task, 72 children, beginning readers in 

primary school, solved cognitive tests and completed self-efficacy, anxiety, questionnaires. Path 

analysis describes combined effects. Cognitive variables have effects on performance; 

self-efficacy has direct effects on word identification; anxiety has indirect effects on reading word, 

through phonological awareness. This work emphasize the interest to link cognition and emotion 

when studying individual differences in Reading word. 

3028.116 Teacher professional development--research on training needs of teachers, Liping Xiao, 

World Bank Beijing Office, China 

The study identifies and analyzes the training needs of teachers. Based on literature review and 

guided by the theory of teacher’s capacity and professional development, an investigation model 

of three elements and developmental stages was formulated. Both quantitative and qualitative 

methods were employed including interview and questionnaire. About 375 teachers from 6 public 

schools in Beijing were involved in this study. Major findings include that professional attitude 

was the core of professional structure, the development of professional attitude experienced three 

stages, and the relationship between professional development and teaching experience was not 

linear since professional development is the need-driving process. 

3028.117 DIF analysis of English paper of college entrance examination, Dong Shenghong 1 , Ma 

Shiye 2 , 1 Jiangxi Normal University, China; 2 The National Education Examinations Authority of 

China, China 

This study based on the response to the 75 optional item of English paper of College Entrance 

Examination to detect gender-related DIF, subject-related DIF and town/country-related DIF on 

these items. The results indicate that: 1) 32 items showed gender-related DIF (17 items favored to 

male); 2) 16 items showed town/country-related DIF(8 items favored to the town students); 3)19 

items showed subject-related DIF (6 items favored to the students studying science). 4)The 

differentiation of ability of English pronunciation, the interest or familiarity to the content are the 

main cause of DIF and among the DIF, some are the benign. 

3028.118 An investigation on senior middle school students and vocational school students’ 

learning adaptability, Ke-zu Hu 1 , Hong Zhao 2 , 1 Tianjin University of Technology and Education, 

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China; 2 Dalian University, China 

In this research, 202 students from Vocational school and Senior Middle School were investigated 

with the Learning Adaptability Test. Based on the statistics and analysis of the results of the test, 

the significant differences on Learning Method, Learning Attitude and Test Skills between Senior 

Middle School students and Vocational School students were found. Middle School students have 

more test skills than vocational students and also have higher test anxiety than vocational students. 

There’s no significant sexual difference on Learning Adaptability. 

3028.119 College students innovation structure evaluation, Jianhong Wang 1 , Zengxue Lin 2 , 

1 2 

Zhangjiakou, Hebei, China; GuiLin institute of tourism, GuangXi, China 

In this study, we select eight majors and “College Students Innovation Structure Evaluation 

Inventory” are developed and employed. Factor analysis is used to explore the dimensions of 

college students’ innovation. The discover show: After limiting the factors to sixteen and deleting 

the items which factor load is less than .30 at the first level, ten factors are extracted. Five factors 

are extracted at the second level of factor analysis: self-determination, self-cognition, cooperation, 

sensitivity, competition. At the same time, innovation differences between different majors are 

significant at the items comparison. 

3028.120 Cognitive style and interface design: Findings from the HomeNetToo project, Linda 

Jackson, Frank Biocca, Alexander Won Eye, Gretchen Barbatsis, Yong Zhao, Michigan State 


A component of the HomeNetToo project was to design learning interfaces adapted to learners' 

cognitive styles and examine learning using adapted interfaces (www.HomeNetToo.org, NSF-ITR). 

We designed a 3-D spatial interface, an interpersonal interface and a standard "magazine-style" 

Web interface to present health information to low-income African Americans in Detroit, 

Michigan (USA). Findings indicated that user cognitive style and interface design influenced 

intentions to use, and attitudes toward health information. Learning occurred regardless of 

cognitive style or interfaces design. Implications for the design of technology to enhance learning 

are discuss. 

3028.121 Developing of intellectualized net-course on middle school mathematics, Zhaoming 

Guo, Qinglin Zhang, Southwest China Normal University, China 

Our subject team (including psychology experts, computer experts, mathematics instruction 

experts and preeminent middle school teachers) developed the intellectualized net-course 

independently on the basis of the reviewing of the domestic and overseas studies on net-course, 

have our own copyright and patent. The dominant features of the net-course are: the distinct 

gradation of instruction goals, process evaluation, the intellectualized judging, the function of take 

record of the response time, the transform of subjective questions to objective questions. At the 

same time, we discussed the problems existed in net-course from the aspects: the size of 

knowledge point and the project-learning system. 

3028.122 On design of computer-assisted career guidance system, Hui Zhao, Mingxia Wu, China 

Computer-assisted career guidance is to apply technology of computer and network into the 

practice of career guidance on the basis of career theories. This article discusses how to design an 

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effective computer-assisted career guidance system. The system includes appraisal, search and 

guidance sub-systems. The appraisal one involves diverse career psychological tests assisting 

users make accurate self-evaluation. The search one helps users in their career decision making 

and work adjusting, while the guidance one offers services through online talking, system 

management and network counselors bulletin. Potential problems in the Internet career guidance 

are discussed. 

3028.123 Positive impact of using at home a computer-aided learning on dyslexics’ reading 

performances, Annie Magnan, Jean Ecalle, University of Lyon2, Laboratory EMC/DDL 

UMRCNRS 5596, FR 

This experiment seeks to examine the dyslexic children’s computer-assisted learning to read use at 

home and school. Studies have either focused on home use or school use of computers but not 

many of theses studies compare between the two environments. 14 dyslexic were engaged in 

computer-assisted reading exercises for five weeks. From those participants 7 had access to a 

computer at home. Before and after training a standardised reading test was administred. The 

results suggest that using a home computer has a positive effect and provide further evidence to 

the growing gap between computer experience in the home and school. 

3028.124 The problem of professional and personal development of young people in the 

educational process, Djaanita Kriukova, Institute of Pedagogy and Psychology of Vocational 

Education of Academy of Pedagogic Sciences of Ukraine, UA 

It is necessary to build in every educational institution the “model of a graduate”, which shows 

every pupil the aims of education and requirements to acquisition of the proper systems of 

knowledge, properties and abilities of young people, which make them visible and significant, 

links those aims with the necessity of careful learning every subject for developing systems of 

knowledge, for mastering complicated methods, for acquisition and using new knowledge. It is 

very important to construct the personally oriented general and vocational training taking into 

consideration the “model of a graduate”. 

3028.125 The facilitation of subgoal on problem-solving, Xiaobo Zhong 1 , Hua He 2 , Guangrong 

Yi 1 , 1 Nankai University, China; 2 Suzhou University, China 

Experiment 1 has proved that subgoal can facilitate the forming of problem-solving method which 

contain the subgoal. With experiment 2 and experiment 3, we suggest that the mechanism of the 

facilitation is as follow: the subjects have done many exercises which have similar 

subgoal-structure with the problem to be solved, the facilitation function of subgoal for 

problem-solving method results from the analogue and transfer between these exercises and the 

problem to be solved. By the results of this research, we think that manifesting the 

subgoal-structure of problems in instruction would help the learners to solve new problems in new 

situation. 

3028.126 The influence of the students’ learning styles and the information presentation modes on 

the scientific learning in the multimedia environment, Zheng Chen, China 

The paper is about the influence of the students’ learning styles and the information presentation 

modes on the scientific learning in the multimedia environment. 120 college students with various 

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learning styles were divided into 5 groups with different information presentation modes to 

learning the annotation about the formation of light. It was discovered that there is the interaction 

effect of learning styles and presentation modes on the students’ recall and transfer scores. 

3028.127 ESACS: A multimedia program to teach Methodology and Statistics, Benilde García, 

Luis Márquez, Héctor Morán, Elvia Ortega, Susanne Lajoie, Universidad Nacional Autónoma 

de México, Mexico 

ESACS is a computer-based learning environment developed to promote in university students, 

authentic learning of methodological and statistical knowledge. It is based on the instructional 

principles of the ASP (Authentic Statistics Project, Lajoie, 1997): situated cognition, project-based 

learning, and authentic assessment. ESACS has four main components: a) Tutorial or Expert: 

designed to teach, heuristic, conceptual and procedural knowledge; b)Video-Library of Exemplars 

which models the different phases involved in research projects; c)Practicing Statistics: gives the 

student the opportunity to exercise the acquired knowledge, and d)Student’ Manual, that presents 

key concepts and evaluation criteria for students to develop their own research project. 

3028.128 Ideology and practice of eteaching and elearning in military education, Markus 

Torkkeli, National Defence College, Finland 

The study focuses on military teachers’ conceptions about teaching, learning and information and 

communication technology in everyday teaching. The main aim of the research is to get insight 

into the military educators’ ideas about teaching and learning that reflect both context and person 

specific attitudes, beliefs and socially shared knowledge (ideology). The ideology has practical 

relevance as an aid to selecting possible ways of teaching and learning. In this research it is 

examined whether use and attitudes to ICT in teaching are tied to ideology of teaching and 

learning or just practical issues like time, ICT skills etc. 

3028.129 Contents analysis of Japanese educational TV programs, Sachi Tajima, Rei Omi, 

Ochanomizu University, Japan 

We analyzed the contents of Japanese educational TV programs to clarify their features. The 

educational objects and the impression of 33 TV programs whose audience ratings made by 

children (age 4-12) were high and which were judged to be educational were analyzed. The results 

on the objects revealed that there were more programs for general education (e.g., interpersonal 

skills, developing creativity) than programs for school subjects (e.g., language arts, number-related 

skills). Programs for social science were the most frequent. As for the impressions of programs, 

two factors, that is, consevativeness and friendliness were found through a factor analysis. 

3028.131 Prevention and overcoming of communicative barriers of high school students, Anna 

Fedosova, Ukrainian Psychology Institute, Ukraine 

The overcoming of communicative barriers of the students can help them to increase their 

communicative creativity, empathy, improve psychological climate in group, organizational 

culture of the University. We observed students’ tolerance, dominating psychological defense and 

emotional troubles in communication. After social and psychological training at Kiev Technical 

University the level of aggression of the students fell down from 60 % up to 14 %, their tolerance 

grew from 34,5 up to 65 units (middle level of tolerance is 49,5). We plan further research at the 

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field of communicative barriers and above mentioned training to prevent and overcome this 

phenomenon at different high schools of Ukraine. 

3028.132 Technology of competitive team creation, Ludmila Karamushka, Helen Fil, Ukrainian 

Psychology Institute, Ukraine 

High competitive ability of an educational organization depends on its competitive management 

team that is self-perfectioning, highly adaptive, creative and innovative. The authors have 

developed a technology for creation of a competitive school management team. The technology is 

a set of three training programs: 1) Training of psychological readiness for team-work aimed at 

formation of the trainees’ idea about a competitive team: its characteristics, composition, 

interactions and formation; 2) Training of partnership aimed at development of team skills and 

strategies of competitive presentation of projects. 3) Training of inter-team cooperation aimed at 

practicing productive cooperation with other teams. 

3028.133 The effect of relaxation training on different kinds of test anxiety, Meng Li, Capital 


The field-experiment study was designed to confirm the effect of relaxation training on the three 

kinds of test anxiety, which were cognition-dominated test anxiety (Type C), arousal-dominated 

test anxiety (Type P) and skill-lack-dominated test anxiety (Type S). The subjects were 149 

students in the grade one of high middle school. The results were: relaxation training could 

decrease the state test anxiety of the Type P, but could not decrease the state test anxiety of Type C 

and Type S. Relaxation training showed no effect on the test performance of Type C, Type P and 

Type S. 

3028.134 Self image in gifted children in school failure situation, Pascale Planche, Universite De 

Bretagne Occidentale-Brest, France 

Analysis of the drawing of a little man permitted to study the self representation of 9 to 

13-year-old children (IQ>130) in school failure situation. The maturity quotient from the drawing, 

almost always far much below the intellectual one of the drawer, showed that the actualization of 

cognitive tools in the graphic projection had been biased by some affective problematics. Some 

recurrent characteristics in the drawings revealed identity disorders, a lack of self-esteem and 

self-confidence, a huge desire to be "alike the others" or "anyone else" which may drive these 

children to inhibit their potential. 

3028.135 A study on eye movements of reading texts for pupils with learning difficulties, 

Yuchang Han, Xue Sui, Liaoning Normal University, China 

The experimental materials of this research are the texts of narration and explanation. Using eye 

movement technique, we recorded their eye movement parameters when 65 pupils were reading 

texts. The experiment results showed that: during reading texts, (1) the pupils with learning 

difficulties have many fixations; (2) the pupils with learning difficulties have longer duration of 

fixation; (3) the saccadic distance of the pupils with learning difficulties is short; (4) the scan 

number of the pupils with learning difficulties is more than that of normal students and it becomes 

obviously less with the rising of grade level. 

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3028.144 Phonological skills in Specifically Language Impaired children (SLI) from 5 to 6 years: 

A comparative study, Annie Magnan 1 , Jean Ecalle 1 , Monique Sanchez 1 , Sybille Gonzalez 2 , 

Vania Herbillon 2 , 1 Universit?Lyon2, Lab.EMC/DDL; 2 Centre hospitalier, LyonSud, FR 

This study compared the phonological skills of SLI children with those of two control group 

matched by grade and age. SLI children were enrolled in nursery (eleven) and first grade (thirteen). 

A phoneme deletion task was administered. The child have to choose the response correct among 

four items: for the target word " croix/ krown", a phonological distractor "mois/month", a semantic 

distractor "reine/queen", a odd distractor "vache/cow" and the correct response "roi/king" were 

proposed. Two evolution patterns highlighted: a discrepancy between SLI children and control 

group was observed. 

3028.145 A study on eye movement of reading texts for pupils with learning difficulties, Yuchang 

Han, Xue Sui, Liaoning Normal University, China 

The experimental materials of this research are the texts of narration and explanation. Using eye 

movement technique, we recorded their eye movement parameters when 65 pupils were reading 

texts. The experiment results showed that: during reading texts, (1) the pupils with learning 

difficulties have many fixations; (2) the pupils with learning difficulties have longer duration of 

fixation; (3) the saccadic distance of the pupils with learning difficulties is short; (4) the scan 

number of the pupils with learning difficulties is more than that of normal students and it becomes 

obviously less with the rising of grade level. 

3028.146 On cognitive features of students with algebra learning difficulties, Juan Zhao, 

Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China 

This study explored and built structure model about cognitive factors which effect middle school 

students' algebra study by assessing cognitive features of 106 middle school students. The results 

showed that: (1) Schema level, which comprises overall expressing and correctly representing 

declarative knowledge, overall handling and adversely handling procedure knowledge, can 

significantly predict the level of solving algebra problems (p

Yeonhee Hwang 2 , 1 Fukuoka University of Education; 2 Tohoku University, JP 

It was reported that in English, phonological awareness and working memory were predictive 

variables for reading ability. And phonological awareness and working memory correlated each 

other. This study concerned whether the same relations were found in Japanese among these three 

variables even if Japanese has a unique system of letters. We administered phoneme-deletion and 

saying backward tasks as phonological awareness task, short version of Japanese S-CPT as 

working memory task, and reading battery in normal 4th to 6th grade children of primary school in 

Japan. We will show basic data for developing method of teaching for children with dyslexia. 

3028.149 Interrelationship of intelligence and Curriculum Based Test (CBT) in Indian children 

having learning disabilitiesha, Madhuri Kulkarni 1 , Meena Shiledar 2 , Anita Chitre 2 , 

Rukhshana Sholapurwala 2 , Sunil Karande 3 , 1 L.T.M.G. Hospital & medical College, India; 2 LD 

Clinic L.T.M.G.Hospital Mumbai, India; 3 Tohoku University, JP 

The present study was undertaken to determine the relationship of intelligence with academic 

achievement on CBT in children with learning disability. A total of 300 children of the age group 

8-15 years attending LD clinic at L.T.M.G. hospital were enrolled. There were 223 (74%) males. 

119 (40%) had history of failure in annual exam. The WISC-Indian adaptation and CBT were 

administered individually. The mean level for Global IQ-100.4. The CBT assessed reading, 

mathematics, comprehension, spelling, thought process and written language skills. The multiple 

regression analysis revealed that 18% of variance in CBT is predicted from the score on WISC. 

3028.150 A research on the representation of problem-solving of children with mathematics 

learning disability, Xingchun Xu, China 

Based on the 4th grade students of primary school, the study discussed the representations of 

children with mathematics learning disability by contrasting that of excellent children in 

mathematic through protocol analysis. It was found: the time of problem representation of children 

with mathematics learning disability was short; the type of problem representations of children 

with mathematics learning disability was singular; and the representation of children with 

mathematics learning disability was lack of efficiency. 

3028.151 An experiment on matacognitive of word-thinking processing of the stdents with 

learning disability, Yonglei Zhou, Dalian Navy Academy, China 

This study was an experiment on matacognitive of word-thinking processing of 15 students with 

learning disbilities and 15 excellent students. The results showed that these students’ abilities of 

word-thinking processing in self-regulation, self-awareness and self-control were significantly 

poorer than those of the excellent students. And there was a significant difference, between these 

two groups of students, in self-regulating abilities of concept-driven processing and percept-driven 

processing, but no significant changes were found in the abilities of self-awareness and 

self-control. The abilities of word-thinking processing of the students with learning disbilities in 

self-evalution were significantly poorer than that of the excellent students. 

3028.152 Research on the features of child’s learning difficulty and educational intervention, 

Chen Xuefeng, Child Development Centre of China 

Based on the research of the nature of learning difficulties, we formed a set of intervention for LD 

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student, implemented the intervention for 100students of 1-3rd grade with learning difficulties and 

low-school achievement in China. It focuses on cognitive skills and movement abilities, as well as 

behavior guidance by the following ways: (1)combine small group training which simulate the 

situation of classroom with individual consultant; (2) learning as play aiming at individual 

difference; (3) supplement by the parents participation and family guidance. It is proved that the 

training has improved the students’ movement ability, basic learning skills, self-consciousness. 

3028.153 A study on eye movements of reading phonetics for pupils with learning difficulties, 

Xue Sui, Yuchang Han, Liaoning Normal University, China 

The experimental materials are the texts and poem of phonetics. Using eye movement technique to 

record their eye movement parameters when 65 pupils are reading materials, We can research the 

characteristic of eye movement of pupils with learning difficulties (LD). The result as the 

following: the pupils with LD (1) have more difficulty during reading phonetics. The field of each 

fixation is small; (2) have longer duration of fixation during reading phonetics; (3) have short 

saccadic distance; (4) lost more time during reading phonetics. 

3028.154 The comparison of children’s intellectual characteristics between subclinical cretinism 

and cultural mental retardation, Fuchang Zhang 1 , Xiaocai Gao 1 , Xiaomin Sun 2 , Zijian Zheng 1 , 

Ruilin Li 2 , 1 Northwest University, Xi'an, China; 2 Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China 

The study compares the intellectual characteristics of subclinical cretin(SC) and cultural mentally 

retarded children(CMRC) in Qinba mountain area. It shows: (1) Average IQ of SCs is substantially 

lower than that of CMRC. (2) SCs scored substantially lower than CMRC on practical IQ(PIQ). (3) 

Verbal IQ(VIQ) of CMRC is substantially lower than their PIQ while the VIQ and PIQ of SCs are 

similar. The results show that damage to SC because of iodine deficiency is comprehensive. The 

influence of it on children’s intelligence is greater than that of ill cultural circumstance and the 

latter contributes mainly to the impairment of VIQ. 

3028.155 The research for japanese individualized transition program on supported employment at 

special education, Aoko China, Atsushi Tanaka, Makiko Shimoji, University of the Ryukyus, 

Japan 

The Japan Ministry of Education released The final report on the Future Vision for Special 

Supported Education. In the future, it requires to take Individualized Transition Program (ITP) as 

comprehensive without disable classes for teachers. The voices of developing ITP is growing up. 

It's not so clearly and obvious that we could not know how ITP is recognized. The purpose of this 

research is to make sure teacher's enthusiasm of ITP at special education schools in Japan by 

questionnaire. Surveys were sent to 390 schools, and valid responses were 257.This questionnaire 

told me that many teachers had a large interests in ITP. 

3028.156 Need of thing that teacher guides like a job coach to student with intellectual difficulty, 

Makiko Shimoji, University of the Ryukyus, Japan 

Recently, job coach system was made in Japan. That result, many handicapped persons were easy 

to get. But, it is only person who graduated from school. So, I aim that method with employment 

support to do in school education. I investigated that how is employment support being done at 

school, and the possibility of thing that teacher give support like a job coach. I sent to 221schools, 

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and valid responses were received from 148school. I found many teachers are thing that they learn 

support technology like job coach, and they would like to use it in school. 

3029 Keynote 

Chair: Houcan Zhang, China 

Learning and memory, Charles Gallistel, Psych & Cognitive Science, Rutgers University, USA 

Currently in psychology there are two different conceptions of learning and memory, the 

behaviorist conception and the information processing conception. In the first, learning is a 

general-purpose process that rewires the brain to make behavior better adapted to the environment. 

Memory resides in the altered connections forged by the rewiring. In the second, learning is 

mediated by problem-specific mechanisms that extract information about the world from 

experience. Memory carries that information forward in time, for later use by behavior generating 

decision processes that are computational in nature. The latter view is more consistent with the 

ubiquitous problem-specificity that we seen in biological structures and with the behavioral 

evidence but it lacks neurobiological transparency: we do not know how the nervous system 

carries information forward in time. 

3030 Keynote 

Chair: Elizabeth Nair, Singapore 

Investigating five models of leadership: Journeys, decisions, character, roles, and relationships, 

Leon Mann, Department of Psychology, University of Melbourne, Australia 

Leadership can be studied from the perspective of five conceptual models: Journeys - the leader's 

development and implementation of a project, plan, or undertaking; Decisions - the crucial choices 

made by leaders; Character - the leader's personal attributes and values; Roles - the specific 

activities performed by the leader; Relationships - the affiliation between leaders, followers, and 

others. The lecturer will draw on the leadership literature and his research program on team 

leaders in R&D organizations to compare the five perspectives and discuss what is expected of 

leaders in different cultures and settings, and at different levels of leadership authority. 

3031 Keynote 

Chair: J. J. Sanchez-Sosa, Mexico 

Self-regulatory processes in health behavior change, Ralf Schwarzer, Freie University 

Berlin,Germany 

How do people develop a motivation to refrain from risk behaviors and to adopt health behaviors ? 

This difficult and volatile motivation process is characterized by individual differences in goal 

setting, procrastination, maintenance, and relapse tendencies. Among the personality variables that 

account for such differences is perceived self-efficacy, i.e., the optimistic belief in one's 

competence to cope successfully with demands and barriers. Some individuals may have high 

confidence in their ability to initiate actions whereas others may have high confidence in their 

ability to recover from setbacks. To underscore the notion of phase-specific optimistic self-beliefs, 

a distinction is made between preaction self-efficacy, maintenance self-efficacy and recovery 

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self-efficacy. 

3032 Keynote 

Chair: Danling Peng, China 

Visual mental images in the brain, Stephen M. Kosslyn, Department of Psychology, Harvard 


Mental images are the furniture of the mind. When we are conscious of our thoughts, we are aware 

of images--visual, verbal, tactile, and all the rest. Objects populate the world without; images 

populate the world within. Nevertheless, the study of imagery within Western science has a 

checkered history. Until very recently, imagery seemed like an utterly private event; something we 

could access only through introspection. In this talk I illustrate how behavioral techniques have 

allowed us publicly to validate introspections by tracking the observable footprints of imagery, 

and also illustrate how neuroimaging has allowed us to observe the neural levers and pistons that 

power imagery. I will argue that imagery is a distinct form of internal representation, qualitatively 

unlike language, which obeys its own principles. 

3033 Keynote 

Chair: Saths Cooper, South Africa 

Culture and psychology: Recent insights, Fons van de Vijver, Tilburg University, The 

Netherlands 

An overview of the main paradigms and findings in the cross-cultural psychological literature is 

presented. Special emphasis is given to two related themes. The first is the relationship between 

individual- and culture-level phenomena, such as the manifestations of individualism and 

collectivism at both levels. The second is the country-level study of psychological phenomena 

such as personality traits at. It is argued that modern conceptualizations in cross-cultural 

psychology and methodological innovations may be able to reduce the gap between individual and 

culture. 

3034 Keynote 

Chair: Kan Zhang, China 

The history and current status of international psychology, Raymond Fowler, American 

Psychological Association, USA 

Psychology began as an international discipline. International meetings occurred before national 

societies existed, and students moved freely across international borders to advance their 

education in psychology. From the time of World War I until several decades after World War II, 

much of the world was recovering from war and its aftermath, and international advances in 

psychology decreased greatly. In the past two decades, psychology has made substantial advances 

in most of the countries of the world, and there has been a resurgence of interest in international 

psychology, including participation in international meetings. 

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3035 Keynote 

Chair: Bruce Overmier, USA 

Consciousness: When, where and why? Colin Blakemore, University Laboratory of Physiology, 

Oxford University, UK 

Awareness - its mechanism and function - has become a central issue in neuroscience, as it has 

always been in psychology. The powerful techniques of single-neuron recording, functional 

imaging, transcranial magnetic stimulation, electro- and magneto-encephalography are helping to 

define the neural correlate of consciousness. Studies of binocular rivalry and the perception of 

ambiguous images have told us that different aspects of awareness are associated with activity in 

particular visual cortical areas. Further evidence comes from the changes in awareness after 

damage of visual areas, the ectopic perceptions of individuals with synaesthesia, and the 

recruitment of visual cortical areas, without corresponding visual experience, during tactile 

stimulation in the blind. There remain, however, deep metaphysical and teleological issues. Just 

what it awareness, and what is its functional role? 


The ontological nexus of psychology 

Convener and Chair: A. Meneghetti, Italy 

3036.1 The ontological nexus of psychology, A. Meneghetti, International Ontopsychology 

Association, Roma, Italy 

The novelty of the Ontopsychological school consists in the fact that it has found the criterion that 

operates the ontological nexus between different sciences; that is, it has shed light on the ontic. 

Any cause has a specific behavioural identity. This criterion has been experimentally verified in all 

the realm of applied psychology. In the three decades since its development, the method in 

question has never failed, in any field that directly concerns man in his individual and social 

existence from cancer to schizophrenia, from ethics to economic decisions. Ontopsychology 

possesses the experimental nexus, that is, the technique that leads to interaction with the original 

of the world of life. 

3036.2 Ontopsychology: The psychology of being in man – the development of the 

ontopsychological approach, N. Grishina, Saint Petersburg State University, St Petersburg, Russia 

The central object of Ontopsychology is the analysis of being, in the anthropological form it takes 

in man. The existential problem of the authenticity or inauthenticity of human life is at the centre 

of attention. As an existential psychological current, Ontopsychology stresses both the role of 

choices in man’s self-construction and the understanding of man’s historical-cultural context. 

Ontopsychology turns to a holistic description and to the analysis of the ontic component of man’s 

existence in his vital space; thus, Ontopsychology can go beyond the limitations of 

phenomenological descriptions and the confinement of other psychological currents to the space 

of man’s interior world and his emotive subjective experience. 

3036.3 The application of ontopsychology to the figure of the leader as a source of solutions for 

604

the social collective, E. Gramignano, A.I.O.- F.O.I.L. Formation Ontopsychological 

Interdisciplinary to Leadership, Ossining, NY, USA 

A leader is the operative centre of several relations and functions; he has the ability of identifying 

the proportions of the movement of life; he also has the ability of applying the right formula to 

solve difficult situations, as they arise, with economic and social gain. Ontopsychology has 

matured a specific methodology that grants the efficiency of human capital within an enterprise. 

FOIL aims at developing all relations within the enterprise that make possible the authentic and 

specific organization of success together with social responsibility that is, gain involving an 

increase of wealth in the social and eco-environmental context where the enterprise operates. 

3036.4 Ontopsychology and memetics, P. Bernabei, International Ontopsychology Association, 

Roma, Italy 

Memetic knowledge is becoming prevalent in the world, particularly in the so-called civilized 

world, which is becoming a dominant model due to the ubiquitous reach of the Internet. Deeply 

embedded in our lifestyle, memes (which in themselves constitute systems) have become the new 

paradigm of society. A meme is a vacuous image, that is, an image devoid of the biological 

information-carrying module. Real humanity resides elsewhere. The Ontopsychological 

methodology recovers the reversibility of information and hence humanity. It can do this precisely 

because it has been the first science that explains the origin of memes. 


Natural vision 

Convener and Chair: A. Hayes, Hong Kong SAR, China 

3037.1 Very like a whale, J. Ross, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia 

We can see many different shapes in clouds, a fact that Shakespeare used very effectively in his 

play Hamlet. But what is so special about clouds? Why can we see different shapes in them? I will 

suggest that the spatial frequency content of clouds leads the visual system to exercise its powers 

of interpretation on them as it does on natural scenes, but without the constraints that natural 

images usually impose. In the absence of constraints, interpretation runs free. Evidence will be 

presented to show that we see little in pseudo-clouds having spatial frequency content different 

from real clouds. 

3037.3 Spatial cues to visual motion, D.R. Badcock, The University of Western Australia, 

Crawley, Australia 

With the advent of frame-based displays have come models of motion processing that implicitly 

assume the task is to connect a sequence of discrete views. Temporal smoothing is proposed to 

account for the continuous motion of objects in the natural environment. However, continuous 

motion provides another cue for a system with an extended integration period; a motion induced 

streak. This talk will review the psychophysical evidence that such streaks are used to determine 

the perceived direction of motion and will also discuss the implications for extracting speed. 

3037.4 Colour facilitates intrinsic image segmentation, F.A.A. Kingdom, McGill Vision 

605

Research, Montreal, Quebec, Canada 

In natural scenes chromatic variations, and spatially aligned luminance variations, are primarily of 

material origin (e.g. paint, flowers), whereas pure, or near-pure luminance variations are mainly 

due to inhomogenous illumination (e.g. shadows, shading). I show evidence from studies of 

perceived shape-from-shading and shadow perception that knowledge of these colour-luminance 

relationships is built into the machinery of the human visual system. I also show how these 

colour-luminance relationships can be used in image-processing to segment an image into its 

shading and reflectance components. These studies reveal a new role for colour in determining the 

structure of the image. 

3037.5 Adaptation in natural scenes, F.A.J. Verstraten, Universiteit Utrecht, Utrecht, The 

Netherlands 

Adaptation is the continuous adjustment of internal relations to external relations (Lovatt Evans, 

1945). Motion adaptation and motion aftereffects (MAE) are regarded as phenomena that fit this 

definition: motion sensors become adapted and recover from adaptation. Strangely enough the 

MAE does not appear after exposure to full field stimuli. For example, if one is standing in front 

of the Niagara Falls. Also, no MAE is perceived after driving a car for a while. I will review the 

evidence that motion adaptation is more than just adaptation and that natural scenes are probably 

better stimuli than the conventionally used ones. 


Visual perception of form 

Convener and Chair: I. Rentschler, Germany 

3038.1 The neural and psychophysical basis of object recognition, I. Biederman, University of 

Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA 

The recognition of objects, even novel ones, are remarkably unaffected by changes in viewpoint 

and lighting direction, either of which produce dramatic changes in the retinal image as well as 

activity in the early stages of the visual system. This achievement of a view-invariant 

representation-classically known as object constancy-can be understood in terms of the tuned 

activity of single neurons in the inferior temporal cortex (IT), a region known to be involved in 

object recognition. This activity distinguishes simple, regular parts that differ in nonaccidental 

properties, in a manner consistent with the representation assumed by Geon Theory. 

3038.2 Parallel routes to object recognition, J. Davidoff, Goldsmiths University of London, 

London, UK 

Brain-damaged cases show dissociations in early level vision (shape processing) derived from the 

operation of parallel pathways. Our recent studies (Davidoff & Warrington) extend the argument 

for parallel processing to include object recognition. We found that surprisingly little information 

is required for canonical object recognition in patients unable to recognise object parts; a view 

confirmed by the study of normal development where an understanding of spatial relationships 

between object parts is especially tardy. The role of mirror images and attentional resources will 

be examined to make further claims for the function of parallel routes in object recognition. 

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3038.3 Challenging appearance-based visual object recognition, Z.L. Liu, Goldsmiths 

University of London, London, UK 

Theories of appearance-based object recognition, in both human vision and computer vision, enjoy 

a prominent position in recent years. Indeed, in human vision, most empirical results demonstrate, 

though to a different degree, that the more similar a test image is to a learned image, the better 

recognition performance will be. We present evidence that a test image that is different from the 

learned image yields better recognition performance than a test image that is identical to the 

learned image. Hence we argue against appearance-based theories, and suggest that visual 

organization plays an important role in the encoding of shape representations. 

3038.4 Role of spatial attention in perceiving form in indirect view, H. Strasburger, University 

of München, München, Germany 

In indirect view character strings somehow loose the quality of form. As we show, this 

phenomenon may be attributed both to a loss of pattern location and reduced feature integration. 

In a new contrast sensitivity paradigm, the locus of spatial attention was determined by separating 

location from recognition errors. Intensity of attention was controlled by a transient positional cue. 

Results show that in normal indirect view the impairment of character recognition by crowding is 

caused by spatially imprecise focusing of attention. The positional cue acts independently, 

revealing that locus and intensity are independent characteristics of attention in indirect form 

vision. 

3038.5 Understanding the “pictorial form” of images from multimodal object representations, I. 

Rentschler, E. Osman, A. Müller, University of Munich, Muenchen, Germany 

From a paradigm of supervised category learning and generalisation we show that changes in 

viewpoint and rendering may have little effect on the recognition of unfamiliar 3D-objects from 

pictures. This finding is consistent with what has been claimed before. What is new is that 

generalisation fails when handed (mirror-image) 3D-objects are used. The latter disadvantage can 

be compensated for by providing prior object knowledge via active haptic exploration. These 

results suggest that multimodal representations play a role for understanding the pictorial form 

(Wittgenstein, 1922) of pictures. 


Time and memory 

Convener and Chair: S. Lewandowsky, Australia 

Co-convener: G. Brown, UK 

3039.1 Time and memory: An overview, Gordon D. A. Brown 1 , S. Lewandowsky 2 , 

1 2 

University of Warwick, Coventry, UK; University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia 

The relationship between time and memory can be examined at many levels. At a conceptual level, 

certain types of temporal capacity seem to underpin episodic memory. It may be adaptive for 

human memory to be temporally organised, and there is considerable evidence for the 

chronological organisation of memory. Many recent models of memory have time at their core, 

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and there are interesting parallels between some of these models and recent models of animal 

learning. Empirical studies have begun to focus on interference between timing tasks and memory 

performance, and on possible common neurobiological underpinnings of temporal abilities and 

memory. 

3039.2 Mental time travel by food-caching western scrub-jays (Aphelocoma californica), N.S. 

Clayton, A. Dickinson, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK 

The mental time travel hypothesis posits that only humans can travel backwards in time to 

re-experience and recollect specific past events (episodic memory) and travel forwards in time to 

anticipate future needs, independent of current needs (future planning). Recent experiments 

question this assumption. Scrub-jays form integrated, flexible, trial-unique memories of what they 

hid, where and when (episodic-like memory). Jays can also anticipate the future consequences of 

caches (future planning). These results suggests that several features of retrospective and 

prospective cognition may not be uniquely human, providing an exciting model for bridging the 

gap between human and animal studies of memory. 

3039.3 Time is of the essence, R. Gallistel, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA 

Temporal information of two kinds is extracted from experience, stored in memory, and factored 

into the decision processes that lead to conditioned behavior: 1) the durations of the intervals 

separating events, and 2) the 'absolute' times at which those events are experienced. The first kind 

is used to compute rates and expected times of occurrence. The second kind is used to compute 

expected times of occurrence and the time elapsed since the experience(s). The latter information 

(how long it has been since X was experienced) plays a fundamental role in weighing conflicting 

prior experiences. 

3039.4 Temporal isolation and short-term serial recall, S. Lewandowsky 1 , T. Wright 1 , G.D.A. 

Brown 2 , 1 University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia; 2 University of Warwick, Coventry, 

UK 

Temporal distinctiveness theories expect items that are temporally isolated from their neighbors 

during list presentation to be recalled better. Event-based theories, which deny that time plays a 

role at encoding, can handle isolation effects by assuming that temporal isolation provides extra 

time for encoding. We report three experiments that show that that temporal pauses do not enhance 

memory unless people strategically use the pauses to group the list into chunks. We model the 

results using the SIMPLE architecture (Brown, Neath, and Chater, 2002). 

3039.5 Temporal representation and episodic memory, T. McCormack, Queen's University 

Belfast, Ireland 

Recently, there has been much debate whether animals or young children have episodic memory, 

and over the representational requirements for this type of memory. I will argue that episodic 

memory requires temporal abilities, including a certain concept of time. Characterising such 

abilities allows us to provide better answers to the question of whether episodic memory should be 

attributed to young children and animals. I will suggest that the temporal abilities required for 

episodic memory involve a certain type of causal reasoning that is not developmentally primitive, 

and that there is no evidence that animals possess such abilities. 

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3039.6 Behavioral and electrophysiological investigations of duration memory, T.B. Penney, 

The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China 

A fundamental question about the memory representation of time is whether the magnitude of a 

remembered duration modulates the cognitive resources required to represent that duration. I will 

present data from a series of experiments in which human participants made duration judgments 

about visual and auditory signals while electrical brain activity was recorded. For example, in one 

task, an initial stimulus (S1) was presented and, following a delay, participants indicated whether a 

comparison stimulus (S2) was equivalent to S1. Preliminary analyses of slow electrical potentials 

recorded during the S1-S2 delay indicate that cognitive resource use is greater for longer 

durations. 


Insight and creative thinking 

Convener and Chair: J. Luo, China 

Co-convener: K. Niki, Japan 

3040.1 An instructional study on creative thinking in adolescents, X. Qu, J. Shi, Institute of 


According to the comprehensive theoretical framework for fostering creativity, an educational 

program of creativity improvement was designed featured in cognitive aspects, non-cognitive 

aspects and cooperation & collaboration aspects. 20 gifted and 35 average adolescents aged 14-16 

were involved in 4-months-program. Williams Creativity Assessment was used as one of the 

methods assessing creativity improvement, in which ratio instead of raw score was introduced in 

statistic analysis. Average students in experimental group were found increasing in creative 

thinking such as openness and elaboration, while gifted students have no significant improvement. 

Students were encouraged to exhibit their creativity by any means at the end of program. The 

relationship of creativity and intelligence is discussed in the present study too. 

3040.2 Ling, insight and rationality: Two different ways of knowledge creation, X. Zhao 1, 2 , Z. 

Chen 3 , 1 Van Vollenhoven Institute, Leiden University; Peking University, Beijing, China; 3 Hebei 

Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China 

In Chinese culture, we have a special word ling (efficacy) to identify the equivalent of 

psychological insight although it is implied more broad cultural and social meanings than what is 

meant in a limited individual cognition. We have tried to present some cases, collected in popular 

religion in rural China, of idea of ling through which a thought pattern of knowledge creation, 

something like insight, will be examined. Finally, we will draw out of a comparison between the 

knowledge creation of rationality and of insight both of which, from our own point of view, are 

two ways of knowledge creation. 

3040.3 Training on poem writing from inspiration, L. Song, High School affiliated to Ren Min 

University of China, Beijing, China 

Combining Western imagery theories with Eastern conventional culture, particularly the famous 

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thought in I Ching, a hypothesis, the Taiji Picture model of inspiration was put forward first in this 

article. Based on this model, a teaching research on poem-writing training from inspiration was 

taken by the author. 338 students, which were divided into experimental group and control group, 

were selected randomly from a middle school in Beijing, China. The results of this research 

verified the hypothesis very well. The psychological mechanism of inspiration generation, 

inspiration characteristics and its training methods were described and discussed. 

3040.4 Neuroimage studies of insightful problem solving, J. Luo 1, 2 , China, K. Niki 2, 3 , Q. 

Cao 4 , 1 Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; 2 The Brain Science 

and Education, RISTEX, JST, Ibaraki, Japan; 3 National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science 

and Technology, Ibaraki, Japan; 4 Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China 

The neural correlates of insightful problem solving were investigated by event-related fMRI. As 

the unpredictable and short-lived moments of exceptional thinking where the implicit assumptions 

about the relevance of common knowledge to a problem must be discarded before a solution can 

be revealed, insight means breaking of mental impasse and changing of inappropriate initial 

problem representations. Our neuroimage studies showed that (1) areas that are observed in 

cognitive conflict - anterior cingulate cortex and left lateral prefrontal cortex - mediated the 

process of mental impasse breaking, and (b) areas known to participate in visuo-spatial processing, 

including bilateral middle temporal/occipital gyrus and left middle frontal gyrus, subserved the 

representational change during insight. 

3040.5 Episodic Memory Model as binding brain representations at a behavior level: 

Implications from studies on insight, K. Niki 1, 2 , 1 National Institute of Advanced Industrial 

Science and Technology, Ibaraki, Japan; 2 The Brain Science and Education, RISTEX, JST, Ibaraki, 

Japan 

We would like to introduce a brand new episodic memory model, which is represented as the 

hippocampal one-shot learning mechanism of binding the brain representations at a behavior level, 

from the view point of brain cognitive science. This model overcomes the difficulties that the 

episodic memory must be theoretically distinguished from other memory systems, and explains 

many flexible features of the episodic memory including flash memory; the predictions of a dual 

code theory without Freud’s hippocampal representation. Our MRI experiments proved that this 

kind memory system relates to the high level cognitive behavior like a problem solving and the 

insight. We would like to discuss that this model well explains the features of the human 

intelligence. 


Korean language processing and development 

Convener and Chair: J.R. Cho, South Korea 

3041.1 The role of phonology in processing words in two languages, K. Park, Keimyung 

University, Deagu, South Korea 

Using a semantic categorization task (Van Orden, 1987), the present study explored the possibility 

that the role of phonology in processing words may differ across languages. Twenty 

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Korean-English bilinguals performed the task twice, once in Korean (Hangul task) and once again 

in English (English task). The target stimuli (foils) varied in terms of their lexicality (word vs. 

nonword) and orthographic similarity (more similar vs. less similar) to the exemplar of the 

category. The pattern of error (false positive response) rates across the four conditions turned out 

to be different between the two tasks, indicating that phonology plays less significant role in 

processing words printed in Hangul than in English. 

3041.2 Morphological processing of Korean words written in Hangul, K. Yi, Yeungnam 

University, Kyungsan, South Korea 

There are three types of word in Korean. Neuropsychological evidence for the psychological 

reality of the three word types was reported recently. In this study, morphological processing for 

one type of words, Chinese loan (CL) words was examined. Using the repetition priming 

paradigm morphological pairs sharing the same morpheme were compared with orthographic pairs 

with the same syllable. The inhibitory priming effects for the orthographic pairs were obtained, but 

no effects for the morphological pairs were found. These results suggest that the lexical processing 

models with the morpheme level between the syllable and word level, which have been proposed 

for Chinese and Japanese, can not be applied to Korean CL words. 

3041.3 Word recognition processes in Korean and English speaking children, G.B. Simpson 1 , H. 

Kang 2 , 1 University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA; 2 Sung Kyun Kwan University, Seoul, 

Korea 

The development of word recognition skills is a fundamental process of learning to read. Research 

conducted in English has shown that children learning to read are especially sensitive to the 

semantic context in which a word appears. Our research with Korean children reveals a pattern 

very different from that seen with English-speakers. Specifically, semantic priming effects 

increase, rather than decrease, with age. However, phonologically based priming does increase 

with age in Korean children. We will discuss this difference, and other research that suggests that 

the Korean reader is especially sensitive to the relationship between orthography and phonology in 

word identification. 

3041.4 Models of Korean Hangul reading in beginning readers, C. Mcbride-Chang 1 , J.R. 

Cho 2 , 1 Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; 2 Kyungnam University, 

Masan, South Korea 

Various measures of phonological awareness, naming speed, vocabulary, morphological awareness, 

and Hangul reading were administered to 100 kindergarten and 100 second grade Korean children. 

Path analysis models revealed that both phonological and morphological awareness measures were 

strongly associated with reading; both uniquely predicted vocabulary knowledge as well. These 

results underscore the uniqueness of the Korean Hangul script, relative to either English or 

Chinese. Both morphological and phonological aspects of language map directly onto Korean 

Hangul. These results offer new ideas for teaching early reading and aretheoretically relevant for 

understanding reading development in Korean and across cultures. 

3041.5 Neural and cognitive mechanism in processing Korean relative clauses, K. Nam, H. 

Kang, Y. Whang, S. You, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea 

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This study was to examine neural and cognitive bases involved in comprehending Korean relative 

clauses. Reading time was the longest when a head noun was in the object position of a main 

clause and a trace was in the object position of a relative clause. The effect of subject-object 

inversion was significant in the clauses in which the head noun was in the subject position. In a 

neurolinguistic study, agrammatic patients made more errors in subjective relative clauses. In 

brain image study, Broca and visual areas of the cerebral cortex were activated. Based on the 

converging results, we propose a Korean sentence comprehension model. 


Coping with anger 

Convener and Chair: V. Hodapp, Germany 

3042.1 Anger and its expression: Health effects of an everyday emotion, C. Vögele, University 

of Surrey Roehampton, London, UK 

We present results from a series of experimental studies investigating the effects of anger 

provocation on psychophysiological, subjective and behavioural responses and the modulating 

effect of habitual anger expression (STAXI, SDS). Participants carried out a series of anger 

provoking laboratory tasks while cardiovascular responses, subjective ratings of negative mood 

and facial expressions (FACS) were monitored. The results indicate a significant effect of anger 

suppression in determining cardiovascular reactivity. This effect, however, was gender specific for 

men. The results on anger expression tend to show dissociation between responses on 

physiological, subjective and behavioural levels. 

3042.2 Cognitive processes in coping with anger, V. Hodapp, M. Seip, J.W. Goethe-University, 

Frankfurt, Germany 

Anger research has been dominated by the anger expression dimensions Anger-in vs. Anger-out, 

whereas cognitive processes in coping with anger have been neglected. Forty-six subjects were 

asked to describe their reactions on six ambiguous scenarios. Reactions were grouped into 

cognitive, emotional and behavioral reactions. Furthermore, the reactions were evaluated with 

regard to expectancies, coping intentions, and the course of the coping process. Cluster analysis 

revealed a classification into groups of cognitive-hostile, angry feelings, cognitive-rational, 

cognitive-defensive, and a mixed group of subjects. Implications of this typology for the role of 

cognitive processes in coping with anger and development of a questionnaire will be discussed. 

3042.3 Anger at work, fair treatment and coping: Empirical and theoretical implications, E.R. 

Greenglass, York University, Toronto, Canada 

The workplace can be a source of anger. Perceived unfair treatment at work has been cited as a 

precipitant of anger due to reciprocity norm violation. This paper presents data indicating how 

proactive coping can reduce anger at work. Variables were: state anger, depression, fair treatment 

at work, and proactive coping, defined as autonomous goal setting and self-regulatory goal 

attainment. Using structural equation modeling, results showed that proactive coping had a direct 

effect on fair treatment and a negative effect on depression. To the extent that individuals use 

proactive coping, they are less likely to perceive unfair treatment at work and experience less 

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anger. 

3042.4 The impact of perceived child physical and sexual abuse history and stress on women’s 

anger and AIDS risk, S.E. Hobfoll, I. Hobfoll, Kent State University, Kent, OHIO, USA 

Impact of perceived child abuse, resiliency factors, and current stress on adult women’s emotional 

well-being and AIDS risk was examined. Child physical/emotional abuse had greater impact on 

depressive mood and anger and AIDS risk than did child sexual abuse. Resource loss in women’s 

adult lives was also related to poorer well being. Those physically/emotionally abused as children 

had 5.14 times greater odds of having an STD in their lifetime than women who experienced only 

marginal or no abuse. Women with greater mastery and social support had better emotional 

outcomes and lower AIDS risk. 


Culture, innovation, and change 

Convener and Chair: M. Erez, Israel 

Co-convener: C. Lee, USA 

3043.1 Implicit theories of creativity across cultures: Novelty and appropriateness, S.B.F. 

Paletz, K. Peng, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA 

This study assesses whether novelty and appropriateness are equally important dimensions of 

creativity for East Asians and Americans. Over 450 undergraduates from Japan, China, and two 

U.S. locations participated. Using scenario methods, novelty and appropriateness were important 

dimensions of creativity for all participants Counter to previous literature and theorizing, 

appropriateness was relatively more important for Americans and Japanese, and novelty more 

important for Chinese. When tested using an explicit attitude scale, however, novelty was most 

important for Americans. This study challenges many assumptions about culturally based attitudes 

toward creativity, suggesting both universalities and differences in implicit theories of creativity. 

3043.2 Innovation value moderate the effects of transformational leadership on organizational 

commitment, X. Ren, K. Shi, B. Wang, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 


This research explored the relationship between innovation value, transformational leadership and 

organizational commitment. We investigated 3844 employees of 81 institutes, which belong to 

Chinese Academy of Sciences. The results based on HLM showed that transformational leadership 

had a positive effect on organizational commitment at the individual level, and that innovation 

value at the organizational level moderated the effect of transformational leadership on 

organizational commitment. Compared to organizations with low innovation value, in the 

organizations with high innovation value transformational leadership had a strong effects on 

organizational commitment. 

3043.3 The transition process from a local to a global company: Shaping the core values of a 

global company, E. Gati 1 , M. Erez 1 , Y. Berson 2 , 1 Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel; 

2 Polytechnic University, New York, NY, USA 

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A core challenge in becoming a multinational company is shaping the corporate values which 

transcend national borders, helping diverse employees adjust to their common global work 

environment. We focus on one company that globalized through acquisitions of foreign companies. 

Participants were 54 senior managers from India, East and West Europe, the US and Israel 

(headquarters). We assessed managers’ local and global identities and the values of local 

subsidiaries, specifically, innovation, openness to change, and acceptance of diversity. 

Implications of the differences between subsidiaries in the values strengths and their managers’ 

global identity to the process of integration will be discussed. 

3043.4 Beyond national cultures: Fostering global values in MNC, M. Erez 1 , Y. Berson 2 , S. 

Adler 3 , 1 Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel; 2 Polytechnic University, New York, NY, 

USA; 3 AON Consulting, New York, NY, USA 

This paper examines the values communicated by the CEO of a multinational corporation, and the 

extent to which they address its diverse workforce. In addition, we study whether managers’ role 

perceptions represent both global and local linking roles. CEO communication was measured by 

content analysis of speeches and annual reports. This analysis revealed that the most emphasized 

values are ones of diversity, tolerance for change, individualism, but also high interdependence. 

Managers’ role perceptions were assessed by managers self-evaluations (n=367) of their roles, as 

well as by evaluations of 4530 multiple stakeholders. Using factor analyses we found that 

respondents differentiated between local and global managerial roles, and that cultural differences 

appeared only with respect to the local managerial roles. 


Personality, person perception, and judgment 

Convener and Chair: Y.T. Lee, USA 

3044.1 Individual and cultural differences in implicit trait theories, T. Church 1 , M. Katigbak 1 , 

A. del Prado 1 , F. Ortiz 1 , J. Vargas Flores 2 , J. Ibanez-Reyes 2 , L. Miramontes 1 , F. White 3 , J. 

Reyes 4 , K. Mastor 5 , Y. Harumi 1 , J. Tanaka-Matsumi 6 , H. Cabrera 7 , R. Pe-Pua 8 , 1 Washington 

State University, Pullman, WA, USA; 2 National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico; 

3 4 5 

University of Sydney, Australia; De La Salle University, Philippines; University Kebangasaan 

Malaysia, Malaysia; 6 Kwansei Gakuin University, Japan; 7 University of Santo Tomas, Philippines; 

8 

University of New South Wales, Australia 

We examined cultural differences in implicit beliefs regarding the role of traits and context in 

understanding persons and behavior. Respondents in individualistic (U.S., Australia) and 

collectivistic (Mexico, Philippines, Malaysia, Japan) cultures completed measures of personality 

beliefs, self-construals, self-monitoring, and self-concept. We investigated (a) the structural 

equivalence of implicit beliefs across cultures; (b) whether persons in individualistic, as compared 

to collectivistic, cultures have stronger trait beliefs and weaker contextual beliefs; (c) whether trait 

beliefs can be predicted from self-construals and self-monitoring, and (d) whether cultural 

differences in self-concepts can be predicted from implicit theories and self-construals. 

Implications for efforts to integrate trait and cultural psychology perspectives are discussed. 

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3044.2 A realistic social approach to personality judgment: Challenges, assumptions, assertions, 

and extensions, R.M. Furr 1 , D.C. Funder 2 , 1 Appalachian State University, Boone, NC, USA; 

2 

University of California, Riverside, CA, USA 

In person perception, the study of accuracy was long interrupted by four core challenges - 

methodological ambiguity, criterion ambiguity, early preoccupation with the judge, and later 

preoccupation with cognition. The newer wave of research to address these challenges is based on 

five fundamental principles: traits exist and affect behavior, personality judgments come from 

behavioral observations, research should be based on multiple sources of data, personality 

judgment occurs within a social context, and accuracy depends on more than the judge and his or 

her cognitive processes. Emerging directions of accuracy research build upon this foundation. 

3044.3 Using the social relations model to study interpersonal perception, J.D. Korchmaros 1 , 

D.A. Kenny 2 , 1 Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, USA; 2 University of Connecticut, 

Storrs, CT, USA 

The Social Relations Model (SRM) is a componential model of dyadic processes. When applied to 

interpersonal perception, the three components are a) perceiver (how it is that the person generally 

views others), b) target (how the person is generally viewed by others), and c) relationship (how 

the perceiver uniquely views the target). The perceiver and target components of the SRM refer to 

individual differences in perception. Using data from two studies of helping (one a zero 

acquaintance study and the other a dyadic interaction study), we describe how the model can be 

used to study individual differences. Several examples are presented. 

3044.4 Culture and self-regulatory thought, G. Oettingen 1, 2 , 1 New York University, New York, 

NY, USA; 2 University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany 

Fantasy realization theory holds that mentally contrasting a desired future with impeding reality 

makes people set binding goals in light of high expectations of success and refrain from goal 

setting in light of low expectations (Oettingen, 1999, 2000). Other forms of self-regulatory 

thought such as indulging in a desired future and dwelling on impeding reality lead to goal setting 

independent of expectations. Based on experiments supporting the model, I will analyze how 

cultural variables (e.g., values) impact on self-regulatory thought and how, in turn, self-regulatory 

thought entertained by members of a given culture influences the culture’s development. 

3044.5 Evidence for an evaluative bias against stimuli that do not ‘fit in’, M. Rubin, S. Paolini, 

R. Crisp, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia; University of Birmingham, UK 

I present evidence that people make relatively negative judgments about stimuli that (a) have 

migrated from one category to another (migrant stimuli), (b) have been excluded from the 

category system (excluded stimuli), or (c) belong to multiple categories within the category 

system (transgressive stimuli). In three experiments (Ns = 30, 30, & 88), we asked participants to 

evaluate a series of letter or shape stimuli that were presented inside and outside related categories. 

We found most evidence in support of the migration hypothesis. I conclude by discussing the 

implications of this deviant stimulus bias for the perception of social stimuli. 


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Behavior genetic research in the era of the post genome 

Convener and Chair: M. Carlier, France 

3045.1 Behavior genetics in China and South Asia: An overview, Buxin Han, Institute of 


Aim: Behavioral genetic studies in China and South Asia were reviewed. Method: Articles were 

retrieved through MEDLINE and CNKI (Chinese database). Results: Compare with those from 

East Asia (e.g., Japan) or West Asia (e.g., Israel), less than 10 studies were reported by researchers 

from China and India, but no report from Singapore, Malaysia, and Indonesia. Twin study and 

gene mutant technique were used. Behavioral and genetic basis of intelligence, aging process, and 

longevity were areas of interest. Conclusion: Behavioral genetics is just start in China and South 

Asia, given that the Human Genome studies are promising in this area. 

3045.2 The tale of two genomes, P.L. Roubertoux 1 , M. Carlier 2 , 1 Institut de Neurosciences 

cognitives INPC, Marseille, France; 2 Université de Provence, Provence, France 

Our cells contain the nuclear genome that encompasses about 30,000 genes. Besides, each cell 

contains a small 37-genes mitochondrial genome. We knew that nuclear DNA modulates 

mitochondrial DNA. We show that mitochondrial DNA modulates also the expression of nuclear 

genes. We demonstrated that this modulation affects brain morphology and behavior (Roubertoux, 

Sluyter, Carlier et al., Nature Genetics, 2003, 35, 65-69). We present here a comprehensive view 

of these modulator effects. Nuclear genes are over or under expressed by mitochondrial DNA. We 

draw the consequences for cognitive functioning, mental retardation, neurological diseases and 

psychiatric disorders. 

3045.3 Genetics of working memory and brain function: A twin study in Japan, J. Ando, Keio 

University, Tokyo, Japan 

Individual differences of working memory is significantly correlated with higher order cognitive 

abilities, especially general intelligence (g). The current twin study aims at depicting overall 

genetic structure of g, several kinds of working memory indices, and ERP (event related potential) 

parameters - putative correlates of brain function with about one hundred pairs of adult Japanese 

twins. General intelligence is measured by the subscales of WAIS. Working memory indices are 

measured in terms of verbal and spatial function by dual task paradigm as well as the delayed 

response tasks which also tap ERP (P300 latency). 

3045.4 Genetic and environmental influences on self-concept in female preadolescent twins: 

Comparison of Korean and Minnesota data, Y.M. Hur 1 , M. McGue 2 , W.G. Iacono 2 , 1 Hansung 

University, Seoul, Korea; 2 Psychology Department, University of Minnesota, USA 

It has been argued that culture significantly influences the developmental basis of self-concept. 

Using the Piers-Harris Children’s Self-Concept Scales, the present study compared self-concept of 

the preadolescent female twins from the Minnesota Twin Family Study (MTFS) and those from 

the Seoul Twin Family Study (STFS). Overall, the MTFS twins showed higher self-concept than 

the STFS twins. Variances and the MZ and DZ twin correlations for the self-concept scales in the 

MTFS twins were generally lower than those in the STFS twins. Behavior genetic models 

incorporating mean differences between the two twin samples were fit to the data. 

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3045.5 Children born with genetic disorders. How their study helps to understand links between 

genes and cognition, M. Carlier, Université de Provence, Aix en Provence, France 

Findings from human genome provide information for understanding neurodevelopmental 

disorders. A huge literature is available on disorders such as Fragile X, Williams and Down 

syndromes. Psychological profiles specific to each syndrome have been described. A brief review 

is presented. Each of these syndromes have different genetic lesions (a mutation on the X 

chromosome, a deletion of about 20 genes on the chromosome 7, an extra copy of the 

chromosome 21). What kind of genotypic/phenotypic correlation can be drawn from these data ? 

What are the consequences for the understanding of the non pathological development? 


Adaptabilities to schooling in children and adolescents 

Convener and Chair: F. Fang, China 

3046.1 School adjustment of first-generation Chinese-American adolescents, Z. Zhou 1 , T. Xin 2 , 

1 2 

St. John's University, Jamaica, NY, USA; Beijing Normal University, China 

A longitudinal changes in first-generation Chinese American young adolescents’ school 

adjustment were compared with that of mainland Chinese as well as Caucasian adolescents across 

three conceptual domains of functioning: academic, social, and behavioral. Self-report of 

acculturation, academic achievement, motivation and other behaviors were administered. 

Followings were investigated: How do Chinese American adolescents function in each domain of 

adjustment concurrently and across time? How does each domain of adjustment relate to others 

across groups concurrently and over time? To what extent of acculturation impact Chinese 

American adolescents’ school adjustment? What unique problems the first generation Chinese 

American youth have in adjustment? 

3046.2 Adolescents coping with competition in three cultures: USA, Japan, Hungary, M. Fulop, 

Institute for Psychology Hungarian Academy of Science, Budapest, Hungary 

Competition is a part of adolescents’ life. Different societies with different cultural-historical 

traditions socialize and model different ways of coping with competitive experiences, winning and 

losing and these cultural characteristics might result in different patterns of reacting. In our study 

we compared 16-18 years old high school students from the USA, Japan and Hungary. We used a 

questionnaire with open ended questions asking about their experineces and reactions to winning 

and losing. The free descriptions were content analysed and categorised according to the emotions 

and reactions of winning and losing and revealed significant differences among the tree different 

groups. 

3046.4 Dynamic comparison of children’s adaptability to elementary school: Fourteen years 

later, G. Fang 1 , H.W. Stevenson 2 , X.Y. Lee 2 , X.D. Yang 1 , G.Q. Wang 1 , 1 Institute of Psychology, 

Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; 2 The University of Michigan, USA 

This study was carried out with math tests and interviewing parents and children as well as 

questionnaires in Beijing and Chicago in 1986. The findings presented were derived from the 

617

comparison of results between two waves (1986 and 2000) of study in Chinese children. Results 

indicated that the math achievement held at a high level as before; the parents and teachers were 

eager for children’s doing well in school and so do children as before; compared with the children 

in 1986, current children were more concerned about their family benefits and social welfare; 

students’ problems increased with Chinese society changes. 

3046.5 Coping with stress caused by the event of SARS attack in Chinese school children, F. 

Fang, G. Liu, Y. Liu, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China 

This study investigated how SARS’ event affected the school children’s learning, living and 

emotion and how the children with their parents and teachers viewed themselves to cope with the 

stress caused by SARS. Results showed that the event had negative effects on the students during 

the classes were suspended in those days. However there were some positive changes in the 

students, such as enlarging their knowledge about protecting the epidemic diseases, cultivating the 

hygienic habits, enhancing their ability to study independently, also the relationship of 

parent-child getting more closed and they like to go to schools more than before. 


Cognitive, linguistic and cultural factors in the development of mathematical skills 

Convener and Chair: C. Donlan, UK 

3047.1 The importance of low-level representational deficits in developmental impairments of 

numerical cognition: Evidence from Williams syndrome, D. Ansari 1 , C. Donlan 2 , A. 

Karmiloff-Smith 2 , 1 Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA; 2 University College London, 

London, UK 

Significant insights into the typical basis of numerical representations have been made. However, 

research seeking to uncover the developmental basis of numeracy deficits remains sparse. I will 

propose a research strategy exploring the contribution of low-level deficits in systems of number 

to high-level deficits. I will present data from Williams syndrome, a genetic developmental 

disorder, where severe number difficulties have been reported. I shall present data illustrating that 

the developmental trajectories of numerical representations are impaired and atypical in WS. 

Finally, I will discuss the implications of these findings for the study of developmental 

impairments of numerical cognition in general. 

3047.3 The role of language in the development of numeracy; evidence from children with 

Specific Language Impairments, E. Newton 1 , C. Donlan 1 , R. Cowan 2 , D. Lloyd 1 , 1 University 

College London, London, UK; 2 University of London, London, UK 

A UK study examined mathematical skills in N=55 children with Specific Language Impairments 

(SLI), compared to controls. Simple counting aloud was found to exert strong influence on 

number system knowledge, and thereby to affect arithmetic skills, in all groups. Children with SLI 

performed poorly relative to age, and produced special patterns of count error, reflecting the 

structure of the English number word sequence. Conceptual understanding was relatively intact. 

The findings suggest an important but circumscribed role for linguistic systems in the 

development of numeracy, with the possibility that cross-linguistic contrasts should produce 

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characteristic variations in error types. 

3047.4 Socio-cultural factors impact children’s understanding of mathematical units and ratios, 

C. Sophian, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA 

The nearly exclusive use of discrete objects as units in mathematical activities carried out with 

young children is posited to contribute to the difficulties children later have learning fractions. 

This position offers a socio-cultural alternative to the view that differences between whole-number 

and fraction learning are biologically based. Evidence from a study of mothers’ interactions with 

their 5- and 7-year-old children on a ratio-based series-completion task shows that mothers rarely 

call attention to multiplicative relations by using one collection of objects as a unit against which 

another collection is measured. Corresponding limitations on early educational practices are also 

discussed. 


Fostering thinking in the classroom: An Asian perspective 

Convener and Chair: S.C. Agnes Chang, Singapore 

3048.1 Problem-based learning: Using problems to power learning in Asian classrooms, O.S. 

Tan, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 

The visibility of students’ cognition is a prerequisite for effective mediation and facilitation. 

Problem-based learning (PBL) focuses on the challenge of making students’ thinking visible. This 

paper will discuss how PBL has gained momentum in Asian classrooms as a result of several 

developments such as i) the increasing demand for bridging the gap between theory and practice, 

(ii) information accessibility and knowledge explosion, (iii) the emphasis on real-world 

competencies, such as skills in independent learning, collaborative learning, problem solving, and 

decision making, and (iv) research developments in learning, psychology, and pedagogy. 

3048.2 Fostering thinking through computer-supported collaborative learning, S.C. Tan 1 , Q. 

Wang 2 , 1 Nanyang Technological University, Singapore; 2 National Institute of Education, 

Singapore 

Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning (CSCL), is an emerging technology that supports 

social constructivist learning. A CSCL system enables communication among members of a 

community, promotes inquiry, sense-making and reflective thinking, facilitates knowledge 

building and provides record keeping. In addition to providing a computer-mediated 

communication platform, it can model expert thinking and support the process of inquiry. 

Research studies have shown that in asynchronous conferencing, learners perceive themselves as 

reflecting more on their thoughts, more task-focused, as well as engaging in idea improvement. 

This paper summaries our experience in the use of CSCL to engage school students in 

collaborative inquiry. 

3048.3 Project work: A tool for teaching and assessing thinking, S.C. Agnes Chang, Nanyang 

Technological University, Singapore 

Interdisciplinary project work is considered one of the most comprehensive means of assessing the 

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application of thinking skills, cooperative teamwork and conflict resolution. Essential thinking 

skills are also taught to assist students in the development of a project. Using project work as a 

form of authentic assessment is not a very new initiative but using project work as an approach to 

learning is not well explored in the Asian region. Project work aims to promote application of 

critical and creative thinking skills, improve communication skills (oral and written), foster 

collaborative team work and develop self-directed inquiry and life-long learning skills. 

3048.4 Thinking teacher and lesson plan, W.Y. Wu, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong 

SAR, China 

To promote the idea and practice of Thinking teacher requires the acquisition of skills and 

knowledge above and beyond the training offered by the current teacher education programs in 

Hong Kong. Specifically, the development of thinking lesson plan involving both direct teaching 

and infusion of thinking skills will help to enhance learning motivation, improve teaching 

effectiveness, and upgrade in-class and out-of-class assessment practices. Most important of all, 

the thinking lesson plan contributes to a better understanding of the teaching and learning process 

on the one hand and effective communication among teachers, principals, students, parents, and 

researchers on the other. 

3048.5 Infusing higher-order thinking skills in the teacher education program: The case of 

University Pendidikan Sultan Idris, Rajendran Nagappan, Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris, 

Tanjong Malim, Malaysia 

Attempts to teach thinking skills, obviously, brings implications on educational planning and 

implementation at all levels to accommodate this change. Data available suggest that teachers, 

even those who have been trained, in general, find it problematic to effectively infuse thinking 

skills into content instruction. This research focused on evaluating the teacher education program 

at University Pendidikan Sultan Idris in relation to preparing prospective teachers to infuse 

thinking skills through school subjects. Data for this research were obtained from selected 

prospective teachers through survey questionnaire, observations of teaching at the university, 

interviews with prospective teachers and lecturers, and through document analysis. 


Standards of psychological testing 

Convener and Chair: F.M. Cheung, China 

Co-convener: D. Bartram, UK 

3049.1 Issues in cross-cultural psychological assessment, F.M. Cheung, The Chinese 


Psychologists in Asia have generally adopted translated versions of Western measures. I will 

address the issues in psychological assessment that Asian psychologists face as a scientist and a 

practitioner. These include cross-cultural equivalence and validity of the translated measures, lack 

of valid indigenous measures, copyright compliance, qualification of test users, and ethical 

standards in test use. Examples of good practices in the adaptation of Western measures and the 

development of indigenous measures will be cited. 

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3049.2 The development of psychological test in China, H. Che, P. Fang, C. Tong, Y. Xu, X. 

Lin, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China 

Chinese psychologists have been trying to develop indigenous psychological tests, and we will 

review their researches and achievements. Some good examples will be introduced. Based on the 

comparison of practices in different phases, efforts and strategies carried out to shorten the 

distance between practices in China and international standards for psychological test will be 

presented. Furthermore, to which extent advances in testing theories and technology have been 

applied to tests and testing in China will also be discussed. 

3049.3 Improving tests and testing in European countries, J. Muniz, University of Oviedo, 

Plaza Feijoo, Spain 

Different efforts and strategies carried out in European countries in order to improve tests and 

testing practices are presented. Pros and cons of the restriction and information approaches are 

described, paying special attention to the European Federation of Psychologists Associations 

(EFPA) test review model, developed to offer the practitioners rigorous information about tests 

quality. Some comments on the current technical standards, ethical codes and meta-codes are 

included. Results on the professionals view on test use are presented, and, finally, future 

perspectives are analyzed and discussed, especially those derived from the recent technological 

advances in tests and testing. 

3049.4 Ethics in testing: Current status and areas needing most attention, T. Oakland, 

University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA 

Standards governing the ethical uses of tests, as codified in ethics codes from various 

psychological societies that are members of the International Union of Psychological Sciences, 

will be reviewed and compared. Ethical behaviors of psychologists are likely to be influenced 

more by national than by international standards. Thus, efforts to promote the ethical uses of tests 

require an understanding of ethics at the national level. Information as to ethics standards at the 

national level also is relevant to efforts intended to strengthen such standards at the international 

level. 

3049.5 The role of international standards in test use, D. Bartram, SHL Group plc, Thames 

Ditton, UK 

The International Test Commission produced a set of Guidelines on Test Use in 2000. These 

Guidelines were developed with input from countries all around the world, and have since been 

translated into many different languages. The presentation will outline the content of the 

guidelines and explain why it is increasingly important for there to be a degree of commonality 

between countries in the standards they adopt. This applies not only to good practice and the 

ethical use of tests, but also to practical and commercial issues. Some examples of how they 

guidelines have been used by different countries will be presented. 


Possibilities for a psychology of science in Science studies 

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Convener and Chair: C.M. Allwood, Sweden 

Co-convener: S. Hemlin, Sweden 

3050.1 Finding a common focus for problem formulation in interdisciplinary groups, J. 

Bärmark 1 , C.M. Allwood 2 , 1 Göteborg University, Goteborg, Sweden; 2 Lund University, Lund, 

Sweden 

In interdisciplinary groups of researchers different views on which problem ought to be studied 

and how the problems should be formulated and ought to be studied, and by which methods often 

collide. There are different world picture assumptions and different ideals of science, different 

styles of thought that may create problems in the research process from the very process of 

problem formulation to the integration of the results into theories. This contribution aims to shed 

some light on the relationship between epistemology and psychology in the process of problem 

formulation in interdisciplinary groups. 

3050.2 Testing the causal link from organisational climate to R&D team performance, A. 

Pirola-Merlo 1 , L. Mann 2 , M. Shields 2 , 1 University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; 

2 

University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia 

The concept of organizational climate for creativity is useful for explaining organizational 

influences on innovation. Studies have shown climate for creativity to predict scientific 

productivity and innovation in both university and industrial (R&D) settings. However, a question 

that has not been investigated is whether organizational climate causes performance or vice versa. 

Given the essentially subjective, interpretive nature of organizational climate, this is an important 

question with theoretical and practical implications. This paper reports a longitudinal study that 

examined the dynamic relations between climate for creativity and R&D team performance. In 

particular, the reciprocal nature of this relationship is examined. 

3050.3 The place of psychology of science in science studies: A swing from logic of scientific 

discovery and structures of scientific revolutions to the cognitive turn, K. Neelam, National 

Institute of Science, Technology and Development Studies, New Delhi, India 

3050.5 Social conflicts and cooperation in the field of computer science – a cross-cultural 

comparison, A. Schulze 1 , S. Fiedler-Weiss 2 , 1 Institut für Psychologie, Humboldt Universität 

Berlin, Germany; 2 Consultant, Job-Centre, Berlin, Germany 

During the genesis of scientific innovation, the communication is reflected by conflicts and 

controversies. We studied conflicts and conflict-handling styles in German and Indian groups in 

the field of Computer science. Methods: Problem-centred interviews, questionnaire Sample: 75 

German and 77 Indian scientists. Results: The majority of the German and Indian IT specialists 

favoured the integrative conflict handling style. Significant differences between the two cultures 

arise for the dominant and avoiding conflict handling style. While the average of German 

computer scientist behaves more dominant than the average Indian, the latter is more avoiding. We 

will discuss these differences between the groups. 


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Work/non-work, gender and employee health 

Convener and Chair: A. Vaananen, Finland 

Co-convener: J. Hakanen, Finland 

3051.1 Work-to-family conflict and its relationship with satisfaction and well-being: A one-year 

longitudinal study, U. Kinnunen 1 , S. Geurts 2 , S. Mauno 1 , 1 University of Jyväskylä, Finland; 

2 

University of Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands 

The study examined the longitudinal relations between work-to-family conflict and self-reported 

well-being. Data were obtained from a sample of Finnish men (n = 208) and women (n = 218) 

who were employed and had either a partner or/and children. A survey was conducted in 1999 

(Time 1), and one year later, in 2000 (Time 2). The results revealed that, among women, 

work-to-family conflict perceived at Time 1 predicted significantly well-being at Time 2. However, 

among men, a low level of well-being at Time 1 functioned as a precursor of work-to-family 

conflict perceived at Time 2. 

3051.2 Does work-family balance mediate the relation between work-family culture and 

self-reported well-being: Evidence from five organizations, S. Mauno, U. Kinnunen, University 

of Jyväskylä, Finland 

The main target of the present study was to examine whether perceived work-family balance 

would function as a mediator in the link between work-family culture perceptions and 

self-reported well-being. Data (n = 1297) for the study were gathered via a questionnaire delivered 

to personnel in five Finnish organizations. Path analysis showed that perceived work-family 

balance functioned as a partial mediator between employees’ perceptions of work-family culture 

and self-reported well-being in two organizations, whereas the relationship turned out to be direct 

in the other three organizations. 

3051.3 Gender equality, work organization and well-being: Equality standards for a good 

workplace, K. Kauppinen, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland 

The research and development project was aimed at creating a set of equality standards to promote 

equality at work. Nine organizations participated in the project. The data collection was based on 

qualitative and quantitative methods. The sample for the questionnaire study comprised 521 

persons (61% women). Women noticed more shortcomings in equality than did men. The young 

women under the age of 30 mentioned discrimination and unfair treatment because of potential or 

actual motherhood, while older women perceived age discrimination or ageism. Women were 

more age-sensitive than men, but for both genders perceived discrimination was connected with a 

high degree of stress and dissatisfaction. 

3051.4 Workaholism, flow, and well-being among Norwegian journalists: Gender perspective, 

S.B. Matthiesen 1 , R. Burke 2 , 1 University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; 2 York University, North 

Ontario, Canada 

This study, using measures developed by Spence and Robbins (1992), examined gender 

differences in three workaholism components, workaholic job behaviors, flow, and well-being 

among Norwegian journalists. Women and men were found to differ in one of the three 

workaholism components (feeling driven to work, women scoring higher). Women, however, 

623

eported poorer well-being indicated by negative affect, exhaustion, and less professional efficacy. 

Women and men scored similarly on the experience of flow at work and absenteeism. Overall, 

workaholism was prevalent among women and men, but Norwegian women journalists had more 

problems with their well-being. 

3051.5 Work and non-work life stressors as antecedents of job burnout and poor life satisfaction, 

J. Hakanen, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland 

The aim of this study was to explore whether negative non-work life events are associated with 

job burnout and poor life satisfaction. The data consisted of a representative sample of Finnish 

44-57-year-old female (N = 277) and male employees (N = 271). After controlling for the effects 

of working conditions (e.g. job demands and role ambiguity) life events had only minor main 

effects on job burnout. In addition, the joint effect of poor working conditions and negative life 

events were in some cases positively associated with job burnout. The role of life events was more 

important for life satisfaction. 

3051.6 Home-related responsibilities, work-family interference, and sickness absenteeism: A 

prospective study in various socio-economic groups, A. Väänänen 1 , R. Kumpulainen 1 , M.V. 

Kevin 2 , L. Ala-Mursula 3 , M. Kivimäki 4 , J. Vahtera 5 , 1 Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, 

Helsinki, Finland; 2 Schering, Occupational Health Care, Turku, Finland; 3 Development and 

Service Centre of Occupational Health, Oulu, Finland; 4 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; 

5 

Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Turku, Finland 

This study, using measures developed We examined the longitudinal effects of family type 

(number and age of children), and work-family interference (spillover from work to family life) on 

registered sickness absenteeism in three different socio-economic status (SES) groups by gender. 

30 961 municipal employees (78% women) from 10 Finnish towns participated. Data on sickness 

absenteeism were collected during a follow-up of 17 months. After adjustment for baseline 

characteristics, the results indicated that long-term sickness absenteeism of lower white-collar and 

blue-collar women and men was predicted by work-family interference. Having small children 

increased sickness absences among upper white-collar women. The findings provide SES-specific 

evidence for the adverse impact of work-family dynamics on health. 


Counseling Chinese: Theoretical and empirical advances 

Convener and Chair: Z. Hou, China 

Co-convener: S.M.A. Leung, Hong Kong SAR, China 

3052.1 Advances in counseling Chinese: Major theoretical considerations, K.L.K. Kwan, 

Purdue University, USA 

What do counseling research and clinical experiences inform psychologists who are in search of a 

counseling theory for the Chinese people? From a scientist-practitioner perspective, counseling 

psychologists have postulated several critical elements that need to be considered in the endeavor. 

Triggered by rapid westernization and individualization that take place on a cultural level, these 

conceptual elements reflect Chinese people’s (mal)adaptive attempts to resolve conflicts (a) at a 

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micro-familial system and at a macro-cultural system, and (b) between the abandonment and 

maintenance of filial piety and collectivism. The construct of the compromising self in the 

diagnostic, assessment, and intervention process will be delineated. 

3052.2 Advances in counseling Chinese: Counseling process and outcomes, C. Duan, 

University of Missouri-Kansas City, USA 

Due to the increasing recognition of the importance of individuals’ psychological well-being in 

collectivistic cultures, counseling, a helping profession originated in the Western cultural soil, has 

gradually found its way into the Chinese communities in recent years. This presentation will 

review the advances in recent effort by Chinese scholars and American scholars in conducting 

counseling process and outcome research, list the ways in which the process and outcome research 

in China can benefit from the methodology used by American scholars, and discuss the gaps 

between the culture specific needs in China and what the Western research can offer. 

3052.3 Advances in counseling Chinese: The self-other coordination theory for counseling 

Chinese, P.H. Chen, Taiwan National Normal University, Taiwan, China 

Most counseling theories were developed in western societies that heavily value personal 

independence and individuality. Although this is changing due to westernization and globalization, 

the traditional cultural values of familism, filial piety, patriarchic family structure, and 

interpersonal harmony still heavily influence most Chinese. Consequently the western counseling 

approach based on individualism does not fit well in Chinese societies. A new counseling theory 

named Self-Other Coordination Theory for counseling Chinese is proposed that emphasizes the 

pursuit of balance between the search for personal development and the maintaining of social 

relations. The author provides detailed illustrations of the rationale, major concepts, and procedure 

of the Self-Other Coordination Counseling Theory. 

3052.4 Advances in counseling Chinese: Future directions in research, training, and practice, 

S.M.A. Leung, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China 

Counseling and psychotherapy are rapidly developing in many Chinese communities, such as in 

the Chinese mainland, Taiwan, and Hong Kong. For counseling to become a mature discipline in 

these regions, there is a need to develop the scientific base of the discipline that is rooted in the 

indigenous Chinese culture. This presentation will examine the need for indigenous models of 

Chinese counseling. It will highlight aspects of research and theory development that are more 

salient to Chinese regions, based on the existing literature. Also, in an age of globalization, this 

presentation will also address practice and training issues, such that scientist-practitioners who 

have the competence to use a global mind to address locally relevant issues could be trained. 


Culture and the foundations of psychology 

Convener and Chair: H. J. Stam, Canada 

3053.1 Functional culture: The central theme for theoretical constructs in human psychology, J. 

Valsiner, Clark University, Worcester, MA, USA 

625

Psychological theories of the human psyche have been limited to origin myths of very few 

occidental societies (e.g. the Oedipus myth). Psychology has been built on very limited 

experiential and cultural bases, while ethnological evidence includes many mythological 

perspectives that could lead to many psychologies. Psychology needs to transcend every society’s 

particular myth systems and build its knowledge on universal cultural mechanisms of meaning 

construction that operate in all societies at all historical periods. Hence the notion of functional 

culture (meaning construction within each and every person’s mind) is the central concept for 

basic knowledge in human psychology. 

3053.2 The initial assumptions of the Chinese persons’ individuation, H.S. Ye 1 , C.H. Shi 2 , 

1 2 

Nanjing Normal Universit, Nanjing, China; Hehai University, Nanjing, China 

According to Carl Gustav Jung’s analytical psychology, the individuation process, which is based 

on the theories of collective consciousness or archetypes, must be observed in different cultures. 

By studying the ideas of Chinese philosophy, two initial assumptions of Chinese persons’ 

individuation will be discussed: (1) That process of individuation which refers to becoming a 

wholeness of opposite attributes and which is evident after middle age is useful for illustrating 

Chinese personality development; (2) Chinese persons must balance among Confucianism, Taoism 

and Buddhism to be individuated. In Confucianism ego is more important while in both Taoism 

and Buddhism the Self is paid more attention. Each of these schools has positive and negative 

effects on Chinese individuation. 

3053.3 The indistinct and flexible self: Analysis on the self in Chinese culture, R.S. Zheng, 

Zhanjiang Normal University, Zhanjiang, China 

The self in Chinese culture bears the following characteristics: firstly, the boundary of the self is 

indistinct. This can be revealed by the share of property in a family and one’s private matters are 

always concerned by others. Secondly, the connotation of the self is extensible. For example, 

parents in China would look upon their children as the continuation of their life. The third is that 

the self in Chinese culture is somewhat dramatic. This means that Chinese people tend to hide 

their real or inner thought and emotion in many circumstances, and sometimes manifest dual or 

multi personality. In a word, the self in Chinese culture is indistinct and flexible. 

3053.4 Interobjectivity and diversity management: The collective roots of individual thought 

and action, F. Moghaddam, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA 

Two apparently contradictory trends characterize the contemporary world: first, globalization and 

the increasing realization of the global village through expanded trade and communications; 

second, fragmentation and attempts by various groups, including cultural, linguistic, and religious 

minorities, to resist assimilation and retain distinct identities. In some cases these clashing trends 

have given rise to inter-group violence and even terrorism (Moghaddam & Marsella, 2004). In 

order to contribute more effectively to finding better strategies for managing diversity, 

psychologists must abandon reductionist approaches and give greater importance to collective 

processes. Toward this end, the collective roots of individual thought and action are discussed 

through the concept of interobjectivity (Moghaddam, 2003). 

626


Functional organization of the human neural system for face perception 

Convener and Chair: Y.J. Luo, China 

Co-convener: J. Haxby, USA 

3054.1 Distributed representation of faces in human extrastriate cortex, J.V. Haxby, Princeton 

University, Princeton, NJ, USA 

Face perception operations can be divided into two broad categories that require distinct 

representations, namely the perception of invariant aspects of face structure for recognition of 

identity and the perception of facial movement and changeable aspects of faces for recognition of 

facial gesture. Functional neuroimaging indicates that these two classes of operations have 

dissociable representations in different parts of extrastriate visual cortex. Moreover, within the 

areas which contain these representations, a local distribution of representation can be detected 

which may provide clues to how population responses encode face identity and gesture. 

3054.2 Neural correlates of face recognition with different orientation and different race, Y.J. 

Luo, X.H. Peng, X.J. Ye, W. Wu, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 

China 

Neural correlates of orientation effect and different race effect were studied by ERPs working 

memory experiments. Results suggested that more resource maybe distributed to other race faces 

in the early stage of processing, which supports the theory of other race effect; faces in 135/225 

are the most difficult to recognize, and support the idea that different cortical mechanisms might 

be involved in recognition of own-race faces as oppose to other race faces; N260 is at occipital 

area for the oriental faces, in contrast to a small N260 for the Caucasian faces, it may reflect 

neural signature or Specific Race Component. 

3054.3 Social and emotional attachment in the neural representation of faces, M.I. Gobbini, 

Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA 

Familiarity associated with faces includes two fundamental aspects, the visual representation and 

social and emotional information. We investigated with fMRI the response to familiar faces 

associated with a high degree of emotional valence. Viewing familiar faces modulated activity in 

areas that have been associated with the representation of the personal attributes and mental states 

of others, in areas associated with emotional response, such as the amygdala, and in 

face-responsive regions in the ventral occipito-temporal cortex. The results of these studies 

suggest that recognition of a familiar individual involves more than the representation of that 

person appearance. 

3054.4 Impaired recognition of human signals of aggression following damage to the ventral 

striatum, A.J. Calder 1 , J. Keane 1 , A.D. Lawrence 1 , F. Manes 2 , 1 MRC Cognition and Brain 

Sciences Unit, Cambridge, England; 2 Raul Carrea Institute for Neurological Research, Buenos 

Aires, Argentina 

Comparative neuropsychology has identified a role for the ventral striatum (VS) in certain forms 

of aggression. To address whether homologous human regions contribute to the perception of 

anger in others, we studied a case series of four patients with focal lesions affecting the VS. All 

627

four demonstrated a disproportionate impairment in recognising facial signals of aggression 

relative to healthy controls. By contrast, neurological controls with more dorsal basal ganglia 

damage showed no evidence of an anger impairment. Results are discussed in relation to the 

ventral striatal dopamine system's role in the pursuit of biological resources. 

3054.5 Neural mechanisms underlying self-face processing, Y. Zhu, J. Sui, Peking University, 


To examine the neural mechanisms of self-face recognition, the event-related potentials (ERPs) 

were recorded while subjects judged the orientation of self-face and unfamiliar-face. Self-face 

recognition evoked the N170 and VPP with lager amplitude than those by unfamiliar-face 

recognition. The late components elicited by self-face recognition were more positive-going than 

those by unfamiliar-face recognition at 300-1000ms. Moreover, attention modulated the early 

neural activities of self-face recognition and the late neural activities of unfamiliar-face 

recognition. This finding suggests that self-face recognition could arouse the automatic awareness 

easier than other-face processing. 

3054.6 Why building computational models for face perception? W.Y. Zhao, Sarnoff 

Corporation, Princeton, USA 

Face perception has been an active research topic in both image understanding and psychology. 

While building a computational model is the key for machine-based face perception; it proves to 

be critical for carrying out experiments in modern psychology study on face perception. We will 

review some existing computational models and illustrate their impact on both research 

communities. We believe that close collaboration between these two research communities is not 

only mutually beneficiary, but also perhaps necessary. With recent advances in neuroimaging 

techniques, we expect better understanding of how human brain perceives faces. And better and 

powerful computational models will emerge. 


Expression therapy 

Convener and Chair: Y. Yamanaka, Japan 

3055.1 Invitation to expression therapy, Y. Yamanaka, H. Kuwabara, M. Hiroki, M. 

Nakagawa, N. Matsukawa, Kyoto University, Japan 

My method of psychotherapy most suits to be called expression therapy. The word art therapy has 

an impression that people should make something beautiful. That is not the case in psychotherapy. 

Most clients have agony, sadness and anger in their deep inside. So it is necessary for them to 

express such feelings. As a result what they express is often dirty, violent and poisonous. That is 

why I name my method expression therapy. I invented a strategy called MSSM+C (Mutual 

Scribble Story Making with Collage; Yamanaka, 1990). I will present a clinical case in which this 

strategy was used. 

3055.2 Art: Psychotherapy with young children, I. Jakab, Harvard Medical School, USA 

The theoretical justification of art psychotherapy with young children suffering from psychiatric 

628

disorders will be supported by several relevant cases. Some detailed of the case histories, the 

family involvement and the graphic products will be presented. 

3055.3 Through rehabilitation by creativity in groupe to the best status of life, M. Tyszkiewicz, 

Gdynia University, Gdynia, Poland 

The paper deals with painting, drawing, poetry, groupe music in the club of Amateurs of Art in 

Gdynia. 

3055.4 Parallel verbal psychotherapy and art therapy in the treatment of an adolescent boy, X. 

Lucas, Boston Art College, Jamaica Plain, MA, USA 

This paper concerns the treatment of Andrew, an eleven years old boy by a psychiatrist and art 

psychotherapist. Andrew was referred to the art psychotherapist because of his escalating 

aggression. The therapist referred Andrew to a psychiatrist who began seeing him in weekly verbal 

psychotherapy sessions. Andrew participated in weekly art therapy sessions and the adult art group. 

He discovered his own artistic talent and power. He could express his feelings in constructive 

manner. He began with simple line drawings and progressed to complex oil paints. He created his 

own spontaneous art images whose importance he freely verbalized. 

3055.5 Listening to pictures: The pictures of a cancer patient and alteration of conscious level, 

N. Kishimoto, Shizuoka General Hospital, Shizuoka, Japan 

Therapy begins with listening to patients. This is true of art/expression therapy. A case of cancer 

who drew many pictures during medical treatment will be presented. Illness, whether physical or 

psychological, could have such a deep impact on patients to lose words. By ensuring safe time and 

space, they begin to speak spontaneously through various channels. Picture could become one of 

such channels. Before interpreting an artwork, therapist has to hold it in mind and wait it to speak. 

Then, it starts to unfold itself. The alteration of her conscious level implied by those pictures will 

be also referred. 


Psychodynamics of HIV /AIDS prevention 

Convener and Chair: S. Singh, India 

3056.1 An empirical investigation of knowledge, attitudes and anxiety about HIV/AIDS in three 

levels of teachers in Doon valley, India, S. Singh, N. Bist, M.K.P.P.G. college, Uttranchal, India 

Teachers are functionaries for propagation of correct information to their pupils around the worlds. 

The present study has been undertaken to assess and evaluate the knowledge, attitudes and 

anxieties of Teachers related to HIV/aids belonging to three levels of educational ladder. They 

were equally divided into both the male and female groups. (N=60) The tools used for study were, 

MAAQ=Multi dimensional aids anxiety questionnaire, AAAQ=attitudes towards aids 

questionnare, KAAQ=knowledge about aids questionnaire. The results are very important for HIV 

/aids prevention planning and actions. In short(1) Knowledge is positively correlated to positive 

attitudes. (2) Positive attitudes teachers have less anxiety. (3) Women teachers are less aware, 

more anxious and have negative attitudes towards Hiv/Aids in comparison to men teachers. 

629

3056.2 Culturally-sensitive AIDS educational programme for aboriginal adolescents, B. 

Majumdar, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada 

Higher rates of sexually transmitted disease and injection drug use, along with socioeconomic risk 

factors, predispose Canadian Aboriginals to HIV; however, little information exists on prevention 

efforts for Aboriginal youth. This participatory study assessed whether 12 hours of 

culture-sensitive, peer-based training for 24 First Nations adolescents would improve their 

HIV/AIDS knowledge and attitudes. With manuals and train-the-trainer techniques, adolescent 

facilitators educated peer volunteers. Training sessions employed small-group, participatory 

approaches. Questionnaires were administered to monitor change in knowledge and attitudes. Preand 

post-test comparisons revealed statistically significant increases in HIV/AIDS knowledge 

among participants. This project fostered leadership, demonstrated that Aboriginal youth are 

concerned about HIV/AIDS, and urged better culture-sensitive education to promote healthy 

choices among this group. 

3056.3 Perceptions of death from HIV/AIDS and its impact on prevention and planning for sex 

among refugees in Kenya, S.C.J. Mumah, T.T. Kenyanito, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya 

Road traffic accidents remain one of the negative psychological impacts of global motorization. 

The study unveiled the contextual psychosocial factors that contribute to persistent road carnage in 

Kenya. A retrospective analysis of 1997-2001 routine police accident statistics was done. 

Documented literature, field observations and mapping of black spots were used to buttress the 

data. Results indicate highest fatalities on the underprivileged female road users. The underlying 

causes are psychologically complex and reinforcing: attitudinal. Though fully aware of the 

dangers, passengers still board-overloaded taxis. The huge costs of this carnage to Kenya's 

economy demands compounded commitment to changing attitudes and behavior. 

3056.4 Psycho-social dimensions of AIDS victims: Implications for social work intervention, D. 

Sinha, Sr. Faculty, Department of Social Work, West Bengal, India 

The mere physical treatment is not enough to deal with HIV victims. What is more important is 

the psycho-social treatment and understanding of psycho-dynamics of AIDS affected people. How 

social work intervention in terms of application of social work skills and techniques could be 

effective while treating an AID patient, is the focus of present presentation. A few cases would be 

illustrated in detail with the point of view of Social Worker in India The magnitude of problem in 

India has been underestimated. 

3056.5 Role of a psychologist in HIV/AIDS prevention, S. Sharma, N.C. A. & T. State 

University, Greensboro, NC, USA 

This paper would focus on an extensive analysis and synthesis of the existing literature pertaining 

to the prevention of HIV/AIDS, especially with a view to identify the role of the psychologist. 

Findings: The literature reveals two distinct roles of the psychologist: Prevention intervention and 

research. This paper would concentrate on prevention measures, e.g., safety precautions, 

HIV/AIDS education to school children, school personnel, parents, citizens, and social institutions. 

The intervention efforts would include encouragement for confidential disclosure, 

psycho-educational, psychosocial, and therapeutic intervention. The psychologist would also 

630

conduct research to identify behavioral modification strategies, and to elicit public cooperation to 

stem AIDS epidemic, develop ways to help people and families, and would devise multicultural 

approaches. 

3056.6 Trafficking or myth: Cross-border female migrants in an Ethnic Village in Yunnan, 

China, Z.X. He, University of Connecticut, CT, USA 

This paper argues that, although originated from trafficking, the contemporary cross-border 

migration has taken on a remarkably different approach increasingly voluntary and well-informed. 

My fieldwork in an ethnic village along Yunnan-Burma border in 2000 illustrates this shift. 

Employing the Information, Motivation and Behavioral Skills Model (IMB), I conduct a 

qualitative analysis on their motivations of migration to Thailand. Conclusion: They migrate 

mainly because their community has been disrupted. The socio-political structural imbalance and 

division of labor also contribute to it. A deeper psycho-social analysis is needed to better interpret 

their reasoning and the association between migration and HIV/AIDS. 


Activity theory approach in psychology today 

Convener and Chair: N.F. Talyzina, Russia 

Co-convener: L. Quintauar, Mexico 

3057.1 Activity theory of learning as the base of new type of education, N. Talyzina, Moscow 

State University after name Lomonosov, Moscow, Russia 

Activity Theory opens the way for new psychology: instead psychology of functions - psychology 

of actions. This approach the most have been promoted in the theory of learning. Now it is known: 

a) Action has a system structure. b) Quality of actions is determined by their orientation base. c) 

The most effective orientation base has the invariant content. This type can be used for work with 

any variant of system. d) Utilization of this orientation type for education essential reduces the 

time of education, forms the system thinking, the intellectual abilities of students. 

3057.2 Application of activity theory concepts in neuropsychology, Y. Solovieva, L. Quintanar, 

University of Puebla, Mexico 

Neuropsychology studies specific factors or components of psychological processes related to the 

functioning of central nervous system. From the point of view of activity theory these components 

can be understood as psychophisiological mechanisms of actions and operations or as elemental 

level of human activity. The neuropsychological analysis of learning difficulties can be based on 

activity theory. The present study shows how functional disorders of psychophisiological 

mechanisms can affect the fulfilment of the same actions of children with learning disabilities. The 

discussion stresses the importance of inclusion of the terms of activity theory to the practice in 

neuropsychology. 

3057.3 Relationship between speech and drawing in preschool age, L.F. Oboukhova, Moscow 

State University, Russia 

We have analyzed children drawings (3-7 ages) from the viewpoint of development of formal 

631

imitative means: simple forms, combinations of simple forms, groups of a static form and groups 

of a dynamic form (Arnheim).From the results of our study we can present the relationship 

between drawing and speech in the preschool children: syncretic speech corresponds to simple 

forms; accompanimental speech corresponds to the combination of simple form; the planning 

speech corresponds to groups of static and dynamic forms. Due to its imitative character, drawing 

allows children to rob name of one thing by virtue of an another thing; (Vygotsky). 

3057.4 Development of voluntary activity in Mexican pre-scholars, L. Quintanar, Y. Solovieva, 

University of Puebla, Mexico 

According to activity theory the voluntary activity is one of the most important indicators of 

psychological development in pre-school age. The present study reports the characteristics of 

voluntary activity in Mexican pre-school children from different socio-cultural background. The 

grade of development of voluntary activity was evaluated by tasks special tasks in 60 children 

from rural and urban groups. The results show the presence of important differences. The 

discussion is made in terms of activity theory in the field of pre-school education and importance 

of changing of the present methods of work with children. 

3057.5 The structure of human action, C. Manske, Christel Manske Institute, Hamburg, 

Germany 

The structure of action cannot be reduced to its operational side. Any action has sense. 

Operational-technical (I can) and motivational-sensible (I want) aspects of action are two 

dialectically connected lines of development. They do not exhaust all aspects of human action. 

There are internal aspects of action beside the external ones - this is the inner emotional personal 

experience which always accompanies actions. One can produce a hypothesis that the subject 

actions and psychic processes based on them develop, while the experience of inner personal 

experience is cumulated. The work with children with special needs a proof for this hypothesis. 

3057.6 The transition from pre-scientific thought to the first truly scientific thought in the child, 

L.F. Oboukhova, Moscow State University, Russia 

The principle of conservation is the transition from pre-operative to operative thought (Piaget). 

Galperin’s method enables to take a new look at the process of intellectual development. Our 

research prompt to formulate a new hypothesis. We prompted this transition by creating: the 

change in the child’s attitude (to assess objects by measurement); the modification of the picture of 

the world (to distinguish between appearance and actuality); the development of a new intellectual 

instrument, new tools of thought (to use a spatial schema) We were not satisfied with postulating 

the existence of this trend, but built it up. 


Leadership style and enterprises culture 

Convener and Chair: K. Shi, China 

3058.1 The re-exploring on the Chinese implicit leadership theory, W.Q. Ling 1 , L.L. Fang 2 , 

1 Jinan University, Guangzhou, China; 2 Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 

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In a 1st attempt to identify an implicit theory of leadership among Chinese people, the authors 

developed the Chinese Implicit Leadership Scale (CILS) in Study 1. In Study 2, we administered 

the CILS to 622 Chinese participants from 5 occupation groups, to explore the perceptions of 

leadership. Factor analysis yielded 4 factors of leadership: Personal Morality, Goal Efficiency, 

Interpersonal Competence, and Versatility. In Study3, recently we administered the CILS to 700 

Chinese participants again for re-exploring the factor structure and the features of the implicit 

leadership in China nowadays. We also find that nowadays Chinese pays much attention to the 

leader’s moral quality and abilities, likes 10 year ago. 

3058.2 Organizational leadership cultures across countries, E. Van de Vliert, University of 

Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands 

This paper addresses the impact of atmospheric climate and national wealth on country-specific 

cultures in organizations. It proposes that basic needs for thermal comfort, nutritional comfort, and 

health make cold and hot climates more demanding than temperate climates, that wealth-related 

resources help to meet those climatic demands, that mismatches between climatic demands and 

climatic resources produce self-oriented cultures, and that matches between climatic demands and 

climatic resources produce other-oriented cultures. Empirical support for this climate-by-wealth 

explanation of organizational culture comes from a 54-nation study of leader reliance on 

subordinates for information, a 76-nation study of leader reliance on subordinates through 

delegation, and a 61-nation study of the endorsement of autocratic leadership in organizations. 

3058.3 A study on Suzhou culture and the leadership style, Y.X. Zhu, X.H. Tao, Soochow 

University, Suzhou, China 

Suzhou has established magnificent achievements in the reform and open, attaining great attention 

from enterprisers home and overseas, and attracting a member of world-famous enterprises to 

invest here, which makes Suzhou on the top of the list of attracting foreign investments in China. 

These achievements have a coherent relationship with the prosperity of thousand-year ancient 

culture of Wu in the modern economy. Suzhou is the birth place of Sunzi wars raising the 

intelligent residents. Traditional management intelligence has displayed its unique charm in the 

cultural environment of Suzhou. The research is on the relation of the Suzhou traditional culture 

and enterpriser’s style of leader. And it discovered the culture influence on the style of the industry 

management. 

3058.4 The competency model of the senior managers in Chinese family firms, L.F. Zhong, K. 

Shi, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China 

We choose 18 senior managers of family firms in Wenzhou China, conduct the Behavioral Event 

Interview(BEI) with them; we establish the competency model of senior mangers in Chinese 

family firms. then using the model we built as the construct, we establish the questionnaire of 

senior manger of family firms, and ask 65 senior managers of family firms to finish the 

questionnaire (also 2 subordinates of each manager to finish another questionnaire), analyses the 

relationship between competencies of senior managers and the employees’ OCB and task 

performance, and using the FGI results of 6 managers, we test the results of the surveying. Key 

words: CPM Leadership Theory, Implicit Leadership, Explicit Leadership. 

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3058.5 Developing relationships for leading in Asia: Studies on cooperation and competition in 

the supply chain, Shiu Ho Wong, D. Tjosvold, Lingnan University, Hong Kong, China 

Asian and current Western research has emphasized the vital role of relationships in leadership. 

Managers and employees, in addition to having reasonable expectations for their cultural 

differences, must be able to negotiate a way to work together across a variety of tasks and 

situations. This paper proposes that Asian as well as Western managers can use the theory of 

cooperation and competition to develop their relationships so that they can work effectively across 

situations and over time. Recent studies have shown how the theory is useful for helping leaders 

develop effective relationships among supply chain members. 

3058.6 Leadership research in today Russia organizations, A. Zankovsky, Institute of 

Psychology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia 

The research was conducted in order to analyze the leadership styles in today Russian companies 

within the programs of organizational development. As diagnostic tool the PM-leadership styles 

questionnaire (developed by J.Misumi, Japan) has been used. The study was conducted in a wide 

variety of organizations: banks, trade companies, state enterprises and joint ventures. The factor 

analysis has demonstrated on one side the general appropriateness of two factor theoretical model, 

on the other the specific patterns of the effective leadership styles for different types of 

organizations. The results have been discussed in terms of compatibility of a leadership style with 

specific organizational culture. 

3058.7 The structure, measurement and mechanism of transformational leadership in China, 

C.P. Li 1 , K. Shi 2 , 1 Renmin University of China, Beijing, China; 2 Institute of Psychology, Chinese 


The structure of transformational leadership, the measurement of transformational leadership, the 

difference among transformational leadership, PM and Paternalistic leadership, the relationship 

between transformational leadership and OCB, the mechanism of transformational at individual 

and group level were explored by using open questionnaire, structural questionnaire and experts 

discussion. More than 3,000 subjects was surveyed, and EFA, CFA, Hierarchical Regression 

Analyses, Canonical Correlation, SEM and other statistics methods were used. 


Chinese cognition in applied contexts 

Convener and Chair: L. Wang, China 

Co-convener: K.P. Peng, USA 

3059.1 Cognitive complexity, need for cognition, and strategic decision-making, W.H. Zhang 1 , 

Z.X. Zhang 2 , 1 China Women’s College, Beijing, China; 2 Peking University, Beijing, China 

This study was designed to test the relationships between cognitive complexity as well as the need 

for cognition and individuals’ scanning, interpretation, and learning process in Chinese contexts. 

One hundred and fifty-eight Chinese students were asked to analysis a business case and decide on 

actions. Results indicated that higher cognitive complexity and need for cognition is associated 

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with more rational approach in analyzing information, and the latter leads to a more positive 

evaluation of the information, and more action oriented tendencies. The findings suggest that 

cognitive capability and motivation are important for strategic decisions making under an 

uncertain environment. 

3059.2 Dialectical thinking and its impact for performance evaluation, X. Yao 1 , L. Wang 1 , K.P. 

Peng 2 , 1 Peking University, Beijing, China; 2 University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA 

Chinese dialectical folk epistemologies comparatively stress the changing, contextual, and 

contradictory aspects of an object, hence the Chinese categorization seems to be relational 

orientated and less dispostional based. We tested the impact of these theories of understanding in 

performance evaluation situation. We found high dialectical individuals did not like categorization 

of individual performance, instead their prefer direct description. We also found switching the 

boundary of each evaluation category, dialectical Chinese’s motivation to learn was not changed 

but less-dialectical Chinese participants were affected. Implications for designing culture-sensitive 

evaluation are discussed. 

3059.3 Reciprocation wariness, information sharing and outcomes in dyadic negotiation, Z.X. 

Zhang 1 , Y.L. Han 2 , 1 Peking University, Beijing, China; 2 Beida-Online, Beijing, China 

This study examined the influence of reciprocation wariness, a general fear of exploitation in 

interpersonal relationships, on negotiation process and outcomes. On-the-job Chinese MBA 

students were asked to form dyads to participate in a simulated business negotiation. Students 

taking the role of the buyer/seller negotiated with another seller/buyer. Complete data from 144 

who were divided into 72 dyads were collected. The results showed that reciprocation wariness 

had a significant effect on negotiators’ motivational orientation, the motivational orientation 

affects the negotiator’s direct information sharing with their opponents, and information sharing is 

positively related to joint gain of the negotiating dyads. 

3059.4 Understanding the cultural psychological basis of contract formation, J. Levinson 1 , K.P. 

Peng 2 , 1 University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, USA; 2 University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA 

The question of whether cultural groups view business transactions and contractual interactions 

differently has broad ramifications in both psychology and the law. The authors tested how lay 

persons make judgments in contract scenarios, and found interesting trends and considerable 

cultural differences. In contract formation situations, the Chinese were more likely to make 

stronger morality-based judgments than Americans. Further analysis showed that Chinese 

judgments were frequently associated with variables irrelevant in American law, often in opposite 

ways of the contract laws prescribes. The authors suggest that contract law take into consideration 

the cultural and psychological processes by which lay persons view contracts. 

3059.5 Applied cultural psychology: Make sense of the sense-making in business contexts, K.P. 

Peng, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA 

The question of whether culture affects human thinking is no longer an issue in psychology, but 

whether the laboratory discovered cultural differences can be replicated in real life has becoming 

increasingly popular intellectual pursuits. The author presents a series of cross-cultural studies on 

judgment and decision making in business and organizational setting, and suggests there is 

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continuity between thinking in laboratory and action in real life. Furthermore, the author argues 

that by examining the intersection of cultural psychology and applied psychology, we are not just 

extending the scopes of our cross-cultural inquires, but also reveal new insights about how human 

psyche really function in real life. 


Universality and cultural variability in conceptual development: The case of naive biology 

Convener and Chair: K. Inagaki, Japan 

Co-convener: G. Solomon, USA 

3060.1 Folkbiology and social identity, G. Solomon, National Science Foundation, Arlington, 

VA, USA 

Cognitive psychologists and cultural anthropologists explored whether reasoning about social 

identity and the biological inheritance of properties arises due to innate support or whether it is 

culturally constructed. Results of studies with the Vezo of Madagascar, compared to those 

conducted with North Americans, suggest that there are universals in adult reasoning about birth, 

but relativity in whether social identity need be tied to birth. By contrast, results with children 

suggest a predisposition to tie the acquisition of social identity to birth, but undermine claims of an 

innately-driven understanding of the biological inheritance of properties. A developmental account 

is discussed. 

3060.2 The development of folkbiology: A cross-cultural view, N. Ross 1 , D.L. Medin 2 , S. 

Waxman 2 , S. Atran 3 , 1 Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA; 2 Northwestern University, 

USA; 3 University of Michigan, USA 

This paper presents ongoing research among children and adults of several cultures and regions 

within and outside the USA. The research targets effects of culture and experiential differences 

that might affect the development of folkbiological knowledge in children and adults. In particular 

we are looking at: (1) European-American children in the USA, both in an urban/suburban and 

rural setting; (2) Native American Children in rural Wisconsin; (3) Maya children in Yucatan, 

Mexico. The patterning of universal and variable biological reasoning provides constraints on 

theories of children’s biology. Notably, the inclusion of adult data calls into question the 

assumption that the end state of development is either universal or can be equated with science. 

3060.3 Variations in young children's naive biology produced by animal-raising experiences, K. 

Inagaki 1 , G. Hatano 2 , 1 Chiba University, Chiba-shi, Japan; 2 University of the Air, Japan 

Naive biology is acquired and enriched through participation in practices dealing with animals and 

plants as well as the human body and health. Therefore, variations in naive biology can be 

attributed to what practices are arranged by culture and which of them children participate in. 

Raising pet animals is considered one of such practices, influential at least in our industrialized 

society. Repeated participation in animal-raising activities may produce different versions of naive 

biology from the standard, human-centered one. In this presentation we will demonstrate cognitive 

consequences, i.e., products of culture-rooted expertise, of animal-raising activities at home 

among young children. 

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3060.4 Children’s understanding of illness, Liqi Zhu 1 , G. Liu 1 , Huangfu Gang 2 , 1 Institute of 

Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; 2 Beihang University, Beijing, China 

Whether young children have dependent naive biology is still a debatable question. This study 

investigated whether children could distinguish living from nonliving things in terms of illness and 

whether they understood its non-intentional cause. Three age groups, 72 preschoolers were 

interviewed, with half from rural and half from urban area. Results showed that while most 

3-year-olds thought only human beings could get sick, more and more older children realized that 

both animals and plants could. Children thought that one could not stop sickness or get sick just by 

their intention. There was significant performance difference between rural and urban children 

whose parents had different educational background. 


Mind and body 

Convener and Chair: H. Kawai, Japan 

3061.1 Consciousness in Buddhism, H. Kawai, Nara, Japan 

In order to understand the issue of ‘mind and body’, I would like to talk about consciousness in 

Buddhist practice. In this symposium, I will take as an example a famous Zen priest Hakuin, who 

approached the situation of body through his meditative practice, and introduce his story in detail. 

For example, they say that through practice his level of consciousness was gradually lowered 

without losing its lucidity. His story will be quite useful and suggestive to clinical psychologists 

today. I think that his method shows an essential method of recovering from the severe problem of 

separation between mind and body that many modern people are suffering from. 

3061.2 Embodied dream imagery: A psychophysical method of treatment, R. Bosnak, Private 

analyst, Cambridge, MA, USA 

Embodied dream imagery (EDI) involves affective states, physical sensations, interior images and 

a hypnagogic state of consciousness. Neuroscience has shown that interior imagery affects the 

brain in similar ways exterior perceptions do. It has been demonstrated that work on imagery has 

effects on the body. Dream images are from an autonomous layer of imagination and especially 

effective to serve as the foundation of imagery work affecting the psychophysical system. The 

theory of EDI will be demonstrated by way of research studies which are taking place on this 

method at the Massachusetts General Hospital of Harvard Medical School, including studies of the 

effects of EDI on the immune system. 

3061.3 JapanJapanese psychological rehabilitation method: “Dohsa therapy (Dohsa-Hou)”, S. 

Harizuka 1 , S. Kumar 2 , A. Dadkhah 3 , 1 Fukuoka-ken, Japan; 2 Chikushi Womwan’s University, 

Japan; 3 University of Welfare and Rehabilitation, Iran 

Dohsa Therapy has been developed at Kyushu University, Japan since 1986, to treat the children 

with disabilities. The Dohsa is a Japanese word, it means the motor action which consists of the 

two processes; mind and body. The one process is a psychological process which has the intention 

and the striving, the other one is physiological process like as the bodily movement. Nowadays, 

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esult is in good agreement with the characteristics of Rorschach Test for Chinese. She complained 

her physical conditions from time to time. Chinese’s maladjustive symptoms appear as physical 

ones. Even if she has stayed in Japan for more than for ten years, she still remains her personality 

formed within Chinese culture. Through this case study, cross cultural adjustment pattern, culture 

and neurosis are suggested. 

3063.4 Teachers’ thinking style in elemental schools of China, Zhong-Quan Li, Beijing 


Thinking style, as a variable bridging intelligence and personality, has attracted more and more 

researchers’ attention. Using the revised version of Thinking Style Inventory (TSI) developed by 

Sternberg. A study in elementary school was conducted. The reliability, validity and the 

correlations between each item and the scale were confirmed. In exploring the teachers’ thinking 

style in elemental schools, we found that generally executive, hierarchic and liberal styles are 

dominant. The subject area, grade and stage of professional growth are the main effective factors 

for thinking styles. 

3063.5 The interaction of vocational interest and career self-efficacy, Wenshu Luo, Shouying 

Zhao, Beijing Normal University, China 

317 college freshmen were measured on vocational interest, career self-efficacy, and three 

supposed relevant factors: work value, vocational familiarity and career sex-typing. Through path 

analysis, the interaction of vocational interest and vocational self-efficacy was checked, and the 

effect of the three factors on them was analyzed. The following results were found (1) vocational 

interest and vocational self-efficacy influenced each other, and (2) the three independent factors 

affected vocational interest and career self-efficacy through their interaction, mostly via career 

self-efficacy. Based on the results, some implications for the practice of career guidance were 

discussed, and some suggestions were made. 

3063.6 The Implicit Life Satisfaction measure (ILS) and its cross-cultural application, 

Do-Yeong Kim, Macquarie University, Australia 

The Implicit Association Test (Greenwald et al., 1998) was adapted to measure satisfaction with 

life. A series of studies explored psychometric as well as methodological properties of the Implicit 

Life Satisfaction (ILS) measure. The ILS demonstrated good internal consistency and moderate 

temporal stability. Studies revealed that (a) the type of stimuli used in the ILS influences the 

magnitude of the ILS effect; (b) participants could not voluntarily enhance their satisfaction with 

life on the ILS. Overall, the ILS is independent of traditional life satisfaction self-report measures 

and positive for most people. Cross-cultural application of the ILS is to be presented. 

3063.7 A correlation research on time management disposition and self-confident of 

undergraduates, Xiao-hong Tan, Gu Yu, Southwest China Normal University, China 

This study investigated the correlation between time management disposition and self-confident of 

undergraduates. There were 314 undergraduates examined by Time Management Disposition 

Scale and PEI. The results showed that the three dimensions of TMD were related to 

self-confident in academic performance, but only time efficacy showed some degree of regression 

effect; self-confident in sports, romantic relationship, social interaction, and talking were all 

639

generally by the hinting nature; It is relevant that Q 2 factor (independent character) exists 

obviously to score with 16PF in the hinting nature. Through it is feasible that studied that Internet 

carries on psychology. 

3063.16 Further development of the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI), Sven 

Brändström 1 , Martin Eisemann 2 , Jörg Richter 3 1 Dept. Neuroscience and Locomotion, Div. 

Psychiatry, Linköping University, Sweden, 2 University of Tromsoe, Norway; 3 Psychiatric and 

Psychotherapeutic University Hospital, University of Rostock, Germany 

The Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) is an internationally widely used personality 

questionnaire based on Cloninger’s personality theory. Due to some psychometric shortcomings of 

the TCI a revised version’ TCI-R was developed. The structural equivalence of both versions 

could be demonstrated from a cross-cultural perspective. Probably, due to the high complexity of 

many items, the response variation was often limited. Therefore, a true-false answer-format was 

tested on the TCI-R in non-clinical volunteers from Germany, Norway, and Sweden. In testing the 

replicability of the factors both across the samples and versions, an orthogonal Procrustes rotation 

method is used. 

3063.17 Reliability and validity of the Japanese-translated Behavioral Inhibition System / 

Behavioral Activation System (BIS/BAS) Scale, Yusuke Takahashi 1 , Osamu Kobori 1 , Shinji 

Yamagata 1 , Nobuhiko Kijima 2 , 1 The University of Tokyo, Japan; 2 Keio University, Japan 

Gray (1972, 1981) proposed two personality dimensions defined by variation in Behavioral 

Inhibition System (BIS) and Behavioral Activation System (BAS) sensitivities. Carver & White 

(1994) created self-report scales to assess the personality dimensions reflecting Gray’s ideas. The 

purpose of this study was to develop the Japanese version of those scales, to examine the 

reliability and validity. We reported scale development in Study1, and investigated convergent and 

discriminant validity in the form of correlations with alternative measures in Study2. The results 

of this study indicated that the Japanese version of BIS/BAS scales possessed an adequate 

reliability and validity. 

3063.18 Comparison of the full length MMPI-2 and the short form 92-item Mini-Clinique, 

Bogdan Pietrulewicz, Laval University, Canada 

This study is a comparison obtained between the standard MMPI-2 test and the short form of 92 

items named Mini-Clinique for a sample of 46 males and 49 females from the normal population. 

This research confirmed the applicability of both methods in psychometrical diagnostics. The 

predictions generated by 92 items can be judged adequate. Correlations for the final sample of 95 

subjects between both forms ranged from .58 (Scale D) to .80 (Scale Si) and are satisfactory. In 

general there was a close correspondence between data of the two forms. Mini-Clinique is a 

reliable substitute when time economy is essential. 

3063.19 Japanese adaptation of Ego-Resiliency Scale, Tatsuma Nakao, Kazuo Kato, Kyushu 


Ego-Resiliency (ER) is one of the most important personal resources that allow people to adjust to 

environment effectively (J. Block & Block, 1980). Although its importance has been increasingly 

acknowledged in Japan, there are no ER scales in Japanese, especially of self-report type. This 

642

eality. All the results indicated school climate scale has clear factor structure, good reliability and 

validity. 

3063.40 A cross-cultural study on adolescents’ perceptions of the physical self, Hong Chen 1 , 

Todd Jackson 2 , Xi-ting Huang 1 , 1 Southwest China Normal University, 2 University of 

Wisconsin-Superior, USA 

Chinese adolescents’ (N=4047) perceptions of the physical self (PS) were assessed from the 

perspectives of real, ideal and negative PS. Ideal male and female PS both were rated as high in 

health and sexual attractiveness but the ideal male body was rated higher in strength and height 

compared to the ideal female body which was rated higher in jimpness and symmetry. Thinness 

and shortness were found to be dimensions of negative PS in Chinese samples. The research also 

discusses attempts to replicate findings in comparable samples of American adolescents and 

discusses cross-cultural similarities and differences in the PS. 

3063.41 An analysis of the relevant factors of influencing the urban pupils’ individual character 

and their academic achievements, Fu Chunjiang, Jiangxi Normal University, China 

Objective: Analyzing the relevant factors of influencing the urban pupils’ individual character and 

their academic achievements. Method: Adopting EPQ and FES-CV to test the fourth grade pupils 

of a primary school and their parents. Results: (1) The pupil's individual character has gender 

differences. (2) The pupil's character development is affected by personalities of parents and 

family environment. (3) The pupils' academic achievements are related to their personalities, 

family environment, parents' schooling and their professions. Conclusion: Primary school 

education should strengthen cultivation of non-intelligence factors, improving parents' quality 

should become the top prior task of families. 

3063.42 Internet addiction disorder, on-line behavior and personality: An exploratory study, 

Xuanhui Lin, Beijing Normal University, China 

This study intends to investigate on--line behavior of college students and study the phenomenon 

of Internet Addiction Disorder (IAD). 294 college students were tested by Internet Usage 

Inventory, IAD Scale and 16PF.Results show themselves as following: (1) Out of 294 college 

students, 4.6% minority could be characterized as IAD. (2) On--line time and Internet involvement 

did not lead to IAD for the majority of people. (3) there is significant difference existed in factor B 

of 16PF measures between IAD group and Non--IAD group (p< .01). 

3063.43 The research on the characteristics of the retrospective temporal memory, Xiting Huang, 

Ling Deng, Southwest China Normal University, China 

This paper investigated the Characteristics of the retrospective temporal memory in 2 months. 

Subjects were asked to recall the presenting or happening time of 15 played video sections and 8 

selected contemporary news events in 4 days after the series of video sections had completed. The 

results indicated: (1)The recalling accuracy of the retrospective temporal order is above chance 

level. Temporal order memory of video sections obtains higher accuracy than news events. (2)The 

self-involvements of subjects influence the accuracy of temporal order and temporal locus 

memory. 

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3063.44 The cross-culture research on the relationship between progressive cognition and 

personality characteristics in middle school students, Guoying Qian, Yufeng Wu, Shaanxi 


Middle school subjects 13-21yrs (from 4 nationalities) were used for studying the relationship 

between progressive cognition and personality characteristics by Raven’s Standard Progressive 

Matrices and Eysenk Personality Questionnaire. The results showed: (1) The correlation and 

stepwise regression were completely identical: P score was negatively related to progressive 

cognition, E score was positively related to progressive cognition. (2) With the personality 

characteristics and the personal variables as independent variables, the stepwise regression 

indicated: E score were the most predictors of progressive cognition, then were nation, culture 

degree of mother and father, P, age, sex, maths and language achievements. 

3063.45 Relationship between parenting stress and marital quality of mothers with preschool 

children, Qiuling Zhang, Hong Zou, Ke Hou, Yingchun Wang, Suo Jiang, Beijing Normal 


This study investigated mothers (N=544) with preschool children about the relationship between 

parenting stress and marital quality. The result showed that the age of children had a significant 

effect on the child-related parenting stress. Different spouse support level caused significant 

difference of parenting stress among mothers, and had a stronger effect on the mother-related 

parenting stress than the child-related parenting stress. There was significant difference in 

parenting stress among mothers with different marital quality. Each factor of marital quality had 

more predictability on the mother-related parenting stress than on the child-related parenting 

stress. 

3063.46 Cruelty of judges: Psychophysiological monitoring, Gesiod Aminev 1 , Rafica Amineva 2, 

3 3 4 1 1 

, Vladimir Stepanov , Kazimiras Piragas , Ivanov Maxim , Hi-tech Psychology Institute, 

Russian Federation; 2 First Ufa Politology Gymnasium, Russian Federation; 3 All-Russia Public 

Movement "For the rights of the man", Central coordination council member; 4 Vilnius 

Pedagogical University, Lithuania, RU 

Russia has 877 thousands of imprisoners (Novie Izvestia, 19.02.03). Right-protective analysis 

shows, - often because of judges’ unfairness. On post-nonclassical concept basis of biophysical 

individuality organization the complex inspection of law faculties graduates was carried out (183 

volunteers), including anal-sadist fixation test, EEG, EP, biomembranes and neuromediator 

sysrems characteristic, dielcometry and NMR-H1 saliva’s spectrum. Cruelty prognosis 

regressiones were calculated with an acceptable level of false alarms and misses. The international 

community should enter psychophysiological certification of the judges’ right to extreme decisions. 

"The Humanity is seldom combined with skilful speeches and touching face expression" - 

Konfuciy. HiTech Psychology Institute. 

3063.47 Developing a relation model of trait anxiety and its influencing factors for university 

students, Feng Zhang, Peng Li, Chunmao Li, Mowei Shen, Zhejiang University, China 

In order to establish the relation model between university students’ trait anxiety and its 

influencing factors using structural equation modeling, 586 university students were tested using A 

Questionnaire about the Factors Influencing Trait Anxiety of University Student and Trait Anxiety 

649

Scale. Results showed that nine factors influencing trait anxiety of university students by factor 

analysis could be generalized into three groups, namely, environmental factors, interpersonal 

factors, and university pressure. The testing results of the relation model revealed that the 

environmental factors had the greatest influence on trait anxiety of university students, and the 

influence of university pressure was the lowest. 

3063.48 Characteristics of Chinese retirees’ locus of control, Cui-xia Liu 1 , Zhong-fang Yang 2 , 

Jian Xiao 3 , 1 Chinese University of Political Science and Law, China; 2 Zhong-Shan University, 

China; 3 Peking University, China 

243 retirees were surveyed and the results included: 1 The respondents held strong internal control 

belief and weak chance control one; the former belief was positively related to impression 

management (IM) but the latter was opposite. These results revealed that similar to American 

culture, Chinese one also values personal autonomy and dependence. 2 All internal, other and 

chance control were correlated positively with healthy behavior after controlling IM except that 

their correlation coefficients decreased gradually (all p=0.000); those retirees with better life held 

more internal control beliefs than those with worse life. Such, externality may be a defensive 

means. 

3063.49 Toward a comprehensive, psychological, and abstract-concrete integrated taxonomy of 

situations, Yu Yang, Stephen Read, Lynn Miller, University of Southern California, USA 

Developing detailed, explicit and reasonable taxonomies of situations is among the most 

challenging and intriguing research topics for personality and social psychologists. We propose 

that a good taxonomy of situations needs to have three major characteristics: 1) be comprehensive, 

2) focus on the psychological aspects of situations, and 3) identify abstract characteristics of 

situations. Our previous studies have provided a comprehensive taxonomy of situations derived 

from Chinese idioms that includes the three characteristics. The present research further attempts 

to construct a taxonomy of situations that is comprehensive, psychological, but integrated both the 

abstract and concrete characteristics of situations. 

3063.50 SARS outbreak and the evolvement of values in the undergraduates, Yan Xu, Jia Liu, 

Yuezhong Zheng, Tao Fu, China 

The study investigate the evolvement of values in the undergraduates at different stages of SARS 

outbreak by questionnaire. There are 6 kinds of points of value in the questionnaire which are 

science, society, art, politics, practicality and belief. The results indicated that SARS outbreak 

leads to mutations of some components of values, with the top point of values of undergraduates, 

which used to be Practicality becoming Society and Health after SARS and Health becoming a 

new and important component of values and that the stability and the undulation of the values 

come to unification under the impacts of SARS outbreak. 

3063.51 Permanent charm and everlasting pursuing—a study on features of personality in 

western fairy tales and Chinese mythos, Jian Yang, Cheng Guo, Southwest China Normal 


The personality features in fairy tales and mythos have important influences on the socialization of 

individuals at the earlier age. Based on 24 famous western fairy tales and Chinese mythos, this 

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study adopted the methods of the evaluation of personality adjectives, and then explored and 

contrasted the personality features. Conclusions showed that these characters had similarities in 

human's seeking for truth, kindness and beauty, and differences in ethos and axiology, which were 

characteristic from different nations. After analyzing the representations of these commonness and 

peculiarity and examining the reasons for these phenomena. 

3063.52 Latinos and disclosure of HIV status, Paul Poppen, Fernanda Bianchi, Carol Reisen, 

MariaCecilia Zea, John Echeverry, George Washington University, USA 

Cultural factors influence disclosure of personal information. In the United States, Latinos are less 

likely than non-Latinos to disclose HIV-positive status to others. However, these studies fail to 

take into account differences among Latinos due to linguistic, historical, immigration, and cultural 

experiences. This study examined disclosure of seropositive status among 344 Latino men who 

have sex with men and came from four regions in Latin America (Brazil, Central America/Mexico, 

South America, and Caribbean). Latinos from the Caribbean disclosed more to specific targets and 

Brazilians disclosed less, demonstrating the importance of differences among cultural groups. 

3063.53 Effect of parenting ideas’ type on preschool children’s personality, Ping Zou 1, 2 , Ying 

Lizhu 2 , 1 Dalian University, China; 2 Liaoning Normal University, China 

This presentation focused on how parenting ideas’ type influenced preschool children’s personality. 

By means of self-reported Parenting Inventory and teachers’ evaluating questionnaires to children, 

data were collected on 400 of 3-to-6-old children and their parents from 6 kindergartens in Dalian 

of China. Results showed that by Analysis of cluster, the parenting ideas could be divided into 

three styles, Positive style, Submissive style and Expectant style. They have different effects on 

development of children’s personality. Positive style is valuable to children's personality. 

Expectant style does not benefit to children's personality. Submissive style could have good or bad 

effect on children's personality. 

3063.54 Survey of the public view of self-strengthening, Jianhong Zheng, China 

Self-strengthening was the constituent part of the Chinese self. The study explored the public view 

about self-strengthening by investigated 585 adults (with different sex, age, occupation and 

education). The results showed: the public view of self-strengthening mainly involved personality 

field. Public regarded self-confidence, unfear difficulty, actualize self-worth, diligence and 

persistence as the most important characteristics to self-strengthener. Through factor analysis 6 

factors were extracted, i.e. willpower, social adaptability, social attitude, self-attitude, capability 

and self-actualization. Significant global effect of education was found, significant effects of sex, 

age, education in some characteristics of self-strengthener were also found. 

3063.55 Life satisfaction, optimism and problem-solving style of Filipino domestic workers in 

Hong Kong, Wai Lap Wong, King Leung Kong, the University of Hong Kong, China 

The present study investigated how positive social personalities help to protect Filipino Domestic 

Workers (FDWs) in Hong Kong from psychological problems. Life satisfaction, dispositional 

optimism, and problem-solving style of 100 FDWs were examined with revised Quality of Life 

Inventory, Life Orientation Test, and Problem-solving Inventory respectively. 20 FDWs were 

interviewed and qualitative analysis was done by the grounded theory method. Life satisfaction 

651

graduates. 

3063.64 The effect of gender on positive and negative affect, Akiko Hiraga 1 , Keiko Sasaki 2 , 

Mayumi Karasawa 2 , Shinobu Kitayama 3 , Hazel Rose Markus 3 , 1 Hokusei Gakuen University 

Junior College, Japan; 2 Tokyo Woman's Christian Univeristy; 3 University of Michigan 

The effect of gender on happiness, as defined by positive and negative affect, was examined in a 

survey of Japanese midlife 95couples (mean age: 46.1). The gender-affect association was 

examined, including psychological well-being (C.D. Ryff’s, 1988b, [PWB] inventory), personality 

(P.T. Costa & R.R. McCrae, 1980), and contextual influence. Among wives, positive and negative 

affect was related to self-acceptance (SA), positive relations, and environmental mastery. Among 

husbands, both types of affect were related to only SA. Contrary to American results, positive 

affect was related to Neuroticism (N) but not Extraversion (E); negative affect was related to E but 

not N. 

3063.65 Power and marital satisfaction: Differences by type of marriage, Mirta Margarita 

Flores-Galaz, Rolando Díaz-Loving, Sofía Rivera-Aragón, University National Autonomous of 

Mexico, Mexico 

In this study we establish the relationship between power styles and strategies and their 

relationship with marital satisfaction in couples depending on the type of couple according to 

Scanzoni’s (1980) division which is based on wives individual income and position at work. A 157 

couples from Yucatan answered the power strategies and styles scales (Rivera, 2000) the 

multidimensional marital satisfaction inventory (Cañetas, Rivera and Diaz-Loving, 2000). 

Relationship results for each type of marriage are presented and discussed in relationship to the 

culture. 

3063.66 The effect of gender on positive and negative affect: A developmental perspective on 

happiness, Akiko Hiraga 1 , Keiko Sasaki 2 , Mayumi Karasawa 2 , 1 Hokusei Gakuen University 

Junior College, Japan; 2 Tokyo Woman's Christian Univeristy, Japan 

The effect of gender on happiness, as defined by positive and negative affect, was examined in a 

survey of Japanese midlife 95couples (mean age: 46.1). The gender-affect association was 

examined, including psychological well-being (C.D. Ryff’s, 1988b, [PWB] inventory), personality 

(P.T. Costa & R.R. McCrae, 1980), and contextual influence. Among wives, positive and negative 

affect was related to self-acceptance (SA), positive relations, and environmental mastery. Among 

husbands, both types of affect were related to only SA. Contrary to American results, positive 

affect was related to Neuroticism (N) but not Extraversion (E); negative affect was related to E but 

not N. 

3063.67 The relationships of gender role and psychological health, Qin Lu, China 

Since Bem brought out with the theory of androgyny and constructed Bem Sex Role Inventory 

(BSRI) in 1974, social gender role has become a focused point in Psychological studies. This 

study explores the relationships of university students’ gender role and psychological health with 

revised BSRI. and QZPS (Qingnian Zhongguo Personality Scale). 586 undergraduates students act 

as subjects. The results of analysis of variance (ANOVA) show us gender and gender role have 

significant main effects on some personalities related to psychological health, while the interactive 

654

This study was designed to discover whether the psychological types of the nurses are appropriate 

with their work field, identify the main causes of job stress and to discover whether seniority has 

any influence towards job stress. Findings concluded that workload was the main cause towards 

job stress and there was a relationship with ambiguous job description which was highly 

significant at the .01 level with r = .906. In addition, the result also demonstrated that senior 

nurses were less susceptible to job stress. There was no high level of job stress among the sample. 

3063.73 Socio-psychological study of personal traits, contributory to success in investing, Vitali 

Muhortov 1 , Vladimir Udakov 2 , 1 Moscow Humanitarian University, Canada; 2 Institute of 

Psychology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 

The comparative analysis of U.S. and Russian investors; problems showed. Those included: 

Selectivity of decision making Dealing with conflicting ideas; Irrationality; Retrospective 

explanation of events; Risk perception; Various attitudes; Selective perception; Information 

overload and misinterpretation; Illusion of knowledge and control; Predictions. Expectations; 

Psychological anchors in the market; Overtrading (excitement); Acting on impulse; Investor 

sentimentality; Market effects: Endowment effect; Disposition effect; Sunk cost effect; 

House-money effect; Snake-bite effect; Break-even effect; Mistakes admission; Loss (regret) 

aversion; Emotional detachment; Reaction under stress. The psychological traits of successful 

investors discussed. The vector of further research pointed. 

3063.74 The impact of self-esteem levels on leisure time activities, Fariba Zarani, Iran 

To examine the impact of self-esteem levels on leisure time activities,483 students were included 

in this study. All students were asked to complete Cooper Smith self-esteem Inventory and leisure 

time activities Checklist. The results showed that students’ self-esteem had a positive significant 

relation to out-door activities, intellectual activities, cooperative behaviors and literacy interests. 

Students’ self-esteem was also shown to have a negative association with aimless and disorganized 

activities. Results and implications are discussed in terms of personality and social development 

theories. 

3063.75 Is there a negative physical self schema: Coding preferences and priming effects for 

college students, Hong Chen, Xi-ting Huang, Southwest China Normal University, China 

Three computer-based experiments evaluated the impact of perceived negative physical self (NPS) 

on information processing. In Experiment 1(N=124), participants with a higher reported NPS 

showed a coding preference for body-related words compared to control words. These findings 

were partially replicated using body-related pictures in Experiment 2(N=60). In Experiment 

3(N=124), participants had slower reaction times in remembering body-related words compared to 

remembering control words in a priming effect design. Together results support the hypothesis that 

there is a negative physical self-schema. Implications are also discussed in relation to the 

reflection block aspect of restraint theory. 

3063.76 A research on the factors related to time perspective, Houchao Lv, Southwest China 


The present research was to explore the relationship between time perspective (TP) and several 

related factors. Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (revised), Time Management Disposition 

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external validity was established with a coping inventory. Thus this questionnaire will be used in 

counselling and in investigations of individual differences in adjustment to college in France. 

3063.85 The relationship between the type of internet addiction and the personality trait of 

college students, Wenjiao Yang, Zhijin Zhou, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 

China 

This study investigated the personality traits of college students and three types of Internet 

addiction including net gaming, information overload, Cyber-Relationships. A total of 733 

questionnaires have been collected with 401 males and 332 females from five colleges in Wuhan, 

China. The results show that there are some remarkable differences between the dependent users 

and the independent users in the scores for Sensation Seeking Scale, UCLA Loneliness Scale and 

Interaction Anxiousness Scale at the two types of internet addiction, namely net gaming and 

Cyber-Relationships. In information overload, there are no difference between the two groups in 

the scores for UCLA. 

3063.86 The structure of attention: A latent variable approach, Frank Goldhammer, Helfried 

Moosbrugger, J.W. Goethe University, Institute of Psychology, Germany 

Prominent multidimensional models of attention are the models by Neumann (1992) and Sturm 

and Zimmermann (2000). These models give rise to the question of whether an integration into a 

general multidimensional model of attention is possible. Moreover, it is to be clarified to what 

extent concentration, a widely-used concept in German research, and the attentional function of 

working memory depend on attentional dimensions. A test battery including a large number of 

attention tests was administered to 200 participants. By means of confirmatory factor analysis a 

multidimensional model was identified which comprises the second-order factors of inward- and 

outward-directed attention. 

3063.87 Do morning-types have a more adapted to their enviroment than evening-types? 

Virginia Dresch, María del Pilar Sánchez-López, Marta Evelia Aparicio-García, Universidad 

Complutense de Madrid and Universidad San Pablo CEU, Spain 

The aim of this study is to analyze the relationships between personality and 

morningness-eveningness, applied to the Millon’s model. The research has been carried out with 

804 participants. Used the MIPS and the CS as a measurement of Personality Styles and the 

Chronotypes, respectively. The findings point to a personality profile which is more socially 

desirable for Morningness (higher mark in Enhancing, Systematising and Conforming scales), 

where as those for Eveningness are characterised by being less adapted to their environment 

(higher mark in Preserving, Innovating, Dissenting and Agreeing scales). That confirm the 

existence a different profile personality between the chronotypes. 

3063.88 General intelligence test solution strategies, and anxiety, Pierre-Yves Gilles 1 , Ludovic 

Remy 1 , 1 Centre PsyCLE, France; 2 PSICO Universite Lille, France 

The aim of this research is to test the hypothesis of a link between general intelligence (Gf) and 

anxiety through cognitive strategies. 170 participants (mean age 13, 6 years) solve cognitive tests 

(Gf, Gs, Gv) and complete anxiety questionnaires (CMAS, STAI). Cognitive strategies (spatial vs 

numeric strategies) are studied on a test derived from progressive Matrices of Raven. Results show 

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that Gf+ subjects mainly use spatial strategies and are more flexible all along the items. However, 

anxiety moderates these differences. Discussion is about the interest to link intelligence and 

personality in the study of individual differences in cognition. 

3063.89 Perfectionism components and the five-factor model of personality in Japanese college 

students, Hiroaki Ishida, Graduate School of Sociology, Toyo University, Japan 

The purpose of the present study was to confirm the component of adaptive and maladaptive 

perfectionism with Big-Five factor model. 196 Japanese college students completed two 

Multidimensional Perfectionism Scales and the Big-Five Scale. Self-oriented perfectionism was 

associated with Personal Standard and Conscientiousness, Neuroticism in particular. 

Socially-prescribed perfectionism was associated with Concern Over Mistake, Parental 

Expectation and Neuroticism. Other-oriented perfectionism was associated with Personal Standard 

and Extraversion. And also three types of perfectionism were associated with Openness. These 

findings implicated the possibility that cultural differences on perfectionism exist between United 

States and Japan. 

3063.90 The development of inspection time of 8-12 years old supernormal and normal children, 

Li Cheng, Jiannong Shi, Zhengkui Liu, Xiaojun Qu, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy 


Two typical visual inspection time (IT) tasks, line and digital, and one intelligent test were 

finished by 172 intellectual supernormal and normal children aged from 8- to 12-year-old. The 

teaching effect on the speed of information processing (SIP) was explored in this study too. The 

results indicated that IT of supernormal and normal children decreased gradually as the ages 

increase, but the speed of the former was faster than the latter in different ages and tasks. The 

correlation coefficients between IT and IQ scores of the two cohorts was significant. But teaching 

effect on children’s SIP was not found. 

3063.91 The study of drop-out students’ family, school, social life style in Macao, Liejian Wu, 

Wei Zhang, South China Normal University, China 

With the present-day economic gloom and rising unemployment rate, the adolescent problem is 

becoming serious. The adolescent who are both deprived of education and unemployed are a 

heavy load to society. For relieving the pressure of society, numbers of “Double lost “ adolescent 

returned to school under the government’s supply. In order to train these adolescent more effective, 

it is important to understand them. This study used “Family life style inventory”, “School life style 

inventory” and “Society life style inventory”, aiming to explore the three styles of students in 

polytechnic Institute career Development in Macao. 

3063.92 Trait-construct differentiation and sense of interpersonal adaptation, Miho Kawabata 1 , 

Yasuhiro Kawabata 2 , 1 Takushoku University Hokkaido Colledge, Japan; 2 Hokkaido University, 

Japan 

This study used a correlational design and investigated the relationship between the trait-construct 

differentiation and interpersonal adaptation. 4th-graders (n=56) and 6th -graders (n=58) completed 

Kelly’s (1955) triadic-elicitation Grid form, which involved asking the participants to rate his/her 

significant person according to their own trait-constructs. The amount of variance attributed to the 

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first factor derived from a principal components analysis of the ratings is a index of trait-construct 

differentiation. The results indicated that (a) 6th-graders have significantly greater trait-construct 

differentiation scores, (b) among 6th-graders, contrary to 4th-graders, less differentiated 

individuals might have perceived themselves as less satisfied and more interpersonally isolated. 

3063.93 Social competence: Perhaps the most important predictor of resilience? Oddgeir 

Friborg, O. Hjemdal, Monica Martinussen, Jan Rosenvinge, Magne Arve Flaten, Per Matti 

Aslaksen, University of Tromsoe, NO 

Two studies investigated the validity of resilience in predicting relapse in mental disorder (study 

one), and self-reported pain and stress (study two). Five resilience resources were measured; 

Personal and Social competence, Family coherence, Social support and Personal structure. 

Preliminary results indicate that relapse in mental disorder among psychiatric out-patients (N=52) 

were best predicted by Social Competence. Subjects participating (N=55) in an ischemic 

pain-inducing experiment, reported less pain the more socially competent they felt, and less stress 

the more personally competence they reported. The results strengthen the validity of the resilience 

scale, with social competence as the strongest factor. 

3063.94 Five factor correlates of the psychopathic personality inventory in an offender and 

student sample, Scott Ross 1 , Stephen Benning 2 , Angela Thompson 1 , Amanda Thurston 1 , 

Christopher Patrick 2 , 1 DePauw University, Greencastle, USA; 2 University of Minnesota, 

Minneapolis, MN, USA 

Based on recent findings (PPI; Benning et al., 2003), we examined the relationship of a two-factor 

model for the Psychopathy Personality Inventory (PPI) and the Five Factor Model (FFM) of 

personality, in a combined student/offender sample (N=270). PPI-I, marked by Social Potency, 

Stress Immunity, and Fearlessness, was predicted by FFM domains of Neuroticism (-), 

Agreeableness (-), Extraversion (+), and Openness (+). In contrast, PPI-II, composed of Blame 

Externalization, Machiavellian Egocentricity, Fearlessness, Carefree-Nonplanfulness, and 

Impulsive Nonconformity, was best predicted by Agreeableness (-), Conscientiousness (-), 

Neuroticism (+), and Extraversion (+). These findings support the discriminant validity of PPI 

factors in the FFM. 

3063.95 Appetitive and aversive motivation: Confirmatory factor analysis of the behavioral 

inhibition and activation scales, Scott Ross, Matthew J. Hertenstein, DePauw University, 

Greencastle, IN, USA 

Using confirmatory factor analysis, the latent structure of the Carver and White (1994) behavioral 

inhibition and activation (BIS/BAS) scales was examined in a large sample (N = 1200) of student 

participants. Consistent with previous investigations, a four-factor model was found to best 

represent the latent structure of items comprising the BIS/BAS scales and subscales. A further 

comparison of constrained and unconstrained models indicated that BAS subscales may represent 

appropriate lower-order traits within a higher-order BAS factor. Findings support the internal 

validity of the BIS/BAS scales and help to clarify the BAS scale as a global index of Gray’s BAS 

construct. 

3063.96 Influences of music characteristics and personal fondness towards tastes of music, 

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Keqin Kong, Jing Shen, East China Normal University, China 

What drives people to like a particular kind of music is an attractive issue in psychology of music. 

Two experiments, using music pieces of different genres and characteristics, were conducted to 

disclose the reason of music tastes. 33 subjects, with three levels of music fondness, were exposed 

to all materials playing by Windows Media Player and gave rate of likeness. Results show that the 

more they fond of music, the more they like music with trinary rhythm, moderate tempo, and 

instrumental timbre. It may suggest the effect of music characteristics and personal feeling on 

emotion in music listening. 

3063.97 A correlation study on achievement and locus of control for middle school students, Na 

Zhang, the Chinese Communist Party, China 

Using the questionnaire method with 269 subjects of middle school students, examined the 

relationships between the achievement motivation and internal-external locus of control. The 

results are as follows: firstly, the achievement motivation and internal-external locus of control of 

middle school students had significant difference in grades; secondly, the achievement motivation 

and internal-external locus of control did not have significant difference in gender; finally, there 

are significantly positive correlation between the motivation striving success and the internal locus 

of control, and between the motivation avoiding failure and the external locus of control. 

3063.98 The sad face in the crowd effect in depression, Malgorzata Fajkowska-Stanik, 

Magdalena Marszal-Wisniewska, Warsaw School of Social Psychology, and Institute of 

Psychology Polish Academy of Sciences, Poland 

Biases in attentional processing play a crucial role in the evoking and maintenance of depression. 

In visual search paradigm schematic threatening, friendly, sad, neutral faces were used to test the 

hypothesis that depressives individuals preferentially orient their attention toward sadness. 

Whether cognitive biases represent “state” or “trait-like” characteristics is a central to research. 

100 undergraduates completed: BDI, FCB-TI. Across two experiments they searched for 

discrepant faces in matrices of otherwise identical faces. The results show the specificity of 

emotional information processing in depression sustained by specific temperamental structure. 

The findings are discussed in the context of Transactional Model of Temperament. 

3063 POSTER 


3063.99 Eyewitness testimony, Xiao-ling Gong, Southwest Normal University, China 

The criminal justice system relies heavily on eyewitness testimony for investigating and 

prosecuting crimes. Psychological science has informed the legal system about memory and 

enabled productive changes in the handling of eyewitness evidence. The author reviews major 

developments in the experimental literature concerning the way that various factors relate to the 

accuracy of eyewitness testimony. These factors include characteristics of witness, characteristics 

of the witnessed event, characteristics of testimony, lineup content, lineup instructions, and 

methods of testing. Also, it is mentioned that caution must be exercised in generalizing from 

laboratory studies of eyewitness testimony to actual crime situations. 

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3063.100 An investigation of the personality characteristics of Chinese judge, Xiao-ling Gong, 

Chong-zeng Bee, Southwest Normal University, China 

This study investigated the personality characteristics of Chinese judges. we selected judges in 

Chinese middle-level and primary court as our sample. They completed the Eysenck Personality 

Questionnaire (EPQ) revised in China. EPQ results showed these judges had lower scores of the P 

subscales and higher scores of the E subscales. Sex factor had a significant difference on the N 

subscales, the scores of male judges on the N subscales were significantly lower than female 

(p

contribute to the critical analysis and understanding of the gendered nature of the phenomenon. 

The study involves a discourse analysis of judgement transcripts following cases tried in the South 

African High or Appeal Court. A complex interplay of discourses emerges showing a discursive 

ecology in which dominant - often invisible - gender discourses infiltrate the courtroom. The value 

of this study lies in the emphasis on the need for court officials to reflect on their own 

unacknowledged gender assumptions. 

3063.105 Psychological activities undertaken with Lawbreaking and Vagrant Juveniles, Armine 

Ghazaryan, Sedrak Sedrakyan, "Urartu"University of Applied Psychology and Sociology 

(UPSS), Armenia 

Re-evaluation of socio-economic and cultural values in Armenian society brought to many 

deviations in behavior of juveniles. Psychological regularities underlying the core of moral 

abnormalities are not investigated and activities undertaken with juveniles inside and outside of 

school are not sufficient. We distinguish 2 blocks of reasons for juveniles' asocial behavior: 

1.External factors, 2.Internal problems of a person. The reason of asocial behavior is the 

interaction of both groups of factors. After all research activities the objective of this work is to 

find ways to resolve these problems and to determine psychological procedures of working with 

such children. 

3063.106 The retrospection and prospection of the research on legal psychology in China after 

1990s, Dahua Luo, China University of Political Science and Law, China 

Since 1990s, the research on the legal psychology has made momentous progress that is embodied 

in the following aspects. First, numerous books and papers have been published. Second, the 

research domain has been deepened and widened. Third, the research of foreign legal psychology 

has been introduced and evaluated. Finally, there are three great productions with regard to serving 

social practice. 

3063.107 On Interrelation between criminal psychology and other criminal science of laws, Ren 

ke-qin, Liu Bo-chun, China 

Criminal psychology is a subject studying the criminals' psychological phenomena and norms. 

Comparing to criminal science of law and investigation, it has differences in some aspects such as 

subject's task, studying object and contest, but on the other side it has close interrelation with them 

mainly including the interrelation of theoretical system, studying object and content. To study the 

interrelation between criminal psychology and other criminal science of laws has great 

significance in mutual advance and common development of them. 

3063.108 Schema-based memory processes and eyewitness recollection, David Mallard, 

Jennifer Greig, Charles Sturt University, Australia 

The present research investigated the impact of schemas about criminal events on accuracy and 

distortion of eyewitness memory. Participants viewed a simulated robbery in which some 

schema-consistent and schema-inconsistent actions occurred while others did not occur. Memory 

for the event was examined by measuring yes/no recognition and remember/know judgments both 

five minutes and one week later for some participants and only one week later for others. The 

results indicated that schema-consistent false recognitions were likely to occur regardless of 

664

etention interval. Findings are discussed in terms of the impact of schemas on the accuracy and 

quality of eyewitness recollection. 

3063.109 An experimental and quantificational research on stereotype EPA model and China 

police identify suspects efficiency, Zhenlei Luo 1 , Zhang Houcan 1 , Lee Yueting 2 , 1 Beijing 

Normal University, China; 2 Minnesota University, USA 

According to Lee’s et al. stereotype EPA model, we employed a participatory (including 

observation and onsite interviews) and quantificational approach to explore the accurate and 

efficient identifying suspects methods in 100 China police questing cases, we got the following 

conclusions:1)Accurately categorizing perceptible information is one of the most important 

approaches for China police to identify suspects efficiently;2)China police use more 

behavior-situation cues, which are accurate stereotype ones, to improve the identifying suspects 

efficiency;3)The principle of contradiction (e.g., time-space & clothes-identity contradiction, 

double-dealing, etc.) is the core of categorized methods for China police to identify suspects 

accurately and efficiently. 

3063.110 An experimental and quantificational research on stereotype accuracy and China police 

quest efficiency (CPQF), Zhenlei Luo 1 , Zhang Houcan 1 , Lee Yueting 2 , 1 Beijing Normal 

University, China; 2 Minnesota University, USA 

According to Lee’s et al. stereotype EPA model, we employed a participatory (including 

observation and onsite interviews) and quantificational approach to explore the accurate and 

efficient identifying suspects methods in 100 China police questing cases, we got the following 

conclusions:1)Accurately categorizing perceptible information is one of the most important 

approaches for China police to identify suspects efficiently;2)China police use more 

behavior-situation cues, which are accurate stereotype ones, to improve the identifying suspects 

efficiency;3)The principle of contradiction (e.g., time-space & clothes-identity contradiction, 

double-dealing, etc.) is the core of categorized methods for China police to identify suspects 

accurately and efficiently. 

3063.111 Four states of legal decision making, Yong-Chang Liu, Yuan Shen, Tao Qin, Zu-Ting 

Weng, Jia-Li Feng, Shanghai Maritime University, China 

In the light of various criterions of different legal systems, there are different legal decisions for 

the same behavior. We hypothesize 4 states of legal decision making the behaviors are classified 

into one category, the same legal decisions are made; the behaviors classified are as condition too, 

but different legal decisions are made; the behaviors are classified into the opposite categories, 

similar legal decisions are made also; the behaviors classified are as condition, legal decisions are 

made on the contrary. Quantitative results from computation as cases were input in a program of 

software. 

3063.112 About the psychological diathesis of Chinese police officers, Gao Xiao Ping, China 

Because of the characteristics of the profession of police officer, such as transnormality, 

complexity, great risk, great pressure and strict restriction, a police officer must have 

psychological ability and traits adapted to the practice of police besides the standard health of 

ordinary people. Since the people’s police are founded in China. the psychological diathesis of 

665

police officers has not been attached enough importance to all the while, which is still in need of 

improvement. Therefore the author brings forward a set of projects, which include five parts: 

psychological selection, psychological training, psychography, psychological consultation and 

psychological self-help. 

3063.113 The experimental study on the influence of attention on conflicting liability judgment of 

training school students, An Li, Psychology Association of Zhejiang Province, China 

The Training School students refer to those who violate the law or have misdemeanor. The current 

researches have pointed out that the Training School students have more impulsively aggressive 

behavior than that of normal behavior students. Liability judgment is the cognitive process which 

has important impact on aggressive behavior. The liability judgment of Training School students 

and Normal School students is compared under the different contexts of attention (attention 

distribution and attention focus) in this article. The results show that different contexts of attention 

have different influences on subjects’ liability judgment. 

3063.114 A research of intelligence and personality of male elderly offenders, Bang-hui Liu, Liu 

Cui-xia, Yang Bo, Chinese University of Political Science and Law, China 

Objective: To investigate the differences in intelligence and personality between male elderly 

offenders and the norm group, and the impact of imprisonment on offenders’ personality. Method: 

Raven Progressive Matrices and Eysenk Personality Questionnaire were administered to 41 male 

elderly offenders. Results: (1). More elderly offenders had low intelligence scores than the norm 

group; (2). There were not significant differences in E, N, P and L between the elderly offenders 

and the norm group; (3). The partial correlation coefficient between the years the offenders have 

served and P was 0.433 (p=0.035) after controlling the number of the years they were sentenced. 

3063.116 The experimental study on the influence of attention on conflicting liability judgment, 

An Li, University of Political Science and Law, China 

The current researches have pointed out that the Training School students have more impulsively 

aggressive behavior than that of normal behavior students. Liability judgment is the cognitive 

process which has important impact on aggressive behavior. The liability judgment of Training 

School students and Normal School students is compared under the different contexts of attention 

(attention distribution and attention focus) in this article. The results show that different contexts 

of attention have different influences on subjects’ liability judgment. 

3063.117 Sociomoral reasoning and socially delinquent behavior: Developing a Japanese-version 

measure of moral-cognitive development, Hiroyuki Yoshizawa, Toshikazu Yoshida, Nagoya 

University, Nagoya, Japan 

This study developed a Japanese-version measure of moral cognitive development based on the 

Sociomoral Reflection Measure-Short Form (Gibbs, Basinger, & Fuller, 1992), in order to predict 

socially delinquent behavior tendency (SDBT). Data were collected from 83 undergraduate 

students in Japan. Sociomoral reasoning was assessed by the Japanese-version SRM-SF (J-SRM). 

SDBT was assessed by evaluation of the seriousness, and past experience of delinquent behaviors. 

Factor analyses of the socially delinquent behavior scale based on evaluated seriousness revealed 

the following two components: Self-Directed and Other-Directed Delinquent Behavior. 

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Correlations between J-SRM and SDBT showed that relations expected from previous research 

were not confirmed. 

3063.118 Psychopathic personality and the development of antisocial behavior, Henrik 

Andershed, Department of Behavioral, Social, and Legal sciences, Örebro University, 

Sweden 

Psychopathy or psychopathic personality, a constellation of (1) grandiose, manipulative, (2) 

callous, unemotional, and (3) impulsive, irresponsible traits, has been related to severe antisocial 

behavior in previous research. This presentation presents research investigating the potential 

importance of the psychopathic personality in the development of antisocial behavior. Data on 

youths as well as adult offenders are presented. Findings show that the developmental pathway, 

etiology, type of comorbid problems, as well as degree of problem behavior are different for 

antisocial individuals with psychopathic personality as compared to those without this personality 

constellation. Implications for prevention and treatment are discussed. 

3063.119 Street children criminology: Sociological and psychological aspects, Reza Ali Mohseni, 

Islamic Azad Univrsity, Iran 

Children of the Street are dying off on the sidewalks. These Children are considered as “Potential 

crime victims” for their psycho-physical weakness and hence become the target of child abuse 

specially of the criminal bands. In all countries, including Iran, probing in to the problems of the 

Children of the street is of paramount important for the following reasons:1)the increasing number 

of the Children,2)their deprivation of the fundamental rights. 3)the growth of anti 

social-behaviors.4)the growth of delinquency and crime victim rates, which altogether threaten the 

social and psychological dimensions of the Children and their crimes. 


Chair: Jimmy Chan, Hong Kong, China 

Cross-Cultural psychology: An Eco-cultural Perspective, John Berry, Psychology Department, 

Queen's University, Canada 

Cross-cultural psychology is a branch of the discipline that attempts to understand similarities and 

differences in human behaviour, taking into account the contexts in which it develops and is 

currently displayed. The ecocultural perspective adopts three fundamental positions. First, it 

considers that basic psychological processes are species-shared (universal) features of the human 

organism. Second, it views bevavioural development as relatively stable individual adaptations to 

variable cultural contexts. And third, it adopts a definition of culture as a set of long-term 

collective adaptations of populations to their habitats. The ecocultural approach examines 

ecology-culture-behaviour relationships as functional systems that can provide a value-free 

framework within which variations in behaviour (such as abilities, personality, values) can be 

interpreted, avoiding the ethnocentrism that has been dominant in psychology. 


Chair: Twila Tardif, Canada 

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Chinese personality: Structure and measure, Dengfeng Wang, Department of Psychology, Peking 


According to the lexical hypothesis of personality structure, Chinese personality structure was 

investigated through rating Chinese personality adjectives selected from Chinese dictionary, and a seven 

main factor structure, instead of five factors through English adjectives, was detected and confirmed lately. 

A questionnaire measuring those seven factors with 18 small factors was constructed and applied in a 

more than 5000 subjects sample. It revealed that Chinese personality was different with Western 

personality not only on number of dimensions, but also contents. These results was discussed from 

cultural differences and environmental presses. 


Chair: Zhijin Hou, China 

Drug abuse treatment: The road from research to practice, Maxine Stitzer, Bayview Medical 

Center, Johns Hopkins University, USA 

Drug abuse treatment research has made major strides during the past few decades in development 

and testing of both pharmacological and behavioral treatments. Now the time has come to move 

some of these empirically based treatments more firmly into clinical practice. This talk will review 

some of the major recent accomplishments in drug abuse treatment research including 

development of buprenorphine and of new behavior therapies. The recently founded National 

Drug Abuse Clinical Trials Network will then be described, including the formation of 

collaborative relationships between researchers and providers, the successful implementation of 

effectiveness research and the further dissemination of empirically based treatments into clinical 

practice. 


Chair: Jiannong Shi, China 

Prospective memory, Peter Graf, Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, 

Canada 

Prospective memory (ProM) is the ability we use for remembering intentions, plans and promises 

in the presence of the appropriate cues. Although ProM is critical for many everyday tasks (e.g., 

appointment keeping), this aspect of memory remains un-appreciated, under-explored and 

un-explained. My address is intended to alter this status quo. To increase appreciation, I shall use 

real-world examples that illustrate diverse functions of ProM, underscoring the unique research 

questions that are raised by them. With the aim to inspire more research into ProM, I shall review 

methodological developments that permit the exploration of a broader range of questions about it, 

and I shall outline exciting new theoretical proposals that will inspire and guide future research 

efforts. 


Chair: Fuxi Fang, China 

Theory of mind: A core human cognition, Henry M. Wellman, Center for Human Growth and 

668

Development, University of Michigan, USA 

Theory of Mind focuses on our everyday knowledge of people. Core human cognitions, 

theoretically, would be basic, domain-specific understandings that characterize much everyday 

human thinking. I argue that children's theory of mind--their initial "naive theories" of 

persons--reflects and manifests a core human cognition, one that is early acquired and that shapes 

and frames later cognitive development and cultural learning. I demonstrate that research from 

studies conducted around the world supports this perspective in contrast to alternative 

explanations. 


Chair: Qi Dong, China 

Which should be the contribution of psychology to education? Emilio Ribes-Inesta, Centro de 

Estudios e Investigaciones en Comportamiento, Universidad de Guadalajara, Mexico 

A historical overview shows that education may have been the first field to which psychologists 

oriented their research and theoretical efforts. Learning, memory, instruction, intelligence, and 

classroom management, among others, are outstanding examples of the interest of psychology in 

education. However, psychology has felt short in the analysis of the educational endeavour 

because it has neglected, on the one hand, school structure and on the other hand, the fact that 

education is intimately bound to psychological development as a complex, socially-governed 

process. I propose that psychology should contribute to designing a new school environment in 

order to promote and establish the behavioral competences required in a variety of social domains, 

and to developing the methodologies that ensure the successful individual learning of these 

competences. 


Chair: Weimin Mou, China 

Imaging cognition, Lars Nyberg, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, 

UK 

Functional neuroimaging studies have highlighted a role for prefrontal brain regions in many 

cognitive processes. In this presentation I will review studies that attempt to characterize the 

functional contribution of prefrontal regions in various cognitive processes. Focus will be on fMRI 

studies that allow separation of transient and sustained brain responses. I will also discuss 

age-related changes in prefrontal activity during cognitive processing, with a special focus on 

whether alterations in frontal activity in older age reflect compansatory processes. 

3071 ORAL 


Chair: Marilyn Lucas, South Africa 

3071.1 Gongsun Long’s linguistic theory and its implication to psychology, Wai Fu, Centre on 

669

Behavioral Health, The University of Hong Kong, China 

Recognition to Gongsun Long's theory is muted due to the ignorance to his riddle-like writing 

style. In this article Gongsun Long's theory will be compared to Saussure's "Course of lectures in 

general linguistics". The author suggested that previous discussion on Gongsun Long's work 

underestimated it as a form of primordial logic, and did not grasp his theory on formation of 

meaning. Implications of Gongsun Long's theory to psychology will be discussed. 

3071.2 The clinician/researcher: Is she/he dying, dead? Marilyn Lucas, Maria Damianova, 

Monash, South Africa 

The researcher/practitioner paradigm is a fundamental basis for knowledge acquisition in 

psychology. With the advent of more stringent privacy laws in Western societies, which promote 

the culture of individualism, ethical dilemmas present when the practitioner wishes to use patient 

assessment and treatment information for the secondary purpose of retrospective research. This 

issue is discussed with reference to the existing ethical regulations in a developed country, and in a 

developing country where no specific Privacy Act exists. The views of health profession 

practitioners and health service consumers about secondary use of personal, sensitive and health 

information for research purposes are explored. 

3071.3 Routine male infant circumcision: Pain, trauma, psychosexual impact and resultant 

psychosocial stress disorder, Gregory J. Boyle, Bond University, Australia 

Non-therapeutic infant male circumcision of unconsenting minors persists despite increasing 

doubts about any medico-legal or ethical justification. Circumcision without anaesthesia is 

observably painful and may be associated with negative affects, including psychosocial stress 

disorder and even PTSD, resulting from the pain and trauma itself, and/or from the cognitive 

awareness later in life of reduced sexual sensation/function. Some men subjected to involuntary 

circumcision have described their experiences in terms of violation, genital mutilation and sexual 

assault. Given the significant risks, adverse psychosexual impact, and potential legal liabilities, it 

is now time to reconsider the advisability of continuing this unnecessary genital cutting. 

3071.4 What students need to know about ethics before beginning their fieldwork, Elizabeth 

Swenson, John Carroll University, USA 

Undergraduate students often have practicum placements or internships in mental health settings 

to complete their major in psychology. Some basic principles of the ethics of psychologists should 

be understood before their fieldwork. This paper will cover how to make ethical decisions; 

confidentiality; the duty to warn or protect; multiple roles and boundary issues; informed consent; 

competence; and what to expect from a supervisor. 

3071.5 Ecological change and quality of life in rural India, Prem Sager N. Tiwari, A.B. Singh, 

D.D.U.Gorakhpur University, India 

While India is making technological and industrial advances the majority of its population still 

lives in villages. The official and nonofficial initiatives in the last few decades have brought in a 

variety of changes in rural settings. This paper analyzes the impact of ecological changes on the 

quality of life of villagers (N=240) in north India. It was found that the changes have reduced the 

gulf between rural and urban settings and have enhanced the quality of life. This has partly 

670

know responses. In Experiment 2, the process dissociation procedure ‘s result was consistent with 

Experiment 1. 

3074.2 Learning through reflective practice, Kingfa Sintoovongse, Faculty of Education, Khon 

Kaen University, Thailand 

The purposes of this study were to explore and demonstrate how reflective practice can be 

incorporated into the process of a student-centered approach and to introduce the learning and 

teaching model constructed on the basis of the findings derived from this study. The context of this 

research was in those classes where the researcher taught during the academic year 2001-2002.The 

students engaged in the learning activities emphasizing reflective practice. The findings showed 

that the learning climate and the teaching and learning procedure should include three phases and 

the details are presented in the study. 

3074.3 Sex differences in episodic memory: A meta-anlysis, Agneta Herlitz 1 , Maria Larsson 2 , 

1 2 

ARC - Karolinska Institute, Sweden; Stockholm University, Sweden 

We wanted to determine the impact of sex on episodic memory and whether potential sex 

differences varied as a function of age and the material to be remembered. Preliminary analyses 

from 163 studies showed reliable sex differences in episodic memory. These differences varied as 

a function of the material, so that women excelled in episodic memory tasks using verbal 

information, faces (d=.26), objects, and verbal pictures, whereas no sex differences were observed 

in tasks using non-verbal pictures. Men excelled in episodic memory tasks requiring orientation. 

Age had a negligible effect on the results. 

3074.4 Gender differneces in autobiographical memory: Are the real or artifactual? Penelope 

Jane Davis, Deanna Pitchford, Griffith University, Australia 

ender differences are rarely apparent in experimental studies of memory, yet they are robust in 

autobiographical memory. Why? Many experiences of women could simply be more memorable 

or there may be differences in how autobiographical events are processed and represented in 

memory. To investigate this, memories of real-life emotional experiences, unique to individuals, 

were compared with flashbulb memories of the same event; namely, the circumstances in which 

one learned of the September 11 terrorist attacks. Women reported more detailed memories of both 

kinds of autobiographical events, suggesting that the enhanced recall of women reflects greater 

elaborative processing of events themselves. 

3075 ORAL 

Cognition 

Chair: Chia-Ching Wu, Taiwan, China 

3075.1 Context-sensitivity in conceptual coherence of artifacts, Yu-Hao Sun, Hang Zhang, 


Object concepts mediate objects in real world and their categorical information in human memory. 

They are context-sensitive constructions in working memory when activated. We hypothesized 

that man-made object concepts are more context-dependent than living things because man-made 

674

object concepts are constructed from the interaction among the object form, designer's intention, 

and the way in which the object was used. Results of a scenario-based categorization task support 

this hypothesis. This hypothesis also predicts that man-made objects will have higher individual 

difference and more different attributes than living things in the attribute-listing task. A 

mathematical description of attribute-listing data showed positive evidence. 

3075.2 Survey on the relationship between children’s self-concept and academical achievement, 

Shimin Xin, Chundong Hao, HeiLongjiang Psychological Society, China 

This text survey the relationship between children’s academic achievement and self-concept the 

former studies of domestic and overseas about the relationship between children’s academic 

achievement and self-concept. Generally speaking, both of them effect each other. There are 

different self-concepts in sexes and ages of the children who have different academic 

achievements. Pattern of attribution, group motivation level, family background and evaluation 

from parents effect the children’s self-concept, and they also have causal relationship to certain 

extent. The changes of the children’s self-concept change the achievement motivation, thereby 

effect their academic achievements. 

3075.3 A study on the logical orientations of the effect and transfer of aesthetic concept learnign, 

Ling-li Zhao, Hong Wang, Southwest China Normal University, China 

This study involves a cross area of aesthetic cognition and cognitive psychology. ATVS is a 

teaching and learning model based on aesthetic concept learning and logical orientations. Subjects 

of 49 pupils and 30 graduate students and university teachers learned aesthetic concepts through 

the model. The results show that the model improved all subjects’ aesthetic understanding and 

experience. Four regression equations obtained through an analysis of the effect of aesthetic 

concept learned on aesthetic concept unlearned indicate that there were several transfers of 

aesthetic concept learning, including parallel transfer, longitudinal transfer, cross transfer, partial 

circuit transfer and entire circuits. 

3075.4 The influence of goal on the performance of concept attainment, Chia-Ching Wu, 

Yunn-wen Lien, National Taiwan University, Taiwan, China 

With same stimulus structure and comparable cover stories, two groups of undergraduates 

proceeded a rule discovery task to find out feature(s) that either defined a category (noncausal 

context), or produced an effect (causal context). Unlike the noncausal group who often adopted the 

conservative focusing strategy as Bruner(1956) mentioned, subjects with causal goal were more 

likely to test a hypothesis while keeping other causal features absent, which led the latter 

outperformed the former when the target rule is a disjunctive one (A or B). Past researches about 

concept attainment might underestimate people’s flexibility and ability of rule discovery. 

3076 ORAL 


Chair: Alicja Maurer, Poland 

3076.1 A structural equation model of a social profile on junior high school students’ English 

675


Chair: Dejun Guo, China 

3077.1 Relationship among achievement goal orientatio, test anxiety and working memory span, 

Huijun Liu 1 , Dejun Guo 2 , 1 Hebei University, China; 2 Capital Normal University, China 

The relation among achievement goal, test anxiety and WM span was examined. The correlation 

and regression analyses showed each goal orientation had a distinctively relationship pattern with 

test anxiety and WM span. Performance-approach goal was negatively related to test anxiety and 

positively to WM span. Mastery-approach goal had no correlation with test anxiety and was 

positive for WM span. Performance-avoidance and Mastery-avoidance goals positively related to 

test anxiety. Performance-avoidance goal negatively related to WM span, but Mastery-avoidance 

goal did not correlate with WM span. Test anxiety was a mediator between performance-approach 

and WM span, also between performance-avoidance and WM span. 

3077.2 A tracing study on the effect of attributional training for the achievement motivation, 

Guangyuan Sui, Lijun Shi, Xiaomiao Jin, Zhejiang Normal University, China 

This study based on Bernard Weiner’s attributional theory of achievement motivation. In 1989, we 

retrained thirty-eight middle school students on the attribution of achievement for 18 weeks, twice 

a week. The result was that the trainees had improved their achievement motivation notably. In 

2002, we chose twelve of them randomly, three clerks, two teachers, four businessmen, three 

workers, to test their achievement motivation and attribution of achievement. Comparing with 

their colleagues, they manifested notably superior in task choosing, behavioral intensity, 

persistence and attributional tendency. This study reveals that the effect of attributional training for 

achievement motivation can deeply affect one’s character. 

3077.3 Research on college soccer fan attendance motivations: Evidences from China, Zhi Lu 1 , 

Li Tian 1 , Lynn Kahle 2 , 1 Fudan University, China; 2 University of Oregon, USA 

The purpose of this study was to empirically determine the attendance motivation for soccer of 

Chinese college fans based on Kelman’s functional theory of attitudinal motivation. This research, 

utilizing Kahle’s research scale, surveyed 126 college students in Beijing, Shanghai and Nanjing. 

Path analysis revealed that the attendance motivations of Chinese fans were different from those of 

US college fans; Chinese fans were primarily motivated by camaraderie. Multiple linear 

regression analysis also suggested gender difference. Marketing implications for marketers of 

college sports and of sports in general were discussed. 

3077.4 Conceptualizing implicit motives in the Chinese context, Johanna H.W. Lai, Clare C. 

Chan, Natalie H. H. Hui, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, China 

Implicit motives were supported in the West for their complementary role with conscious 

self-attributed measures in predicting behavioral outcomes (Winter & John, 1998). However, the 

concept itself is not sufficiently understood in non-western context. Our study is an initial attempt 

in exploring the concept of implicit motives, as assessed by the Thematic Apperception Test, in 

Hong Kong. We explored the implicit motives in relation to other stable constructs. We found 

implicit motives as unique dispositions unrelated to the Big Five personality. We propose that they 

are more related with values (Schwartz, 1992) and Social Axioms (Leung et al., 2002). 

677

To elucidate the neurobehavioral effects of low-volume toluene, fifty rats were injected with 12.5, 

25, and 50mg/kg toluene up to sixty times and the performance of duration discrimination was 

examined. When a 2-s or an 8-s tone signal was presented, the rats were required to press one 

lever or the other lever in an operant chamber to receive a food reward. Neither response provided 

a reward if one of five intermediate signals with 2.5, 3.2, 4, 5, and 6.3-s durations was presented. 

Low-volume toluene of 12.5-50mg/kg had no neurobehavioral effects initially but the repeated 

injections affected duration discrimination. 

3078.4 The effects of activation of the auditory thalamus and cortex on the startle reflex are 

regulated by glutamate and GABAB receptors in the lateral amygdala, Shuchang He, Juan 

Huang, Xihong Wu, Liang Li, Peking University, China 

The lateral amygdala (LA) mediates auditory fear potentiation of startle. Here, electrical 

stimulation of the auditory thalamus (medial geniculate nucleus, MGN), but not auditory cortex 

(TE3), enhanced hind-limb startle-like EMG responses to electrical stimulation of the trigeminal 

nucleus in anesthetized rats. This enhancement was decreased by bilateral injection of the 

glutamate antagonist, kynurenic acid, into the LA, but increased by injection of the GABAB 

antagonist, phaclofen. The GABAB receptor block also enhanced EMG responses to paired 

trigeminal/TE3 stimulation. These results suggest that the effect of auditory inputs to the LA on 

startle is mediated by both glutamate and GABAB receptors. 

3078.5 Morphine induces conditioned pecking behavior in newly hatched chicks, Jie Liu, Lin 

Xiao, Nan Sui, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China 

A set of experiments is done to tailor well-established behavior paradigm of conditioned place 

preference (CPP) to newly hatched chicks. The procedure is analogous to that of CPP and 

originality lies in, for morphine-treated group, a string of red beads is paired with drug and blue 

beads with saline during six training trials. Results demonstrated that, compared with control 

group, morphine-treated group showed significant conditioned pecking behavior toward 

reward-relating red beads; and therefore confirmed the establishment of preference for red beads, 

suggesting an avian model might be ideal in studying cue-elicited drug conditioning with respect 

to color visual cues. 

3079 ORAL 



3079.1 A hundred cases analyse of children curiosity, Yin Yuan, China 

The purpose of the present study was to document the children curiosity development and 

manifestation. The researcher selected a hundred and thirty-five children curiosity cases in the 

preschool setting and employ event sampling method to coding and make statistics analyses. The 

children were four, five and six years old. The findings indicated that the children curiosity 

displayed through observation activity, making activity and experiment activity. And children 

curiosity explicit behaviour showed that mind attention, put questions in language, quick and 

continued reaction, explore activity. 

679

3079.2 The interpretive theory of mind in children aged 5 to 8, Yan Wang, Yanjie Su, Peking 


5- to 8-year-olds’ appreciation of the interpretive character of mental process was investigated. In 

study 1, stimuli characteristics did not influence children’s performance, and only the 8-year-old 

children steadily understood the ambiguous stimuli. In study 2, in which observers’ expectations 

were based on prior viewing experience, knowledge level, short-term experience and social 

prejudice, predicting observers’ interpretations based on different knowledge level was most 

difficult, and predicting those based on social prejudice was the easiest. These results suggested 

that 8-year-olds readily grasped the interpretive nature of mind, and children’s varying 

performance depends more on the observers’ expectations than the ambiguous stimuli. 

3079.3 The impact of child right awareness package on knowledge gain of urban adolescents, 

Shobha Nandwana, Alka Kamra, College of home science, MPUAT, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India 

Children’s basic needs and fundamental rights are denied, cannot be expected to be mature and 

productive adults, taking care for the rights of other and their duties at the same time. The study 

was undertaken with the aim of providing child right awareness package to adolescent of 14-16 

years The total sample consisted of 60 Boys. The Child right knowledge test constructed by 

Mullick & Nandwana (1996) & Kamra & Nandwana (1999) was used to provide awareness in 

child right. The results revealed that there was significant improvement in the knowledge gain & 

experimental group are the control group. 

3079.4 The exchanging behavior in 3-5 years old children, Yan Mu, Zijing He, Yanjie Su, 


This study aimed to reveal behavior pattern among 3-5 years old children in exchanging situation, 

and detect children’s ability of utilizing the social perceptual information to guide their 

exchanging choice. 100 3-5 years old children participated in this experiment. The results showed, 

children’s performance in exchanging task improved significantly with age, and their explanation 

regarding successful exchanging gradually attributed more on the people involved rather than 

exchanging goods. It was suggested that during 3 to 5 years, there exists important development in 

utilizing the social perceptual information to guide behavioral decision, and may related to 

children’s development in theory-of-mind. 

3080 ORAL 


Chair: France Kittel, Belgium 

3080.1 Socio-economic work environment and mental health, France Kittel 1 , Johnny 

Fontaine 2 , Isabelle Godin 1 , 1 Université Libre Bruxelles - Public health School, Belgium; 

2 

Universiteit Gent Belgium 

Four Belgian enterprises going from stable to very unstable in a prospective design with 2 

repeated measures were investigated. Logistic regressions showed that independently of age, sex, 

education but also of individual stress dimensions (Karasek, Siegrist), the instability of the 

enterprise contributed significantly to the increase of risk for various mental health indicators. As 

680

examples in the unstable enterprises for Self-Rated Health RR’s were 2.5; for Chronic Fatigue the 

RR’s of 3.2, and of 2.5 for absenteeism. This indicates that work context has to be taken into 

account additionally in terms of promoting well being at work. 

3080.2 The moderating role of helplessness in Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients, Pamela Naidoo, 

Tyrone Pretorius, UWC, South Africa 

Psychosocial factors that contribute to the maintenance of health has been conceptualized in terms 

of a health-sustaining function (or direct-effects hypothesis), as well as a stress-reducing function 

(or moderating hypothesis). This study is concerned with the stress-reducing function of 

helplessness on RA health outcome. In a sample of 186 adult hospital RA patients of 

low-socio-economic status, helplessness measured by the Arthritis Helplessness Index, was found 

to moderate the relationship between the following: swollen joint count and depression, number of 

tender joints and functional ability, tender joint count and pain experience, and finally tender joint 

count and perceived disability. 

3080.3 A study of personality traits of infertile couples, Mansour Abdi, Malek Soleimani 

Mehranjani, Arak University, Iran 

Infertility is the inability to get pregnant after trying for at least one year without using birth 

control. Since infertility affects infertile men and women differently, the present project was 

designed to study its psychological effects on the personality and attitudes of infertile couples. 

Forty women and forty men were selected and tested using Minnesota Multiphasic Personality 

Inventory (MMPI) test. The results showed that infertility psychologically affects infertile women 

more than men. It is suggested that a psychological counseling of infertile women would help 

them recover more quickly. 

3080.4 The assessment of behavioral and psychological needs of cardiac surgery clients in their 

early phase of recovery, Kyoung-Hee Lee 1 , Young-Ran Tak 2 , Pyo-Won Park 3 , Hurn Chae 4 , 

Kay-Hyun Park 5 , 1 Cardiac and vascular center, Samsung medical center, Korea; 2 Hanyang 

University, Korea; 3 Sungkyunkwan University, Korea; 4 Noble County, Korea 

The purpose was to explore the behavioral and psychological needs of clients after a cardiac 

surgery. Among sixty-seven patients surveyed, 30 were female and 37 were male aged 21-73. The 

data were collected by face-to-face and/or telephone interviews using semi-structured 

questionnaires. Ninety-six statements were obtained and classified into fifteen categories by 

content analysis. The needs were turned out to be affected by the range of physical activities, 

anxieties, roles of family member, the dependency on their family, and emotional status. The 

findings revealed the major behavioral and psychological needs of clients for changes in their 

daily life and adaptation. 

3081 ORAL 


Chair: Guillermo Solano-Flores, USA 

3081.1 Assessing rater reliability: Intraclass correlations and generalizability theory, Xitao Fan, 

681

Assessing whether a video-based cognitive skills training intervention, cognitive ability, 

personality, or motivation, have significant effects on the learning potential (LP) of South African 

culturally diverse, disadvantaged grade 10 learners. Participants (N=120) were tested on Raven's 

SPM, the PMT motivation test, Cattell's CFIT and Cattell's HSPQ. A Solomon four groups 

experimental design controlled effects of pre-test practice on post-test scores. The LP (SPM 

difference scores) increased significantly after the video-based intervention. HSPQ scores G+, I-, 

O+ and PMT self-assertiveness, accounted for moderate variance in LP scores. The latter were 

independent of pre-test CFIT scores. 

3082 ORAL 


Chair: Eric Soetens, Belgium 

3082.1 Endogenous and exogenous cueing of feature and conjunction search, Eric Soetens, 

Natacha Deroost, Inge Zeeuws, David Henderickx, University of Brussels, Belgium 

According to the FIT spatial attention is needed to bind stimulus features. Because attention can 

be oriented by sudden stimulus onset (exogenous) or by instruction (endogenous), we investigated 

whether both types of cues interacted with stimulus binding. Subjects detected a target in one of 

two letterstrings of 3 to 5 letters presented left and right of fixation. The target differed in size 

(feature search) or in a combination of size and identity (conjunction), while cue-target interval 

was manipulated. Cue validity and search type interacted similarly for exogenous and endogenous 

cues, suggesting that both influence stimulus binding in a likewise manner. 

3082.2 Facing changes: Choice blindness and facial attractiveness, Petter Johansson 1 , Lars 

Hall 1 , Sverker Sikstrom 1 , Andreas Olsson 2 , 1 Lund University Cognitive Science, Sweden; 2 New 

York University, USA 

The phenomenon of Change Blindness has received a lot of attention lately, but very few 

experiments have examined the effects of the subjective importance of the visual stimuli presented. 

We have addressed this question in a series of experiments by introducing choice as a critical 

variable in change detection. 

3082.3 Viewpoint dependence and category learning, Guomei Zhou, William G. Hayward, 

Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China 

Several theorists have suggested that viewpoint slopes in object recognition are mediated by the 

difficulty of object discriminations. However, Hayward and Williams (2000) found almost 

identical viewpoint cost functions across contexts that varied in difficulty. The effect of learning 

on this result is unclear. In the present study, some subjects learned category discriminations for a 

set of objects; other subjects received no such category learning. Results of a later sequential 

matching task showed that the slope of the viewpoint-cost function was flatter for the category 

learning group than for the group who had no category learning. 

3082.4 A specific area in monkey brain like LOC in human brain, Zheng Shen, Tichjun Jing, 

Hui Yu, Peking University, China 

683

comparisons and generation of composite scores was implemented. The results may be explained 

by different implicit theories and biases of judgment across disparate rating sources. The 

implications for expert decision model and in-depth knowledge structure were also discussed. 

3083.4 Big-five personality and leader-member exchange among employees in the hotel 

industry, Mariel Guina, International Affiliate, Philippines 

This research investigated the personality predictors of Leader-Member Exchange among 119 

subordinate-supervisor dyads (238 participants) from 7 four- and five-star hotels using the Big 

Five Personality factors through NEO PI-R. The results indicated that out of thirty facets, 5 facets 

were reported as predictors of LMX. Out of the Big Five Personality, conscientiousness and 

extraversion emerged as predictors of LMX. Also, this study reveals that subordinates and 

supervisors with high extraversion can expect higher chances of developing and expecting a 

high-quality relationship; as it was reported that extraversion is the strongest predictor of LMX 

among the Big Five Personality Factors. 

3084 ORAL 


Chair: Ingrid Hylander, Sweden 

3084.1 A tale of two groups: The many faces of (the same) intergroup conflict, Nir Halevy, 

Lilach Sagiv, Gary Bornstein, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel 

In a survey and an experiment we examined implications of perceptions of the Israeli-Palestinian 

conflict in terms of three dilemma-games (Prisoner’s Dilemma, Chicken, and Assurance). 

Three distinctive profiles emerged: Individuals subscribing to different perceptions of the conflict, 

reported significantly different voting behavior, levels of identification with the nation and 

magnitude of intergroup bias. Experimental results showed that manipulating the accessibility of 

different accounts of the conflict significantly affected perceptions of the outgroup, yet did not 

affect perceptions of the ingroup. Finally, our research lends support for a distinction between two 

kinds of intergroup bias: evaluative versus strategic. 

3084.2 Gender exclusion in children peer group activity, Pei Wang, Ying Gao, Northwest 


The experiment 1 investigated gender stereotype in children peer group activity by picture 

materials. The experiment 2 explored the reasons of gender exclusion in different contexts. 

Subject were kindergartener, and pupils in grade two and five. The results suggested: (1) Children 

had obvious gender stereotype. (2) Children might include opposite sex peer because of moral and 

prosocial behavior, while exclude opposite sex peer because of gender stereotype, group identity 

and group function. 

3084.3 Identity formation and attitude change through participation in peaceful demonstrations 

and violent riots, Ingrid Hylander, Gunilla Guva, Linkoping University, Sweden 

This paper presents a study exploring social identity change, due to participation in political 

685

manifestations turning into riots. Focusgroups with demonstrators and police were carried out after 

riots in connection with a EU Summit Meeting. A theory generating research methodology (Glaser 

& Strauss, 1967) resulted in a theory of how "riotisizing" and its opposite "deriotisizing" can be 

understood as intergroup processes between police and demonstrators as well as intragroup 

processes within these groups. The findings support the elaborated social identity model 

(ESIM)(Drury & Reicher, 1999) and indicate how social identity change evolves differently for 

different categories of demonstrators. 

3084.4 Misery and company: On depression, ingroup identification and ingroup bias, Nir 

Halevy 1 , Lilach Sagiv 1 , Sonia Roccas 2 , 1 The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel; 2 The Open 

University of Israel, Isreal 

We provide correlational and experimental support for the hypothesis that attachment to a group 

and ingroup bias serve to increase one’s happiness, a mechanism chronically under-used by 

depressed individuals. Findings of a survey supported the hypothesis that depression is negatively 

correlated with identification and with ingroup bias. Two experimental studies show that causality 

flows in both directions. Inducing Negative Affect resulted in higher identification and higher bias 

than inducing Positive Affect. Furthermore, raising identification resulted in higher Positive Affect 

and lower Negative Affect. A central implication of our findings concerns the role of social 

identity in well-being. 

3085 ORAL 


Chair: Vivien SL Huan, Singapore 

3085.1 Socio-psychological factors of ethnic intolerance, Nadezhda Lebedeva, Alexander 

Tatarko, Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology Russian Academy of Sciences, Russian 

Federation 

The results of research in multicultural regions of Russia (N=1338) showed that the ethnic 

identity’s valence and salience, perceived discrimination and level of religious identity strongly 

influenced the level of ethnic intolerance, social distance toward ethnic outgroups and willingness 

to distinguish between people according to ethnic and religious criteria. The ambivalence of ethnic 

identity and perceived discrimination are the most powerful predictors of ethnic intolerance within 

multicultural regions of Russia. The overall model, based on the results of multiple regression 

analysis demonstrates the direction and the degree of influence produced by each of the 

abovementioned factors upon socio-psychological attitudes. 

3085.2 Group-based self-regulation: The impact of regulatory focus in intergroup contexts, Kai 

Sassenberg, University of Jena, Germany 

Research on regulatory focus has mainly focused on the individual level. The current experimental 

research investigated the impact of regulatory focus on intergroup phenomena. Social 

discrimination was higher when the regulatory focus and the resources allocated fit (e.g. 

promotion focus and gains) than when they do not fit (e.g. promotion focus and losses). For 

victims, affective responses to discrimination were likewise higher, the higher the fit between the 

686

esource underlying discrimination and the regulatory focus was. Finally, the evaluative bias was 

higher when regulatory fit between ingroup power and regulatory focus was given (e.g. promotion 

focus and higher power group). 

3085.3 International collaboration under threat, Mark Dechesne 1 , Coen Van den Berg 2 , Sjo 

Soeters 2 , 1 University of Groningen, The Netherlands; 2 Royal Militairy Academy, The Netherlands 

Current worlds’ events such as the 9/11 terror attacks and the war in Iraq urge for an understanding 

of how threats of terror affect international collaboration. To examine this issue, Dutch military 

personnel’s attitudes towards international cooperation were administered under threatening 

(during the ISAF mission in Afghanistan) and non-threatening circumstances (in Europe). 

Findings indicate that attitudes towards cooperation were significantly more negative in 

Afghanistan, and concerns about death threat were found to play a mediating role. These findings 

encompass a number of important implications for both social- psychological theorizing, 

particularly for terror management theory, and policy. 

3085.4 Singapore’s students’ preference of mediators in a peer mediation session, Vivien SL 

Huan, Angeline Khoo, National Institute of Education, Singapore 

Many studies have been conducted to show the positive outcomes of the peer mediation 

programme in schools. Some of these positive effects include a significant decrease in the number 

of conflicts among students, students obtaining better academic grades and an overall 

improvement in school climate. So far, not much research has been done with regards to giving the 

programme a theoretical perspective. This paper examines the peer mediation process from the 

theoretical perspective of the social identity theory, looking at how the process of social 

comparison influences the outcome of the mediation session, specifically in the Singapore context. 

3086 ORAL 


Chair: Jijia Zhang, China 

3086.1 The influence of permeability of group boundaries on subordinates’ collective action and 

group identification in a simulated international society, Yumiko Taresawa, Graduate school of 

Environmental Studies, Nagoya University, Japan 

This study investigated whether subordinates’ collective action contributed to the achievement of 

positive group identity by using SIMINSOC (Hirose, 1997). Three hundreds and forty-four 

undergraduates were randomly assigned to subordinate or dominant groups with either high or low 

level of permeable boundaries. Approximately forty-three undergraduates participated in one game 

and eight games were played. The result indicated that members of subordinate group with low 

permeability acted collectively more frequently and identified with in-group more than members 

of subordinate group with high permeability. Additionally, subordinates’ identification was weaker 

than dominants’ identification at first, but disappeared difference at the end. 

3086.2 Communication pattern with SMS: Short message service and MMS: Multimedia 

message service as a trend of conduct of modern teenagers, Kurniawati Ngonde Sylvia 1 , Sutris 

687

Winarlim Hady 2 , 1 Mandala Surabaya Catholic University, Indonesia; 2 Service Center for 

Teaching and Education, Research and Community Service Institute, Widya Mandala Catholic 

University Surabaya, Indonesia 

This study discusses the communication pattern using of the SMS and MMS among both early and 

late teenagers. The writer purposely select the age range of the respondents due to the 

consideration that teenagers in this transitional period are very responsive in absorbing and 

following the development technology. As a result, users feel more at ease in expressing their 

emotion. This paper also proposes the possibility of employing the technology of SMS and MMS, 

which is popular and accessible, to enhance the conception and comprehension of teenagers of the 

manner of communication as a conduct. (S-H). 

3086.3 Alternation between Cantonese and Mandarin: When and why people select the dialec, 

Xuqian Chen, Jijia Zhang, South China Normal University, China 

When and why bi-dialects select a dialect when they communicate with others is probed by 

controlling the dialect ability showed by the listeners. Natural environment is involved and the 

questionnaires will be used as assistant techniques. It shows that participants will tend to select the 

same dialect as the listeners have whereas they will fell tension when the dialect they select is not 

their mother dialect. Different situations, such as fictitious, half- fictitious and real situations, will 

make different tensions which will help the participants to make a selection. 

3086.4 The pragmatic study on conformity, Guandong Song, China 

Based on the standpoint of reflection theory of conformity, a questionnaire is carried out on 658 

graduates and undergraduates’ attitude towards the enclosure regulation performed by many 

colleges during the period of SARS. The result reveals that: conformity coincides intrinsically in 

active purpose, cause, will process and emotional experience; obedience coincides intrinsically in 

passive purpose, cause, will process and emotional experience; conformity and obedience are 

affected by cause tendency, as far as will process and emotional experience are concerned; 

compliance tends to be passive in cause tendency and emotional experience, while it is indefinite 

in will process. 

3087 ORAL 


Chair: Erping Wang, China 

3087.1 Perceived leadership, team cohesion, and satisfaction of professional handball athletes, 

Hongyu Ma, Erping Wang, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China 

This study explored the relationship between perceived leadership and athlete satisfaction, and 

hypothesized team cohesion as a mediator of the relationship. 160 women handball professionals 

completed the Revised Leadership Scale for Sports and the Revised Group Environment 

Questionnaire before the Chinese National Handball Championship. They also completed the 

Athlete Satisfaction Questionnaire after the championship. According to the framework of Baron 

and Kenny, structural equation model was used to test the mediation. Results indicated that 

leadership behavior influenced athlete satisfaction, and its effect was minimized while team 

688

cohesion entered the predictive equation. Cohesion mediated the relationship between leadership 

and athlete satisfaction. 

3087.2 The more information you share, the worse you communicate, Shali Wu, Boaz Keysar, 

University of Chicago, USA 

Common sense dictates that the more information people share, the better they communicate. We 

tested this with a game where a director attempted to identify objects to an addressee. Pairs shared 

either a lot or little information (high vs. low information overlap) about those objects. We found 

that when high-overlap directors talked about objects known only to them, they egocentrically 

used names privileged to them, thereby confusing their addressees more than low-overlap 

directors. Sharing more information therefore exacerbates egocentric tendencies, resulting in 

reduced effectiveness of communication. Contrary to common sense, we show that more is worse 

in communication. 

3087.3 Role portrayal of men and women in Indian television advertising, Priya Jha Dang, 

Neharika Vohra, Indian Institute of Management, India 

Although gender roles have been extensively studied for Western advertising, very few such 

analyses have been done for Indian advertising. The study does a systematic analysis of gender 

roles reflected in Indian television advertising for the years 1996. 1999 and 2002. Results show 

that advertising reflects traditionally assigned roles of Indian culture. Women are shown primarily 

at home in family based roles while men are shown in a diversity of family based and occupational 

roles. In contrast to Western stereotypes, Indian women are not depicted as younger than men, as 

sex objects or as necessarily associated with lower priced products. 

3087.4 The effecting mechanism of social support during SARS in China, Jiafang Lu, Kan Shi, 


This study surveyed 3611 residents of 14 cities in China during the stressful disaster of SARS, 

respondents reported more social support from individual social network than from organizations; 

family members, relatives, friends and colleagues offered more emotional and instrumental 

support; and company, community and government provided knowledge support of higher level. 

Structural equation modeling indicated that, in the stressful event of SARS, social support effected 

public risk perception and coping directly and then improved public mental health. The results of 

hierarchical regression analysis furnished further evidence for this conclusion, and elaborated the 

impacting mechanism of 5 categories of social support. 

3088 ORAL 


Chair: Taraneh Taghavi, Iran 

3088.1 Power of media and interacting behavior at organization, Yukihiro Itoigawa, Wisdom 

Inc, Japan 

Assumption: Media was memorized not so many times. Rare case memorized could show critical 

problem. Method: free description by questionnaire. Result: Forty cases were, (N=200,10-80 years 

689

of age) as sport scene memorized. Eight cases showed memory of movies and animation, 

(N=200,10-80 years of age). Authors experienced forty case study about communication in 

organization, two interacting cases between infamous behaviors of managers and television drama. 

Consideration: Erotic and nonsense program was reinforced by competition of audiences rating 

influenced to real field. Media was memorized not so many but memorized title or drama had 

close interacting with real political situation. 

3088.2 Self-disclosure pattern in online diaries, Tony T.H. Cheng, Antony M.H. Li, Dennis 

C.M. Hui, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China 

Recent studies suggested that computer-mediated communication (CMC) can be characterized by 

relatively high level of self-disclosure (Joinson, 2001) and gender differences existed in 

communication styles (Savicki & Kelley, 2000). As a form of CMC, writing online diaries is 

becoming popular among adolescents. Yet no related study has been carried out. The present study 

investigated the self-disclosure pattern and emotional expressiveness of online dairies by college 

students with special attention to gender difference. Data was collected and analyzed both 

quantitatively and qualitatively. The result of the study would provide a better understanding of 

this new form of CMC. 

3088.3 How thinking style affect the evaluation of Chinese on the relationship between social 

development and moral, Lu Gan, Yubo Hou, Guangzhong Zhang, Peking University, China 

Thinking style reflects cognitive characteristics when people in different culture are considering 

and dealing with problems. In the late of 1990s, psychologists found that the occidentals tend to 

think in an analytic way while Chinese prefer the holistic way. Further studies indicated that the 

holistic thinking style comprises 5 dimensions: relationship, change, contradiction, compromise, 

and harmony. In this article, we discuss the reflection of thinking style on Chinese people’s 

opinion about the relationship between social development and moral. The result indicated that 

thinking style, combined with gender and subject, influenced the evaluation of the relationship 

between social development and moral. 

3088.4 The effect of physical punishment by parents on children’s aggressive behaviour, 

Taraneh Taghavi, Nasrin Barough, Nahid Sharifi, Zohreh Parsayekta, Nursing research center, 

Tehran University of medical science, Iran 

Method: case control study. Samples: 60 students punished and non punished parents teacher and 

school supervisor was interviewed. The practical, verbal aggressiveness meaningfulness, the 

difference in mean between the teacher, the school supervisor in case and control groups with the 

physical punishment by parents at home affect children's physical and verbal aggressiveness in 

school, in self-isolation variable, the meaningfulness of different in mean of the teacher in two 

group. The difference in mean of the school supervisor in the two groups showed significance; the 

physical punishment at home had an effect on the self-isolation of children and the co-operation 

variable. 

3089 ORAL 


690

Chair: Nana Opoku Owusu-Banahene, Ghana 

3089.1 Violence and difficulties at school: Point of view of pupils, Emile-Henri Riard, IUFM 

Amiens, France 

Violence and difficulties at school are often produced by objective conditions. We consider they 

are also originated in young people’s relations with culture; scholar institution; family and pears 

which constitute their organizers? Results of a research (boys and girls, 11 to 16; n = 700) 

corroborate their importance in emergence of violence, mainly, relations to parents, peers, school 

environment. But also emerge (in) coherence of adults behavior, style of management, and the fear, 

for these pupils, of being alone to face the possible attacks, as regards generate insecurity. 

3089.2 A study on the forms of aggression among adolesecent students in Ghana, Nana Opoku 

Owusu-Banahene 1 , F. K. Amedahe 2 , 1 American Psychological Association, Affiliate, Ghana; 

2 

University of Cape Coast, Foundations Department, Ghana 

Studies have shown that there is gender difference in the forms of aggression exhibited by students. 

This paper, therefore, aims at identifying the most typical form of aggression exhibited by male 

and female adolescent students in Ghana. Identifiable forms of aggression include; physical 

aggression, hostility, anger, indirect aggression and moral aggression. A questionnaire, designed 

along the likert scale, is used in collecting data about the types of aggressions that male and 

female adolescent students are prone to, while the t-test is used to analyze the data. The paper 

concludes with suggestions on how students aggressive behavior can be managed. 

3089.3 Students perception on the causes of school violence and aggression, Nana Opoku 

Owusu-Banahene 1 , F. K. Amedahe 2 , 1 American Psychological Association - Int'l Affiliate, 

Ghana; 2 University of Cape Coast, Foundations Department, Ghana 

The paper focuses on urban vis-a-vis suburban students' perception of the causes of school 

violence and aggression. It begins by reviewing some theories of Aggression, including theories 

like the psychoanalysis, frustration-aggression, social-learning, control theory. A questionnaire is 

designed to identify the causes of aggression as perceived by urban and suburban students. The 

multiple regression analysis is used to determine the most predominant factor influencing these 

group of students' perception on the causes of school aggression among Ghanaian adolescent 

students. The paper ends by providing strategies and measures that can be employed to reduced 

the spate of school violence. 

3089.4 Exposure to violence as a quantifiable stressor in the rating of recent life changes, 

Maria Damianova, Marilyn Lucas, Monash. South Africa 

Violent crime in South Africa has shifted from a political to urban emphasis and now permeates 

society. Presently it includes high levels of murder, car hijacking, firearms use, domestic violence 

and abuse, all of which are extreme stressors for those being exposed to them. Commonly used 

instruments fail to sufficiently capture the breadth of events related to violence and have limited 

use in violence-laden societies. The present study required the integration of violence-related 

stressors into Rahe’s Brief Stress and Coping Inventory in order to comparatively analyze how 

stressful violence is perceived to be in relation to other life event stressors. 

691

3090 ORAL 


Chair: Kimiaki Nishida, Japan 

3090.1 Evaluation of a prosocial coping training interventionon domestic violence with 

mexican families, Georgina Cárdenas-López, Laura Hernández-Guzmán, National University 

of Mexico. México 

This paper will describe the Prosocial Coping and Communication Skills Training Program’s 

implementation and evaluation. This project call out two studies: first, results from the adaptation 

and evaluation, among 16 homeless adolescents. Second, data from the implementation to 

decrement violence episodes, among 25 rural residents. Findings will focus on prosocial 

communication skills, behavioral coping styles and strategies for conflict resolution without 

violence. Pretest and posttest results of selected assessment instruments and progress of clients 

through the intervention process is driven by client data consistent with the principles of single 

case experimental design and functional analysis of behavior. 

3090.2 Spousal abuse: Nature and extent across social class, gender, and religiosity, Magen 

Mutepfa, School Psychological Services, Zimbabwe 

The study investigated the nature and extent of spousal abuse among the different sexes, social 

classes, religious and non-religious families. Five types of spousal abuse were considered: 

physical, emotional, economical, sexual and psychological. The relationships between these types 

of spousal abuse by gender, social class and religious affiliation were tested. A total of 270 people 

took part in this study(Males= 158; Females = 106; Mean age 33.8 years: SD=6.8 years). The 

study contradicted the view that spousal abuse was higher among the low socio-economic status 

groups, females and non-religious groups. 

3090.3 Psychology of terrorism: A case of Japanese religious cult, AUM, Kimiaki Nishida, 

University of Shizuoka, Japan 

The terroristic behavior of the poison gas attack to Tokyo subway station in 1995 by the members 

of a religious group (AUM) was examined by using the five defendants’ police records, court 

records, interviews and questionnaire survey. The results of the investigation were obtained that 

they were guessing when they were ordered to scatter the poison gas that the behavior was not 

making sacrifices of their own selfish goal attainment but rescuing the victims’ souls which is 

reincarnated because they believed the top leader had enough power so that even the non-believers 

may not go to the hell. 

3090.4 Workplace violence, coping strategies and social support, Helene Cardu, Laval 

University. Dept Fondements et pratiques en éducation, Canada 

Workplace violence is a growing phenomenon within organizations, in a context of increasing 

productivity demands and work individualization. How do employees react to it, which are the 

resources that they mobilize, what coping strategies do they develop, their social support? In this 

communication, we present results on workplace violence, focusing on coping strategies 

692

developed by employees exposed to it (N=130) The relations between their identity construction, 

social support and the organizational climate are analyzed with a multimethodological approach 

(statistical and content analysis) We will focus on social support as a coping mechanism towards 

workplace violence. 

3091 ORAL 


Chair: Svend Brinkmann, Denmark 

3091.1 Critical contributions to contemporary psychology, John Desmond Kaye, The 

University of Adelaide, Australia 

Academic psychology's governing paradigm has limited the study of many aspects of human 

experience and its sociocultural positioning central to human behaviour and its control. 

Postfoundational theory provides a critique of the limitations of this paradigm and offers a frame 

that legitimates study of these phenomena. Additionally Critical Psychology has interrogated 

psychology's sociocultural role and its role in maintaining socially unjust practices. This paper 

addresses 1) postfoundational contributions to psychological knowledge, enquiry and practice 2) 

the reality/relativism debate as artifactual 3) Critical Psychology's role in developing a socially 

responsible psychology and one responsive to change in the social ethos. 

3091.2 A phenomenological investigation on “placebo effect”, Wai Fu, Centre on Behavioral 

Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China 

The current study is a phenomenological investigation about the assumptions, applications, and 

the essences underlying the placebo effect. In disagreement with DeMarco’s (1998) proposal to 

shelve “placebo effect” from psychotherapeutic evaluation research, the author provides an 

alternative by reconceptualizing “placebo” and “placebo effect” in terms of “internal act” and 

“external interventions”. Methodological issues will be discussed. 

3091.3 The life-world of self-referential systems, Vasi Van Deventer, University of South 

Africa, South Africa 

Third order cybernetics is an attempt to explore the ontology of the subject. In this paper the 

subject is explored as a self-referential system using Derrida's concept of 'differance'. The 

approach offers two counter-intuitive conclusions, namely (a) the world in which self-referential 

systems find themselves is not a world that contains these systems, but a world that appears as the 

limit of the self-referential system, and (b) the subject is something that is neither simply present 

in nor simply absent from this world. The paper avoids complex arguments by using diagrams to 

explain the basic concepts. 

3091.4 Psychology modelled as a moral science, Svend Brinkmann, University of Aarhus, 

Denmark 

It is becoming increasingly clear that psychology as science and practice is deeply involved in 

socio-political processes. This forces psychologists to examine the ethical presuppositions and 

implications of their discipline. This presentation advocates conceptualizing psychology as a 

693

moral science. The term moral science dates from the 19th century, and referred to what we today 

would call the social sciences, psychology among them. Six models of moral science are sketched: 

Aristotelian, empiricist, interpretive, critical, pragmatist, and constructionist. It is argued that all 

contain important insights, but that the most morally adequate conceptualization aligns 

psychology with the Aristotelian, interpretive and pragmatic models. 

3091.5 Consciousness as a realm of reality and the disciplinary identity of psychology, Wenbo 

Che, Shenchun Gao, Jilin University, China 

To paraphrase its subject matter with a less historically and theoretically loaded term, psychology 

is better defined as the study of human consciousness. It is consciousness as an irreducible realm 

of reality that forms the only logically legitimate foundation of psychology. A faithful articulation 

of consciousness that hits its true nature is essential for psychology to establish its disciplinary 

identity. Due to the complexity and its historical nature of human consciousness, psychology will 

be argued theoretically as akin more to the humanities than the natural sciences, a perspective 

wide enough to encompass the prevailing practice of psychology as science. 

3091.6 Evaluation of description method as scientific discipline, Yukihiro Itoigawa 1 , Kunio 

Miura 2 , 1 Wisdom Inc., Japan; 2 Kunio Yanagida researching group, Japan 

Object: Free description should be evaluated as real targeted method. Evaluation was made for 

individualistic description. Results: Informative society brought tendency of stereotyping about 

knowledge-concerned sport, city and politics but free description could destroy its virtual false. 

Case1: Information about running team of Chinese women was denied by Chinese. Case2, 

Japanese denied attitude to the Ise Shrine because of experience in educational training at 

company. The author discovered real description about psychological phenomena. Consideration: 

Mathematical thinking targeted psychological description was right. Uncertainty and 

categorization were considered by reality of description. We could estimate free description 

method has strong scientific discipline. 

3091.7 The personal growth and the professional development of the mental health counselor, 

Xin Yuan, Nankai University, China 

This paper explores the personal growth and professional development of the mental health 

counselor. The personal growth of the counselor is a key condition for good counseling. At the 

same time, more importance should be attached to the professional development by establishing 

commitment to the counseling profession, cultivating the personality needed for the profession, 

building up a worldview that tolerates multi-values, advancing expertees and professionalism, and 

maintaining self-control. This paper also demonstrate how to apply the general theory on mental 

health counselling to the Chinese situations. 

3091.8 The ethics of exporting inappropriate psychology to developing nations, Nyitor 

Alexander Shenge, University of Ibadan, Nigeria 

This paper addresses ethical and developmental problems inherent in the exportation of 

inappropriate psychology to developing nations by developed nations. Traditionally, the most 

important factor shaping psychology in the international context is power inequalities between and 

within nations. The inability of psychology to contribute to the development of developing nations 

694

Holland’s interest model in China, 30 correlation matrices from collected 17 published papers or 

unpublished dissertations in mainland China, Taiwan, and Hong Kong were analysized. The 

results indicated that Holland’s interest model did not fit mainland Chinese and Taiwanese as well 

as the participants from Hong Kong. Some suggestion on the measurement of interest in Chinese 

culture was provided. 

3092.6 The models of confirmatory factor analysis of the emotional stability criteria of flying 

students, Danmin Miao, Jingsheng Wang, Wei Xiao, Xufeng Liu, Weifen Huang, Aerospace & 

Aviation Medicine Faculty, Fourth Military Medical University, China 

“The evaluating inventory of the emotional stability of flying students” including 9 items were 

compiled first by interviewing with the skillful pilots or flying instructors, and then the emotional 

stability of 153 flying students was evaluated. There were significant correlation coefficients 

between 8 items except for item 1. Three-factor design appears to be the best choice for the nine 

items by exploratory factor analysis and by confirmatory factor analysis. There were high level of 

correlation coefficients between 3 factors and 2 flying achievements. The inventory has three 

dimensions that have high predictability for the flying achievement. 

3092.7 Validation and determination of GHQ-28 cutoff point in Iranian general population, 

Hamid Yaghubi, Zabihollah Ashtari, Iran 

The present research was done as part of two-stage epidemiological study of mental disorders in a 

sample of 81 adult people (32 men, 49 women)at the first time in Iran. The GHQ-28 was validated 

based on DSM-IV Clinical Interview Checklist. Subjects responded to GHQ and then interviewed 

by a psychiatrist that do not know from their scores. Results showed that the best of cutoff point 

with Likert scoring system is 23 with sensitivity, specificity, and OMR is 86.5%, 82%, 16%, 

perspectively. The best of cutoff point with traditional scoring system was 4 with sensitivity, 

specificity, and OMR was 86.5%, 73%, 21%, perspectively. Reliability coefficients with test-retest 

and also Chronbach alpha was .88. 

3092.8 Study on the mental health of medical staffs in fever clinic of military hospitals and 

intervention strategy during severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) period, JingHong Liu, 

Wei Wang, Wen-bin Gao, Jing Lu, Lian Zou, China 

This study is aimed to evaluate the difference of mental health of medical staffs in fever clinic and 

common ward in 8 selected military hospitals during SARS period. The 620 medical staffs in were 

involved. The index of somatization, depression in fever clinic were significantly higher than that 

of common ward. there were significant correlation between mental health condition and sexual or 

occupation. It was important to psychologize the mental health of medical staffs in fever clinic. 

Effective mental intervention strategies should be taken to improve the level of their mental health, 

especially to female staffs. 

3093 ORAL 


Chair: Dinkar Sharma, UK 

696

3093.1 Effect of spatial and non-spatial cue on target identification: An ERP study, Xuemin 

Zhang, Yongna Li, Beijing Normal University, China 

The present study used spatial cueing paradigm to research the effect of spatial and non-spatial cue 

on target identification. The behavioral study showed that spatial cue had significant effect on 

target identification. Non-space cue has no cue effect. We did a further ERP study based on the 

previous behavioral study. The ERP study showed that spatial and non-spatial cue had different 

effect on cue-evoked event-related potentials (ERPs). These results were consistent with the 

behavioral study in some way. These results also supported Matin’s results and Simon and other 

researchers’ SRC theory. The detailed results will report at the presentation. 

3093.2 Flanker effects in emotional faces identification, Chunping Jiang, XiaoLin Zhou, 

Peking University. China 

In standard flanker paradigm, RT and accuracy to centrally targets can be altered by the 

task-irrelevant (flankers). In this study, the emotional faces were used as target and participants 

judge they are positive or negative expression, flankers are morphs between positive and negative 

emotion for different pixel. It was found that it lead to faster and more accurate responses when 

emotional faces are congruent than incongruent when the target are negative emotion, whereas no 

such effect in positive faces. The interpretation advanced is that: negative emotion should capture 

attention enhance perceptual processes and competition in selection processes. 

3093.3 What occurs after the initial selective attention to negative words: Test the pattern of 

attentional bias by manipulation of stimuli exposure times, Xinghua Liu, Mingyi Qian, Xiaolin 

Zhou, Peking University, China 

The study investigated the vigilance-avoidance pattern of anxiety-related attentional bias for 

negative words by manipulating stimuli exposure times. High and low anxious individuals carried 

a modified dot-probe task (N = 47). Words pair were presented for eight times, and each time the 

attentional bias were examined. High anxious individuals showed selective attention to negative 

words when presented for the first time. However, the pattern of attentional bias changed when 

stimulus were presented in the first three times; and then the reaction time was no longer 

influenced by word meaning when stimulus were presented more times. Theoretical and 

methodological implications are discussed. 

3093.4 Affective and cognitive processing among problem and non-problem drinkers in a 

modified Stroop task, Dinkar Sharma 1 , Ian P. Albery 2 , Ana Fernandez 1 , 1 University of Kent, 

UK; 2 South Bank University, UK 

Biases in processing alcohol stimuli in problem drinkers have been characterised as automatic. 

This suggests these biases are fact acting. Using a modified Stroop task with problem and 

non-problem drinkers we show that such biases can be relatively fast, operating online during 

stimulus presentation (online component) and relatively slow, operating offline beyond stimulus 

presentation (initial offline and persistent offline). In problem drinkers the interference from 

alcohol and emotional words that are present online is shown to be predicted by a non-affective 

factor (ratings of alcohol relatedness). In contrast an affective factor (ratings of emotionality) 

predicted interference for the initial offline component. These results suggest that the 

cognitive/non-affective effects operate prior to any emotional effects. 

697

3093.5 Exprimental studies on group difference of attentional blink, Yongrui Li, China 

Attentional Blink is post-target stimuli processing deficit in RSVP when the subjects are asked to 

detect the target stimulus. In this study, 353 students, 134 teble-tennis players and 67 soccer 

players were tested. Results showed that each group involved had attentional blink and more or 

less group difference among them. it could be inferred that (1) attentional blink could facilitate 

human to understand its information-processing ability and its psychological essence; 

(2)attentional blink should be broadly used in talent selection, pinpointing training and the 

designing of complex instrument for the specific operators who received information mainly from 

visual channel. 

3093.6 Metacontrast masking effect on number processing in different attention conditions, 

Chao Liu, Xiao lan Fu, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China 

We investigated metacontrast masking effect on number processing. Numbers in different 

magnitudes and notations were presented in attended or unattended condition first; a black ring 

presented in random SOA served as metacontrast mask. Detection task and comparison task were 

used. The U shaped metacontrast masking function of different numbers was tested. The results 

showed that: In attended condition, all the numbers showed no U shape function in both detection 

task and comparison task; in unattended condition, all numbers showed clear U shape function in 

detection task, but only small Arabic numbers showed distinct U shape function in comparison 

task. 

3093.7 Research on semantic interference in unconsciousness cognition of word-picture in 

background context, Yun Tao, Jin-zhi Fu, Ji-liang Shen, China 

This research examined words or pictures presented in isolation and scenes, studied objects 

automatically activate their semantic representations. In experiment 1, the automatic activation of 

words or objects will enhance the matched items or interfere in the unmatched ones. In experiment 

2, the matched or unmatched items will interfere in the process without the identical items of 

object. In experiment 3, When the same words and objects from the experiment 2 were inserted 

into scenes in which those objects were matched or unmatched, interference occurs from matched 

objects but not unmatched ones. Implications for models of object identification are discussed. 

3093.8 The influence of fog on car following distance, Viola Cavallo 1 , Eymeric Beaudoin 2 , 

Erwin Boer 3 , 1 INRETS-LPC, France; 2 University Paris XI, France; 3 ERB Consulting, USA 

The hypothesis of distance misperception in fog has recently been corroborated by a series of fog 

chamber studies (Cavallo et al., 2000), showing an overestimation of 30-60 % of vehicle distance 

in foggy conditions, when the vehicle lights but not its outline remained visible. To validate these 

findings in a more ecological setting, we studied the control of following distance in a driving 

simulator experiment. Results revealed shorter following distances in all foggy conditions, 

irrespective of the visibility of the vehicle outline. The interpretation of these findings refers to the 

use of various distance cues and the constraints due to. 

3094 ORAL 

698

3095 ORAL 

Cognition 

Chair: Huahai Yang, China 

3095.1 Dreamimages as information processing: A reappraisal of Evans & Newmans idea of the 

function of dreaming, Lars Hem, University of Aarhus, Denmark 

Evans & Newmans idea of the function of dreaming is presented in an updated version, as a theory 

of REM-sleep and dreaming. This theory is discussed in relationship to a) The evolution of 

REM-sleep in mammals, e.g. Siegel 1999. b) The neurophysiology of REM-sleep, e.g. Hobson et 

al. 2000. c) Dream experience as a conscious interpretation of diffuse mnemonic activation, e.g. 

Foulkes 1985 d) Dream content, e.g. Domhoff 1996 e) REM Sleep and neural nets, e.g. Crick & 

Mitchison 1986 f) Experiences with use of dreams in therapy. 

3095.2 The effects of rotatable electrical map on reaction time for reorientation, Ru-de Liu, 

Shu Mu, Hua Shu, Tiegang Cheng, Beijing Normal University, China 

Two experiments were done to explore the advantage effects of rotatable electrical map on 

subjects’ reorientation for turning directions. Experiment 1 demonstrated that 31 college subjects’ 

reaction time for judging the space relationship between a moving dot and a target dot was 

significant lower in the rotatable background than in the fixed background when the background is 

simplified as only the target dot. Experiment 2 demonstrated that 34 college subjects’ reaction 

time was significant lower in the rotatable normal map than in the fixed one only when the moving 

dot move downward. 

3095.3 Experimental study on capacity of visual image between the deaf and their hearing-peers, 

Tingzhao Wang 1 , Li Wang 1 , Caina Li 2 , 1 Shaanxi Normal University, China; 2 Beijing Normal 


36 deaf subjects,(age is 13.5-17) and there hearing-peers were selected to finish two visual image 

rotation( R. N. Shepard and J. R. Pani). The indicators are reaction time and fault accounts. The 

results show (1) A significant difference exists in fault accounts of mental projection between the 

deaf and their hearing-peers. The hearing children are superior to the deaf. (2) During the period of 

14-16.5 ages, the deaf ‘s capacity of visual image has been developing, while the hearing-peers 

have been in stagnate period. (3) Sex differences are existed both the deaf and their hearing-peers. 

3095.4 Spatial environment learning in a 3D collaborative virtual environment, Huahai Yang 1 , 

Gary Olson 2 , Yunyao Li 2 , 1 University at Albany, State University of New York, USA; 

2 

University of Michigan, USA 

Measuring spatial environment learning in a three-dimensional collaborative virtual environment 

is not a trivial task. This work discusses three levels of mental representation of the spatial layout 

of such an environment: mental imagery, topological conceptualization, and metric spatial model. 

In three experiments, where subjects worked on a collaborative navigational task, several methods 

of measuring these spatial knowledge were explored. Dramatic difference in the degree of 

difficulty was found in measuring different levels of spatial knowledge. Two factors that may 

impact spatial learning were also examined: individual spatial ability and learning time. The later 

was found to be a determining factor. 

701

3096 ORAL 


Chair: Wouter Duyck, UK 

3096.1 Orthographic and semantic activation in visual word recognition of Japanese two-kanji 

compound words: Does a higher-frequency neighbor interfere with recognition of compound 

words? Taeko Ogawa, Hirofumi Saito, Nagoya University, Japan 

Recent studies have shown that recognition of a presented word is influenced by knowledge of 

words shared with their components, i.e., neighbors. The purpose of this study is to investigate the 

activation process of higher-frequency neighbors (HFN) in recognizing two-kanji compound 

words. Experiment 1 demonstrates that lexical decision latencies for compounds with HFN of 

front-kanji are longer than those for compounds with no HFN. In Experiment 2, the interference 

effect is obtained only for compounds with semantically similar neighbors. These results indicate 

that semantic similarity between compounds and HFN determines whether HFN interferes with 

recognition of compounds. 

3096.2 Translation and associative priming with cross-lingual pseudohomophones: Evidence 

from Dutch-English bilinguals, Wouter Duyck 1 , Marc Brysbaert 2 , 1 Ghent University, Belgium; 

2 

Royal Holloway University of London, UK 

Using a masked priming paradigm with a lexical decision task performed by Dutch-English 

bilinguals, we showed that the recognition of visually presented L1 (e.g. TOUW) and L2 (e.g. 

BACK) targets is facilitated by respectively L2 and L1 primes, which are pseudohomophones 

(roap and ruch) of the target’s translation equivalent (rope and rug). In two further experiments, 

we found that recognition of L2 targets (e.g. CHURCH) was also facilitated by L1 

pseudohomophones (e.g. pous) of related words (paus [pope]). Contrastingly, no significant effect 

was obtained for L1 targets (e.g. BEEN [leg]) and L2 pseudohomophone associative primes (e.g. 

knea). 

3096.3 A perfective-imperfective asymmetry in the human mind: Evidence from Cantonese and 

Mandarin, Foong Ha Yap, Yi Heng Chan, Li Hai Tan, Stephen Matthews, Ping Li, Chinese 


Madden & Zwaan (2003) showed that English perfective constructions are processed faster than 

imperfective ones, indicating that our mental representation of perfectives may be more readily 

retrievable than imperfectives. Our study examines whether this asymmetry holds in Cantonese 

and Mandarin. Three reaction time studies are employed: forced-choice comprehension task, 

utterance-and-picture matching task, and picture-and-utterance matching task. Experiment 1 yields 

faster reaction times for matched perfectives, consistent with English data. Experiments 2 and 3 

reveal faster times for matched imperfectives. Our analysis reveals that degree of polyfunctionality 

of an aspect marker is also important in determining speed of processing (and retrievability). 

3096.4 Acquisition of a matching to sample task under different language modes and 

cross-modal transfer, Agustín Daniel Gómez Fuentes 1 , Emilio Ribes Inesta 2 , 1 Universidad 

Veracruzana, Mexico, 2 Universidad de Guadalajara. México 

703

UK 

We used questionnaire methods to investigate the importance of hunger, impulsive, hedonic and 

sensory motivations in sadness, joy, calmness and boredom. Sadness and boredom were 

accompanied by similar patterns of eating characteristics; the strongest influences were hunger 

and impulsive motivations. Calm and joyful states were also accompanied by high levels of 

hunger and hedonic motivations. The patterns of motivation in the two unpleasant states (boredom 

and sadness) are related to earlier findings on the antecedents of binge eating. The high level of 

hedonic eating motivation in the pleasant states is assumed to complement and maintain those 

pleasant states. 

3097.5 Attentional bias in social anxiety and repressor coping style, Arend Tibben 1 , Lynne 

Harris 2 , 1 University of Western Sydney, Australia; 2 School of Behavioural & Community Health 

Sciences, University of Sydney, Australia 

Evidence indicates that people with social anxiety and individuals with repressor coping style 

respond to threatening stimuli in opposite ways, the anxious displaying vigilance and repressors 

displaying avoidance (eg, Mogg & Bradley, 2002; Mogg et al., 2000). However, the length of 

exposure of stimuli (masked or unmasked) and whether stimuli are words or faces may influence 

patterns of responding. The present study extends previous work by comparing people with 

elevated social anxiety, elevated social defensiveness, elevated trait anxiety, and low anxiety on 

masked and unmasked facial dot probe tasks. Findings are discussed in terms of models of 


3097.6 The motivations of rural women to participate in educational programs, Zahra 

Sabbaghian, Shahid Beheshty University, Iran 

The objective of this research was to analyze the factors influencing on the motivation of rural 

women to participate in educational programes.149 samples were chosen using cluster random 

sampling method. An interview and a questionnaire were used to obtain data. Correlation and 

regression coefficients and ANOVA methods were used to analyze data. Results showed that 

motivational factors such as the interest to learn new knowledge and skills, learning new methods 

and using free time in useful manner were among the most important factors influencing on 

women’s participation but acquisition of power and influencing on others were among the least 

important ones. 

3097.7 Factors leading to adolescents’ suicidal ideation in Hong Kong, Rachel C. F. Sun, The 


This research is a mixed study with an aim to explore the factors leading to adolescents’ suicidal 

ideation in Hong Kong. In Part I, a model of suicidal ideation was constructed to delineate the 

simultaneous effects of family, school and peers on adolescents' self-esteem, depression and 

suicidal ideation. In Part II, about fifteen adolescents with suicidal ideation were interviewed. The 

empirical data collected lent support to the causal relationships presented in the model, and 

explored new information for the enrichment of the model. Suggestions for future research were 

discussed and practical implications were recommended. 

3097.8 A research on the orientation of college students’ achievement motivation under 

706

different cultural backgrounds, Wei Bu, Tian Yue Liu, Liaoning Normal University, China 

This research is to explore the characteristics of the orientation of achievement motivation among 

130 college students from Han, Chao,Hui nations in Dalian by the questionnaire. The results show 

that mainly individual-orientation of achievement motivation explicitly found in the three nations 

and no significant differences shown in the other two dimensions the paper originally 

hypothesized. Therefore, the research also indicates that no significant differences in the 

dimensions among sex, town &countryside, only & non-only children influencing the course of 

the orientation of achievement motivation. 

3098 ORAL 


Chair: Daiichiro Nakahara, Japan 

3098.1 Nicotinic blockers and brain-stimulation reward, Daiichiro Nakahara, Masato 

Nakamura, Taro Takahashi, Tomoya Kawamura, Department of Psychology, Hamamatsu 

University School of Medicine, Japan 

We used the rate-frequency curve-shift procedure to evaluate the effects of nicotinic blockers 

locally infused into the mesopontine tegmentum or the ventral tegmentum on the threshold of 

brain stimulation reward. Mecamylamine, the blocker of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, was 

infused one hour before the self-stimulation of the medial forebrain bundle. When injected into the 

mesopontine tegmentum, mecamylamine sifted rate-frequency curves to the right. Similar effects 

were also observed when the drug was injected into the ventral tegmentum. Thus, in both the 

mesopontine tegmentum and the ventral tegmentum, nicotinic receptors appear to facilitate the 

rewarding effect of the self-stimulation. 

3098.2 The ability of acute corticosterone to facilitate morphine-induced conditioned 

locomotion activity can be dissociated from its effects on conditioned place preference, Yonghui 

Li, Xigeng Zheng, Xiaojing Luo, Nan Sui, Key laboratory of mental health, Institute of 


There is evidence that the biological mechanism of psychomotor stimulant properties is the same 

as that of rewarding effects of addictive drugs. However, whether this relationship also exists 

between conditioned place preference and conditioned locomotion activity remains unclear. Male 

SD rats were investigated the effect of acute corticosterone on morphine-induced CPP and 

conditioned locomotion activity. It indicated that corticosterone increased acute psychomotor 

activity and conditioned psychomotor activity of morphine-treated rats, but inhibited the 

acquisition of morphine-induced CPP, The results suggested that the biological mechanism of CPP 

may be different from, at least under acute stress, that of conditioned locomotor activity. 

3098.3 Effect of Glu and NMDAR1 on prefrontal cortex executive control of rats, Yanzhang Li, 

Min Li, the Third Military Medical University, China 

To explore the effect of Glu and NMDAR1 on prefrontal cortex executive control of rats. The 

techniques of Amino acid analysis, immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization were used to 

measure Glu content, Glu-IR positive neurons and NMDAR1mRNA expression. Results: 

707

Compared with rats with good executive control, rats with poor executive control had more 

NMDAR1mRNA expression. There were no significant differences in Glu content and Glu-IR 

positive neurons. Conclusion: NMDAR1 maybe plays an important role in complicated prefrontal 

cortex executive control. 

3098.4 Effect of corticosterone on morphine-induced psychomotor effect and its sensitization, 

Dongmei Wang, Caiyi Liu, Yonghui Li, Xigeng Zheng, Nan Sui, Key laboratory of mental 

health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China 

Previous research demonstrated important roles of stress in behavioral effects of drug abuse. 

However, whether extraneous stress factors could differentially modulate morphine psychomotor 

effect and its sensitization is still unknown. This study examined the influence of corticosterone on 

the acute effect of morphine and its sensitization. Morphine (2 mg.kg-1 i.p.) enhanced the 

locomotor activity and formed behavioral sensitization upon repeated exposure. Corticosterone (5 

mg.kg-1 i.p.) increased morphine psychomotor effect but played null role in the modulation of its 

sensitization. These results indicated that stress exposure promoted morphine acute psychomotor 

effect but did not affect the development of morphine sensitization. 

3098.5 Therapeutic effect of Chinese traditional medicine compound on the impairment of 

learning and memory of lead-exposed rats, Ping Zhou 1 , Yonghui Li 2 , Jianjun Ma 1 , Shujuan 

Song 1 , Yanhao Dong 1 , 1 Department of psychology of Hunan Normal University, China; 2 Key 

laboratory of mental health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China 

To observe the effects of Chinese Traditional Medicine Compound (Quqianling formula, QF) on 

impairment of learning and memory of lead-exposed rats. 60 rats were prepared by gastric 

perfusion with lead acetate (2.0%, 1ml/kg) and then treated with QF for 3 weeks. It indicated that 

QF could significantly shorten the average latency of finding the platform and increase the retain 

percent of memory of lead-exposed rats in Morris water maze test; moreover, QF obviously 

increase the average optical density of NOS positive cells in DG, CA1 of hippocampus. The 

results suggested QF could improve impairment of learning and memory in lead-exposed rats. 

3098.6 External and internal determinants of susceptibility to circular vection (CV), Sibylle 

Klosterhalfen 1 , Sandra Kellermann 2 , Fang Pan 3 , Paul Enck 4 , 1 Institute of Medical Psychology, 

Germany; 2 University Hospitals Duesseldorf, Germany, 3 Shandong University School of Medicine, 

China 

CV induces nausea and vomiting (N&V) by a visual-vestibular conflict. The effects of body 

position and type of visual stimuli on CV and N&V are unknown. In 24 subjects (12 females) CV 

was induced by a drum with black/white stripes rotating around the subjects. 

3098.7 ‘Yoga’ as Neuropsychological modifier, Paradarami Devaki, India 

'YOGA' develop and activate various centres of the Nervous system and Brain Arousal refers to 

general response/readiness of an individual modifiable by stimulation and measurable in terms of 

psychophysiological activity. The research study was worked out to examine the effect of Yoga 

training on a group of Developmentally disabled and normal children on a set of psychological 

and physiological variables. Ninety six children (Seven to Fifteen years) constituted the main pool 

of subjects. The experimental method employed was multiple group comparison pre-test, post-test 

708

difference control group design. The study indicated therapeutic benefit following Yoga Training 

Intervention. 

3098.8 Post-effects of chronic emotional stress on, Weiwen Wang 1 , Wenjuan Lin 2 , 1 Key 

Laboratory of Mental Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, 2 Brain-behavior Research 

Center, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China 

The post-effects on humoral immune response and the level of norepinephrine of rats were 

analyzed following chronic emotional stress induced by randomly giving empty water bottles to 

rats during watering periods per day for 4 weeks. Rats were immunized with BSA one day after 

the last stress. Blood samples were taken 14 days post-immunization for determination of plasma 

norepinephrine and anti-BSA IgG concentrations. Data showed that rats experienced stress had 

significant lower antibody titer than controls, but norepinephrine levels did not vary between 

groups, suggesting chronic stress has a post-effect on humoral response which may not be 

modulated by norepinephrine. 

3099 ORAL 


Chair: Hongling Xie, USA 

3099.1 The comparison of the diversity of education concept and behaving habits conducted by 

the parents of children respectively in the national-owned and local-owned nursery schools, Yan 

Ying Wang 1 , Cao Xin Mei 2 , 1 Zhanggong Region Nursery School, Gangzhou, China, 2 Gannan 

Teachers' College, China 

The paper, with half-structured questionnaires for four national-owned and local-owned nursery 

schools and 400 parents in Ganzhou City, investigates family background, educational concept, 

educational behaviors and children’s behaviors. The research concludes that between their children 

respectively in the national-owned nursery school and local-owned nursery schools, the former is 

better than the latter in family earning, parents’ occupations, housing size and parents education 

background; and there is no diversities in their parents’ expect for their children, the importance of 

child education and the education content but on the parents’ educating behaviors, and finally the 

children in two kinds of school behaves diversifiedly. 

3099.2 The makings of popularity in school: Developmental changes in children’s perceptions, 

Hongling Xie 1 , Yan Li 2 , Beverley Cairns 3 , 1 University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA, 

2 3 

Department of Psychology, Duke University, USA, Center for Developmental Science, 

UNC-Chapel Hill, USA 

A total of 489 African-American participants in grades 1, 4, and 7 (55% girls) were recruited from 

high-risk neighborhoods of a major city in Southeast US. Individual interviews yielded narrative 

accounts of what makes a girl (boy) popular or unpopular at school. Results showed that girls and 

older participants had greater awareness of the makings of popularity. The factors associated with 

popularity and unpopularity evidenced substantial changes across grade levels. There was a 

general increase of deviance associated with popularity as grade level increases. Boy groups in 

grade 7 showed significant homophily in their perceptions of deviance. 

709

3099.5 Children’s ability for identifying emotional expression of face and related factors, 

Der-Hsiang Huang, Hsiu-yi Hsueh, Changhua University of Education, Taiwan, China 

The main purpose of this study is to explore children’s ability for identifying emotional expression 

of face and to examine the effect of related factors, including background, optimism, parenting 

and awareness of parent marriage, on its ability. Subjects, 64 sixth elementary students in Taiwan, 

were tested. The results showed there were significant differences both in students’ awareness of 

shy and baby surprise emotion expression in relation to different grade, while significant 

differences both in students’ awareness of despise and baby surprise face emotion expression in 

relation to optimism. Awareness of parenting and home income were also main factors in 

predicting face expression. 

3099.6 The effects of prosocial and antisocial behaviors on peer acceptance, self-concept and 

academic performance, Yan Li, Lei Chang, Chinese University of Hong Kong, China 

Using structural equation modeling on a sample of 1070 Hong Kong first to third grade students, 

we examined the direct and indirect effects of prosocial and antisocial behavior on peer acceptance, 

self-concept, and academic performance, respectively. Among other results, children’s prosocial 

behavior was positively associated with academic performance (B = 0.47), peer acceptance (0.56) 

and self concept (0.32). Antisocial behavior was negatively associated with children’s academic 

performance (-0.29) and peer acceptance (-0.28) but was not associated with self-concept. 

3099.7 Group play therapy as an intervention to improve the social adjustment of primary 

school children with developmental disorder, Fariba Yazdkhasti, Dept. of Clinical Psychology 

and Community studies, Graduate School of Human-Environment Studies, Kyushu University, 

Japan 

The aim of this study is to assess the change in the social interaction in autistic and MR children at 

school, at home and during the group play therapy. Two groups of children selected based on their 

age: One composed of 7 to 8 years old children and the other consisting of 9 to 11 years old 

children. Results show significant increase in: 1) emotional control and interpersonal relationship 

of all younger children during therapy. 2) emotional, behavioral control, and interpersonal 

relationship of MR with hyperactive traits of younger children during activities in classroom. 3) 

emotional control and interpersonal relationship. 

3099.8 Impact of residential mobility during childhood on health in adults: The hidden role in 

adverse childhood experiences, Maxia Dong 1 , Robert Anda 1 , Vincent Felitti 2 , David 

Williamson 1 , Wayne Giles 3 , 1 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, USA, 2 Southern 

California Permanente Medical Group, USA 

We conducted a retrospective cohort study among 8,116 health plan members to assess the 

relationship between childhood residential mobility and health/behavioral problems experienced in 

adulthood, with consideration of the role in underlying adverse childhood experiences, including 

emotional and physical abuse and neglect, sexual abuse and growing up with domestic violence, 

substance abuse, mentally ill, or criminal household members, and parental marital discord. 

Results showed a powerful graded relationship between childhood trauma and residence mobility. 

They act in concert to increase the incurrence to multiple risk factors for the leading causes of 

710

death and perceived poor health status in adulthood. 

3100 ORAL 


Chair: Emiko Kashima, Australia 

3100.1 The Brazilian-Portuguese version of the MCMI-III: Update on the results of the 

reliability study, Eduardo Magalhaes, Cristina Magalhaes, Alfred Sellers, John Lewis, Coral 

Cruz, Nova Southeastern University, USA 

A Brazilian-Portuguese version of the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory-III was developed to 

be used in future studies that will examine cross-cultural aspects of personality and 

psychopathology in Brazil and the United States. This paper will discuss methodological issues 

involved in the initial phases of this project and present an update on the statistical results of the 

reliability study. Test-retest and internal consistency indices for all 27 scales will be presented. 

3100.2 Unstructured language-use promotes analytic thinking in Japan and the USA, Lauren J. 

Shapiro, Williams College, USA 

This work investigated how language affects analytic and holistic thinking across cultures. One 

hundred American and 74 Japanese undergraduates organized figures however they liked while 

either thinking aloud, remaining silent, or engaging in a verbal suppression task. In both countries, 

think-aloud participants more often conceptualized the figures in terms of categories. This finding 

suggests that across cultures, language-use promotes analytic, category-based thinking in the flow 

of everyday conscious thought. Overall, Japanese were much more likely than Americans to sort 

the figures into categories. This finding provides evidence against the generalization that Japanese 

are less analytic than Americans. 

3100.3 Academic achievement and US students’ self-perception, Aimin Wang, Jianxiang Yang, 

Miami University, USA 

School age children's self-perception was compared with their academic achievements. The 

relations between these variables were not significant in most of the areas. Discussion of this 

finding in terms of the impacts on children' self-perception was conducted in light of school 

environment in the US and compared with that of other countries, especially of China. 

3100.4 A new, iconic measure of relational models: Circles in relational configuration arrays 

(CIRCA), Lotte Thomsen, Alan Page Fiske, Jim Sidanius, University of California, Los 

Angeles, USA 

We present the initial validation of the CIRCA, which intuitively captures communal sharing, 

authority ranking and equality matching (Fiske, 1991) and combinations thereof. It may be used to 

assess both global and domain-specific relational perceptions and preferences at a cultural and 

individual level of analysis. Study 1 (N=86) demonstrates that American subjects writing 

open-ended interpretations of each picture made clear references to the intended relational model, 

but not to non-intended ones, and subsequently correctly matched each picture to relational 

models descriptions. Study 2 (N=30) demonstrates reliable coefficients of stability across test 

711

occasions for correct interpretations, matches, preference ratings and rankings. 

3100.5 The effects of personal and collective mortality primes on individualism: Comparing 

Australians and Japanese, Emiko Kashima, School of Psychological Science, La Trobe 

University, Australia 

The cross-cultural generality of terror management theory was examined in Australia and Japan. 

Based on previous research suggesting individualism is sanctioned in Australia but not in Japan, 

mortality salience was predicted to enhance individualism in Australia but reduce it in Japan, for 

individuals with lower self-esteem in particular. The prediction was supported. Nevertheless, 

priming collective mortality (death of in-group) had a greater impact than personal mortality in 

Japan, contrary to Australia. Cultural worldviews and self-esteem may serve similar functions 

across cultures, but the type of mortality that causes more anxiety and how worldviews may buffer 

anxiety may depend on culture. 

3100.6 The concept of coping in relation to cultural collectivism-individualism, Torill 

Christine Lindstrom, University of Bergen, Norway 

The concept of "coping" has been defined and operationalized in several ways. Disputes about the 

utility of different ways of coping, are frequent, particularly with regard to clinical and councelling 

settings. This paper suggests that the effectiveness the different ways of coping may partly be 

attributable to cultural differences and sub-cultural differences, but also partly attributable to a 

lack of insight in the psychological meanings of the terms "individualism" and "collectivism". 

Data will presented to illustrate these points. 

3100.7 When you trust, you express what you are: Effects of the cultural value orientation on 

trust, Hwayeon Helene Shin, Ewha Womans University, South Korea 

Trust is an expression of social connectedness. Trust seems to reflect how one is defined in a 

relationship. One way to measure the construal of the self is to investigate patterns of horizontal 

and vertical individualism and collectivism. It was hypothesized that people with high levels of 

horizontal collectivism would have higher levels of trust than those who endorse low levels of 

horizontal collectivism, whether others are members of in-group or not. However, people with 

high levels of vertical individualism and vertical collectivism were hypothesized inversely. Indeed, 

cultural values were significant determinants of forming trust. This implication will be discussed. 

3100.8 Adult social identity and the reminiscence bump: A study of autobiographical memory 

amongst younger and older immigrants, Shamsul Haque, Department of Psychology, Malaysia 

Older and younger groups of Bangladeshi immigrants in the UK recalled and dated 

autobiographical memories to cue words. The older group emigrated as adult and stayed in Britain 

at least 10 years, and the younger group emigrated at young age and attained adulthood in Britain. 

The lifespan memory retrieval curves showed difference in reminiscence period for the two groups: 

older group had bump for 6-25 years while the younger group had bump for 6-20 years. The 

variation in reminiscence periods was explained in terms of the formation of adult identity in the 

diverse socio-cultural contexts of Bangladesh and Britain. 

712

3101 ORAL 

Sports psychology 

Chair: Seyed Reza Mazloum, Iran 

3101.1 The difference of performance between cognitive decision-making and intuitive 

decision-making in simulation handball game, Bin Wang 1 , Chengmu Liang 2 , 1 Department of 

Physical Education, Central China Normal University, China, 2 Department of Sport Psychology, 

Beijing Sport University, China 

This study attempt to divide decision-making into cognitive decision-making and intuitive 

decision-making and compare the difference of both decision-making performances. The test 

system for the simulation of decision-making was used to examine the accuracy, speed and 

self-confidence of handball players. 52 male subjects were divided into 3 groups: Expert (n=22), 

novice (n=16), and moderate experience (n=14). Results showed that the speed of experts in the 

intuitive decision-making was more rapid than that in the cognitive decision-making. The 

accuracy of experts was better than that of novices. The self-confidence of the experts was 

consistent with the accuracy of their decision-making. 

3101.2 Effects of competitiveness and type of sport on sport -orientation: A study on the 

interactional view of achievement motivation in sport, Abbas Bahram, Mohsen Shafizadeh, 

Physical education department, Teacher Training University, Iran 

The aim of present study was to investigate the interactional view of achievement motivation via 

the influences of competitiveness and type of sport. 640 high school students sampled randomly 

for this study. Factorial MANOVA results showed that there are significant main effects for 

competitiveness ( F=7.28, p

manageable level for productive & satisfing life. It is often the result of faulty learning in the 

disabled. The emphasis of this paper is on developing & implementing such behavioural 

interventions as token reinforcement, self monitoring, relaxation training, anger management, 

Contingent exercise & Pranayam for management of aggression with disabled. Further illustrative 

cases are also provided based on emperical research. Such interventions from the area of sports 

psychology have been successfully used. 

3101.5 The evaluation of body function, activity and participation of athletes with disabilities 

using WHO-DASII, Zhuoying Qiu, Research Institute of Rehabilitation, China Rehabilitation 

Research Center, China 

World Health Organization (WHO) developed a new International Classification of Functioning 

Disability and Health (ICF) and Disablement Assessment Schedule II based on ICF conceptual 

model. This study evaluated the body function, activity and participation of athletes with 

disabilities using WHO-DASII and other sport classification schemes. The results indicated that 

WHO-DASII had reliability and validity. The athletes had specific WHO-DASII in the dimensions 

of body function, activity and participation. There were high correlations between the evaluations 

of WHO-DASII and sport classification schemes. WHO-DASII is a useful tool for the evaluation 

of total functioning and disabilities for disabled athletes. 

3101.6 Comparison of task-switch costs of athletes from different sport gamescomparison of 

task-switch costs of athletes from different sport gamescomparison of task-switch costs of athletes 

from different sport games, Lizhong Chi, Chengmou Liang, Yuede Chu, Beijing Sport 


In order to perform sport tasks successfully, players usually have to concentrate effectively, shift 

their orientation of attention fluently, and disperse their attention on different tasks or objects 

simultaneously. We used task-switch, response-switch and other paradigms to investigate if 

athletes from different sport games would behave differently in attention shifting, concentration or 

attention dispersing. The results indicated that there is significant difference in task-switch costs 

and levels of attention dispersing between athletes from table tennis, badminton and those from 

shots, discus et al except the levels of concentration. 

3101.7 Retirement experiences of Australian elite performers related to mode and duration of 

retirement, Tony Morris, Daniel Lynch, Harriet Speed, CRESS, Victoria University of 

Technology, Australia 

Retirement is traumatic for elite performers, but some handle this transition successfully (Lavallee 

& Wylleman, 2000). This study examined experiences of voluntarily and involuntarily retiring 

professional jockeys. Seventy-two, 30-70 year-old, male, retired jockeys completed a survey, 

covering physical and mental health, and social adaptation. Voluntary retirees (n=13) more easily 

developed a non-racing identity, found more non-racing opportunities, and reported fewer 

emotional problems, than involuntary retirees (n=59). Lack of support from racing and other 

jockeys, and social isolation, were more prevalent in involuntary retirees. Implications of the 

difficulties of involuntary retirement are discussed for elite sports performers and sport 

psychologists. 

714

3101.8 Physical activity and the social identities of 25-45 year-old women, Tony Morris, Erin 

Pearson, Terence Seedsman, CRESS, Victoria University, Australia 

Interventions to increase physical activity in sedentary people by creating an exercise personal 

identity often fail in people like 25-45 year-old women, who have powerful social identities (e.g., 

wife/mother, worker). People can increase exercise motivation by appreciating the relevance of 

exercise to their primary social identities, rather than trying to add new personal identities. This 

study examined the social identities of 450 women aged 25-45 years, using survey techniques. We 

report the results and discuss how understanding central aspects of key social identities, will help 

us to develop effective interventions, emphasising the role of exercise within those social 

identities. 

3102 ORAL 


Chair: Long Chen, China 

3102.1 An investigation of stress and mood state of employees in state-owned enterprise, Xian 

Wang 1 , Long Chen 1 , Hua Pei 2 , Fengge Zhang 2 , 1 Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of 

Sciences, China, 2 Kailuan Group Corp., China 

The investigation focused on the employees’ stress and their mood states in state-owned enterprise 

in China. A random stratified sample of 4745 employees from a state-owned enterprise 

accomplished a self-developed Social Stressor Questionnaire and the Brief Profile of Mood States. 

ANOVA and correlation analysis were conducted. Administrators' total score of stress was 

obviously higher than general employees and laid-offs. Employees of different position had 

different scores in every dimension of mood states. Total score of stress was correlated 

significantly with total mood disturbance. 

3102.2 A study on relationship among coping, personality, and stress, Xuan Ma 1 , Long Chen 1 , 

Hua Pei 2 , Fengge Zhang 2 , 1 Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, 

2 

Kailuan Group Corp., China 

Studied the correlation among coping styles, personality traits, and stress levels. 4 745 employees 

sampled evaluated their stress levels, personality traits and coping styles with a self-developed 

Social Stressor Questionnaire, NEO Five-Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI) and Trait Coping Style 

Questionnaire (TCSQ). NC was correlated positively with neuroticism (N), and was correlated 

negatively with extraversion (E) and conscientiousness (C). PC was negatively correlated with N, 

and was positively correlated with E, C, and agreeableness (A). The main factors correlated with 

stress are NC, N, C, E, PC and A. Coping styles were influenced by the differences of gender, age 

and education level. 

3102.3 A survey of personality, stress and mental health among coal miners, Yanbo Sui 1 , Long 

Chen 1 , Hua Pei 2 , 1 Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, 2 Kailuan Group 

Corp., China 

To survey the status of personality traits, the extent of stress and mental health of coal miners. 1 

454 workers (844 coal miners and 610 ordinary workers) were polled to complete the 

715

questionnaires, which included a self-developed Social Stressor Questionnaire, the NEO 

Five-Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI), the Symptom Checklist 90 (SCL-90) and the General Health 

Questionnaire (GHQ). Male, relatively younger and less educated are the salient demographic 

characters of the coal miners comparing to the ordinary workers. As of personality, they score 

higher in Neuroticism, lower in both Agreeableness and Conscientiousness. Whereas, there shows 

no significant difference on SCL-90. 

3102.4 Epidemiological study of depression among obafemi awolowo university students, 

Esther Aduke Ayeni, University of Lagos, Nigeria 

Psychosocial and environmental stressors are some of the predictors for depression. To find out 

the depressive level and likely predictors for depression among the students of Obafemi Awolowo 

University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria, 262 students were subjected to depression Status Inventory (DSI) 

questionnaire to collect data; 84% of them showed depressive symptoms ranging from mild to 

severe. Multiple correlations and multiple regression analysis were used to analyze the data. 

“Empty life” stands paramount among all the predictors. Others in descending order are “feeling 

confused” and “having trouble thinking”. The clinical implication of this finding was discussed. 

3102.5 The effect of daily hassles on Iranian college students mental health, Hamid Yaghubi, 

Soheila Sarraf, Gholamhosein Zehtab, Iran 

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between daily hassles, life events, 

coping, and mental health in a sample of Iranian college students (n=196, M=135, F=61). Results 

showed that daily hassles in some groups such as females, singles, and senior students was higher 

than opposite groups. Major stressors in male students was higher than females (t=2.23, p

symptoms on two interviews separated with an one-year interval. Participants’ ages ranged from 

55 to 91 with a mean of 70.29 (SD=7.03) and have been volunteering for an average of 8 years. 

Results of hierarchical regression analyses indicate that, after controlling for participants’ burnout 

symptoms at Time 1, participants’ poor perceived physical health was predictive. 

3102.8 Effects of affiliate stigma on caregiving experience among mothers of children with 

intellectual disability, Sze Man Gladys Ho, Wing Sze Winnie Mak, The Chinese University of 


The present study examined the effect of affiliate stigma on caregivers’ positive and negative 

perceptions towards their children with intellectual disabilities (CID), accounting for 

characteristics of the caregiving relationships and coping styles. Due to contagion effect, parents 

of CID may be stigmatized by the general public, who in turn may stigmatize themselves as being 

“less than normal” individuals. This study surveyed 250 mothers of CID from representative 

community service centers in Hong Kong. Findings highlighted adaptive coping styles among the 

stigmatized Chinese caregivers and the significant effect of stigma on their caregiving experiences. 

Implications on stigma reduction will be discussed. 

3103 ORAL 


Chair: Ramadan A. Ahmed, Kuwait 

3103.1 Effect of pseudoparenting approach as intervention on youth problem prevention 

programme, Peace Nnenna Ibeagha, Nigeria 

A two group experimental design was used to investigate choice and personal responsibility on 

youth problems. One group pseudo-parented an-egg each, while the control group parented a 

dummy for 10 days. With the assistance of the Youth’s Priest and leaders, the following indices 

were observed for 2 years. Ability to involve a number of young people in youth reproductive 

health workshop, choice of youth related films, assertive behaviour. The behavioural regularity of 

these indices suggested that the experimental treatment proffered had sustained beneficial effect 

over 2 years. The experimental group evidenced higher responsibility and choice. 

3103.2 The development of moral reasoning in Kuwait and its psychosocial correlates, 

Ramadan A. Ahmed 1 , Uwe P. Gielen 2 , 1 Kuwait University, Kuwait, 2 St. Francis College, New 

York City, USA 

We investigated the development of moral reasoning and its psychosocial correlates in Kuwait. 

Measures and scales for assessing the development of moral reasoning, self-esteem, religiosity, 

internal and external locus of control, emotional intelligence, extreme response set, and identity 

disorders were administered to 500 Kuwaiti males and females from different educational, 

occupational, and age backgrounds. Positive correlations were obtained between the development 

of moral reasoning and indices of self-esteem, religiosity, internal locus of control, emotional 

intelligence, and extreme response set. Negative correlations were found between the development 

of moral reasoning and indices of external locus of control and identity disorders. 

717

3103.3 The relationship between internal-extrinsic motivation and the style of attribution of 

senior school students, Shangbao Chen, Liang Luo, Jianzhong Wo, Beijing Normal University, 

China 

Selected 1370 senior school students from Shangdong, this study examined the developmental 

characteristics of internal-extrinsic motivations and the relationship between them and attribution 

by Motivation Scale. Results indicated that the level of extrinsic motivation of senior school 

students was higher than that of intrinsic motivation; Different levels of attribution played 

different roles in predicting intrinsic motivation and extrinsic motivation. Ability, effort and task 

attribution had a strong predicting effect on intrinsic motivation, in which task attribution can 

predict intrinsic motivation in an opposite direction while task, ability, fortune and effort 

attribution had a strong predicting effect on extrinsic motivation. 

3103.4 The effects of self-discrepancy on ill emotion and subjective well-being of middle 

school students, Zhengwen Zheng 1 , Lingyan Cao 2 , Jianzhong Wo 3 , 1 Beijing Normal University, 

China, 2 Devlopmental Psychology Institute, Beijing Normal University, China, 3 Devlopmental 

Psychology Institute, Beijing Normal University, China 

Domain-specific actual-ideal self-discrepancies, ill emotion and subjective well-being (SWB) 

among 344 middle school students from six grades were examined. Actual-ideal self-discrepancies 

with body, relationship and competence were derived using Self Concept Scale, ill emotion and 

SWB assessment were also conducted. Findings supported that the magnitude of 

self-discrepancies the students experienced positively related to ill emotion and negatively related 

to SWB significantly. Regression analyses showed that actual-ideal self-discrepancies with body 

and relationship were more effective in predicting ill emotion. However, SWB would not 

contribute to any domain-specific actual-ideal discrepancy clearly, which suggested that SWB 

may be closely effected by global actual-ideal discrepancies. 

3103.5 The relationship between self-control of junior school students and parenting style, Li 

Wen, Yingchun Wang, Jianzhong Wo, Beijing Normal University, China 

Selected 269 junior school students from Hebei this study examined the developmental 

characteristics of self-control and the relationship between them and parenting style by scale. 

Results indicated that the emotion-control and behavior-control level of seven graders was higher 

than that of eight and nine graders, the level of eight grader is lowest. Stern and intervene 

parenting style negatively related to self-control significantly, warm parenting style positively 

related to behavior-control. Stern parenting style had a strong predicting effect on emotion-control 

and behavior-control in an opposite direction, intervene parenting style had a strong predicting 

effect on emotional sensitivity in an opposite direction. 

3103.6 Relations of academic achievement to self-efficacy and subjective well-being for middle 

school students, Huijie Li, Liang Luo, Jianzhong Wo, Beijing Normal University, China 

370 Junior middle school students as subjects, self-efficacy scale and subjective well-being scale 

as main tools, this research explored the traits of different grades and achievement levels of the 

self-efficacy and subjective well-being. It is found that: (1) There is a different significance 

between grades in the self-efficacy and subjective well-being. (2) There is no gender difference in 

self-efficacy and subjective well-being. (3) Path analysis indicates the subjective well-being has a 

718

direct influence to the academic achievement, while self-efficacy do not has a direct influence to 

academic achievement, conversely, creation efficacy has a negative influence to academic 

achievement. 

3103.7 Moral decisions in post modern times, Gabriel Bukobza, Psychology Department, 

School of Education, Hebrew University, Israel 

Three moral dilemmas dealing with truth, death, and responsibility were given to 40 subjects. Two 

questions were subsequently asked: 1) What is the morally right solution and why 2) How would 

you act if this were a real dilemma, and why. 25-50% of subjects dismissed their preliminary 

moral judgment and preferred practical, self-fulfilling arguments to guide their chosen actions, 

without feeling guilt or anxiety. These results oppose claims that people give justice related 

(Kohlberg, 1976) or caring related (Gilligan, 1982) responses to moral issues, and support ideas of 

practical morality (Nisan, 1993). 

3103.8 The characteristic of teacher-student relationship andits relationship with students’ 

school adjustment, Zhiyong Qu, Hong Zou, The Institute of Developmental Psychology, Beijing 


With the participation of 665 students, the study investigated the teacher-student relationship from 

grade 5 to grade 9. The results indicated: Three distinctive types of teacher-student relationship 

were identified: closeness, conflict and average. There were significant differences between three 

types teacher-student relationship on students’ school attitude, social behavior and learning 

behavior. Teacher-student relationship can significantly predicted Students’ school attitude, 

learning behavior and social behavior, but the direct effects on learning behavior and social 

behavior were lower than the indirect effects. It suggested that school attitude was a middle factor 

between teacher-student relationship and students’ learning and social behavior. 

3104 ORAL 


Chair: Maria Poulou, Greece 

3104.1 Attitudes towards and achievement in mathematics problem solving among students in 

Ugandan high- and low-performing secondary schools, Charles Opolot-Okurut, Uganda 

This study explores the relationship between teacher practices, student attitudes towards and 

achievement in mathematics in high- and low performing secondary schools in three districts of 

Central Uganda. The sample consisted of 254 students in nine secondary schools. The Students’ 

Attitude towards Mathematics Inventory and Mathematics Aptitude/Achievement test were 

administered. Results show statistically significant differences in attitude towards mathematics by 

school-type and gender, with males and those in the high-performing schools showing more 

positive attitudes. However, there were no statistically significant differences in achievement by 

gender, although females in low-performing schools outperformed their male counterparts in the 

achievement test. 

3104.2 The impact of sensitivity to word structure on disciplinary literacy in the primary grades, 

719

Rolande Parel, Gay Bisanz, University of Alberta, Department of Psychology, Canada 

Typically, in the primary grades, there is less emphasis on expository text, because of its higher 

vocabulary load than narrative text. This imbalance may be detrimental to the literacy 

development of children more motivated by informational than narrative texts. Several studies at 

higher levels indicate that enhancing sensitivity to word structure can compensate for low 

receptive vocabulary in relation to text demands, thus enhancing disciplinary literacy. This paper 

presents the findings for the first year of a three year blended study to determine whether this 

intervention would have a similar impact at the primary level. 

3104.3 Influential factors on teaching efficacy: Prospective teachers’ beliefs, Maria Poulou, 

Demokriteio University of Thrace, Greece 

Prospective teachers’ efficacy beliefs play a definitive role in interpreting the knowledge offered in 

teacher training programs. These beliefs predict prospective teachers’ conviction that they can 

influence their pupils. Current study explores the influential factors of prospective teachers’ 

efficacy beliefs. 180 student teachers of Greek universities participated in the study. Analysis 

reveals that prospective teachers perceive the factors related to motivation and personality traits as 

more influential on their teaching efficacy than the factors related to their teacher training program. 

Through the understanding of students thought processes, teacher trainers, can be informed of the 

means of improving the educational programs. 

3104.4 The teacher as a representative of culture, Serguey Guilmanov, Russian Federation 

The psyche of the person is a product of cultural-historical development (L.S.Vygotsky). 

Therefore, process of training should be based on cultural values and meanings. That is why a 

teacher, while interacting with pupils, should have certain qualities which help to create culture 

prototypes. These qualities are: a) seeing teaching material as a phenomenon of culture; b) 

presence of author's innovative idea, teacher’s evident creative individuality; c) priority to pupil’s 

freedom in learning material etc. Interaction of participants in educational process should create 

complete inner-group culture. In the research we offer a complex psychological technique of 

defining teacher’s culture awareness. 

3104.5 The relationship between teacher-expectancy, self- worth and goal orientation, Zheng 

Haiyan 1 , Liu Xiaoming 2 , Mo Lei 1 , 1 Department of Psychology, South China Normal Unversity, 

China, 2 Department of Psychology, Northeast Normal University, China 

The present study investigated the relationship between teacher- expectancy, self-worth and goal 

orientation. 274 middle school students responded to questionnaires. The following results were 

obtained: (1) There were significantly positive correlations between variances of 

teacher-expectancy, self-worth and goal orientation. (2) Teacher expectancy and self-worth played 

significantly predictive roles on goal orientation. (3) Self-worth played a meditative role in the 

relevance between teacher-expectancy and goal orientation. 

3104.6 Influence of teachers’ attribution style on self-efficacy, Liang Luo, Qi Li, Jianzhong 

Wo, Institute of Developmental Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China 

In the research, 661 junior and senior high school teachers were subjects. Then we investigated the 

effect of the gender characteristics of teachers’ self-efficacy, the difference of school age and 

720

attribution style on teachers’ self-efficacy using the Teachers’ Self-efficacy Scale and the Teachers’ 

Attribution Style Scale. The results showed: (1) The creativity efficacy was predicted by the 

attribution style of ability, while the work efficacy was predicted by the attribution style of ability, 

assignment and effort. (2) The effect of attribution style on self-efficacy was different in gender 

and school age. In the other word, the effect was variable. 

3104.7 Regrading multiplicative structures: The grasp of consciousness from sharing to 

dividing, Maria Lucia Faria Moro, Universidade Federal do paran, Brazil 

The paper describes children's solutions in practical and notational tasks about quantities partition 

to identify the grasp of consciousness of schemata involved on multiplicative structures according 

to Vergnaud's and Piaget's proposals. The six subjects (aged 7;3 to 8;10) were attending a State 

Elementary School. Materials were 18 plastic cards, pens, cardboard paper. A microgenetic 

analysis of videotaped data was carried out. Results show peculiarities of children's solutions, 

pointing out levels of the grasp of consciousness of arithmetical relationships among schemata 

concerning division construction. It is highlighted the role of that process in the progression from 

sharing to dividing. 

3104.8 A comparative research on the mental character of novice, proficient and expert teachers, 

Rong Lian, Fujian Normal University, China 

To better understand teachers’ teaching-expertise development, we use scales to carry out two 

studies, involving 433 and 469 subjects respectively, on novice, proficient and expert teachers 

with regard to their teaching strategies, achievement goal orientation, personality characteristics, 

professional commitment and job burnout. The results show that these three types of teachers have 

some aspects in common and others are not. Expert teachers have the features of taking pre-class 

planning, after-class evaluating and reflecting as key teaching strategies, being stable, rational, 

practical, confident, critical and deeply committed to the teaching profession, and having a strong 

sense of professional achievement. 

3105 ORAL 


Chair: Maria Lea Georgia Iligan, Philippines 

3105.1 Study on the dimensionalities of mental self-support of college students, Lingxiang Xia, 

Xiting Huang, School of Psychology, Southwest China Normal University, China 

The structure of mental self-supporting was primarily constructed by means of summarizing 

previous literature, theorist analysis, open-ended survey and interviews. The model was modified 

by exploring factor analysis at the sample of 379 subjects for preliminary questionnaire and the 

modified model was validated by confirmatory factor analysis at the sample of 1073 subjects for 

formal questionnaire. At last the confirmed dimensionalities of mental self-supporting included 

self-convincing, self taking responsibility, goal management, self-solacing, opening and 

containing, self-cognition and self-deciding. 

3105.2 Modelling of a state of the creative person, Volodymyr Prisniakov 1 , Ludmila 

721

Prisniakova 2 , 1 IGTM National of Academy of Science of Ukraine, Ukraine, 2 International 

Academy of Management by Personnel, Ukraine 

The capabilities of the catastrophe theory for the description of a psychological processes are 

submitted. The equation of a creative state of the man is proposed; Scientific efficiency of the 

scientist; information density of professionalism of the scientist, factor of personal creative activity. 

The equation enables by methods of the catastrophe theory to analyze behavior of the scientist. 

The introduced analysis can by the theoretical basis of quantitative control of scientific activity 

through change of professionalism, competence, personal characteristics. 

3105.3 Analysis and verification of achievements in science research of the cognitive 

neuroscience by educatioal practice, Jie Wu, China 

This study examined the effects of achievements in science research of the cognitive neuroscience 

on developing child intelligence, cultivating abilities of child creative thinking, arousing 

enthusiasm for child study, improving double-language teaching in kindergarten or school, 

enhancing memory abilities of child, overcoming studying tiredness of child. Meanwhile, in this 

article the author analyzed the importance of education in 0-6 old to lifelong intelligence, the 

malpractices of non--differentiating teaching between literature and science in secondary school, 

the erroneous statement about it can enhance child intelligence to develop right-hemisphere of 

brain in educational circles in China. 

3105.4 A study on students’ defense styles and relationship between defense mechanisms and 

personality character, Yali Xin 1 , Lun Ouyang 2 , 1 Xi’an Institute of Finance and Economics, China, 

2 

Shaanxi Normal University, China 

450 university students were investigated by EPQ and DSQ. And then compared the defense styles 

of the students between introversion and extroversion, neuroticism and calmness, higher 

psychoticism and lower one. The difference on the defense styles of the university students 

between the two group of each factor was extremely significant. There was an intimate connection 

between immature defense mechanisms and personality character P and N. And also there was an 

intimate connection between mature defense mechanisms and factor E. Conclusion: The defense 

styles of the students and their individual character were closely related. 

3105.5 Exploring the link between vagal tone and emotion reaction, Zheng Luo, Dejun Guo, 

Department of Psychology, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China 

Drawn from Porges’ polyvagal theory, we tested the link between vagal tone and emotion reaction 

in toddler and adult. Presented a short film to elicit sad, we found that adult women with high 

vagal tone had less physiological arouses and changes than adult woman with low vagal tone. In a 

series of laboratory procedures eliciting toddler's angry and fear, we found that there is not 

different in emotional physiological arouse in both high and low vagal tone groups. These indicate 

that physiological self-regulation seems to be a skill that might change with age, for diminished 

autonomic arousal for resource-conservation. 

3105.6 Sibling position of women and their perception of men: Is it a basis for mate selection 

and compatibility? Maria Lea Georgia Iligan, Arlene Leilani Gonzales, Catherine Dumo, 

Cristina Miguel, Celine Melissa Soto, University of the Philippines, Philippines 

722

The choice of spouse among single women is based primarily on compatibility. Compatibility is 

measured in terms of similarities in background, educational attainment, preferences, beliefs, and 

hobbies. In Dr. Dalisay’s book (Manhood), she identified four male stereotypes namely: Provider, 

Protector, Dominator and Partner. According to Dr. Dalisay, wome’s perception of men affect their 

choice of future husbands. Sibling position of men and women influence to a certain extent how 

they would behave in a relationship. This is attributed to the personality traits associated with the 

sibling position of either male or female spouse in connection with the big five. 

3105.7 Coping flexibility in personal and interpersonal stressors: A comprehensive 

conceptualization, Cecilia Cheng, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, 

China 

The conceptualization of coping flexibility is derived from a Western individualistic perspective 

and may not fully reflect the coping process of the Asians. This study expanded the scope of the 

current conceptualization by incorporating psychological characteristics of the Asian collectivistic 

culture. Coping flexibility is proposed to comprise both intra-personal and interpersonal flexibility. 

The hypothesized differences in coping flexibility between Chinese and American participants 

were explored. Results revealed that Chinese participants tended to be more flexible in 

interpersonal situations than in personal situations. By contrast, American participants tended to be 

more flexible in personal situations than in interpersonal situations. 

3105.8 Chinese overseas students’ cultural identification, social orientation and subjective 

well-being, Xue Zheng 1 , Lei Wang 1 , David Sang 2 , 1 Psychology Department, South China 

Normal University, China, 2 University of Western Australia, Australia 

To explore the relationship among Chinese overseas students' cultural identification, social 

orientation and subjective well-being in the process of acculturation, a questionnaire was 

developed to investigate 157 Chinese students in Australia. Path analyses indicate: (a) 

acculturation can not increase one's individualism directly but indirectly through host national 

identification; (b) Chinese students' identification to Chinese culture can directly increase their 

subjective well-being while the identification to Australian culture increase subjective well-being 

indirectly through individualism orientation; (c) acculturation will increase Chinese students' 

subjective well-being directly and also indirectly through the mediate factors of host national 

identification and individualism orientation. 

3106 ORAL 


Chair: Olwen Bedford, Taiwan, China 

3106.1 Optimal functioning and internalization-externalization in urban African Americans, 

Margaret Dust, Chicago State University, USA 

A study was done examining factors that are related to optimal functioning, internalization and 

externalization in urban, middle class African Americans. Literature in this area is extremely 

limited. A convenience sample of 157 females and 122 males were selected. A demographic 

questionnaire, along with the Rotter Multidimensional Internal-External Scale, and the Belief and 

723

Behavior Awareness Scale were given to each participant to complete. Preliminary findings show 

that this group of African Americans are functioning at a slighly optimal level, and are more 

internal than external. Other findings will be discussed related to age, income, education, marital 

status, religion, and gender. 

3106.2 Testing the sex facilitation hypothesis: Does sex of audience really influence task 

performance? Zhaoxu Li 1 , Lei Mo 2 , Wenlu Feng 3 , 1 Department of Psychology, East China 

Normal University, China, 2 Department of Psychology, South China Normal University, China, 

3 

School of Business, Centennial College, Ontario, Canada 

The Sex Facilitation Hypothesis (Jin & Zhang, 1995) indicates an opposite-sex person has more 

facilitation effect than a same-sex one. Two experiments were conducted. In one study, students 

were employed to have a BAH examination under 4 conditions. Results indicate presence of an 

attractive opposite-sex audience can facilitate a male's task performance, while presence of the 

unattractive can impair his performance. In the two-hand coordination experiment, male 

self-monitors' performance were facilitated and female self-monitors' were impaired in the 

presence of opposite-sex audience, while low self-monitors showed no audience effect. 

Self-monitoring of Ss plays a moderating role in sex facilitation effect. 

3106.3 To have or to be: Quality of life as a new social representation in transitional China, Li 

Liu, School of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, China 

This research re-conceptualises quality of life as a system of symbols and meanings dialogically 

bound up with the context which it emerges and circulates. The data were collected from 

interviews, focus groups and mass media. The research shows that quality of life as a social 

representation in China is organized around a central thema of “having”/”being”. This thema has 

overarching generative and normative power over discourses about quality of life. It is through the 

hybrid of “economic logic” and “existential logic” that this thema spills over, permeates and 

underpins the critical domains of life: health, family, work, social relations, environment. 

3106.4 Labor unions, authoritarianism and respect for democratic civility, Ian Grant Hansen, 

Peter Suedfeld, Takeshi Hamamura, University of British Columbia, Canada 

The study examined the relationship between Right Wing Authoritarianism (RWA) (Altemeyer 

1996), support for labor unions, and support for democratic civility over group cohesiveness. A 

questionnaire asked undergraduates affected by a university strike to indicate their support for 

unions in general as well as for the striking university unions. Preference for democratic civility 

over group cohesiveness correlated positively with support for unions in general and negatively 

with RWA. However, specific support for the university unions was orthogonal to all measures. 

Implications for the ideological scope of RWA and the political psychology of union support are 

discussed. 

3106.5 The relationship between emotional suppression and mental health among adolescents, 

Pooja Sawrikar, Caroline Hunt, University of Sydney, Australia 

Suppression is conceptualized as a coping strategy composed of two relatively independent factors: 

behavioural and cognitive. The first study reports the development of a scale which assesses these 

factors. The second study investigated the relationship between suppression and mental health 

724

among adolescents. Behavioural aspects of suppression were not associated with mental health, 

arguably because the expression and experience of emotions are relatively independent. However, 

negative correlations between depression, anxiety, and stress scores and attitudes about the utility 

of suppression were obtained. It is argued that a self-fulfilling prophecy may account for these 

results: expectations about coping strategies influence their utility. 

3106.6 Foreign cultural icons/heroes in China: Influence of foreign cultures on values of 

Shanghai graduate students, Ying Liu, China 

This paper develops an empirical study on present values of Shanghai graduate students by 

conducting a survey on foreign cultural heroes/icons. Based on Shalom H. Schwartz’s value theory 

(Schwartz, 1988), thirty six selected value items specified by Schwartz’s SVS are given in the 

questionnaire for the respondents to choose from and rank. Altogether twelve Samples (total 

N=173) are from graduate schools of Shanghai International Studies University, Fudan University, 

Tongji University, Shanghai Finance and Economics University and Shanghai Science and 

Engineering University. Types of foreign cultural heroes/icons are analyzed and values priorities 

are noted and examined. 

3106.7 The stereotype rebound effect: Universal or culturally specific process? Shen Zhang, 

Jennifer Hunt, Kok Yung Soon, Psychology Department, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, USA 

Research has shown a rebound of stereotype use following suppression attempts. This study 

investigated cultural differences in the stereotype rebound effect by asking Chinese (collectivist) 

and U.S. (individualist) undergraduates to write two stories about homosexuals; half of 

participants were instructed to avoid using stereotypes in their first story. Stories were coded for 

stereotype use. Results indicated that the stereotype rebound effect occurred in U.S. but not in 

Chinese individuals. This pattern may have occurred because, unlike individualists, collectivists 

emphasize social harmony more than personal expression and therefore may be more experienced 

at suppressing unwanted thoughts, including stereotypes. 

3106.8 Guilt and shame in Chinese culture: A cross-cultural framework from the perspective of 

morality and identity, Olwen Bedford, National Taiwan University, Dept. of Psychology, Taiwan, 

China 

This article formulates a conceptualization of guilt and shame in a cross-cultural framework based 

on the conceptualization of identity and morality in Western and Confucian cultures. First identity 

is examined in each culture, and then the relation between identity and morality illuminated. The 

role of guilt and shame in upholding the boundaries of identity and enforcing the constraints of 

morality is then discussed from the perspective of each culture. The developed framework is then 

applied to the emotions of guilt and shame in Chinese culture. Implications for future research are 

discussed. 

3107 ORAL 

Social issues 

Chair: Kan Shi, China 

725

3107.1 Representative bureaucracy and the merit principle in the South Africa public service, 

Niven Cloete, University of the Western Cape, South Africa 

Within the department of Social Services in the Western Cape, barriers were identified that hinder 

the process of achieving representativeness. Based on the Department of Justice’s policy 

documents and other government documentation, strategies around transformation within the 

department and linked to other organisations such as Disabled People of South Africa, Women’s 

League, are suggested. Based on the findings of this research, which emerged out of a qualitative 

investigation amongst senior managers, the study offers recommendations that proper steps be 

taken to implement policies with greater efficiency, deal with resistance to change which include 

education and communication, participation, facilitation and support. 

3107.2 Use RT to detect brand specific attributes, Yong Wang, Chunlei Fan, Mouchao Ma, Li 

Lei, Xiaqi Ding, Research centre for Social and Ecnomic Behavior, Institute of Psychology, 


Questionnaires are often used in exploring the brand specific attributes (BSA) in people’s mind. In 

this study, subjects were asked to judge whether the word presented is associated with the brand or 

not, meanwhile their response time (RT) was recorded. The result shows that RT measurement 

might be efficient to detect BSA. Therefore, it’s worthy to explore the criteria for the level of RT 

which distinguishing BSA from common brand association. Correspondingly, the other 

experiment held in real market showed RT measurement could be a good supplement to the 

national questionnaire investigation to disclose the important brand attributes. 

3107.3 The Euro, two years later. The adaptation of three generations to the new currency, 

Dominique Lassarre, LPA - Universit?de Reims - France, France 

In 1997 we studied the attitudes towards the change of currency in France, then we observed the 

reactions during the change. Now we compare the adaptation of 3 generations of the same social 

group two years after the change. The questionnaire includes several variables to check if euro is 

still a stressful object: the attitude, the fear of meeting problems, the easiness of the use, the 

residual stress and the ways of coping with new prices and new income. 

3107.4 The inter-action of advertisement and different people, Luyao Liu, China 

This study focuses on how do advertisements affect people’s choice. We made an experiment to 

test the differences between two kinds of people (experts on the field and common consumers) 

looking at different kinds of advertisements. Though recording their eye-movement and testing 

how well their memory of the advertisements was we could draw to a conclusion that there is an 

inter-action between subjects and material. 

3107.5 Redefining the construct “home” to fit the reality of globalization, Martin Morf, 

University of Windsor (retired professor), Canada 

Two constructions of "home" are differentiated. The traditional exclusive "home" construct 

implies local uniformity and global heterogeneity. Within-community variability is low, 

between-community variability is high. The new inclusive interpretation of "home" is the result of 

globalization which has increased local diversity (you can sample Chinese delicacies in Cincinnati) 

and global homogeneity (you can drive your sports utility vehicle on multilane expressways just 

726

about anywhere on the globe). The new inclusive notion of "home" replaces the sense of 

being-at-home with the sense of being-at-home-in-the-world. Costs and benefits of the old 

exclusive and new inclusive interpretations of "home" are discussed. 

3107.6 Investors’ psychological mechanism in Chinese securities market, Kan Shi, Xiaolu 

Wang, Fan Hongxia, Center for Social & Economic Behavior, Institute of Psychology,Chinese 


Financial scholars have increasingly emphasized the importance of “ behavioral” research 

paradigm on finance. To construct the modals of investors’ behavioral psychological mechanism, 

we examined the risk perception of investors in Chinese securities market. The results of our 

preliminary research which surveyed 1840 stock investors revealed that the level of investors’ risk 

perception was low, moreover, because of the incomplete and inapt managing system, our 

securities market took on speculative and bounded rational atmosphere. We will adopt 

decision-making experimental paradigm to further investigate the psychological mechanism of 

investors and contribute to the psychological basis of Behavioral Finance in China. 

3107.7 Anaylysis of the dilution effect on parent brand name extension, Jieyi Xu, China 

Agricultural University, Economy & Management Collage, China 

With the parent brand name being used on new products, consumer’s evaluation on parent brand 

name reduced. In this article, the author uses three alternate models, subtyping model, 

bookkeeping model and conversion model which was proposed by Werber & Crocker to account 

for the phenomenon of dilution in marketing. The author also probes into the conditions in which 

the three models take effect, and finds that consumer’s information perception, level of motivation 

of information processing and the structure of memory will influence the evaluation of extended 

brand. 

3107.8 A survey report on mental health condition of migrant workers’children, Zhi Lin, 

Department of Education, Zhejiang University, China 

This research investigated the mental health condition of migrant middle school students 

(hereafter referred to as “migrant students”) whose parents came from rural areas and now worked 

in city. A total of 188 migrant students and 286 local students were tested with MHT. Through the 

comparative analysis of MHT, the conclusion is as followings: 36.6% of migrant students suffered 

from various mental disturbances, especially the girl students. Among the total 8 factors 

investigated, migrant students’ scores were significantly higher than those of local students in 5 

factors. There’s close correlation between the mental health conditionof migrant students and their 

relationship. 

3108 ORAL 


Chair: Elizabeth Du Preez, South Africa 

3108.1 The use of computer based technology to teach psychological skills, Robert Williams, 

Royal Flying Doctor Service of Australia (Queensland Section), Australia 

727

This paper reports on the use of computer based technology to teach others psychological skills. 

The paper describes the process of developing two interactive CD-ROMs, one focusing on 

teaching psychology to generalist health professionals and the other focusing on teaching the 

'language' of mental health and psychology to lay people. The CD-ROMs incorporate adult 

learning principles which make the most of the innovative capabilities of the medium. The paper 

will focus on issues concerning the technology used, the suitability of the tools in a cross-cultural 

setting and an evaluation of the resources in achieving their aims. 

3108.2 Teaching and learning of psychology: International comparison, Victor Karandashev, 

Leningrad State University, Sr. Petersburg, Russian Federation 

Recently, interest to the issues of learning and teaching psychology has been growing rapidly in 

many countries. It has been displayed in organization of societies and divisions specifically 

devoted to the field of teaching and learning psychology, in establishment of institutions 

supporting psychology teaching, in foundation of special national journals of teaching and 

learning psychology, in organization of special national and international conferences devoted to 

the teaching and learning psychology. In my address I'll give the review of recent papers and 

projects and make comparison of national programs of teaching psychology along the following 

dimensions:(1) Goals; (2) Structure of programs. 

3108.3 Teaching psychology in a foreign country - explorations, experiences and perspectives, 

Gertina Van Schalkwyk, Macau, China 

The main purpose of this project is to explore the experiences and perspectives of psychology 

students pertaining the student-lecturer relationship with a foreign instructor, as well as their 

knowledge construction using only English, their second language, as medium of instruction. The 

paper will explore various difficulties and possible obstacles that may hinder achievement of 

expected learning outcomes, as well as how cultural practices pose challenges to collaborative 

efforts in teaching psychology. Action research, involving second-year psychology students as 

respondents, and qualitative analysis of emerging themes in text data will be applied grounded in a 

constructionist perspective on teaching psychology. 

3108.4 The construction of counsellor identity in a South African context, Elizabeth Du Preez, 

University of Pretoria, South Africa 

The purpose of this study is to explore how narrative analysis provides an understanding of the 

construction of counsellor identity through a social constructionist training process. Research 

indicates that the traditional Western psychology discourse in South Africa could be enhanced if 

counsellors become sensitive to other discourses of illness. Social constructionism as training 

framework is suggested as it allows for multi varied perspectives and recognises the contribution 

of people in social change. The report is narrated as a musical performance where existing 

literature and the narratives of participants are treated as equal melodies, reflecting the constructed 

nature of the research. 

3108.5 Using Biodanza in the personal development of psychotherapists-in-training, Annalie 

Pauw, Elizabeth Du Preez, University of Pretoria, South Africa 

The personal development of psychotherapists-in-training is considered to be of great importance. 

728

This paper describes the use of Biodanza (a form of movement and dance) to facilitate 

self-development of postgraduate students. The authors give a qualitative description of the 

students' experience of the incorportation of movement as experiential part of their training 

programme. Themes such as enhanced self-awareness, integration of cognitive and emotional 

processes and reflections on intimacy emerge from students' descriptions of the movement process. 

In conclusion the authors propose suggestions for including unique opportunities in training 

programmes, which can facilitate the personal development of psychotherapists-in-training. 

3108.6 The study of students attitude toward help-seeking, math class and classroom 

environment in elementary students, Fariba Khoshbakht, Asghar Razavieh, Iran 

The aim of this study was to investigate student s perception of help-seeking, classroom 

environment and math class in three group of students(low, medium and high achievers). To 

achieve this aim the Mathematics Learning in the Classroom Questionnaire was applied for a 

sample of184 fifth and forth grade students. The analysis of the data (MANOVA) showed that: 

Significant difference was found between low, medium and high achievers in attitude toward 

help-seeking, math class and classroom environment. The attitude toward environment classroom 

was the best predictive variable for help-seeking behavior(R=0/247, p

3109.1 Models for explaining cultural differences: A meta-analysis, Dianne A. Van Hemert, 

Fons J. R. Van de Vijver, Ype H. Poortinga, Tilburg University, The Netherlands 

A meta-analysis of 219 culture-comparative studies in psychology is presented. Different models 

for explaining cross-cultural differences were tested. Sample fluctuations (9.5% explained 

variance) and method-related factors at sample and study level (15.2% explained variance) 

appeared to explain a substantial amount of variance. After correction for these artefacts, 

economic and political indicators (such as Gross National Product and level of democracy) were 

better predictors of cultural differences (10.8% of variance explained) than country-level 

psychological variables (such as values; 2.4% of variance explained). Implications for the use of 

country-level psychological variables, such as the regularly-used individualism-collectivism 

dimension, are discussed. 

3109.2 A comparative analysis on the criteria of choosing a spouse in America and China--An 

Emipirical Study on 3,000 Marriage Advertisements in Boston and Tianjin, Guo-an Yue, Hao 

Chen, Yanyan Zhang, Nankai University, China 

This research analyzes 3,000 marriage advertisements in the primary newspapers in Boston and 

Tianjin statistically. It turns out there are truly some differences between America and China in the 

criteria of choosing a spouse after studying four aspects: appearance, economical status, mental 

cultivation and social status. The results are: 1)Chinese people lay stress on instrumental 

rationality and traditional reason. Man shows traditionally erotic demands and woman asks for 

economic dependency when choosing a spouse. 2)American people emphasize on emotional 

reason. Both man and woman are inclined to look for “ romantic love “ when choosing a spouse. 

3109.3 What is ? Jianjun Zhu, China 

Because of the research and introduce of C.G.Jung, was acquainted by 

Western. But it is hardly to say Westerner, including C.G.Jung, have understood it. What is ? At first it is a set of “Archetype of Situation”. is a 

book of “Mathematics of libido” or “Mental Mathematics”. The basic divinatory symbol “Yang” 

and “Yin” are the image of the “wave crest” and “though of libido wave”. provide a particular operation. It can simulate the development and change of libido 

wave by image. 

3109.4 Resources, constraints, and interpersonal behavior: Toward a theory of culture for 

psychology, John Adamopoulos, Grand Valley State University, USA 

Cultural processes have been introduced into recent psychological theories with varying degress of 

success. One of the problems is that psychology still lacks comprehensive theories of culture, 

though constructs like "individualism" and "collectivism" have had a positive impact. This paper 

will describe culture - a cluster of interpersonal meanings - as a system emerging from the 

interaction of several classes of constraints (e.g., temporal, interpersonal). These constraints are 

thought to operate on human exchanges whose purpose is to secure resources necessary for 

survival. Data from socio-psychological research will be shown to support several assumptions of 

this approach. 

3109.5 Unity in diversity, the values that create sucessful intercultural families, Roya 

730

Massarrat 1 , Joel Flores 2 , 1 University of Barcelona, Spain, 2 Univesidad de Lima, Peru 

Social globalization is changing The Earth into one country and humanity into its citizens, as a 

natural consequence of the integration of diverse cultures. Intercultural marriages are increasingly 

more frequent, developing a new set of values through integration processes. This study evaluates, 

from systemic point of view, the relational values that can help intercultural couples achieve 

greater enrichment in their relationship. It examines strategies that can prevent or help to solve 

their conflicts. Results show that acceptance of each other’s cultural differences, is key to their 

success. 

3109.6 The acculturative stress experience of Chinese and Indonesian international students, 

Hugo Gonzales, Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, Australia 

The aim of this longitudinal study was to ascertain the influence of everyday stresses, ethnic 

identity and acculturative stress in the mental health reported by international students from 

mainland China and Indonesia at different stages of their sojourn to Australian universities namely 

entry level, four and eight months. This study challenged the traditional U-curve assumption of 

cultural shock which indicated that sojourners went through different phases in their process of 

adjustment to the host society and supported the stress and coping model stating that sojourners 

experienced high levels of stress from their initial interaction to the host society. 

3109.7 A cross-cultural study on attitudes towards suicide and suicide prevention in Norway 

and Uganda, Heidi Hjelmeland 1 , Eugene Kinyanda 2 , Birthe Loa Knizek 3 , Vicki Owens 4 , 

Hilmar Nordvik 5 , 1 Department of Psychology, Norway, 2 Butabika National Referral Hospital, 

Uganda, 3 Department of Psychology, NTNU, Norway, 4 Department of Mental Health and 

Community Psychology, Makerere University, Uganda 

Studying attitudes towards suicide is one of several gateways to increasing the understanding of 

meanings(s) of suicidal behaviour in different cultures. In the present study a questionnaire on 

attitudes towards suicide was distributed to students in Norway and Uganda. Factor analysis was 

performed on the data in the two countries separately. The results showed large differences in 

factor structure making comparisons on factor level virtually impossible. This result indicates that 

different latent variables are underlying the responses, which in turn might be an indication of 

different meaning(s) of suicidal behaviour in the two counties. Implications for suicide prevention 


3109.8 Cross cultural validity of intellectual assessment: Recent developments, John E. Lewis, 

Nicole Richardson, Amber Stirlen, Nova Southeastern University, USA 

This paper examines current methods to assess the intellectual level of culturally diverse clients in 

the United States. In particular, it looks at historical biases in assessing children and adolescents 

from culturally diverse backgrounds. The newly published Wechsler Intelligence Scale for 

Children (WISC-IV) is analyzed as to its cross cultural validity. The developers of this measure of 

intelligence attempted to make it more culturally viable than the previous edition. A clinical 

evaluation of these specific attempts is delineated. In addition, advances in the informal and 

formal process of assessment are presented, including the adequacy of using nonverbal 

instruments and translations. 

731

3110 ORAL 


Chair: Oi Kwan Ophelia Tsui, Hong Kong, China 

3110.1 Managers’ occupational stress in the People’s Republic of China: A Field Study, 

Changqin Lu, Department of Psychology, Peking University, China 

This study investigated managers’ occupational tress in the People's Republic of China. A total of 

450 enterprise managers in eight cities of completed a Shorter Chinese Version of 

OSI-2(Occupational Stress Index). The results of regression analyses showed that “Organizational 

climate”, “Home-work balance”, “Sex” were significant predictors of physical strain, and 

“Organizational climate”, “Factor intrinsic to job”, “Tenure”, “Educational level”, “Sex” were 

significant predictors of psychological strain, and for job satisfaction, only “Managerial role” was 

significant predictors. 

3110.2 Work stressors in virtual organizations, Niina Kokko, Matti Vartiainen, Marko 

Hakonen, Helsinki University of Technology, Finland 

The increasing focus on globally networked working groups and interactive technologies have 

created virtual organizations as people work across the boundaries of time, space and 

organizations. Distributed work creates new job demands and challenges for the employees and 

leaders. According to our preliminary survey results (n = 223), procedural and interactional justice, 

trust, and leadership quality correlate negatively with virtual team members felt stress. Major 

positive correlates are job complexity and information load. Semi-structured interviews (n= 83) 

aim at deeper analysis of job demands, social and organizational stressors and regulation problems 

that cause stress for employees working in virtual context. 

3110.3 Changeability and gender related challenges of work values, Tom Nils Yrjo Hagstrom 1 , 

Anders Kjellberg 2 , 1 National Institute for Working Life, Sweden, 2 University of Govle, Sweden 

Changeability of work values was studied by longitudinal analyses of nurses and engineers from 

the Stockholm area in Sweden. Questionnaires were completed by 173 male and 48 female 

engineers and 353 female and 31 male nurses at three measurement occasions covering about four 

and half years from the end of their vocational education. Women's ratings of Social relations and 

Altruism remained higher than men's while women & acute; ratings of Benefit/career and 

Influence increased which eliminated the initial gender difference. The changeability of work 

values is discussed in terms of challenges and norms in working life. 

3110.4 An indigenous model of job insecurity among Hong Kong employees, Oi Kwan 

Ophelia Tsui, Darius K-S Chan, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, China 

This study examined the antecedents and consequences of job insecurity in Hong Kong. As 

opposed to the frequently studied antecedents that concern mainly about the work roles of 

employees in the West, we explored factors that are more relevant to collective cultures. Based on 

the responses of a sample of Hong Kong employees, job insecurity was found to be associated 

positively with perceived loss of friends and coworders due to layoffs and negatively with 

perceived job alternatives. Detrimental effects of insecurity on job satisfaction, organizational 

732

commitment and health were also found. These relations were captured by a structural equation 

model. 

3110.5 Main social stressors and mental health of different occupational groups in social 

transition period, Long Chen 1 , Fengge Zhang 2 , 1 Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of 

Sciences, China, 2 Kailuan Group Corp., Tangshan, China 

Stress and mental health becomes a more interesting topic to researchers. A survey was conducted 

for a stratified random sample of 4872 respondents, which was consisted of manager, worker, 

community service, teacher, medical care, unemployment et al. The results suggested that there 

were ten factors consisting of 89 items, labeled as: social environment, work-loading, 

self-achievement, economic pressure, human relations, social support, family, housing, child-care, 

personal life. Evidence of construct validity was shown of association among SCL-90, BPOMS, 

GHQ. The result of multiple regression analysis revealed that total stress level had a negative 

significantly association with national standard indices of performance. 

3110.6 Mutual goal-achieving: Economic performance and well-being, Long Chen 1 , 

Chongyuan Xu 2 , 1 Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China, 

2 

Planning and Development Commission of Wuxi People’s Government, China 

How to make balance of economic performance and well-being is a central mission of firm during 

Chinese social transition period. Data was collected from a stratified random sample of 165 firms 

(N=9143), results-feedback and OD was followed. Results of multiple regression suggested that 

Environment Uncertainty had negative effect on productivity (sales per employee) and well-being 

(GHQ), though the effect of firm’s competitive strategy was significantly positive for both of them. 

The profiles of organizational culture according to Hofstede’s classification effect on two goals 

were same except with closed system and loose control, which were positive for productivity but 

negative for well-being. 

3110.7 Managerial stress in Estonia, Mare Teichmann 1 , Paul Spector 2 , Cary Cooper 3 , Kate 

Sparks 4 , 1 Tallinn Technical University, Estonia, 2 University of South Florida, USA, 3 University of 

Manchester Institute of Science and Technology, UK 

The present study aims at examining the stressors among managers (N=163) in Estonia. Research 

has held by Occupational Stress Indicator-2 (OSI2), which reliability and validity is investigated 

and reported by CISMS. As expected, female managers (N=43) were under the higher pressure by 

managerial role/tasks than male managers. Younger managers main stressors at work were 

insufficient recognition (p

objective was to study whether the level of measurement of results - individual, team/unit and the 

whole organization - has different effects on productivity, work attitudes and work climate. This 

was studied in 35 Finnish organizations with a survey (N=2136). The results are presented at the 

conference. 

3111 ORAL 


Chair: Mohammad Ali Besharat, Iran 

3111.1 The prevalanve of depration among pre-university students-Tehran-Iran, Davoud 

Shojaeizadeh 1 , Nahid Ghorbanzadeh Shabestari 3 , 1 School of public Health, Tehran University 

of Medical sciences, Iran, 2 Tehran University of Medical sciences, Iran 

Adolescence is the most sensetive period of life. The aim of this research is to determine the rate 

of depration. This research is analytical and descriptive study. Randomly sampled 200 students 

were selected. A questionnaire was developed to collect the data. SPSS statistical software was 

used to analyze the data. Results showed that 22% of male and 36% of female students had sever 

and inermediate depration. Among the girls there is relationship between depration and passing 

exam, mothers' education, age and parents' death. Among the boys there is relationship between 

depration and number of family, parents situation, type of entertainment and average mark of 

exam. 

3111.2 Dimensions of perfectionism in depression and anxiety, Mohammad Ali Besharat, 

Tehran University, Iran 

The aim of this study was to examine dimensions of perfectionism in depression and anxiety. 

Eighty-eight subjects were included in this study in three groups: Depressed (n= 25); anxious (n= 

19); and norma control (n= 44). All 88 participants were asked to complete the Multidimentional 

Perfectionism Scale, the Beck Depression Inventory, and the Beck Anxiety Inventory. It was found 

that the depressed patients had higher levels of self-oriented perfectionism than did either the 

anxious or normal control subjects. It was found that anxious patients had higher levels of socially 

prescribed perfectionism than did either the depressed or normal subjects. 

3111.3 An Investigation of the relationship between attachment styles and sexual problems 

among infertile couples, Mohammad Ali Besharat, Tehran University, Iran 

The aim of this research was to investigate the relationship between attachment styles and sexual 

dysfunctions among infertile couples. Ninety infertile couples (n= 180) were included in this study. 

All 180 subjects were asked to complete the Adult Attachment Inventory and the Golombok-Rust 

Inventory of Sexual State Questionnaire. Attachment styles were found to be significantly 

associated with sexual functioning. Secure persons revealed less sexual problems than did insecure 

persons. Causality of infertility was found to be significantly related to male sexual problems, but 

not to female sexual problems. Infertile men had higher sexual problems than infertile women. 

Results and implications are discussed. 

3111.4 Psychological approach to the treatment of posttraumatic Korsakoff’s [amnestic] 

734

syndrome in neurosurgical clinic, Vsevolod Maksakov, Burdenko Neurosurgical Institute, 


In this report the resources of psychological rehabilitation of posttraumatic KS are described. The 

authoring psychocorrectional technique is grounded on psychiatric nosology of the primary 

disorders of psychic activity for all the period of posttraumatic KS’s clinical course. In our work 

we mention next stages of psychological correction: Emotional covered, Emotional involvement, 

Emotional experience. The main principles of psychological treatment of KS are: Beginning of the 

psychological treatment on the early post-injury stage; Looking for and selection some 

emotionally significant themes; Degree of directivity depends on the phase of KS; Keeping of 

patient’s spontaneity by emotional connection; Team-working. 

3111.5 PTSD and depressive symptoms among Kosovar refugees, Amy Ai, University of 

Michgan, USA 

Since 1999, almost 15,825 Kosovar refugees have entered the United States. We conducted a 

caseworker-assisted survey of 129 Kosovar refugees. Of these individuals, 78 showed the likely 

presence of PTSD. The mean number of war-related traumatic events reported was 15. Higher 

PTSD scores were associated with more traumatic events and female gender. Women refugees also 

had higher levels of depressive disorders. Positive predictors for PTSD severity scores and 

depressive disorders were female gender, number of traumatic events, and a prior occupation that 

required more education. Lower PTSD severity scores were related to a gender/number of 

traumatic events interaction factor. 

3111.6 The experimental examination of memory problems among individuals with OCD 

checker type, Majied Mahmood aliloo 1 , Mohamadkazem Atefvahid 2 , Seyed Akbar 

Bayanzadeh 2 , Seyed Kazem Malakooti 2 , 1 Tabriz University, Iran, 2 Iran University of Medical 

Sciences, Iran 

The objectives of this research is studying of memory problems among OCD checkers. For this 

purpose 60 individuals with OCD and 60 individuals as controls were selected. The memory of 

subjects were assessed by two lists of words(recalling list and recognition/confidence list).Results 

showed that the groups did not differ about there amount of recalling of words. Checkers, washers 

and anxious groups showed memory bias in recalling of danger related words. The checkers 

differed from other groups in their memory confidence. The theoretical and practical implications 

of results were discussed. 

3111.7 The transgression of taboos: Freedom or condemnation - The psychology of becoming 

one’s self, Christopher Stones, Rhodes University, South Africa 

In the process of becoming of a person there are multiple developmental imperatives, some of 

which pertain to the acquisition of a localized (family) culture. However, an inherent 

psychological thrust is to transgress some of these family mores (by testing the limits) in order to 

grow into oneself. Herein lies a risk: While it is necessary to separate for healthy emotional 

growth to occur, inappropriate separation - often catalysed through family enmeshment - can result 

in ego fragmentation thus predisposing the young adult to feelings of guilt and depression, often 

manifesting itself in a range behavioural maladies. 

735

10-20%. However, there exist few early intervention programs in China. This paper reports a trial 

in Shenzhen based on the Resourceful Adolescent Program, an Australian school-based universal 

program designed to increase teenagers' psychological resilience. A total of 362 Grade 7 students 

(168 treatment,194 control) from 6 middle schools completed the 11-week program in Spring 

2003. Main findings from pre-, post-, and 6-month follow-up measures of depression and other 

variables are discussed in relation to the value and effect of the early intervention in Chinese 

schools. 

3112.4 A comparison study on different groups on SCL-90, Qingpeng Xu 1 , 1 Long Chen, Hua 

Pei 2 , Hua Zhang 2 , 1 Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kailuan Group Corp., 

China 

To study comparatively the variations of different groups levels of the total scores and factors of 

SCL-90. A random stratified sample of 4 745 employees in a group corporate was evaluated by 

SCL-90 scale. ANOVA and multiple comparisons were conducted on the score of total and each 

factor of SCL-90 according to groups of gender, occupation, education level, age, and marriage 

status. Groups of woman, unemployment, teacher, medium education level, younger, 

widow/divorce/single scored higher on total and factors of SCL-90. Sample’s means of 6 out of 9 

factors were significantly higher than 1986’s national norm in China. 

3112.5 Effects of cognitive function and social support on quality of life of Japanese adults, 

Kaori Karasawa, Takeshi Hatta, Junko Toyosawa, Emi Ito, Yasuhiro Ito, Nagoya University, 

Japan 

This study examined whether the cognitive functions and social support determine the degree of 

depression and quality of life among Japanese middle-aged and elderly persons. Participants were 

294 men and 526 women (averaged age 61.3) participated the study. Their cognitive functions 

such as memory and attention, were measured during the regular medical check-ups organized by 

the community. They also answered the questionnaire tapping social support, quality of life, and 

depression. Preliminary analyses revealed that the quality of life and depression were significantly 

determined by the quality of social support. Moreover, cognitive functions determined the quality 

of life. 

3112.6 Behavior problems and self-concepts of underachievements in middle school students, 

Jian-ren Zhang, Psychology Department of Hunan Normal University, China 

Objective: To investigate the behavior problems and self-concept of middle school students with 

underachievements. Methods: According to academic achievement and the teacher’s evaluation, 

80 middle school underachievers were sampled as the study group, and 67 normal students were 

sampled as the control group. The student’s behavior problems and self-concept were rated by 

Conners Child Behavior Inventory and Piers-Harris Child Self-concept Scale. Results: The study 

group showed much more behavior problems, and get significantly lower scores in self-concept 

scale than the control group. Conclusion: Underachievements in middle school students may result 

in low self-concept and high incidence of behavior problems. 

3112.7 Personality and affect as predictors of medically unexplained symptoms in primary care: 

A follow-up study, Véronique De Gucht 1 , Benjamin Fischler 2 , Willem Heiser 3 , 1 Department of 

737

Clinical and Health Psychology, Leiden University, The Netherlands, 2 University of Leuven, 

Belgium, 3 Leiden University, The Netherlands 

A total of 318 primary care patients participated in the study. Logistic regression analyses were 

conducted to assess the contribution of neuroticism, alexithymia, negative, and positive affect to 

(1) increase vs. decrease in number of symptoms reported, and (2) the presence of a consistently 

high number of medically unexplained symptoms (MUS) over a 6-month follow-up. Both (high) 

negative affect and (low) positive affect significantly contributed to changes in number of MUS 

over time. Next to negative affect, the dimension of alexithymia, measuring difficulty in 

identifying feelings, was found to be a significant predictor of a consistently high number of MUS. 

3112.8 The management of subjective quality of life by surgery patients, David Mellor 1 

Robert Cummins 1 , Shane Storer 2 , 1 School of Psychology, Deakin University, Australia, 

2 

Southwest Healthcare, Victoria, Australia 

Forty seven short stay patients completed a questionnaire measuring subjective quality of life, 

positive and negative affect, self-esteem, optimism and cognitive flexibility, the day prior to 

admission (T1), two days post-operation (T2) and one week after discharge (T3). Neuroticism and 

Extroversion were measured at Time 1. All variables remained stable across the three times, apart 

from positive affect, which dropped significantly post-operation but returned to its previous level 

post discharge. Results suported the homeostatic model of subjective quality of life at Time 1, and 

raise doubts about the stability of personality under conditions of external threat such as surgery. 

3113 ORAL 


Chair: Guido Demicheli, Chile 

3113.1 The impact of organizational culture on objective measures of a firms’ performance, 

Rudolf Kerschreiter 1 , Yves R. F. Guillaume 1 , Felix C. Brodbeck 2 , 

1 2 

Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Germany, Aston University, Birmingham, UK 

Despite managerial theory proclaiming links between corporate culture and a firms’ performance 

empirical evidence for this idea is rare. The current study relied on organizational culture data of 

25 public and limited firms in Austria, Germany, and Switzerland collected within the GLOBE 

research project. These cultural data were related to the firms performance, namely firms’ three 

years average Return on Sales, Return on Assets, and Growth Rate. Results show that corporate 

culture (measured in 1996) predicts corporate performance in 1997-1999, when performance in 

1994-1996 is controlled for. Details concerning specific cultural dimensions will be depicted. 

3113.2 Personality factors, team roles and conflict management styles in South African 

managers from diverse cultures, Martin J.L. Jooste, Frik Boonzaaier, Department of 

Psychology, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa 

Determining the nature of (i) the core personality factors of a managerial sample; (ii) correlations 

of these factors with team roles (TR) and with conflict management styles (CMS). The sample 

(N=522) comprised managers from various levels and business sectors; mostly white males; 

predominantly 34-38 years of age; culturally diverse; and typically having tertiary qualifications. 

738

Measures: TRIAGE computerised battery involving 33 variables. Psychometric properties of the 

TRIAGE variables were determined for various samples, utilizing factor analyses, MANOVAs, 

ANOVAs and canonical correlations. Findings: A five factor core structure was identified, linked 

to three canonical roots for TR and CMS respectively. 

3113.3 Organizational culture in a public university: A quali-quantitative methodology for 

measuring faculty members & acute; beliefs and attitudes, Guido Demicheli, Universidad de 

Valparaiso - Chile, Chile 

This presentation reports the results of an organizational culture study, addressed to establish the 

main attitudes and beliefs that Public University’s Faculty share and sustain about their own 

organization. 72 in deep interviews and 250 questionnaires were carried out to Faculty, using a 

proportional and stratified sample according to academic hierarchy and type of contract. 

According to the current tendencies, this research used Galileo System, an integral 

quali-quantitative methodology tool that includes last generation software to construct a specific 

study questionnaire, and to measure and graphically represent Faculty’s attitudes and beliefs. 

3113.4 Five-facor model of organizational trust and its effectiveness, Yongwon Suh, Young 

Seok Lee, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Republic of Korea 

The present study identified 5 dimensions of trust determinants in organizations such as 

competency, consideration, fairness, morality, and social responsibility. LISREL analysis 

confirmed the factor structure for both company and leader trust. In addition, an integrated model 

of organizational trust was tested from the sample of 1057 Korean employees. Company and 

leader trust influenced cooperating intention and loyalty toward both company and leader. 

Cooperating intention influenced OCB, and loyalty influenced organizational commitment. 

Mediating effects from company and leader trust to OCB and organizational commitment thru 

cooperating intention and loyalty were supported. Effects of trust determinants were moderated by 

collectivistic values. 

3113.5 The Gestalt: The forgotten factor in consulting to organizations, Kerry Richard 

Cronan, Australian Psychological Society/ Syntactics, Australia 

The recent intervention developments in consulting to organizations have tended to specialize and 

isolate single factors or a few multiple factors. The former perspective of focus on the gestalt or 

the whole of the organization has largely been subsumed by a specialization that exhilarates "new" 

dimensions that are emphasized and then fade into displacement by new specializations of 

intervention. This often leaves organizations uncertain of what is the need development of the 

whole organization. This presentation will explore the gestalt need for consulting to organizations. 

3113.6 Relations of types of goals and job behavior with proficiency in MBO, Saori 

Yanagizawa, Nakamura University, Japan 

This study examined the effect of employees’ proficiency on the types of goals and job behavior in 

the Management By Objectives system. 103 factory employees were asked their information about 

(a) proficiency, (b) goals, (c) actual job behavior and (d) the degree of the goals achievement. 

Results showed that high proficient employees group had significant tendency to select the goals 

concerning work processes and efficiency-oriented behavior. Moreover, the degree of employees’ 

739

goal achievement depended on their efficiency-oriented behavior. These results suggested that the 

selected goals and job behavior would relate with employees’ work proficiency. 

3113.7 The role of tacit knowledge transfer in collaborative innovation in asymmetric supply 

relationships, Kaisa Henttonen, Tiina Jauhiainen, Kirsimarja Blomqvist, Lappeenranta 

University of Technology, Department of Business Administration, Finland 

Tacit knowledge, and the ability to transfer tacit knowledge between asymmetric parties are 

believed to be a key for innovation, and organizational competitiveness. Thus, the issue is how to 

protect tacit knowledge related to firm-specific core competencies, and simultaneously share and 

transfer critical tacit knowledge for collaborative innovation. Hence our research questions are: 

How can tacit knowledge be transferred as a part of innovation process in asymmetric supply 

relationships? How can firms simultaneously protect tacit knowledge related to their core 

competencies? Our empirical fieldwork consists of two case studies in the metal industry sector. 

3113.8 The impact of emotional intelligence and organizational climate on the perception of 

working stress, Vincenzo Majer 1 , Gabriele Giorgi 2 , 1 Psychology Department, University of 

Florence, Italy, 2 University of Verona, Italy 

The present study tends to explore the emerging correlations between the dimension of 

organizational climate and the individual differences. We decided afterwards we would focus on 

the analysis between emotional intelligence and stress. The database of the research came from a 

work of organizational diagnosis realized by industrial and public firms. The employers of the 

firms have been invited to compile an articulated survey about the constructs of emotional 

intelligence and organizational climate and about other constructs that investigate the peculiarities 

of a person who can experience stress and the results of stress at an individual and organizational 

level. 

3114 ORAL 


Chair: Tuija Muhonen, Sweden 

3114.1 Can morality of authority moderate the interaction between procedural justice and 

outcome favorability? The Chinese case, Xiaowan Lin, Hongsheng Che, School of Psychology, 


The research examined whether morality of authority moderates the interactive relationship 

between procedural justice and outcome favorability in China. Three independent variables 

(morality of authority, procedural justice, and outcome favorability) were manipulated in study 1, 

and were measured in study 2. The two studies in different setting yielded consistent results. The 

key triple interactive effect does exist in China. Only when the morality of authority is high, fair 

procedure can reduce the effect of outcome favorability. When morality of authority is low, the 

interaction between procedural justice and outcome favorability and the main effect of procedural 

justice are both nonsignificant. 

3114.2 Psychological strengths, stress and suicide ideation of South African Correctional 

740

Services Officers, Jaco Pienaar 1 , Christo Botha 2 , 1 North West University, Potchefstroom 

Campus, South Africa, 2 Departement of Correctional Services, Free State Province, South Africa 

The objective was to establish the relationship between psychological strengths, stress and suicide 

ideation of employees of the Department of Correctional Services (DCS). Three concepts of 

psychological strength namely work locus of control, sense of coherence and affect as independent 

variables were compared with suicide ideation as a dependant variable. A cross-sectional design 

was used. A simple random sample (n=157) was taken. The Correctional Officer Stress Inventory 

was developed and the Work Locus of Control Scale, Orientation to Life Questionnaire, 

Affectometer 2, were administered. Statistical analysis showed that positive affect and external 

locus of control were associated with suicide ideation. 

3114.3 Implementation of system for working environment management, Johan Hansson, 

Lulea University of Technology, Department of Human Work Sciences, Division of Engineering 

Psychology, Sweden 

This study addresses implementation of a system for management of working environment. By 

case studies the prerequisites of motivation, capacity and opportunity were examined. An action 

program was designed, including a communication structure of meetings. The program was 

evaluated by observations and interviews. Results showed that the participants operated according 

to the meeting structure. The evaluation also inquired the first line managers’ mental models for 

using matching methods. Finally, the planning of the management was evaluated. The 

representatives held indistinct perceptions of the system and failed to communicate strategies for 

operative management. Some guiding principles for system implementation are suggested. 

3114.4 Examining the mediating roles of job dissatisfaction and trust between psychological 

contract breach and civic virtue behavior in the Philippine context, Simon Lloyd Restubog 1 , 

Robert Tang 2 , Peter Lemuel Cayayan 2 , 1 School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, 

Australia, 2 School of Management and Information Technology, De La Salle University-College 

of Saint Benilde, Philippines 

This study addressed the need for more cross-cultural investigations of psychological contract by 

examining the mediating roles of job dissatisfaction and trust between breach and civic virtue 

behavior. A survey was administered to 232 front-line employees from four banking institutions in 

the Philippines. Multi-item scales measured psychological contract breach, job dissatisfaction, 

trust, and civic virtue. Using hierarchical multiple regression, we found support for our predictions. 

Psychological contract breach was negatively related with trust and civic virtue behavior, and 

positively associated with job dissatisfaction. Moreover, trust and job dissatisfaction fully 

mediated the relationship between psychological contract breach and civic virtue behavior. 

3114.5 Gender and collective coping at work, Tuija Muhonen, School of Technology and 

Society, Malmö University, Sweden 

The study presents an alternative approach to the individualistic perspective which has dominated 

earlier research about coping at work. Coping is viewed here as a collective phenomenon, i.e. how 

employees cope together with others in order to handle problems at work. Earlier studies with an 

individualistic approach have shown gender differences regarding coping. It is therefore 

interesting to examine different forms of collective strategies women and men use to cope with 

741

work demands. Altogether 30 group interviews using the “Critical incident technique” were 

conducted with women and men in a telecom company. Collective coping strategies are analyzed 

from a gender. 

3114.6 A test of a multidimensional model of job insecurity in SOE in China, Xiaopeng Ren 1 , 

Kan Shi 1 , George Chen 2 , 1 Center for Social & Economic Behaviors, Institute of Psychology, 

Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, 2 Hong Kong, China 

We conducted an empirical study in SOE in China to assess the measurement of job insecurity and 

its antecedents/consequences in which 302 employees are investigated. The notion of job 

insecurity was based on the theoretical conceptualization of Greenhalgh et al. (1984) and the 

multidimensional measure of Ashford, et al (1989). The results show that a partially composite 

measure of job insecurity, in which the components of job features and total job change were 

combined, did indeed relate to the antecedents/consequences. But subcomponent of powerlessness 

tended not to add to the relationships among antecedents and outcomes. 

3114.7 Risk culture: From safety to finance, Ian Donald, Sheena Johnson, University of 

Liverpool, UK 

The research developed a measure of and analyzed employee attitudes and organizational risk 

culture within financial institutions to determine whether or not risk culture impacts upon financial 

loss incidents. The results (n=405) indicate that the risk culture measure identifies specific and 

seperate psychological elements of an organization's risk culture. The questionnaire comprises 12 

factors and possesses discriminant validity between organizations and risk culture is predictive of 

an organizations experience of errors leading to financial loss. Financial organizations can use 

information on their risk culture to determine their risk exposure in relation to potential 

involvement in a financial loss event. 

3114.8 Safety culture in a petrochemical plant: A participant observation, Guangtao Yu, 

Erping Wang, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China 

Safety is the core value in the organizational culture of high risk organization(HRO), and safety 

culture refers to the aggregation of values, norms, and attitudes shared by all employees of HRO. 

In order to find out how things worked or occurred, participant observation of 103 days was 

executed in a petrochemical plant. The perceived organizational phenomena and interviews of the 

actors were recorded in texts. Three experts in organization behavior coded the behaviors based on 

the texts. Four categories of behaviors were determined: valued interpersonal relationship, 

meaning of work, opinion of human nature, pursuit of reality and truth. 

3115 ORAL 


Chair: Anu Kaarlela, Finland 

3115.1 Comparison study of cognitive ability and psychomotor function among schoolchildren 

living in the iodine excess environment, Ming Qian 1 , Gao Yan 1 , Zhao Jinkou 2 , Wang Dong 1 , 

Chen Zupei 4 , 1 Dept of Medical Psychology, Tianjin Medical Univ, China, 2 Jiangsu Certre of 

742

Diseases Control, China 

How does the iodine-excess (IE) influence on the cognitive ability and psychomotor function? 

According to the iodine concentration (300, 500, 800-1500ug/L) in drinking-water, 343 

8-10ys-schoolchildren living in IE areas were divided into 3 groups. Comparing with 144 kids 

living in adequate-iodine-environment (10-200ugI/L-), the average of IQ in three groups increased 

0.1, 0.2, -2.33 scores with the Combined-Raven-Test; the average of total error number of 

WCST-64 increased 2.37, 2.08, 1.11; the average of T-scores of Jinyi-Psychomotor-Battery-Tests 

decreased 16.87, 6.42, 17.57. No statistic difference was found with ANOVA (p

Xu, College of Architecture & Urban Planning, Tongji University, China 

The aim of the study is to clarify the significant characteristics of environment-behavior 

phenomenon in Shanghai downtown plazas. A series of empirical studies on 6 plazas in Shanghai 

downtown area were conducted in spring from 2000 to 2002, which applied the principles and 

techniques of POE. The results showed the behavior patterns of actors in shanghai downtown area 

were found to be different from those of the U.S. actors indicated from the books written by White 

(1980) and Marcus and Francis (1998). Many detail indications and suggestions to the design and 

research of downtown open space are discussed. 

3115.6 Before botox: The perception of facial movement, Harold Hill, Dept. 2, Human 

Information Science Research Labs.ATRI, Japan 

Faces move in interesting rigid and non-rigid ways and yet, until recently, have been treated as 

static stimuli within Psychology. New technology, including video and computer animation, 

allows facial movement to be controlled and studied explicitly. It has been shown that movement 

can provide useful information for a wide variety of tasks including recognition, categorization 

and communication, and that motion may be particularly useful when shape-based information is 

difficult to recover. Results suggest that rigid and non-rigid information may be encoded 

independently, with non-rigid motion encoded within a face-centered framework, but the details of 

encoding remain a key, unanswered question. 

3115.7 The determinants of participation of Park & Ride measure, Shoji Ohtomo 1 , Yukio 

Hirose 1 , Junkichi Sugiura 2 , Susumu Ohnuma 3 , 1 Graduate School of Environment Studies, 

Nagoya University, Japan, 2 Department of education, Aichi University of Education, Japan, 

3 

Department of Behavioral Science, Graduate School of Letters, Hokkaido University, Japan 

The purpose of this study is to examine determinants of participation of Park & Ride measure. Our 

survey was carried out for residents in the area where a social experiment of P&R was being 

implemented, and 807 responses were obtained with the response rate of 58%. The results were as 

follows. a) Main determinants of participation-intention were general evaluation, social benefit 

evaluation, and cost evaluation. b) Social and personal benefit evaluation affected the intention 

indirectly by way of general evaluation. We discussed that the importance of affecting on cost 

evaluation, social benefit evaluation, and personal benefit evaluation to promote P&R. 

3115.8 The outcome of behavioural marital therapy: Immediate impact and long-term follow-up, 

Andrew Christensen, University of California, USA 

In a two-site clinical trial, 134 seriously and chronically distressed married couples, stratified into 

moderately and severely distressed groups, were randomly assigned to Integrative or Traditional 

Behavioral Couple Therapy (IBCT vs. TBCT). Couples received up to 26 sessions of treatment. 

Assessments were conducted prior to treatment, at 13 and 26 weeks into treatment, at treatment 

termination, and every 6 months for 2 years. The trajectory of change for IBCT and TBCT differed 

during treatment. Follow-up findings to date indicate no differences between treatments for 

moderately distressed couples but significantly greater maintenance for severely distressed 

couples in IBCT than in TBCT. 

744

3116 ORAL 


Chair: Hong Jiao, USA 

3116.1 The effect of missing data of rating design on parameter estimations using the 

many-facet Rasch model, Shudong Wang, Michael Young, Holly Zhang, Harcourt Assessment, 

Inc., USA 

The Many-facet Rasch model (MFRM) has been used to calibrate and scale performance 

assessments that involve subjective judgments. The trade-off using an unbalanced rating design 

has been to sacrifice the accuracy of parameter estimates for the low cost and relative ease of 

implementing these designs. The purpose of this Monte Carlo study was to evaluate the effects of 

missing data on person, item, and rater facet parameter recovery using MFRM under a variety 

balanced and unbalanced rating designs. This study shows that the missingness rate can be 

considered an indicator of the quality of parameter estimation using the MFRM. 

3116.2 The effects of random sampling on the Mantel Statistics, Hong Jiao, Shudong Wang, 

Harcourt Assessment, Inc., USA 

This study is to investigate the effects of random sampling on the Mantel Statistics in detecting 

differential item functioning (DIF) in polytomous items. Different samples from the same 

population will be selected and the magnitude, the direction, and the uniformity of DIF in 

polytomous items are compared to examine the consistency in detecting DIF based on the Mantel 

statistics in polytomous items across different groups of examinees. Both real data and simulated 

data will be used in this study. Several factors are manipulated. They are sample size, population 

distribution, DIF magnitude and direction. 

3116.3 The consistency of using different matching variables in detecting differential item 

functioning, Hong Jiao, Shudong Wang, Harcourt Assessment, Inc., USA 

This study investigates whether using different matching variables will result in differences in 

detecting Differential Item Functioning (DIF) in both dichotomous and polytomous items. Four 

types of scores, the total raw score, stanine, scale score, and performance level are used as 

matching variables respectively. Both real data and simulation data are used in this study. The 

simulation study simulates different magnitude of DIF. Four DIF indexes are applied to detect DIF, 

namely, Mantel statistic, Mantel-Haenszel statistic, unsigned/absolute standardized mean 

difference, and signed standardized mean difference. 

3116.4 Comparison of computerized adaptive test and computerized classification test in 

making classification decisions, Hong Jiao, Shudong Wang, Allen Lau, Harcourt Assessment, 

Inc., USA 

The purpose of this study is to investigate whether the improvement in the ability estimation using 

weighted likelihood estimation (WLE; Warm, 1989) in computerized adaptive test (CAT) 

enhances the classification accuracy compared to computerized classification test (CCT) utilizing 

sequential probability ratio test (SPRT; Wald, 1947) when both procedures are applied to make 

dichotomous classification decisions. This study helps to determine whether the improvement in 

the ability estimation using WLE will increase the test accuracy and efficiency in WLE-based CAT 

745

for classification compared to CCT using SPRT when the two procedures are matched. 

3116.5 Mixing linear and adaptive algorithms in computerized classification Test, Hong Jiao, 

Allen Lau, Harcourt Assessment, Inc., USA 

This simulation study investigates whether mixing the linear and adaptive algorithms in 

computerized classification test (CCT) using sequential probability ratio test (Wald, 1947) will 

increase the classification accuracy and test efficiency in making dichotomous classification 

decisions. The first part of CCT is linear in that each examinee takes the same set of items. Then 

an adaptive procedure is applied to select items adaptively from the item bank. Several factors are 

manipulated. They are item selection algorithm, test length constraints, and item pool 

characteristics. The conventional CCT for the same test condition is simulated as the reference for 

comparison. 

3116.6 Students of psychology looking for the role of the psychologist in education through 

different learning contexts, Cristina Erauaquin, Maria Esther Basualdo, Eliane Btesh, 

Gabriela Lerman, University of Buenos Aires, Argentina 

The issue is whether the academic process of becoming psychologist includes appropriation, 

internalization and construction of mediating tools and professional competence to perform into 

educational field. Vygotsky & acute concepts and "mental models" are applied. Questions about 

psychologists interventions were given to two groups of undergraduate students: one at the 

beginning and at the end of Educational Psychology Course; the other at the beginning of 

Professional Apprenticeship in educational settings. The first group showed problems & acute; 

schema and critical or idealized perspectives of psychologist & acute role. The second group 

introduced the search of mediating tools articulated with wefts of subjective problems into the 

educational assessment. 

3116.7 Using science notebooks to assess students’ performances, Min Li 1 , Maria 

Ruiz-Primo 2 , 1 University of Washington, Seattle, USA, 2 Stanford University, California, USA 

Students’ science notebooks can be a window both for teachers and for individuals outside 

classrooms to know more about what students know and are able to do in science domain. This 

study is a preliminary effort to investigate the feasibility of using notebooks to evaluate students’ 

performances. Four types of scoring strategies, ranging from scoring all the notebook entries to 

scoring a random sample of the entries, were compared and evaluated in terms of their 

psychometric quality. Based on the empirical evidence, the paper discussed strategies to score 

notebooks that are technically sound, logistically efficient. 

3116.8 Hands on or minds on: Cognitive Activities in performance assessments--An empirical 

study on think aloud, Yue Yin, Carlos Ayala, Richard Shavelson, School of Education, Stanford 


In this paper, we examine whether performance assessment can gauge higher-order thinking. 34 

high school students' think-alouds are recorded when they carried out three performance 

assessments. We coded their think-alouds into thirteen cognitive activities and correlated those 

cognitive activities' with their total scores, looking for patterns of relationships. We also correlated 

different cognitive activity frequencies to test if the students engage in different combinations of 

746

cognitive activities consistently. Furthermore, we regressed students' total scores on the 

cognitive-activity's frequencies. We also analyzed individual cases to provide a more vivid picture. 

We found evidence that performance assessment can gauge higher-order thinking. 

747

3117 ORAL 


Chair: Han Z. Li, Canada 

3117.1 Use of multidimensional scaling in identifying group sociometric structure from 

secondary data, Vladimir Hedrih, Department of Psychology, Faculty of Philosophy, University 

of Nis, Yugoslavia 

An attempt was made to develop an objective method of determining sociometric structure of a 

group by using secondary data. A knowledge test in psychological statistics was administered to 

two groups of students attending the course. Hypothesis were that a student's response structure 

would be more similar to the response structures of the students from the same group, and also 

more similar to the response structures of his/her friends. The results showed that the 

one-dimensional solution was 100% accurate in determining group membership of every student. 

Two-dimensional solution for each group was very accurate in identifying subgroups within each 

group. 

3117.2 The couples coping enhancement training (CCET): Its efficacy in a 2-years-follow-up, 

Guy Bodenmann, University of Fribourg, Switzerland 

The Couples Coping Enhancement Training (CCET) is a new prevention training for couples. One 

of the main rationales of the CCET is to strengthen individual and dyadic coping competencies of 

the both partners, in addition to strengthening dyadic communication and problem-solving skills. 

This rationale is based upon research on stress and coping in couples which indicates that these 

constructs often are at the origin of communication problems and marital conflicts. Data on the 

effectiveness of the CCET are presented. The program is helping not only newlywed but also 

maritally distressed couples. Its indication will be discussed. 

3117.3 The mediation and transaction: The tax (or fiscal) conscience, Dna Gloria 

Alarcón-García 1 , Elena Quiones-Vidal 2 , 1 Instituto Universitario de Estudios Fiscalesy 

Financieros, Universidad de Murcia, Spain, 2 Universidad de MurciaMurcia. Spain 

Every conflicting situation creates an economical and emotional cost to the involved persons. 

Although the legal battle had finished, the participants have the necessity to continue. When 

citizens decide to finish their conflicts, most of them go to the direct transaction between the 

parties concerned, without looking for a third person or a mediator. When they do not get a result 

through this way, but they are interested in reaching a good outcome, they resort to a mediator. 

This mediation may be extended to the public administration, transforming itself into a mediator 

who will extend the trust in taxes equity. 

3117.4 Spirituality and psychology: Its integration and practice within community, Levan Lim 1 , 

Annette Ullrich 2 1 , Specialised Education Academic Group, National Institute of Education, 

Singapore, 2 University of Tubingen, Germany 

The concept of spirituality has become a prominent topic in contemporary culture and society. Its 

748

eference and usage in contemporary literature, albeit diverse and ambiguous, have focused on 

individual growth, human development and community development, areas which have been 

traditionally informed by psychology. This presentation defines community and its developments 

as the focal point or context for integrating the practice of spirituality and psychology. Based on 

our research into the personal stories of individuals living in intentional communities, we will 

describe the relevance of a community psychology framework to understanding spirituality as an 

integral aspect of human experience and growth. 

3117.5 Inter- and intra-cultural variations in self-other boundary, Han Z. Li, University of 

Northern British Columbia, Canada 

In five scenarios mapping self-close other boundaries, 171 Anglo-Canadians and 224 Mainland 

Chinese were asked to make a decision and offer a reason for the decision. An intriguing finding 

emerged from the data. In comparison with Anglo-Canadians, Mainland-Chinese were more likely 

to share material belongings with close-others and less likely to share their thoughts/opinions. The 

first part of this finding provides unequivocal support for the theories of Self-Construal and 

Individualism-Collectivism whereas the latter part challenges an important assumption of these 

theories, which contends that collectivists should be more likely than individualists to share 

everything they own with others. 

3117.6 Self-other connectedness in samples from China, India and Canada, Han Z. Li 1 , Zhi 

Zhang 2 , Gira Bhatt 3 , Shucai Guo 4 , 1 UNBC, Canada, 2 Kunming Normal University, China, 

3 4 

Kwantlen University College, Canada, Hebei University, China 

From an IOS scale of six diagrams, participants in China, India and Canada were asked to indicate 

which picture best describes the participant’s relationship with his/her close others. The following 

are highlights of the findings. (1) For self-close family members connectedness, both the Chinese 

and Indians had a closer relationship than Canadians. (2) For self-closest friend connectedness, the 

three cultural groups had similar scores. (3) For self-close friends connectedness, the Indians had 

the closest relationship, followed by Chinese, then Canadians. (4) For self-close neighbors 

connectedness, the Indians were the closest, followed by the Chinese, then Canadians. 

3117.7 Similarity and difference in relationships: The effect of relational discrepancies on 

emotion, Jennifer Boldero 1 , Garry Robins 1 , Benedict Williams 1 , Jillian Francis 2 , 1 University of 

Melbourne, Australia, 2 University of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK 

Relational discrepancy theory (RDT; Robins & Boldero, 2003) proposes that discrepancies in the 

extent to which relational partners meet shared relational guides predict emotions with larger 

discrepancies producing stronger emotions. It also proposes the impact of discrepancies can be 

ameliorated by transforming the level of relationship interdependence. These propositions are 

examined in existing relationships. Consistent with predictions, relational discrepancies predicted 

emotions, conflict, stability, and satisfaction, with the majority of associations being stronger in 

low interdependence relationships. The results suggest RDT is useful for understanding the 

transformation and maintenance of different relationship types. 

3117.8 Child labour in Bangladesh: Interpersonal relationship of the employers and employees, 

Murshida Ferdous Binte Habib, Anwarul Hasan Sufi, University of Rajshahi, Bangladesh 

749

Interpersonal relationship between child labourers and their employers is very important from 

psychological viewpoints. The researchers studied 334 full-time formal child labourers and their 

employers in north-western part of Bangladesh. The children were asked 10 questions to assess 

their attitude towards their employers. Ego-State Inventory was administered on the employers. 

Work environment was also studied. Employer-employee relationship was found congenial. Most 

of the employers scored high on Adult and Nurturing Parent Ego-State. Elimination of child labour 

seems impossible until the government provides social welfare benefits. The researchers strongly 

recommends introduction of more special schools for the working children countrywide. 

3118 POSTER 


3118.1 Wundt and stumpf collections in Japan, Miki Takasuna, Tokyo International University, 

Japan 

In 1922, Tanenari Chiba (1884-1974), a psychologist at Tohoku University, represented his 

university in purchasing Wilhelm Wundt's personal collection of books, journals, and reprints for 

the university library. Around 1923, Kanae Sakuma (1888-1970), a psychologist at Kyushu 

University, likewise purchased Carl Stumpf's privately owned collection for his university's main 

library. Why these Japanese psychologists took extraordinary measures to obtain these collections 

is the subject of this article and is discussed first in terms of Japan's burgeoning field of 

psychology in the 1920s and each university's subsequent desire to distinguish themselves from 

less progressive academic institutions. 

3118.2 Need satisfaction and resulting affect for Chinese and US traditional-age university 

students, Constance Schick 1 Weidong Zhang 2 , 1 Bloomsburg University of PA, USA; 2 East China 

Normal University, Shanghai, China 

Recalling the most satisfying event of the last month, Chinese and US students rated self-esteem 

and autonomy as best satisfied of 10 needs. Chinese students rated pleasure-stimulation equivalent 

to these two. US women placed relatedness in the top three; US men included competence. 

Money-luxury need was least satisfied for all groups. Data partially support self-determination 

theory (Deci & Ryan, 2000) but differ somewhat from findings for South Korean and US students 

(Sheldon, Kasser, Elliot, & Kim, 2001). Satisfaction of self-esteem and pleasure needs suggest 

growth of individualism among Chinese students. PANAS ratings will be presented. 

3118.3 Comparision of the attitudes of nurses, Faroukh Abazari, Abas Abaszadeh, Kerman 

Univercity, Iran 

Methods: Through convence sampling, all employed nurses in critical care units of Kerman 

university hospitals and 41 relatives of admitted patients in these wards were selected to answer a 

questionnaire consisting of 25 questions. Re-test and spearman regression. Findings: There was a 

significant difference considering the mean scores of nurses (2.93) and patients' relatives (3.23), in 

which patient's relatives gave more important to these needs in comparision to the nurses (p

training programs for nurses in this regard. 

3118.4 A developmental study of the effect of self-interest on social attitude, Danlei Lu, 

Wenzhong Wang, Yuejia Luo, Institute of Psychology, China 

Two studies investigated the impact of self-interest on attitudes by experimentally manipulating 

vestedness. In study 1, the 13-year-olds did not expect their peers would take stake-congruent 

attitudes, but the 16-year-old cohort did; though participants' own attitudes revealed a 

nonsignificant impact of vestedness on attitudes. In study 2 where their stakes were deep and 

critical, with the age increasing, the children's attitudes became more congruent with self-interest. 

The results show that the ability to estimate others' attitudes by self-interest is attained between 13 

and 16 years old, and the relationship between self-interest and attitudes of self and others is 

changeable. 

3118.5 Organizational culture, values and professional mobility. a study within scientific 

organizations, Miriam Aparicio, IUPSYS- SIP-ICP, Argentina 

Scientific stratification (branches and disciplines) is frequently associated in theory to the 

effectiveness of research groups, but it is not to professional mobility or psychosocial factors. This 

work analyzes the existing relationships in organizational cultures belonging to different 

disciplinary fields (human/social sciences vs. exact/natural sciences) and the homogenization of 

psychosocial behavior, considering "mobility" as a variable (Cherkaoui, 1979), or, in other words, 

the building of organizational identities within the scientific system. 

3118.6 A lexical study of teachers’ attitudes toward pupils, Xuejun Lei, Southern China 


This study explored the self-rating dimensions of teachers' attitudes toward pupils through a series 

of approaches.318 attitude terms were collected and they primarily reflect kinds of attitude 

characteristics of teachers. But merely 120 terms were researched by exploratory factor analysis 

after measuring familiarities. These dimensions consist of five factors and they can explain 42.9 

percents of variances. They mainly describe the educational attitude toward pupil, the attitude 

toward pupil-teacher relationship, the affable attitude toward pupils, the arrogant and harsh 

attitude, and the autocratic and furious attitude, respectively. The five factors exactly the 

self-rating dimensions of teachers' attitudes toward pupils. 

3118.7 SARS and the psychological development of the Chinese citizens, Jian-ping Wu, 

Beijing Forestry University, China 

SARS had been spreading in China from November 2002 to June 2003,and the Chinese citizens 

exhibited 3 stages of their psychology. They were indifferent and unconcerned at first, then turned 

to anxiety and panic. Finally the Chinese became calm and mature. The attitudes and behavior of 

the Chinese citizens in face of disaster changed from immaturity to maturity. 

3118.8 Economic self-support tendency among college students from China, Jinhui Xiang, 

Yufang Zhao, Chongzeng Bi, South West Normal University, China 

Self-support is the basis of health personality. The present study used self-developed questionnaire 

in 885 college students to examine economic self-support tendency. Results revealed that most of 

751

students are significantly different (P=0.05). 

3118.13 Cross cultural comparison of values and beliefs in illegal drug users, Michael Lyvers, 

Michael Lerner, Bond University, Australia 

Psychedelic drug users (n=88) were compared to users of other illegal drugs (n=29) and to 

non-drug-users (n=66) on questionnaire measures of life values, spiritual beliefs, and empathy. 

Groups included subgroups from Israel and Australia. In both countries psychedelic users scored 

significantly higher on values such as spirituality, mysticism, empathy, and concern for the 

environment, and lower on financial prosperity, compared to users of other illegal drugs and 

non-drug controls. This is consistent with previous research suggesting that psychedelic drugs can 

trigger a mystical experience that may induce specific changes in values and beliefs that can 

override traditional cultural influences. 

3118.14 The attitudes of city dwellers toward disaster, Osamu Hayshi, Musashino University, 

Japan 

In this study, the perspectives of city dwellers toward disaster is discussed. The subjects were 

asked to answer the questionare asking which risks are considered to be disaster. The questionare 

was analized with third type of quantification method, and was cathegorised to 3 groups. The first 

group contained the disasters caused by human neglect which were considered to be "natural 

disasters". The second group contained small disasters caused by human neglect, like traffic 

accidents or sicknesses. The third group contained big disasters caused by human neglect, like the 

accidents of atomic generation or war. 

3118.15 The perceived risk in online shopping and consumer-related factors, Danrong You, 

Yinwen Chen, Erping Wang, The institute of Psychology, Chinese academy of Sciences, China 

This study explored consumers’ perceived risk in online situation through many combined 

qualitative and quantitative research methods such as in-depth interview and questionnaire survey 

by e-mail. Study 1 explores the impact of consumer-related variables on overall risk in online 

shopping context. Finding suggests that: Internet knowledge, Internet innovation, experience 

orientation, economic orientation and anxiety have prominent influences on perceived overall risk. 

Study 2 investigates the impact of risk dimensions on the relationship of consumer-related 

variables and overall risk. Results show that consumer-related variables influence overall risk 

through 7 risk dimensions and that different variables have different impacts on. 

3118.16 The research of relationship between one’s studying career self-identity and 

development,perfection and psychological health, Fengjuan Ma, Linying Li, Beijing Institute of 

Technology, China 

Studying career self-identity here means college students' understanding and acknowledgement of 

his staying and studying for his major in the university. This paper is supposed to develop the 

important hypothesis: studying career self-identity is a significant influential factor of one's 

development and perfection as well as psychological health. And try to explore its impact on a 

person's future achievement. Method: self-edited questionnaire and established questionnaire. 

3118.17 Criteria in evaluating the current situation of psychology education in middle schools in 

753

Zhejiang province, Lijun Shi, Zhejiang Normal University, China 

It has been more than 20 years since the emerging of psychology education in middle schools. 

However, systematic evaluation system has not come into being. This study aims to establish a 

relatively systematic evaluation system of psychology education in schools from the aspects of 

planning, administration, teaching resources, finance management, the documentation of personal 

details, the manipulation of tests, the process in educating, and its various effects. Thus primary 

criteria in evaluating the current situations of psychology education in middle schools could be 

established. 

3118.18 Parent-child transmission of traditional mate preferences in Chinese-North American 

families, Michaela Hynie, Richard Lalonde, Nam Lee, York University, Canada 

Value transmission of traditional mate preferences was examined in Chinese immigrants to North 

America. Adult children (n = 63) rated their preferred mate characteristics. Their parents (n = 63) 

rated their own preferences for their child’s spouse. Children then completed measures of 

self-construal, identity and values. Parents reported greater preference for traditional mate 

characteristics than did children. Regression analyses demonstrated that children’s traditional mate 

preferences were predicted by their parents’ preferences, their own family allocentricism and 

interrelatedness. Family allocentrism was a marginally significant partial mediator of parent-child 

preferences. The nature of value transmission in immigrant families is discussed. 

3118.19 The values of undergraduates in contemporary China & the relationship with their 

behavior, Xin Zhi-yong, Jin Sheng-hua, China 

The present study attempts to uncover the life structure of university students in contemporary 

China. By means of interview, Sentence Completion & Implicit Association Test and on the basis 

of the theories by Gorlow and Rokeach, it makes up the research questionnaire, purporting to 

investigate values traits of university students in 2650 university students. By comparing and 

contrasting the research results with those of Anonymous Sort Cards, Implicit Association Test, 

the study intends to construct the values structure of university students. It also examines the 

relationship between the values of university students and their behavior as well as the 

relationship. 

3118.20 Determinants of values accepted by youth, Emilia Martynowicz, University of Gdansk, 

Poland 

Hypotheses about relations between value types accepted by young people and traits of personality, 

temporal orientation, worries, a specialisation of studies and personal goals were tested in a study 

in which 460 pupils and university students aged 18-27 completed Schwartz Value Survey, 

Narcistic Personality Inventory, Temporal Orientation Scale, Worries Scale, Goals Life Survey 

(twice). Results showed that, as predicted, value types preferred by students were related to 

specialisation of studies, goals life, narcistic personality traits, micro and macro worries. There 

were some statistically significant differences between males and females, between people in 

different age. Temporal orientation had no meaning. 

3118.21 Early economic education as a factor of conomic socialization, Tatiana Drobysheva, 


754

In the given work economic socialization is considered as both the process and result of person’s 

inclusion in economic relations of modern society. The system of economic knowledge and skills, 

which are formed by means of early economic education, is aimed at the development of child’s 

own point of view on economic problems of the society that results in changes of structure of 

valuable orientations. The results of the experiment on elementary school children confirmed the 

assumption that economic education as a factor influencing the process of economic socialization 

of a child adapts him in the world of economic relations. 

3118.22 Measurement of values: How stable is the measured construct? Ivana Feric, Institute of 

Social Sciences "Ivo Pilar", Croatia 

Working assumption of much research on values is that individual’s value system is fairly stable, 

expressing coherence over time and situations, guiding the individual in choosing appropriate 

behaviors and making decisions. An alternative view suggests that the value system we construct 

is very much dependent on the context in which we are asked to do it. An experiment is conducted 

in order to test the effects of situational context on structure of value systems. Results show that 

although the rated importance of single values changes with regard to specific target issues, the 

structure of the whole value system remains stable. 

3118.23 A comparative study on different professions’ interpersonal values, Chun Feng, Jin-fu 

Zhong, Ge Ying, Southwest China Normal University, Chongqing, China 

Within the field of profession and the interpersonal relationship between the subject and the 

service object, we comparatively study the interpersonal values among university teacher, doctor, 

lawyer, registering accountant, postal administer. The result is the five professions show difference 

in target factor and total score. But no significant difference is found between university teacher 

and others. Only show difference in open factor with registering accountant, personal benefit 

factor with lawyer, mutual benefit factor with postal administer. Finally we find some 

commonness among the five professions, and university teachers’ interpersonal values show the 

characteristics of kindness, diversification, mutual benefit and open. 

3118.24 ICT Attitudes and performance in online training programs, Dolores Muñoz, Flor 

Sanchez, Pei-Chun Shih, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Spain 

Investments in online training have been tripled in the organizations but, are the users prepared for 

the change? To identify the students opinion towards the new technologies. It can help us to 

explain their acceptance, rejection or the high rate of these programs desertions. Some authors 

indicate that attitudes are a previous requirement to guarantee the online programs effectiveness 

(Durndell y Haag, 2002). Others state that performance are independent of the attitudes 

(Thorkzadeh y Van Dyke, 2002). In this study we analysed the attitudes of 149 participants in 

online training program. We discuss its influence on the program performance. 

3118.25 Structure and importance of values in seven European countries, Monique Wach 1 , 

Béatrice Hammer 2 , 1 Inetop / Cnam, France; 2 EDF-R&D / GRETS, France 

Our approach of values is grounded on Schwartz's theory to which we propose to add two new 

opposed values: Rational truth and Non rational truth. We assessed this adding theoretically and 

validated experimentally Schwartz's theory and these two value types on data we collected in 

755

seven different European countries (France, Germany, Great Britain, Poland, Lithuania, Czech 

Republic and Sweden) on national representative samples (N=8000). We'll present the theoretical 

structure predicted and the empirical structure obtained, and will focus on the differences in the 

importance attributed to values between age groups, nations, gender groups and level of 

education-based groups. 

3118.26 The impact of norms on stereotype use-A cross-cultural study, Shen Zhang, Jennifer 

Hunt, Shuwen Huang, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, US 

Due to differences in cultural values, collectivists may be strongly influenced by information 

about social norms, whereas individualists may be strongly influenced by reminders of the 

importance of personal expression. In this study, Chinese (collectivist) and U.S. (individualist) 

participants read advertisements that primed social norms or individual expression. One 

advertisement encouraged people to reject prejudice. Then participants wrote descriptions of 

homosexuals. Analyses of the use of stereotypes in those descriptions supported the hypothesis 

that Chinese (collectivists) participants were more likely to attune their behavior to the 

anti-prejudice message when the social norms were primed. 

3118.27 Principal component analysis about a structure of annoyances in daily life, Masao 

Okubo 1 , Ryozo Yanagihara 2 , Yoshinobu Kodama 3 , Osamu Hayashi 4 , Tomoaki Mizushima 4 , 

1 2 3 

Tobacco Research Institute (TASC), Japan; Marketing Service, Japan; Kyoritsu Women's Junior 

College, Japan; 4 Musashino University, Japan 

Although there are many situations of annoyances or irritations, little is known about annoyances 

in daily life except disasters and crimes. Twenty-one annoyances in daily life are analyzed by 

principal component analysis. It was suggested the first principal component was acts caused 

hasty feelings and the second component was acts against traditional social norms. The magnitude 

of eigenvalue showed that annoyances can be explained by these two components, although 

cumulative contribution (38%) were lower than that generally accepted (>=60%). Some items 

were not given rational explanation to be hated. 

3118.28 Attitude of future drivers towards the military police as a law enforcement organ in 

urban traffic, Joao Fernando Rech Wachelke 1 , Lorine Tavares 1 , Jean Carlos Natividade 1 , 

Mario Gonsales Ishikawa 1 , Silvio Serafim da Luz Filho 2 , 1 Universidade Federal de Santa 

Catarina, Brazil; 2 Internet Research Institute, Japan 

This study aimed at measuring future drivers’ attitude concerning the police of Brazil’s state of 

Santa Catarina as an urban traffic law enforcer. There were 275 participants (men= 53%), who 

were studying to get their first driving license. They answered a three-factor attitude scale 

(EAPMT) with items in Likert format (1=disagree, to 5=agree), devised to measure the mentioned 

attitude. Factor Importance of police had a means of 4.26; Factor Capacity/action of policemen 

had 2.81 and General institutional evalution, 3.03. While subjects judged the police and policemen 

neutrally to negatively, they also considered their intervention positive. No gender differences 

found. 

3118.29 The effects of diagnostic labelling on health professionals’ beliefs about the cause and 

treatment of ADHD, Rachel Dryer, Michael Kiernan, Graham Tyson, Charles Sturt University, 

756

Australia 

The diagnostic label 'Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder' (ADHD) is used to describe a 

condition characterised by developmentally inappropriate levels of inattention, impulsivity, and 

hyperactivity. Currently, little is known about the beliefs of professionals relevant to this condition, 

nor of how diagnostic labels influence beliefs about cause and treatment. This study manipulated 

the presence and absence of the label 'ADHD' in a vignette that was presented to educational, 

mental and allied health professionals. Participants completed a questionnaire examining beliefs 

concerning ADHD. The presence of the diagnostic label was found to influence beliefs about 

causal factors but not beliefs about optimal treatment strategy. 

3118.30 Relations to empathy and perception of interpersonal annoyance committed by an 

acquaintance or a friend, Haruka Koike, Nagoya University, Japan 

Interpersonal annoyance is defined as "any behavior which the receiver perceives to be annoying 

in a given situation" (Koike, 2002). The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship 

between empathy and perception of interpersonal annoyance committed by an acquaintance or a 

friend. One-hundred-nine students responded to a set of questionnaires to measure: (1) empathy, (2) 

perception of interpersonal annoyance committed by an acquaintance, (3) perception of 

interpersonal annoyance committed by a friend. This study showed that annoyance due to an 

acquaintance is perceived to be more troublesome than that due to a friend. 

3118.31 Factor structure of beliefs about time in Chinese college students, Zhijie Zhang, 

Richard. A Block, Montana State University, USA 

The Temporal Inventory on Meaning and Experience (TIME) developed by Block et al was used 

to explore the factor structure of beliefs about time in Chinese college students. A total of 335 

Chinese college students responded to the questionnaire. Factor analysis revealed a structure of 

beliefs containing 23 factors. The six factor solutions were in Physical time, the eight factor 

solutions were in Personal time, the four factor solutions were in Experienced Duration, and the 

five factor solutions were in Remembered Duration. Comparing with the previous researches, our 

findings suggest culture may differentially influence beliefs about time. 

3118.32 The study of contemporary era’s Chinese undergraduate student’s social attitudes, 

Xiangming Han, Jianfang Feng, Shanxi University, China 

This investigation adopts a self-made test on the contemporary undergraduate students' social 

attitudes. The result shows:(1) their attitude to themselves tend to accept themselves;(2) Their 

attitudes to others tend to trust them and to be independent of them;(3) They hold a neutral attitude 

to the group and society; but their attitudes to society incline to positive cognition and 

participation;(4) The attitudes to themselves form the foundation of their social attitudes, which 

presents a stereo-structure; (5) The motivational basis of their social attitudes is mostly to win the 

praises and avoid the censures of society. 

3118.33 Self, goals, and life satisfaction, Bilge Ataca, Defne Azaria Ebeoglu, Bogazici 

University, Turkey 

The relationships among self, goals, and life satisfaction were examined among Turkish university 

students (181 females, 129 males). Participants listed own and parents’ goals for them, rated their 

757

importance and the degree of goal progress. It was found that individuals considered their personal 

goals more important than their mothers’ and fathers’ goals. However, their satisfaction with life 

was related more to the importance given to parental goals and their achievement than the 

importance given to personal goals. The discrepancy between mothers’ goals and their 

achievement was especially important. 

3118.34 Perspective of professional future: A qualitative study with university students of 

psychology, Adriana Oliveira, Monica Rodrigues, Universidade Paulista (UNIP), Brazil 

This research had as objective to investigate the perspective of students of psychology about their 

entrance in psychology work field and the role of the psychologist in our society. Ten students 

from each grade of the course were interviewed, totaling 50 participants. Qualitative content 

analysis procedures were applied and results revealed that psychologist is seen by students as a 

professional who should work for benefit of society in different social classes. Therefore, 

government should give more subsidy for professional action. The work field is seen as difficult 

and competitive. The authors discuss the general situation of the profession in Brazil. 

3118.35 Virtual love: A Brazilian qualitative study about a new way of relationship, Adriana 

Oliveira, Paula Liotti, Cristiana Berthoud, University of Taubat Brazil, Brazil 

The purpose of this research was to analyze the virtual romantic relationship experienced through 

Internet, trying to understand the reasons, expectations, opinions, feelings and the quality of this 

kind of relationship. In-depth interviews were conducted with five adults and five adolescents. The 

qualitative content analysis showed that curiosity, for adolescents, and loneliness, for adults, are 

the main reasons to look for a partner through Internet. The principal component found in virtual 

love is the idealization and in many cases after the real date the fantasy is not confirmed, what 

makes difficult the continuity of the romance. 

3118.36 The investigative research on value-orientation of the sex morals of contemporary 

college students in China, Xingchun Xu 1 , Dianzhi Liu 1 , Ze Yang 1 , Xiufeng Mo 2 , 1 Southwest 

China Normal University, Chongqing; 2 Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, China 

The sex morality of the contemporary college students reflects the trend of value-orientation of 

Chinese people. With high reliability and validity questionnaire formed by authors, more than 

2000 students were investigated, who were come from 9 different universities in eastward, middle 

and westward of China. It was found: the inter-sexual behavior of contemporary college students 

were consist of virtue, sensation, unconstraint, duty and faithfulness; college students approved 

commendably the morality of the morality of edge sexual behavior; they were negative to 

homosexuality. they were ambivalent to the behavior all by oneself. 

3118.37 Use of popular comics to help female adolescents to develop multi-sex-role views, Miki 

Chuang, Hung-Yu Lin, National Dong-Hwa University, Taiwan, China 

This study is to challenge female adolescents’ gender stereotypes and help them to develop 

multi-sex-role views by using comics through a support group. Recently, comics have become 

popular among adolescents. However, comic books are seldom adopted as education usages. 

Therefore, programs to discuss the multiple sex roles described in the comics is designed. Results 

show that the target group have loosed their gender stereotypes significantly compared to a 

758

3118.42 Differences in body image in two culturally different samples, Eduardo Rubio 

Ardanaz 1 , Xiao Fang 2 , Maite Del Hierro 3 , Juan Antonio Rubio-Ardanaz 4 , 1 Universidad del 

Pais Vasco, Spain; 2 East China Normal Univerisity (Shanghai). China; 3 Universidad del Pais 

Vasco; 4 Universidad de Extremadura 

This paper tries to make the comparision study of body image between two european samples 

(Caceres in the south of Spain, and Basque Country in the north) in the context of methods and 

habits to control the body aspect. More significent differences are concluded by the comparision 

study with the analysis of 600 subjects that collected by means of closed questionaires. The 

cultural variable is the most important one for try to check if different cultural backgrounds 

influence in the way for body control, according to the current body image. In the same way, we 

have introduced in the analysis information. 

3118.43 Structure, characteristics and distinctions of Chinese entrepreneur’s vocational goal 

setting, Yang Ye, ShengHua Jin, HuaiTang Wang, Beijing Normal University, China 

3192 Chinese entrepreneurs were surveyed via "2003, Value Survey of Chinese Entrepreneurs", 

conducted by Chinese Entrepreneur Survey System (CESS). Two sorts of vocational goals were 

defined by the researcher: self-maintaining oriented and social-development oriented, and 2814 

participants were distributed into 2 vocational goal-setting groups according to their choice in the 

two sets of goals. Between-group comparisons were made in demography variables, as well as in 

entrepreneurs’ life-goal setting, most like-hate traits and general values. Among these variables, 

each group shows characteristics consistent with the vocational goal-setting it takes. 

3118.44 Influences and performance appraisal on entrepreneurship, Jianli Han, Jin Yan, 


Entrepreneurship is divided into personal entrepreneurship and corporate entrepreneurship. The 

personal entrepreneurship is influenced by personal characteristic, cognitive mode, education and 

experience. The organizational and strategic variables such as firm strategy, organizational 

structure, organizational support and environment are more important influences on corporate 

entrepreneurship. Finally, the article discusses performance appraisal on entrepreneurship and 

suggests accurate performance measurement is critical to entrepreneurship research. 

3118.45 Contemporary Japanese attitudes toward self and gender 1: Development of a Japanese 

version of the contemporary sexism scale, Yumiko Kamise 1 , Mamoru Fukutomi 2 , Ken’ichi 

Narita 3 , Miyoko Ui 4 , 1 Edogawa University, Japan; 2 Tokyo Gakugei University, Japan; 3 Kwansei 

Gakuin University, Japan; 4 University of Tsukuba, Japan 

The purpose of this study is to construct a contemporary sexism scale for Japanese community 

sample. Based on a series of theoretical, qualitative, and quantitative studies, we developed the 

Japanese version of a contemporary sexism scale that was rated on a 5 point Likert scale. A total of 

2000 questionnaires, including other personality/attitude scales, were administered in a mail 

survey in September 2003 to randomly selected men and women aged 15-70 above years living in 

a suburb city of Tokyo, Japan. Response rates were approximately 50%. We confirmed the 

reliability and validity of this scale for Japanese. 

3118.46 Contemporary Japanese attitudes toward self and gender 2: The gender and age 

760

differences of public-self consciousness in Japan, Ken’ichi Narita 1 , Mamoru Fukutomi 2 , 

Yumiko Kamise 3 , 1 Kwansei Gakuin University, Japan; 2 Tokyo Gakugei University, Japan; 

3 

Edogawa University, Japan 

This study examines gender and age differences in the prevalence of self-reported public-self 

consciousness in a randomly selected community-based sample. A total of 2000 questionnaires, 

including 5-item version of public self-consciousness scale and other personality/attitude scales, 

were mailed in September 2003 to men and women aged 15-70 above years living in a suburb city 

of Tokyo, Japan. Response rates were approximately 50%. The results showed that public 

self-consciousness of women was relatively higher than men in every age group. The decrease of 

public self-consciousness with aging was also observed in both men and women. 

3118.47 Self-regulation and self-esteem in the academical students, Anna Edith Bellico da 

Costa, Faculdade Metropolitana de Belo Horizonte, Brazil 

The study was guided by the subject: To notice themselves capable to control their impulses and 

self-regulate becomes related with the level of self-esteem of the individual? Methodology: 

Descriptive exploratory research with 116 subjects, 111 female and 05 male, academical students, 

education area; Mean age= 28,48,SD=7,38. Instrumental: Self-regulation scale, with 10 items and 

Inventory of Self-esteem, with 30 items, both in Likert format. The r of Pearson between both = 

0,347, p>0,01 (two-tailed). Data indicate to have significant high positive conection between the 

two constructs: the more the individual notices himself as capable of self-controlling, the more is 

the level of his/her self-esteem level and vice-versa. 

3118.48 The prediction of western development among people of West China, Yufang Zhao, 

Qinglin Zhang, Southwest Normal University,Chongqing, China 

The present study examined the prediction on western development in a sample of 3947 people 

from west China. The results showed that except the conflict between ethnic groups, all the other 

problems would be more and more serious. And people showed more pessimism on obtaining 

employment than others. MANOVA indicated that, except protection on environment and 

obtaining employment, there were significant differences among provinces. Only the mean of 

conflict between ethnic groups was significantly different for age groups, and the mean of 40-50 

years was significantly higher than others. The nature of these differences and implications were 

discussed. 

3118.49 Self-esteem is psychological basis for the “education with respect”, Ying Pan, Xiangkui 

Zhang, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China 

This paper tries to probe into five issues: 1. What is self-esteem? 2. Why must people need 

self-esteem? 3. How is self-esteem formed in society? 4. How does self-esteem influence people’s 

social behaviors? And 5. How does “education with respect” satisfy students’ need for self-esteem. 

Solvency of the five problems can help us understand that self-esteem is the nucleus of human 

needs, is a “buffer” for people to fight life’s restraints, is a concrete expression of people’s 

psychological mechanism, is an inevitable result of socialization of life, and is psychological basis 

for the “education with respect”. 

3118.50 Constructing and verifying of self-esteem model (i): A theory of structure and 

761

stress facing college entrance examination in high school students, Yang Sun, Xiangkui Zhang, 


The 324 high-school students were randomly selected as subjects coming from key school, general 

school and private school in Hebei Province, respectively. Results showed that psychological 

control of students from key and general school was significant higher than students from private 

school, and seeking social support among girls were higher than boys. There are negatively 

correlative between negative cognition appraisal, psychological control, social support and the 

stress, and positively correlative between positive cognition appraisal and the stress. Negative 

cognition appraisal, psychological controls, social support had directly effect on the stress driven 

from college entrance examination. 

3118.55 The measurement on the self-monitoring ability of undergraduates and its correlation 

with their personality, Shuyuan Xu, Jun Zhou, Jiangxi Normal University, China 

Objective: To explore the possible relationship between self-monitoring and personality in 

undergraduates. Methods: 266 undergraduates were measured by the self-monitoring scale of 

Snyder, from which 46 high d and 54 low high self-monitors were tested by Eysenck Personality 

Questionnaire (EPQ). Results: The self-monitoring of undergraduates was negatively correlated 

with extraversion vs. introversion, but positively correlated with stability of emotion. Students 

with stable emotion are mostly high or middle self-monitors, but those with unstable emotion are 

mostly low or middle self-monitors. Conclusion: Optimizing undergraduates’ personality might 

play an important role in their self-monitoring ability. 

3118.56 Coping styles of the retired persons as modulator to mental health, Juan Guo, Zhang 

Xiangkui, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China 

The study investigated 304 retired persons as subjects. Results were found that: Firstly, the coping 

styles of the retired were influenced by their degree of education, those with high degree of 

education more tended to use distancing and researching, those with low ones more like to use 

illusion and escape; Secondly, the coping styles of the retired played as the mediator between 

mental health and changes after the retired, there was a direct effect between the social contact and 

mental health; an indirect effect between incomes reducing, losing of post and mental health, 

which were mediated through distancing, illusion and escape. 

3118.57 Self-esteem mechanism and its enlightenment in school education, Ping Liu, 

Changchun Normal College, China 

This paper respectively presents the enlightenment of the anxious buffer mechanism of self-esteem 

and prompting mechanism. As to the former, what it enlightens us in school education are: 

Improvement the level of students’ self-esteem should be based on the admission of the 

self-esteem. Teachers should cultivate favorable school and class spirit, promote a positive culture 

atmosphere and help students adopt proper moral and ethical values. As to the latter, what it 

enlightens us in school education are: When students’ self-esteem has begun improving, educators 

should take advantage of this positive development by promoting the students’ progress and 

scholastic achievement. 

3118.58 Social determinants of advice seeking, Ted Hannah, Malcolm Grant, Cathryn Button, 

763

In Japanese, a subject is sometimes omitted. Participants with high or low uniqueness looked at 

the video of a debate scene and asked to guess the true opinion of a speaker. They were told that 

the speaker was assigned at random in the position. The argument of the “with subject condition” 

included Japanese subjects, that is, “I” in all sentences. In contrast, the argument of the “without 

subject condition” did not include “I” at all. Result revealed that the participants with low 

uniqueness in the “without subject condition” show less degree of correspondence bias rather than 

other conditions. 

3118.67 Cognition structure of passengers against annoying behaviors in using railways, Kana 

Yamauchi, Hajime Akatsuka, Hiroaki Suzuki, Koji Omino, Kyosuke Nakatani, Railway 

Technical Resarch Institute, JP 

The purpose of this study was to construct a model of discomfort cognition by passengers against 

annoying behaviors at station and on trains based on the data obtained through a questionnaire 

survey, in which we requested 2,719 passengers to rate the level of discomfort against 37 annoying 

behaviors. By applying factor analysis to the data, we extracted five factors, (1) crime and 

violation of rules, (2) deeds to compromise beautification and hygiene, (3) deviation from weak 

norms on trains, (4) deviation from strong norms on trains, and (5) deviation from norms in 

boarding and alighting. 

3118.68 Assimilative effect of intrinsic situational inducement in attitudinal inference of 

expectancy-disconfirming behavior, Yanmei Li, Hitotsubashi University, Japan 

To explore effect of intrinsic situational inducements (ISI) on attitudinal inferences, two studies 

tested the hypothesis that ISI will be used as a re-identification frame of expectancy-disconfirming 

behavior rather than an alternative explanation. Participants used category-based information to 

form expectancies of good or bad politician and then read a politician's good behavior (hostage 

rescue). In experiment 1 expectancy-disconfirming participants paid more attention to ISI, 

whereas they drew attitudinal inferences correspondently as expectancy-confirming participants. 

Experiment 2 found that expectancy-disconfirming participants were more likely to use ISI 

relevant descriptions to re-identify the behavior. Results suggest different uses of different types of 

situational inducements. 

3118.69 The effect of orthography on the usage of the recognition heuristic, Junko Toyosawa, 

Kaori Karasawa, Nagoya University, Japan 

This study examined the effect of orthography (Kanji, Kana, and Alphabet) on the usage of the 

recognition heuristic to confirm its ecological rationality. Forty-five participants responded to the 

task consisted of randomly drawn two-alternative questions about population sizes of the 20 

largest Chinese cities. It was found that Kanji and Kana promoted the usage of the recognition 

heuristic than Alphabet. Furthermore, judgments in Kanji and Kana were more accurate than in 

Alphabet. These results suggested that the usage of the recognition heuristic was promoted when it 

increased the accuracy in judgment, and that the recognition heuristic has an ecological rationality. 

3118.70 Beliefs concerning the causes of Bulimia Nervosa held by the general public, university 

students and health workers, Michael John Kiernan, Rachel Dryer, Graham Tyson, Charles 

Sturt University, Australia 

766

This paper examines beliefs about the causes of Bulimia Nervosa held by the general public, 

university students and professional groups involved in the diagnosis and management of this 

condition. Professional groups included psychiatrists, general practitioners, psychologists, social 

workers, mental health nurses and dieticians. Participants rated 44 potential causal explanations of 

Bulimia. Principal components analysis was used to reduce the causal explanations to a smaller set 

of underlying dimensions. The professional and non-professional groups were compared on their 

mean endorsement of these dimensions. Implications of differences in causal beliefs between 

professional and non-professional groups for treatment acceptance and compliance are discussed. 

3118.71 Effects of affective states on verbal communication, Ai Kato, Minoru Karasawa, 

Junko Ohshita, Kobe University, Japan 

The present study examined how affect influences the use of language. On the basis of the Affect 

Infusion Model (Forgas, 1995), we predicted that negative affect, as compared to positive affect, 

would increase politeness when the speaker makes a request. Japanese undergraduates received an 

affect manipulation by means of success/failure feedback on an achievement task and by a 

background visual stimulus. They then responded verbally to a scenario of request making. The 

results partly supported the hypothesis and revealed a gender difference. The influence of the 

seniority norm in Japanese culture is also discussed. 

3118.72 Young children’s beliefs about the stability of traits, Wen Gao, Li-zhu Yang, liaoning 


Prior research has demonstrated individual differences in children's beliefs about the stability of 

traits, but this focus on developmental differences about it. In a series of experiments, we 

individually investigated 280 Chinese young children, found the youngest children (3-4 years old) 

could not understand traits, the younger children (5-6 years old)were optimistic in their beliefs 

about traits and the oldest children (7-9 years old) began to learn some traits were malleable. The 

sources of young children's optimism and implications of this optimism for age differences are 

discussed. 

3118.73 The interpretive theory of mind and peer rejection in adolescence, Hongmei Zhao, 

Yanjie Su, Peking University, Beijing, China 

This study amied to investigate whether and how the ways that adolescents used the "interpretive 

theory of mind" were linked to their sociometric status. 376 adolescents aged 12 to 15 performed 

four tasks about interpretation of peer rejection event. Results showed that peer rejected 

adolescents presented a similar way of interpretation to other peers' rejected events, however they 

interprete their own rejected events in a completely different way compared with popular, 

negelected and average adolescents. It was suggested that the ways the rejected adolescents used 

to interpret other people's behaviors may related to their levels of peer acceptance. 

3118.74 How do people make social judgements based on summarized information? Bert 

Timmermans, Frank Van Overwalle, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium 

How do people process summarized social information as opposed to on-line information of 

separate exemplars or instances? We suggest that, at least under some conditions, when making 

trait- or category judgments based on summary information, people first "transform" this 

767

information into a number of specific mental models or implicit exemplars, which are 

subsequently processed in like concrete exemplars. We conducted a number of experiments in 

which we demonstrate that, by manipulating the number of activated exemplars through either a 

priming task or the use of large vs. small categories, it is possible to influence subsequent 

judgements based on summary information. 

3118.75 Development of rational and intuitive information-processing style inventory, Mayumi 

Naito 1 , Kanae Suzuki 2 , Akira Sakamoto 3 , 1 The Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, 

Japan; 2 Tsukuba University; 3 Ochanomizu University 

Information-Processing Style Inventory (IPSI), which measured individual differences in rational 

and intuitive thinking (Pacini & Epstein, 1999), was developed in this study. In Study 1 (N=290), 

a confirmatory factor analysis was performed to confirm that IPSI was composed of two factors, 

that is, rationality and intuition. IPSI also had acceptable internal consistency, test-retest reliability, 

and discriminant/ convergent validity. In Study 2 (N=237), the relation of IPSI with 

probability-reasoning performance was examined to assess its construct validity. The results 

indicated that respondents who had an intuitive style took representativeness heuristics, while 

those who had a rational style took statistical principles. 

3118.76 Effects of occupational stereotypes on recognition of behavior descriptions, Yoshitsugu 

Fujishima, Showa Women's University, Japan 

The present study investigated the effects of occupational stereotypes on recognition of behaviors. 

Thirty-five female undergraduates read sentences describing 15 behaviors of the target female 

whose occupation was a waitress or a librarian. Following some numerical calculation problems, 

participants completed a recognition task. Participants remembered behaviors both consistent and 

inconsistent with occupational stereotypes more accurately than unrelated behaviors. A month later, 

participants completed the same recognition task. In this case, participants remembered the 

stereotype-consistent behaviors less accurately than the unrelated behaviors. Conditions that 

influence the ease of recognition of stereotype-consistent versus inconsistent information are 

discussed. 

3118.77 Resolutions for interpersonal conflict of middle school student, Zhi Zhang, Zhongjin 

Dai, China 

Nine kinds of interpersonal conflict situations were presented to 180 middle school students to 

examine their preferred strategies of interpersonal conflict resolutions and relevant mental defense 

mechanisms. The results showed that compromise-oriented strategy was predominant way. The 

frequency of using confrontational and submissive strategies was related closely with the conflict 

scenarios and figures. The resolution of confrontation was found most frequently in the case of 

conflict with teachers and parents, while the submission resolution was used in the case with 

schoolmates and friends. The mental defense mechanisms of conflict resolution developed as the 

increase of age and socialization of student. 

3118.78 Undergraduate students’ strategic characteristics of competition/cooperation oriented 

and its relevant factors, Zhi Zhang, Xioudong Yan, Lihua Du, China 

To investigate what strategies that undergraduate students prefer to choose for their successes, 

768

competition-oriented or cooperation-oriented? What may affect their choices of strategies? Using 

Cooperation/Competition Scale, we tested 144 undergraduates who were randomly selected from 

three universities in Yunnan province. The results showed that the mean score of competitive 

strategy was higher than that of cooperative one, indicating the undergraduates prefer to choose 

competition-oriented strategy. In addition, leaning ability, general ability and parents' expectations 

could partly predict students' competition-oriented strategy, while the gender and mother's 

educated background could partly predict his/her cooperation-oriented strategy. 

3118.79 Structure of self-knowledge: Is self-concept represented independently of 

autobiographical memory? Michiko Sakaki, University of Tokyo, Japan 

The present study investigated the priming effects of self-concept for the subsequent recall of 

autobiographical memories. Klein and Loftus (1993) found that access to self-concept did not 

facilitate recall of experiences, indicating that self-concept is represented independently of 

autobiographical memories. However, Study 1 demonstrated that the access to self-concept 

personality traits facilitated the recall of autobiographical memories which were related to the 

self-concept. These results were confirmed in Study 2 and 3 where the alternative explanations 

were excluded. Our results did not support the findings of Klein and Loftus, but instead suggested 

that self-concept is linked to autobiographical memories. 

3118.80 The effect of helping behaviors on helper: A case study of young volunteer, Kaori 

Senoo, Osamu Takagi, Kansai University, Japan 

This study investigated the factors of helping effects on helpers and their influences through 

questionnaires for young volunteers (N=157, M=20.0 years). The main results were as follows: (1) 

volunteers obtained helping effects through volunteering, which can be divided into 3 components: 

“feeling of self reward”, “altruism elevation”, and “establishment of new relationships”. (2) 

affirmative evaluation of their own helping behaviors provided helping effects for volunteers. (3) 

helping effects for volunteers determined whether volunteers are motivated to continue volunteer 

work. 

3118.81 Chinese undergraduates’ cognition of regret, Jie Luo 1 , Sulan Qing 2 , Meifu Yan 1 , 

Qizhen Liu 1 , 1 Hubei University, Wuhan, China; 2 Institute of psychology, Chinese Academy of 


Regret means that he (or she) causes a feeling of remorse after having done wrong things. The 

researchers have found regret makes more pains than the wrong thing itself. The study explores 

Chinese undergraduates’ cognition of regret by questionnaire (N=360), in which shows that their 

regret consists in irrational management of study time, the low-level skill study, unsuccessful love 

affair and disharmonic personnel relation. Regret behaviors are close correlation with being at loss 

about their development of future. The result suggests mentality education and the guidance of 

undergraduates’ career are very important and necessary in the higher education. 

3118.82 Self-reference effect and meta-attitude as self-knowledge, Takashi Horiuchi 1 , Hayashi 

Mikiya 2 , 1 Tokai Women's University, Japan; 2 Nagoya University, Japan 

The meta-attitude is not a attitude itself but a meta-knowledge about the attitude. This study 

examined the meta-attitude as self-knowledge. In experiment 1, the incidental learning paradigm 

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was used. Meta-attitude task produced greater recall than semantic task. That is, self-reference 

effect occurred. In experiment 2, the task facilitation paradigm was used. When the initial task was 

self-descriptive judgment, time for meta-attitude judgment in the target task was faster than when 

the initial task was semantic judgment. These results suggest that meta-attitude is one of 

self-knowledge in the semantic memory system and has same properties as other self-knowledge. 

3118.83 Group identification and group-serving attribution bias, Weijun Ma, Minoru 

Karasawa, Kobe University, Japan 

Two studies examined effects of the strength of group identification on group-serving attribution 

bias. Thirty-seven Hakka students (Study 1) and fifty-three Chaoshan students (Study 2) in China 

read scenarios in which members of an excessively inclusive in-group, optimally inclusive 

in-group, or an out-group engaged in desirable or undesirable behaviors. They then made causal 

attributions for each behavior. Results consistently showed that the in-group serving bias 

(attributing desirable behaviors to internal and undesirable behaviors to external causes) was 

especially visible when the in-group size was optimally inclusive. The results are interpreted from 

the viewpoint of Self Categorization Theory. 

3118.84 The psychological meaning of the social situations, Midori Toyama, Gakushuin 


Most theories in social psychology involve both personal and situational factors within their scope. 

In attribution theory, for example, personal-situational causality is a central dimension of the 

theory. However, the investigation of the situations has been far behind the research in personal 

factors. This study is a preliminary attempt to determine the psychological meaning of the social 

situations and to provide a tentative taxonomy. Participants' ratings were put into factor analysis, 

cluster analysis, and multidimensional scaling to extract relevant dimensions and to classify 

various situations. Results indicated that pleasantness, formality, and constraint might be major 

components. 

3118.85 Psychological concept of Europe and its semantic meaning for Latvian inhabitants, 

Aleksejs Vorobjovs 1 , Aleksejs Ruza 2 , 1 Daugavpils University, Latvia; 2 Latvian University, Latvia 

Joining the European Union for Latvia causes an important transformation of social reality and 

“Life-space” of its inhabitants through their reflection of a new big state. The objective of the 

given research is to investigate the content of psychological concept of European Union, which is 

new for each Latvian inhabitant. Therefore, a basic category of this research is “meaning” of 

European Union for Latvian inhabitants. “Meaning” in this case is a transformation and selective 

reflection of individual of the content of the perceived object. It has three components: cognitive, 

affective and behavioral. 

3118.86 Do people automatically produce more force when responding to motivationally 

relevant stimuli? Rosa Maria Puca, Gerhard Rinkenauer, Christian Breidenstein, University 

of Tübingen, Germany 

People automatically categorize stimuli as either positive or negative (Bargh, 1997). To test the 

hypothesis that the valence of stimuli is automatically transferred to the motor system we 

introduced response force besides response time as an additional dependent variable. In a go-nogo 

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lexical decision task participants responded to positive and negative words. Participants with high 

scores in avoidance motivation showed stronger responses to negative than to positive words and 

stronger responses to negative words than participants with low avoidance scores. It is discussed 

that more force is produced when people respond to stimuli that are relevant for their motivational. 

3118.87 The effects of to-be-disregarded information on person perception, Nobuhiro Mitani, 

Nagoya University, Japan 

This study examined whether the behavioral information that one is told to disregard would affect 

the subsequent tasks about person perception. Participants were first given descriptions of person's 

trait and behavior, and were then instructed to disregard part of them because those presented 

contained some incorrect information. Results indicated that the information that one is told to 

disregard had actually affected person perception. Discussion argued the results of this study in 

terms of the information processing theories about person perception, person memory, and attitude 

change. 

3118.88 Research on the measurement of self-management of college students, Xiaomin Sun, 

Houcan Zhang, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China 

Self-management refers to individual’s capacity to adjust his cognition, attitude, emotion and 

behavior to keep adaptive to the environment. It has crucial meaning in various aspects of 

individual’s life. To help university students evaluate and enhance their self-management skills, 

this study developed a Self-Management Inventory (SMI) based on Albert Bandura’s Social 

Cognitive Theory (SCT), using exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. It includes three 

dimensions: self-awareness, self-regulation and self-evaluation, each of which contains a series of 

sub-scales. Psychometric characteristics of SMI and its application in both educational and 

organizational settings are discussed in detail. 

3118.89 The good life: Pleasantness is not enough, Kjetil Marius Grape, Joar Vitters, 

University of Tromso, Norway 

Philosophically, happiness has been referred to as either hedonism (presence of pleasure and 

absence of pain) or eudaimonia (self-realization through the fulfillment of personal potentials). 

Within psychology, attention has almost exclusively been on the hedonic aspects of happiness. 

Both hedonism and eudaimonia are necessary for a psychological understanding of a good life. By 

factor analysis we show that a dimension of personal development (eudaimonia) was embedded in 

Campbell and coworker’s (1976) “Index of Well-Being” The poster presents data revealing how 

the two dimensions produce different emotional feeling in what we refer to as a goal-monitoring 

mode and a plan-monitoring mode. 

3118.90 Development of self-concept of 9- to 13-year-old gifted and non-gifted children in China, 

Ying Li, Shi Jiannong, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China 

Ninety-four gifted children (aged from 9 to 13 years old) and two hundred non-gifted children 

(aged same as the gifted) were involved in the present study. Their self-concept is assessed by 

Song-Hattie Self-concept Inventory revised by Zhou & He (1996). The findings indicated that the 

development of self-concept in gifted children seems different from that of non-gifted children. 

Specifically, the scores of self-concept in general of non-gifted children increased while those of 

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gifted children decreased from 9- to 13-years old. Both academic and non-academic self-concept 

will be discussed in the present study too. 

3118.91 Rearch report on social mental states facing sars, Zhou Hengcai 1 , Li Yan 2 , Wu 

Yingchun 1 , 1 Shenyang Normal University, China; 2 Tsinghua University, China 

This research analyzed Shenyang citizens' mental states facing SARS with 

questionnaire.223subjects participated this research. The results indicated:(1)citizens are familiar 

with Sars and can evaluate it correctly, also they generally accept the information announcement 

and control steps from government;(2) citizens are in good mental states and can take scientific 

steps to fight Sars;(3)social mental early warning quota is low in risk realization and high in 

economic development expectation after plague;(4)females' index is higher in plague influence, 

mental states and behavior changes than males; citizens from 50 to 59 years old have higher risk 

evaluation; nurses and doctors' index is lower than other occupations in mental states. 

3118.92 Experiment research for pretending play in preschool children with autism, Nianli Zhou, 

Fang Junming, East China Normal University, China 

Exploring the feature of pretending play in preschool children with autism, 6 autism, mental 

retardation and typical young children had been chosen as subjects. Through the coding analyzing 

for the experiment process and results, it was been approved that the levers of pretending play in 

autistic children were lowest. It could be guessed three factors may be correlated. The first is the 

most of preschool children with autism lacked of interesting in the playing; the second is during 

the playing, they could not share their experience with others; the third is they could not cognized 

the function of toys correctly. 

3118.93 The latent structure of team process behavior, Zhengyu Yang 1 , Zhongming Wang 2 , 

Yanghua Jin 3 , 1 Zhejiang Telecom Corporation, China; 2 Management School, Zhejiang University; 

3 

Hangzhou Commerce University, China 

This study argued that the shared mental model is a latent structure under team process. By used 

questionnaire technology, this study proved that the virtual team’s process behavior, such as team 

leader behavior, team communication, team coordination and team feedback behavior could 

significantly predict the team performance, and greatly improve the development of shared mental 

model. Furthermore, this study revealed the mediating effect of congruence of shared mental 

model between team process and team performance. Team process improve the congruence of 

shared mental model, thus the virtual team’s performance is improved. 

3118.94 Relationship between explicit and implicit measures of attitudes, Tomasz Mikolajczyk 1 , 

Zbigniew Zaleski 2 , 1 Jagiellonian University, Poland; 2 Catholic University of Lublin (KUL), 

Poland 

Previous research concerning the relationship between explicit and implicit attitudes showed no 

clear pattern of results. We tested the hypothesis that the relationship might be moderated by the 

degree of typicality of stimuli used in the Implicit Association Test. We found out that when the 

presented stimuli were typical of the categories being used then there were no differences in the 

strength of IAT effect. However, under condition of less typical stimuli, strength of the IAT effect 

was a function of strength of explicit attitude. Results suggest that these two kind of measures 

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assess the same construct. 

3118.95 Are good liars good lie detectors? Sam Hoare, Alex Joseph, Billy Lee, Edinburgh 


Who will be a good liar? We examined the possibility that lie detection ability and lying ability are 

connected by shared perceptual mechanisms. 50 subjects acted as both liars and lie detectors in a 

video based lie detection experiment. We assessed the effects of sociability, gender and 

self-confidence on deception ability. Both sociability and lie detection ability predicted lying 

ability. The findings suggest that competent deceivers are perceptually attuned to deception cues. 

This heightened perceptual acuity may be linked with processes in emotional intelligence (EI) 

such as emotion perception and regulation. 

3118.96 The development of preschool children’s “Theory of mind” (TOM) & the study on 

Relations among TOM, peer acceptance and social behaviors, Zhihong Mao, Xin Ning, Shaan Xi 


The developmental trend of children’s TOM and relations among TOM, peer acceptance & social 

behaviors were probed in this study .123 3-5-year-olds children were chosen by peer nominations 

and classified in one of four peer status groups. Children were tested on four TOM tasks, verbal 

intelligence, as well as teacher ratings of their social behaviors. The results showed that: 1) during 

3 to 5 years, young children’s TOM developed rapidly; 2) There are significant differences of 

children’s TOM in different groups, popular children were found to score higher on TOM than 

rejected children. 3) There are significant relations among TOM, social preference, prosocial and 

aggressive behaviors. 

3118.97 An investigation of the relationship between attachment styles and interpersonal 

problems, Mohammad Ali Besharat, Mohammad Golinejad, Ali Asghar Ahmadi, Tehran 


To examine the relationship between attachment styles and interpersonal problems, 120 

undergraduate students were included in this study. Subjects were asked to complete the Adult 

Attachment Inventory (AAI) and the Inventory of Interpersonal Problems (IIP). The results 

revealed that interpersonal problems were significantly related to attachment styles: 1) subjects 

with insecure attachment styles (avoidant, ambivalent) reported interpersonal problems more than 

subjects with secure attachment styles did; 2) subjects with ambivalent attachment style reported 

interpersonal problems more than subjects with avoidant attachment style did. Results and 

implications are discussed in terms of attachment theory. 

3118.98 Correlation between marital satisfaction and depression for married couples in 

Rafsanjan-Iran (2003), Hamid Bakhshi 1 , Mojtaba Yasini 1 , Majid Mohammadi 1 , Neda 

Mortazavi 2 , 1 Rafsanjan Medical University, Iran; 2 BSc in medical sciences –rafsanjan, Iran 

The subjects of the study were 600 married couple 18-35 years old, and were chosen by randomly 

sampling the data were collected by two questionnaires, (Beck and Enrich The data analyzed by 

SPPSS, the mean score of marital satisfaction was 171.19+-27.13 (range: 40-200) mean for men 

were 168+-28.09 and female: 172+-10. The mean score of depression was 11.02+-10.5 (range: 

0-40) [male 11.75+-10.88, female 10.2+-10]. There was a statistical significant difference in 

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degree of depression and marital satisfaction (p

3118.107 Behavior and attributions in conflicting events between partners in intimate relationships, 

Peng Gao 1 , Yanjie Su 2 , 1 China Agricultural University, China; 2 Peking University, China 

In order to examine whether there are discrepancies on behavior and attributions in conflicting 

events on different stages and gender in intimate relationships, 84 dating pairs and 80 married 

couples were asked to report their relationship quality, behavior response and attributions for their 

conflicting events. There were ten conflicting events representing four dimensions respectively: 

power/control, investment, boundaries, instrumental behavior. The results showed that gender did 

more effect on behavior selection in conflicting events, and there were more significant behavior 

and causal attribution differences between married than dating partners. In addition, correlations 

among satisfaction, attributions, and behavior were discussed as well. 

3118.108 Response styles of mobile phone text messages: Effects of gender and message content, 

Tasuku Igarashi, Nagoya University, Japan 

This study examined the manner in which people reply to mobile phone text messages depending 

on content. A total of 142 Japanese undergraduates (39 males and 103 females) were presented 

with four text messages (current whereabouts, advice seeking, business contacts, chatting) from 

their intimate friend and an acquaintance, and they rated the importance of response spontaneity, 

emotion usage, and responding with additional information. Females were more likely to use 

emotions, and to include additional information than males. Participants gave priority to response 

spontaneity, except in chatting. Emotions were rated as less important than response spontaneity in 

advice seeking. 

3118.109 The moderate effects of social support outside romantic relationships on correlation 

distinction of such relationships and uncooperative orientation, Toshihiko Souma 1, 2 , Yuko 

Fukazawa 1 , Mitsuhiro Ura 1 , 1 Hiroshima University; 2 the Japan Society for the Promotion of 

Science, Japan 

Participants in a romantic relationship often believe that their relation is special one distinct from 

the other relationship they have. Such distinction of their relationship sometimes inhibits 

uncooperative orientation that is necessary to cope with conflict with a romantic partner. In this 

study, we hypothesized that social support outside one’s own romantic relationship moderates the 

correlation between distinction of romantic relationships and uncooperative orientation. To 

examine this hypothesis, we conducted a longitudinal investigation in which 283 adults 

participated. The results of the path analysis supported our hypotheses. Based on the results, we 

discussed the importance of support outside romantic relationship. 

3118.110 Factors influencing causal attribution of others behavior (2) The effects of relationship 

importance, negative interpersonal affects, and interpersonal motivation? Kuniko Takagi, Nagoya 


The purpose of this study is to examine the influence of Negative Interpersonal Affects (NIA), the 

Relationship Importance Estimation (RIE), and Interpersonal Motivation (IM) on the attribution of 

others behavior. Three hundred and eighty five university students (male and female) rated the 

NIA, RIE, and IM for four hypothetical situations describing personal relation conflict. A multiple 

regression analysis was performed. The evidence shows that the higher hatred, the more they 

attribute to others traits, and the higher inferiority, the more they attribute to their own faults. 

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Furthermore, the higher the motive for maintenance, the more they attribute to good reason. 

3118.111 Factors influencing causal attribution of others behavior(1) The effect of attachment to 

parents, Tomomi Niwa, Kuniko Takagi, Nagoya University, Japan 

The aim of the present study is to examine the characteristics of causal attribution for interpersonal 

conflict situations with an undesirable person arising from the features of attachment to parents. 

Four hypothetical situations about interpersonal conflicts are described, and 368 undergraduates 

were asked to rate the likelihood of four probable causes for them. The main results are as follows: 

Those high on anxiety to attachment attributed more to internal causes on three situations than 

those scoring low. On the other hand, those high on avoidant to attachment attributed less to 

internal causes on one situation than those scoring low. 

3118.112 The buffering effects of acquired social skills on college life anxiety in Japanese 

freshmen at university, Takashi Nishimura, University of East Asia, Japan 

The present study investigated the buffering effects of acquired social skills on college life anxiety 

in Japanese freshmen at university. Ninety-six freshmen at university completed the questionnaire 

including the scale of the frequency of negative life events, the scale of social skill, and the scale 

of college life anxiety scale. The results, consistent with the hypotheses and prior researches, 

showed the buffering effects of acquired social skills on college life anxiety. The author discusses 

the relationship between the acquirement of social skills and social support. 

3118.113 Is extroversion a “desirable” trait? Kunio Midzuno, Seisen University, Japan 

While it is widely believed that extroversion is a "desirable" personality trait, several studies have 

shown that this is not always the case. In this study of the relative "desirableness" of extroversion, 

each subject was asked to recall a friend and to rate this person's perceived personality traits and 

affective attitudes toward him or her. Results showed that extroversion, while it was correlated 

with other personality traits, did not have a strong direct effect on forming favorable attitudes. 

Another trait, agreeableness, had a much more direct formative effect on someone's 

"desirableness". 

3118.114 Is beauty but skin deep? Chisato Takahashi, Shigehito Tanida, Toshio Yamagishi, 

Hokkaido University, Japan 

The purpose of this study is to examine how physical attractiveness affects behavior in social 

exchange. We took facial pictures of participants who played a one-shot prisoner's dilemma (PD). 

Then these facial pictures were shown to judges who did not participate in the PD. then judges 

rated "physical attractiveness" of these facial pictures. We analyzed how the average physical 

attractiveness scores of the pictures are related to the actual behavior of the photographed person 

in the PD. Result indicated that less attractive males (those whose facial pictures were rated less 

attractive) cooperated more frequently than more attractive males. 

3118.115 Do people tolerate unintended inequity? Respondent’s rejection in a truncated ultimatum 

game, Yu Ohmura, Toshio Yamagishi, Hokkaido University, Japan 

We examined if people reject an unfair allocation of resources when the allocation outcome does 

not reflect the allocator’s intention. For this purpose, we used a truncated ultimatum game in 

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which the allocator had no freedom of choice in proposing an allocation outcome. The responder 

had a choice of accepting or rejecting the proposed outcome as in the standard ultimatum game. 

When the outcome is rejected, neither the allocator nor the responder gets any reward. Rejection 

rate (7/46) in this game was much lower than that in the standard ultimatum game, but was not 

reduced to zero. 

3118.116 Effects of mental health and interpersonal relationship on self perception compared with 

others, Hiroko Kamide, Ikuo Daibo, Osaka University, JP 

This research investigated how mental health, closeness with a friend, and importance of 

evaluative aspects affected “self-perception compared with others (SP/O)”. The main results were 

as follows: individuals with good mental health tended to evaluate “self-perception compared with 

their close friend (SP/CF)” higher than SP/lessCF, on important aspects. Less important aspects of 

self-perception were evaluated moderately regardless of closeness. Individuals with bad mental 

health evaluated SP/O low regardless of importance and closeness. The results indicated that 

individuals with good mental health regulated self-perception flexibly according to closeness and 

importance but individuals with bad mental health did not. 

3118.117 The effect of relationship-perception on social adaptation in romantic relationships, 

Hiroshi Shimizu, Ikuo Daibo, Osaka University JP 

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of relationship-peception in romantic 

relationships on individual's social adaptation. 91 undergraduates (52 male and 39 female) who 

had a romantic relationships answered to Relationship-Perception Scale(REPS: it was constructed 

by 40 adjective pairs that were selected from a preleminary study with an open-ended question), 

Self-efficacy Scale (SES) and General Health Questionnaire (GHQ). Factor analysis of REPS 

revealed five factors structure (tension, importance, uncertainty, activity, and restraint). The main 

result of multi-regression analysis showed that factors of REPS except importance predicted SES, 

and that uncertainty in particular affected GHQ. 

3118.118 Comparison between similarity and reciprocity on friendship, Kotaro Monden 1 , 

Masayuki Kimura 2 , Ichiro Fukuda 3 , 1 Ritsumeikan University, Japan; 2 Koshien University; 

3 

Setsunan University 

The effects of similarity and reciprocity on ideal and real friendship were examined by 

questionnaire composed of seven categories, i.e. defensiveness, achievement, inferiority complex, 

superiority complex, ideal friendship, real friendship and reciprocity. The ideal friendship was 

quite similar to real friendship (r =.614, p

that social support was significantly related to measures of social adjustment (problem behaviour, 

feeling of well-being, depress, social avoidance and academic performance). The findings suggest 

that there is an intimate link between undergraduates' social support and social adjustment, 

particularly supports from parents and classmates, of Chinese undergraduates. 

3118.120 The function of exchange: Comparison between generalized exchange and restricted 

exchange, Rie Mashima, Nobuyuki Takahashi, Hokkaido University, Japan 

It has been argued that generalized exchange facilitates solidarity, while restricted exchange does 

not (e.g., Ekeh, 1974). We examined this argument in a controlled laboratory experiment that had 

three conditions: generalized exchange (GE) condition, restricted reciprocal exchange (REC) 

condition, and restricted negotiated exchange (NEG) condition. Solidarity was measured by the 

cooperation rate in a social dilemma game that participants played before and after the exchange 

session. The results showed that solidarity was facilitated after GE and REC, while it was not after 

NEG. This finding suggests that generalized exchange promotes solidarity, since it has the 

characteristics of reciprocal exchange. 

3118.121 Excessive reassurance seeking leads to decreases in inclusions of other in a friend’s self, 

Koji Hasegawa, Mitsuhiro Ura, Chikae Isobe, Hiroshima University, Japan 

In this study, we predicted that Low self-esteem (LSE) persons who engaged in excessive 

reassurance seeking (RS) would be alienated from their friends. 101-freshman at a university 

participated in the panel survey with their friend. A 2 (self-esteem level) X 2 (RS level) ANCOVA 

was conducted on a friend's perception of inclusion of other in the self (IOS) at Time 2 with IOS at 

Time 1 as a covariate. The result consisted with the prediction. The result of interaction effect 

suggested that a friend of LSE person with high RS have the lowest score of IOS. 

3118.122 How does high reassurance-seeking person communicate with significant others?: An 

examination of communication through cell phone e-mail, Noriko Katsuya, Tokyo Metropolitan 


This study investigated high reassurance-seeking person's communication through cell phone mail 

with significant others. Reassurance-seeking is a tendency to demand significant others 

excessively for reassurance of one's worth. The cell phone mail is very popular among adolescents 

in Japan. The author predicted that high reassurance-seeking people communicate frequently with 

significant others through cell phone mail. Participants were 192 female students and 99% of the 

participants were utilizing cell phone. Results showed that high reassurance-seeking people send, 

receive, check, and read back e-mail from a significant others more often. However, they 

evaluated self-expression and response from significant others on e-mail worse. 

3118.123 Differences between voluntary and elicited self-disclosure: The relation with personality, 

Michiko Kumano, Koshien University, Japan 

The present study investigated differences between voluntary and elicited self-disclosure from the 

viewpoint of personality. University students completed a questionnaire on the extent of 

self-disclosure, their feelings after self-disclosure, in two conditions, voluntary self-disclosure and 

elicited self-disclosure, and on three personality tests: social extraversion, depression, and 

ascendance. For people who were social extroverted, the extent of self-disclosure was higher for 

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voluntary than for elicited self-disclosure. For people who felt depression, the extent of 

self-disclosure was higher for elicited than for voluntary self-disclosure. For people who were 

obedient, elicited self-disclosure tended to be accompanied by a higher degree of self-esteem. 

3118.124 Self-concept, coping style of different peer relationship students in junior school, 

Zhenhong Wang, Dejun Guo, Ping Fang, Capital Normal University, China 

Classified 238 junior school students as popular, rejected, neglected, controversial, and average 

groups. Self-concept and coping style questionnaires were administered to them. The result 

indicated that rejected students are lower significantly in math academic, general school ability, 

same sex relation, parent relationship, honesty/trustworthiness, and overall self-concept than 

popular, neglected, controversial, and average students. Popular students are higher significantly 

in parent relationship and honesty/trustworthiness self-concept than rejected, neglected, 

controversial, and average students also. Rejected students are lower significantly in coping style 

of problem solving than popular, neglected, controversial, and average students. 

3118.125 Concordance among representations of multiple attachment figures in Chinese college 

students, Tonggui Li, Kazuo Kato, Kyushu University, Japan 

Although it has been suggested that there may exist multiple attachment figures in adults, little is 

known empirically how attachment representations of those figures are related to and/or differed 

from each other. This study investigated attachment representations of general other, father, 

mother, romantic partner, and best friend in Chinese college students. Main findings were as 

follow: (1) Only 33% participant reported the same secure/insecure attachment style for all figures, 

(2) attachment to father and mother was not correlated with attachment to other figures, and (3) 

attachment to general other was predicted by friendship, instead of family domain. 

3118.126 Conversational inhibitions: Psychological correlates, Miho Hatanaka, University of 


This study examined the relationships between conversational inhibitions and psychological 

well-being (i.e., mental health and conversational dissatisfaction). Two studies were conducted 

with questionnaire measures and a daily record of social interactions. Results showed that 

different effects of inhibitions to psychological well-being according to participants’ 

communication skills and motivation. When the frequency of inhibitions due to lack of 

communication skills was high, participants reported poorer well-being. When the frequency of 

inhibitions due to norm and situation considerations was high, they reported better well-being. 

Further studies focused on quality differences among various kinds of inhibitions are needed. 

3118.127 The examination of self-presentational styles in dating relationships, Junichi Taniguchi, 

Ikuo Daibo, Osaka University, Japan 

The present study examined the relationship between the romantic love and participants' 

self-presentational styles toward their partners in dating relationships. 156 undergraduates (60 

males, 96 females) were asked to think about their partners while completing the questionnaire, 

which asked their self-evaluation, self-presentational styles, romantic love styles (intimacy and 

passion) toward their partners, the desired and assumed evaluation they receive from their partners. 

The result indicated that both intimacy and passion levels were related to self-presentational styles 

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toward their partners. It was also found that participants with high passion and low intimacy 

tended to self-present in a most self-enhancing way. 

3118.128 Decision-making and attention in social exchange, Shigehito Tanida, Toshio 

Yamagishi, Hokkaido University, Japan 

We investigate what aspects of the incentive structure cooperators and defectors attend in a 

one-shot PD game. Which area of the prisoner's dilemma game players (n = 43) attend was 

observed via eye camera while they were making decisions between cooperation and defection. 

Results of the experiment reveal interesting attentive differences between cooperators and 

defectors. Cooperators spent more time looking at the outcomes of their choosing to cooperate, 

suggesting that they were determined to cooperate even before comparing the outcomes of their 

decisions, whereas defectors spent more time looking at the outcomes of the partner's choosing to 

cooperate. 

3118.129 “The revised UCLA Loneliness Scale” of Japanese translations, Yang Cao, Takagi 

Osamu, Kansai University, Japan 

Japanese translations of “The revised UCLA Loneliness Scale” are one of the most widely used 

scales in studies of loneliness in Japan. But in contrast to the unidimensional assumption of this 

scale, there is research reporting a multidimensional structure for loneliness. In the advanced 

information society of recent years, the influence of mobile communication on interpersonal 

relations and interaction, such as loneliness, are drawing interest. In this regard, a report is made 

on the results of a reevaluation of the structure of the UCLA loneliness scale, and based on that 

reevaluation, on loneliness among youth under a changing informational environment. 

3118.130 Bullying at the workplace –power struggle, rejection, ill health and the way back to a 

normal life, Margaretha Strandmark K. 1 , Lillemor Hallberg R. M. 2 , 1 Nordic School of Public 

Health, Sweden; 2 Halmstad University, Sweden 

The aim was to increase the understanding of bullying as described by bullied individuals 

themselves. In-depth interviews with 22 individuals were analysed according to the Grounded 

Theory method. The results showed that the origin of bullying was a power struggle due to value 

conflicts at the workplace, where strong individuals were degraded and vulnerable individuals 

were taken advantage of. The struggle for power could then assume the form of bullying, with the 

goal of rejecting the victim from the workplace. Bullying leads to ill health for the victims. 

However, there is a way back to a normal life. 

3118.131 Implicit love theory of contemporary Chinese college students, Zhaoxu Li, Wei Xu, 

Qufu Normal University, China 

This paper reported a preliminary zetetic to the representation of the concept of love. According to 

the Spreading Activation Model, the love word was presented as a stimulus to which 100 Ss were 

asked to give associates. Then 80 love-related words with frequency above 5% were collected as 

units of analysis. Based on the interrelation, a complete-linkage cluster analysis reached 5 

high-order clusters, i. e. the five facets of the representation of love concept: 1) intimacy and 

tender; 2) being well-matched in social and economic status; 3) sex and passion; 4) ethics or moral 

principles; 5) rationality of love. 

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3118.132 The developmental characteristics of high school students’ social attraction strategy and 

quality of social relationship, Donghui Dou, Caimei Liu, Jianzhong Wo, Beijing Normal 


This study examined the social attraction strategy and the quality of social relationship of 133 high 

school students by relevant questionnaires. Results showed: (1) Capability performance shows 

significant differences at the grade level. (2) Significant interaction of gender and grade exists on 

the quality of teacher-student relationship. (3) Capability performance and virtue performance 

have positive predicting function to the quality of peer relationship. The quality of teacher-student 

relationship can be positively predicted by capability performance and negatively predicted by the 

level of using media. 

3118.133 The scale of social adjustment for recruits and the predictive model of recruits’ social 

adjustment: A 15-month-long longitudinal study on the recruits, Jingsheng Wang 1 , Huichang 

Chen 2 , 1 Shijiazhuang Army Academy, China; 2 Beijing Normal University, China 

The study has found the criteria for evaluating the recruits' social adjustment, built the Scale of 

Social Adjustment for Recruits (SSAR), and confirmed the factors that mostly influence the 

recruits' social adjustment. With qualitative methods and quantitative methods, 77 recruits had 

been investigated for 15 months as a longitudinal research. 24 items were selected for constructing 

the Scale of Social Adjustment for Recruits. At the same time, peer rating and officer ratings of 

recruits' military skill was conducted. The cross-lagged regression analysis shows that, the recruits' 

former military skill is well predictive of their latter social adjustment. 

3118.134 Role of cognitive judgement in the beginning of love relationship, Ding Jianlue, Jilin 


This research take qualitative method with 23 subjects. Cognitive judgment refers to the definition 

of quality of intimacy relationship. Cognitive judgment performs in two ways. The one is when 

the relationship gets more and more intimacy, it need the individual to judge whether or not to 

develop the relationship into love relationship. The other is when extraordinary affair, usually such 

as sexual action happened, it need the individual to get a new definition of quality of relationship. 

If the individual regards sex action as the beginning of new association model, accepting sexual 

action, then love relationship begins. 

3118.135 SARS and social panic: An elementary empirical investigation, Xinwen Bai, Erping 

Wang, Yiwen Chen, Guangtao Yu, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China 

Authors examined the dynamics of social panic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome 

(SARS) from April to June, 2003 in China. 1439 participants, who were sampled in 3 different 

periods from 4 typical cities, rated their coping behaviors basing on the behavioral checklist. The 

result showed that: a) some delay was found between eruptions of social panic and SARS; b) the 

degree of social panic did not match the severity of SARS; c) social panic in these 4 cities changed 

in the same manner. The significance, as well as the deficiency, of this research was discussed. 

3118.136 Field experiments on confluence and collision of moving groups, Naoki Kugihara, 

Osaka University, Japan 

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We established a situation in which members of two dense groups (respectively 25 members) pass 

over a designated spot at a quick step. The groups encountered one another over the spot and 

parted. In "facing" condition the two groups meet squarely facing each other then parting. In 

"crossing," the two groups cross each other at an angle of 90 degrees when passing the spot. 

"Joining" condition means the two groups merge in middle of the way and thereafter proceed in 

the same direction. 

3118.137 The effects of group interaction on idea-generation performance, Guibing He 1 , Ya 

Zheng 2 , 1 Zhejiang University, China; 2 Peking University, China 

This study investigated the effects of communication media, discussion rules and discussion 

structure on the quantity and quality of unique ideas produced by decision-making groups who 

were given the problem of “how to control SARS spreading in a city”. The results showed that: (1) 

Structured discussion groups had higher performance than unstructured groups not only on the 

number of effective ideas, the idea creativity, but also on the confidence. (2) Brainstorming groups 

generated more ideas with higher quality than free discussion groups. (3) Compared to FTF, CM 

Groups perceived the task easier, but generated ideas broader. 

3118.138 The effects of two-component individuality on the group formation process, Chikae 

Isobe, Mitsuhiro Ura, Hiroshima University, Japan 

This study showed the possibility that the individuals engaged in group formation process 

voluntarily based on individuality that is individuals' orientation to the self as differentiation 

and/or independence. Considering findings of Kampmeier & Simon (2001), the level of 

individuality would provide individuals' motives for group formation. First, we developed the 

scale of motives for group formation (sub-factors: intergroup differentiation, intragroup 

differentiation, group identity, ingroup advantage, and self-profitability) to measure individuals' 

voluntary group formation process. Next, we conducted to Multivariate multiple regression 

analysis. The results supported our predictions, that is, each component of individuality had 

different effects on these motives. 

3118.139 Leadership effectiveness: The role of leader ingroup prototypicality in an intergroup 

context, Kiriko Sakata, Kohei Fujimoto, Hiroshi Kohguchi, Hiroshima University, Japan 

We investigated differences in the strength of influences of ingroup prototypical and 

less-prototypical leaders in an intergroup context. We expected that a prototypical leader elicited 

stronger compliance from ingroup members than a less-prototypical leader. One hundred and four 

students read a scenario describing a prototypical or a less-prototypical leader directed them to act 

in either a cooperative manner or an antagonistic manner toward the outgroup in four task 

situations. Results showed that the prototypical leader was slightly more effective than the 

less-prototypical leader, but influences of the prototypical leader consistently directing 

cooperation in all task situations declined. 

3118.140 Third party punishment and social exchanges in groups, Mizuho Shinada, Yu Ohmura, 

Toshio Yamagishi, Hokkaido University, Japan 

We conducted two experiments to test a hypothesis that costly third-party punishment is more 

likely to be directed toward in-group norm violators than out-group violators. We argue that such 

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altruistic punishment is driven by a psychological mechanism we call "social exchange heuristic", 

which makes people seek mutual cooperation in a generalized exchange in groups. In the first 

experiment, only female subjects punished an in-group defector in a prisoner’s dilemma more 

strongly than out-group defectors. In the second experiment, subjects who reciprocated in-group 

members in a gift-giving game punished in-group defectors more than out-group. 

3118.141 Trigger and process that children make in human relations, Yumi Nakamura, 

Tomohide Atsumi, Osaka University, Japan 

We studied the place made for children who are non-school attendees, Alternative School in Japan 

(we use AS below), from the perspective of Group Dynamics. We investigated, through fieldwork 

and interviews, the trigger and the process that the children in AS make in human relations. We 

found that the children, who came to the AS for the first time, formed a relationship with the staff 

following the parents' relationship with the staff. We conclude that the human relations of the 

children in the new situation starts at the communication between the parents and staff. 

3118.142 The three-dimension model of personal discussion styles in a intragroup task conflict 

situation, Aya Murayama, Ikuo Daibo, Osaka University, Japan 

The aim of this study is to investigate how task conflict within small groups would be resolved 

when group members are engaged in a problem-solving discussion. Factor analysis revealed three 

factors (12 items), and each represents unique characteristics of the way to resolve task conflict 

(Thorough debate, Empathetic understanding, Harmonization). Also, the three-dimension model 

for personal discussion styles when encountering task conflict was suggested by combining the 

three different strategies obtained from the factor analysis. The relationship between such task 

conflict resolution strategies to which individual prefers and his/her basic interpersonal 

communication skills were discussed. 

3118.143 Collective remembering of the Kobe earthquake (6), Naoko Takano, Tomohide Atsumi, 

Osaka University, Japan 

The purpose of this research is to think about transferring the lessons of the Kobe Earthquake. We 

examined how people talk about the Kobe Earthquake before and after visiting the memorial 

museum of this disaster, and we examined collective remembering from their discussions. We took 

national university students as a subject and divided them into two groups. One was a victim 

group (A) which consists of three people, and the other was a non-victim group(B) which consists 

of four people. Our results confirmed that both needed to have the time to think of this disaster as 

preparation for the future. 

3118.144 Second-order punishment in one-shot social dilemma, Toko Kiyonari 1 , Eri Shimoma 2 , 

Toshio Yamagishi 2 , 1 JSPS Postdoctral Fellowships for Research Abroad, Japan; 2 Hokkaido 


Cooperation in a group of egoists can be sustained only when free-riders are punished, and yet, 

punishment itself faces the same free-riding problem since it is a costly public good. Game 

theorists argue that the second-order punishment or punishment of non-punishers requires less cost 

than first-order punishment, If this is in fact the case, second-order punishments are at least as 

prevalent as first-order punishments. The result of an experiment in which Ss made 

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cooperation-defection decisions in four-person groups and then provided with first-order and 

second-order punishment clearly shows that second-order punishments are much less frequent 

than first-order punishments. 

3118.145 Social construction of groups: Preliminary study of imposed social identity, Mayumi 

Miyahara, Toshio Yamagishi, Hokkaido University, Japan 

We present experimental evidence that social categories play a major role only when they are 

made relevant by others (i.e., imposed social identity). Results of a vignette experiment (n=31), in 

which participants estimated the probability that a member of their own group or of another group 

behave in the same way as another member of the target group (ingroup or outgroup), supported 

our hypothesis that outgroup homogeneity effect occurs only when outgroup members behave 

toward a member of the participant’s group (ingroup) based on membership information, and not 

when the outgroup member’s behavior is not based on membership information. 

3118.146 Group dynamics in emerging processes of team errors, Hiroyuki Yamaguchi, Kyushu 


The present study was intended to clarify the emerging mechanisms of team errors from the 

viewpoint of group dynamics. Questionnaire survey and interviews were performed with 118 

nurses and 52 businessmen who worked in teams usually. The results showed that mechanisms of 

social loafing and anchoring heuristics operated on detection and correction processes, the first 

and the third stages of team errors emergence respectively, while avoidance of interpersonal 

conflicts and commitments operated on indication process, the second stage. It was suggested that 

these psychological states of individuals interacted and brought "collective blackout" of mutual 

backups to prevent team errors. 

3118.147 What ensures a small-group discussion efficient? (1) -The influence of group structure 

on various aspects of the small-group discussion, Manabu Fujimoto, Aya Murayama, Ikuo 

Daibo, Osaka University, Japan 

This research considered the influence of group structure on the performance in a five-member 

problem solving discussion. The group structure was identified using the “Socio-profile method,” 

that quantifies interpersonal relations in a small group from degrees of intimacy of each of pairs of 

group members, developed by Fujimoto (2003). Group performance was determined based on the 

third-party evaluation. The results revealed that the more groups were structuralized in the terms 

of role differentiation, the better their performance was. The effectiveness of the Socio-profile 

method to understand group structure was also discussed. 

3118.148 What ensures a small-group discussion efficient? (2) -The three-dimension model of 

personal discussion styles in an intragroup task conflict situation, Aya Murayama, Manabu 

Fujimoto, Ikuo Daibo, Osaka University, Japan 

The aim of this study is to investigate how task conflict within small groups would be resolved 

when group members are engaged in a problem-solving discussion. Factor analysis revealed three 

factors (12 items), and each represents unique characteristics of the way to resolve task conflict 

(Thorough debate, Empathetic understanding, Harmonization). Also, the three-dimension model 

for personal discussion styles when encountering task conflict was suggested by combining the 

785

three different strategies obtained from the factor analysis. The relationship between task conflict 

resolution strategies to which individual prefers and basic interpersonal communication skills were 

discussed. 

3118.149 Punishment upon in-group defectors, Shigeru Terai, Toshio Yamagishi, Hokkaido 


We conducted 8-person group experiment (n=72), the purpose of which was to investigate whether 

people punish in-group members more than they punish out-group members. This experiment was 

inspired by the notion that people intuitively think of their own group as the arena for generalized 

exchange. The results of experiment partly supported our hypothesis. Participants chose in-group 

members to monitor, and punished them if monitored person were low-contributing person. When 

participants punished out-group members, they did so regardless of their levels of contribution. 

3118.150 Determinant factors of prepardness against natural disaster, Kenji Takao 1 , Tadahiro 

Motoyoshi 2 , Teruki Fukuzono 1 , Teruko Sato 1 , 1 National Research Institute for Earth Sceience 

and Disaster Prevention, Japan; 2 Nagoya University, Japan 

This study was examined the determinant factors of preparedness against natural disaster such as 

flood and earthquake. We conducted the questionnaire based survey in Japan. The results showed 

that perceived risk and fear of natural disaster did not directly affect the behavioral intention to the 

preparedness against natural disaster. The perceived cost for preparedness. This means that risk 

perception and fear of natural disaster do not always affect the preparedness against natural 

disaster. 

3118.151 A case study of voluntary organizations for disaster relief, Isamu Suzuki, Teruko Sato, 

Teruki Fukuzono, Saburo Ikeda, National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster 

Prevention, Japan 

Nine years have passed since the Great Hanshin earthquake (1995). This study examines the 

current situation of voluntary organizations for disaster in Japan. When a large earthquake struck 

Miyagi prefecture in Japan 2003, volunteer centers were organized quickly in some stricken areas 

because of the national network of disaster NPOs established after the Great Hanshin earthquake. 

We conducted interviews, observation research at these centers, and a questionnaire survey of 

disaster NPOs. It was revealed that these NPOs played an important role in organizing the centers 

but that problems also existed. We discuss the functions of voluntary organizations active in 

disaster. 

3118.152 Group identification and social uncertainty in an artificial social simulation, Kazuhiko 

Shibuya, Cyber Assist Research Center (CARC), National Institute of Advanced Industrial 

Science and Technology (AIST), Japan 

In this paper, I attempt to explore group identification and social uncertainty using artificial social 

simulation. In particular, I weight on investigating considerable principles that are based on an 

emergence of group identification and structural clustering. Moreover I clarify theoretical models 

on group identification in social uncertainty, and it should conjoin with social identity theory and 

spatial informatics to understand social order and group dynamical aspects. At first, I attempts to 

verify social stereotypic discrimination and group identification. Secondly I investigate social 

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they pay fulfilling a request. 

3118.161 A questionnaire development on internet addiction tendency and the social implications 

of the relevant researches, Xia Chen, Peking University, China 

In this research, internet addiction tendency is defined to be a type of psychological dependence 

on internet use. In the first part, a questionnaire on internet addiction was developed. The present 

study use a explorative factor analysis (EFA) on a data set of 390 participants to reveal the 

psychological construction of internet addiction tendency, and use a confirmatory factor analysis 

on a data set of 285 participants to show that the hypothesized model fits well with the data. In the 

second part, the important social implications of the descriptive analysis on Internet Addiction 

Tendency among some undergraduates are discussed. 

3118.162 Investigation of tendency to helping behavior in citizens, Ehsan Kazemi 1 , S.hamid 

Atash pour 2 , Maryam Faghih imani 3 , 1 cultural organization of isfahan, Iran; 2 Azad University 

of khorasgan-Iran; 3 Iran 

The purpose of this research was to investigate the rate of tendency to helping behavior. 

Researcher's for study of quality and quantity of helping behavior's in citizen's, made some 

situation's in seven civic district's(Isfahan city).The result's of survey showed that helping 

behavior can be affect by some factor's; such as sexuality, different situation's, and civic district's. 

3118.163 Research on college students’ reaction to the SARS news report, Gao Xiang, Zheng 

Richang, Bejing Normal University, China 

Based on the self-designed scale--”The common’s reactions to the SARS repot”, the research 

wanted to find out the college students’ reaction to the news report in different phase of SARS. 

The result indicated that (1) at the beginning of SARS, the college student generally thought the 

SARS reports were too few;(2) at the peak period, the students regarded the reports were too 

many;(3) at the declining period, the students generally thought the SARS reports were moderate; 

Meanwhile they thought the reports on “confidence and determination of conquering SARS” and 

“moved deeds of the doctors and nurses” appeared too frequently. 

3118.164 A study on the relationship between the applicants’impression management Tactics and 

Interviewers’rating in Chineses Culture, Heng Li, Zhejiang University, China 

The study was conducted to examine the relationship between the applicants’ impression 

management tactics and interviewers’ rating in Chinese culture that emphasizes modesty and 

Mianzi. The results indicate that the assertive impression management tactics have positive effects 

on interviewers’ rating, but defensive impression management tactics have little effects. 

Applicants use more assesrtive impression management tactics in situational interview than in 

behavior description interview in Chinese culture. 

3118.165 On the inner relationship between cultural environment and human psychology, 

Fengyan Shi, Tianjin Normal University, China 

The paper states that the inner relationship between human psychology and the cultural 

environment is that they both change, develop, be created, be remould at the same time when they 

influence each other and act on each other. When human creates environment, environment creates 

789

human in return. When a culture is created, human's needs, pursuits and intentions are brands on it 

and it becomes a display of human psychology. Moreover, human beings are certainly restricted 

by the culture they live in. Different national psychology, regional psychology, class psychology 

and stratum psychology are seen in different cultures. 

3118.166 Psychological factors associated with violence against latino women, Maria Xesus 

Frojan-Parga, Maria Jose Zarza, Autonoma University of Madrid, ES 

Our aim was to evaluate a sample of latino women at New Jersey (USA) to obtain data of 

domestic violence prevalence and psychosocial variables. The results show a high prevalence of 

domestic and family violence as well as a higher rate of abuse and the use of more severe violence 

performed by male against females partners. In addition, the findings show important associations 

between previous family violent habits and the use of violence against women, and the importance 

of factors like education and fear. 

3118.167 Psychological factors associated with violence against latino women, Maria Xesus 

Frojan-Parga, Maria Jose Zarza, Maria Dumont, Andrea Jaramillo, Brenda Vazquez, 

Autonoma University of Madrid, ES 

Our work analyzed the factors which determine the ocurrence of incidence of violence domestic 

during convivence. The aim is to develop a functional analysis of episodes to posibility the 

intervention previos and during the ocurrence. Violence and fear is not only a consequence of 

psychopatic behaviors, it can be function of reinforcement of aggresive behavior sought by the 

agressor as well as a discriminative stimulus to use violence to obtain desired consequences. 

3118.168 The relation between 15-18 years old adolescent social deviation and the family social, 

economic status in Tehran, Fatemeh Ahmadi, Ahmad Sharifan, Mahshid Yassaie, Institute For 

Educational Research Of Teacher Training University, Iran 

The present research was conducted to study the relationship between 15-18 years old adolescent 

social deviation and the family social, economic status in sample of 1941 high school students 

(1158 girls and 783 boys). The valid questionnairs were used to measure the variables. Data were 

analyzed using descriptive, statistics. There is a positive statistical significant relationship between 

parent's education and income with truancy from school, lying and association with unsuitable 

friends. 

3118.169 Evaluation of a phone line program for the prevention and atention of inner familiar 

violence, Irasema Del Pilar Castell Ruiz, Martha Frias Armenta, Otila Maria Caballero 

Quevedo, Daniela Osuna, Perla Barajas, Universidad de Sonora, Mexico 

The objective of the present job was to Evaluate one of the programs for Prevention and Attention 

of inner familiar violence. The sample was taken from the woman that asked for the service for 

attention, from January to October 2003. The authorities was asked to obtain the listing of woman 

that asked for the service. The instrument has a series of scales that contain: first questions about 

their socio demographical data, later a scale that tosse information about the difficulties that 

woman had or did not have to realize the phone call. The results showed that the program was 

effective. 

790

3118.170 Participant roles in bullying process and moral judgment development in children and 

adolescents, Yang Li, Li Lei, Capital Normal University, China 

Bullying of children and adolescents was investigated as a group process, a social phenomenon 

taking place in school setting in China. Different participant roles taken by students in the bullying 

process were examined and related to their moral judgment. Subjects were classified according to 

the participant roles scale as bully, victim, assistant of the bully, reinforcer of the bully, defender of 

the victim, and outsider. results showed that significant sex differences in the distribution of 

participant roles and different levels of moral judgment were measured in subjects played different 

roles in the bullying process. 

3118.171 Social skills training for a relationally aggressive preschool girl, Miyoshi Isobe, Rina 

Emura, Koji Ecchuu, Hiroshima University, Japan 

Recent researches indicate that preschool children who exhibit relational aggression (i.e., harming 

others through manipulation and damage to relationship) are socially and emotionally maladjusted. 

Using a coaching method, a social skills training was carried out with a relationally aggressive 

5-year-old girl in an attempt to reduce her aggressive behavior. Pre-training assessments, including 

teacher rating and behavioral observations, showed that the participant presented poor social skills. 

The training involved ten 15-minute sessions in a training room and focused on social initiation 

and self-control skills. Post-training assessments showed that the participant’s positive social 

interactions have increased and her relational aggression has decreased. 

3118.172 An examination of factors to maintain or leave from the intimate relationship with 

violence, Yuko Fukazawa, Toshihiko Souma, Mitsuhiro Ura, Hiroshima University, Japan 

In this study, authors examined factors that maintain or leave from relationship with domestic 

violence. One hundred seventy women completed questionnaire measuring their experience 

suffering from violence of partner at now or in the past, and motivation to approach, to avoid, and 

to refrain avoidance from the assailant. The result showed that the reason why relationships 

without violence are maintained is that approaching motivation is higher than avoidance 

motivation. On the other side, the reason why relationships with violence are maintained is that 

approaching motivation and avoidance motivation are equal but avoidance refraining motivation is 

higher than other two motivations. 

3118.173 The characteristics of the bullies and bullied in schools, Shiping Chen, Tianjin Normal 


3332 children were surveyed with questionnaires and instruments. It was found that bullies and 

bullied had salient trait in personality and interpersonal coping skills. Bullies tended to be 

extroversive, impulsive, lack of sympathy. Bullied tended to be introversive, depressive, lack of 

confidence. Both expressed mental problem tendencies, and used little problem-solving strategies 

in coping interpersonal conflicts. Parents’ emotional attitudes, ways of rearing, use of physical 

punishment, children’s temperament and school atmosphere had impact on the behavior. The 

occurrence of bullying was the result of the combined process of past experience, behavioral 

habits, personality traits, cognitive evaluation, evocative clues and environment. 

3118.174 The impact of domestic violence on children’s health, Estela Arcos 1 , Myrna Uarac 2 , 

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Irma Molina 1 , 1 Universidad Austral de Chile, Chile; 2 Servicio de Salud Vadivia, Chile 

Longitudinal study of an index group, 76 with violence and control group,46 without violence to 

compare anthropometric growth and use of health services of children whose mothers suffered 

maltreatment with children coming from families without violence. Respiratory diseases were the 

most prevalent cause of consultation and hospital admission. Children in the index group had a 2.8 

times higher risk of bronchopneumoniae in the post natal period and a poor attendance to health 

care controls. Four children cerebral contusion was registered as the cause of hospital admission. 

New strategies are necessary to detect and prevent child abuse and neglect. 

3118.175 Domestic violence impact on the reproductive and, Irma Molina 1 , Estela Arcos 1 , 

Myrna Uarac 2 , Angela Rappossi 3 , Marlene Ulloa 4 , 1 Universidad Austral de Chile, Chile, 

2 3 4 

Servicio de Salud Valdivia, Chile, Psychologiest. Chile, Midwife, Chile 

A longitudinal epidemiological study of pregnant women with and without domestic violence 

during, at labor and the newborn, from Urban Primary Health Care Center. In women suffering 

violence during pregnancy there was a higher risk of Urinary Tract Infection, Intrauterine Growth 

Restriction and, Pregnancy Intrahepatic Cholestasis. In mothers with previus violence experiences 

the obstetric morbidity showed abortion relative risk, Pregnancy Hypertensive Syndrome, 

Pregnancy Intrahepatic Cholestasis. The newborn from the violence group showed lower weight, 

size and pediatric gestational age, p

This essay starts with the operational definition of the aggressive driving that is a threat to safety 

transportation. After the literature review of the aggressive driving study, the essay summarizes the 

causal factors which include personal factors and social situation factors. As age is a significant 

factor of the behavior, the research investigated the causes of aggressive driving behavior of the 

youth, which are correlative with the mental and behavioral characteristics of this age range; and 

analyzed the causes of such behavior (emotionalizing, competitive intention, risky tendency etc.), 

and proposed certain relevant strategies (cultural purification, mental quality education etc.). 

3118.179 Relation between emotion-regulation and physical aggressive behavior in adolescences, 

Zhenhong Wang, Dejun Guo, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China 

Using emotion-regulation questionnaires and International Affective Picture System, 320 of 

students in junior high school were subject. This Study investigated relation between 

emotion-regulation and physical aggressive behavior. The result indicated that students of higher 

physical aggressive behavior were lower score in emotion-regulation questionnaires than normal 

students. Students of higher physical aggressive behavior were lower score in assessing fear 

pictures from International Affective Picture System than normal students, but there were no 

significant difference in assessing happy pictures from International Affective Picture System 

between them. So, physical aggression was associated with low ability of emotion-regulation and 

faulty. 

3118.180 Violence in japanese Tv programs: Content analysis by using the coding system of the 

national television violence study, Kanae Suzuki 1 , Makiko Sado 2 , Akira Sakamoto 2 , Nobuo 

Isshiki 3 , Hiroshi Hattori 3 , 1 University of Tsukuba, Japan; 2 Ochanomizu University, Japan, 3 Japan 

Broadcasting Corporation, Japan 

The purpose of this study is to examine the frequency and content of violence portrayed in 

Japanese TV programs by using the content analysis method developed by the National Television 

Violence Study. About 140-hours worth of TV programs broadcast from January 14 to 20, 2003, 

were randomly selected, and coders (university students) assessed drama, animation, variety, and 

news programs among them. As a result, violent segments were observed more frequently in 

animation programs, followed by drama or variety, and news programs. Also, only a few segments 

included punishment for violence, and few programs emphasized anti-violence as a theme. 

3118.181 Violent and anti-violent behavior in Japanese TV programs: Content analysis by using 

the coding system of the National Television Violence Study, Makiko Sado 1 , Kanae Suzuki 2 , 

Akira Sakamoto 1 , 1 Ochanomizu University, Japan; 2 University of Tsukuba, Japan 

This study aims to compare the frequency and context of anti-violent behavior with violent 

behavior in Japanese TV programs. We used the National Television Violence Study to develop 

the coding scheme to analyze the content of programs. Pre-trained coders evaluated drama, 

animation, variety, and news programs randomly drawn from about 140-hours worth of programs 

aired from January 14 to 20, 2003. The results showed more violent segments than anti-violent 

segments on the whole. Also, only a few segments included reword for anti-violent behavior. 

Anti-violent segments were observed more frequently in fictional programs than in reality 

programs. 

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3118.182 Bullying among school children in Poland, Maria Klis, Pedagogical University, Poland 

The aim of the study was to state whether and to which degree there are some symptoms of 

bullying perceived by Polish primary school-children. In a group of 260 5-grade pupils we have 

find that 68% of pupils tested experienced some kind of peer violence, identical with bullying 

such as: beating, various forms of extortion (e.g. money), ostracism, name calling and intimidation. 

The study reviews dominant forms and motives of aggressive behavior, and the characteristics of 

the victims and the perpetrators in the context of possible consequences for their psychological 

health and social development. 

3118.183 Measuring some maladaptive behavior using social-information-processing theory: A 

large sample of study, Qian Zhang 1 , Xiaoliu Yang 2 , Xiaobing He 2 , Xiuqin Huang 2 Jianxin 

Zhang 2 , 1 Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; 2 General 

Hospital of Beijing Military Area, Beijing, China 

Some maladaptive social behavior such as aggression and depression are formed through mental 

process - behavioral response linkages and related to special knowledge structures. According to 

"Models of the development of conduct disorder and depression"(Dodge, 1993), both deviant 

behavior are associate with different parts of the early experiences, knowledge structures and the 

ways of social information processing. Based on this model, a 51-item of Social Cognition Bias 

Scale was comprised for measuring aggression, depression and anxiety. 11529 Chinese males (age 

15-30) were completed the scale. The reliability of the scale is .81. It's validity and descriptive 

data are also discussed. 

3118.184 The impact of violent songs and pictures on aggression-related congnition and behavior 

trend, Xiaoyan Qiu 1 , Xifu Zheng 2 , South China Normal University, China 

This study aims to examine the impact of violent songs and pictures on aggression-related 

cognition and behavior trend. 270 students paticipated in our experiments. The results revealed 

that both violent songs and pictures could prime aggression-related thoughts, memory content and 

behavior tendency, and there is no significant difference between violent songs and pictures. 

3118.185 Self-reported aggressive thoughts and physical aggression, Maria Helena Nagtegaal, 

Eric Rassin, Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands 

This study investigated the prevalence and nature of aggressive thoughts in a student sample. The 

Schedule of Imagined Violence was presented to 97 undergraduates. We hypothesized that 

aggressive thoughts would be related to violent behaviour. More than half (56%)reported having 

aggressive thoughts at least several times a year. Participants reporting aggressive thoughts were 

compared to those who claimed never to have aggressive thoughts, on measures of intrusion, 

suppression, aggression, and impulsivity. Participants reporting aggressive thoughts were found to 

have a higher score on intrusion, physical aggression, anger, and hostility. However, no increase 

on suppression or impulsivity scores was found. 

3118.186 An empirical determination of delinquency factors among Iranian youth, Mohammad 

Reza Meshkani, Shahid Beheshti University, Iran 

A study is used to determine the factors affecting the intensity of delinquency among 90 boys and 

15 girls arrested in Tehran. An integrated theory of social control and differential association is 

794

focus strategy towards the IJVs, equity and managerial control strategies preferred by the SA 

managers, and SA managers’ personal management philosophy and their view of the ideal IJVs’ 

US executives. 

3119.3 Development of a new leadership inventory, Oyvind Martinsen, Norwegian School of 

Management, Norway 

Old taxonomies that organize leader behavioural constructs into two or three dimensions were 

questioned, and a new measure of leader behaviour was developed. When these constructs were 

factor analysed in a pilot study with 266 managers, five factors emerged: task orientation, 

relationship orientation, change orientation, integrity/independence, and dominance. In a second 

study the same five factors were replicated with data from a new sample including 292 managers, 

270 supervisors, 1100 colleagues, and 1300 subordinates. In this study the same factor structure 

was found in others' reports, although the general factor accounted for more variance in colleagues 

and subordinates reports. 

3119.4 Entreprenurial leadership: An Indian CEOs study, Vipin Gupta 1 , Pankaj Saran 2 , Neeti 

Rana 2 , 1 USA, 2 EMPI Business School, New Delhi, India 

India has become a global hub for business process outsourcing, building on its strengths in 

software, information technology, and skilled workforce. Has the leadership style of the Indian 

CEOs played any role in this regard? How does the leadership style of the Indian CEOs influence 

commitment, effectiveness, and satisfaction of the subordinates? In this study, we use data from 

in-depth interviews of Indian CEOs and surveys of top management teams of several companies in 

India. We report evidence on the significance of entrepreneurial leadership in the transformation of 

the Indian Organizations. 

3120 ORAL 


Chair: Quanquan Zheng, China 

3120.1 The hierarchical taxonomy of leadership personality traits, Lei Wang, Hongsheng Che, 

Liuqin Yang, Xiaowan Lin, Psychology School, Beijing Normal University, China 

The structure of leadership traits and the definitions of those traits are always open to question. 

Based on the literature review and the interviews with Chinese managers, we found out the 

personality traits correlated highly with managerial performance. That is why we have developed 

the Leadership Personality Traits Inventory. Using exploratory factor analysis and SEM, a 

second-order factor model is validated. There are significant differences between the leader group 

and the employee group in both 1 second-order factor and 3 first-order factors, especially in the 

first-order factor of initiating. 

3120.2 Measurement of shared mental models about situation and strategies in soccer teams, 

Xinwen Bai 1 , Erping Wang 1 , Tiejun Wei 2 , 1 Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of 

Sciences, China, 2 College of Physical Education, Hebei Normal University, China 

796

Due to turbulent situation changes, great time pressure, and high interdependence among members, 

a soccer team relies much on shared mental models about situation awareness and coping 

strategies. Participants in this study were organized into 3-person soccer teams to match against 

each other, then watched the videotapes of their matches and were asked to judge the situations 

and their coping strategies when videotapes unexpectedly paused. Two approaches, namely 

judgmental and non-judgmental evaluation, were used to measure the similarities of their 

judgments within teams. Results showed these two approaches were soundly correlated, which 

implied that simply judgmental evaluation can be effective. 

3120.3 Caring about others in transmission and memorization of information, Tzyy-Jiun Lung 1 , 

André Demailly 2 , 1 Business Administration-Chunchou institute of tchnology, Taiwan, China, 

2 

Social psychology, France 

Modern industry supports, contrary to school traditions, interdisciplinary collaboration and team 

work. Our experiment aims to exam the effects of these respective practices. Some subjects 

described a figure and believed their performance would be evaluated by formal criteria. The 

others effectuated this description and believed it would be used for reproduction of this figure by 

a peer and be evaluated by performance of the peer. In fact, all descriptions were evaluated by the 

reproduction. Results showed superiority of the second situation and we refund also it in recall. In 

other words, caring about others supports transmission as well as memorization. 

3120.4 Comparative studies on decision-making of groups using multi-method under 

multi-communication conditions, Quanquan Zheng, Nai Wen, Bo Zheng, China 

The relative effects of computer-mediated (CM) vs Face-To-Face (FTF) and methods of 

discussion (devil’s advocacy, DA; dialectical inquiry, DI; expertise, E; unstructured discussion 

(control group, C)) on decision making of groups with simulated laboratory experiments of 

personnel selection were investigated. The results showed: (1) There were significant effects of 

communication conditions and methods of discussion on information exchanging. (2) There were 

major effects of methods of discussion on difficulty of decision-making felt by members. (3) 

There were significant effects of methods of discussion on the number of turns of votes which 

indicated the total time of decision-making of groups. 

3121 ORAL 


Chair: Angel Barrasa, Spain 

3121.1 Issues in international partnering: The Motorola experience, Fangying Shi, RHR 

International, USA 

This presentation will focus on complexities of developing partnering relationships when working 

across different business sectors, different cultures and over geographic distance. Motorola's 

global program to develop locally based master coaches provides a case study. This program 

involved an innovative mix of internal expertise from Motorola University and outside 

psychologists drawn from many countries working together to develop local master coaches. The 

presentation describes difficulties and lessons learned in efforts to develop a partnering 

797

elationship between various parts of Motorola and with the outside consultants. Particular 

attention is given to issues of communication across distance and cultural differences. 

3121.2 Implementing a global coaching program in Motorola, Zenglo Chen 1 , Judy Blanton 2 , 

Fang Ying Shi 2 , 1 Motorola (Chicago, USA), USA, 2 RHR International Company, USA 

Motorola is the largest foreign company in China and it’s experiences in implementing 

psychologically oriented programs here may be useful in helping other organizations to modify 

programs developed in the West for application globally. This presentation will describe the 

relation of this leadership development strategy to the need to create a more performance driven 

culture across the globe. It will discuss the dilemmas, successes and mistakes in implementing a 

program designed to develop coaching skills to internal Motorola HR executives, particularly 

issues related to implementation in Asia. It will describe methods used to evaluate the program 

and preliminary findings. 

3121.3 Virtual team’s shared mental model under different goal setting conditions, Zhengyu 

Yang 1 , Yanghua Jin 2 , Baoxian Li 3 , 1 Personnel Department, Zhejiang Telecom Corporation, 

China, 2 School of Management, Hangzhou University of Commerce, 3 Psychology Department, 


Because of the participation of different interest agents, the personal and the team goals could be 

more conflicted under virtual team settings, and hence the goal setting processes must be quite 

different from that of the traditional teams. By using simulated team experiments, This study 

shows that the congruence of virtual team’s shared mental model could change to various degrees 

under different goal setting conditions. If virtual team members emphasize more on personal goals, 

they would be anxious to realize their own goals, but neglect the team as a whole. Therefore, it 

could destroy the integrative-benefit-oriented shared mental model. 

3121.4 Change and innovation in organizations: Change-oriented leadership outcomes in team 

effectiveness, Angel Barrasa 1 , Francisco Gil 1 , Ramón Rico 2 , Carlos M. Alcover 3 , 

1 2 3 

Complutense University of Madrid. Spain, Autonoma University of Madrid. Spain, Rey Juan 

Carlos University, Spain 

The aim of this paper is to analyze to what extent the change-oriented leader’s behavior affects 

team effectiveness. We propose a framework that hypothesized a mediating effect of team climate 

on the relationship between change-oriented leadership and team effectiveness. The results 

obtained confirm the existence of a general mediation effect of overall perceptions of team climate 

and innovation team climate on the relationship between change-oriented leadership and team 

effectiveness. Finally, theoretical implications of this study will be discussed, some practical 

applications settled out, and some trends for future research remarked. 

3122 ORAL 


Chair: Stephanou Georgia, Greece 

798

3122.1 Parents and teachers’ attributions and emotions for students’ academic performance in 

real achievement situations, Georgia Stephanou, Technological Educational Institute of 

Thessaloniki, Greece 

Attributions and emotions constitute important aspects of one’s involvement in education either as 

student, parent or teacher, since they influence one’s behavioral reactions to the other and students’ 

learning and development. This study investigated parents (n=100)’ and teachers (n=60)’ 

attributions and emotions for 11th grade students’ exam performance. The results showed that: (a) 

parents and teachers attributed success mainly to students’ hard word, whereas parents and 

teachers ascribed failure to situation and students’ poor effort, respectively, (b) both of them 

experienced intense positive affects for success and -especially, parents- negative affects (mainly, 

outcome) for failure, and (c) attributions influenced emotions. 

3122.2 Predictors of student adaptation to college, David Manier, Carol Alt, Paicy Veras, 

Lehman College, USA 

We hypothesized that student adjustment to college (measured with the Student Adaptation to 

College Questionnaire; Baker & Siryk, 1984) would be predicted by self-efficacy (measured with 

the College Self-Efficacy Inventory; Solberg, OBrien, Villareal, Kennel, & Davis, 1993), 

perceived stress (measured with the College Stress Inventory; Solberg, Hale, Villareal, & 

Kavanaugh, 1993), and perceived social support (measured with the Social Provisions Scale; 

Cutrona & Russell, 1987). Based on a standard method for analyzing mediator effects (cf. Baron 

& Kenny, 1986), our results showed the positive effect of perceived social support on student 

adjustment to be mediated through self-efficacy and perceived stress. 

3122.3 Changes in Confucian heritage culture (CHC) students’ approaches to learning over time 

in a new environment, Bobbie Matthews, Flinders University, Australia 

This longitudinal study was undertaken to investigate whether CHC students’ approaches to 

learning were retained or modified in a Western social, cultural, and educational environment. A 

bilingual version of the Study Process Questionnaire was used to measure students’ approaches to 

learning at five points over a time period of two years in Australia. The results showed that five of 

six approaches to learning changed during the period, but not for all groups of students. There was 

no significant change for the Surface Strategy approach over time, there were effects associated 

with this approach and the characteristics of particular groups. 

3122.4 Teaching children to visualise words: The use of mental imagery in improving reading, 

writing and spelling abilities, Charles Stuart Potter, Gregg Ravenscroft, University of the 

Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa 

This paper reports the results of research involving use of mental imagery in improving the 

English spelling, reading and writing abilities of children with specific learning disabilities. The 

study has involved 40 children, and an evaluation design using aggregative case survey 

methodology. Each child's English reading, writing and spelling abilities have been pre- and 

post-tested utilising a battery of clinically popular instruments and their phonic skills analysed. 

These results have been compared with those of children receiving more traditional forms of 

remediation. Use of mental imagery in learning has been investigated through clinical teaching 

strategies, supplemented by semi-structured interviews. 

799

eing met and how can these expectations be managed? In this paper I present data from a 5 year 

long, repeated cross-sectional study of the expectations of undergraduate psychology students. I 

discuss the implications of these findings for curriculum design and student support. 

3124 ORAL 

Social issues 

Chair: Ayesha Mahmuda, Bangladesh 

3124.1 Typology of the poor in Juarez, México, Roxana Espinoza, Jesús Luna, Universidad 

Autónoma de Ciudad Juárez – ICSA- Psicología, Mexico 

Poverty in many sectors of the city of Juarez is alarming. Most of the studies on poverty are of a 

demographic or econometric nature. Furthermore, most studies on the psychosocial factors of 

poverty have been done in industrialized countries. In this study participants responded to a 

Spanish translation and adaptation of a questionnaire by Mörcol (1999) that combines 

demographic, occupational and psychological variables to establish a typology of the poor using 

discriminant analysis. Results corroborate the categorization created by Mörcol, thus 

stimulating cross-cultural research on poverty. Also, findings will help develop programs against 

extreme poverty in Juarez. 

3124.3 Experiment on the sex preference of Chinese women, Meifu Yan, Fengxia Wang, 

Hubei Universiry, China 

The sex ratio of newborns of China is out of balance in recent years. Most women prefer to have 

boys. But in certain regions, the sex ratio of newborns maintains a balance. The present study 

tested women who have different kinds of sex preference by projective approach with the 

photographs of six-month babies. The results show that there is a significant difference between 

boy-preference and girl-preference women with different marital patterns. Women with the pattern 

of conventional marriage prefer to have boys, while the women in unconventional marriage whose 

husband living with wife’s family prefer to have girls. 

3124.4 Unemployment and psychological well-being: A probe into some socio-demographic 

factors, Ayesha Mahmuda, University of Dhaka, Bangladesh 

This study observed the effect of unemployment on psychological well-being in terms of some 

socio-demographic factors viz., sex, age, education, income, marital status and duration of 

unemployment. The sample consisted of 300 adults (150 males, 150 females) drawn randomly 

from Dhaka city. A Bengali version of subjective well-being questionnaire of Nagpal and Sell 

(1985) was used. Results of ANOVA showed that all socio-demographic variables, except age, 

were significant determinants of psychological well-being of the unemployeds. On the whole all 

groups of unemployed respondents had relatively poor psychological well-being which was a joint 

function of a number of socio-demographic variables. 

801

3125 ORAL 


Chair: Shamsul Mahmud, Bangladesh 

3125.1 A comparative study of values of teachers and students of Bangladesh, Japan & America, 

Shamsul Mahmud, Department of Psychology, Bangladesh 

Our goal was to observe the similarities and differences in values of the Teachers and students of 

three cultures: Bangladesh, Japan and America. The results revealed that for bangladeshi students' 

preferences for functional values were higher than dysfunctional values. Japanese students' 

preferences for functional values except narcissism were higher than dysfunctional values. The 

American students' ranked narcissism and other worldliness as third and fifth preferred values 

respectively. Bangladeshi teachers' preferences for functional values were higher than 

dysfunctional values. Japanese teachers' preferences for functional values except narcissism were 

higher than dysfunctional values. American teachers preferences for functional values except other 

worldliness were higher than dysfunctional values. 

3125.2 Bicultural self, Sik Hung Ng 1 , Ying Zhu 2 , 1 City University of Hong Kong, China, 

2 


Self-referencing information is remembered better than non self-referencing information. This 

Self-reference Effect provides a cognitive tool for determining if Person X is part of the 

self-concept: If X-referencing information is remembered equally well as self-referencing 

information, X is likely a part of self. We first demonstrated that Mother and Identified Person 

were included in the self-concepts of bicultural Hong Kong Chinese. We then tested the elasticity 

of the bicultural self in response to cultural primes. Chinese cultural priming was found to draw 

Mother and the Identified Person closer to, whereas American cultural priming pushed them away 

from, the self. 

3125.3 Nepalese child labourers’ cognitive skills, anxiety and locus of conrtol, Esa 

Alaraudanjoki 1 , P. Murari Regmi 2 , Timo Ahonen 3 , Jari-Erik Nurmi 3 , Isto Ruoppila 3 , 

1 2 3 

Finland; Tribhuvan University, Nepal; University of Jyväskyl&auml, Finland 

Two empirical studies investigated whether the children working in the carpet factories of 

Kathmandu differ on their cognitive skills and psychological well-being from their peers who live 

in the country-side and go to school. The data on Tibeto-Burmese 10-14 years old children 

(N=194 Cognitive Skills; N=254 Psychological well-being) were collected in 1996-97. The main 

results showed that the school group was better in all the cognitive tests, they had lower level of 

anxiety, and had more external locus of control in comparison to the labouring children. The 

methods used managed to differentiate the children both within and across samples. 

3125.4 Presenting a Confucian psychological paradigm: A comparative study of the Chinese 

across seven countries, Stephen Kin Kwok Cheng, American Psychological Association, 

Australia 

The psychological study of non-Western cultures has been shackled by Western constructs such as 

individualism-collectivism for too long. There is a need for the Chinese to develop their own 

psychological paradigm based on indigenous Confucian values. This paper presents such a 

802

paradigm based on the author’s doctoral thesis. To test his hypothesis, a 26-item likert scale was 

developed and applied to 884 Chinese subjects in/from China, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Malaysia, 

Singapore, Taiwan, Thailand, and those born in Western countries. The findings confirmed the 

paradigm’s hypothesis: Confucian values still exert a fundamental influence on the 

psycho-behavioural patterns of all Chinese groups. 

3126 ORAL 


Chair: Jim Parish-Plass, Israel 

3126.1 Positive and negative symptom profile and P300 abnormalities: A longitudinal 

controlled study, Liu Zhening, Department of Psychiatry, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central 

South University, China 

The investigation on the relationship between P300 abnormalities and symptoms in schizophrenia 

helps us understand the etiology of this disorder. P300 was recorded for 22 and 27 patients 

diagnosed with positive and negative profile schizophrenia. The PANSS was administered to each 

patient for assessing clinical symptoms. A group of 30 normal controls were recruited for 

comparison. Results showed that patients with schizophrenia exhibited reduced P300 amplitudes, 

in which those with negative profile schizophrenia had greater amplitude decrements and longer 

latencies at certain electrode sites on the scalp. These findings supported that there were 

neurobiological differences between positive and negative profile. 

3126.2 Locus of control: A comparison of attributional styles between ADHD and internalizing 

disorders, Javad Alaghband-rad, Zahra Shahrivar, Elham Shirazi, Tehran University of 

Medical Sciences, Iran 

This study compares the attribute of locus of control between two outpatient groups of children 

and adolescents who have either Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), or one or 

more of the internalizing disorders (ID), using the Multidimensional Measure of Children’s 

Perception of Control (MMCPC). We found an overall high mean score for internal locus of 

control in both groups. Further, a significantly higher mean score in internal control, social and 

physical success in ADHD groups were found. A positive correlation between the age of the ID 

group and unknown and powerful others control were seen as well. Our findings confirm the 

relationship between behavior disorders in children and self report ratings of locus of control. 

3126.3 Group physical activity and social skills training for treating children with ADHD as 

compared with children with other behavioral disorders, Jim Parish-Plass, Dov Lufi, Kibbutz 

Child and Family Therapy Center, Israel 

The present research assessed the therapeutic potential of physical activity in group therapy as 

treatment for two target groups: children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder versus 

children diagnosed with other behavior problems. The weekly treatment sessions used behavioral 

techniques to improve social skills of the participants. Results showed significant improvement on 

several clinical measures for both target groups as compared to baseline levels. This study is part 

803

of a decade-long project aimed at developing such treatment groups for behavior problem boys. 

3126.4 Viewpoints of interventions in children problems: Comparison of Chinese family 

therapists’ viewpoints with structural family therapy, Shu Yu You 1 , Ping-Hwa Chen 2 , 1 Taipei 

Meidical University, China; 2 National Taiwan Normal University, China 

The main purposes of this study were (1) to compare viewpoints of interventions in children 

problems between structural family therapy and Chinese family therapists, and (2) to construct 

viewpoints of Chinese family therapy. Sixteen Chinese family therapists living in and practicing 

their specialty in different areas were interviewed. The interview data were transcribed verbatim 

and were analyzed. The researcher compared the Chinese family therapists ethical viewpoints of 

family therapy interventions with the systemic structure-oriented family therapy. Four dimensions 

distinguished the systemic viewpoint from the ethical viewpoint: cultural values, parent roles, a 

child's self concept, and the parent-child relationship. 

3127 ORAL 


Chair: Barbara Jozefik, Poland 

3127.1 Innovative and successful interventions for children with autism spectrum disorders, 

Christine Annette Lawson, Child and Adolescent Mental Health Service, Isle of Man, United 

Kingdom 

Lawson(2003) described a boy with Asperger syndrome and marked dyspraxia who produced 

drawings of people after forming specific Object Assembly items from the WISC-R(UK) and 

WAIS-R(UK). Also, he participated in activities which encouraged the fast apprehension of small 

numerosities associated with dots and schematic facial features. The results indicated 

improvements on standardised tests concerning human figure drawings and 

arithmetic/mathematics alongside increasing maturity in artistic expression and social situations. 

Reports discussed here concern individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorders who received similar 

assessments and interventions. Results showed enhanced attainments accompanied by only slight 

presentations of characteristics associated with the Autism Spectrum. 

3127.2 Individual, familial and cultural context of eating disorders in Poland, Barbara Jozefik, 

Maciej Pilecki, the Jagiellonian University, Poland 

The aim of the research was to study in Polish cultural context, the links between family patterns, 

social-cultural patterns regarding self-image, perception of one’s body in ED patients. The 

research programme will be finished in June 2004. The preliminary results show that perception of 

family relationships in ED groups is more negative and incoherent in comparison with positive, 

congruent perception of family relationships in control group. Significant, detailed differences will 

be presented and discussed according to the literature. 

3127.3 Passive auditory event-related P3 potential in personality disorders, Wei Wang 1 , Ming 

Cao 2 , Qianjin Jiang 3 , Kerry Jang 4 , 1 Anhui Provincial Hospital, China; 2 Capital Normal 

804

University, Beijing, China; 3 Zhejiang University Medical School, Hangzhou, China; 4 University 

of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada 

As the patients with schizotypal and borderline personality disorders showed the reduced 

amplitude and prolonged latency of classical P3, it is reasonable to expect that these patients might 

show abnormal passive P3. In order to test this hypothesis, we tried the single-tone elicited 

event-related potentials in 205 patients with personality disorders and 30 healthy volunteers. Both 

schizoid and paranoid groups showed significantly reduced P3 amplitude. In addition, the schizoid 

group showed significantly shorted N1 latency and enhanced N2 amplitude. The P3 amplitude was 

negatively correlated with DAPP-BQ basic-trait Anxiety in the healthy subjects but not in any 

groups of patients. 

3127.4 Study on causes of PTSD in Rwanda, a retrospective review, Alex Hakuzimana, 

Naasson Munyandamutsa, Nadine Magali, National University of Rwanda, Rwanda 

Our study aims at detecting the prevalence of the PTSD in adults in Rwanda. A standardized 

questionnaire will be laid out. Only outpatients will be included in our study. The period of study 

extends from 1996 to December 2003.Data analysis and evaluation will be done by SPSS. From 

study findings on causes of PTSD in Rwanda, we will recommend measures to Rwandese society 

for the prevention, management of PTSD patients and therapeutical approaches will be given to a 

few of mental professionals we have. 

3128 ORAL 


Chair: Verbrugh Hugo Stephan, Netherlands 

3128.1 Reincarnation therapists’ beliefs about the effects of their work, Hugo Stephan 

Verbrugh, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Netherlands 

Reincarnation therapy has established itself as a form of psychotherapy for a variety of 

psychosomatic and psychic disorders, especially phobias. Usually the client is brought in a light 

hypnotic trance and induced to live through traumas supposedly suffered in a past life and thought 

to have a causal link with the present complaint. To study the beliefs and methods of reincarnation 

therapists, nine experienced practitioners were interviewed. Results suggest that therapists do not 

have a unitary view of the role of past-lives experiences in present complaints. Rather, differences 

in perspective can be attributed to different theories of reincarnation employed. 

3128.2 The role of interpersonal homework assignments in improving social functioning in 

social phobia: A comparison of three versions of a interpersonal behavioural approach, Ariel 

Stravynski 1 , Lise Lachance 2 , 1 University of Montreal and "Fernand-Seguin" Research Center, 

Canada, 2 University of Quebec, Chicoutimi, Canada 

This study evaluated treatments designed to improve the social functioning of social phobic 

individuals.102 socially phobic individuals were randomly assigned to either group social skills 

training or discussion with homework or brief individual meetings with homework.76 patients 

completed treatment and 59 a 1-year follow up. Statistically significant and equivalent 

805

improvements obtained in all treatment conditions. Overall 52% of the patients were in remission 

at 1-year follow up. Improvement was the same in a group or an individual format, with social 

skills training or not. All treatments included interpersonal homework performed systematically 

and repeatedly in between sessions. 

3128.3 Behavioral analysis and interventions of aggression: For the disabled through sports 

psychology, Sandhya Singh Kaushik, Banaras Hindu University, India 

Aggression is very costly problem behavior. It is often the result of faulty learning in the disabled. 

The focus of this paper is on this type of aggressive behavior. A number of behavioral 

interventions for aggression, from the area of sports psychology, that have been successfully used 

with disabled such as antecedent strategies, teaching alternative skills, token reinforcement, 

self-monitoring, etc. The emphasis of this paper is on developing and implementing such 

behavioral interventions which are useful, locally available, indegenous and effective for 

management of aggression that have been successfully used with disabled. 

3128.4 Societal acknowledgement and disclosure of trauma as PTSD predictors in German and 

Chinese crime victims, Mueller J.M. 1 , J. Wang 2 , A. Maercker 1 , 1 University of Zurich, Zurich, 

Switzerland; 2 Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China 

In German Crime Victims (N=151) the interpersonal variables ‘disclosure of trauma experience’ 

and ‘societal acknowledgement as a victim’ have been shown to be PTSD predictors additional to 

well-known intrapersonal variables. We wanted to know if these variables are transculurally valid 

and if cultural values moderate the effects. Therefore 50 Chinese Crime Victims answered the 

same questionnaire-set assessing sociodemographics, trauma characteristics, psychopathology, 

both interpersonal variables, and cultural values. German as well as Chinese participants with and 

without PESD differed significantly in the concerned variables. Additionally, cultural values 

moderated these effects. The implications of these findings will be discussed. 

3129 ORAL 


Chair: Julie Hatfield, Australia 

3129.1 The effects of life events of recruits in a model of the relationships among personality, 

coping style, social support and mental symptoms, Hongzheng Li, Meiying Lei, Jinfang Yan, 

Xiaobing Liu, Yihong Li, 191 Hospital of PLA, Guigang, China 

To probe the effects of Life Events of recruits in a Model of the relationships among Personality, 

Coping Style, Social Support and Mental Symptoms. 1114 recruits were evaluated after the 

military training using Life Events Inventory for Compulsory Servicemen, SCL-90-R, Simple 

Coping Style Questionnaire, EPQ and Social Support Scale. Stepwise, interaction and path 

analyses were used. The results showed that neuroticism, negative coping style, objective social 

support and life events were significant factors determining mental symptoms, absolute value of 

each variable was 0.09-0.48. We concluded that mental symptoms can be affected directly by four 

variables above. 

806

3129.2 The prevalance of depression among pre-university students-Tehran-Iran, D. 

Shojaeizadeh, N. Ghorbanzadeh, Tehran University of medical sciences, Tehran, Iran 

Adolescence is the most sensitive period of life. The aim of this research is to determine the rate of 

depression. This research is analytical and descriptive study. Randomly sampled 200 students were 

selected. A quesionnaire was developed to collect the data. SPSS statistical software was used to 

analyse the data. Results show that 22% of male and 36% of female students had sever and 

inermediate depression. Among the girls there is relationship between depression and passing 

exam, mothers' education, age and parents' death. Among the boys there is relationship between 

depression and number of family, parents situation, type of entertainment and average mark of 

exam. 

3129.3 Pedestrian safety and concurrent mobile telephone use, Julie Hatfield, Serena 

Clements, Georgina Cannon, Maureen Montalban, Lisa Van Grinsven, University of Sydney, 

Australia 

Research amongst drivers suggests that pedestrians using mobile telephones may behave riskily 

while road-crossing. Roadside observations in Sydney suggest concerning levels of mobile-use 

while road-crossing. Amongst females, mobile-users (n=97) were less likely to look at traffic 

before starting to cross, and while crossings, but more likely to adhere to Walk signals, compared 

to matched controls (n=173). Amongst males, mobile-users (n=85) were less likely than their 

mobile-non-using counterparts (n=191) to finish crossing at a marked crossing. Survey 

respondents (n=104) believed that mobile-use while road-crossing can be safe under some 

circumstances. Messages explicitly suggesting techniques for avoiding mobile-use while 

road-crossing are suggested. 

3129.4 Job stressors and personality traits as predictors of burnout syndrome in police officers, 

Nina Oginska-Bulik, Zygfryd Juczynski, Institute of Psychology University of Lodz, Poland 

The purpose of the study was to establish the mediating impact of personality traits on burnout 

syndrome in policemen with high level of job stress and predictors of burnout syndrome. The 

sample consists of 100 policemen. The following techniques were used in the study: the PJSQ, the 

NEO and MBI. The data confirmed the significant role of personality traits and conscientiousness 

in development of burnout syndrome in the group of police officers. 

3129.5 Teachers’stress and career in Brazilian public schools, Bueno Belmira 1 , Flavinês 

Lapo 2 , 1 University of São Paulo, Brazil, 2 University of Sorocaba, Brazil 

The paper examines the teachers’ stress and their quitting of teaching in São Paulo public 

schools during the period of 1990-2000. The study was based on quantitative and qualitative data 

and aimed to understand the relationships among the various determinants of this process, with 

focus on stress and burnout. The analysis of 16 former teachers’ professional life histories shows 

that quitting is a painful process which does not happen suddenly. The teacher goes through 

several stages, very difficult and conflicting, before coming to the decision of giving up teaching 

at the public school or giving up the teaching profession itself 

807

3130 ORAL 


Chair: Ronald Fischer, New Zealand 

3130.1 Rewarding seniority: Exploring organizational and cultural determinants of 

seniority-based allocations, Ronald Fischer, Victoria University Wellington, New Zealand 

The present study investigates the use of seniority as a means to reward employees in 

organizations in Britain, the US, New Zealand, and Germany. Employees from various 

organizations are asked to indicate how often their organization uses seniority when deciding over 

pay raises, promotions and dismissals. It is found that organizations with egalitarian cultures, 

economically successful organizations and public sector organizations rely more on seniority. 

Uncertainty avoidance predicts reliance on seniority at a culture level. The potential of seniority to 

maintain and control conflict inherent in open systems and implications for the aging workforce in 

Western societies are discussed. 

3130.2 Social loafing in the continuous public good dilemma, Weipeng Hu, Kan Shi, Wing 

Tung Au, China 

The study investigated the effect of social value orientation, information structure and decision 

time on the occurrence of social loafing in Public Good Dilemma. Results found that without 

information feedback, social value orientation would significantly predict the occurrence of social 

loafing; with the information feedback, social value orientation, information structure and decision 

time would have effect on the occurrence of social loafing; moreover, both prosocial and proself 

behave similarly at the beginning and at the end of the process; It seems that social value 

orientation would be changed with the influence of other’s decision information under the social 

interaction. 

3130.3 Study on managers’ creativities, Guangzhu Liu, Wenli Chen, Management Psychology, 

Human Resource Management, China 

158 managers and 103 students were investigated with Creative Test Questionnaire and 

Performance Maintenance Questionnaire. The results showed that there was no difference between 

man and woman in their creativity by X²-test. So far the level of China enterprise manager 

creativity is not high. The manager behaviors were divided into 4 kinds with the Performance 

Maintenance Questionnaire. The difference of 4 kinds managers creativities was most sufficient by 

X²-test. The comparison between students and managers showed the difference of 

X²-test was sufficient. The students’ creativities were higher than that of present enterprise 

managers. 

3130.4 Study on the psychological qualities of Chinese woman enterprisers, Guangzhu Liu, 

Xingmin Duan, Management Psychology, Human Resource Management, China 

China women have special personalities and characters. Women engaged in management work 

need fixed psychological qualities. The paper discusses the advantages and disadvantages and help 

Chinese women become excellent enterprisers. Psychological quality includes the education 

degree, the level of some knowledge, the function of psychology, the skill, the experience, the 

808

This study is the five product investigation years in those which were evaluated 4000 civil aviation 

pilots to those which were applied to him psychological and medical tests in order to find a 

psychological profile that indicated a personality "Model", after an exhaustive analysis was found 

that it does not exist a personality only that identify to the civil aviation pilots but it could be 

observed that were existing several groups of pilots that were sharing a set of defined and similar 

characteristics therefore was made a qualitative and statistic analysis to identify five groups of 

persons, the Psycho-aerotypes. 

3132.3 Deconstructing the current construction of the ‘meaning of work’, Bill Puplampu, 

University of Ghana, Ghana 

This paper examines the meaning of Work (MOW) concept and suggests that it is ill defined and 

poorly operationalized. Conceptually and operationally, Mow must be kept distinct from several 

constructs such as job involvement, work values, work attitudes' that are being used 

interchangeably with it. Mow could be conceived of as an abstract, but abiding belief about work 

and its origin. This paper contends that MOW is not a motivational concept: unlike equity or 

hierarchy, it may not be possible to predict work effort/behaviour from the articulated MOW of a 

person or group. Implications for research are discussed. 

3132.4 Application of the person-environment (P-E) fit model to stress in tabriz teachers & its 

reflection on their physical & psychological disorders, Mirtaghy Garooci Farshi, Iran 

The Purpose of this Study was to evaluate P-E Fit model to stress & its reflection to physical & 

psychological disorder. Subjects were 986 teachers with means age & years of service respectively 

37.46 & 16.84 selected randomly & completed a self-administered questionnaire concerning P-E 

& Job Stress. Additionally, 196 principals completed questionnaires about these teachers. The 

result indicated there were significant differences between demographic factors such as gender, 

education, marital status, age, years of service & salary with stress & stress reflection on physical 

& psychological disorders. P-E Unfit had considerably effect on stress & its physiological & 

psychological consequences. 

3133 ORAL 


Chair: Anthony Harold Winefield, Australia 

3133.1 Job Satisfaction in Australian University Staff, Anthony Harold Winefield, Anthony 

Winefield, Carolyn Boyd, Con Stough, Nicole Gillespie, Australia 

Recent studies show that job satisfaction is related to organisational outcomes, including 

performance, injuries, and absence from work. A survey of Australian universities found that 

despite high levels of occupational stress, job satisfaction was moderately high, although higher 

among non-academics, than among academics. Of 15 job facets, most non-academics expressed 

dissatisfaction with only two: chance of promotion, and university management. Academics, in 

addition expressed dissatisfaction with hours of work and rate of pay. Satisfaction was higher 

among academics at the older, richer, universities. The results are interpreted in relation to 

811

epeated funding cuts imposed on Australian universities in recent years. 

3133.2 The professional orientations of the students of the OMSK state unversity of the 

Railroads, Ilia Lofkin, Russian Federation 

Our aim was to settle the professional orientations of the students of the OMSK state university of 

the railroads. The form of the interrogatory was an essay 209 students were asked. The results of 

the interrogatory were rather contradictory. The majority of the students (123) is proud of their 

future profession and hope to work on the railroads all their lives. But the minority (86) is afraid of 

the future privatizing, and after graduating from the university they wish to find another job. In 

consequence the reality of the Russian market economy influences on the professional orientations 

of the students. 

3133.3 Towards a model for corporate leadership in the developing world, Bill Puplampu, 

University of Ghana, Ghana 

This paper presents a model of corporate leadership and its challenges from the perspective of the 

developing world. Based on a 5-year study of 25 organizations in Ghana, it argues that corporate 

and institutional leaders in developing countries need to see themselves in a dynamic value-adding 

role rather than the static-status orientations, which are presently dominant. Using the leadership 

crises in organizations in developing countries, the paper redefines leadership in the developing 

world context; challenges the concept of 'poor/ineffective 'leadership as a misnomer and presents 

theoretical propositions on the structure, purpose, process and outcomes of corporate leadership 

and development. 

3133.4 An investigation on factors moderate feelings of trust between Taiwan managers and 

their subordinate workers in China, Chung Kwei Wang 1 , Kuo Ying Lo, 1 ICP members, Taiwan, 

China 

We propose that value similarity between Taiwan managers and their subordinates in China may 

influence their mutual trust. We conducted a survey on Taiwan managers and their Chinese 

subordinates in Mainland, the present study revealed several findings below. (1) Taiwan managers 

and their Chinese subordinates have similar end values. However, Taiwan managers and their 

Chinese subordinate evaluated workers trustworthiness based on different work instrumental 

values. (2) Taiwan managers emphasized more on values related to character such as following the 

rule, loyalty and integrity. Mainlander workers were more emphasized on hardworking and 

creativity. (3) Mainlander workers who hold similar work values to their Taiwan managers 

perceived that they were trusted by their supervisors. 

3134 ORAL 


Chair: Yuri Cvitkovich, Canada 

3134.1 A psychological analysis of sustaining joint forest management in India, Parul Rishi, 

Indian Institute of Forest Management, Bhopal, India 

812

Joint Forest Management (JFM) in India required Forest Personnel to redefine their relationship 

with the village people by empowering them, to regain their trust and alliance. Present study was 

conducted on Forest Committees of India using Attitudinal assessment scale, Personal Influence 

Style Diagnosis, and Perceptual Assessment scale administered through Participatory Rural 

Appraisal to conduct a Psychological assessment which revealed the critical features of attitudes, 

perceptions and leadership styles of people and forest officers. The study has implications for the 

sustained efficacy of JFM Programme in India and developing countries through effective 

leadership of forest personnel with accurate perception and positive attitude. 

3134.2 The need for advocacy in the later stages of the lifespan, Yuri Cvitkovich, University of 

British Columbia (UBC), Canada 

In their Life Course Ecological Model of Aging, Cvitkovich and Wister (2002) proposed that 

housing, transportation and health services become more crucial to an individual’s well-being in 

the later stages of the lifespan compared to the early adult stage of the lifespan. Economic restraint 

by industrialized countries has placed restrictions on government-funded services. In five regions 

of British Columbia, Canada, this study examines the issues and the state of advocacy services that 

have been identified by seniors. This advocacy ensures that seniors receive the necessary services 

and standards of care they require to maintain their health and well-being. 

3134.3 Psychosocial aspects of night urban lighting, Annie Moch, Helene Glodt, Barbara 

Bonnefoy, Annie Moch, Universite Paris, France 

Our purpose was to examine how people evaluate the outdoor night lighting by using a 

standardized questionnaire submitted to 140 persons representative of the eighteenth district of 

Paris. The main expectations toward the lighting functions were: first to walk easier, then to 

valorize the city, to make an area more attractive. Age, gender and satisfaction in the 

neighbourhood are linked to the evaluation of the lighting. Conclusion: Security is not the first 

expectation of the city dwellers. They want to be able to walk safely, followed by an expressed 

concern for the valorization of the city itself. Age, gender and localization in the area mediate the 

evaluations toward urban night lighting. 

3134.4 Activates training and awareness on protection of environment and energy consumption 

optimizing between children and adolescences, Akbar Safari, Kambiz Rezapour, Fatemeh 

Mahshorian, Office of Deputy Ministry for Energy Affairs Energy Efficency Office(EEO), Iran 

This activity is longitudinal method, between years 1997-2003 at children and adolescences 

(students with age 10-15 in schools Iranian) with target training and awareness on energy 

efficiency and protection of environment. Used of several social and behavioral techniques with 

aims attitude and behavioral institutional creation about energy consumption optimizing and 

protection environment in school building and theirs houses. Training aids devices includes: book, 

lecture, exhibition, survey and selection management energy between students in schools. Results 

assessments, training and awareness children and adolescences about energy consumption 

optimizing and protection of environment, was significant difference in between control group and 

selected group. 

813

3135 ORAL 

Cognition 

Chair: Zhongming Wang, China 

3135.1 Temporal information processing in cognitive processes, Elzbieta Szelag, Elzbieta 

Szelag, Kanabus Magdalena, Kolodziejczyk Iwona, Kowalska Joanna, Szuchnik Joanna, 

Poland 

Neuropsychological evidence suggests an association between temporal information processing 

(TIP) and cognition. At least three different ranges of around 30,300 and 3000 milliseconds seem 

to be crucial for human behaviour, including language functions. In a series of experiments we 

studied TIP on the above time domains in young healthy volunteers, elderly people, centenarians 

and subjects with language disorders of different etiologies: congenital deafness, cochlear 

implantation, autism, aphasia. We found associations between atypical TIP and chronological 

ageing or language deficits. We conclude that in many cognitive processes timing is of an essence. 

3135.2 Creativity and other psychological characteristics of talented students in Hong Kong, 

Jimmy Chan, University of Hong Kong, China 

Among the 191 applicants for the entry into the University of Hong Kong in 2003, 75 of the top 

grades were admitted to the medical faculty, amounting to 40%. These talented students were 

submitted to a creativity test of the Chinese wisdom form-board. Standard Raven Progressive 

Matrices Test and Eysenck Adult Personality Questionnaire were administered to yield 

intelligence and personality scores respectively. In addition, Rothwell-Miller Interest Blank was 

also given to assess their vocational interest. Do they really want to become first-class medical 

doctors? Inter-correlation matrices and factor analysis of the data were interpreted in line with 

current psychological theories. 

3135.3 A basic study on the structure of the creativity, Yoshiyuki Saito 1 , Masahiro Matsuo 1 , 

Hitoshi Kijima 2 , Joji Ikuma 3 , 1 Saitama University, Japan; 2 Polytechnic University, Japan; 

3 

Syonan Institute of Technology, Japan 

The purpose of this study is to solve some subjects next to show about the thing being called 

creative power and creativity. One of those is to define creativity universally as a human nature. 

As for the creativity until now and the creative power, that meaning and value change causes by 

the change in the social value. This study defines as the nature that does not take an influence in 

the age and the social environment. And, this study proposes the unit of the person’s heart. 

3135.4 Effects of event probability and causality on entrepreneurial decisions, Zhongming 

Wang 1 , Jean-Marc Fabre 2 , Zhi Zang 1 , 1 Zhejiang University, China; 2 University of Provence, 

France 

The judgments of the conjunction probability of events and causality were studied in previous 

experiments. The present experiment examined the effects of event probability and causality on 

conjunction fallacy and heuristics in entrepreneurial decision tasks characterized in risk shift, 

multiple causality, and context-dependent. The results showed that decision task factors influenced 

judgment process and conjunction fallacy. The interaction of event probability and causality 

814

affected entrepreneurial judgments. Both geometric mean hypothesis and causal relation effect 

hypothesis were tested with framework of decision competency model. Implications of results to 

multiple judgment modeling and entrepreneurial decision competence development are 

highlighted. 

3136 ORAL 


Chair: Pi-hua Tsai, Taiwan, China 

3136.1 The development of causal reasoning of mandarin-speaking children in narratives, 

Pi-hua Tsai, Hsin-feng Wu, National Chengchi University, Taipei, Taiwan, China 

Children construct theories of the world around them largely through causal explanations. This 

research explored how Mandarin-speaking children explained the activities of various entities in 

narratives through a variety of distinctive causal-explanatory modes. Children’s utterances of 

spontaneous narratives were analyzed first. A quasi-experiment was then conducted with 36 

children aged from 2 to 5; who were asked to tell a story from a picture book. The results showed 

that Mandarin-speaking children tended to use more social-conventional explanatory mode and 

that they adopted various strategies to justify their explanations. Implications for storytelling 

practices to preschoolers were also proposed. 

3136.2 Re-examining the auditory temporal processing theory of dyslexia using the auditory 

saltation illusion, Joanna Kidd, John Hogben, The University of Western Australia, Australia 

Auditory saltation is an illusory motion percept that occurs when multiple stimuli are rapidly 

presented first to one ear, then the other. Existing evidence suggests the temporal boundaries of 

saltation are longer in dyslexia, possibly because of deficits in Auditory Temporal Processing 

(ATP). In this study, we used an objective psychophysical technique to investigate the relationship 

of saltation to reading and phonological processing in adults and children. Contrary to the ATP 

hypothesis, neither strong nor significant relationships were found. The importance of examining 

the characteristics of control groups, examining the development of psychoacoustic task 

performance, and using objective methods, are emphasized. 

3136.3 The influences of balanced reading instruction on the vocational high school students’ 

word recognition ability and reading motivation, Yea-mei Leou, Hsiu-Shuang Huang, National 

Tainan Teachers’ College Taiwan, China 

Realizing the vocational high school students’ low English reading ability and reading motivation, 

the researchers designed a curriculum of balanced reading instruction and explored its influences 

on students. The research sample was 66 vocational high school students. The researchers used 

WRAT3 as a tool to test the change of reading achievement and MRQ as a tool to test the change 

of reading motivation. The results showed that the experimental group was significant higher than 

the controlled group in the aspect of reading motivation and reading aspect after the teaching, but 

there was no significant difference in spelling aspect between the two groups. 

815

3136.4 The neural substrates underlying translation processing in Chinese-English bilinguals, 

Guosheng Ding 1 , Danling Peng 1 , Conrad Perry 2 , Lin Ma 3 , Shiyong Xu 4 , 1 Beijing Normal 

University, Beijing, China; 2 University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; 3 Functional MRI 

Center of CPLA No. 301 Hospital, Beijing, China; 4 Renmin University of China, Beijing, China 

Brain activation underlying Chinese-English bilinguals performing a forward and backward 

translation task was examined by using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). The 

results showed that brain areas were differentially activated in the forward and backward 

translation task. Direct contrasts showed that the forward translation task activated left prefrontal 

areas (BA 9/10) more strongly than the backward translation task and the backward translation 

task activated the right temporal pole (BA 38) more strongly than the forward translation task. 

These results suggest that the type of conceptual/semantic processing used in forward and 

backward translation may differ. 

3137 ORAL 

Social issues 


3137.1 Globalization, everyday life and new practices, Emily Ito, Blanca Reguero, UNAM, 

Mexico 

It seems clear that the World is facing a new stage of development, as social sciences are 

increasingly focused on economic features. However, little has been done to comprehend how 

economic changes, affect collective practices. To indulge in this question, we carried out 

interviews, a survey and ethnographic observations, in order to study the effect of the international 

changes over work conditions and everyday life in four Mexican cities (Fresnillo, Len, Pachuca, 

and Tehuac): This research project has enabled us to review the way lay people are generating new 

responses and changing their everyday practices, as a result of globalization. 

3137.2 Consumers’ risk perception in B2C electronic commerce, Shuoyang Zhang 1 , Yiwen 

Chen 2 , Erping Wang 2 , 1 University of Alabama, USA; 2 Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy 


This article explores the risk perception in B2C (Business to Consumer) Electronic Commerce 

from consumers’ perspective. After in-depth interview of 32 participants and E-survey with 305 

respondents, the factor structure of risk sources is proposed as the result of exploratory factor 

analysis and then tested by structural equation model. The impact of risk factors on consumers’ 

perceived overall risk is investigated. The results of three studies suggest that most of these core 

risks, such as risk of real guarantee, risk of buyer-seller interaction, risk of online transaction, risk 

of information searching, risk of autonomy, exist in the cyber-reality interface. 

3137.3 Socialization and personality development in modern society, Gordon J. Direnzo, 

University of Delaware, USA 

816

Traditional concerns with socialization that have focused almost exclusively on its objective 

functions, that is, on those which serve society and its institutions, need to be complemented by an 

equal emphasis on subjective functions in terms of the sociological and psychological 

development of the individual. Our model recognizes the limits of both human systems and social 

systems; and it articulates the linkage among these systems constituting the essence of 

socialization. Our model also provides an implicit clarification of the nature and meaning of 

citizenship in a democracy, which by definition should be a responsive society. 

3137.4 Professional perception of family’s link in a ambulatory take care, Bruno Deswaene 1 , 

Maurice Bonetti 2 , Akim Boudaoud 2 , 1 Laboratory of psychology "Stress & Society", France; 

2 

CREAHI - Cité administrative Tirlet- 51000 Chalons en Champagne 

This Study aims to evaluate the relational link established between families and professionals in 

practices issued of special education and care at home with intellectual disability. This national 

study involving 130 questionnaires integrated institutes working children and families with 

intellectual deficit. We have used questionnaires with closed and opened ask. Results: link 

between professional and families is very particular, that’s depending of institutional culture. 

Conclusion: study show that it’s important to integrate collective references for elaborating a 

coherent relational link. 

3138 ORAL 


Chair: Stefania Paolini, Australia 

3138.1 Risk preference and the relationship between it and causal uncertainty, Yongfang Liu, 

Jingyuan Zhu, East China Normal University, China 

A investigation was presented to examine the individual difference in risk preference and the 

relationship between it and Causal Uncertainty. The results indicated that: There is significant 

gender differences in Risk Preference. Framing has great influence on Risk Preference. People 

tend to take risks in losing situation. The amount of money can adjust one’s Risk Preference. No 

gender and age different were found in Causal Uncertainty. There exists great correlation and 

significant difference between oneself and others in causal uncertainty. High-Uncertainty 

individuals often behave as higher Risk-Seeker. One’s Risk Preference can be predicted from his 

Causal Uncertainty. 

3138.2 The association of attributions for interpersonal relationships with the expectations of 

the quality of the same relationships in the future, Georgia Stephanou, Technological Educational 

Institute of Thessaloniki, Greece 

This study investigated: (a) adolescents’ (n = 670, aged 14 - 17 years old) attributions for their 

perceived satisfactory and poor interpersonal relationships with their parents, and (b) the effects of 

attributions on the formation of expectations of the quality of the same relationships in the future. 

The results revealed that: (a) the adolescents attributed the good interpersonal relationships mainly 

to parents’ understanding of their needs and love, while the poor ones to parents’ lack of 

817

understanding of their needs, and poor communication, (b) attributions, mainly stability and locus 

of causality, were associated with expectations, especially in poor relationships. 

3138.3 Direct and indirect cross-group friendship effects: Evidence for the mediating role of an 

anxiety-reduction mechanism, Stefania Paolini 1 , Miles Hewstone 2 , Ed Cairns 3 , Alberto Voci 4 , 

1 2 3 

University of Newcastle, Australia, Oxford University, England, UK, University of Ulster, 

North Ireland, UK, 4 University of Padova, Italy 

Recent evidence suggests that both direct (Pettigrew, 1997) and indirect friendship with out-group 

members (knowledge of in-group members’ friendship with out-group members; Wright et al., 

1997) can reduce prejudice towards the out-group. Two surveys of cross-community relationships 

in Northern Ireland, using a student sample (N = 341) and a representative sample of the general 

population (N = 735), revealed that direct and indirect cross-group friendships between Catholics 

and Protestants were associated with reduced prejudice towards the religious out-group and 

increased perceived out-group variability. These relationships were found to be mediated by 

reduced anxiety about future encounters with out-group members. 

3138.4 

3139 ORAL 


Chair: Danling Peng, China 

3139.1 Effects of handedness, attentional conditions and order of recalls on cerebral functional 

dominance in dichotic listening Chinese single-character words, Houde Cai, China 

Dichotic listening test was used under three different attentional conditions to investigate the 

relationship between the Chinese handedness and the cerebral functional dominance, as well as the 

effects of the attentional biases and the order of recalls on the asymmetries in processing. The 

results suggest that the brain lateralization organization for Chinese left handers could differ from 

that of right handers. The attentional biases in dichotic listening play a distinct role in processing 

and determining the lateralized behavioral output. The percentages of the first and correct recalls 

might be served as one of indexes for measuring the behavioral output. 

3139.2 Differences in brain potentials elicited by Chinese function and content words, Taomei 

Guo, Danling Peng, Beijing Normal University, China 

The temporal course of neural activity underlying Chinese content and function words was 

investigated. The ERPs generated by the function words showed two features. The first is an early 

negativity developing between approximately 200 and 350 ms. The second is a slow negativity 

extending from 400 ms until the next stimulus. Both of them have a predominant anterior 

distribution. The content words only elicited a negativity, which develops between about 220 and 

550 ms and also appears more negative over the anterior region. These findings indicate that 

distinct neural correlate was involved in processing these two vocabulary classes. 

818

3139.3 Assessment of neuromuscular and motor skills in students with attention deficit 

hyperactivity disorder, Freadoun Yaryari, Zahra Pashazadeh, Teacher Training University, Iran 

To determine the neuromuscular and motor skills patterns and dysfunction of attention deficit 

hyperactivity disorder of students, 22 normal and 22 ADHD students of 7-10 years old -were 

selected randomly. The results of the statistical analysis using Lincoln-Oseratsky Motor 

Development Scale revealed that the mean of scores of ADHD students were lower than the 

comparison group in most of subtests and there was a significant statistical difference between 

groups. However, there was not any significant statistical difference in coordination in eyes open 

condition and visual- motor integration subtests. The significant differences were especially 

observed in the subtests. 

3139.4 

3140 ORAL 


Chair: Linah Albanna, USA 

3140.1 Beyond 4th year: Career and training preferences of 4th year Australian psychology 

graduates, Sandra Lancaster 1 , David Smith 2 , 1 Victoria University, Australia, 2 Royal Melbourne 

Institute of Technology, Australia 

Professional psychology practice in Australia is entered via postgraduate coursework degrees or a 

4-year undergraduate degree followed by a 2-year ‘apprenticeship’ involving supervised practice. 

This study provides a profile of Australian 4th year psychology graduates and their decision 

making about entry to professional practice. Results indicate a strong demand for both pathways, 

and a preference for clinical psychology amongst the specialisations. Student’s academic 

achievement differed according to pathway entered, and for those in postgraduate study, selections 

were most strongly influenced by course profile and university status. The implications of these 

results for future training and employment of psychologists are discussed. 

3140.2 Globalizing psychology, imperial expansion and postcolonial challenges, Irmingard 

Staeuble, Free University Berlin, Germany 

The post-World War Two export of Psychology and the social sciences to the non-Western world 

will be analysed in terms of the politics of knowledge implied in the expansion of a 

Euro-American construction of social reality. It is argued that the neglect of critical historical 

reflection on this construction has, in the West and elsewhere, confused the addressing of 

questions pertaining to the relationship of the disciplinary order to both culturally embedded 

beliefs and local institutional practices. Challenges by postcolonial intellectuals to notions of 

scientific authority and the power structure of international knowledge production will be 

discussed. 

3140.3 Toward a theoretically- based taxonomy of mental disorders, Ibrahim Kira, ACCESS 


819

DSM and ICD provide nonsensical atheoretical classifications of mental disorders that made them 

less comprehensible or useful in treatment planning and case conceptualization. Comorbidity 

issues made the case more difficult to conceptualize. Mental disorders are the outcome of 

interaction between genes and environmental stressors especially traumatic stress. We propose a 

new theoretically-based wide range classification based on a newly developed two-levels 

classification of traumatic events that potentially affect functioning and cause disorders (Kira, 

2001). First level of taxonomy, which is the focus of this analysis center on the developmental 

functions affected by trauma and include five types: Attachment, identity, interdependence. 

3140.4 A Survey of children with developmental disabilities in Lebanon: Prevalence, 

identification, and service delivery, Linah Albanna, Department of Neuropsychology, Kennedy 

Krieger Institue, USA 

Faced with the post-war tasks of reconstruction, the Lebanese National Committee for the Affairs 

of the disabled formed in 1993 is possibly facing an elevation in incidence of disabilities among 

the children as a consequence of the effects of the civil war, worsening living condition, and 

higher rates of families living in poverty. This survey was conducted in 2002-2003 in fulfillment 

of a teaching/ research Fulbright Scholar Grant. The questionnaire was directed to all directors of 

organizations providing services to children in Lebanon under 18 with developmental disabilities 

registered with the Ministry of Social Affairs and the Palestinian Disability Forum. 

3141 ORAL 


Chair: Jennifer (Jenny) Dawn Pretorius, South Africa 

3141.1 Establishing interpretive cutoffs for the beyond-ability-surprise index and the 

within-ability-concern index in detecting person/item aberrances: A Monte Carlo study, Tsai-Wei 

Huang 1 , Ayres D’ Costa 2 , 1 National Chiayi University, Taiwan, China; 2 The Ohio State 


The main purpose of this Monte Carlo study was to establish interpretive cutoffs for two new 

developed fit indices, the Beyond-Ability-Surprise index and the Within-Ability-Concern index, 

under various ability levels and error levels. The permutation technique was used to provide tables 

of various percentile cutoffs for the two indices in both PERSON- and ITEM- fit scenarios. The 

two indices were found to be (1) independent of test length; (2) linearly related to the number of 

errors; (3) curvilinearly related to ability. Other findings as well as several useful tables and 

figures are also presented in this research study. 

3141.2 Multi-dimentional synthetic evalution of Chinese children psycholoical development, Zhou 

Qian, Ping Fang, Psychology Department of Capital Mormal University, China 

The research revised the Psychological Synthetic Scale of Children. 3024 children from 14 

provinces and cities were tested randomly. The test results reached a set of standards and 

established the Children Age Norm of 4-9 years old of Chinese city. Application stated that this 

Scale possesses remarkable multi-dimensional and synthetical features. It only takes about 45 

820

minutes that can accomplish the overall discrimination for children’ intelligence level and 

structural type, character feature, and social ability simultaneously by using this Scale. Using this 

scale can also explain these three organic aspects of child development synthetically, and reveal 

the interaction and interrelationship among them. 

3141.3 Does ethnic diversity affect employee attitudes and customer satisfaction? Jennifer 

(Jenny) Dawn Pretorius, Vaal Triangle Technikon, South Africa 

South African society has undergone rapid transformation in the social, cultural, political and 

educational areas. The concept of transformation within the South African context including 

higher education is discussed. The paper examines employee attitudes and ethnic diversity in 

relation to customer satisfaction. The results of follow-up studies conducted during 2003 are 

presented and compared to previous studies and used to discuss trends among employees within a 

higher education institution in South Africa. The findings are then examined against customer 

satisfaction surveys within the same organization. The international findings as reported in the 

literature are used to highlight the trends and generate discussions. 

3142 ORAL 


Chair: Biao Song, China 

3142.1 Coping with a nightmare: Family feelings and the health of relatives living with HIV in 

Malawi and South Africa, AD Akandd, South Africa 

Aims. To compare two contrasting socio-cultural groups in terms of parameters relating to the 

stress-coping-health model of HIV/AIDS and the family, and to test hypotheses derived from the 

model in each of the two groups separately. Participants. Sixty close relatives, mainly partners or 

parents, from separate families in Blantyre, Malawi and 60 from Sebokeng, South Africa. Findings. 

Mean symptom scores were high in both groups, and not significantly different. The hypothesis 

that relatives in Blantyre, a more collective culture would show more tolerant-inactive coping was 

not supported, but there was support for the prediction that relatives in Sebokeng. 

3142.2 A study on the effect mechanism of family ecosystems on development of children’s 

mental health, Biao Song, Juzhe Xi, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China 

Under the guidance of ecosystems theories, the paper focused on confirming the effect 

mechanisms of family ecosystems on development of children’s mental health, finding that, in the 

group of the mentally healthy, all of the subsystems (i.e. parent subsystem, family environment 

subsystem, and children subsystem) have buffering function, while in the group of the mental 

unhealthy, only one subsystem of family ecosystem (children subsystem) buffers the risks and 

disadvantages, other two subsystems (parent subsystems, family environment subsystem) have 

opposite function. 

821

3143 ORAL 


Chair: Dmitry A. Zhukov, Russian Federation 

3143.1 Genetic-environmental animal model of depression and anxiety, Dmitry A. Zhukov 1 , 

Kathrine P. Vinogradova 2 , 1 Pavlov Institute of Physiology, Russian Federation, 2 St.Peterburg 

State University, Russian Federation 

Proposed models are two rat strains genetically selected for high (KHA) and low (KLA) 

acquisition of active avoidance subjected for escapable or inescapable footshocks. Inescapable 

footshocks applied to KHA rats induce escape failures and dexamethasone nonsuppression of the 

BHPA axis. In contrast, KLA rats exposed to footshocks demonstrate elevated anxiety and 

elevated corticosterone levels, but the learning abilities, and dexamethasone-reactivity of KLA rats 

still unchanged. Therefore, the KHA rats exposed to inescapable stress represent the model of 

depression, and KLA rats exposed to stress represent the model of elevated state anxiety. 

3143.2 Environmental- behavior of C.dubius nutrition in Indian ocean and Oman sea coast, 

Armin Kousha, The AZAS University, Iran 

The aim of this research conducted in five station of the area on a particular species of tongue 

fishes called C.dubius. 236 fishes were studied biometrically during the project. This species 

primarily feeds on Bivalve, Polychate, Crustacean fragments, and secondarily on fish eggs. 

Statistical calculation showed significant difference among length groups and among different 

seasons and proved the hypotheses that it is up to the fish to choose its own prey and that, there is 

no different between male and females. The G.I index showed that from September to November, 

the amount of nutrition for both males and females is at the lowest level. 

822

Thursday, 12 August 2004 


Toward a declaration of international ethical principles for psychologists 

Convener and Chair: J. Pettifor, Canada 

4001.2 The roots of ethical principles and values in modern-day professional codes of ethics, 

C.M. Sinclair, Hincks-Dellcrest Centre, Toronto, Canada 

This paper will trace the ancient and more recent history of ethical principles and values found in 

many of today’s codes of ethics for professionals; in particular, concepts of human dignity, respect 

for dignity, concern for the welfare of others, competence, truth-telling, and the role of 

professionals within a society. The author will outline changes made to the Canadian Code of 

Ethics for Psychologists in response to criticisms that it restricted itself too much to Western 

concepts and did not appropriately reflect the multicultural nature of current Canadian society. 

4001.3 Psychologists' perceptions of ethically troubling incidents across borders, T. Sawchuk, 

University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada 

A literature review on ethical dilemmas experienced by practicing psychologists in different 

countries was undertaken. Ethical dilemmas reported from nine countries showed that 

Confidentiality followed by Dual Relationships were the most common concerns. Mexican 

responses were an exception in that they varied widely in the distribution of dilemmas. 

Country-specific differences were noted by Sweden, Finland, South Africa and New Zealand, that 

appeared related to the type of practice rather than to differences in cultural beliefs. There is a lack 

of similar studies from non-western countries. Caution is required in considering implications for 

universal values. 

4001.4 Moving toward a universal declaration of ethical principles for psychologists: A progress 

report, J. Gauthier, Laval University, Québec, Canada 

Psychology does not have common ethical standards world wide. As Chair of the International 

Union of Psychological Science 2002 initiative to develop a universal declaration of ethical 

principles for psychologists, the author reports on comparisons between codes of ethics in 

psychology across national and continental boundaries and between codes of ethics in psychology 

and universal declarations such as the United Nations 1948 Universal Declaration of Human 

Rights and the World Psychiatric Association 1996 Declaration of Madrid. A framework is 

proposed for drafting an international declaration that is relevant to local communities, indigenous 

values, and is sensitive to cultural differences. 

4001.5 What would a universal declaration of ethical principles mean in my country? M. 

Kreegipuu, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia 

In cross-cultural comparisons Estonians score high on secular/rational orientation to authority and 

on survival (opposite of self-expressiveness.) This means low trust, little societal participation, and 

low respect for authority. Estonian mothers regulate their children more than Swedish mothers, 

and do not encourage Achievement, Self-direction or Self-expression. Psychologists promote the 

823

welfare of clients. Estonians have suffered over centuries from foreign occupying forces. Estonian 

psychologists are in tune with silent and secretive clients who have learned that survival is more 

important than self-expression. Psychologists will need to find local ways to support universal 

values. 

4001.6 Personal integration in Korean culture and ethical attitude of Korean counseling 

psychologists, H.R. Choi, Sogang University, Seoul, South Korea 

The paper provides a brief description of moral and ethical foundations of east and west by 

comparing some characteristics of individualism and collectivism. It also examines ethical 

pressures or conflicts that Korean counselors and psychotherapists experience in changing Korean 

culture. They are expected to be integrated or virtuous and at the same time to be right-seeking 

persons. Some of the results of the author's earlier study on ethical attitudes of Korean counseling 

psychologists (Haerim Choi, 2002) are discussed in light of Korean culture. 


The end of methodological colonialism in psychology: Back from samples to the systemic 

study of individuals 

Convener and Chair: J. Valsiner, USA 

4002.1 The “Neo-Galtonian” approach to psychological investigation: How it was supposed to 

work, and why it does not, J. Lamiell, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA 

Following the influx of statistical techniques into psychological research circa 1900, the original 

Wundtian approach to experimentation was supplanted by a “neo-Galtonian” framework 

(Danziger, 1997), in which correlational methods developed by Galton and Pearson were adapted 

to the problem of comparing treatment group means. As a framework for psychological research, 

this “neo-Galtonian” approach requires for its conceptual integrity the assumption that aggregate 

statistical patterns entitle inferences about individual level phenomena. In this presentation, the 

author will discuss how neo-Galtonian inquiry is supposed to work, explain why it fails, and call 

for a “neo-Wundtian” re-conceptualization of psychological research. 

4002.2 Historically Structured Sampling (HSS) model: A contribution from cultural psychology, 

T. Sato, Y. Yasuda, A. Kido, Ritsumeikan University, Kyoto, Japan 

The historical nature of psychological phenomena-- complex, cultural, dynamic-- needs to be 

accepted in psychology. New area, cultural psychology, provides a new look at sampling. Given 

the historical nature of phenomena, the usual way --random sampling, cannot be the exclusive 

procedure. The importance of the selection of individual cases for the study through consideration 

of their historical trajectories moving through a common temporary state (equifinality point) will 

be shown. Historically Structured Sampling (HSS) model will be applied to some themes such ad 

an onset of body decoration in female high school students and decision making of an infertility 

treatment. 

4002.3 Developing personal-cultural, local-global methods: An in-between-cultural 

methodology, X. Shi 1, 2 , 1 Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; 2 University of Ulster, UK 

824

In culture-minded approaches to psychology, culture is often conceived of as homogeneous and 

given and, further, universal principles are assumed which underlie cultural and personal processes. 

Methodological colonialism becomes rampant as a result. Proceeding from the perspective that the 

person and culture interact through a diversity of discourses and the view that social science 

consists in a variety of 'language games', I argue that context-sensitive, personal-cultural, 

local-global research strategies are needed that help (subjugated or disadvantaged) individuals and 

cultures to transform their experience. I illustrate this approach with comparative analyses of 

multilingual children. 

4002.4 Learning from Ganzheitspsychologie: Overcoming the “blind spot” of complexity in 

psychology’s methodology, R. Diriwächter, Clark University, Worcester, MA, USA 

Similarly to the fate of personalism and Gestalt psychology (hear Lamiell, this Sympsium), the 

contributions of the Second Leipzig School of Ganzheitspsychologie that followed Wilhelm 

Wundt in the 1910s-1920s have been largely forgotten. The focus of that tradition on the unity of 

the whole of feeling and acting, and their explicitly developmental orientation, makes it helpful for 

our contemporary psychology to overcome its methodological limits. Examples of how 

Ganzheitspsychologie traditions have been used for making generalizations from single cases will 

be provided, and a number of new options for that, discussed. 

4002.5 Qualitative research in (developmental) psychology, G. Mey 1 , H. Keller 2 , 1 Technincal 

University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany; 2 University of Osnabrueck, Osnabrueck, Germany 

Recently qualitative methodology is greatly accepted in North America and Great Britain, whereas 

France and some other European countries are more reluctant to it. Moreover there are 

communication problems, when national developments are not received on the international stage. 

There are remarkable differences across sub-disciplines with Developmental Psychology only 

beginning recently and hesitantly to use qualitative methodology. We addressed the programmatic 

peculiarities of a qualitative research, especially building on the basic principles of "openness," 

"strangeness," and "communication." We demonstrate our approach with examples from 

interviews about parental ethnotheories and interactional exchanges with respect to infancy from 

different societies. 


Usability engineering and psychology 

Convener and Chair: M. Kurosu, Japan 

4003.1 What is a Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) psychology curriculum? T. Clemmensen, 

Institut for Informatik, Denmark 

As the HCI field matures, it becomes obvious that the thinking required to do abstract system 

analysis does not go well with the subjective view necessary to understand the interaction between 

human and computers. Experience from teaching suggests that students confuse the activity of 

designing human-computer interaction with the activity of programming a user interface. In the 

students thinking, task analysis becomes system analysis, mental models become object oriented 

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programming, and think-aloud-tests become software demonstrations. In the paper, we discuss 

ways to identify the central concepts, models, etc. in a HCI psychology curriculum. 

4003.2 User research and academia: Bridging the gap, S. Ehrlich, Adobe Sysytems 

Incorporated, San Jose, CA, USA 

User Research and HCI combine many of the attributes that lead people to enter academic 

psychology--interest in experimental research, working with and learning about people, 

technology and science. However, these two worlds remain quite separate. Most academic 

psychology programs in the United States do not expose student to HCI. Rather, it is more applied 

programs, e.g., masters degree programs in HCI or Human Factors--that provide this knowledge. 

On the flip side, basic psychology can provide tremendous insight in the applied world but is 

rarely incorporated. Increasing the connection between these two would provide significant 

benefits to both worlds. 

4003.3 Evaluating the use experience in mobile context, M. Isomursu, University of Oulu, 

Finland 

As computer technology applications start to penetrate our everyday life, we face new challenges 

in understanding the consequences of adopting the new technology. Evaluating how new mobile 

and ubiquitous applications are perceived by the users requires the understanding of the wider 

social impacts as well as of the individuals’ psychology. The traditional methods, originally 

developed for evaluating the usability of desktop applications in office environments, can provide 

only limited support. This paper discusses the problems faced in evaluating mobile systems and 

how cognitive psychology can help in understanding their use experience. 

4003.4 HCI education for psychologists in Germany: State of education for 2004, K. Roese, 

University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany 

A general HCI education or curriculum in Germany is not established, especially not in the 

psychological area. The most HCI-methods are psychological methods and in many HCI project 

teams are often not enough psychologists integrated. On the other hand, most psychologists have 

only basic HCI knowledge but high method application skills. This gap should be closed. Actually 

there is a great chance to establish an intensive exchange between HCI and Psychology at German 

Universities. The final presentation will show results of a survey from the German chapter of the 

upa about used methods and needed education in the HCI area. 


Attention and memory 

Convener and Chair: N.W. Mulligan, USA 

4005.1 Attention-grabbing distractor words increase the irrelevant speech effect, A. Buchner, 

Heinrich Heine University, Dusseldorf, Germany 

Participants memorized target words in silence or while ignoring neutral or valent (positive or 

negative) distractor words that could be either possessor-relevant or other-relevant. Distractor 

826

words impaired recall performance, but valent distractor words caused more disruption than 

neutral distractors, and negative distractors caused more disruption than positive distractors. The 

results are problematic for explanations of the irrelevant speech effect within working memory 

models that do not specify an explicit role of attention in the maintenance of information for 

immediate serial recall. 

4005.2 Attention limits in working memory, N. Cowan, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 

USA 

Two different methods lead to the conclusion that working memory is limited by how much 

information can be in the focus of attention at one time. One method relies on proactive 

interference, which should not occur for items that are in the focus of attention and therefore 

essentially already retrieved. A second method relies on memory in two different, concurrent tasks, 

one involving color squares and another involving tones or spoken digits. I will rely on converging 

evidence to quantify this attention limit. 

4005.3 Effects of divided attention on memory encoding and retrieval, F. Craik 1 , M. 

Naveh-Benjamin 2 , J. Guez 3 , 1 Rotman Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada; 2 University of 

Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA; 3 Ben-Gurion University, Israel 

We report an experiment examining the effects of divided attention (DA) on cued recall 

performance. Word pairs were presented auditorily and the DA task at either encoding or retrieval 

was continuous visual tracking. The experiment involved younger and older adults, and we also 

manipulated participants’ strategy and relatedness of the word pairs. DA lowered memory 

performance, but more so at encoding than at retrieval; relatedness and strategy also affected 

memory performance. Older adults showed larger tracking costs, especially at retrieval. The 

results are discussed in terms of the relations between attention and memory. 

4005.4 Attention during encoding: Some effects on implicit memory, N.W. Mulligan, 

University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA 

Manipulations of attention during learning have dramatic effects on traditional, explicit measures 

of memory, but less is known about the role of attention in implicit memory. I will discuss several 

recent studies which clarify the role of attention in implicit memory. These studies examined 

implicit memory using conceptual as well as perceptual priming tasks. The latter category 

included both visual and auditory perceptual priming tasks. Finally, attention was varied during 

encoding either intra-modally or cross-modally. The results are in terms of the central-bottleneck 

theory of attention. 

4005.5 A cognitive neuroscience perspective on attention and memory, M. Moscovitch, 

University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada 

Encoding and retrieving memory information involves multiple, integrated processes mediated by 

a network of component structures which include the medial temporal and frontal lobes and the 

posterior neocortex. With this component process model as a framework, the role attention plays 

during encoding, and particularly during retrieval, will be examined in behavioral and 

neuroimaging studies of normal peeople. It is hoped that these studies will provide a better 

understanding of the processes and brain structures that are implicated during encoding and 

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etrieval, the cognitive resources needed to maintain their operation, and the nature and locus of 

interference when attention is divided. 


Theories of thinking 

Convener and Chair: E. Pöppel, Germany 

Co-convener: A. von Mueller, Germany 

4006.1 A hierarchical neurocognitive machinery of thinking, Ernst Poeppel, Institute for 

Medical Psychology, Munich University, München, Germany 

Mental processes being the necessary basis for thinking can be structured hierarchically: At first 

special categories are defined within contextual frames. Next different categories are brought into 

a relation allowing comparison with respect to quality or quantity. Comparisons allow selection 

between alternatives, selection is basic to decisions, and decisions are the prerequisite for actions. 

Thinking requires all these operations, and thinking disorders can arise on different levels of this 

hierarchy. The driving force of thinking within this conceptual frame is a neurocognitive process 

anticipating positive consequences of virtual actions. 

4006.2 Towards an architecture of thinking operations, A. von Mueller, Parmenides Foundation, 

München, Germany 

High level thinking operations, like strategic reasoning and problem solving, are composed of 

various layers of underlying constituent operations. To understand this architecture is crucial for 

understanding the skill of thinking as such. How can innate capabilities be supported with tools? 

The paper introduces a working hypothesis how to address and represents this architecture of 

thinking operations drawing on both, phylogenetic and ontogenetic development. This includes an 

identification of critical bottlenecks, especially in terms of working memory limitations leading to 

constraints in dealing with complexity, and ways how to overcome these bottlenecks by 

visualization techniques that externalise working memory functions. 

4006.3 Prerational thinking, H. Ritter, Neuroinformatics, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, 

Germany 

We usually conceive thinking as a controlled and rational process. However, it seems that 

important elements of thinking happen outside our familiar sphere of direct conscious control and 

explicit logical thought: the formation of associations, the springing up of ideas, the "smelling" of 

a solution that directs further conscious search. This talk focuses on some of these "prerational" 

elements of thinking and discusses conceptual approaches to model them, with an eye towards 

implementing aspects of prerational thinking in computers or robots in order to create a basis for 

machine intelligence beyond the mere linking of rules of logic. 

4006.4 Taxonomies of thinking, B. Glatzeder, Parmenides Foundation, University of Munich, 

University of Zurich, München, Germany 

Although the study of thinking has been a topic for thousands of years, there is still no clear 

classification or taxonomy of thinking. There have been attempts for classifications of thought 

828

processes but general agreement has not been achieved in any of the disciplines, including 

psychology, the neurosciences, and philosophy. In this presentation I will on the one hand analyze 

the contributions of more traditional approaches in philosophy and on the other provide a number 

of ideas for a taxonomy based on the modern perspective of embodied cognitive science. 

4006.5 Frames of thinking about time, E. Ruhnau, Human Science Center, University of 

Munich, München, Germany 

In experience itself, perceptions, memories, emotions and actions from an unseparable unity. 

Retrospectively, we transfer these subjective processes into states which are accessible to objective 

observation and conceptualization, i.e. thinking. The enigmatic turn from experiencing to thinking 

is closely tied to the enigma of time itself. In this paper, the concepts of Time (linear-successive 

real-valued time measured by clocks and strongly tied to facticity), Temporality (encompasing 

earlier-later distinctions as a unified experience) and Now (as absolute nontemporality) are 

discussed. These three concepts are divided into two classes, one tied to thinking and abstraction, 

and one to experience. 


Language and the brain 

Convener and Chair: P. Hagoort, The Netherlands 

4007.1 How the brain solves the binding problem for language, P. Hagoort, F.C. Donders, 

Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Nijmegen, The Netherlands 

Understanding language is more than just concatenating individual word meanings. It requires the 

integration of individual word meaning into a coherent overall interpretation of multi-word 

utterances. Moreover, all this is done very rapidly, in a few hundreds of milliseconds. How does 

our brain enable us to solve this binding problem for language? Data from event-related brain 

potential recordings (ERPs) and from fMRI will be discussed that speak to the time course, and 

the nature of semantic binding. In addition, the critical network of brain regions for semantic 

binding will be revealed. 

4007.2 The neural architecture of syntactic parsing and encoding, P. Indefrey, Max Planck 

Institute for Psycholinguistics & F.C. Donders Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Nijmegen, The 

Netherlands 

In a series of PET and fMRI studies using a scene description paradigm we investigated the 

cortical activations during spoken language production and comprehension that are related to 

syntactic processing. In three production conditions, identical animated scenes were described 

either in a full sentence (S), with a sequence of noun phrases (NP), or with a sequence of isolated 

words (W). In three comprehension conditions, scene descriptions were presented auditorily and 

subjects decided whether the descriptions matched the visually presented scenes. The results 

suggest that for identical utterances the recruitment of syntactic processing resources may differ 

between production and comprehension. 

4007.3 Neural representation of language: Evidence from Chinese, P. Li, University of 

829

Richmond, Virginia, USA 

The neural representation of language is the focus of many neuroimaging studies. Most of the 

claims in this domain have come from studies of English and other Indo-European languages. In 

this presentation we focus on the contributions that neuroscience research in Chinese makes to the 

understanding of the relationship between language and brain. Chinese differs from 

Indo-European languages in significant ways in its phonological, grammatical, and lexical 

structures. We present neuroimaging and computational evidence that illustrates how specific 

linguistic experience impacts on the representation of linguistic categories and how this 

experience shapes neural systems of reading and speaking in general. 

4007.4 The neuroanatomy of speech perception, S. Scott 1 , S. Rosen 2 , I. Johnsrude 3 , R. Wise 4 , 

1 2 3 

Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, London, UK; UCL, UK; MRC Cognition and Brain 

Sciences Unit, UK; 4 MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, UK 

Theories of auditory processing in the primate brain postulate the presence of both parallel and 

hierarchical processing of sounds, with associated streams of processing performing different 

functional roles the what and where pathway. Functional imaging studies of human auditory 

processing indicate that similar patterns of processing can be seen in human auditory areas. I will 

use this framework to describe the neural responses seen to speech in human auditory areas, and 

establish that both sound-to-meaning and sound-to-articulation pathways can be distinguished. 

This analysis allows us to unpack the construct of Wernicke’s area, historically seen as important 

in speech perception. 


Work analysis and competence – recent problems and future developments 

Convener and Chair: E. Frieling, Germany 

4008.1 Participative task inventories: A new starting point of competence development, M. 

Buch, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany 

Incumbents are confronted with rapidly changing job contents. Knowledge about what the 

working person does and will do in the future is a preliminary to assess the needs of competence 

development and to develop appropriate curricula. Existing work and task analysis instruments are 

not suitable to deliver this information because of their limitation to actual conditions. A 

modification of the approach of task inventories seems to be promising to reflect the changing 

tasks as different case studies show. The modifications will be considered and empirical evidence 

of the usefulness of the participative task inventories in the outlined application filed will be 

shown. 

4008.2 Development of a task analysis for leaders, B. Schyns 1 , T. Pau 2 , 1 Tilburg University, 

Tilburg, The Netherlands; 2 University of Leipzig, Germany 

4008.3 Participation and team competence, S. Kauffeld, M. Buch, University of Kassel, Kassel, 

Germany 

830

How can employee competence be enhanced at work? The study examines the impact of 

participation on team competence. The sample consists of 44 self-directed work groups and 39 

traditional work groups. Using process-analytic behavioral data on the group level of analysis the 

results show that self-directed teams are more competent than traditional work groups in 

methodological, professional and self aspects of competence. They show no greater social 

competence. In addition, the results suggest that in the sub-sample of self-directed work teams the 

amount of participation prior to training and the continuous improvement process explain further 

variance. 

4008.4 Assessment of conditions and competencies for transactive knowledge systems in 

organizations, E. Brauner 1 , D. Sommer 2 , M. Jochmann 3 , 1 The City University of New York, 

New York, USA; 2 University of Jena, Germany; 3 IPA North America, USA 

Cooperation in work groups and organizations vastly depends on knowledge each person holds 

about others' knowledge. Knowing who knows what, that is transactive knowledge, enables 

members to coordinate their work by referring to each other, assigning areas of expertise, and 

delegating subtasks to competent colleagues. Transactive knowledge thus is a core competency for 

working in an organization. A questionnaire assessing five dimensions of transactive knowledge 

has been developed. Dimensions and adjacent items will be presented. Furthermore, results of the 

evaluation and validation of the questionnaire will be presented and discussed along with results 

from a first study in the field. 

4008.5 Transfer role strain and motivation to improve work through learning, R. Bates 1 , S. 

Kauffeld 2 , 1 Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA; 2 University of Kassel, Kassel, 

Germany 

This study tests the assumption that organizational training and efforts to apply training on the job 

create job-related stress that influences an individual’s motivation to improve work through 

learning. Path analysis will be used to test a model indicating that the level of interpersonal 

support, performance feedback, and workgroups norms about change affect the stress 

accompanying training and subsequent transfer-related motivation. Analysis will also test the 

hypothesis that an individual’s stress reaction will be a function of his/her need for transfer role 

clarity and need for transfer-related support. Implications for improving learning transfer and 

future research will be discussed. 


The psychological well-being of fathers after divorce and separation: Cross cultural 

psychological perspectives 

Convener and Chair: A.M. Wang, USA 

Co-convener: G. Stone, USA 

4009.1 Single fathers raising children: A 30 year view from the U.S., G. Greif 1 , A.D. Greif 2 , 

1 2 

University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA; Atwood Community Center, Madison, WI, USA 

Since 1970, the number of single father-headed families in the U.S. has risen from nearly 400,000 

to over 2 million. This profound shift and the increases in joint custody place fathers in a much 

831

more central role in parenting after family breakup than in recent history. This paper will 

document the demographic shift in single fathering and discuss some of the research on the 

psychological issues facing fathers as they raise children on their own. Role strain, legal and 

financial concerns, interactions with the non-custodial mother, and raising daughters will be 

covered. A current case may be presented. 

4009.2 Fathers and divorce: Three practical strategies for effecting change, E. Kruk, The 

University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada 

This paper summarizes key research related to the father-child relationship over the past three 

years: (1) time budget analyses of fathers' participation in child care tasks; (2) the perspective of 

children of divorce of the father-child relationship; (3) the impact of shared parental living 

arrangements versus sole custody living arrangements on children; and (4) the impact of shared 

parental living arrangements versus sole custody living arrangements on parental relationships. A 

"shared parenting responsibility" role for post-separation fathers is proposed, based not on 

claiming parental rights and entitlements but on the assumption of parental obligations to 

addressing children's needs. 

4009.3 Coping with 'absence-presence': Non-custodial fathers' parenting behaviors, N. Baum, 

Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel 

This paper is based on the view that the nature of the divorced father's involvement with his 

children is affected by psychological processes that enable him to separate his parental from his 

spousal role and identity. It argues that the ability to cope with the simultaneous absence of the 

spousal role and identity and presence of the paternal role and identity is a key factor in shaping 

the divorced father's behavior towards his children. It illustrates the claim in three case studies 

showing: a) parental functioning marred by ongoing conflict with the children's mother; b) 

disengagement; and c) stable and consistent parental functioning within the inevitable limitations 

of non-custodial fatherhood. 

4009.4 The effects of a supportive work place on father post-divorce adjustment: How can we 

make workplaces healthier for fathers? G. Stone, Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA 

In a recent study by Stone (2002), it was found that support from the workplace could have a 

significant influence on the positive post-divorce adjustment of fathers. Men in the study who 

reported higher levels of support from co-workers and their employer were less likely to report 

psychological problems. These findings would seem to indicate that the workplace could serve as 

a valuable resource for fathers experiencing divorce/separation. It is the purpose of this paper to 

explore how these findings might be used to develop father-friendly workplace policies that are 

sensitive to the special needs of fathers. In addition, cultural issues will be explored that need to be 

taken into consideration when developing father-friendly workplace policies. 

4009.5 Transition to parenthood: The impact on relationships and health, R. Corney 1 , J. 

Simons 2 , 1 University of Greenwich, UK; 2 One plus One, UK 

Previous work has suggested that the problems that lead to marital breakdown start early within 

relationships and that the birth of the first child can be seen as a transition which can precipitate 

these difficulties. Interventions to support the family have traditionally been directed at women 

832

with health professionals focusing mainly on the mother and baby. Although it is important for 

women to receive this additional support, this focus on motherhood neglects the important role of 

fathers. This paper describes two studies on the transition to parenthood and the impact of 

supporting the couple relationship. 


Brain-behavior correlates of perception and learning in the primate & human brain. 

Convener and Chair: J. Doyon, Canada 

4010.1 Improved neuronal localization during brain activation, A. Song, Duke University, 

Durham, NC, USA 

We hypothesize that significant capillary fMRI signals, which are closely tied to the neuronal 

activities, can be detected by specialized MR acquisition methods without susceptibility artifacts 

at high magnetic fields (e.g. 4T). To test this hypothesis, we have developed robust imaging 

sequences to achieve uniform spatial coverage free of susceptibility-induced signal losses, we 

have also developed contrast mechanisms based on apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) changes 

from the intra-voxel incoherent motions (IVIM) to improve the spatial accuracy of activity 

localization. Preliminary validation on the improved localization has been carried out using 

diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) based fiber tracking algorithms. 

4010.2 Mechanism of selective attention: Single cell, lesion and fMRI data, P. de Weerd, 

University of Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands 

We typically learn only about sensory input that is important to us. Such information is selected by 

attention for further processing, and may be turned into some type of memory. This resentation 

focuses on the physiological mechanisms that underlie our ability to selectively attend to relevant 

information. Single-cell recordings obtained in Macaques while receptive field stimuli were 

attended will be compared with recordings obtained with the same stimuli, but in the absence of 

attention. The implications of these findings will be discussed with respect to human fMRI studies 

and lesion studies in Macaque monkeys. 

4010.3 Selective attention to object features: Linking perception to action in area V4, G. Bertini, 

University of Verona, Verona, Italy 

Visual selective attention has been shown to modulate activity in the primate extrastriate cortex in 

a variety of behavioral contexts. We investigated whether the responses of area V4 neurons can be 

modulated by selectively attending to only one of the target stimulus' component features. While 

neurons were often gated by feature-selective attention, the surprising result was that during the 

trial, the activity of many neurons evolved to encode which of two alternative behavioral 

responses was required by the relevant stimulus feature, suggesting that V4 plays a role at the 

level of decision processing, i.e. in linking perception to action. 

4010.4 Delayed gains in performance: Evidence for a latent memory consolidation process in 

human perceptual, cognitive and motor learning, A. Karni, Haifa University, Haifa, Israel 

When do learning-related changes in performance occur? There is a growing body of behavioral 

833

and brain imaging studies suggesting that the acquisition of perceptual, cognitive and motor skills 

(procedural knowledge) occurs as a multi-stage process, with a characteristic time-course. Most 

striking are the findings that robust gains in performance occur many hours after the termination 

of the training experience. In this presentation, we will discuss data from a number of different 

learning paradigms, which support the conjecture that the acquisition and retention of learning are 

subserved by, and directly reflect, basic mechanisms of neuronal plasticity in the adult brain. 

4010.5 Experienced-dependent cerebral plasticity within the cortico-striatal and 

cortico-cerebellar systems during motor learning, J. Doyon, University of Montreal, Montral, QC, 

Canada 

Motor skill learning refers to the process by which movements come to be performed effortlessly 

through repeated practice. To study the neural substrates mediating this ability, investigators have 

used experimental paradigms that measures the incremental acquisition of movements into a 

well-executed behavior (motor sequence learning), or the capacity to compensate for 

environmental changes (motor adaptation). In this presentation, several studies that examined the 

cerebral plasticity associated with these types of motor learning will be discussed using brain 

imaging technology (PET, fMRI). Special emphasis will be given to the role of the cortico-striatal 

and cortico-cerebellar systems in this form of memory. 


The history and context of the scientific approach to understanding child development 

Convener and Chair: J.W. Hagen, USA 

4011.1 Historical and cultural comparisons as tools for developmental theory testing, R. Parke 1 , 

J.W. Hagen 2 , 1 University of California at Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA; 2 Society for Research 

in Child Development, USA 

There are clear parallels between historical and cultural analyses of children. Both provide 

opportunities for evaluation of contextual factors in development and offer ways of testing 

theories about development. The example of patterns of acculturation as a result of immigration in 

the United States will be used to illustrate how this historically based set of changes can be used to 

assess developmental issues. Comparisons between immigration patterns into the U.S. over time 

will be used to show that different historical periods both condition and constrain the kinds of 

issues addressed by developmentalists. 

4011.2 The emergence of the child research movement, J.W. Hagen, Society for Research in 

Child Development, Ann Arbor, MI, USA 

The emergence of the scientific study of children in Western societies began early in the 20th 

Century. Several disciplines worked in parallel and in consort with each other to study child 

development, and the focus was primarily on individual growth of normal children. Little attention 

was paid to context. Trends in research over the decades will be examined, including theories and 

models, research design and methods, characteristrics of subjects studied. Lessons learned from 

these analyses will be identified as well as ideas for improving research in the global community 

of scholars now studying children, youth and families. 

834

4011.3 European roots of developmental psychology, W. Koops, Utrecht University, Utrecht, 


The history of pedagogy and the related scientific fields of developmental psychology and child 

psychiatry will be discussed in connection to their evolution and factors that influenced their 

emergence. Infantilization of children in the second half of the 19th Century resulted in a rigid, 

scholastic approach to children. Later a reform movement led to a view of emancipation of the 

child. Classical developmental psychology has offered a description of the "natural development" 

of children, something that is a cultural, historical result of our Western imagination of childhood. 

These considerations will be put in context with current work in the child study movement. 

Discussants: K. Miller 1 , Q.C. Jing 2 , 1 University of Illinois, Champaign, IL, USA; 2 Institute 

of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China 


Development of mind-reading and language: Evidence from children with communicative 

disabilities 

Convener and Chair: E. Hjelmquist, Sweden 

4012.1 Mind-reading among deaf children: A longitudinal study, E. Hjelmquist, K.W. 

Falkman, Göteborg University, Göteborg, Sweden 

It seems that a late or deviant development of mind-reading among certain groups, notably autism 

and Asperger syndrome, has a neurobiological background, though it is not known what an 

explanatory biological model of these problems exactly would look like. In this paper, the focus 

will be on deaf children, where certain sub-groups have been shown to have a significantly 

delayed development of mind-reading skills. In this case it seems that experience/lack of 

experience of early conversation and access to early sign language are crucial for understanding 

the development of mind-reading. Data will presented from a longitudinal study of deaf children 

in the ages 7-12. 

4012.2 How does the child´s acquisition of language contribute to their acquisition of a theory 

of mind? D.R. Olson, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada 

Children are said to possess a theory of mind when they are able to recognize or ascribe mental 

states such as beliefs and intentions to themselves and others. Behaviorally, this understanding is 

indicated by their understanding of secrets, lies, false belief as well as rules of games. Language 

allows this understanding by offering a set of concepts, a theory, in terms of which actions and 

goals can be represented. The problem, I suggest, is analogous to learning to think of the sound 

patterns of speech in terms of written symbols. 

4012.3 Communicative abilities and theory of mind in children with severe speech and physical 

impairments, A. Dahlgren Sandberg, Göteborg University, Göteborg, Sweden 

Recent research on deaf children, who have acquired a sign language late in life, has revealed 

deficits in theory of mind. The results highlight the role of communication in the development of 

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theory of mind. Another group of children who are interesting when it comes to understanding the 

role of language, communication and social interaction in this development are children with 

severe speech and physical impairments (SSPI). Our research on theory of mind in these children 

has also revealed difficulties in this respect. The performance of children with SSPI on theory of 

mind tasks will be discussed in terms of verbal ability and memory capacity from a developmental 

perspective. 

4012.4 Imitation and mind-reading: Two connected or disconnected abilities? M. Heimann, 

Göteborg University, Göteborg, Sweden 

Imitation might be a direct way to tap into another persons mind. Thus, imitation and mimicry, 

could be expected to facilitate prosocial behaviors and maybe - to act as precursors to later 

emerging more mature abilities such as cognitive mindreading. These aspects will be discussed 

drawing both on what we know regarding early imitative development in typically developing 

children and on results from studies using imitation as an intervention strategy for children with 

communicative difficulties (foremost children with autism). 


Recent developments in research in instructional/educational psychology: An international 

perspective. 

Convener and Chair: E. De Corte, Belgium 

4013.1 What is implied by “fostering the student’s capability to self-regulate”? M. Boekaerts, 

University of Leiden, Leiden, The Netherlands 

In this presentation a number of basic questions about the nature of the self-regulation construct 

will be addressed. It is essential that we have a closer look at the various concepts and models of 

self-regulation that have been prominent in the context of classroom research. Some researchers 

studied the student’s capabilities to self-regulate as a general disposition that individuals bring into 

the classroom while others examined domain-specific, or even situation-specific regulatory skills. 

Different types of assessment instruments have been used to measure children and adolescents’ 

capabilities to self-regulate. How valid are these instruments and how reliable are the conclusions 

that researchers draw about the effectiveness of their intervention programs, based on these 

instruments? 

4013.2 Integration of ICT and problem-based learning environment, Q. Chen, R.D. Liu, T. 

Jiang, L. Zhou, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China 

ICT as a learning object, learning tool, and teaching tool has been being integrated into 

problem-based learning environment (PBLE). Within this environment, learners have to learn 

some skills of information technology and engage in inquiry activities and communication 

activities with ICT, with teacher providing scaffolding to support learners’ activities through ICT. 

These kinds of activities could facilitate learners’ high-order thinking, effective experience, and 

self-regulation, resulting in the construction, sharing, application, and value of knowledge in the 

learning community. These kinds of integration have been applied in math and science education 

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in our primary schools. 

4013.3 The CLIA-framework: A model for designing powerful learning environments for 

mathematical problem solving, E. De Corte, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium 

In this contribution a CLIA-framework (Competence, Learning, Intervention, Assessment) for 

designing powerful learning environments will be presented. Powerful learning environments are 

instructional settings that are instrumental in eliciting in students learning processes that facilitate 

the acquisition and productive use of knowledge, learning and thinking skills, and motivations. As 

illustration of the framework an intervention study will be discussed in which a learning 

environment for mathematics problem solving was designed in line with the components and 

design principles of the CLIA-model. The presentation will end with methodological and 

theoretical comments, and some remarks about implementation and dissemination of powerful 

learning environments. 

4013.4 Researching adaptive learning across contexts: Significance of sociocultural dimensions, 

S. Volet, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Australia 

This contribution will address a number of questions related to adaptive learning in context and 

across contexts, with a focus on sociocultural dimensions. Adaptive learning takes place when 

students are attuned to the expectations of the environment and keen to engage in productive 

learning, and reciprocally when instruction supports high level thinking, and meaningful, 

motivated learning. The significance of this reciprocal congruence is highlighted when students 

move across educational settings, as is the case in international education. The presentation will 

discuss how research on learning and motivation across cultural-educational contexts highlights 

the general significance of sociocultural dimensions. 

4013.5 The study of novel learning environments: A systemic, not only an analytic approach, G. 

Salomon, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel 

Studying novel learning environments benefits from treating them as complex configurations of 

social, instructional, curricular and cognitive factors that interact reciprocally. Epistemological 

assumptions underlying the typical study of isolated variables are both unsuitable for the study of 

complex learning environments. A set of alternative assumptions is presented underlying a 

systemic approach. The focus of interest thus shifts from studying patterns of differences (e.g., 

what environment reaches a higher achievement scores) to studying differences in patterns (how 

the different variables hang together; what is central and what is peripheral, etc.). 


Psychology of the Internet: Most recent advances in USA and China 

Convener and Chair: Z. Yan, USA 

Co-convener: X.L. Fu, China 

4014.1 Social antecedents and consequences of children's internet use: Findings from the 

HomeNetToo Project, L.A. Jackson, A. von Eye, G. Barbatsis, F.A. Biocca, Y. Zhao, H.E. 

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Fitzgerald, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA 

Social antecedents and consequences of home Internet use were examined in a sample of 140 

children, mostly African American (83%), male (58%), 13 years-old, and residing in single-parent 

households (75%) where the median income was $15,000 (USD) (www.HomeNetToo.org). 

Findings indicated that neither parental nor peer modeling of computer/Internet use predicted 

children's Internet use, which we automatically recorded for 16 months. Internet use had no effect 

on number of close friends or time spent in a variety of activities (e.g., with friends). Whether 

Internet use has an adverse social impact may depend on the nature rather than amount of use. 

4014.2 Developmental differences in children’s understanding of the Internet, Z. Yan, State 

University of New York at Albany, Albany, NY, USA 

The Children Internet Protection Act in USA signified nationwide concerns with how to help 

children use the Internet safely, but little is known about what the Internet is in children’s minds. 

This study examined developmental differences in understanding of two fundamental aspects of 

the Internet, the network-based structure and polarized social function, among 83 K-6 school 

children and found that the 5th and 6th graders but not younger ones were able to understand the 

network-based structure of the Internet and the polarized social function of the Internet. 

4014.3 Relationship of time perspective, coping styles, and Internet use of adolescents, L. Lei 1 , 

H.L. Li 2 , 1 Capital Normal University, Beijing, China; 2 Hebei University, Baoding, China 

This study explored the relationship of time perspective, coping styles and internet use of 

adolescents, by surveying a sample of 589 aged from 14 to 17 (M=15.07, SD=1.37) through 

questionnaires. The results showed that pathological internet use (PIU) of adolescents could be 

predicted by time perspective and their coping styles. Also, the study found that PIU was a new 

kind of problem similar to substance abuse. Meanwhile, different coping styles, such as problem 

solving, fantasy, and abreaction, played mediated roles in whether an adolescent involved in PIU 

or not, by consideration of which could give a hand to overcome PIU. 

4014.4 Chinese university students’ attitudes toward computer: A structural equation model, Y. 

Liu, X.L. Fu, Y.H. Sun, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China 

A survey study investigated the relationship among Chinese university students’ computer 

attitudes, self-perception on computer skill, attitudes toward innovation, computer experience, and 

demographic factors by structural equation modelling technique. Participants were 292 university 

students from three universities in Beijing, and all of them had used computer before. The results 

showed: (a) There was no gender difference in computer attitudes, but males were more confident 

in self-perception on computer skill, (b) computer attitudes were driven primarily by attitudes 

toward innovation, (c) computer attitudes influenced computer experiences, and (d) the 

participants’ notion of innovation was significantly more positive than their action. 

4014.5 The differences of personal identity between group blog from same and different places, 

L.H. Cheng, Zhongshan University, Guangzhou, China 

Personal identity is a critical issue for members of group blog on the Internet, but how it is 

expressed in different context is not clear. This study used content analysis to examine the 

differences between group blog from same and different places and found that the members of 

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group blog from different places displayed more social and individual identity information in 

communicative content than those of group blog from same places. 


Prevention and treatment of couple distress 

Convener and Chair: K. Hahlweg, Germany 

Co-conveners: D.H. Baucom, USA 

4015.1 Relationship schemas: Understanding how males and females process relationship 

information, D.H. Baucom, L. Sullivan, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA 

Relationship Schema is defined as the tendency to attend to and give relationship meaning to 

events that happen within and outside of an individual’s romantic relationship. An observational 

coding system, which assesses the degree and quality with which an individual uses Relationship 

Schema, was applied to 50 maritally distressed couples. The relation between husbands’ and 

wives’ Relationship-Schematic processing and marital satisfaction, both pre-treatment and 

post-treatment, will be presented. The findings suggest the importance of increasing partners’ 

Relationship-Schematic processing to enhance treatment gains and to help distressed couples 

move into a more optimal range of functioning. 

4015.2 The outcome of behavioural marital therapy: Immediate impact and long-term follow-up, 

A. Christensen, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA 

In a two-site clinical trial, 134 seriously and chronically distressed married couples, stratified into 

moderately and severely distressed groups, were randomly assigned to Integrative or Traditional 

Behavioral Couple Therapy (IBCT vs. TBCT). Couples received up to 26 sessions of treatment. 

Assessments were conducted prior to treatment, at 13 and 26 weeks into treatment, at treatment 

termination, and every 6 months for 2 years. The trajectory of change for IBCT and TBCT differed 

during treatment. Follow-up findings to date indicate no differences between treatments for 

moderately distressed couples but significantly greater maintenance for severely distressed 

couples in IBCT than in TBCT. 

4015.3 The prediction and prevention of marital distress and divorce: The results of a 23 year 

follow-up, H.J. Markman, S.M. Stanley, G.M. Kline, A. Olmos-Gallo, T. Willi, University of 

Denver, Denver, CO, USA 

Relationship distress and divorce continue to be associated with a variety of mental health and 

other social problems, and there is a growing international consensus that there is a need for 

effective preventive interventions for couples. At the same time, there is growing interest and 

discussions over what predicts divorce and distress. This paper reports the 23 year follow up of a 

sample of couples from the Denver Family Development Study and on the long-term effects of the 

PREP intervention. Implications for theories of relationship development and dissolution, marital 

health and distress and for marriage education and divorce prevention programs will be discussed. 

4015.4 Prevention of distress in gay couples, K. Hahlweg 1 , S. Seferovic 2 , 1 Technische 

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Universitaet Braunschweig, 1 Institut für Psychologie & 2 Christoph-Dornier-Stiftung für Klinische 

Psychologie, Braunschweig, Germany 

The present uncontrolled study examines the effectiveness of the psychoeducational group training 

program EPL for enhancing communication and problem solving skills in gay couples. 

Participants were 24 gay couples living in Germany, which were recruited via announcements and 

reports in periodicals and newspapers and via internet. At the pre and post assessment 

questionnaires as well as behavioural observation were used to establish the effectiveness of the 

intervention. Pre-post data will be presented as well as comparisons of communication patterns of 

gay and heterosexual couples. Implications for recruitement and refinement of the EPL for gay 

couples will be discussed. 


Cross-cultural comparison of physical/social constraint and support for feeding/weaning 

practice 

Convener and Chair: K. Negayama, Japan 

4016.1 The influence of sources of information on mother’s feeding style: Data from France, 

Japan, and US, H. Norimatsu 1 , J.F. Bouville 2 , M Barratt 3 , K. Negayama 4 , 1 Universite de 

Toulouse II - Le Mirail, allees Antonio Machado, France; 2 Paris 13 University, rue Bobigny Cedex, 

France; 3 National Science Foundation, Arlington VA, USA; 4 Waseda University, Japan 

Mothers’ decisions on how to feed their young will depend on their informational environments. 

However, the sources of information are not organized in the same manner in different countries, 

and mothers' appreciation of the information could also be different. We present data from a 

survey of about 1500 mothers in three industrial countries: France, Japan and USA. The influence 

of different sources of information on mother's decisions with regard to feeding style and duration 

has been analyzed. The impact of three sources of information on mothers' feeding choices will be 

discussed: (a) human network - family and friends, (b) specialists - doctors, nurses, associations of 

breastfeeding, and (c) the media - press, TV. 

4016.2 Characterisitcs of breast feeding mothers in the US, Japan and France, M. Barratt 1 , K. 

Negayama 2 , H. Norimatsu 3 , J.F. Bouville 4 , 1 National Science Foundation, Arlington VA, USA; 

2 3 

Waseda University, Japan; Universite de Toulouse II - Le Mirail, allees Antonio Machado, 

France; 4 Paris 13 University, rue Bobigny Cedex, France 

In this questionnaire study of breast feeding in the United States, Japan and France, rates of breast 

feeding were quite different. At 4 months, the percentage of infants being breast fed was 74% (US), 

75% (Japan,) and 43% (France). Within these cultural constraints, who chooses to breast feed their 

infants? Only in the United States, older mothers were more likely to breast feed than younger 

mothers. Only in the United States and Japan, mothers were more likely to breast feed their boys 

than their girls. Thus, different factors are associated with the choice to breast feed in each 

country. 

4016.3 Japan-France-US comparison of weaning practice, K. Negayama 1 , H. Norimatsu 2 , J.F. 

Bouville 3 , M. Barratt 4 , 1 Waseda University, Saitama, Japan; 2 Universite de Toulouse II - Le 

840

Mirail, allees Antonio Machado, France; 3 Paris 13 University, rue Bobigny Cedex, France; 

4 

National Science Foundation, Arlington VA, USA 

Weaning could be a source of conflict and cooperation between mothers and their children. 

According to answers to the questionnaire, breast-feeding is stopped earlier than expected by 

mothers mainly for the reason of insufficiency of breast milk, which suggests a disagreement 

between children's demand and mothers' availability. Insufficiency is the only significant reason 

for weaning in Japanese mothers, whereas several other reasons are reported in the other countries. 

It is also found that weaning took longer in Japanese mothers. The findings suggest the Japanese 

mothers’ attitude of offspring-centeredness in weaning. 


Professionalism and culture-groundednesss of psychotherapy: A synthetic-hermeneutic 

approach and programmatic implications 

Convener and Chair: G.X. Yang, China 

Co-convener: S.S. Ma, Canada 

4017.1 Professionalism and culture-groundedness in psychotherapy: A synthetic-hermeneutic 

approach and program implications, G.X. Yang, Yantai Normal University, Yantai, China 

To find a life of its own, professionalism of psychotherapy has to be grounded in the indigenous 

culture. Creative borrowing of Western psychologies and psychotherapeutic techniques, and 

rediscovering and re-interpreting the distinctive psychological perspectives and life praxis in 

Chinese culture, will provide necessary resources for professional development. With an 

action-research paradigm and a focus on the narrative approach and its programmatic implications, 

we will discuss our case studies, and share our 5-year journey of inquiry and our understanding of 

some important and difficult questions, so to portray a programmatic model of heuristic values. 

4017.2 A humanistic approach to the people by A. Lincoln and Hu Qintao, C. Lee, 

Sino-American Institute for Transpersonal Studies, Santa Ana, CA, USA 

In l863, The American President A. Licoln at the Gettysburg’s battle field emphasized that his 

country should be governed of the people, by the people and for the people. In 2003, the newly 

elected President of China, Hu Qintao, at the Peoples Hall advised his countrymen that power is 

for the people, love is to the people and benefits are given the people. My paper will discuss: l) the 

various meanings of people; 2) people’s role in the Humanistic psychology; and 3) how did 

Lincoln and Hu Qintao use the humanistic principles and practices in their public services. 

4017.3 Chinese culture and stress coping: Collectivism and collective coping, D. Zhang 1 , B. 

Long 2 , 1 Kwantlen University College, Richmond, BC, Canada; 2 University of British Columbia, 

Vancouver, BC, Canada 

Cross-cultural research suggests that cultural values influence people's behaviors, stress coping, 

and well-being. Using focus-group and path analysis, I studied a total 228 Chinese overseas 

professionals. Individualistic/collectivistic characteristics and coping strategies were measured. 

The influence of Chinese cultural values (including Confucianism) on and the pattern of 

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elationships with one's stress appraisal, sense of self-efficacy, perceptions of social support, way 

of coping, and the impacts on one’s job satisfaction, health and well-being were studied. 

Collective Coping Scale was the first time developed and tested in the study. Research and clinical 

implication of the study will be shared and discussed. 

4017.4 Cultural semiotics of treatment object construction and symbolic roles-interaction in 

traditional Chinese medicinal praxis, Z.Y. Liu, Yantai Normal University, Yantai, China 

Believing that traditional Chinese medicine has no separation of body vs mind and isolated 

individuality as its working principles, and that, semiotically speaking, any discourse-practice 

system only deals with what it constructs as its subject matter, this study makes a cultural-semiotic 

analysis of the treatment object construction and symbolic role-interaction in traditional Chinese 

medicinal practice, focusing on the mutually constructive relationship. Understood as a cultural 

discourse & practice system, the broad semiotically relevant cultural contexts to traditional 

Chinese medicine are analyzed, and, its unique integration of body-mind and it’s social-cultural 

involvement, is compared with Western-styled psychotherapy, with brief comments on meaning 

construction in cultural etic-emic dimensions. 

4017.5 Perspectives on self by narrative psychotherapy and psychiatry, N. You, Yantai Normal 

University, Yantai, China 

In narrative psychotherapy, self is construed more as a symbolic construct through a process of 

discourse or dialog. By rendering an account of experience in personally significant terms, people 

construct a meaningful story of not only the events that constitute lives but also selves as 

protagonists, that is, as being-in-the-world, thus opening up the space for existential possibilities 

and personal growth. In psychiatry, the individual is abstracted from the world of his own 

experience, and the fullness of human living is reduced to theoretical samples through conceptual 

labeling and instrumental manipulations. 

4017.6 Taostic approach of transpersonal psychology to counseling and psychotherapy, M. Lee, 

Sino-American Institute for Transpersonal Studies, Santa Ana, CA, USA 

The fundamental belief of the transpersonal psychology is a psychology that studies the 

experiential reality of the transcendent levels of experience and their value for human 

development. Transpersonal counseling and psychotherapy integrates various approaches, eastern 

and western, northern and southern, to promote people’s holistic health body, mind and spirit. 

Taoism has been practicing in China over several thousands of years. Through Toistic listening 

and going with the flow of the client, the therapist becomes a listener of the heart and spirit, an 

observer of the deep consciousness and a follower of the Tao. In other words, the helping 

relationship is a process of opening the inner self and the cooperation with the universal Self. 


Culture and strategies in entrepreneurship and innovatio 

Convener and Chair: Z.M. Wang, China 

Co-convener: M. Frese, Germany 

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4018.1 Cross-cultural issues of entrepreneurship: Data and speculations, M. Frese, University 

of Giessen and London Business School, Giessen, Germany 

A meta-analysis of studies on strategy process characteristics and entrepreneurial success in 8 

countries is presented. It was showed that there are general relationships and a need to look for 

cross-cultural moderators. Uncertainty avoidance is clearly present as one cross-cultural moderator. 

Planning and proactivity are effective in cultures with a high degree of uncertainty avoidance. A 

number of hypotheses and speculations with four cultures are discussed: Thailand, South Africa, 

China, and Germany. The GLOBE data are used as cross-cultural indices to be related to 

entrepreneurial actions and entrepreneurial outcomes. The Global Entrepreneurship Monitor will 

be incorporated into this discussion. 

4018.2 Innovativeness in high-technology firms in Taiwan, K. Leung 1 , K.L. Huang 2 , 1 City 

University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; 2 Tamkang University, Taipei, China 

The innovation literature in the West suggests that many barriers to individual innovativeness may 

be characteristic of Chinese cultures, such as authoritarian leadership and an instrumental view of 

innovation and creativity. A study was conducted in Taiwan to investigate if the processes 

underlying individual innovativeness in the high-tech firms display some Chinese characteristics. 

Mid-level employees participated, and the effects of leadership styles and implicit theories of 

innovation on individual innovativeness were assessed. The results show that most relationships 

are consistent with predictions of Western theories, although some seem uniquely Chinese. 

Implications for a general theory of individual innovativeness are discussed. 

4018.3 Small firm growth and key approaches to entrepreneurship ability, P. Davidsson, 

Jönköping International Business School, Jönköping, Sweden 

Starting from assumptions of uncertainty and heterogeneity, the scholarly domain of 

entrepreneurship encompasses the processes of emergence of new business ventures, across 

organizational contexts. This entails the study of the origin and characteristics of venture ideas as 

well as their contextual fit; of behaviors in the interrelated processes of discovery of such ideas, 

and of how the ideas and behaviors link to different antecedents and outcomes on different levels 

of analysis. Recent studies showed that for entrepreneurs, using the discovery ability and resource 

frugality could create value to gain financial support for growth and to enhance entrepreneurship 

ability. 

4018.4 The start-ups of hi-tech ventures in the People’s Republic of China, K.F. Chan, Hong 

Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China 

This paper is intended to examine what, how and why small high-tech ventures start up their 

business, with particular reference to the start up environment and the competence profile of the 

entrepreneur in the start up process. Two case studies of high-tech ventures were conducted in 

China Mainland. Results confirmed that the practice of sub-contracting/outsourcing to outside 

manufacturing partners at the start up stage is common among private entrepreneurs. The context 

during transition period in the Mainland offers strong explanation for such strategy while 

managerial competence of private entrepreneurs provides another cue of their preferred start-up 

style. 

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4018.5 HRM strategy-culture fit and its effects on entrepreneurship, Z.M. Wang, Zhejiang 

University, Hangzhou, China 

There has been an increasingly higher demand for effective human resource strategies under 

secondary entrepreneurship (intrapreneurship) and international entrepreneurship. A longitudinal 

survey with in-depth interview was carried out in 50 firms in China to investigate their human 

resources, entrepreneurship and business strategies. The results showed that the HR 

strategy-culture fit, not the strategy itself, determined the effectiveness of entrepreneurship model 

and that strategic HR practices (such as team-, culture-, and career-based HRM) significantly 

affected the main indicators of entrepreneurial performance. On the basis of this field study, a 

multi-level entrepreneurship model of strategy-culture fit was established. 


Aspects of interdisciplinary forensic psychology 

Convener and Chair: R. Andry, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China 

4019.1 Best interests of the child: Cultural issues, D. Thomson, Charles Sturt University, 

Bathurst, Australia 

Article 3(1) of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Children declares the best interest 

of the child is to be the primary consideration for actions by public or private institutions, courts of 

law, and administrative bodies. Here I examine how Australian courts, psychologists, and 

psychiatrists operationalise the concept of best interests of the child. Psychological theories and 

tests currently underpinning recommendations and determinations are critically evaluated. It is 

argued that judges, psychologists, and psychiatrists often appear not to be aware of the influence 

of their own cultural values and that in a multicultural society this insensitivity may seriously 

harm the child. 

4019.2 Forensic psychotherapy, E. Welldon, The Portman Clinic, London, UK 

Forensic Psychotherapy is a new title for a neglected discipline which links Forensic Psychiatry with 

Psychoanalytical Psychotherapy. It involves the understanding of the unconscious as well as the 

conscious motivations of the criminal mind. By focussing on the internal psychodynamic processes of 

the offender we reduce the propensity for re-offending. This is an interdisciplinary effort. Successful 

treatment rests with a team, including psychologists, social workers, administration, the courts and 

the clerical staff. A major and international cross-disciplinary effort needs to be made to 

understand and eradicate at least some of the more correctable reasons for crime in our global 

society. 

4019.3 Evaluations of pre sentence reports in Victoria, Australia, P. Brown, Children's Court 

Clinic, Melbourne, Australia 

Sir John Starke’s Sentencing Committee in Victoria commissioned Government psychological 

research to evaluate pre-sentence reports in Victoria. The findings were confined to a Government 

publication but bear dissemination, because, although the research took place in the late 80’s, it is 

arguable that the findings are no less applicable today. Two studies were undertaken, one of the 

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perception of reports, and the disciplines writing them, by judges, magistrates and lawyers 

practising in the various courts and one where reports by social workers, psychiatrists and 

psychologists were rated. The findings are interesting for practitioners and had some repercussions 

in interdisciplinary politics. 

4019.4 Cultural characteristics are responsivity factors in correctional treatment, S. Wong 1, 2 , 

1 2 

Regional Psychiatric Centre, Saskatoon, Canada; University of Saskatchewan, Canada 

The Risk/Need/Responsivity principles are the cardinal rules of effective treatment to reduce 

recidivate risk (Andrew & Bonta, 1998). Higher risk offenders should receive higher intensity 

treatment (Risk Principle). Treatment should target criminogenic needs, or the direct or indirect 

causes of criminal behaviors (Need Principle). Treatment delivery should accommodate the 

offender’s idiosyncratic and ecological characteristics (Responsivity Principle). Treatment 

delivery must be sensitive to the offender’s cultural characteristics and the ecology within which it 

is offered, such as the extended vs nuclear family dynamics, cultural sanctions, and community 

responses to the offender. 

4019.5 Cross-cultural considerations in the assessment of violence risk, J. Ogloff, Monash 

University, Thomas Embling Hospital, Victoria, Australia 

Over the past 20 years researchers and clinicians have attempted to increase the accuracy of 

violence risk prediction. This research was initiated in the US and Canada and more recently in the 

UK, Europe, Australia, and New Zealand. Even among these western countries, the generalizable 

the research finding is somewhat questionable. Of greater concern is the extent to which cultural 

differences in other countries may reduce the utility of the research findings. This paper will 

explore research on violence and violence risk prediction to emphasise the need for caution when 

considering the generalizability of research findings and clinical applications among countries. 

4019.6 The psychologist in court, C.A. Halloran, Hong Kong Psychological Services, Hong 

Kong SAR, China 

The purpose of this paper is to alert psychologists to the need to be prepared to testify as a witness 

in court. The psychologist called upon may not necessarily be an expert witness in the accepted 

sense but rather a witness who is called upon to assist the court due to his or her professional 

involvement in the matter before the court. This paper includes discussion of the following: a) The 

nature of an adversarial system; b) The perceived usefulness of psychological information; c) The 

relevance of psychological language; d) The importance of presentation and preparation when 

testifying in court. 


The disappearing computer: The next generation of human-computer interaction 

Convener and Chair: N. Streitz, Germany 

4020.1 The disappearing computer and the design of a social architectural space, N. Streitz, 

Ambiente – Smart Environments of the Future, Darmstadt, Germany 

In this presentation, I will first introduce the topic of the symposium and then present examples 

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from the "Ambient Agoras" project being part of the EU-funded "Disappearing Computer" 

initiative. The objective of Ambient Agoras is to address the office environment as an integrated 

organisation located in an architectural environment and having particular information needs both 

at the collective level of the organisation, and at the personal level of the worker. The project 

promotes an approach to designing individual as well as team interaction in physical environments 

using augmented physical artefacts to support collaboration, informal communication, and social 

awareness. 

4020.2 Interaction with multimedia in ubiquitous computing environments, J. Borchers, Media 

Computing Group, Aachen, Germany 

The Disappearing Computer envisions technology to fade into the background and to become 

invisible to individual users and collaborating people. This scenario becomes particularly 

challenging when the digital information people work with is time-based multimedia data. The 

Media Computing Group at the University of Aachen has created a Media Space that serves as a 

test bed to explore options for future working, learning, and entertainment environments. It is an 

augmented room with multiple interactive displays of various sizes and form factors, spatial audio 

installations supporting fluid interaction with time-based media. Components are reconfigurable to 

adapt the space to different requirements. 

4020.3 A distributed cognition perspective on the next generation of human-computer 

interaction, J. Hollan, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA 

The miniaturization and commoditization of computing components is enabling a world in which 

computing is ubiquitous. The most recent trend is the unbundling of the monolithic "computer" 

into fragmentary appliance-like components. Ensuring that design of the next generation of 

human-computer interaction appropriately respects and effectively augments human needs and 

abilities is an intellectual challenge of the highest order. As my part in this symposium, I will 

employ example research projects from our lab to argue for a distributed cognition as a theoretical 

framework, for cognitive ethnography as a key methodology, and for tools to support multi-scale 

interaction and negotiated access. 

4020.4 Non-intrusive external communications in co-located collaborative work settings, C.G. 

Jansson, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden 

In the Disappearing Computer project FEEL, we studied the effect of intrusions from parallel 

individual and IT-based communication events on a co-located collaborative work setting. The 

approach is to diminish the cognitive load of the shifts of attention needed to handle the 

communication events. The project developed components supporting-scheduling of 

communication events and routing of communications to particular media combinations. The 

prototype in the project was tested in a scenario, where professional users experienced in 

collaborative work, solve a problem in a co-located setting with strict time-constraints and a great 

need for relevant external communications. 

4020.5 Experimental reality and the Design of IT-Augmented environments, S. Lahlou, EDF 

R&D, Paris, France 

Designing environments where disappearing computing creates new affordances goes along with 

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designing new practices, individual and collective. To do this with the users, we developed and 

applied a new paradigm: experimental reality. This paper describes our experience of experimental 

reality in an experimental ‘office of the future’, where workers accepted being observed 

continuously, for periods up to 3 years, with video and other techniques. Designing for cognition 

necessitates understanding human behaviour in its systemic aspects and raises theoretical issues 

about objects, attention, and collaboration. We had to develop specific models and observation 

methods, and also deal with privacy issues. 

4020.6 Evaluation of communicative tools’ use in real social context, V. Nosulenko, E. 

Samoylenko, Institute of Psychology of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia 

We evaluate the use of new interactive artifacts in the context of big public event. The study is 

based on the systematic paradigm including elements of an ethno-methodological observation and 

experimental procedures. Video data, free verbalizations and psychophysical data were integrated 

for the analysis. The results confirm that the artifact becomes an efficient tool when it could be 

related to current task of users. Transformations in the relations man-environment cannot be 

accounted for by mere presence of devices. The perceived features of device, that can change the 

functioning of the whole system, are determined by human goals and tasks. 


Cultural selfways: The conceptions of independence and interdependence reconsidered 

Convener and Chair: H. Keller, Germany 

Co-convener: T.S. Saraswathi, India 

4021.1 Independence and Interdependence as socialization goals, H. Keller, University of 

Osnabrueck, Osnabrueck, Germany 

The conceptions of independence and interdependence are interpreted as socialization goals that 

specify culturally informed developmental pathways. They are considered as protopypical for 

particular ecocultural environments, i.e. urban Western middle class (independence) and rural 

farming communities (interdependence). Research results will be reported from ongoing cross 

cultural studies addressing the cultures of parenting with infants. Spot observations of infants daily 

environments, videobased interactional analyses and ethnographic interviews concerning parental 

ethnotheories constitute the database. The results confirm similarities of parenting theories and 

practices as related to the two conceptions. Historical and generational comparisons moreover 

confirm the combination of components of both models. 

4021.2 Autonomy and relatedness as two basic human needs, C. Kagitcibasi, Koc University, 

Istanbul, Turkey 

The debate on independence-interdependence in cross-cultural studies tends to confound two 

independent dimensions of interpersonal relations and self. One of these is interpersonal distance, 

ranging from relatedness (connectedness) with others to separateness. The other is agency, ranging 

from autonomy to heteronomy. The general assumption, informed by psychoanalytic thinking, is 

that autonomy requires separateness; however, this is neither logically nor psychologically 

necessary, given the independence of the two dimensions. The less well recognized combination 

847

of autonomy and relatedness, the autonomous-related self, better satisfies the two basic human 

needs for relatedness and agency, thus promising to be a more healthy human pattern. 

4021.3 Are the Japanese more interdependent than the Americans? A comparison by the 

independent vs. interdependent concept, K. Takahashi, University of the Sacred Heart, Tokyo, 

Japan 

This paper aimed to examine the well-known hypothesis, that is, Japanese are more interdependent 

than Western people, with empirical data of close relationships of the Japanese and American 

people. In this paper, I would like to claim how it is dangerous to conclude cultural differences 

based on simple and direct comparisons of assessment scores between the cultures. Further, I 

would propose the necessity of relative comparisons between the cultures, and also assert how 

Asian perspective cast unique and different light on conventional cross-cultural studies, which 

used to be done under the dichotomic view of cultures, that is, Independent vs. Interdependent. 

4021.4 Beyond the two and three dimensional models of ‘selfways’, T.S. Saraswathi, Formerly 

with the Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Bangalore, India 

The independent and interdependent self paradigm has received much attention since the early 

nineties. Recently, the efficacy of this compelling paradigm is being questioned about its 

explanatory power. Using the Hindu world view, the present paper examines the possible existence 

of multiple combinations of the autonomous and socially embedded selves, governed by (a) 

context specificity, and (b) tolerance for dissonance and apparent dichotomies. The plea is for a 

more culture sensitive understanding of constructs such as agency and interdependency; 

accounting for possible variations in the expression of agency; and the absence of isomorphism 

between individual and cultural levels of functioning. 

4028 POSTER 


4028.1 The process of integration of post-chernobyl re-immigrants: Age, feelings of national 

identity and reflection of relations of environment, Boris Ijuk, University Hradec Králové,Czech 

Republic 

The paper dealt with influence of re-immigration of individuals of Czech origin on integration to 

the life conditions in the Czech republic after 10-12 years from relocation. It was found out by 

answer sheets (60 women, 51 men) that this feeling is best displayed among women, especially in 

four age-classes: 18-25, 26-35, 46-55 and over 65. Concerning men this feeling is best displayed 

in age-class over 65. The curve of values of linguistic skills of informants corresponds with the 

feeling of national identity. A positive relation of environment to re-immigrants helps to the 

feeling of national identity. 

4028.2 Cross-cultural investigation of representations about a moral person, Margarita 

Volovikova 1 , Ludmila Grenkova 2 , Natasha Eliseeva 2 , 1 Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute 

of Psychology, Russian Federation; 2 Smolensk Humanitarian University, Russian Federation 

848

The cross-cultural method of Azuma & Kashiwagy (1987) was modified to investigate the moral 

conceptions. Compiling the questionnaire we also used the "action" conception as an implicit 

judgement (Rubinstein, 1973). To analyse the stories about "the action that proves a person as a 

moral one indeed" we used microsemantic analysis (Brushlinsky, 1979. Russian adolescents and 

adults from Moscow and Smolensk (N= 800) demonstrated mostly similar representations of a 

moral prototype which are conditioned by cultural traditions. Factor analysis helped to reveal 

generation specificity of a moral prototype. We used the same methods for investigation among 

Yakut people (Sakha Republic). 

4028.3 Chinese and American Students’Dreams: 1983-1997, Joan Bryant Woodworth, R. 

Michael Furr, Appalachian State University, USA 

This study explores the relationship between dreams and culture. It is unique in sample size (1446) 

and because it spans more than a decade. In 1983-1985, Chinese and North American university 

students completed a questionnaire assessing dream experiences, attitudes, and themes. A second 

sample was collected in 1995-1997. Analysis revealed effects of time, culture, and gender on a 

variety of issues. For example, although Chinese students are still less likely to report sexual 

dreams or dreams about money, such cultural differences have narrowed significantly over time. 

Differences suggest that cultural change is reflected in dream reports. 

4028.4 Judgments of personal moral issues in the family: A comparison in six Asian societies, 

Toshimoto Shuto 1 , Gui-Rui Lin 2 , Soon Ja Choi 3 , Yanfeng Xu 4 , Katsumi Ninomiya 5 , 1 Saitama 

University, Japan; 2 Capital Normal University, China; 3 Kookmin University, Korea; 4 Fujian 

Normal University, China, 5 Aichi Gakuin University, Japan 

This study was conducted to analyze the characteristics of judgments regarding self-sacrifice and 

self-priority in the families of college students in six Asian societies. Ten stories that described 

conflicts among family members were presented to 1341 participants (college students in Beijing, 

Seoul, Taitung, Bangkok, Dhaka, and Tokyo). Results indicated that in general, participants 

regarded self-sacrifice to be more important than self-priority. However, this tendency was 

sometimes reversed depending on the relationship with family members to whom they were 

opposed. These results suggest that college students in Asian societies does not have unilateral 

orientation about moral autonomy in the family. 

4028.5 The integration tendency of cultural psychology, Hao Tian, Jilin University, China 

The developing trends of cultural psychology can be analyzed at three levels. First, there're many 

different approaches in cultural psychology such as the symbol approach, the activity approach 

and the individual approach. These approaches will surely supplement each other and turn into 

integration. Second, there're other psychological branches that emphasize culture in their research 

such as cross-cultural psychology and indigenous psychology. The dialogue between cultural 

psychology and these branches will help to put culture in the middle. Third, cultural psychology 

also represent a dialogue with other disciplines, such as cultural anthropology. Cultural 

psychology should assimilate the nourishment from these disciplines more actively. 

4028.6 A correlation between European typologies and Asian typologies. The common 

archetypes, Roxana Zubcov, Corneliu Sofronie, Training and Development Centre, Romania 

849

An experiment on Chinese subjects (residents in Romania) confirmed our hypothesis about the 

relation between the Heymans-Le Senne typology and Asian typologies. By an experiment based 

on the relations male rationality-yang, female rationality-yin, male irrationality-male in excess, 

female irrationality-yin in excess have been discovered the fundamental archetypes (male and 

female) common for both major typologies. We conceived a psychological test, based on these 

typologies, for rapid identification of the type the subject belongs to. 

4028.7 Cross-cultural impact on personality and subjective well-being, Tanmay Bhattacharya, 

India 

Subjective well-being (SWB) or happiness comprises people’s longer-term levels of pleasant 

affect. It displays moderately high levels of cross-situational consistency and temporal stability. 

The paper attempts an empirical analysis of the Cross-Cultural Personality and Subjective 

Well-Being of Indian and German adults. The NEO-PI-R (Costa & McCrae 1998) and Cognitive 

and Hedonic components of Subjective Well-Being (Diener 1991) was administered. It is argued 

that (a) one set of traits influence positive affect or satisfaction or dissatisfaction; (b) the former set 

of traits can be viewed as components of extraversion, and the latter as components of 

neuroticism. 

4028.8 Self-perceived mental health in relation to culturally mediated coping behaviour, Xiulan 

Han 1 , Peter Wilhelm 2 , Meinhad Perrez 2 , 1 No, China; 2 Germany; 2 Switzerland 

we supposed that Chinese and Swiss are culturally different in their values, coping styles and 

self-perceived mental health. The findings reveal that Swiss show more conflict between their 

desired values and their coping behaviour in reality. Active influence on the stressful events is 

their dominant coping strategy. Chinese coping options in different from Swiss are palliation and 

searching for information which reflect the typical influence of Chinese culture. Two cultures are 

different in their self-perceived mental health which Chinese are higher than Swiss. 

4028.9 Categorical effects on stimulus judgment in American and Chinese students, Yiner Ya 1 , 

Shinobu Kitayama 2 , 1 Institute of Psychology,Chinese Academy of Sciences, China; 2 University 

of Michigan, USA 

To investigate if cognitive processes involved in a perceptual assimilation effect might vary across 

cultures, the author tested American and Chinese university students in the US and China 

(American in the US, Chinese in the US & Chinese in China) in a category induction task. Result 

indicated that all three cultural groups demonstrate an assimilation effect. Importantly, however, 

this assimilation effect was largest for Chinese in China and smallest for Americans in the US, 

with Chinese in the US falling right in-between. Implications for the role of culture in basic 

cognition are discussed. 

4028.10 The psychological research on the consumption of books of the different nationalities of 

Xinjiang, Weiqin Li, Xinjiang People's publishing House, China 

The research’s target nationality groups are Han, Uygur, Kazak, Mongl, Kirgiz and Sibo in 

Xinjiang. The study analyses psychological factors of the target groups in the whole process of 

book consumption, including value preference and mental feature of their book reading, and 

behavior pattern of their book consumption. Researcher hopes to get an objective and clear 

850

understanding on the consumption situation and causes of books of different national people 

through the large-sample survey. The survey finds out diverse psychological phenomena of 

different ethnic groups in their politics, cultural and economical activities, which reflect the deep 

hidden preference in politics and culture among the nationalities in Xinjiang. 

4028.11 Power distance, individualism/collectivism, and well-being: Are some cultural 

orientations healthier than others? Valery Chirkov, University of Saskatchewan, Canada 

Because well-being in some countries is stably higher than in others, one wonders if different 

cultural orientations within national cultures have different impacts on people’s well-being (WB). 

This presentation reports the results of research which attempted to analyze this question using 

Self-Determination theory (Deci and Ryan, 2001). It reports on the relations between horizontal vs. 

vertical practices, basic psychological needs support and WB. The results demonstrated that 

horizontal practices (built upon trust, sharing, equality and respect) predict basic psychological 

needs support and are stronger supporters of human nature than vertical practices (made up of 

competition, obedience, and loyalty). 

4028.12 Differences in reward allocation preference between Chinese and Japanese, Kumiko 

Mukaida, Wen Jiang, Zhongquan Li, Seisen Jogakuin College, Japan 

The present study explored differences in reward allocation preference between Chinese and 

Japanese. Participants answered a questionnaire asking how they would distribute a reward among 

members of a winning team. The result shows that Chinese tend to prefer equity-based allocation 

and also take the need of recipients into consideration. On the other hand, most Japanese are likely 

to distribute the reward based on equality. It is suggested that Chinese tend to emphasize the 

individual and the result of the game, whereas Japanese tend to emphasize the team as a unit and 

the preparation for the game. 

4028.13 A cross-cultural study on learning motivation among American, Chinese, and German 

students, Junfeng Zhao, Tang Min, Jiang Yanju, China 

Three hundred and fifteen American (102), Chinese (125), and German (88) 10th-12th-graders 

were surveyed to assess their motivation in chemistry learning. The results showed that: 1.The 

American students demonstrated significantly higher self-efficacy and intrinsic value than the 

Chinese and German students. The German students reported significantly lower level of anxiety 

than their American and Chinese counterparts; 2.Both American and Chinese girls demonstrated 

higher intrinsic value than boys. But German students are opposites; 3.There is a significant 

decline in intrinsic value among American and Chinese students from 10th to 12th grade. But 

German students are opposites. 

4028.14 The relationship between the ethnic identity status and self concept of students with 

Sundanese and Chinese ethnic background, Irene Tarakanita 1 , Hanna Widjaja 2 , Ria Wardhani 1 , 

Sanusi Susanto 1 , 1 Maranatha Christian University, Indonesia, 2 Padjadjaran University, Indonesia 

The purpose of this study is to describe the relationship between the Ethnic Identity Status and 

Self Concept of students with Sundanese and Chinese ethnic background at Bandung. The sample 

consists of 49 students with Sundanese and 98 students with Chinese ethnic background. Age 18 - 

22 years. The method used to collect the data is: Phinney’s Multiple Ethnic Identity Measure and 

851

Fitt’s questionnaire of Self Concept. Statistical analyses used is the Cramer’s V and Chi Quadrate. 

Results of the study show: No correlation between Ethnic Identity Status and Self Concept of the 

Sundanese and Chinese Ethnic Students. 

4028.15 Relationships among the myers-briggs type indicator, type a behavior pattern and 

personal evaluation inventory of foreign trade college students, Li Li, Danmin Miao, Fourth 

Military Medice University, China 

Findings show that the foreign college students (N=368) were of ESTJ preference on MBTI and 

appear moderately in their behavior pattern and personal evaluation. Significant differences were 

found in self-esteemed and behavior pattern in gender that male students were more confident and 

competitive than that of female students. Notable correlations were found that those who had high 

achievement motivation and individual evaluation, while with implications of great future 

specialty achievement predicated by teachers generally had a preference of ENTJ preference on 

MBTI. Results give credence to personality based career counseling, excellent students training 

and selection for foreign trade college students. 

4028.16 Economic development and culture: Empirical evidence from 16 European countries, 

Arménio Rego, Aida Tavares, University of Aveiro, Portugal 

The paper aims to show how the four dimensions of national cultures proposed by Hofstede 

(individualism-collectivism; uncertainty avoidance; power distance; masculinity-femininity) 

explain several economic development indicators of 16 European countries. The data suggest that 

the countries with better indicators (human development index; growth competitiveness index; 

microeconomic competitiveness index; national product per capita) are those higher in 

individualism and lower in power distance and uncertainty avoidance. This empirical evidence is a 

small contribution to answering to the question stated by the Nobel Laureate Amartya Sen in his 

article “How does culture matter?” 

4028.17 I pay back both good and bad things: Cross-cultural variations in relationship between 

pro-social reciprocity and violence, Ka-yee Leung, Dov Cohen, University of Illinois, 

Urbana-Champaign 

The experiment quantitatively examined the relationship between reciprocity and honor-related 

violence. Research has shown that the South and West U.S. have developed "cultures of honor", in 

which insults and affronts are often met with violence. However, the same honor stance that is 

associated with violent self-protection may also be associated with pro-social reciprocity as both 

involve a form of "paying back." Our prediction was supported: the more participants from the 

honor culture endorse honor-related violence, the more likely they are to give pro-social 

reciprocity. However, a negative relationship between violence endorsement and pro-social help 

was found for non-honor culture participants. 

4028.18 A comparative study on the relationship between needs satisfying degree and school 

adaptation among 1-3 graders of Mongolian and Han children, Wei Li 1 , Xiaofeng Yang 1 , Xiaoyan 

Wang 2 , 1 Inner Mongolia Normal University, China; 2 Beijing Normal University, China 

A comparative study was conducted to explore the relationship between Needs Satisfying Degree 

(NSD) and School Adaptation (SA) among 1-3 graders of Mongolian Children (MC) and Han 

852

Children (HC) by using students’ needs-assessing questionnaire and teachers’ evaluating 

questionnaire. We assigned 30 MC whose native language was Mongolian and 30 HC to 

conditions stratifying for age and sex. These MC came from typical pasturing areas, but now 

studied in urban class with the HC. The result indicated that: (1) SA of MC is comparatively lower. 

(2) NSD correlated with SA significantly, and there were notable differences in gender, nationality 

and grade. 

4028.19 A study on values structure related to Chinese social cultural adaption, Zhu Rui, Beijing 


In a new approach which depature from the cross-culture adaptation literature, this study 

hypothesized that the value which influenced cross-culture adaptation are composed of 5 value 

traits(pattern of relationship’s distinction, the concept of ego, the concept of association, the 

concept of grade, focus of situation).Date were collected from one university (N=166) to test the 

hypothesis. Results indicated that all of these 5 traits were significantly related to cross-culture 

adaptation. Results also suggested that the 5 value traits may be reduced to higher traits factors. 

4028.20 A study on the personality traits of the different source of the Mongol nationality college 

students, Baomei Gao, South China Normal University, China 

With Cattell’s questionnare on sixteen personality factors (16PF), We surveyed the factor to 

forming and development of personality traits of 256 of the Mongol nationality college students 

through detailed summarizing, and draw conclusions: Different source of the Mongol nationality 

college students have difference in 7 personal factors. The Mongol nationality college students 

from City are more talent, those from Pastoral Area are more happy in group and lower 

circumspect and farseeing than those of source of others, those from Farm are relatively less 

happy in group, and high worry and low strong than those from Pastoral Area. 

4028.21 The culture adaptation of business expatriates in China, Fengqin Lian, Lin Yue, 


This paper investigates the culture adaptation of business expatriates in China. The participants are 

from North America, Europe, Australia and Asia. Culture adaptation includes sociocultural 

adaptation and psychological adaptation. The results suggest that the construct of sociocultural 

adaptation can be divided into three dimensions: (1)living conditions; (2)interaction and 

communication; (3)cognition and value system. Different from the results of previous researches, 

it does not show a U-curve pattern in sociocultural adaptation and psychological adaptation. 

Instead, it shows a double-U-curve in sociocultural adaptation. And the degree of psychological 

adaptation difficulty shows a decreasing tendency by time. 

4028.22 Presenting across cultures: Tell a joke or tell 'I am sorry'? Stefan Kammhuber 1 , Doris 

Pechler 2 , Tobias Lackner 2 , Katrin Sessner 2 , 1 University of Applied Sciences Koblenz, Germany; 

2 

University of Regensburg, Germany 

Rhetorical behaviour is learned in a specific cultural context which often leads in an intercultural 

situation to misunderstanding und misjudgements by both speaker and audience. In our paper we 

will present the results of a research project (N=300) about the rhetorical behaviour in three 

different cultures (German, Arab, Chinese). We were interested, how the three different audiences 

853

eact to culture specific opening styles of a speech (German, Arab, Chinese), presented via video, 

and which impression they get regarding competence and persuasiveness of the speaker. We found 

significant differences between the three audiences. Practical Conclusions for international 

presentations will be drawn. 

4028.23 The mediational role of family-esteem between positive attitude, Sense of Purpose and 

subjective well-being in Korean old adults, Gyuseog Han 1 , Eunhee Lee 2 , Suja Gong 1 , 1 Chonnam 

National University, Korea, (Republic Of); 2 Chonnam National University, Korea 

This study examined the relationships among positive attitude toward life, sense of purpose, 

emotional balance, and life satisfaction in old adults (aged 60-91) in Korea. Two hundred adults 

participated in interview from a metropolitan area. Structural equation modeling showed that the 

effects of positive attitude and of a sense of purpose on the life satisfaction are mediated by 

family-esteem and emotional balance. The sense of purpose showed direct effects on emotional 

balance. But the positive attitude showed no direct effects on emotional balance. These results 

contribute to the understanding of cultural influence on the subjective well-being. 

4028.24 The theory of multiple intelligence in the perspective of Chinese traditional culture, 

Lifeng Zhan, China 

Traditional intelligence theory reflects an effort towards scientific theories and measurable 

intelligence during the establishment of scientific psychology, with language and mathematical 

abilities as the core of its "concise" structure. Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligence extends the 

connotation of intelligence and makes it closer to the concept of wisdom. This theory has much in 

common with traditional Chinese culture and reflects the Zeitgeist of multiplicity and 

compatibility. 

4028.25 A study on the structure of cultural identification and on its relationship with self-esteem 

for the Tibet college students, Hui Han 1 , Minggang Wan 2 , 1 China Youth University for Political 

Sciences, China; 2 North West Normal University, China 

The cultural identification of various minorities and sub-cultural groups through cultural 

interactions and integration as well as the “self” subject under different cultural backgrounds have 

drawn more and more attention in the academic fields. This research mainly employs quantitative 

method with the necessary qualitative method. The research aims to testify and construct the 

structural model of the cultural identification of Tibetan students, and probes into the reliability 

and visualized validity of The Questionnaire of The Cultural Identification of Tibetan College 

Students and systematically studies the characteristics of cultural identification and its relationship 

with self-esteem. 

4028.26 Display rules of children observed in Japanese TV dramas and movies, Tomoko Terai, 

Kiyoshi Maiya, Kobe University, Japan 

This study aimed at developing behavioral catalogue of display rules specific to Japanese children 

by the method following to Caroll & Russell's(1997). Fifty-five emotional scenes which more than 

65% of the participants (sixty-one Japanese students) judged as expression of an emotion were 

selected from five Japanese popular TV dramas and movies and coded by FACS. The results did 

not only support Caroll & Russell's argument on Ekman & Friesen(1978)'s basic facial 

854

expressions, but also indicated facial expressions different from Japanese adult as well as the basic 

facial expressions. The existence of facial displays specific to Japanese children was suggested. 

4028.27 Exploration on the research methods of indigenous psychology, Zhao Liu, Jilin 


In the process of indigenization of psychology, it is abroadly concerned about what methods 

should be adopted in the research. While the current methods showed their value, there is still not 

a uniform paradigm in the indigenous psychology. In this regard, it should be problem-centred, 

choose the methods adaptive to the problem and try to make innovations on the methods in the 

research of indigenous psychology. 

4028.28 Second language proficiency testing as a cultural process, Minako Yamada, The 

University of the Air, Japan 

Language testers construct second language (L2) proficiency tests with what they call 

"culture-free" items in order to be fair to test takers from diverse cultural backgrounds. Applying 

the concepts of sociocultural theory to language testing, this study argues against such practices, 

and asserts that L2 proficiency is dynamic in nature. The analyses of data, collected from college 

students in Japan and the U.S., show that both L2 learners and native speakers necessarily bring 

their cultural resources into interactions; L2 learners' task performance itself is a cultural process, 

intertwined with institutionally imposed ideology, such as idealized English learning. 

4028.29 Continuity and Change of preschools: Meaning of preschool in three cultures, Mayumi 

Karsawa 1 , Joseph Tobin 2 , Yeh Hsu 3 , 1 Tokyo Woman's Christian University, Japan; 2 Arizona 

State University, USA; 3 University of Memphis, USA 

Our new study, “Continuity and Change in Preschools of Three Cultures: Japan, China, and the 

United States,” adds to the comparative perspective of the original study a historical perspective, 

asking how and why preschools in each country have changed over the course of a generation. To 

address those questions, we asked preschool teachers and pre-service students “what are the core 

beliefs guiding early childhood education”. Then, we compared them between cultures and within 

cultures. It shows us to understand how preschools are simultaneously agents of social change and 

cultural preservation. 

4028.30 What is optimistic bias?: We self-enhance toward what we think positive, Makiko 

Yamagami, Ochanomizu University, Japan 

Self-enhancement is one of the strongest motivation for human-being. People see themselves 

above average on variety of traits, using idiosyncratic reasoning(Dunning, Meyerowitz, & 

Holzberg, 1989). The purpose of this study is to replicate the result of Dunning et al. (1989) in 

Japanese sample. 38 students were presented with the list of 20 traits(10 positive and 10 negative) 

and indicated their standing among their colleague students. Consistent with the hypothesis, Ss 

showed above average effect on positive and negative traits, respectively. Discussion centers on 

the limited evidence of the self-enhancing tendency in Eastern samples and it’s possible causes. 

4028.31 Does video matter more for long distance collaborators? Qiping Zhang 1 , Olson Gary 

M. 2 , Judith S. Olson 2 , 1 Drexel University, USA; 2 University of Michigan, USA 

855

Video has been shown important for people who do not share common ground. To test whether 

video matters for people from contextual cultures more than it does for an explicit culture like the 

US, we compared pairs of Americans with pairs of Chinese, each speaking their native language. 

Half the pairs from each country communicated over audio-only and half over audio plus video. 

We found that performance was the same across pairs from different countries, but that a more 

subtle measure, their trust in each other, was lower for Chinese overall, and especially lower for 

Chinese communicating over audio only. 

4028.32 Representations of the intelligent person: A Russian study, Natasha 

Smirnova-Alexandrova, Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Psychology, Russian 

Federation 

The purpose of this study was to examine the concept of intelligence among Russians. 

Characteristics of an intelligent person were rated by sample of adults (N=99) and pupils (N=233). 

It was found that an intelligence person was most frequently thought to be male rather than female. 

It was showed that the concept about intelligence is formed to 16 years. The factor structure found 

in Russian subjects which showed the predominant factor of social-ethical was similar to Japanese 

(Azuma & Kashiwagi, 1987) and differed from that for Americans and Finnish, which showed the 

predominant of cognitive factor. 

4028.33 Cross-cultural approach of free drawing as a tool for preictif success in the scholastic 

learning, Ghazi Chakroun, Letters and Humans Sciences - Sfax, Tunisia 

12 transcultural cognitive levels stemmed from the analysis of twenty thousands free drawings 

from 2 to 6 years old French and Tunisian match some of the historical steps in the evolution of 

human communication. Indeed it will be legitimate to refer to these characteristics in the evolution 

and ontogeny of communication for addressing suggestions about educational activities. Logical, 

spatial and temporal organisation of graphic elements in free drawings of 42 Tunisian and 40 

French aged 5 to 6, predict and influence their success in the learning of mathematics, reading and 

writing, later on between 6 and 7 years of age. 

4028.34 A relational study between the Bai Ma Zang Zu’s junior middle school students’ 

acculturation and intelligence level, Xingwang Hu, Hong Li, Southwest China Normal University, 

China 

This study examined relationship between acculturation and intelligence of 237 Bai Ma Zang Zu's 

junior middle school students. The result revealed that the three dimensions of acculturation 

including main-culture recognition, school education recognition and the degree of knowing the 

Sinitic language, are closely related to intelligence and achievements. After eliminating the 

influence of achievements on intelligence by Level Regression Analysis, it shows clearly that 

acculturation has a very obvious predictability on intelligence. This result is helpful to 

understanding the intelligence, and can also provide theoretical foundation for the minority 

education. 

4028.35 Visual hindsight bias in Chinese college students, Harry Hom 1 , David Dixon 2 , 

Southwest Missouri State University, USA 

It is difficult to ignore knowing a problem’s solution when making judgments for yourself and 

856

others. Judgments are often biased by hindsight. Sixty-nine students were randomly assigned to 

foresight or hindsight conditions and asked to make self-judgments about the answer to a 

non-traditional hindsight task. Additionally, one-half the students in each condition made 

judgments about Chinese or US students. Hindsight bias was noted for self but not other 

judgments. Hindsight students asserted the answer was clearer and less surprising, and more 

solvable than did foresight students (ps’ < .05). The impact of culture on hindsight bias deserves 

further investigation. 

4028.36 Study on inter-cultural frictions induced in Japanese-Chinese joint corporations, Aiping 

Feng 1, 2 , 1 Tsukuba University, Japan; 2 Renmin University, China 

This research attempts to calarify the developing factor of the inter-cultural communication 

friction in Japanese-Chinese joint corporations. The Hypothesis is that inter-cultural 

communication friction between Japanese managers and Chinese managers is generated due to the 

difference on work attitudes and behavioral manners among them. Questionnaires were distributed 

to 200 managers in Japanese-Chinese joint corporations in Shanghai, asking their views on 

'cross-cultural self-cognition', 'inter-cultural cognition from each other' and 'psychological conflict 

with inter-cultural communication'. The result showed that there is the cognitive difference 

between both groups. However, it was not clear whether this difference prevents smooth 

communication between them. 

4028.37 The influence of culture on planning and prediction, Deanna Messervey, Li-Jun Ji, 

Queen's University at Kingston, Canada 

Previous research has found that people tend to underestimate when they will complete upcoming 

assignments and tasks, despite knowing that similar tasks in the past have exceeded predicted 

completion times. The present program of research explores whether this tendency to make overly 

optimistic predictions can be found in other cultures. Canadian and Chinese participants were 

asked to predict when they would complete an upcoming task. It was hypothesized that Chinese 

participants would make less optimistically biased predictions than Canadians, especially when 

Chinese participants were reminded of their past experiences. Results and implications of our 

findings will be discussed. 

4028.38 The research on the children’s senses of the parental role in dimensional level stage, Fu 

Minghong 1 , Ren Xulin 2 , Li Peng 1 , 1 Yunnan Normal University, China; 2 Zhejiang University, 

China 

This research, based on R. Case’s process-structure theory, is on the senses of the parental role 

among 265 children aged 4-10 of Han and Yi from Yunnan Province. The results show that Case’s 

theory is challenged. Case’s theory about the level difference cross tasks in the same field has been 

verified. There is regional difference in the children’s senses of parental role but no obvious ethnic 

difference. At the age of 4 and 6, the girl’s development level is obviously higher than that of the 

boy’s. But after the age of 8, both gender does not differ notably. 

4028.39 The comparative research on metacognitive strategy using between Han and Tibetan 

students, De Ying Gong, China 

The research of 405 middle-school students in Tibet indicates that there is significant difference in 

857

aesthetic preferences using artificially manipulated photographic portraits. We manipulated the 

size of models, the sharpness of background images, the width of the backgrounds. The results 

indicated that East Asians are more likely than Americans to prefer (1) small models, (2) wider 

backgrounds and (3) blurred backgrounds. The relationships between patterns of attention and 

aesthetic preferences were discussed. 

4028.44 The impact of implicit theories and self-efficacy on acculturation strategies: A 

social-cognitive model, Carmen Tabernero 1 , Alicia Arenas 2 , Elena Briones 2 , David 

Palenzuela 2 , Jose M. Arana 2 , 1 University of Cordoba, Spain; 2 University of Salamanca, Spain 

From a social-cognitive perspective, this study proposes a model to identify some variables of 

student's cultural adaptation, to avoid the social exclusion and to improve the processes of the 

scholars' acculturation in the educational centres. The model shows the relationships through 

analysis of variables to impact on acculturation stress and followed strategies for the integration. 

An assembly causal model of acculturation processes is presented: self-regulatory mechanisms 

(self-efficacy and collective efficacy, personal and social implicit theories of culture adaptation, 

expectations of future and perceived social support) as mediators and moderators on the processes 

of adaptation, confrontation and perceived acculturation stress. 

4028.45 Hope, trust, stress, and depression in Japanese and Chinese junior high school students, 

Hirozumi Watanabe 1 , David Crystal 2 , 1 Ehime University, Japan; 2 Georgetown University, USA 

The purpose of the study was to clarify the differences between Japanese and Chinese junior high 

school students in respect of hope, trust, stress, and depression. Results showed that Chinese hope 

and trust scores were higher, and that stress and depression scores were lower, than those of 

Japanese. Additionally, Chinese stress and depression were related mainly to individual 

performance (i.e. academic achievement), whereas Japanese stress and depression were related to 

interpersonal relationships (i.e. with parents or peers). Findings are discussed in terms of 

differences in socio-economic background and the individualism-collectivism paradigm on a 

personal level. 

4028.46 Analysis of the relationship between acculturation and language proficiency, 

Magdalena Varela, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico 

396 international students were investigated. They were applied an acculturation scale, as well as a 

battery of tests which diverse variables associated to a successful acculturation were evaluated. 

From the acculturation scale the language proficiency variable was taken, and it was put under 

several statistical analyses. In the covariance analysis it was observed that this variable is affected 

in a very significant way by time of residence and nationality variables. Information that is 

reported in this study is very important because it had not been considered in other studies, thus, is 

pioneering in the psycho-social research. 

4028.47 The Chinese family relationship, Chunli Yi, Peking University, China 

Chinese people as a hereditarily and culturally unique group, their psychological pattern has been 

rooted in distant past. What made Chinese different from other ethnic and cultural group? 1) The 

geography of China made Chinese people choose certain familial organization. 2) The traditional 

familial organization shape the family relationship transmitted from generation to generation: the 

859

mother was fused with her son, the son kept distance with his wife, and mother conflicted with her 

son’s wife. 3) The triangle relationships promoted Chinese people to have the stable and unique 

psychological functioning. 4) The psychology of Chinese determined Confucianism and 

Buddhism. 

4028.48 What Asian show their children about parenting: Comparison of changes in gender 

related roles in child rearing depicted in 1960 and 2000 Chinese, Japanese, Taiwanese and Korean 

elementary school textbooks, Rieko Tomo 1 , Xiangshan Gao 2 , Takayuki Dewa 3 , Chae-Huei 

Tung 4 , 1 Doshisya Women's College, Japan; 2 Tokyo Metropolitan University, Japan; 3 Ryukoku 

University, Japan; 4 Ming Chuan University, Taiwan, China 

The contents of school texts are important factors in the socialization of children, and the 

behaviors displayed by their characters are thought to reflect the behaviors that each culture 

regards as suitable. The purpose of this study is to consider the relationship between social 

changes in East Asia and gender related roles in child rearing depicted in East Asian stories in 

elementary school texts (Japanese, Chinese, Taiwanese and Korean). The results indicate that 

changes and differences of gender related roles in child rearing are corresponded to the percentage 

of women entering universities or the workplaces between 1960 and 2000. 

4028.49 The cultural difference of parents’ and teachers’ disciplinary attitudes, Hirofumi Koishi 1 , 

Kotaro Monden 2 , Takamichi Ito 1 , Boyun Seo 1 , Song Wang 1 , 1 Kobe University, Japan, 

2 

Ritsumeik an University, Japan 

The purpose of this study was to investigate the cultural difference of mothers’, fathers’ and 

teachers’ disciplinary attitudes between Korea and China. By ANOVA Main effect of countries (F 

=55.90, p

study examined whether family environment and parental characteristics influence the 

development of TKS. Two-hundred and three undergraduate students completed a set of 

questionnaires measuring TKS, family sociability, parental fear of negative evaluation, and 

parental rearing attitudes. Results indicated that less family sociability, higher parental fear of 

negative evaluation, and lower parental care evoke higher TKS. 

4028.52 Daily experiences of rural and urban gujarati (Indian) infants, Monika Abels 1 , Prerna 

Mohite 2 , Jigisha Shastri 2 , Hina Mankodi 2 , Shruti Bhargava 2 , 1 University of Osnabrueck, 

Germany; 2 Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, India 

This poster is about three moth old infants’ everyday experiences in their natural surroundings. 

Participants were families from the city of Baroda and from villages in the state of Gujarat, India. 

The target infant was observed at different times of the day for one week in his or her home 

environment. A time sampling method was applied which is a variation of the spot-observation 

procedure. The total observed time added up to an average of 62 minutes. In this presentation the 

similarities and differences between the experiences of rural and urban infants are displayed and 

discussed. 

4028.53 Japanese and American beliefs about the origins of positive and negative traits, Kristi 

Lockhart 1 , Nobuko Nakashima 2 , Kayoko Inagaki 3 , 1 Yale University, USA; 2 Niigata University, 

Japan; 3 Chiba University, Japan 

Beliefs about the origins of positive and negative traits were compared across three age groups 

(5-6 years, 8-10 years, and college students) and three types of traits (physical, psychological and 

hybrid) in Japan and the United States. Participants were asked about: 1) why the protagonist 

exhibited the trait at ages 5 and 10, and 2) the best way to change or maintain the trait. In both 

cultures, children were more likely than adults to attribute traits to effort. Americans overall 

stressed inborn factors more than Japanese. Responses to the intervention question mirrored 

participants’ beliefs about the origins of traits. 

4028.54 Individual differences in “amae network (Japanese interdependence)”, Mio Kobayashi, 

Kazuo Kato, Kyushu University 

This study examined if 4 types of amae-engagers (of which Kato & Kobayashi (2000) theorized 

and empirically have demonstrated unique patterns in cognitive, emotional, and motivational 

processes of amae behaviors/interactions) may have unique patterns in “amae network," which we 

defined as “the nature and number of relationships where one feels comfortable engaging in amae 

interactions." 305 Japanese college students were asked to plot 6 amae objects (father, mother, 

romantic partner, close friends, acquaintances) on the two dimensions (need for amae and 

comfortableness with engaging in amae). Results suggested that each type of amae-engagers have 

a unique pattern of “amae-network". 

4028.55 The study of the hierarchical structure of the social norms of the Chinese, Xiaoming 

Zheng 1 , Wenquan Ling 2 , Liluo Fang 3 , 1 Tsinghua University, Beijing, China, 2 Jinan University, 

China; 3 The Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China 

The relationship between the management and the culture was first explored from the view of 

social norm’s theory. The hierarchical structure of the social norm of the Chinese was studied 

861

the Chinese-American people will surely promote the international intercourse of the Chinese 

culture. 

4028.60 The impact of cultural deviation on educational progress of Tehran high school girls, 

Nader Jebelli, Iran 

The theme is derived from one hundred questionnaires and interviews of high school girl students. 

Deviation is presumed as disacceptance of dominant educational subcultures. Forty percent of 

deviators were unsuccessful in their education while nine percent were excellent in their school. 

Fifteen percent were only successful in some general courses with no need to challenge. Nineteen 

percent were indifference about educational progress. Nine percent refrained from participating in 

the research. Eight percent were dismissed of the school and had somatic and psychosomatic 

problems. The result is oriented deviation is educational progress factor and imitation 

disacceptance is problematic. 

4028.61 How Chinese mothers’ roles in child rearing changed: Comparison of the narratives 

between 1960 and 2000 Chinese elementary school textbooks, Xiangshan Gao 1 , Rieko Tomo 2 , 

Hiroko Kanbayashi 3 , 1 Tokyo metropolitan University, Japan 2 Heian Women's University, Japan 

According as our researches, there have some results show that changes of mothers’ roles in child 

rearing appear between 1960 and 2000 Chinese, Japanese, Taiwanese and Korean Elementary 

School Textbooks. The purpose of this study is to make clear that how those have changed through 

comparison of the narratives between 1960 and 2000 Chinese Elementary School Textbooks. The 

results indicate that narratives of mothers who talk to their children have weighed with instruction 

of knowledge. 

4028.62 Self-construal priming and emotional distress: Testing for cultural biases in the concept 

of distress, Vinai Norasakkunkit, Asian Association of Social Psychology, USA 

In examining why Asians have been shown to consistently score higher on measures of distress 

relative to European-Americans, the current study utilized cultural priming to experimentally 

show that when Japanese and Americans were primed to access a relatively more Western (i.e., 

“independent”) mode of thought, they tended to score lower on social-anxiety relative to those not 

primed to activate such a mode of thought. Yet, such an activation did not influence levels of 

general well-being for Japanese or Americans, thereby suggesting a cultural bias in the concept of 

social-anxiety and ideals for well-being that are tacitly embedded in anxiety measures. 

4028.63 Age of message recipient moderates collectivism reflection in advertisements, Kenji 

Hanita, Tetsuya Nihei, Hitotsubashi University, Japan 

We examined the extent to which a core dimension of cultural values; individualism in Western 

countries and collectivism in Eastern countries, is reflected in Canadian and Japanese television 

advertisements. Previous research has overlooked age of message recipients as a moderating factor. 

In view of the recent westernization of young Japanese people, the present research hypothesized 

that cultural differences are moderated by the age of message recipients. Overall, the content 

analysis showed that Japanese ads tended to employ more collectivistic appeal. As predicted, 

however, Japanese ads aimed at young adults had less collectivistic appeal than ads for the 

middle-aged. 

863

4028.64 Are intergroup relations competitive in Japan?: A test of interindividual-intergroup 

discontinuity effect in a “collectivist” society, Kosuke Takemura, Masaki Yuki, Hokkaido 


We tested whether the interindividual-intergroup discontinuity effect (i.e. the tendency for 

intergroup relations to be more competitive than interindividual relations: McCallum et al., 1995), 

which has been observed in the United States, would be more pronounced in Japan, a collectivist 

society. The results of intergroup/interindividual prisoner’s dilemma experiment showed a 

significant discontinuity effect; however, the magnitude of effect was smaller than those often 

obtained in the US. Interestingly, this unexpected finding did not seem to be due to low intergroup 

competitiveness, but rather was due to high interindividual competitiveness. Implications for 

studies of culture and group processes are discussed. 

4028.65 Self and emotion in people with dementia: Some theoretical considerations from an 

Asian view, Yamazaki Ikuo, Shimizu Hajime, Hiroshima University, Japan 

Self is said to be deconstructed in people with dementia. But as early as late 19th century, Ribot 

pointed out the preservation of emotion in people with dementia. Emotion is the core structure of 

self, and the self of people with dementia is preserved even if cognitive decline is severe. In a 

society where collectiveness, intersubjectiveness and permeability is prominent features of self, 

the self of people with dementia might be more fused with the self of other people, and emotion 

might be more shared between people, which can lead to co-preservation of the self in people with 

dementia. 

4028.66 A large comparative study on generation, gender, and geography in Japan, Christine W. 

Hartmann, Bryn Mawr College, USA 

The goal of this study was to investigate sense of self among three generations of family members 

in Japan. The sample consisted of 682 ninth graders, 528 parents, and 172 grandparents living in 

various rural and urban environments. Interdependence and independence were assessed in 

situations with friends or supervisors. Results showed generational differences among youth, 

parents, and grandparents. Factors with moderate/strong effects included gender, location, 

education, social participation, moving, and visits abroad. Youth and males had higher 

independence scores. Scores were also impacted by situation. Results reinforce conceptions of 

dynamic changes taking place in Japanese society, particularly with youth. 

4028.67 Self enhancing evaluation among Japanese, Yoshiyasu Toguchi, Osamu Takagi, Kansai 


Cultural perspectives in explaining psychological phenomena have enriched us in our 

understanding of the self, such as that East Asians (i.e., Japanese) are less prone to 

self-enhancement than the Westerners. Yet, several inconsistent findings demanded a within 

cultural analysis to seek out self-enhancement among Japanese. Study 1 revealed that independent 

subjects showed self-enhancing evaluation on individually oriented behaviors. Study 2 examined 

the validity of such results, and found that subjects who self-enhanced thought that those 

individually oriented behaviors were actually important to them, implying that they self-enhanced 

on the personally important domain. Possible explanations for the findings will be discussed. 

864

4028.68 Cross-cultural differences in intergroup versus intragroup orientations, Masaki Yuki 1 , 

William W. Maddux 2 , 1 Hokkaido University, Japan; 2 The Ohio State University, USA 

Yuki’s (2003) recent framework posits that people from Western cultures such as the U.S. have a 

stronger tendency to emphasize categorical distinctions between ingroups and outgroups, whereas 

East Asians, such as Japanese, have a stronger tendency to emphasize the structure of 

interrelationships within groups. Two cross-cultural studies showed that, as predicted, American 

university students were more strongly interested in getting to know relative status of their 

ingroups in comparison to outgroups, than in the structure of interrelatedness among ingroup 

members. Japanese participants showed the opposite tendency. 

4028.69 From a self-esteem perspective to study face, Yinan Wang, Zhongfang Yang, Sun 

Yat-Sen University, China 

In the paper, the authors introduced a model with the threatened egotism as the key point to try to 

explain the behaviors and emotion about face (Mianzi). According to the model, the authors 

agreed with some researchers (Heine, Kitayama& Markus, 1999) who argued that easterners 

desire for face is comparable to the westerners desire for positive self-regard but disagreed with 

their opinion that easterners and westerners were self-critical and self-enhanced respectively but 

the different contents of threatened egotism influenced with culture. 

4028.70 The development and its scientfic view of indiginization of Chinese psychology, Zhao 

Zhongyu, China 

The indiginization of Psychology comes into being due to the defect of research pattern of 

positivist Psychology and the impact of cultural anthoropology. Chinese Psychology has made a 

kind of progress, but generally speaking, it still seems disorderly and lacks regularity, the focus is 

about the issue of the scientfic view of Psychology. The course of indiginization is also the course 

of scientficization at the same time, and the scientficization should be achieved through 

indiginization. 

4028.71 The analysis of the deep psychological structure of national culture for adolescents, 

Zhao Junhua, Zhang Dajun, Southwest Normal University, Chongqing, China 

The deep psychological structure of national culture has great influence upon adolescents’ 

achievement and personality development. It is the components of its structure and 

interrelationship that give the key to understand the related problems. Depending on the opening 

questionnaire survey, 4500 university and middle school students from 5 areas in China 

participated in the test and retest. The data analysed in exploratory and confirmatory factor 

analysis indicated that the deep psychological structure of national culture for adolescents is a 

holographic and multi-dimensional structure varying from the value orientation, the emotion and 

will manner to the thinking and action manner. 

4028.73 Characteristics of sense of cultural alienation for minority students living in han 

nationality district, Dong Yang 1 , Xi Liu 2 , 1 Southwest-China Normal University, Chongqing, 

China; 2 Institute of psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China 

This study tests 678 minority students who living in the Han nationality district through the formal 

865

questionnaire “sense of cultural alienation”. Results showed that: (1) The main effects of the 

district are significant in the cultural alienation with its four dimensions. The main effects of the 

gender are significant in the sense of apart from culture and the sense of disharmonious. (2) The 

age by district interaction is significant, and the age by district and gender interaction is significant 

in cultural alienation. (3) The factor influencing the sense of cultural alienation is the variable of 

district. 

4028.74 Happiness and education in the Indian context, Ashok Kumar Srivastava 1 , Girishwar 

Misra 2 , 1 National Council of Educational Research and Training, India; 2 University of Delhi, 

India 

This paper examines the notion of happiness by analyzing Indian scholarly discourses. The Indian 

view goes beyond the economic model of man and is wider and all pervasive. All knowledge in 

ancient scholarly texts guides humans to attain the state of happiness. Happiness is viewed as a 

state of 'being', which can be attained by relating to others, introspection and meditation, being in 

company of good people, sacrificing material possessions, living within one's means, sincere work, 

striving for equality, being truthful, showing fearlessness and contentment, and surrendering 

before the highest divine. The implications for students and teachers have been discussed. 

4028.75 The qualitative research on the help-seeking behavior of neurotic persons in Chinese 

mainland, Qiang Li, Fuping Chen, Sheng Wu, Qiudang Wang, Nankai University, China 

39 neurotic persons were undergone the depth interviews, and the gained information was 

analyzed with template analysis. The characteristics in help-seeking behavior of Chinese are as 

follows: Patients prefer self-regulation to getting help from others; if they turn to others, they 

prefer inner group to outer group; when they turn to outer group, they prefer the other ways to 

professional psychological agency. Patients chiefly complain somatic symptoms, and hold the 

suspicious attitudes to the psychotherapy, which do nothing to their identification to the authority. 

All the characteristics relate to Chinese family notion, mian-zi notion and mind-body notion. 

4028.76 Psychosocial correlates of inhalant abuse among indignenous australian youth, Julia 

Butt 1 , Jude Salandha 2 , Frank McKilroy 2 , Paul Drahm 2 , 1 University of Queensland, Australia; 

2 

Indigenous Youth Health Service, Queensland, Australia 

There has been an increase in the prevalence of inhalant abuse among Indigenous youth in 

Brisbane, Australia. The current study investigated the characteristics and psychosocial correlates 

of inhalant abuse in a sample of Indigenous youth. The results showed that young people who 

used inhlants were more likely to: have low levels of connection to culture; experience family 

problems; have clinical levels of depression, and a history of suicidal intention. The results 

suggest that inhalant abuse identifies young people at risk of harm, and that cultural connection 

and belonging are protective factors against negative developmental outcomes. 

4028.77 College guidance and the code of values, Hector Hugo Sanchez, William J. Torres, 

Universidad Ricardo Palma, Peru 

Considering the Counseling and Guidance Program of the Universidad Ricardo Palma of Lima, 

Peru, an attempt was made in order to know how the old code of values could be used approaching 

education based on values. The participants were college students at the freshmen level. A 

866

questionnaire was apply related to the values contained in the ancient code of "Ama sua", "Ama 

quella", and "Ama Llulla" (Honest, Worker, and True). The findings were apply at the design of 

the guidance program pointing out how the knowledge could help nowadays on ours educational 

efforts. 

4028.78 Dissatisfaction with amae network (Japanese interdependence) predicts interpersonal 

over-preoccupation (toraware) in neurotics, Kazuo Kato, Kyushu University, Japan 

Amae is one of the key concepts for understanding Japanese psychology. Doi (1958) proposed that 

neurosis is due to the psychology that "although neurotics wish to engage in amae, s/he cannot do 

so." This hypothesis, however, has never been subjected to empirical investigation. This study 

attempted to examine it, by operationalizing such psychology as dissatisfaction with amae network. 

College students were asked to respond to a questionnaire, including Amae Experiencing Process 

Inventory (Kato & Kobayashi, 2000), Amae-network Scale, MPI, etc. Findings suggested that 

neurotics, compared with normals, showed more interpersonally over-preoccupied responses, 

which can be taken to support Doi's hypothesis. 

4028.79 I hope that needle works in the U.S. too: Acupuncture, hope, and perceived outcomes, 

Dominicus So, Howard University, USA 

Acupuncture needles have literally punctured through international boundaries to become a 

complementary/alternative medicine outside China and Asia - in U.S. mainstream medical settings 

for non-Chinese and Asians. Research participants were more than 60 new acupuncture patients of 

Euro-American descent. Pre- and post-treatment measurements included the Goal Attainment 

Scale, Dualism Scale, and Herth Hope Index. Patients perceived significant improvements after 

receiving acupuncture treatment. No relationship was found between the nature of patients’ goals 

for acupuncture treatment and the degree of the patients’ mind/body dualistic belief. The patients' 

level of expectation for acupuncture treatment was not related to patients' hope in life. 

4028.80 Voices from the margins: Indigenous psychological knowledge at a university campus in 

a black South African township, Terri M. Bakker, University of Pretoria, Mamelodi Campus, 

South Africa 

This paper reports on work towards an indigenous psychology at a university campus situated in a 

black South African township. The local cultural context and African indigenous knowledge tend 

to be silenced in the academic world dominated by western conceptions of psychology. The 

researcher aimed at voicing the local expertise developed by members of a psychology department 

in the township. The study departed from a post-modern, social-constructionist paradigm. The 

research method was inspired by action research as participative inquiry and practice. Outcomes 

of the study were documented in the form of a collective statement based on the concept of 

testimonio. 

4028 POSTER 

Polotical Psychology 

4028.81 Optimism and revolt of the oppressed: A comparison of two south African apartheid 

867

townships, Marabadaisy, Union University, South Africa 

One apartheid SA township that revolted, the Sharpeville black township, is compared to one that 

did not, the Bridgetown Coloureds township, in order to examine the causes of violent resistance. 

This structure focused comparative method (Tiedens, 1997) illuminated problems with previous 

explanation for revolt and nonrevolt in similar ghettos. Specifically, it appears that these two 

townships differed in their perception about their future. The residents of Sharpeville believed they 

had no hope of survival and minority whites will never respect them while Bridgetown Coloureds 

remained optimistic and embraced whites. These differing perceptions seem to have led to the 

different outcomes. 

4028.82 Educational advisor in the Ministry of Education, Thaveevat Boonchit, National 

Research Council of Thailand, Thailand 

Home and school democratic experiences, together with some psychological characteristics were 

studied to find their contributions to the development of democratic behaviors of 2,403 high 

school students in Thailand. [Three-way Analysis of Variance and Multiple Regression Analysis 

were performed on the data.] Social perspective taking, love oriented child-rearing practice and 

moral reasoning ability were the 3 most important predicators of democratic behavior, together 

with 7 other variables could account for 46.3 % of the variance. Males and students in Bangkok 

were at-risk groups and recommendations for interventions were offered. 

4028.83 Predictors of electoral abstention in Croatia, Vesna Lamza Posavec, Institute of Social 

Sciences "Ivo Pilar", Croatia 

Aim of this research was to determine demographic, psychological and social predictors of 

abstention during parliamentary elections in Croatia. Data were gathered in pre-election survey in 

2003 on Croatian representative sample (N=1225). In comparison to those who vote, abstinents 

are mostly older, less educated, less interested in politics, and less satisfied with political and 

social situation in the country. According to selected predictors, abstinents are not homogenous 

category. Within them, two different groups can be identified: one that generally avoids elections, 

and other that is motivated by current electoral offer and evaluation of political and social situation 

in the country. 

4028.84 Quantitative analysis between neogotiatiors’ backgrounds, Yun Xia 1 , Yuan Shen 2 , 

Yong-Chang Liu 1 , Xiao-Hong Tan 2 , Jia-Li Feng 3 , 1 Experimental Base of United Creation, 

Shanghai Maritime University, China; 2 Shanghai Maritime University, China 

The benefits from both negotiators are definitely influenced by similar and different backgrounds, 

for example, location of geography, economics, politics, culture, etc. We analyze four states of 

negotiators’ backgrounds: 1 if some attributions to their background are similar, there will be same 

for their benefits; 2 if the conditions like 1, their benefits will be conflicting; 3 if some attributions 

are different, their benefits will be not only same, but complementary; 4 if the conditions like 3, 

their benefits will be conflicting. The weight of every attribution can be adjusted by the software 

and quantitative analysis approaches the reality. 

4028 POSTER 

868

Sport Science Research Senter, Iran 

Three independent blocked groups, blocked without RI, blocked with 18 trials of RI, and blocked 

with 36 trials of RI, were created that varied in order of presentation of tasks. By testing a single 

task in retention and creating three independent blocked groups, varying amounts of retroactive 

inhibition were produced. This isolated the effects of retroactive inhibition on blocked compared 

to control and random subjects' retention. Findings: random group in acquisitions have perform so 

weak and it was so different and positive in retention and transfer. 

4028.90 Relations between sport intentions, goals, and plans of elite swimmers, Adriana 

Zagorska 1 , Aleksandra Luszczynska 1,2 , 1 Warsaw University, Poland, 2 Freie University Berlin, 

Germany 

In elite athletes, setting goals leads to stronger commitment in planning and systematic attainment 

of goals. The aim of the study was to analyze the relationships between intentions, planning, and 

goals in elite athletes. The sample consisted of 54 elite swimmers (20 women and 34 men) aged 

14 to 26. First wave took place one day before the competition. Second wave data were collected 

one day after the race. High planning was related to strong intentions. Setting high short and long 

term goals was related to strong intentions after competitions. 

4028.91 An investigation of the relationship between self-esteem and sport achivement among 

footballers and wrestlers, Anahita Tashk, Mohammad Ali Besharat, Tehran University, Iran 

To examine the relationship between self-esteem and sport achievement among athletes, 157 

participants as members of Tehran first group clubs (81 footballers, 76 wrestlers) were included 

randomly in this study. all 157 subjects were asked to complete the Coopersmith Self-Esteem 

measurement. To measure sport achievement, athletes' coaches were asked to rate the Sport 

Achievement Scale. The results revealed that there is a positive relation between self-esteem and 

sport achievement, for both footballers and wrestlers. Footballers showed higher self-esteem and 

sport achievement than wrestlers did. 

4028.92 Sensation seeking, sociotropy, and autonomy in a sample of male athlete and nonathlete 

students: A comparative study, Heidari Faranak, Mohammad Ali Besharat, The University of 

Tehran, Iran 

To compare personality characteristics of sensation seeking, sociotropy, and autonomy in a sample 

of male athletes and nonathletes, 70 university students (35 athletes, 35 nonathletes) were included 

in this study. All 70 participants were asked to complete the Sensation Seeking Scale (SSS) and 

the Sociotropy-Autonomy Scale (SAS). Athlete students reported higher levels of sensation 

seeking than nonathlete students. No significant difference was found between the two groups in 

terms of sociotropic and autonomous personality constructs. Both groups scored autonomy scale 

higher than sociotropy scale. Results and implications are discussed. 

4028.93 The compare on competitive consciousness and EQ level between physical education 

major and non-physical education major college students, Bin Wang, Xian Physical Education 


Through questionnaire investigation, this paper analyzed differences and correlations in 

competitive consciousness and EQ level of college students of both physical education major and 

870

non-physical education major. The main conclusions are: (1) Two groups have distinctive 

difference in competitive consciousness(P

measure implicit confidence. Fifty varsity athletes from 10 sports (females=11, males=39 and 

average training year=8.61) participated in the experiment. The result indicated that correlations 

between implicit confidence and Vealey’s (1986) Trait Sport-confidence Inventory (r=-.278, p

the experimental group of diving athletes improved significantly, and the method took effect in the 

middle and final phrase of the experiment. As for the mental fatigue, the results of choice reaction 

time, flicker fusion time, and self evaluation on mental fatigue is the best. As for the improvement 

of the imagination training, the results of clearness of imagination are the best. 

4028.107 Psychological distance between athletes in a sports team and its effect on team’s 

competitiveness, Georgiy Lozhkin, National University of PE and Sport of Ukraine, Ukraine 

Psychological distance is an attribute of an emotionally-charged psychological image of a 

teammate, created based on real-life athletic, economic and other differences. Psychological 

distance in a relationship may be viewed from quality aspect, determined by reliability, unity, trust 

factors; and formal aspect, determined by responsibility, dependence and control factors. 

Categorization of teammate relations depends on the type of sport and individual qualities of 

teammates and their athletic level. Reliability and unity factors are the most interconnected. The 

higher the level of personal anxiety, the lower the variant of mutual responsibility. Understanding 

these factors allows estimating team’s effectiveness in competition. 

4028.108 The mood state of athletes and it’s influencing factors during preparatory race, Mingqiu 

Fu, Zhitao Yu, Xihua Zhou, South West Normal University, China 

With the Abbreviated Profile of Mood State (POMS) revised in China, this study examined the 

mood state of the athletes in Shenzhen and it’s influencing factors during preparatory race. The 

result indicated that: 1) A comparably high proportion of athletes was in bad mood before 

competition; 2) There was significant difference between different ranks;3) There was significant 

difference in mood state among the athletes of different genders;4) There was significant 

difference in depression between the athletes who were from countryside or city;5) The main 

effect of different ages, items was not significant, but in fatigue, depression and self-esteem, the 

2-way interaction. 

4028.109 Influence of life events on an athlete’s performance, Lin Li 1, 2 , Chengmou Liang 2 , 

1 2 

Northeast Normal University, China; Beijing Sport University, China 

An investigation on the relationship of life events with athlete’s athletic state was performed in 

248 athletes in Jilin province. The results indicate that mental pressure of life events has negative 

relationship with athletic state. Further analysis showed that athletic state is highly associated with 

mental pressure of negative life events. Professional qualification and major are the main negative 

influential factors of life events. Difficulties in training and competition, social relationship with 

other people and health conditions are the most common stimulating sources of mental pressure of 

an athlete in daily life, training and competition. 

4028.110 The relationships between trait anxiety, state anxiety and goal performance of university 

soccer players, Masami Horikawa, Akihiro Yagi, Kwansei Gakuin University, Japan 

Spielberger(1966) discriminated between trait anxiety and state anxiety. Trait anxiety reflects 

personalities and state anxiety varies with conditions. Furthermore anxiety is the important factor 

in athletic performance. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships between trait 

anxiety, state anxiety and goal performance. The higher and lower anxiety groups were selected 

from university soccer players by measuring the Japanese version of Spielberger's State-Trait 

874

Anxiety Inventory (STAI, trait only). Two groups were given penalty kicks under the pressure 

condition. They were measured the goal performance and the fluctuations of anxiety by the STAI 

(state only). Result showed anxiety affected the performance. 

4028.111 Research on the optimum state of the athlete, Yijun Qiu, Xianmin Liu, Wuhan Institute 

of Physical Education, China 

The coaches and athletes pursue the optimum psychological state to achieve best performance. 

However there are not acceptable theories and methods to develop and measure such states. The 

optimum psychological state is a perfect state of mood, cognition, motor skills and personal 

relations. The characteristics of personal and sport events had been found. It is a key for the 

psychologists to define, measure, and train the optimum psychological states of athletes. The 

acquisition, representation, and spatial and time integration, and measurement of optimum states 

had been discussed. 

4028.112 Sports performance emotions, coping, and psychological skills of elite varsity athletes, 

Sanjana KIran, Elizabeth Nair, National University of Singapore, Singapore 

This exploratory qualitative investigation addresses the quality of experiences, coping, and 

cognitive strategies used by elite varsity athletes. 12 athletes, comprising of six athletes 

representing team sports (volleyball, basketball, and hockey) and six athletes representing 

individual sport (swimming, badminton, bowling, table tennis, and running), recounted their 

experiences of a recent competitive event through semi-structured interviews. Content analysis 

methodology was used to surface general and emergent themes from the interview data. Emergent 

themes included emotions, team cohesion, confidence, home advantage, unexpected outcomes, 

coping mechanisms, and use of psychological skills. Future directions for intervention are 

discussed. 

4028.113 The study on the situation and developing tactics of psychological education in western 

schools, Zhangkui Yuan, Hongli Wang, Guizhou psychological society, China 

The Study on the situation and ways of psychological education in schools analyses the situation 

of psychological education in schools in the west of China. It not only analyses and thinks back to 

problems and errors in psychological education, and also inquires into the 21st century developing 

tactics of psychological education in schools in the west of China in advance of psychological 

education on field. 

4028.114 The association of body-evaluation variables and social physique anxiety, Xia Xu 1 , Liu 

Ji 2 , Jiaxin Yao 1 , Wentao Su 3 , Li Jin 1 , 1 Wuhan Institute of Physical Education, China, 2 East China 

Normal University, China, 3 Hubei Polytechnic University, China 

The purpose of this research was to investigate the association of social physique anxiety (SPA) 

and self- and body-evaluation and exercise variables. The results of questionnaires survey (n=382) 

showed BMI might be a useful tool to predict the level of SPA. However, intention to lessen 

weight was not associated with the level of physical activity. It also revealed self-presentational 

reasons for exercise (weight control and attractive shape) were positively associated with SPA in 

both simple correlations and hierarchical analyses controlling for BMI. These results suggested 

SPAS be a scientifically measurable tool for evaluating physique-related, social anxiety in Chinese 

875

with social situation. 

4028.119 Eight trigram boxing’s effect on personal characteristics and psychological health of old 

and middle-aged persons, Yu Zhang, Beijing University of Physical Education, China 

Using SCL90 and EPQ, the investigations were made on 101 old and middle-aged persons who 

had practiced eight trigram boxing for 2 months. The results show that after 2 months’ exercises, 

their scores on SCL90’s hostility item were obviously lower. Before and after the exercises, there 

is no significant difference on EPQ results. The above results show that short-term eight trigram 

boxing exercises may decrease the “hostility” dimension of psychological health, while do not 

have significant effect on personality. 

4028.120 The relationship between life satisfaction index and physical exercise of the elderly In 

Xi’an, Gaoxia Wei, Beijing Sports University, China 

Introduction: this paper was to analyze the relationship between physical exercise and life 

satisfaction of the elderly. Methods: by using LISA, a sample of 1018 people with mean age above 

60 took part in the investigation. Results: it showed 13.49+2.75 (x+s) of LSIA scores. Four main 

factors influencing LISA were: satisfied with the present financial situation, good self-image in 

health, family harmony and physical exercise. There were significant differences between sports 

group and non-sports group in LSIA (p

Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa 

The benefits of regular exercise and good nutrition are popular topics of conversation today. The 

importance of exercise and nutrition in the prevention of illness and enhancement of health has 

brought to the fore the need for a review of the scientific literature on the benefits associated with 

types of physical activity. Using multimodal perspective, suggestions for educators, health care 

workers to use in counselling people toward increasing vegetable and fruit intake and 

incorporating proper nutrition and regular exercise are presented. 

4028.124 The relationship between the elderly’s physical exercise and life satisfaction, 

Chengmou Liang 1 , Gaoxia Wei 1 , Youfa Li 2 , 1 Beijing Sport University, China; 2 Ningbo 


Introduction: This paper was to analyze the relationship between physical exercise and life 

satisfaction of the elderly. Methods: by using LISA, a sample of 1018 people with mean age above 

60 took part in the investigation. Results: it showed 13.49+2.75 (x+s) of LSIA scores. Four main 

factors influencing LISA were: satisfied with the present financial situation, good self-image of 

health, family harmony and physical exercise. There were significant differences between sports 

group and non-sports group in LSIA (p

and voluntary physical actions. However, after extensive investigations, we discovered that the 

arisen chance of violence affairs that appears among many students from the P.E. institutions of 

universities, especially the students who was trained after a long-term, systemic and hardy course, 

is more higher than that among others from the different institutions of universities. So this paper 

study emphases on exploring the best feasible Psychology Efficiency Quotient and finding out the 

optimal limen of sports to act on the shaping of the active Self-Conception. 

4028.128 Peculiarities of emotional burnout of skilled coaches, Nataliya Volyanyuk, 

Post-graduate student National University of Physical education and sport Ukraine, Ukraine 

The objective of research lied in revealing and evaluation of “emotional burnout” syndrome 

among skilled coaches. Analysis of research results reveals that emotional changes that could be 

evaluated as burnout symptoms were not discovered among 15 persons, i.e. 17 % of coaches. 

Symptoms being in the process of formation or already formed symptoms of “emotional burnout” 

were discovered among 83 % of coaches. The study of development of “emotional burnout” 

symptoms among skilled coaches allowed to opportunely interfere into genesis of this 

phenomenon’s development, as well as to outline the ways and develop the model of syndrome 

prevention. 

4028.129 Study of professional deformations of coaches, Nataliya Volyanyuk 1 , Ihor Kotsan 2 , 

1 2 

National University of Physical education and sport Ukraine, Ukraine; Volyn State University, 

Ukraine 

Any professional activity, when it is being performed throughout many years, deforms the 

personality of a specialist. Therefore, study of professional deformation of coaches is an urgent 

issue in psychology of sport. The complex of psychodiagnostic techniques was used to study the 

professional deformations among coaches. Analysis of diagnostics results revealed that the extent 

of deformation’s intensity is determined by the following factors: work experience, content of 

professional activity, individual and psychological peculiarities of a coach’s personality. Basic 

professional deformations of coaches were established, namely: authority, dominance, supervision, 

burnout, professional aggression, and role expansionism. 

4028.130 Athletic identity and sport orientation of collegiate athletes with disabilities, Xiao 

Zhang, Chunying Zhao, Yanlin Sun, Qun Dai, China 

The aim of this study is to examine the relation between athletic identity and sport orientation of 

collegiate athletes with disabilities. 62 athletes (M=20.07 yrs, 31 collegiate athletes with 

disabilities and 31 collegiate athletes) completed the Athletic Identity Measurement (AIM) and 

Sport Orientation Questionnaire (SOQ). The results showed that there is a significant difference in 

the scores of social identity, exclusivity and competitiveness between male and female athletes 

with disabilities. Collegiate athletes with disabilities had a significant difference in the scores of 

social identity and exclusivity than collegiate athletes, but no difference in sport orientation. 

4028.131 The sports and it’s psychological benefits for the Chinese disabled, Yan Li, China 

With the method of literature and data collection, the paper analyzes the sports and it’s 

psychological benefits for the Chinese disabled. The sports activity is good for the disabled in six 

aspects including that enhance confidence, improve the adaptation ability, prevent or decrease 

879

depression, be more open-minded for the social life and public relation, enjoy the life, be more 

positive to indulge in some other education & training activity. Unfortunately, there are still many 

problems and difficulties for the Chinese disabled to take part in sports activity in real life. 

4028 POSTER 


4028.132 Study on the relation between safety psychology and environment in coal mine, Ma 

Shangquan 1 , Wang Libing 2 , 1 Safety and Environment Engineering North China Institute of 

Science & Technology, China; 2 Datong Mining Co. LTD, Datong, China 

The status of safety produce is very serious in China. Coal mine is special workspace, high 

temperature, high humidity, obscuration, noise pollution. large numbers of cases research has 

showed 86 percent accident in mine is correlative with human behavioral, and the safety 

behavioral has relation with environment. In base of above theory, safety degree can be changed 

by change of scene. In order to reduce accident, we must adopt diver form. 

4028.133 The environment influences heredity--The experiment research of the acquired heredity, 

Shaoping Li 1 , Lun Ouyang 2 , Xia Li 1 , Zhengzhang Yang 1 , 1 The 2nd affiliated hospital of 

Lanzhou College, China; 2 Shanxi Teachers University, China 

Purpose: study the environment influences heredity. Method: we divided the United States pigeons 

(comestible pigeon) into the experiment set and the control set 1;the carrier pigeons are the control 

set 2. The experiment set and the control set 2 were trained by different methods from the control 

set 1.We had observed 12 generations for 10 years. Results: the experiment set is different from 

the control set 1; it is not different from the control set 2.Conclusion: The comestible pigeons can 

change the character of their living creatures through the training. The acquired heredity exists in 

the life. 

4028.134 Need for privacy, environmental adaptation and social interaction pattern of the 

inhabitants of Kolkata City, Swaha Bhattacharya, Calcutta University, India 

Kolkata, the nerve centre of the socio-politico-cultural-religious vibrations of West Bengal, is 

already on its way to a deconcentration of population. The present investigation has been designed 

to study the need for privacy, environmental adaptation, social interaction pattern of the 

inhabitants of Kolkata. A General Information Schedule, Perceived Need for Privacy 

Questionnaire, Perceived Environmental Adaptation Power Questionnaire and Social Interaction 

Scale were applied to a group of 300 inhabitants of South, Central and North Zone of Kolkata. The 

findings reveal that the inhabitants are able to adapt the existing environmental condition, need 

privacy but maintaining good relationship with neighbours. 

4028.135 The relationships between implicit environmental protection attitude, involvement and 

environmental protection behavior, Xianfeng Ding 1 , Yi Wang 2 , 1 Central China Normal University, 

Wuhan, China; 2 Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China 

This study explored the relationships between implicit EP (environmental protection) attitude, 

implicit EP involvement and EP behavior using IAT (Implicit Association Test) and explicit 

880

self-report scale. The results showed that: (1) The IAT effect of EP attitude and involvement are 

both significant, individuals show positive implicit attitudes towards environment protection and 

more implicit involvement in environment protection. (2) implicit EP attitude, implicit EP 

involvement and explicit EP attitude can not predict EP behavior. However, explicit EP 

involvement can predict EP behavior very well. 

4028.136 The effects of noise on word fluency and word comprehension in different age groups, 

Ingela Enmarker, Eva Boman, Staffan Hygge, University of Gävle, Sweden 

The main objectives in the present study was to examine meaningful irrelevant speech and road 

traffic noise effects on reading comprehension in different age groups, and whether age differences 

in memory interacts with noise source. Three separate experimental studies were analysed together. 

There were ninety-six participants in each of the experiments, aged 18-20 years in the first, 13-14 

years in the second, and 35-45 and 55-65 years in the third experiment. The main result showed 

that meaningful irrelevant speech impaired cued recall and recognition from text reading in a 

higher degree than road traffic noise did. 

4028.138 Qualitative analysis of circumstantial factors on fear of crime, Masae Onodera 1 , Hideki 

Ohira 1 , Watanabe Kazumi 2 , 1 Nagoya University, Japan; 2 National Research Institute of Police 

Science, Japan 

This study was conducted to examine fear of crime using questionnaire and physiological 

measures. Fear of crime, anxiety to be victimized in crime, has attracted a significant amount of 

research interest in recent years. In this study, a questionnaire survey and a field study were 

conducted. In the questionnaire survey, participants are asked what kind of physiological changes 

were evoked when they felt anxiety to be victimized in their every-day lives. In a field experiment, 

on the other hand, we measured responses of HR when they walked around areas where they felt 

fear of crime and where they felt safe. 

4028.139 Environmental perception and general vulnerability in child, Morihiro Okada, 

Yoshikawa Reiko, Yokohama National University, Japan 

Now in Japan, school refusal, school maladjustment, etc, are serious problems. As the cause, 

authors assume that there is a fall of the adjustment power to environment. This research studies 

the perception of environment and general vulnerability in child from this viewpoint. In this 

research, perception about a living environment and school environment has been grasped by the 

questionnaire to children of the elementary school. Furthermore, it investigated also about the 

adjustment state. The conclusion was described about general vulnerability, perception of 

environment, and the adjustment state of children. 

4028.140 Cross-cultural ranking of perceived global human-environment interactions, Anna D. 

Eisler, Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, Sweden 

In order to study how people in various cultures perceive global environmental problems and 

environmental behavior in different countries we conducted studies in four cultures: the Japanese, 

German, Swedish and the United States. Subjects in all four cultures ranked the United States 

among the most environment polluting countries, the Germans included also China and the 

Swedes included Russia among them. In contrast to the German, the Swedish and the American 

881

small floods. 

4028.145 Neuropsychological effects on Mexican children exposed to environmental pollution, 

María Elena Navarro Calvillo, Jaqueline Calderón Hernández, Raúl Morales Villegas, 

Fernando Díaz Barriga, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, México 

The present study forms part of interdisciplinary investigation where the effects (neurological and 

neuropsychological) of fluoride on children’s general health has been analysed. 150 children (from 

6 to 8 years old) with the same social, economic and cultural characteristics have been evaluated. 

The laboratory tests of measuring level of malnutrition, fluoride, cadmium and iron have been 

carried out. Test of attention (CPT), Wechsler scale of intelligence, complex figure of 

Rey-Osterrieth for children and test of linguistic abstraction have been used for the 

neuropsychological evaluation. Results showed correlation between high levels of fluorine and 

difficulties of attention, memory and cognitive process. 

4028.146 The mental health status and personality character of the cadets who are military officers 

in the epidemic period of SARS, Jiayan Tang, Xiangqian Han, Changyong Wang, Xuanxuan 

Wang, Bo Jiang, Nanjing Institute of Politics, China 

By using SCL-90 and EPQ, the research investigated 189 cadets in the epidemic period of SARS. 

The result showed: 1) The score of 7 factor and total score of SCL-90 of the cadets were higher 

than peacetime. 2) The percentages of those who have various mental health problems were 

between 1.1% and 10.6%. 3) The score of depression and anxiety of the female cadets was notably 

higher than that of the male cadets. 4)There was also difference in personality character between 

those who have the mental health problems and those who have not. These findings may 

contribute to the mental health education in the army. 

4028.147 The effect of background music on restaurant customers’ spending, Adrian North 1 , 

Amber Shilcock 1 , David Hargreaves 2 , Lorraine Sheridan 1 , 1 University of Leicester, UK; 

2 

University of Surrey Roehampton 

Classical music, pop music and no music were played in a restaurant over eighteen evenings. 

MANOVA analysis indicated that classical music leading to higher spending per head than both no 

music and pop music. Univariate analyses indicated differences between the conditions on mean 

spend per head on starters, coffee, total spend on food and overall spend. These findings were 

consistent with limited previous research indicating that background classical music led to a) 

people reporting that they were prepared to spend more, and b) higher actual spending: The results 

are discussed in terms of three possible explanations for this. 

4028.149 Effects of noise, illumination and group size on learning efficiency, Li Zhang, Xue Sui, 

Liaoning Normal University, China 

This study, involving 26 undergraduates, explored the effects of noise and illumination and group 

size on the learning efficiency. Each participant did words remembering and recalling task. The 

results showed that: (1) The effect of group size on learning efficiency was not statistically 

significant. (2) The noise had statistically significant effect on learning efficiency, F(1,19)=13.460, 

p

Noise by illumination interaction effect on learning efficiency was statistically significant, 

F(1,19)=5.527, p=0.03. 

4028.150 How do people make a good trip?: The relationship between travel skills and travel 

career, Kumiko Namba, Hideshi Kodaira, Mitsuyo Fuse, Kenichi Kukiyama, Nagoya 


This study explored the relations between travel skills and indices of travel career. Eighty-one 

Japanese were asked to describe the characteristics of people who have travel skills. A scale for 

travel skills was developed based on these descriptions, and administered to Japanese adolescents 

(N=382) along with other scales. The results indicated that travel skills had little relationship with 

the number of times traveled, but were related to the quality of travel. Regarding motivational 

career those who were motivated to travel for the purpose of understanding the self scored high on 

the skills. Meanwhile those concerned with safety had low scores. 

4028.151 Comparative study of work value of Chinese and Japanese workers, Yan Li, Department 

of Social Psychology, Jilin University, China 

The purpose of this study was to investigate some differences in the relative importance of work 

values among Chinese and Japan business workers. Data were collected from samples of men and 

women workers 20 to 50 yrs-old in China, and Japan. The questionnaire was composed of 24 

work value items and subjects were asked to indicate how important the felt each work value was 

to their work. The method is dual scaling, that was applied to the rating data of work value, and 

then the rank orders of work values were obtained from the optimal weight for work value. 

4028.152 Housing for the elderly: Is the format the formula? Danielle Maltais, Université du 

Québec à Chicoutimi, Québec, Canada 

This poster discusses the existing links between four organisational characteristic of resedency for 

the elderly as well as their psychological well-being. 238 elderly living in private housing facilities 

was interviewed. Results show that two of four organisational characteristics are associated with 

the psychological well-being of the elderly, vulnerable or not. These variables are the level of 

service and subjective perception the elderly have of their level of control on decision making 

qualified here as perception of environmental control. The results shows the importance of 

offering different living environments with various characteristic which takes into consideration 

the capacities of the elderly. 

4028.153 The distribution of people and activities on the market streets: Human behavior on urban 

market street in East Asia (1) Vietnam, Takehiko Baba, Kyushu University, Japan 

The present series focused on the urban street environment in East Asia. The first report 

investigated the distribution of people on the urban market streets. At the old downtown in Hanoi, 

people on the street were recorded in several time periods with their location, properties and 

activities. Logistic-regression analysis was conducted to clarify the distribution of people and 

environmental factors. Results showed that the distribution of people on the street varied widely 

and its variance was related to the time periods and the street activities such as traditional tea 

stalls. 

884

Contrary to existing theories, results from East Asian families, schools, and organizations reveal 

the importance of belief in the acquisition of ability through effort, extrinsic motivation, social 

support and relational bonds. When agency and culture are incorporated, results prove to be more 

reliable, valid, and applicable. 


Chair: Qi Dong, China 

Emotion and emotional development: Present and future directions, Joseph Campos, University 

of California at Berkeley, USA 

In the past ten years, it has become clear that emotions cannot be identified either by responses or 

by stimulus events alone. Rather, the defining principle for each and every emotion appears to be 

appraisal. This concept represents a cognitive/motivational./relational approach to understanding 

both the generation of emotions and the way they are manifested. In this presentation, the concept 

of appraisal will be clarified, its cognitive aspect sharply differentiated from "reason" and 

"rationality," and its methods clarified. From this conceptual framework, the presentation will go 

on to project possible future directions of the study of appraisal from human infancy to aging. 


Chair: Ype Poortinga, The Netherlands 

A combined emic-etic approach to cross-cultural personality assessment: The case of the CPAI, 

Fanny M. Cheung, Department of Psychology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, China 

Cross-cultural differences observed in test results question the suitability of direct applications of 

Western personality measures. Imported Western tests also ignore personality constructs that are 

important to local cultures. A combined emic-etic approach to cross-cultural personality test 

development includes both universal personality domains and indigenous personality constructs. 

In this address, I illustrate this approach with the development of the Chinese Personality 

Assessment Inventory (CPAI). The inclusion of indigenous personality constructs in the CPAI 

contributes to the explanation of behaviors beyond those predicted by universal constructs in the 

Chinese culture. Studies using these indigenous scales in non-Chinese cultures have expanded our 

understanding of the universal personality structure. The cross-cultural relevance of the 

"indigenous" constructs also led us to examine the etic meaning of these constructs and to re-name 

the CPAI as Cross-Cultural Personality Assessment Inventory. 


Chair: Hsuan-Chih Chen, Hong Kong, China 

Spontaneous speech: A 'timely' review, Kim Kirsner, Department of Psychology, University of 

Western Australia, Australia 

Despite early recognition that pause duration in spontaneous speech reflects conceptual, lexical, 

syntactic and motor processes (Goldman-Eisler, 1968), the measure has received remarkably little 

attention in recent years. This lack of interest relative to the de-contextualised laboratory-based 

paradigms probably reflects the cost of measurement, the number of variables that influence pause 

886

duration, the complexity of the relationship between on-line speaking data and functional models 

of cognition, and perhaps unrecognised problems associated with the distributions of pause and 

speech duration data. In this review I describe new approaches to the measurement of speech and 

pause duration, procedures for characterising individual distributions, and the implications of 

recent work in this area for models of language production. 


Chair: Houcan Zhang, China 

The cognitive neuroscience of aging, Denise C. Park, The Beckman Institute, The University of 


Although performance in many cognitive domains declines with age, the neural activations 

underlying long-term and working memory may paradoxically often increase in older adults. The 

hypothesis that neural activations are compensatory for declining neural integrity will be evaluated, 

with a focus on frontal and hippocampal function. 


Chair: Bruce Overmier, USA 

Categorization and concept formation in pigeons: A perspective on comparative cognition, 

Masako Jitsumori, Cognitive and Information Sciences, Chiba University, Japan 

Categorization is of great relevance for humans and nonhuman animals to cope with various 

stimuli in the world. It has been well documented that nonhuman animals, particularly pigeons, 

can classify photographs of a variety of natural objects. Most natural categories comprise highly 

variable members structured by a criss-crossing of similarities or "family resemblance 

(Wittgenstein, 1953)", thus forming an open-ended category identified by an ill-defined fuzzy 

boundary. Recent developments in categorization studies in nonhuman animals are illustrated, 

focusing on theoretical issues surrounding the structure of natural categories and learning of 

functional associations among members of the categories. 


Chair: Saths Cooper, South Africa 

Memory and memory disorders: Neuroimaging correlates of organic damage and psychic 

disorders, Hans J. Markowitsch, Fakultät für Psychologie und Sportwissenschaft, Universität 

Bielefeld, Germany 

Time- and contents-based subdivisions of memory are explained and attributed to different 

networks in the brain. Results from brain damaged patients and patients with psychogenic amnesia 

(due to stress and trauma conditions) and results from functional neuroimaging in both normals 

and patients are used to explain normal and pathological functioning of memory. It is concluded 

that in part similar brain regions, important for memory encoding or retrieval, can become 

dysfunctional either due to manifest tissue damage (organic cause) or - stress and trauma-triggered 

- in psychogenic amnesias. For this last group an increased release of stress hormones is seen as 

basis for what can be termed 'mnestic block syndrome'. 

887

4036 ORAL 


Chair: Ou Yanglun, China 

4036.1 The psychological analysis of football referee’s offenseive behaviors, Tangke Ren, 

Tiansheng Wang, China 

With the development of professional sports in China, some offensive behaviors appear, for 

example the “dark whistle” phenomenon in football games. As for the strange social phenomenon, 

different people have different opinions. The author believes if we want to completely solve the 

problem, we must know the psychological origin of those behaviors. As a result, the author made 

wide statistics on ethical value psychology, criminal psychology, sociology and economic 

psychology. In the end, the author gives the advice that changing the unbalanced state in sports 

during the economic reform is the only way to solve this problem. 

4036.2 Psycho-behavioral research and development project on intelligence, health and 

morality of at-risk groups in Thailand, Duangduen Bhanthumnavin, National Research Council 

of Thailand, Thailand 

Psycho-behavioral research activities have flourished in Thailand for more than 20 years. 

Research findings have pinpointed numbers of common psychosocial characteristics which are 

responsible for important behaviors relating to intelligence, health and morality of the individuals 

in various ages groups and in wide variety of situations. Thai psychological theory of moral and 

work behaviors has resulted in further research training and development. At present various 

groups of at-risk population have been empirically identified and intervention projects are 

governmentally supported for the purposes of prevention and promotion. 

4036.3 Psychology, psychologists and the modernization of the urban passengers transport in 

Bogot Colombia, Hernan Camilo Pulido-Martinez, University of Western Sydney., Australia 

This qualitative study explores the role of the psychological discipline and the psychologists in the 

modernization of the Urban Passenger Transport System in Bogot Colombia. A system based on 

modern and bureaucratised national and international companies will soon replace the traditional 

and informal system comprised of 70 companies and cooperatives. In this panorama, 

organizational psychology has started to play an important role. The services that psychologists 

offer usually were not engaged within the traditional transport environment, but with the process 

of modernization this situation has changed. This process point out the role of social sciences in 

the Colombian modernization process. 

4036.4 The correlation research on psychological health, personality character and coping style 

of 267 criminal police, Xue Feng 1 , Ou Yanglun 2 , 1 Xibei Politics Technique college, China, 

2 

Shanxi Normal University 

Based on the symptom check list 90, EPQ scale and the simplified coping style questionnaire, the 

author made a relative study on psychological health, personality character and coping style of 267 

888

criminal police of police station. The study shows: 1. The psychological health state of 267 

criminal police is more worse than that of domestic common people. 2. The personality character 

of 267 criminal police shows much higher hostility and lower nervous than that of domestic 

common people. 3. The coping style of 267 criminal police often use positive copying styles. 4. 

Psychological health, personality character and coping style of criminal police are closely related. 

4037 ORAL 


Chair: Markus Sommer, Austria 

4037.1 An analysis of the influence on the measurement indexes under the different sample 

capacity, Chang Rui 1 , Luo Guanzhong 2 , 1 Hunan Normal University, Guangzhou City, China, 

China, 2 School of Education, Murdoch University, Australia 

Sample plays a very important role in the psychological and educational experiments, and sample 

capacity is one of the key factors that influence the effect of the experiments. In this article, the 

author combined the Classical Test Theory and the Item Response Theory to analysis the influence 

on the measurement indexes including reliability, difficulty and discrimination when choosing 

different sample capacity such as 100, 200 or 500, and then discussed how to select the most 

suitable sample capacity under different conditions. The research method the article applied is the 

computer simulation, and the related software is MATLAB. 

4037.2 Dose equating always improve score comparability? Xiaoqing Xie, HSK Testing Center, 

Beijing Language University, China 

Test equating procedures are influenced by error factors. Does equating procedure really improve 

score comparability? A series of three experimental studies were conducted in order to examine 

errors. The results show that under certain conditions an equating procedure may increase the error 

rather than decrease it. When the difference in difficulty level of the equated test forms is 

sufficiently small, the equating procedure is more likely to increase error. We need more proof to 

verify the results of a statistical equating in testing practice. Circle paradigm, a widely used 

criterion in equating research, was discussed in this paper. 

4037.3 Validation of a traffic psychological test battery based on accidents, Markus Sommer, 

Marion Wenzl, Dr. G. Schuhfried GmbH; Austria 

This study reports first results of the validation of a new traffic psychological test battery based on 

the theoretical framework outlined by Groeger (2000). The test battery measures various aspects 

of action planning, coping with conflicts and realization of actions. The respondents also took a 

standardized interview assessing the number of accidents caused by the respondents within the last 

five year. The respondent's are separated into groups based on this criterion variable and compared 

to each other with regard to their results obtained in the test battery. The results are discussed in 

the light of current theories on driving safety. 

4037.4 Current state of the art in computer-aided testing, Bettina Bognar, G. Marion Wenzl, 

Markus Sommer, Dr. G. Schuhfried GmbH, Austria 

889

The paper discusses the advantages of computer-aided testing in different areas of application. At 

first the research literature on the equivalence of paper-and-pencil and computerized tests will be 

discussed. The second part demonstrates how the computer can be used to measure hard to assess 

constructs in a theoretical sound and objective manner by using peripheral equipment and 

interactive videos. In the third part the benefits of computers during the test scoring and 

interpretation phase are high-lightened focusing on computerized adaptive testing (CAT), Mixed 

Rasch Models and new algorithms for statistical judgement formation applicable to the screening 

of job applicants. 

4038 ORAL 


Chair: Yuming Xuan, China 

4038.1 An upper/lower visual field asymmetry in localization performance, Kamal Uddin, 

Yuri Ninose, Nakamizo Sachio, Kyushu University, Japan 

We examined localization performance employing 3 stimulus conditions: (i) no-saccade- observers 

were to maintain gaze on the fixation point while target appeared for 1 s, (ii) saccade to on-targetthey 

had to quickly saccade to and fixate on target remaining on for 1 s, and (iii) saccade to 

off-targetthey had to quickly saccade to the target appeared for 150 ms. Observers’ task was to 

localize the target by clicking mouse cursor that appeared after150 ms following target termination. 

Results revealed lower visual field superiority in no-saccade condition suggesting differential role 

of upper and lower hemi-retina in localization performance. 

4038.2 The effects of direction of vertex in judging positions of vertex of holes, Yuming Xuan, 


Researchers have reported that observers are faster at judging the position of convex vertices than 

concave ones (Perception 30 (2001) 1295), and a reversal of the relative speeds were found when 

the same contours were presented as holes instead of objects using a figural manipulation of 

figure/ground (Cognition 87 (2003) 33). 2 experiments with revised paradigm were conducted to 

further study the relationship between polarity and direction of vertex in judging positions of 

vertex of holes. Results showed that the direction of vertex affected participants' performances. 

Related issues on perception of shape of objects and holes were also discussed. 

4038.3 The study of visual-motor perception and its relationship with social psychological 

adjustment of elementary students, Fariba Khoshbakht, Morteza Latifian, Iran 

The purpose of this study was to find out the relationship between social psychological adjustment 

and visual -motor r perception. For this purpose Bender-Gestult Test and the Children Social 

Behavior Scale were administrated to 198 girl students from elementary school. The result of the 

study showed that: There was a significant relationship between depression and visual-motor 

perception in first and third grade, relational aggression and visual-motor perception in third and 

fourth grade and social adjustment behavior and visual-motor perception in fifth grade. The results 

showed that age was found to correlate significantly. 

890

Subjects were instructed to detect visual targets quickly, which came after a fixed four-element 

sequence of letter and duration. During testing period, the whole sequence, the first three durations 

or the last duration were thrown into confusion. Implicit temporal learning was found. And the 

most interesting outcome is a dissociation between RTs and hit-rates: when changing the first three 

durations, RTs to target increase; while changing the last, hit-rates decrease. However, to the 

whole sequence, both of the changes happened. This suggests local priming in temporal sequence 

learning could have different mechanisms and different contributions to integral priming. 

4039.4 Implicit learning of letter sequence is not the same as learning of temporal sequence in 

double-dimensional SRT, Lei Zhu, ZhiChao Wei, XiaoJing Ge, XunYan Su, East China Normal 


Although previous studies indicated both letter sequence and temporal sequence could be learned 

implicitly, the present researches argue their trends of implicit learning are not the same under 

multi-dimensional SRT. Learning of temporal sequences could be slower than that of letter 

sequences. Though implicit learning decrease RTs and increase hit-rates in both sequence, it 

should be mentioned that the priming effect of letter sequences relies mostly on the last letter in 

sequence; while that of temporal sequences relies on all parts of sequence: the last element 

decrease hit-rate only, and RT increasing is contributed to other parts of sequence. 

4040 ORAL 

Cognition 

Chair: Vladimir Selivanov, Russian Federation 

4040.1 “The dual-criteria for correct reasoning” re-examine, Zhujing Hu 1 , Zhu Liping 2 , Hu 

Xiaoyu 1 , 1 Jiangxi Normal University, China, 2 The Center for Desease Control and Provention, 

Jiangxi, China 

The purpose of this paper is to research whether there are two criteria in reasoners’ mind when 

they are trying to solve syllogistic problems. Two experiments have been performed. The subjects 

who know the formal logic-rules and the means of the premises conducted the experiments. The 

result of the experiments shows that there are two kinds of criteria in reasoner’s mind, one is about 

the formal logic-rules and the other is the reasoners’ understanding to the contents of premises. 

Both of them influence subjects’ decision. The result supports the viewpoint of Dual Structure 

Model of Item and Knowledge. 

4040.2 Thinking in personality development of subject, Vladimir Selivanov 1 , Aleksey 

Selivanov 2 , 1 Russian Federation, 2 Moskow State University, Russian Federation 

Experiments show that cognitive style (field dependence-independence) is not a stable 

characteristic of personality in its functioning. It was found out that personality (cognitive style) 

can change as quickly and radically as the cognitive processes (analysis, synthesis, generalization) 

themselves. The experiments proved, that a high level of thinking together with feeling success 

lead to field independence. Our investigations show that personality which exists like a static 

system is under the influence of microchanges in functioning. Perhaps this functional personality 

changes can be found only in mental process. Thinking is a grate generalization, which can 

892

estructure previous psychological phenomena. 

4040.3 The effect of the relation between entity and FOR refers to separation and combine on 

the access of story analogs, Xiuli Tong, Department of Psychology, South China Normal 


Three experiments were designed to examine whether the systematic variation of the number of 

entity, FOR and the relation between entity and FOR in base stories and cue stories would affect 

the likelihood of story analogs. Experiment 1 showed that both matched entity and the relation 

between the entity and FOR influenced recall equally. Experiment 2, only the variation of the 

number of FOR could not lead to the recall, but varying the relation between the entity and FOR 

could affect the recall. Experiment 3 suggested the relation between entity and FOR influenced the 

recall regardless of the presence of HOR. 

4040.4 How analogical inferences alter target representations, Xiuli Yu, Lei Mo, South China 


The way that analogy alters the representation of target information was investigated in 3 

experiments. Participants read information about a target, followed by a potential source analog. 

Participants later completed a recognition test in which some of the sentences were old, some 

novel, and some analogical inferences that were not seen. Participants who read the description of 

a source analogy erroneously recognized analogical inferences as being in the target description. 

The effect occurred with different text formatting. Overall, these experiments show that analogical 

inferences are incorporated in the representation of the target and cannot be differentiated from 

information actually presented. 

4041: ORAL 


Chair: Felicity Martini, Canada 

4041.1 Parental involvement in children early literacy skills acquisition, Felicity Martini 1 , 

Monique Sénéchal 2 , 1 Carleton University, Canada 2 Carleton University, Canada 

Parents often choose to engage their children in literacy activities with the intent to help them 

acquire literacy skills at a young age. A study (N=111) was conducted to closely examine the 

relative effectiveness of a number of home-literacy activities that aid children’ acquisition of 

early-literacy skills. The two types of activities investigated were parent-teaching interactions that 

focus on print learning, such as printing words; and interactions that focus on literacy enjoyment 

and appreciation, such as joint-storybook reading. Results revealed that activities focused on print 

learning had a positive impact on children’ early-literacy skills, whereas non print-focused 

interactions did not. 

4041.2 An experimental study on semantic understanding of Chinese sentences for mild 

mentally retarded children, Chunling Liu, Heping Tan, Department of Special Education, East 


This experiment was made to explore the difference of semantic understanding of Chinese 

893

sentences between mild mentally retarded children and paired-normal children. The 38 mild 

mentally retarded children and 48 paired-normal children were tested with different Chinese 

sentences that the difficulty of syntax is different. The results showed that there is significant 

difference between mild mentally retarded children and paired-normal children in semantic 

understanding of Chinese sentences, that the ability of semantic understanding of mild mentally 

retarded children is lower than that of paired-normal children. 

4041.3 Bi-mechanism of information integrating in text-reading, Wang Ruiming, Mo Lei, 

Department of Psychology, South China Normal University, China 

Using moving window method to investigate the mode of information integration in text-reading. 

The results in experiment 1 show that there is coordinating integration in text-reading, and partial 

inconsistence between current information and background information is the enough and 

necessary condition of coordinating integration. The results in experiment 2 show that, through 

coordinating integration, not only the coherence of text-reading was maintained, but also the 

relative background information was constructed to be an information chunk, and a processing 

theory of bi-mechanism for text-reading is suggested, which proposes that normal reading include 

both flowing reading and integrating reading. 

4041.4 A study on the activation and integration of text information: Comparisons between 

good and poor readers, Xianyou He, Department of Psychology,South China Normal University, 

China 

The study explored the activation and integration of text information for good and poor readers. 

Inconsistent paradigm was used in Experiment 1 to examine whether good and poor readers could 

maintain global and local coherence. The results showed that poor readers could not maintain 

global coherence. Probe-verification paradigm was used in Experiment 2 to investigate the reason 

why poor readers could not maintain global coherence. The results indicated that poor readers 

could activate previous information. It implied that poor readers might have difficulty in 

integrating the information. Experiment 3 further confirmed the results of Experiment 2. 

4042 ORAL 


Chair: M. Ali Mazaheri, Iran 

4042.1 Incentive effects on creativity of field dependent-independent children, Xiaojun Qu, 

Jiannong Shi, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China 

Motivation is an important aspect in social psychology of creativity. It is supposed that evaluation 

and reward have effects on individual’s motivation, then on creativity. In the present study, 100 

children aged 9-10 with typical Field-Dependence (FD) and Field-Independence (FI) were 

selected with GEFT. FD and FI Ss were matched into evaluation, reward, and control groups. 5 

judges were asked to evaluate their creativity with Consensual Assessment Technique. The results 

suggested in evaluation group, FI showed higher creativity than FD, and FD-FI had interaction 

with gender. In reward group, FI showed higher creativity and less motivated by reward than FD. 

894

4042.2 Study the interaction of parents and their sons in establishing sexual identity disorder, 

Hossein Ranjbar- Shayan, Sedigeh Taghipor, Saeed Goshonizadeh, Iran 

The present study has focused on the parent -male child interaction in establishing the sexual 

identity. Based on the theory of Green (1994), the behavioural models, a teacher-made 

questionnaire have been developped and carried out on 15 subjects with gender identity disorder 

(GID) as well as 60 normal children. The results revealed that the parents of those with GID 

significantly differed from normal group on dressing, extraordinary support by parents, 

extraordinary contact by mothers, rejecting by fathers, lack of same-sex peer group. Overall, 

parents' behavioural models significantly differed from the normal group. 

4042.3 Research on sexual mentality of and working strategy with farmers whose land was 

expropriated, Juan Diao 1 , Haozhen He 1 , Meifen Lu 2 , 1 Normal College, Ningbo University, 

China, 2 Medicine College, Ningbo University, Ningzhen Road, Zhejiang Province, China 

Sexuality is one of the most important aspects of human life, especially for adults. Because 

farmers whose land has been expropriated have lost their productive capacities and livelihoods, 

many of them have to leave their family and farmland, entering cities to try to find work. Under 

these circumstances, they cannot enjoy normal sexual relations with their spouses and their libidos 

cannot be satisfied in this fashion, which may lead to social problems. This study investigates the 

sexual mentality of those farmers whose land has been exproprited, explores the social problems 

which result from expropriation, and discusses working with this group. 

4042.4 Effects of sexual perfectionism on the couples’ sexual adjustment, M. Ali Mazaheri, 

Mahmoud Heydari, H. Reza Pouretemad, Family Research Institute (FRI), Shahid Beheshti 

University, Tehran, Iran 

In an ongoing longitudinal research (1999-2004), 236 engaged couples have been studied. This 

paper presents results related to sexual perfectionism and adjustment. As part of data collection, 

Relationships Beliefs Inventory and Marital Adjustment Test were administered in first and second 

years, respectively. Results revealed different styles of correlations for each sex: while women's 

sexual expectations were not related to their sexual adjustment, there was a significant relationship 

between these variables in men. In general, women's sexual adjustment was significantly effected 

by their marital adjustment, but men's sexual adjustment was significantly effected by their sexual 

expectations. Discussion focuses on sex/gender differences. 

4043 ORAL 


Chair: Nan Sui, China 

4043.1 Effect of dopamine system of central nucleus of amygdala on the acquisition of 

conditioned place aversion in morphine dependent rats, Wei Xu 1 , Beiping Tan 2 , Xiaojing Luo 2 , 

Lin Xiao 2 , Nan Sui 2 , 1 Psychological Counselling Services, Beijing University of Chemical 

Technology, China, 2 The Key Lab of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of 


Dopamine pathway is critically involved in the aversive effects of opiate withdrawal, which plays 

895

an important role in relapse to compulsive drug use. To assess the effect of dopamine system of 

central nucleus of amygdala (CeA) on acquisition of conditioned place aversion (CPA), 6-OHDA 

lesion and Intracerebral drug microinjecting technique was used. Dopamine system of CeA was 

involved in the aversive effects of opiate withdrawal, and dopamine D1, D2 receptor within CeA 

contributes to acquisition of aversive emotion of opiate withdrawal. Those suggest that the 

dopaminergic projection at the CeA takes part in the aversive effects of opiate withdrawal. 

4043.2 Cerebral lateralization of global-local processing in left-handed people, Mohammad Ali 

Goodarzi, Mohammad Reza Zoghi, Department of Psychology, Shiraz University, Iran 

This study examined cerebral laterlization of global-local processing in left-handed people in 

comparison with right-handed people. 70 right-handed people and 70 left-handed people 

completed the Edinburgh Handedness Inventory and performed a computerized global-local task 

in a divided visual field paradigm. Results showed that left handed individuals processed 

incongruentglobal stimuli faster in the left hemisphere than the right hemisphere. In addition, the 

amount of local-to-global interference in the right hemisphere was larger than that of the left 

hemisphere for left-handed individuals. These patterns were opposite to that of the right-handed 

individuals. 

4043.3 'Yoga' As neuropsychological modifier, Devaki Paradarami, India 

'YOGA' develop and activate various centres of the Nervous system and Brain Arousal refers to 

general response/readiness of an individual modifiable by stimulation and measurable in terms of 

psychophysiological activity. The research study was worked out to examine the effect of Yoga 

training on a group of Developmentally disabled and normal children on a set of psychological 

and physiological variables. Ninety six children (Seven to Fifteen years) constituted the main pool 

of subjects. The experimental method employed was multiple group comparison pre-test, post-test 

difference control group design. The study indicated therapeutic benefit following Yoga Training 

Intervention. 

4043.4 Fractionation of executive functions in patients with schizophrenia, Raymond Chan 1 , 

Eric Chen 2 , 1 Sun Yat-Sen University, China, 2 The University of Hong Kong, China 

The present study examined the phenomenon of fractionation of executive attention. Ninety 

schizophrenic patients were recruited. Patients were given a comprehensive set of 

frontal-executive function sensitive tests. There were 27.8% cases demonstrated impaired 

performance in all executive components and 5.6 % exhibited intact performance in all 

components. About 18.9%, 16.7%, 21.1%, and 10% showed intact performance in 1, 2, 3, or 4 

components, respectively. Multiple univariate ANCOVA controlling for age, information and 

medication indicated significant differences among the groups in clinical symptoms and 

non-executive functions. These findings suggest there is a fractionation of central executive in this 

clinical group. 

4044 ORAL 


Chair: Young Ran Tak, Korea 

896

4044.1 Peer victimization, family and peer context and children’s school adjustment——A 

longitudinal study from age 3 to 7, Linqin Ji 1 , Wenxin Zhang 1 , Xinyin Chen 2 , Qian Zhang 1 , 

Lingling Zhang 1 , 1 Department of Psychology, Shandong Normal University, China, 2 Department 

of Psychology, University of Western Ontario, Canada 

In the present four-year longitudinal study, data of peer victimization of 200 children were 

collected via 6 waves of observations in kindergarten, and via peer nomination and teacher rating 

in grade one. Data of children’s family variables including SES, parenting style, and rearing 

experience, peer acceptance and rejection, and school adjustment as indexed by attitudes towards 

school and problem behaviors were also collected. Analysis of the data focused on the 

developmental patterns and stability of victimization and how children’s experience of peer 

victimization related to the family factors, peer relationship and children’s adjustment both in 

kindergarten and in primary school. 

4044.2 The relative research of children’s delay of gratification, will and social compatibility, 

Xushan Li, Office of Student Affairs, Beijing Institute Of Technology, China 

The research adopts experiment in combination with questionnaire to study children’s delay of 

gratification, his will and his social compatibility. The result shows that children’s delay of 

gratification is not significantly related to will or social compatibility. Either boys or girls are the 

same as the development level on delay of gratification in childhood. In contrast, children’s will 

can enhance the ability of delay of gratification with growing. 

4044.3 Perceived reachability as a function of body effectivities by young african infants, Ad 

Akandd, The citadel, Lesotho 

Following Rochet, Goubet and Senders (1999), two experiments compared 8-month-old infants as 

they reach for an object. All the subjects were proficient reachers but with different levels of 

sitting ability. The object was presented at various distances, within and beyond reach of the 

subject. In the first experiment, the scaling of perceived reachability in infants with different 

postural abilities (i.e. non-sitter, near-sitter, and sitter infants) was explored. The second 

experiment examined the role of proprioception in the scaling of perceived reachability by 

non-sitter and sitter infants. Taken together, results concur with the previous findings of Rochet et 

al (1999). 

4044.4 Home environment and development of preschooler in poverty, Ji Yeon An, Young Ran 

Tak, Hanyang University, Korea, Republic Of 

This study was to determine the influence of the low income family’s home environment on the 

development of preschooler in Korea. The subject was consisted of 75 children and their families 

under poverty. Regarding child’s development, 56 % were under normal range whereas 44% were 

suspicious. Among the home environment, deprived family structure and stability dimension has 

been found in a negative relationship with child development. Economic difficulties were found as 

risk factors in home environment for the child development. As a result, children of poor families 

experience improper home environment for the healthy development. 

897

4045 ORAL 


Chair: Chongde Lin, China 

4045.1 Young children’s ability of causal inference in different patterns of variation and 

covariation, Qingfen Hu, Chongde Lin, Institute of Development Psychology, Beijing Normal 


The present study investigated how young children make accurate causal inference on basis of five 

patterns of variation and covariation. The results were as follows: (1)In the different patterns of 

variation and covariation, the children showed different ability in reasoning and they had more 

difficulties in some special patterns. (2)The children's ability of causal inference in this five 

patterns developed in order. (3)The children's performs did not improve according to the 

increasing in times of contigency. (4)Children use the information of different patterns of variation 

and covariation, rather than times of contingency of potential cause and effect in their causal 

inference. 

4045.2 Comparative research on infants’ and college students’ presentating strategies and 

cognitive processing in metaphor drawing, Xuemei Gao 1 , Li Hong 1 , Zheng Chijun 2 , 1 School of 

Psychology, South-West China Normal University, Chongqing, China, 2 Southwest Normal 

University Press, Chongqing, China 

This research studied the sameness and difference of representating strategies and cognitive 

processing in metaphor drawing between infants and college students by the way of asking them 

to draw trees freely. The results showed that: 1) there were significantly difference in 

representating strategies. Infants mainly use directly representation by personification, yet college 

students mainly use abstract representation; 2) there were significant difference in cognitive 

processing; 3) by cognitive schema, infants and college students had similar visual schema, but 

different operating schema; 4) there’re not significant difference in sex. 

4045.3 An investigation about the situation of elderly life in Iran, Azadeh Sadat Fatemi, 

Shahid Beheshty University, Iran 

The objective of this investigation was to study the situation of old adults in terms of their physical 

and psychological conditions. The survey method and a Likert type questionnaire were used to 

collect data. A simple random sampling method was used to select 120 samples. Result showed 

85% of samples were thinking about their past but only 50%were satisfied from it.2-70% usually 

thought about death. T-test analysis showed that women were significantly different from men, 

since they were more interested to participate in social activities, spent more time with their 

friends, were more hopeful and felt useful to participate in grand children growing. 

4045.4 An analysis of the nature of the intelligence in the aging period and its relationship with 

the Successful Aging, Abdollah Motamedy Shalamzary, Iran 

The subjects of this study were over sixty from Shahrekord City(from Iran),who were randomly 

selected and they were studied in two stages. In the first stage, the Successful and Unsuccessful 

elders were distinguished randomly out of 200 elders. In the second stage, the intelligence 

function of 60 elders (who were both Successful and Unsuccessful), were measured by the 

898

Intelligence Cattle’s Test. The findings of the study were analyzed by statistical procedures such as 

t-test, F-test with Tukey Follow-up Test, and Multiple Regression. The results showed that the 

intelligence function of the elders had not significant difference in different Aging groups, that is it 

does not vitally decrease after sixty year old; moreover, data analysis by Multiple Regression 

showed that the intelligence function of the Successful elders had been significantly better than 

Unsuccessful elders. 

4046 ORAL 


Chair: Shoji Tsuchida, Japan 

4046.1 When an Iranian Muslim patient talks about wanting to make peace with God (ALLAH) 

by Qur’an reading at the near of dying, Mohammad Ali Cheraghi 1 , Mohsen Adib hagebageri 2 , 

Ahmad reza Yazdannik 2 , 1 Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, IRAN; 2 Tehran University 

of Medical Sciences, Iran 

It is an Islamic characteristic to Muslims to have complete obedience to Allah and acceptance of 

His will and commands. At this level of submission, the relationship between Allah and the human 

is one of a complete peace. According to the transcultural cares, attention to the religious aspects 

is important. Reading of special chapter or verses of the Qur’an for Iranian Muslim patients who 

are near the death is a palliative care that can make peace in their hearts and spirits. The Qur'an 

says the heart is soothed by one thing only, and that is the remembrance of God (13:28). 

4046.2 A study on the effects of marriage preparation program on changing the university 

students’ relationship beliefs, Mahmoud Heidari, Mohammad Ali Mazaheri, Nastaran 

Adib-Rad, Family Research Institute Shahid Beheshti University, (Islamic Republic Of) 

This study evaluates the effects of educating cognitive skills for marital life in engaged couples 

participating at a mass marriage celebration. Fifty-two students participated at the Marriage 

Preparation Program at the Family Research Institute. Participants filled out the Relationship 

Beliefs Inventory twice: Before and after the workshop, as the pre and post-tests. Results revealed 

that irrational relationship beliefs were significantly reduced after participation at the workshop. 

“Disagreement is Destructive”, “Mind reading is Expected”, and “Partners Cannot Change” 

subscales had significantly changed in the post-test. Discussion focuses on the importance of 

organizing marriage preparation programs on the mental and family. 

4046.3 The influence of unrealistic optimism on event anxiety, Helen Aucote, University of 

Ballarat, Australia 

Four studies examined the influence of Unrealistic Optimism (UO) for unwanted pregnancy on 

anxiety concerning pregnancy. In each study an attempt was made to change the level of UO to 

examine the effects on anxiety. In studies 1 and 2 UO was measured using the indirect method. 

Changes in UO were not associated with changes in anxiety. It was concluded that UO measured 

by the indirect method does not influence anxiety. In Studies 3 and 4 UO was measured using the 

direct method; in both studies attempts to change UO were unsuccessful. The non-equivalence of 

the two measures is discussed. 

899

4046.4 Risk perception and linkage model of decision making, Shoji Tsuchida, Kansai 


Linkage Model (LM; Tsuchida, 1994, 2002) is an attitude structure model which assumes that the 

concept of acceptance (positive evaluation/valence) or/and the concept of rejection (negative 

evaluation/valence) would activate on decision making processes. When an attitude object has the 

direct linkage with the concept of acceptance/rejection, it would have associations in adjective and 

decisions would make through automatic processes, while in case of the indirect linkage, it would 

have associations in noun and decisions would make through deliberative processes. The survey 

data on chemical risks of 1,236 samples from Tokyo Metropolitan Residents supported the 

hypotheses of LM. 

4047 ORAL 


Chair: Xianghong Sun, China 

4047.1 Spatial awareness displays for collaborative navigation, Huahai Yang 1 , Yunyao Li 2 , 

Gary Olson 2 , 1 University at Albany, State University of New York, USA, 2 University of Michigan, 

USA 

Collaboration in a virtual environment presents many challenges for interface design. It is often 

important to support the users' ability to navigate to a desired location while maintaining spatial 

awareness of their surroundings. Displays that supply the awareness information can exihit 

different degrees of intrusiveness to the user's task at hand. Using a collaborative navigation task, 

this work experimentally tested three awareness aids with varied levels of intrusiveness: 

Automatic View Switch, Overlay Labels and Tethered Camera View. The results indicated that, 

with careful design, intrusive awareness aids can enhance collaborative navigation performance 

without negatively impacting users' spatial environment learning. 

4047.2 Effects of gaze on speaking behavior in mediated group conversations, Yaping Ding 1 , 

Roel Vertegaal 2 , 1 Department of Psychology, Sun Yat_Sen University, China, 2 Queen's University, 

Canada 

Understanding the effects of eye gaze on speech and turn taking is crucial for the design of 

Collaborative Virtual Environments. We manipulated the gaze synchronization and the level of 

gaze, and found that subjects significantly speak more when gaze behavior was synchronized with 

conversational attention. However, covariance analysis showed results were likely due to 

differences in gaze level rather than gaze synchronization. The result validated the emotional 

function of gaze as a favorable explanation of gaze effect on human interaction in multiparty 

conversation. 

4047.3 A sensitive index to detect the variations in the amount of spare mental resources during 

driving and speech processing, Xianghong Sun, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of 


Drivers’ visual selective RT was used to detect the variations in amount of spare mental resources 

900

during driving and speech processing. A driving simulator with the 3D visual scenes was used for 

laboratory tasks. 21 subjects were asked to drive while conducting four kinds of verbal tasks under 

situations varied in driving difficulty and in driving environment. It was found that the spare 

mental resources were changed significantly as a function of difficulty both in driving and in 

verbal communication. Under the highest dual-task difficulty condition, “red-line” effect was 

detected, and subjects slowed down their speed, which showed the limit-of-mental-resources. 

4047.4 Changes of elders’ attitude and behavior to high-tech products, Xianghong Sun 1 , Liana 

Kiff 2 , Thomas Plocher 2 , 1 Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, 

2 

Honeywell Inc., USA 

With the population rising of aging people, many kinds of products have been developed to 

support their independent living, such as fall sensors, medication reminder, and so on. However, 

elders seldom used these kinds of products. What are the reasons? Two focus group studies and 7 

months field study showed us some interesting results: First, elders were very interested in IT 

products. After several months usage, they did change their behavior to comply with the 

medication schedule. Finally, it was suggested that emotional and social factors were very 

important and should be considered in elders' product design. 

4048 ORAL 


Chair: David Broadbent, Australia 

4048.1 Moving toward understanding: Models and theories for leadership communication, 

Denise Land, University of Phoenix, USA 

Symbols define our world. Our use and understanding of symbols and their representation of 

meaning is closely linked to our understanding of knowledge. This paper will explore the 

traditional models, theories, and practices embodied in philosophy, culture and common sense that 

is typically drawn on and made use of explicitly or implicit in creating a realistic, objective picture 

of ourselves and the world in which we live. As organization leaders, we must work to understand 

the foundational psychology of individual follower symbols, language and understanding, weave 

the threads together, and create or identify symbols and language of shared understanding. 

4048.2 Maximising safety outcomes through transformational leadership behaviours: An 

exploration, David Broadbent, The Leadership College, Australia 

It is universally recognized that one of the most significant predictors of effective workplace 

safety outcomes is that of "top down" support. What that actually means in a behavioural sense is 

often poorly defined. This presentation shall go a long way to defining a model of "top down" 

support through exploration of the Transformational Management paradigm, as outlined within the 

Full Range Leadership Model, and its application to the workplace safety arena. The association 

between Emotional Intelligence, Transformational Competencies and Level 5 Leadership shall 

also be considered. Specific strategies toward implementing Transformational Safety as a 

breakthrough intervention shall be provided. 

901

4048.3 A new approach to studying collective orientation in team contexts, Seyyed Babak 

Alavi, John McCormick, University of New South Wales, Australia 

We have proposed a new conceptual framework of collective orientation in team contexts with 

regard to vertical and horizontal dimensions of individualism and collectivism at the individual 

level. It has been argued that people may activate these schemas differently for different team 

contexts. An empirical study of 639 students engaged in 165 academic groups confirmed the 

conceptualization by identifying four interpretable factors: vertical and horizontal idiocentrism 

and allocentrism. This new framework may have significant implications for some aspects of team 

and group studies such as collective cognition processes and team effectiveness. 

4048.4 Order conception of organizational culture, Ludmila Aksenovskaya, Russian 

Federation 

The offered approach interprets the organizational culture as the complex of 

socially-psychological order. The socially-psychological order is determined as the state of the 

comprehensibility and controllability of the whole complex of organizational interactions. We 

single out three main organization cultural orders (family, army, church) and two additional types 

of order the synergetic one (which is characteristic for the initial stage of the culture organization 

development) and the synthetic one (which is characteristic for the high level of the development 

of the organizational culture). 

4049 ORAL 

Social issues 

Chair: Jorge Santamaria, Mexico 

4049.1 The study on Tibetan undergraduates’ ethnic identity and it’s affected factors, Yapeng 

Wang 1 , MingGang Wan 2 , 1 Institute of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, School of Psychology, 

Beijing Normal University, China, 2 School of Education, Northwest Normal University, lanzhou, 

China 

This study exployed 285 Tibetan undergraduates to examine the types of ethnic identity and it’s 

affected factors of Tibetan undergraduates. The result showed that: 1) Tibetan undergraduates’ 

ethnic identity mainly involved three aspects: negative ethnic identity, positive ethnic identity and 

mainstream culture identity; 2) Different aspects of ethnic identity were affected by different 

factors. But generally speaking, Tibetan undergraduates’ ethnic identity might be predicted by the 

number of Han nationality friends, by the time of learning Chinese, by parents’ nationality identity 

and the reception of Han nationality; 3) There existed significant relationships between other 

dimensions of ethnic identity and other dimensions of acculturation. 

4049.2 A study of adaptation processes among the Chinese students in Russia, Tatiana 

Stefanenko, Irina Antonova, Moscow State (Lomonosov) University, Department of Psychology, 


The research showed, that Chinese students experience a low level of adaptivity to Russian culture, 

despite the varying duration of their stay in the country. But several negative changes may be 

noticed in such aspects as depressive attitude and situational functional conditions which are the 

902

mandatory attributes of adaptation processes. The adaptation itself may well be named as 

inconsistent, since the students strive towards a successful integration into new culture, but face 

severe social and psychological difficulties. The received data has become grounds for current 

work on development of special adaptation programs, such as Cultural Assimilator and 

Intercultural training. 

4049.3 The psychological violence of ancestral customs in Oaxaca Mexico, Jorge Santamaria, 

Laura Montalvo, Ma. Antonieta Martin, Ma. Elena Flores, Luis Valdes, UNAM, Mexico 

The survey shows the ancestral customs to educate women in some indigenous areas of Mexico 

are means to convey the supremacy of men over women and the acceptance of violence against 

women. The results of a case study of a group of young women who were sent to schools for 

learning to write and read, their rights and a way of making a living, when they went back to the 

Village only 20 percent of them claim their rights and had to leave the community due to the fact 

that they were deserted even from their own families. 

4049.4 Nationality change and cultural identity of internationally married Japanese women, 

Kazuyo Suzuki, Saitama Gakuen University, Japan 

The purpose of this study is to clarify the reason why internationally married Japanese women 

change their nationalities. In addition, this study will discuss the relationship between nationality 

change and cultural identity. This is part of fieldwork that was started in 1991. The subjects are 

Japanese women married to Indonesian men. Repeated Interviews are carried out in Indonesia 

(Bali).It is suggested that nationality change of internationally married women is a process for 

examination of the relationship between their selves and Japan (incl. parents) as well as Indonesia, 

and connects with Identity. 

4050 ORAL 

Social issues 

Chair: Ankica Kosic, Italy 

4050.1 Prejudice towards immigrants: The role of group size and perception of similarity, 

Ankica Kosic 1 , Lucia Mannetti 2 , 1 European University Institute, Italy, 2 University of Rome "La 

Sapienza", Italy 

This research explored the role of out-group homogeneity effect and some socio-cognitive factors 

in the process of prejudice formation (need for cognitive closure). The material used for this study 

was composed of a questionnaire and a series of pictures of immigrants belonging to the 16 most 

numerous groups in Italy. The participants were asked to indicate the country of origin of the 

immigrants presented. Results revealed that participants high on prejudice towards immigrants and 

on need for cogntive closure perceived more similarities among members of minority groups they 

considered to be most numerous in Italy. 

4050.2 Self-stigma of mental health consumers on their acceptance of disability, Wing Sum 

Lilian Mok, Wing Sze Winnie Mak, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China 

Previous studies on stigma tended to focus on public stigma towards individuals with mental 

903

illness. The present study shifted the perspective and focused on the internalization of stigma by 

mental health consumers as it relates to their psychological well-being and functioning. 200 

mental health consumers from major non-governmental organizations were surveyed to examine 

the relationships between self-stigma, acceptance of disability, collective self-esteem, self-esteem, 

and self-efficacy after their demographic status, symptoms, and functioning are taken into account. 

Results informed researchers and practitioners to more proximally focus on self-stigma and to 

empower consumers in facilitating their recovery and reintegration into the community. 

4050.3 Self-stigma and attribution of discrimination among mainland Chinese new arrivals in 

Hong Kong, Chun Yan Chung, Winnie W.S. Mak, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong 

Kong, China 

A surge of Mainland Chinese migrated to Hong Kong (HK) in recent years. Due to their 

socioeconomic status and cultural background, new arrivals were prejudiced and discriminated 

against as a group. The present study examined the relationship between attributional styles, 

self-stigma, and psychological well-being of new arrival women. 150 Mainland Chinese spouses 

of HK citizens who recently migrated to HK were surveyed. Results showed the relationships 

between attributional patterns, self-stigma, self-efficacy, self and collective esteem, and depression 

of these new arrival women in facing ambiguous situations of possible discrimination. 

Implications for treatment programs recommended to community centers will be discussed. 

4050.4 Prejudice: A question of personality or social psychology, or both? Nazar Akrami, Bo 

Ekehammar, Department of Psychology, Uppsala University, Sweden 

This paper focuses on the personality and social psychology approaches to explaining prejudice. 

We examined whether prejudice (sexism) is better explained by personality (Big-Five factors, 

Social dominance orientation, and Right-wing authoritarianism) or social group membership 

(gender). Based on our previous research, alternative causal models were compared. The results 

showed that the best-fitting causal model to explain prejudice was the one that included the 

personality as well as social group membership variables. This outcome, also supported by 

multiple regression analyses, suggests that an integration of the personality and the social 

psychology approaches to explaining prejudicial beliefs would be the best option. 

4051 ORAL 

Social issues 

Chair: Annalie Pauw, South Africa 

4051.1 Perception of a just world and prejudice in high and low religiosity Hindus, Muslims, 

Sikhs and Christians, Sangeeta Khullar 1 , Deepa Rajput 2 , 1 mkp[pg]college dehra dun,india, India, 

2 

MKP (PG) college Dehradun India 

Communal strife and religious fundamentalism are increasingly in evidence in India. This study 

was conducted to assess prejudice among high (N=64) and low (N=51) religiosity Ss belonging to 

the four major religious groups in India-Hindus Muslims Sikhs Christians. Their differential 

perception of a Just World was also assessed since it is known to be related to majority-minority 

status. Results show significant differences in prejudice scores of high & low religiosity groups of 

904

all four communuties. Perception of Just World differs significantly between high & low 

religiosity Ss of the majority community (Hindus)only. 

4051.2 The scarcity of women in management: A social constructionist investigation, Annalie 

Pauw, University of Pretoria, South Africa 

This paper discusses the gender stratification of the workplace and the scarcity of women in top 

management positions despite their equal representation in middle management. Discourse 

analysis is used to illustrate how patterns of meaning contribute to the reproduction of a gender 

stratified workplace. Contemporary texts on women and management are studied from a social 

constructionist perspective. The study illuminates some of the ideologies that maintain the systems 

of asymmetrical power relationships and reconcile people to the existing structures and their roles 

therein. 

4051.3 A Trial to Encounter with the Other: Group Dynamics of “Unfamiliarization”, Takashi 

Matsubara, Tomohide Atsumi, Osaka University, Japan 

A trial to encounter with the other: Group dynamics of “unfamiliarization”, Takashi Matsubara, 

Tomohide Atsumi, Osaka University, Japan 

The present study examined a trial called "Workshop of Campus Rechek" as a method to remove 

the one sidedly negative image labeled to the category of "disabled people", and encounter with 

each of them as the Other from a viewpoint of "Unfamiliarization". The first author conducted 

participant observation at this workshop, which conducted activities to support students with 

disabilities at Osaka University in Japan by examining the barriers they might face. Consequently, 

we considered that this workshop made non-disabled participants encounter disabled participants 

as the Other by unfamiliarizing a sight of the campus. 

4051.4 Religious motivation and religious experience among Orthodox Jews, Aryeh Lazar 1 , 

Shlomo Kravetz 2 , 1 College of Judea and Samaria - Dept. of Behavioral Sciences, Israel, 2 Dept. of 

Psychology, Bar Ilan University, Israel 

This presentation integrates a number of recent studies concerning religious motivation and 

religious experience among Orthodox Jews. The three-dimensional structure of the M-Scale has 

been validated on an Orthodox Jewish sample. A multi-dimensional measure of motivation for 

religious behavior has been constructed and related to measures of religious experience. Measures 

of religious experience have been shown to differentiate between Orthodox Jews comming from 

different cultural backgrounds (Ashkenazic, Spheradic and Ethiopian). 

4052 ORAL 

Social issues 

Chair: Bagher Ghobari, Iran 

4052.1 Interrelationship between religious coping style, spiritual well being and mental health”, 

Hadi Bahrami Ehsan, Faculty of Psychology- Tehran University, Iran 

To study of relation between religious coping style, spiritual well being and mental health, 120 

subjects (woman and student of Tehran University) randomly where selected. Three type of scales 

905

to study of concepts of mental health (Goldberg, 1972), religious coping style (Pargament, 2000), 

and spiritual well being (Ellison and Paluitzian, 1982), where used. The results showed a 

significant relationship between negative religious coping style and spiritual well being with 

mental health. Regression analysis made clear that from two types of religious coping style 

(negative and positive style), only negative religious coping style and spiritual well being can 

predict mental health. 

4052.2 Relationship between Reliance on God and Self-Esteem, Bagher Ghobari 1 , 

Mohammad Shojaei 2 , 1 Tehran University, Faculty of Psychology and Education, Iran, 2 Qom 

Education and Research Institute, Iran 

This study aimed to examine the relationship between "Reliance on God" and Self-esteem. 

Reliance on God Scale with internal consistency of 0.97 (Ghobari, 2001) and Self-Esteem Scale 

(Coopersmith, 1967) were used on 155 college students selected through the cluster sampling 

method from Qom Education and Research Institute. Analysis of data indicated that reliance on 

God had a significant correlation with self-esteem (p

Social issues 

Chair: Ulrike Popp-Baier, Netherlands 

4053.1 Illness, narratives and religion, Ulrike Popp-Baier, University of Amsterdam, The 

Netherlands 

Psychology of religion has dealt extensively with the relation between religion, health and illness 

in recent years. In my study I addressed the question how religious or spiritual orientations can 

structure illness narratives and analyzed biographical-narrative interviews with people from 

different religious/spiritual background who suffered from low back pain. In a first analytical 

perspective I examined whether my interview partners used a medical framework or a 

religious/spiritual framework for the explanatory relations associated with diagnosis, aetiology or 

treatment of their back pain. Some typical patterns could be identified and ideal types with regard 

to the illness experiences could be formulated. 

4053.2 Relationship between childhood attachment quality and attachment to God and 

relationship between childhood attachment quality and sudden religious conversion, Fatemeh 

Shahabizadeh 1 , Shahriar Shahidi 1 , Ali Mazahery 2 , 1 Dep of psychology,Shahid Beheshty 

University, Evin, Tehran, Iran, Iran, 2 Family Research Institute, Shahid Beheshty University, Evin, 

Thehran, Iran. 

This study investigated role played by parental religiousness and childhood attachment quality in 

Muslim subjects’ reported attachment to God. 405 university students in Tehran, Iran completed 

questionnaires measuring childhood attachment quality, parental religiousness, sudden religious 

change and attachment to God. Results showed if parents had been highly religious, secure 

respondents reported secure attachment to God and insecure respondents reported insecure 

attachment to God. If parents had been lowly religious, secure respondents reported insecure 

attachment to God and insecure respondents reported secure attachment to God. Results showed 

sudden religious change was positively related to insecure attachment to parents and emotional 

factors. 

4053.3 Comparison of matches of attachment styles in divorcing and nondivorcing couples, M. 

Ali Mazaheri, S. Marzieh Hosseini, Banafsheh Hosseini, Fariba Moradizadeh, Family 

Research Institute (FRI), Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran 

This study examines pairing of attachment styles in divorcing couples. Ninety 

Divorce-Applying-Couples (DACs), and ninety Living-Together-Couples (LTCs), (380 individuals) 

completed Hazan and Shaver Adult Attachment Scale. While 69% of LTCs were Both-Secure and 

5.6% were Both-Insecure, the figure for DACs was 11.1% Both-Secure and 42.2% Both-Insecure. 

DACs had higher voidance and lower security scores. Unlike LTCs, Means of attachment 

dimensions for ADCs display different figures for each sex: Wives had higher security, and 

husbands had higher resistance scores. The Partner, who applied divorce, had lower resistance 

scores than their spouses. Discussion explains damages, which resistant behavior contributes to 

marital relationships. 

4053.4 Resiliency and the family, Judith Lopez-Penaloza, Rolando Diaz-Loving, Universidad 

Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico 

907

Resiliency is a series of individual abilities, life skills, personality traits, resources and strategies 

available to an individual or group. It allows that entity to endure, survive and rebound from an 

experienced traumatic event of various degrees of severity, and as such, is being extensively 

investigated. However, research into resiliency factors pertaining to the family domain is less 

represented in the literature. This study explores the resiliency mechanisms used by 150 Mexican 

families confronted with traumatic events of varying degrees of intensity manifested in emotions, 

behaviors and beliefs. The role of social support and culture in resiliency will be discussed. 

4054 ORAL 

Social issues 

Chair: Nila Kapor-Stanulovic, Yugoslavia 

4054.1 The impact of employment on parental contacts with children in Japan, Tetsushi 

Fujimoto, Nanzan University, Japan 

In this study, I investigate the impact of employment on Japanese working parents' relationships 

with their children. Specifically, I explore whether part time employment increases the frequency 

of parental contacts with children. Drawing on the neoclassical economic theory of compensating 

differential, I test the hypothesis that part time employment provides workers with more family 

time, increasing their contacts with children. Data used in this study come from a large scale 

national survey conducted in Japan in 1998 (NFRJ98). Analyses of the data reaveal that part time 

employment is unlikely to increase parent-child contacts, nor reduce parents' working days and 

hours. 

4054.2 Return migration, readjustment and gender roles: Brazilian families back from the U.S., 

Sylvia Dantas DeBiaggi, Universidade de S Paulo - Instituto de Psicologia, Brazil 

The present study explores gender role issues and readjustment factors in recent return migration 

of Brazilian families to their homeland. Previous research indicated that immigration to the U.S. 

affected both husband and wife’s gender roles. Fourteen Brazilian couples who had at least one 

child, had lived an average of seven years in the United States and had been back to Brazil an 

average of three years and a half, were interviewed. Drawing on cross-cultural and gender studies, 

and qualitative methodology, the present study indicates that gender roles along with other factors 

constitute important adjustment factors on families return migration. 

4054.3 Family and career trajectories among female university students: Baseline reassessment 

evidence, Debo Akande 1 , Erha J Osagie 2 , Mag M Tserere 3 , Dave M Bush 4 , Thomas H 

Durham 4 , 1 IIR, South Africa, 2 College of Business, FAMU, Tallahassee, USA, 3 Tshwane SOCA 

Unit NPA, 4 Harvard University, USA 

In the first study, focus group interviews were conducted with 20-21 years old black women to 

explore their career attitudes and knowledge about vocational and educational goal-setting. Using 

quantitative measures, the second study investigates the role of encouragements and 

discouragements in explaining why some young women expect to enter more traditional 

occupations for their own gender than they desire. Based on preliminary findings, career women 

reported more statistically significant encouragement from family members and significant others 

908

than did their traditional counterparts. There was no causal relationship between encouragement 

and career goals in the two groups of women(c.f. Stake(1979). 

4054.4 Refugees: Reproductive rights, responsible parenthood and mental health, Nila 

Kapor-Stanulovic, University of Novi Sad, Yugoslavia 

About 11% of the population of Vojvodina, a province of Serbia and Montenegro (formerly 

Yugoslavia), are refugees. Although they share the same ethnic background, language, and legal 

rights as the local inhabitants, their reproductive rights and life circumstances are often 

dramatically different. Typically, refugee women hold low level jobs, usually without social 

benefits. Pregnancy can result in job loss. Reproductive services are seldom readily available; 

neither is access to informal channels of communication. Modern contraceptives are too expensive. 

Abortion remains the most frequent method of fertility regulation. The impact on family size, 

responsible parenthood, and mental health will be discussed. 

4055 ORAL 

Social issues 

Chair: David Mellor, Australia 

4055.1 Life quality and wealth: A qualitative and quantitative comparison of affluent and poor 

people, David Mellor, Robert Cummins, Claude Loquet, School of Psychology, Deakin 

University, Australia 

This study sought to understand the well-documented finding that affluent people, on average, 

have higher subjective well-being (SWB) than do poor people. Twenty affluent people and 20 

people dependent on social welfare completed an interview and the Comprehensive Quality of 

Life Scale. As expected, the two groups differed significantly in SWB. The poor group reported a 

preponderance of negative life experiences while the affluent group concentrated on the positive 

events in their lives. Both the qualitative and quantitative methods identified the area of 

'relationships' as representing the greatest degree of divergence between the two groups. 

4055.2 Attitude of mothers-in-law and daughters-in-law towards female foeticide and its 

relationship with education levels and self esteem, Sangeeta Khullar 1 , Sangeeta Bhatnagar 2 , 

1 2 

mkp[pg]college dehra dun,india, India, MKP (PG) college Dehradun, India 

A strong preference for sons exists in India, and population sex ratio has been steadily increasing 

along with female foeticide.24 pairs of daughters-in-law [DIL] and mothers-in-law [MIL] were 

administered a Self Esteem inventory and a scale measuring Attitude toward Female Foeticide 

[half of the DIL had completed grade 10 or below and half grade 12 or above]. Results: Difference 

between attitude of MIL and DIL were not significant [chi=1.06 df=3] although level of education 

is a discriminatiting factor, [chi=11.58]. Self Esteem did not vary across educational levels 

[chi=3.38]. Attitudes of MIL and DIL are positively correlated [r=.58] as wereSelf Esteem and 

Attitude scores [r=0.504]. 

4055.3 Research on experiences of stress and coping of the first year’s college graduates after 

expansion of enrollment, Duhong Peng, Dongqing Song, Zheng Chen, Kui Wang, China 

909

In this study, a questionnaire was developed with a comparative high reliability and validity to 

investigate 415 college graduates from 4 different types of universities. It is found that the process 

of graduates’ experiences of stress is complex and dynamic. They tend to attribute the main causes 

which influence the results of seeking-job to inside ones, such as their all-around qualities. They 

adopt pragmatic ways as the main coping strategy, following which is the ideal coping ways. It is 

showed significant differences on gender, major and graduate-situation at present which we cannot 

ignore. 

4055.4 Future outlook and financial strain: Testing the personal agency and latent deprivation 

models of unemployment and well-being, Peter Creed 1 , Jan Klisch 2 , 1 School of Applied 

Psychology, Griffith University - Gold Coast, Australia, 2 Griffith University, Australia 

Two-hundred and thrity-nine unemployed adults completed scales measuring well-being, financial 

strain, future outlook, and latent benefits of employment. The study tested (1) the relative 

contributions of the Agency Restriction and Latent Deprivation models in predicting well-being, 

(2) whether financial strain interacted with future outlook, and (3) whether financial strain was 

mediated by future outlook. The Agency Restriction model was found to be a better predictor of 

well-being. No interaction effects were identified. Future outlook mediated the effects of financial 

strain. The study concluded that examining internal personal agency processes is needed to explain 

the decline in well-being associated with unemployment. 


History of psychology in China 

Convener and Chair: G.H. Blowers, Hong Kong SAR, China 

4056.1 Motzu on love and will, C. Lee, Sino-American Institute of Transpersonal studies, Santa 

Ana, CA, USA 

Many psychologists may be familiar with Rollo May’s best seller book Love and Will, which was 

published in 1970. However, there may be only few who have heard of Motzu, the rival of 

Confucius, and his works on Love and Will which was written 24 centuries ago. In this paper, 

Motzu and his understanding of Love and Will will be introduced in three parts: 1) The various 

meanings of love and will; 2) How love and will were differently understood by Confucius and 

Motzu; 3) How love and will were differently perceived by May and Motzu. Finally, an overall 

critique will be offered from the modern psychological perspectives. 

4056.2 The self [wo] in the heart of the ancient Chinese: Its implications, features and its 

enlightenment, F. Wang, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China 

The “wo” in the ancient Chinese, referred to the entity that is made of one’s body. The features of 

“wo” are: Emphasize the moral self, but look down upon the intellect self; Praise the big self and 

soft self, repress the small self and the hard self; Prefer to say the ideal self, but not the real self; 

Advocate the dependent self, but strangle the independent self. Based on the features of “wo”, we 

suggested that the healthy self must be the one that couple hardness with softness, and emphasizes 

both the real self and the ideal self. 

4056.3 Psychology of heart in Chinese tradition, H. Shen, South China Normal University, 

910

Guangzhou, China 

The meaning of Heart in Chinese traditional thought is significant to our understanding of the 

development of psychology today. It makes us to think about the heart of our psychology, and the 

original meaning of psychology. As many professional historians of psychology have mentioned, 

the first and foremost birthplace of psychology is China, so we can trace the footsteps of the 

meaning of heart to the origins of Chinese culture itself, and acquire an understanding of the 

purpose of modern psychology and Chinese cultural psychology. 

4056.4 The contemporary value of the Chinese traditional imago thought, Y. Sun, Capital 


The inland plain of Asia, where the ancient Chinese civilization originated, enhanced an imago 

mode of thinking amongst its people. Imago thought, briefly, is a mode of thinking that expresses 

ones ideas by images. It has the characteristics of concision, intuition, wholeness and 

transcendence which not only kept the science and the culture of ancient China ahead in the world 

prior to the Yuan dynasty (A.D.1206-A.D.1368), but also played a role in helping people to 

develop an appropriate cognitive coping style and keeping their mental lives healthy. 


Computerized testing, e-rater, and generic algorithm: Psychometrics to support emerging 

technologies 

Convener and Chair: H.H. Chang, USA 

Co-convener: K.T. Hau, Hong Kong SAR, China 

4057.1 Analysis of e-rater models: Dimensionality of main factors and their interactions, J. 

Qian 1 , C. Lu 1 , H.H. Chang 2 , 1 Educational Testing Service, Princeton, NJ, USA; 2 University of 

Texas, Austin, TX, USA 

4057.2 Genetic Algorithms and Their Applications in Multidimensional Item Response Theory, 

J. Zhang, Educational Testing Service, Princeton, NJ, USA 

Genetic algorithms are computational algorithms/systems that take ideas from genetics, hereditary 

and/or evolution (e.g., breeding, mutation, crossover, and survival of the fittest). The purpose of a 

genetic algorithm is to solve optimization problems. Two applications of genetic algorithms will 

be discussed in this presentation. In one application, a genetic algorithm was developed to 

effectively execute a procedure for assessing the dimensional structure of an educational or 

psychological test. In another, a genetic algorithm was integrated with an 

expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm to estimate item parameters of either compensatory or 

non-compensatory multidimensional item response models. 

4057.3 Effectiveness of a-stratified method with content blocking, Q. Yi, American College 

Testing, Inc, Iowa City, IA, USA 

The purpose of the current study is to further investigate the effectiveness of the a-stratified 

method with content blocking under complex content balancing constraints. In computerized 

911

adaptive testing, the most commonly used item selection method is to select an item with 

maximum information at the examinee's current ability estimate. However, it tends to result in 

unbalanced item usage within a pool. The idea underlying the a-stratified methods is to select 

items from a stratified pool so that lower discriminating items are administered early in a test and 

higher a items are used at later stages. 

4057.4 Comparability study in computer-based testing, A. Lau, Harcourt Assessment, San 

Antonio, TX, USA 

Test administration via a computer is becoming a trend nowadays. For some statewide assessment 

programs, both the paper-and-pencil testing and computer-based testing modes co-exist and the 

scores from both modes are used interchangeably for important decision-makings. In such cases, 

scores from these two versions should be comparable to assure the fairness requirement is satisfied. 

This research investigates how the testing modes affect the examinees’ performance. Methods for 

handling the testing mode effects will be discussed. 

4057.5 Effects of Number of strata and unbalanced strata structure on item pool usage in 

stratified computer adaptive testing, J.B. Wen 1 , K.T. Hau 2 , 1 East China Normal University, 

Shanghai, China; 2 The Chinese University of Hong Kong, China 

The a-stratified design of using less discrimination items in earlier stages of testing has 

demonstrated to be very successful in balancing the usage of all items in the pool. This study 

examined how the number of strata would affect the item bank usage in this method. Furthermore, 

the effects of an unequal number of items in each stratum were also studied. The design aimed to 

improve the efficiency of testing without sacrificing the balanced usage of items. Results of the 

present simulation study showed how the number of strata and the unequal items at each stage 

would affect the item pool usage. 

4057.6 Modeling response latencies for computerized adaptive tests, Z. Ying 1 , H.H. Chang 2 , 

1 2 

Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA 

An important aspect in computerized adaptive testing (CAT) is how to model response latency. We 

propose to modify some existing statistical models and procedures developed from survival 

analysis to handle modeling and analysis of response latency. The data structure of response 

latencies offers good opportunity to apply the statistical tools developed in survival analysis. For 

example, we may view time to a response as survival time and apply the Cox (1972) proportional 

hazards regression to relate it to other factors of interest. Definitely, the knowledge of the response 

latency distribution will be useful in designing CAT. 


Traditional Chinese culture and psychology 

Convener and Chair: W.D. Wang, China 

4058.1 Chinese medicine and constructivist psychotherapy, G. Sugamura, University of North 

Texas, USA 

The concepts of Chinese medicine will be compared with the ideas of constructivism. First, the 

912

similarities and differences between the Yin-Yang dualism and the binary coding idea will be 

examined as their epistemological cornerstones. Second, their individual-focused approaches will 

be paralleled. Third, the concept of Qi and the idea of construct will be reconsidered from the 

viewpoint of systems theory with regard to their holistic emphases. Forth, the Chinese body-mind 

monism will be reformulated in the light of the constructivist decentralized control model. Finally, 

a prospective guiding principle of their further development will be advanced. 

4058.2 NeoZEN: Buddhist meditation and the empirical evidence on health enhancement, 

M.G.T. Kwee, M.K. Taams, Transcultural Society for Clinical Meditation, The Netherlands 

A clinical psychological approach to Buddhist Psychology is presented based on research evidence. 

Centerpiece is the practice of nonjudgemental mindfulness in a de-constructing process into 

not-self by experiencing the impermanence of mental phenomena in a dis-identifying mode. These 

are attentional processes during the episodic rise & fall of interdependent, cyclical, recurring 

sequences of feeling, thinking, doing. With cleansed doors of perception a peace of mind is 

accrued enabling a non-doing mode while nothing remains undone. The result is an art of being in 

- not of - this world and of surfing on the flow of compassion with happiness as an 

epiphenomenon. 

4058.3 Zen and psychology, F. Koshikawa, Y. Ishii, Waseda University, Japan 

This presentation discusses Zen Buddhism in relation to psychology, or more specifically: 

Personality Psychology, Health Psychology, and Clinical Psychology. A brief overview of the Zen 

Buddhist thought and Zen meditation is given. A definition, of Non-self (anatman), which is one 

of important concepts in Zen Buddhism, is given with an explanation in psychological terms. The 

applicability of the definition to personality theory, as well as the prevention of depression and 

anxiety disorders, is also examined. A detailed discussion of Shikan-ho, a technique based on the 

definition, is offered as a practical way to reduce mental problems. 

4058.4 The effects analysis of suggestion and hypnotism in the application of Traditional 

Chinese Medicine theory, W.D. Wang, Guang’ anmen Hospital, Beijing, China 

The theory of Traditional Chinese Medicine is not totally based on experimental studies as modern 

medicine. It’s an achievement of the integration of traditional culture—ancient philosophy, 

anatomy, astronomy, geography, naive ancient medical experience, etc. It has no strict guiding 

functions in clinical practice and has been used as a kind of “reasoning tool” in most cases. Part of 

the clinical effects may come from the functions of culture and psychology besides that of the 

herbs. The theory is more abstruse, the functions of suggestion and hypnotism is stronger. This 

may explain the uncertainty of current clinical studies of TCM. 

4058.5 Using “two-time separating technique” to improve negative emotion, T.J. Liu, Beijing 

University of Chinese Medicine, China 

Improving emotion by ‘Two-time separating technique’ is a psychotherapy come from Zen. The 

basic operational content of it is to induce patients separating their mental problems from their ego, 

and then separating their ego from nature consciousness. They will complete the treatment in the 

process of transcending ego. Two-time separating technique can be used to improve negative 

emotion in stress state. First, separating the incidents that induce the negative emotion from ego; 

913

second, separating the negative emotion from ego. During the treatment, it is also to be used that 

transforming the negative emotion into feeling and then dispelling it. 


Current status of face perception 

Convener and Chair: T. Sato, Japan 

4059.1 Is face perception model-based or image-based? C.H. Liu, University of Hull, Hull, UK 

It is known that face perception relies on surface properties and shading information. Although 

this has often been interpreted as the evidence of 3D shape processing, it remains unclear whether 

face processing involves construction of 3D shape from 2D input or merely depends on 2D 

patterns. Model-based theories imply construction of volumetric information from available depth 

cues, whereas image-based theories rely on computation of image similarities. Recent tests of 

these theories revealed that although not completely ignored by the observers, depth cues such as 

perspective and stereopsis offer little assistance to face identification. This lends stronger support 

to image-based theories. 

4059.2 Before botox: The perception of facial movement, H. Hill, Advanced 

Telecommunications Research International, Kyoto, Japan 

Faces move in interesting rigid and non-rigid ways and yet, until recently, have been treated as 

static stimuli within Psychology. New technology, including video and computer animation, 

allows facial movement to be controlled and studied explicitly. It has been shown that movement 

can provide useful information for a wide variety of tasks including recognition, categorization 

and communication, and that motion may be particularly useful when shape-based information is 

difficult to recover. Results suggest that rigid and non-rigid information may be encoded 

independently, with non-rigid motion encoded within a face-centered framework, but the details of 

encoding remain a key, unanswered question. 

4059.3 Recognizing dynamic facial expressions of emotion, S. Yoshikawa, Kyoto University, 

Kyoto, Japan 

This paper briefly introduces the neural areas devoted to processing the social signals contained in 

a face, such as emotional expression and eye gaze, and then describes three pieces of 

psychological research using dynamic facial expression stimuli made using a morphing technique: 

a perception study, an fMRI study, and an analysis of the spontaneous facial reactions that occur 

when observing dynamic facial expression stimuli. Based on these findings, I emphasize the 

importance of an integrated approach to understanding the processing of dynamic facial 

expressions in terms of perceptual/cognitive, emotional, and motor planning processes. 

4059.4 Psychophysics of eye contacts, T. Sato, University of Tokyo, Kyoto, Japan 

It is not clear whether the limit for the feeling of being-looked-at (eye-contact) is related to acuity, 

or to the amount of shift relative to the eye ball size. We examined this issue by systematically 

manipulating the viewing distance and the spatial frequency composition. We found that the 

impression of eye contact occurs when the gaze was directed within 3 deg range around the nose 

914

egardless of the viewing distance and it is not affected by low-pass filtering. These results 

indicate that gaze perception is determined by shifts of pupil relative to the width of eyes rather 

than absolute angular. 

4059.5 Local features not distance measurements are critical for face specific perception, K. 

Nakayama, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA 

We measure threshold recognition of faces in band-limited spectral noise and under conditions of 

linear and non-linear image distortion. At odds with the emerging consensus that distance 

measurements between elements (nose. mouth, eyes) are important for face recognition, we show 

that (1) local features on the human face on the order of approximately 0.5 cm are most critical for 

recognition at conversational/social distances (2) large affine distortions do not alter face 

recognition thresholds. We conclude that local image features, independent of exact metrical 

relations in the face are critical for face-specific perception. 


Interdependent decision making 

Convener and Chair: T. Gärling, Sweden 

Co-convener: A. Biel, Sweden 

4060.1 Cooperation in the give- or take-some (GOTS) game, M. Gustafsson 1 , D. Budescu 2 , 

1 2 

Göteborg University, Göteborg, Sweden; University of Illinois, Urbana Champaign, IL, USA 

Exogenously determined environmental uncertainty reduces cooperation in both Give-Some and 

Take-some games. The question is what happens when human behavior is the source of 

environmental uncertainty. To investigate this, we propose the Give- Or Take-Some (GOTS) game, 

in which people can either contribute to or request from the same common resource. In the GOTS 

game, environmental uncertainty originates from lack of knowledge of how much has been 

contributed to and requested from the common resource. Our results indicate that environmental 

uncertainty stemming from lack of information about others; behavior does not reduce cooperation 

in the GOTS game. 

4060.2 Explaining altruistic cooperation: Utility transformation or heuristics? T. Yamagishi, 

Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan 

Facing the consistent finding from hundreds of experiments that a sizable proportion of 

participants cooperate in one-shot PD and similar games, behavioral and experimental 

psychologists as well as sociologists, especially social value orientation researchers, propose that 

people transform objective game structures into subjective ones with a utility transformation 

mechanism. Once utility is transformed, then people make rational decisions. I propose an 

alternative heuristic decision-making approach according to which the transformation occurs only 

when people find themselves in social exchange relations. The transformation does not occur 

when people find themselves outside exchange relations. Evidence from a series of experiments is 

presented. 

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4060.3 A taxonomy of social situations, G. Bornstein, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 

Jerusalem, Israel 

The presentation outlines a taxonomy of social situations based on the type of the participating 

agents. We distinguish among three basic types of decision-making agents: individuals, unitary 

teams, and non-cooperative groups, and describes a research program which studies strategic 

interaction while systematically varying the types of the competing agents. The goal of the 

research is to expand the experimental games literature to include (unitary and aggregated) group 

decisions, as well as expanding the group-decision literature to include strategic games. 

4060.4 Effects of conformity influence in a sequential public goods dilemma, W.T. Au, M.W. 

Chung, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China 

In a sequential protocol of a public goods dilemma, participants made decisions one after another. 

By assigning high efficacy participants to early positions, a local cooperation norm induced 

cooperation conformity on subsequent participants. However, by assigning low efficacy 

participants to early positions, their generally lower levels of cooperation created instead a 

defection norm that resulted in lower group cooperation rates. With the aid of a global cooperation 

norm, a local cooperation norm was still effective in increasing group cooperation rates. The 

results thus demonstrate that conformity influence can be used to enhance cooperation. 


Developing reading fluency in different languages and orthographies 

Convener and Chair: B.A. Levy, Canada 

4061.1 Developing reading fluency in English and in French as a second language, B.A. Levy, 

McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada 

This paper will focus on the importance of speed in becoming a fluent reader. Studies will be 

described that examine the influence of exposure or practice on developing fluency in children 

whose native language is English. The contributions of early cognitive skills, and speed of 

processing, to the simultaneous development of reading skill in two languages, French and English, 

will be examined in a longitudinal study at four sites in Canada. 

4061.2 The reading fluency deficit of German dyslexic children, H. Wimmer, Universitat of 

Salzburg, Salzbury, Austria 

This talk will present findings on the manifestation and causation of the reading fluency problem 

of German dyslexic children. It will be shown that the fluency problem is evident for all sorts of 

reading materials including high frequency words and pseudowords and that it is rather resistant to 

remediation. Eye movement recordings show dysfluent reading to be resulting from more and 

longer fixations, but not from more regressions. A consistent associate and precursor of dysfluent 

reading was poor performance on visual rapid naming tests. With respect to neurocognitive 

causation we found no evidence for a magnocellular or an automaticity/cerebellar deficit. 

4061.3 The role of morphological awareness in developing character recognition and reading 

comprehension in Chinese children, C. McBride-Chang, Chinese University of Hong Kong, 

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Morphological awareness is awareness of and access to the meaning structure of language. 

Chinese has important linguistic features, including many homophones and an analytic structure, 

that requires morphological awareness for reading. The semantic radical, a key feature of the 

Chinese orthography, also makes explicit meaning aspects of the writing in a way that alphabets 

may not. I present three studies that demonstrate the unique variance predicted by measures of 

morphological awareness for Chinese character recognition in kindergartners and second graders 

in Hong Kong and Beijing and for reading comprehension among Hong Kong third graders. 

Across studies, measures of morphological awareness were among the strongest predictors of 

reading. 

4061.5 Reading and writing in Hebrew among 4-6 year olds, I. Levin 1 , O. Jamui 1 , L. Peled 1 , L. 

Ehri 2 , 1 Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; 2 City University of New York, New York, USA 

Children's early steps in reading and writing were analyzed with respect to peers' names. Three 

strategies emerged in name recognition, in line with Ehri's model: contextual, visuo-graphic and 

alphabetic. Five strategies emerged in name spelling, in line with Levin's model: refusals, 

pseudo-letters, random letters, phonetic spelling and orthographic spelling. Reading and writing 

were correlated: The child's strategy of name recognition was connected to his/her spelling of 

names. Moreover, reading and writing were mostly connected to alphabetic skills: letter naming, 

phonological awareness, grapho-phonemic mapping, as well as to vocabulary. The role of 

alphabetic skills was thus illuminated prior to schooling. 

4061.6 Subtypes of Chinese developmental dyslexia, S. Wu 1 , H. Shu 1 , Y.R. Liu 2 , 1 Beijing 

Normal University, Beijing; 2 Education and study center of Shunyi district, Beijing, China 

By more than one hundred year’s studies, researchers gain more and more support for the view 

that developmental dyslexics do not form a homogenous population Around a phonological core, 

subtypes of developmental dyslexia show variability in linguistic and non-linguistic tasks. Given 

to the great influence of orthography to manifestations of dyslexia, We gave Chinese dyslexia all 

kinds of linguistic and non-linguistic tasks, and got a quite different result from alphabetic one. 

Instead of phonological core deficit, Morphological deficit seems a predominant deficit to Chinese 

dyslexia. Around it, different subtypes may show some variability in other tasks. 


Cultural influence on cognition 

Convener and Chair: G. Lüer, Germany 

4062.1 Culture is a shared cognition: The example of the development of children’s spatial 

representations, B. Troadec, Université de Toulouse-Le Mirail, Toulouse, France 

From a constructivist point of view, the development of children’s knowledge consists of the 

progressive elaboration of different kinds of shared cognition produced by communication with 

others within everyday activities. This shared cognition defines a particular culture. But, 

psychologist’s knowledge about children’s cognitive development is also a shared cognition 

produced by communication with others (for instance, in this Congress). So, psychologist’s culture 

917

tries to explain children’s cultures. The main goal of the paper is to discuss this conception of the 

relations between culture and cognition, and to illustrate it with a study about the development of 

Polynesian and French children’s spatial representations. 

4062.2 Language-sensitive limitation in encoding and immediate memory, U. Lass, S. Yan, 

Georg-August-Universitaet Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany 

Human information processing is marked by limitations that may be seen as invariants, i.e., they 

are considered to be universally valid. The characteristics of any given language, however, may 

lead to the corresponding limitations becoming apparent in varying degrees of task performance. 

Our experiments involving German and Chinese native speakers provide evidence for 

language-sensitive limitation in the efficiency of encoding briefly presented items and in 

immediate memory (memory span). These findings are neatly accommodated by current theories 

on working memory and encoding of object features. Thus the cross-linguistic approach proves to 

be a particularly suitable strategy for investigating the universal features of human information 

processing. 

4062.3 Culture, shared reality, motivation and cognition: The case of counterfactual reasoning 

and regulatory focus, C.Y. Chiu, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Illinois, USA 

Consistent with previous research findings, in a study of Beijing Chinese, Hong Kong Chinese, 

and European American undergraduates, we found that compared to European Americans, Chinese 

are more likely to engage in subtractive counterfactual reasoning (or regret over action). As 

expected from shared reality theory, cultural differences in counterfactual reasoning were 

significantly related to participants’ representation of the self-regulatory norms in their own 

culture, and not related to their own self-regulatory orientations. These findings will be discussed 

in terms of their implications for conceptualizing the relationship of culture and cognition. 

4062.4 Thinking, culture and world-view, D. Doerner 1 , S. Ramnarayan 2 , 1 Universitaet 

Bamberg, Bamberg, Germany; 2 Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad, India 

In our study we tried to find a short method to identify the "worldview" and the style of thinking. 

Indian intellectuals were confronted with two tasks, to judge the truth of seven proverbs, and to 

tell us what they could see on photos that showed persons in an unclear context. Not the slightest 

symptoms of a typical "eastern" style (Nisbett et al., 2001) could be found. The individual's 

worldview was a strong factor determining the reactions. A "scientific" hypothetical view of the 

world produced argumentative comments to the proverb, and "open end" stories for the photos. A 

strong religious background produced "moralizing" tendencies and very general statements. 

Additional factors were intelligence and specific life experience. 

4062.5 Identifying antecedent of cross-cultural differences in cognition, Y.H. Poortinga, F.J.R. 

van der Vijver, S. Bouwers, Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands 

Psychometric analysis of ability tests suggests close similarities of cognitive structures across 

cultures, but has been unable to account for quantitative differences in scores. On the other hand, 

experimental evidence has helped to identify elements of context that explain differences in score 

levels, but only for fairly simple tasks. In this paper we discuss strategies to deal with the 

remaining gap in knowledge, including (i) approaches that seek to identify large cross-cultural 

918

differences, (ii) approaches that seek small differences, and (iii) natural experiments that focus on 

theoretically relevant contextual conditions. Examples are given of recent results obtained with 

studies based on the latter two strategies. 


Perception, communication, and activity 

Convener and Chair: V. Barabanschikov & V. Nosulenko, Russia 

4063.1 Perception and Event, V. Barabanschikov, Institute of Psychology, Russian Academy 

of Sciences, Moscow, Russia 

Principles of ontological approach to perception are proposed. Perception as a function of 

proximal stimulation, as mental image of an object and as information retrieval taken together 

with the conditions of existence and development is considered as a specific event of a person’s 

inner world, arranged in space and time in the chain of other events. As a system with 

heterogeneous components and specific content, organizational pattern, scale and developmental 

logic, an event may be analyzed using different coordinate systems. The approach provides basis 

for solving problems of diagnostics and control of perceptual processes in human activities and 

communication. 

4063.2 Artifacts as “design-for-use” propositions for “design-in-use” activity, V. Folcher, P. 

Rabardel, University Paris 8, Saint-Denis, France 

This communication deals with artifact uses and appropriations along two interrelated analytical 

dimensions. The first one treats the artifact’s integration into users’ activity and account for the 

appropriation process and the elaboration of the design criteria by users during the ‘design-in-use’ 

process. The second dimension deals with the design assumptions built up by designers during the 

‘design-for-use’ process and inscribed in the artifact elaborated. We report empirical results of a 

field study conducted in a telecommunication work setting, and discuss problems and challenges 

to consider for the meeting of design-for-use and design-in-use in an unitary and anthropocentered 

design process. 

4063.3 User-Centred System Design (UCSD) in the Car: A Cognitive Ecology of Driving, J. 

Hollan, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA 

The incorporation of numerous new technologies (e.g., GPS-based navigational aids, cell phones, 

active cruise control, etc.) in the automobile is changing the nature of driving and presenting new 

challenges for effective and safe interface design. To better understand the cognitive ecology of 

driving we have been collecting ethnographic data in a car instrumented with video cameras. I will 

describe our observations of driving based on video from fixed cameras in the car (and from a 

subcam worn by drivers) and give examples of how we are approaching analysis within a 

distributed cognition framework. 

4063.4 User-centred, situated, activity observation, S. Lahlou, EDF R&D, EHESS, Clamart, 

France 

Activity is motive-driven, but also a situated construction: subjects opportunistically use 

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affordance provided by their environment. We designed new techniques capturing both situated 

perception and intentions. Miniature video captor (subcam) worn at eye-level, microphone at ear 

level, and complementary techniques (360 film) capture situated context. Intentions are collected 

verbally with video debrief of ‘situated recordings’, which enables exceptional remembering of 

emotions and intentions. Continuous monitoring of voluntary, ambulatory subjects performing 

everyday activity in natural context yielded new perspectives on attention and activity. We 

illustrate with recording of a professional meeting, and discuss limits based on six years of 

practice. 

4063.5 Evaluation of perceived quality: A paradigm to study of man-environment interaction 

processes, V. Nosulenko, Institute of Psychology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia 

The principles of evaluation of perceived quality are as following: (1) perception is goal-directed 

and its dynamics is determined by the subjects’ tasks; (2) analysis of perceived quality should 

concern both objects in human environment and actions with them; (3) perceived quality should 

be investigated in the framework of communicative processes; (4) free verbalizations may be 

considered as a representative data for the analysis of perceived features. We applied these 

principles to study activity of users in augmented reality context and to establish connections 

between representations of users and designers and to translate corresponding “perceptual models” 

into the “physical models”. 

4063.6 The role of affordances for the perception of and interaction with smart artifacts, N. 

Streitz, Fraunhofer IPSI, Darmstadt, Germany 

Affordances are available elements in the perceived environment that trigger and facilitate 

activities, especially when interacting with artefacts in our everyday life. The trend of integrating 

information technology into objects (smart artefacts) causes new challenges. Computers were 

primary artefacts, now they become secondary artefacts moving into the background. They 

become invisible and disappear in the perception of the actors. Building on previous work about 

affordances (Gibson, Norman, Gaver), we extend the notion of affordances: including multiple 

artefacts interacting with each other and placing artefacts in their architectural context around us. 

We present results from the EU-funded project Ambient Agoras. 


Issues of research in educational psychology 

Convener and Chair: A.M. Wang, USA 

Co-convener: D. Bergen, USA 

4064.1 Growth transitions modeling in developmental research, J. Holt, Northern Illinois 


Developmental research often involves longitudinal studies of cognitive outcomes. In many 

developmental models, cognitive growth occurs in stages and is not always linear; greater 

cognitive change occurs when individuals are undergoing critical developmental or institutional 

transitions. To understand the influences on successful transitioning, methodologies must be used 

that are sensitive to changes in growth rates that occur across the transitions. Appropriate 

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methodologies to model both intra-indiviual and inter-individual variation in growth rates across 

critical transitions are discussed with emphasis on recent developments in random coefficients 

modeling and latent growth modeling. 

4064.2 Uses of the global guidelines assessment tool (GGAT), S. Wortham 1 , B.J. Hardin 2 , 

1 2 

The University of Texas at San Antonio, West-San Antonio, TX, USA; Anne R. Sanford Center 

for Research Chapel Hill Training Outreach Project, Inc. Chapel Hill, NC, USA 

A study was conducted to investigate the reliability and validity of the GGAT-Spanish Edition, 

designed to help early childhood educators assess and improve program quality. Eight early 

childhood programs and 160 directors and teachers in five Spanish-speaking countries (Columbia, 

Guatemala, Mexico, Peru, and Venezuela) participated in the study. The GGAT-Creole Edition is 

also being used in Haiti as a guide in planning and implementing a model preschool program. 

Planners, trainers, and teachers are using the tool to understand early childhood standards as the 

model is initiated, improved, and disseminated in Haiti and Sierra Leone. We will present the 

challenges and successes related to translation/adaptation concerns when using evaluation tool 

globally. 

4064.3 Using the cultural probe approach (CPA) to study social constructs cross-culturally, A.M. 

Wang, Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA 

Studying socially constructed concepts such as self-esteem, self-perception, and self-efficacy 

cross-culturally is reinforcing and yet challenging. Early research typically uses translated 

instrument to make comparisons with the assumption that the translated instrument is valid as long 

as the translation is accurate. Researchers, when conducting this type of research, either 

acknowledge this weakness or employ qualitative designs to avoid the biases caused by this 

problem. The Cultural Probe Approach (CPA), suggested by the present researcher, provides a tool 

of in-depth study of socially constructed concepts quantitatively. Basic ideas and examples of the 

CAP will be introduced and discussed. 

4064.4 Emerging designs for educational evaluation research, D. Bergen, Miami University, 

Oxford, OH, USA 

Evaluators of educational programs initially followed traditionally approved empirical research 

designs, which were often difficult to conduct effectively in educational field settings. Therefore, 

many educational evaluation designs have incorporated field partner input and have drawn on 

qualitative design strategies. Recently, the use of empirical research designs is again being stressed 

for the evaluation of U.S. federally funded educational projects, thus raising questions of 

appropriateness among evaluators. The benefits and drawbacks of qualitative field-specific 

methods compared to traditional empirical approaches are reviewed and emerging evaluation 

designs that may affect perspectives on the usefulness of educational evaluation will be discussed. 


Imaging the bilingual brain 

Convener and Chair: M.W.L. Chee, Singapore 

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4065.1 Neural processes involved with perception and learning of difficult second-language 

phonetic contrasts, D.E. Callan, ATR International, Kyoto, Japan 

The English /r-l/ phonetic contrast is extremely difficult for native Japanese speakers who learned 

English as a second-language after childhood. After extensive perceptual identification training 

long lasting improvement in identification performance can be attained. A model is proposed 

implicating the use of articulatory-to-auditory and articulatory-to-orosensory mappings to 

facilitate perceptual identification under conditions in which the phonetic contrast is ambiguous. 

We conducted fMRI experiments investigating the perception and learning of difficult second 

language phonetic contrasts. The obtained results are consistent with the hypothesis that forward 

articulatory-to-auditory/orosensory mappings, that predict auditory consequences for production 

of phonemes to be identified, are used to facilitate perception by constraining phoneme selection 

given ongoing auditory input. 

4065.2 Does language affect the neural basis of speech perception? A comparison of English 

and Mandarin speakers, S. Scott, University College London, London, UK 

The perceptual processing of speech depends initially on temporal lobe auditory and multimodal 

cortex. neural basis of intelligible speech for English speakers listening to English, and Mandarin 

speakers listening to Mandarin. While the responses for intelligible speech are left lateralised in 

English, intelligible Mandarin is associated with extensive, bilateral responses in the temporal 

lobes. There is a common system for intelligible speech in both languages. Regions specific to 

Mandarin are present in left and right superior temporal cortex; there are no regions specific to 

English. Normal speech perception engages temporal lobe regions that may be either independent 

of or dependent upon the specific acoustic and linguistic structure of the native language. 

4065.3 Brain processing of nouns and verbs by Chinese-English bilinguals, L.H. Tan, The 


A general finding in English seems to be that verbs are represented in left prefrontal region and 

nouns in temporal-occipital regions. Functional MRI studies with Chinese, however, have 

indicated that Chinese nouns and verbs activate a wide range of overlapping brain areas, without a 

significant difference. In this paper I will report on our recent fMRI findings that in 

Chinese-English bilinguals, Chinese nouns and verbs activate a common neuroanatomical circuit, 

whereas English nouns and verbs provoke different neural networks weighted by word category. 

Our findings agree with the recent proposal that language experience shapes neural systems of 

reading and speaking. 

4065.4 Common and segregated neuronal networks for different languages revealed using 

functional magnetic resonance adaptation, M.W.L. Chee 1 , C.S. Soon 2 , H.L. Lee 2 , 1 Singapore 

General Hospital, Singapore; 2 Cognitive Neuroscience Lab, SingHealth, Singapore 

Word repetition within and across languages was studied in English-Chinese bilinguals who read 

rapidly presented word-pairs while undergoing fMRI. Lower signal was observed when the second 

word in a pair was shared meaning with the first. This occurred in the English-only and 

Mixed-Languages conditions. Repetition-induced reductions in signal occurred in both types of 

conditions. Thus part of the semantic neuronal networks serving English and Chinese is shared. 

922

These regions showed greater absolute signal change in the Mixed-Languages trials relative to the 

English-only trials. Networks for Chinese and English word-processing have shared components. 

There are also components that may be language-specific. 


The developing and aging mind 

Convener and Chair: U. Lindenberger, Germany 

4066.1 The new infant mind: Neuro- and behavioral science in synergy, S. Pauen, University of 

Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany 

Only 20 years ago, developmental psychologists were convinced that infants lack basic tools of 

thinking. Today’s evidence presents a radically different view. Research supports the idea that 

preverbal children are capable of complex cognitive processes like reasoning about cause effect, 

numbers, physical phenomena, or intentionality. Another recent promising approach to the infant 

mind stems from developmental neuroscience. For instance, the nature and timing of biological 

changes in neural pathways, myelinization, or the density of synapses in different parts of the 

brain are investigated. Several examples for promising ways to relate both perspectives, the 

behavioral and the neuroscience approach, will be elaborated. 

4066.2 Social cognitive theory of lifespan development, K. Bussey, Macquarie University, 

NSW, Australia 

Human development is conceptualized within the framework of Bandura’s (1986) social cognitive 

theory. The dynamic interplay between person, environment, and biology during development is 

specified within a model of triadic reciprocal interaction. Within this analysis, change results from 

maturational, self-directed and social factors that influence the course of human development. This 

analysis addresses how conceptions and competencies are acquired, and how they change across 

the life span. The sociocognitive processes that regulate conduct and how their relative influence 

change developmentally are detailed. Examples from moral and gender development illustrate 

change across the life course. 

4066.3 Systemic lifespan changes in mind and brain: Complexity and coherence, U. 

Lindenberger, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany 

This paper presents a systemic view on lifespan changes in mind and brain. Lifespan changes in 

key aspects of behavior, such as learning and memory, are conceptually linked to lifespan changes 

in large-scale network properties of the brain, such as task-related coherence and dimensional 

complexity. Analysis of EEG signals is advocated as a tool to assess such properties. It is expected: 

(a) that task-related coherence and complexity increase from middle childhood to early adulthood; 

(b) that coherence, but not necessarily complexity, decrease thereafter; (c) that the functional 

circuitries supporting memory performance in children and older adults are fundamentally 

different. 

4066.4 Neuroimaging: Towards new insights into developmental cognition, D. Park, University 

923

of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA 

Neuroimaging data have demonstrated startling dissociations between behavior and neural 

activations across phases of human development. Even when young and old adults perform 

similarly on a cognitive task, there is evidence for additional neural activation in frontal cortex in 

older adults compared to young. Is this additional activation in working memory and encoding 

areas of the brain evidence for compensatory neural recruitment or does it merely represent 

nonselective, dedifferentiated activations of a deteriorating neural system? Evidence for 

dedifferentiated function in hippocampal and sensory areas in late life development and the 

implications for theories of human development will be presented. 

4066.5 How to account for age differences in working memory capacity? A lifespan perspective, 

A. de Ribaupierre, University of Geneva, Carouge-Genève, Switzerland 

It is well known that working memory capacity (WMC) increases during childhood and decreases 

during older adulthood. Similar explanatory hypotheses have been advanced, that often hold 

general mechanisms - such as processing speed and inhibition - responsible for age changes in 

WMC. Only rarely have the same tasks been used across the lifespan in order to assess a) what are 

the relationships between these different constructs and b) whether such relationships differ for 

different life periods. Results from two lifespan studies will be reported, in which WMC, 

inhibition, and processing tasks were administered to children, young and older adults. 


Parenting: Stress and support 

Convener and Chair: B. Hagekull, Sweden 

Co-convener: A. Sanson, Australia 

4067.1 Individual and parental characteristics as precursors of adolescent anxiety: Results from 

an Australian longitudinal study, P. Letcher 1 , A. Sanson 1, 2 , D. Smart 2 , 1 University of Melbourne, 

Melbourne, Australia; 2 Australian Institute of Family Studies, Melbourne, Australia 

This study investigated the direct and interactive effects of individual and parental characteristics 

(including parental stress and support) in the prediction of anxiety at 17 years. Participants were 

drawn from the Australian Temperament Project, a longitudinal community-based cohort of 

Australian children followed prospectively from infancy to young adulthood. Videotaped 

parent-adolescent interactions and questionnaires were used to assess parenting characteristics at 

16 years of age. Questionnaire measures of temperament, parental stress and support, and 

adolescent anxiety were also available when adolescents were 15/16 years old. The implications of 

the results for understanding interactive individual and parental risk processes will be discussed. 

4067.2 The relations between parenting stress, goals and practices, and child temperament: 

Evidence from Australia, B. Selcuk 1 , A. Sanson 2 , 1 Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey; 2 Australian 

Institute of Family Studies, Melbourne, Australia 

In this study, we aimed to investigate how parenting stress is related to the goals parent set for 

their children, practices they use while child rearing, and their children’s temperament. 

924

Participants were 173 Australian mothers and 58 Turkish-Australian mothers who had 

4-6-year-old children. Mother reports were used for the assessment of parenting and temperament. 

Frequency and intensity of difficulties mothers faced while child rearing, and the social support 

mothers perceived they got from others were examined as indicators of parenting stress. While the 

general pattern of the relations were in expected directions for both Australian and 

Turkish-Australian families, there were some differences for the two cultural groups. 

4067.3 Can a child-problem focused intervention reduce mothers’ stress? M. Ostberg 1 , B. 

Hagekull 2 , L. Lindberg 3 , R.N.M. Dannaeus 4 , 1 University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden; 2 Uppsala 

University, Uppsala, Sweden; 3 Stockholm Center of Public Health, Stockholm, Sweden; 4 Primary 

Health Care, Uppsala, Sweden 

We investigated if a child-problem focused intervention could reduce parenting stress. Mothers (n 

= 33) seeking help for their children’s sleeping or feeding problems were compared to non-help 

seeking mothers (n = 66). Groups were equal regarding stress level before intervention. Results 

showed that intervention was connected with a larger reduction in general stress level in the 

intervention group. Intervention mothers increased their competence, reduced their experience of 

being restricted by parental responsibilities, and increased their satisfaction with their spouse 

relationship. The importance of early interventions to help parents cope with everyday problems 

like sleeping and feeding will be discussed. 

4067.4 Effects of three home-based family intervention programs, J.M.A.M. Janssens, A.A.M. 

Kemper, University of Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands 

A decreasing number of children has been placed into residential care during the last two decades 

in the Netherlands. A number of home-based family intervention programs have been developed to 

treat children with behavioral problems and their families in their homes. In this paper we focused 

on three of these programs: Videohometraining, Families First and Intensive Family Treatment. 

We studied the effects of the programs on children’s behavioral problems, child rearing stress and 

family functioning. Effects were positive. We will present these effects and we will analyze the 

content of the programs on support parents received. 

4067.5 Parenting: A review of support programs, B. Hagekull 1 , I.I. Olsson 2 , S. Bremberg 2 , 

1 2 

Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; National Institute of Public Health, Stockholm, Sweden 

This review evaluated programs aiming at improving child outcomes, directed at parents with 

children aged 18 months to 18 years. Database searches yielded 63 published randomised 

controlled studies. Support programs were grouped according to degree of structure and type of 

contact with the families. For parents of pre-school children, child-parent interaction programs 

directed at single families with identified child problems were most common. During middle 

childhood, structured group activities directed at low SES families predominated. Child-parent 

interaction and communication/monitoring were focused. During adolescence, group format 

parent programs were often directed at the general population, focusing 

communication/monitoring and problem solving. 


925

Implicit and explicit representations of self and others 

Convener and Chair: J.B. Asendorpf, Germany 

4068.1 Assessing and modifying implicit self-esteem, M.W. Baldwin, J.R. Baccus, S. 

Dandeneau, M. Sakellaropoulo, McGill University, Montreal, Canada 

Implicit self-esteem, like its explicit counterpart, appears to be a complex, multifaceted 

phenomenon. I report research that examines the measurement of separate components of implicit 

self-esteem using variations of the Name Letter measure. I also review studies in which implicit, 

but not explicit, self-esteem responses were modified by manipulations of associations between 

self-relevant information and positive or negative social feedback. These findings demonstrate that 

implicit self-attitudes arise from associative links between the self-representation and expectations 

regarding the satisfaction of important social motives. 

4068.2 Implicit and explicit representations of one's personality, J.B. Asendorpf, K. Schnabel, 

Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany 

A series of studies is presented that examined similarities and differences between the explicit and 

implicit self-concept of personality traits such as shyness, anxiety, and irritability. The implicit 

representations were assessed with the Implicit Association Test or a more recent alternative 

procedure, the Implicit Association Procedure. Presented are findings on the fakability and 

interaction of implicit versus explicit representations of one's personality, and their different 

relations to observed behavior in social situations. Discussion focuses on problems concerning the 

assessment and validation of implicit personality self-concept. 

4068.3 The extrinsic affective Simon task, J. De Houwer, University of Ghent, Ghent, Belgium 

The Extrinsic Affective Simon Task (EAST) allows one to examine attitudes and associations in 

an indirect manner. I will present a review of studies that looked at (1) procedural elements that 

influence the magnitude and reliability of EAST effects, (2) the relation between EAST effects and 

other indirect attitude measures, (3) the extent to which EAST effects are related to actual 

behaviour, (4) the usefulness of the EAST as a measure of non-evaluative associations in memory. 

4068.4 Should we be surprised when measures of implicit and explicit self-evaluation are not 

correlated? Some considerations from a functional perspective on personality, S. Koole, Free 

University Amsterdam, The Netherlands 

Researchers have marveled at the low correlations between measures of implicit and explicit 

self-evaluation that were ostensibly designed to tap into the same construct. I suggest that these 

findings may become more understandable when one adopts a functional approach to personality 

phenomena. I present two studies to illustrate the merits of a functional approach. In both studies, I 

used Personality Systems Interactions theory (Kuhl & Koole, in press) to predict when an explicit 

measure of autonomy (i.e., the action orientation scale, Kuhl, 1994) should be correlated with an 

implicit measure of autonomy (that was based on Fazio’s affective priming paradigm). 

4068.5 Explicit and implicit manifestations of the activation and psychodynamics of the 

attachment Behavioral System in Adulthood, M. Mikulincer 1 , P.R. Shaver 2 , 1 Bar-Ilan University, 

Israel, 2 University of California, Davis, CA, USA 

926

Attachment theory, designed originally to characterize infant-parent bonding, has been applied to 

the study of close relationships, affect regulation, and social cognition. In this lecture, we will 

present a recent theoretical model of the activation and psychodynamics of the attachment system 

in adulthood and use this model to characterize explicit and implicit manifestations of this system. 

We will review research using priming methodology, which has revealed the implicit and explicit 

processes involved in attachment-system functioning, and present some ideas and findings on the 

ways these processes interact in shaping one’s own and relationship partner’s cognitions, emotions, 

and behaviors. 


Chinese social living: Perspectives from psychology 

Convener and Chair: M.H. Bond, Hong Kong SAR, China 

4069.1 The Chinese cultural context from a psychological perspective, M.H. Bond, Chinese 


The Chinese historical legacy is distinctive among the world’s great cultural traditions. The 

various political, economic and social contexts in which contemporary Chinese live out their lives 

are also different from one another, however. This presentation attempts to extract from this 

differently contextualized historical commonality whatever psychologically relevant similarities 

have been found to differentiate contemporary Chinese from persons with different ethnic 

identifications. 

4069.2 The Chinese organizational context: Behavior with and within organizations, D.C. 

Thomas, Simon Fraser University, BC, Canada 

Most individuals spend a significant part of their lives interacting within organizational settings. 

Organizations have influence by placing both demands and constraints on behavior, and each 

individual forms a conception of their relationship with and within the organization. Individuals 

interpret this relationship through their cultural lens and it influences all aspects of their lives. 

Chinese organizations, whether in China or overseas, have unique cultural characteristics but are 

also responding to rapid economic and technological change. This paper explores the influence of 

the Chinese organizational context on individuals. In particular, it focuses on the changing nature 

of these organizational expectations. 

4069.3 Parenting beliefs and practices and child adjustment in urban China, L. Chang, Chinese 


The purpose of the present study was to use unstructured interviews to examine socialization 

beliefs and practices of urban Chinese parents. Over 300 parents of primary school children from a 

large city were interviewed regarding their parenting beliefs and behaviors. Questionnaire data 

were obtained about their only children's social adjustment in schools. Related parental views 

were factored into two categories. One category labeled as ‘Modern Socialization’ includes 

comments that emphasized the importance of social participation and social dominance or 

influence. The other category labeled as ‘Traditional Socialization’ consists of comments that 

stress such traditional values as respecting others, being modest and cooperative. These two 

927

factors were correlated with children's school adjustment behaviors. 

4069.4 Understanding Chinese communication from the perspectives of its cultural participants, 

G. Gao, San Jose State University, San Jose, CA, USA 

Much of the current research in Chinese communication has focused on identification, description, 

and theorizing of its key characteristics. Few studies, however, have delved into the central 

cultural constructs from the perspectives of its participants. This paper attempts to explore the 

meanings that are attached to mian zi, lian, han xu, zi ji ren, wai ren, and ke qi, the contexts of 

their uses, and the enactment of these concepts in understanding the self, relating to others, and 

solving problems in the Chinese culture. This paper will reveal how cultural participants make 

sense of those central cultural constructs and their perceptions of appropriateness in the 

communication process. This paper will integrate and challenge research findings in the current 

literature. 

4069.5 Conflict and competitive behavior in Chinese societies, K. Leung, City University of 

Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China 

Chinese are often characterized as harmony-seeking and conflict-avoiding. Where this 

characterization is broadly accurate, the underlying meaning and motivation of these behaviors are 

far from clear. This presentation will examine empirical research on competitive and conflict 

behaviors among Chinese people to identify the psychological processes underlying these 

behaviors. Motives underlying competitive and cooperative behaviors are analyzed and found to 

be important in shedding light on the meaning of these overt behaviors. A general psychological 

framework based on motives is proposed for understanding competition and conflict processing 

behaviors in Chinese societies. 

4069.6 Chinese cooperative behavior, D. Tjosvold, A.S.H. Wong, L.L.Y. Wang, Lingnan 

University, Hong Kong SAR, China 

Chinese people as collectivists have traditionally been considered to be oriented toward 

relationships and cooperative behavior. They have been found, for example, to be respectful and 

even conforming in their attempt to avoid aggression. However, research, conducted mostly in the 

West, suggests that effective cooperation requires the direct expression of views. Recent studies 

suggest that Chinese people can, especially when they believe they have a quality relationship, 

also discuss their opposing views to develop integrative solutions. This cooperative behavior 

should help Chinese organizations operate in the emerging market economy. 


International perspectives to improve psychological services to adolescent offenders 

Convener and Chair: C.S. Hutz, Brazil 

4071.1 Assessment and treatment of young male sex offenders, E. Bishop, University of 

Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA 

928

This presentation will be a summary of treatment strategies used by psychologists to treat young 

male sex offenders in consultation with Michigan criminal justice agencies. Promising 

cognitive/behavioral techniques will be described. An overview of the youth who are typically 

treated will be provided, in case study format. Recommendations for others who work with 

adolescent sex offenders and a summary of other research in this area will also be included. 

4071.2 Development of adolescent suicide prevention programs, K. Fenn, D. Trent, Northern 

Arizona University, Yuma, AZ, USA 

During 2002, a psychology graduate student from the UK working in English prisons visited the 

Arizona Department of Juvenile Corrections as a recipient of a Churchill Fellowship to explore 

practices of rehabilitation in other countries. His visit resulted in a collaborative revision of the 

suicide prevention programs at that agency. Adolescent suicide among incarcerated adolescents 

had been increasing at this agency. An effective cross-cultural exchange resulted in the 

development and implementation of new programs and policies to reverse this trend. The program, 

and the subsequent reduction in adolescent suicides, will be described. 

4071.3 Cross-cultural comparison of adolescent moral reasoning on Kohlbergian dilemmas: A 

comparison of Malay, U.S. and Russian youth, J. Jaafar, University of Malaysia, Kuala Lampur, 

Malaysia 

This presentation will present the results of a study comparing Malaysian, US and Russian youth 

on Kohlbergian moral reasoning dilemmas. Gender and cultural differences among the sample will 

be discussed. The influence of societal norms on the development of moral reasoning, and the 

implications of this influence for adolescent development and resilience, will be discussed. 

4071.4 Changing socialization of Russian adolescents, V. Karandashev, Vologda State 

Pedagogical University, Russia 

Russian society has changed drastically in the last decade. Education, economics and social policy 

are very different now than they were at the beginning of the 1990s. How have the problems of 

adolescents in Russia changed as a result of these social changes? This paper explores changes in 

adolescent problems over the last 10 years in Russia. 


Cultural models of social judgment 

Convener and Chair: K.P. Peng, USA 

Co-convener: L. Wang, China 

4072.1 Individual and cultural differences on framing effect, H. Wang, M. Wang, Peking 

University, Beijing, China 

Previous studies seldom investigated the individual and cultural difference on framing effects. 

This paper introduced ‘dialectical thinking’ (DT) as a moderator and tested individual and cultural 

differences on DT in relation to framing effects. A 2 (high/low DT) x 2 (positive/negative frame) 

was utilized. The results showed that framing effects were only observed in half of the times 

among Chinese participants. We also found participants with high DT were less likely to choose 

929

isk options regardless how it was farmed. Future direction on this line of research was discussed. 

4072.2 Culture and judgment under uncertainty, M. Sumi 1 , S. Yamaguchi 1 , K.P. Peng 2 , 

1 2 

University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA 

Classic paradigms on culture and judgment under uncertainty were tested in cross-cultural 

contexts. In study 1, we found Japanese endorsed beliefs on life uncertainty more so than 

Americans did. In study 2, Japanese was found better able to use information from big sample 

than small sample. In study 3, Japanese was found to show more dialectical understanding of 

future events than Americans do whom shown strong deterministic orientations. However, such 

cultural difference was not associated with differences in understanding mathematics and 

probability. Implication for culture and cognition is discussed. 

4072.3 Psychology of regret across cultures and domains, J.Q. Shi 1 , L. Wang 1 , J.Q. Liao 1 , Y. 

Kuang 1 , K.P. Peng 2 , 1 Peking University, Beijing, China; 2 University of California at Berkeley, 

Berkeley, CA, USA 

Psychology of regret was tested in a series of cross-cultural studies. By utilizing classic paradigm 

developed by Kahneman and Tversky (1982) and Gilovich and Medvec (1995), we found similar 

patterns among Chinese participants. However, when we introduced social domains that are more 

relational in nature (e.g., buying gifts for friends), we found interesting cultural differences. 

Chinese were more regret inaction than action whereas American more concerned about outcomes 

of action than inaction. In situations concerning face and social evaluation, Chinese were more 

concerned about outcomes of action than inaction. The interactive relationship between culture 

and domain is discussed. 

4072.4 Culture and judgment of responsibility, K. Eric 1 , K.P. Peng 2 , 1 Stanford University, 

Stanford, CA, USA; 2 University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA 

Judgment of responsibility, particularly the allocation of blame and punishment, is a domain of 

social perception that involves consideration of both an actor’s mental states and the consequences 

of his or her actions. We found that cultural differences exist in the degree to which people weigh 

intentions vs. consequences in deciding blame and punishment. Using cases involving ambiguous 

causes, we found a significant pattern in which East Asian Berkeley students born abroad weighed 

consequences more than heavily did Caucasian Berkeley students; Caucasian students, on the 

other hand, weighed intentions more heavily than their East Asian counterparts. Future direction is 

discussed. 


Health psychology and health promotion 

Convener and Chair: K. Noguchi, Japan 

4073.1 Community empowerment, K. Noguchi, Bunka Women’s University, Tokyo, Japan 

One of the important settings for health promotion is a community. Health promoters can gain 

valuable resources from the community action for health. For community action to be successful, 

it requires the direct involvement of individuals and community in a balanced program. Our 

930

program includes new means of communication, levels of participation toward success, strategies 

for empowerment, and tools for health promotion. The results of the practice suggest that the 

acceptance of the role of voluntary action contributes to develop healthy community, and 

individual efficacy change to team and community efficacy. The concept of the healthy 

community will be discussed. 

4073.2 Autogenic training as a method of health promotion, Y. Sasaki, Komazawa University, 

kanagawa, Japan 

Autogenic Training by J. H. Schultz has been used as a therapy for psychosomatic disorders and 

neuroses, and also as a relaxation technique for health promotion method. In 1992, we started on 

an entrusted project research on the application and its effects of autogenic training, and we 

verified that the improvement of subjective physical and mental symptoms, increasing of 

immunity and improvement of adjustment to the workplace. I would like to present the successful 

results of the introduction of Autogenic Training for the health promotion to the industrial setting 

in Japan. 

4073.3 Health and behavior in college students: Asian perspective, A. Tsuda, Kurume 

University, Fukuoka, Japan 

Information concerning the frequency of health-related behaviors is essential to the planning of 

health education and primary prevention programs. However, international comparisons of health 

behavior in young adults across Asian countries are lacking. The aim of this presentation is to 

assess a wide range of health-related behaviors, beliefs concerning the importance of behaviors for 

health, and health knowledge, using a standardized protocol suitable for translation and 

administration in different countries of Asia. The data suggest that it may be worthwhile for health 

providers to consider health promotion. 

4073.4 Adaptive acceptance of aging in the eastern culture, T. Tanaka, Okayama University, 

Okayama, Japan 

Aging stress means that aging is a kind of negative event for our life. Elderly people have weaker 

body and smaller social networks compared to before. However our interview survey revealed that 

some Japanese old people who adapted to their old life very well, have some successful cognitive 

style, which makes them happy even if they do not have perfect health or enough family support. 

They recognized their negative changes as natural matters and accepted them as a whole. The idea 

of the acceptance seems to have a Buddhism background. We could suggest such idea like 

cognitive therapy in health counseling situation. 

4074 ORAL 

Clinical psychology in China: Present and challenges 

Chair: S.Q. Yao, China 

Co-Chair: M.Y. Qian, China 

4074.1 National surveys of clinical psychology in mainland of China: Practice and training, Y.X. 

Gong, S.Q. Yao, X.Z. Zhu, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China 

931

The following contribution will describe the results through a serial of national surveys in 

profession of clinical psychology focused on practice and training of clinical psychologists, 

application of psychological tests used in mainland of China. We will also discuss the policy and 

criteria about the qualification of counselor and psychotherapists published by Chinese 

Government recently, interesting and challenging issues in the future development of clinical 

psychology in mainland of China. 

4074.2 Psychological test’s development: Its present and tendency in mainland of China, S.Q. 

Yao, Y.H. Zhou, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China 

To learn about the status quo of the psychological test’s development in mainland of China, five 

major published journals related psychological testing were selected to review. The number of the 

tests and the method of the psychometric features were be analyzed. 154 kinds of psychological 

tests, revised or developed, were reported in the recent five years. These tests included ability test, 

personality test, clinical psychological test, etc. Although the situation of revision and 

development of psychological testing is still coexist, more and more researchers are prepared to 

develop new test by themselves and use modern psychometric methods. 

4074.3 Developments of clinical psychology in Taiwan, W.C.C. Tam, Chung Yuan Christian 

University, Chung Li, Taiwan, China 

After nearly half a century of development, clinical psychologist is an officially recognized 

profession in Taiwan and needs a license to practice. Most of the working time of clinical 

psychologists is devoted to psychological assessment and psychotherapy. At present there are 

nearly 500 licensed clinical psychologists serving a population of 23 million in Taiwan. In 

addition to being employed in hospitals, clinical psychologists also provide psychological services 

in their own psychology clinics. The Taiwan Association of Clinical Psychology is working hard 

to raise the training standards, the accountability, and the service quality of clinical psychologists. 

4074.4 Psychological impacts and adjustment in sufferers of severe acute respiratory syndrome 

(SARS), C.W. Wong, S.K.W. Cheng, Kwai Chung Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China 

In 2003, Hong Kong was severely hit by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS). We have 

conducted a series of five studies to examine the psychological impacts of SARS on the sufferers. 

The results indicate that (1) in the acute treatment phase, the direct and indirect effects of SARS 

may cause various psychiatric complications; (2) certain verbal and behavioral responses of 

healthcare workers are therapeutic to the sufferers; (3) psychological distress of SARS survivors at 

one-month recovery is real and significant; and (4) cognitive appraisal and thriving are vital 

psychological constructs explaining the differential adjustment outcomes of the sufferers. Clinical 

implications of these findings are discussed. 

4074.5 Developing a Chinese version of Observer Alexithymia Scale and Toronto Alexithymia 

Scale, X.Z. Zhu, J.Y. Yi, S.Q. Yao, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China 

To develop a Chinese version of the observer alexithymia scale (OAS) and the twenty-item 

Toronto alexithymia scale (TAS). A sample of 468 undergraduate students and 258 neurosis 

patients were tested. We examined the Chinese translation of the OAS’s and the TAS-20’s internal 

reliability and test-retest reliability. Using confirmatory factor analysis. The results found that all 

932

therapies worldwide from a policy perspective. It will be based on the work done by World Health 

Organization together with a multidisciplinary group of collaborators, representing more than 40 

countries. It addresses the multidimensional nature of adherence, particularly its economic and 

health impacts, as well as discussing which policy strategies are available for improving it, and 

considering how health psychology is currently contributing to knowledge and practice in this 

important area. 

4075.4 Applications of psychological theory and research to adherence challenges of specific 

disorders, J.J. Sanchez Sosa, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico 

As health care providers as well as scientists, psychologists generate knowledge and methods to 

enable effective interventions that prompt adherence to treatment regimes of most chronic and 

long-term disorders. This presentation will examine this work in the context of specific disorders 

for which there is evidence of successful psychological assessment and treatment. There will be a 

broad overview of the evidence related to cardio-vascular disease, chronic pain, diabetes, HIV / 

AIDS, and obesity as well as illustrative elaboration. Behavioral risk factors for illness such as 

poor diet, insufficient physical activity, smoking, and unprotected sexual behaviors will also be 

considered. 


Aspects of cross-cultural forensic psychology 

Convener and Chair: R. Andry, China 

Co-convener: P. Tsomis, Australia 

4076.1 International forensic psychology and deviancy rehabilitation, R. Andry 1 , C. Cordess 2 , 

F. Li 1 , P. Tsomis 3 , 1 University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; 2 Leicester University, UK; 

3 

Forensic Psychologist, Sydney Psychology, Australia 

To fight severe or mild juvenile or adult crime and rehabilitate differently presenting offenders of 

different cultures, either in or out of custody, requires subtle co-operation among team workers 

such as psychologists, psychiatrists, lawyers, judges, criminologists, administrators, legislators, 

welfare workers, etc, Covering Criminal, Civil and Statutory Law. It is desirable that each learns 

basic theory and solid practice from each other by not only concentrating on hypothesised 

causative factors, but assessing future recidivism risks and preferably based both on 

“Behaviourist” and “Psychodynamic” principles. Examples will be given and projects for the 

future will be suggested. 

4076.2 Risks and needs evaluation of offender and offender rehabilitation, C.C. Lu Chan, 

Correctional Services Department, Hong Kong SAR, China 

Literatures have shown that systematic risks and needs evaluation of offenders coupled with 

appropriate arrangement and provision of rehabilitation programmes would reduce recidivism of 

offenders averaging 10%. This presentation describes the experiences of the Correctional Services 

Department of Hong Kong in its development of an evidenced-based risks and needs evaluation 

protocol for offenders as well as its refinement of rehabilitation programmes which targetted the 

934

criminogenic needs of offenders. 

4076.3 Transcultural forensic psychological assessment, B. Montgomery, University of 

Canberra, Australia 

Transcultural psychological assessment is fraught with difficulties arising from differing cultural 

attitudes towards disclosing personal information, the appropriateness of direct questions, and the 

connotations of nonverbal behaviour. Forensic psychological assessment differs from clinical 

psychological assessment in a number of important ways. Thus transcultural forensic 

psychological assessment raises a number of challenges for the practitioner. These issues and 

some possible solutions will be outlined, with particular reference to forensic psychological 

assessment of indigenous Australians. 

4076.4 Forensic psychology and offender rehabilitation in Australia, K. Howells, Australia 

The treatment and rehabilitation of offenders has been an area of considerable growth over the 

past decade. Many jurisdictions around the world now implement intervention programs which are 

highly dependent on psychological theories and psychological research. In this paper I will 

provide an overview of the state- of- the-art in Australia. I will discuss the results of a national 

study of offender programs in the different Australian states. Developments in Australia will be 

compared with those in other jurisdictions around the world. 

4076.5 Forensic assessments within a children’s court clinic model of practice, G. Schreiber 1 , P. 

Brown 2 , 1 Children's Court Clinic of New South Wales, Australia; 2 Children's Court Clinic of 

Victoria, Australia 

Two Children's Court Clinics exist in Australia - in Victoria and N.S.W. They undertake clinical 

assessments and submit expert reports to assist Children's Court decision-making. The work of the 

Children's Court Clinic of Victoria will be explained in terms of what was historically required at 

its inception over 50 years ago and the developments that have occurred in relation to assessments 

to meet current Court needs. From the N.S.W. Children's Court Clinic, established in 2001, recent 

information is presented which, among other things, explores the quality of parenting capacity 

assessments in terms of current research literature detailing best practice standards. 


Bullying and victimization in the workplace 

Convener and Chair: H. Steensma, The Netherlands 

4077.1 Some differences between perpetrators and targets of bullying at work, S.B. Matthiesen, 

S. Einarsen, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway 

Some personality differences between perpetrators and targets of bullying at work were examined 

in this work place sample study (n= 2215). It was found that the perpetrators reported a higher 

level of aggression than the rest of the sample. It was also confirmed that provocative victims 

(victims that also conduct bullying) had a lower level of self esteem and a higher level of 

aggressiveness than rest of the victim group. Also, they have more prior experiences as targets of 

bullying in their former job(s) and in their childhood. The perpetrators in this study reported a 

935

higher level of role conflict and role ambiguity than the bullied victims. 

4077.2 Gender minority as a risk factor for exposure to bullying at work, S. Einarsen 1 , W.B. 

Eriksen 2 , S.B. Matthiesen 1 , 1 University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; 2 University of Oslo, Oslo, 

Norway 

The aim of the study was to test the hypothesis that belonging to a gender minority at work is a 

risk factor for exposure to bullying. Following social identity theory, belonging to a minority 

group that differs from the dominating group on salient characteristics may carry an elevated risk 

of being socially excluded from the workgroup, as well as being devaluated and more easily 

exposed to aggression. Results from two studies in which a small group of men work in a female 

dominated profession and in female dominated organizational cultures, and two studies in which 

women work in a male dominated profession and in male dominated organizational cultures, are 

presented. The hypothesis was supported by the data. 

4077.3 The pecking order: Workplace mobbing, L. Shallcross, Griffith University, Brisbane, 

Queensland, Australia 

This research distinguishes workplace mobbing as an abusive group behaviour where the target is 

‘iced out’ of their employment through rumour, gossip, hearsay, innuendo and false accusations. 

The behaviour is less direct than bullying and managers and supervisors are particularly 

vulnerable targets. The damage caused includes long-term psychological damage, loss of 

employment and loss of financial security.The study concludes that workplace mobbing arises as a 

result of a dysfunctional workplace culture. Those who are different because of their gender, 

sexual preference, race and accent, culture, marital status, social class, ill health and impairment 

are particularly vulnerable. 

4077.4 Bullying at work: PTSD and social support, A. Soares, Université du Québec à 

Montréal, Montréal, Canada 

Bullying may de defined as a set of repeated acts and behaviours which diminishes the dignity or 

integrity of the worker. Our objective in this presentation is to analyze links between 

post-traumatic stress disorders (PTSD) and bullying in two professional groups in Quebec 

(Canada) and the moderator effect that social support may have in minimizing PTSD symptoms. 

Results indicate that social support from colleagues at work and supervisors may have a more 

important impact in preventing PTSD symptoms, although people demand more the support of 

family and friends outside the workplace. 

4077.5 Ripple effects of bullying in the workplace on bystanders and on family members of the 

target of bullying, H. Steensma 1 , A. Hubert 1 , J. Furda 2 , F.D. Groot 1 , 1 Leiden University, Leiden, 

The Netherlands, 2 Zwolle, The Netherlands 

Two survey studies tested hypotheses about effects of bullying in the workplace. In study 1, (N = 

3011) victims had more health complaints, less job satisfaction, more need for recovery, stronger 

emotional reactions and more worries than had the members of a control group. There were ripple 

effects: Bystanders demonstrated the same significant pattern of symptoms, although the effects 

were somewhat less extreme. In study 2 (N = 18) exposure to bullying in the workplace correlated 

strongly with stress symptoms and it also led to venting emotions out on the family members of 

936

the target of bullying. 


Money as cultural tool for children's socio-individual development: A comparison from data 

in Japan, Korea, China, and Vietnam 

Convener and Chair: T. Yamamoto, Japan 

4078.1 Money as Social Bond for Japanese Children: An Ecological Approach to Children’s 

Understanding Money, N. Takahashi 1 , K. Takeo 2 , Y. Endo 3 , 1 Osaka University of Education, 

Osaka, Japan; 2 Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo, Japan; 3 Nara Women's University, Nara, 

Japan 

Totally 108 children from first to sixth grade were observed and interviewed while and after 

shopping at the different stores in Osaka, Japan. There are two factors that determine the way of 

children’s shopping. First is an ecological one such as the interaction between children’s abilities 

and external resources they can use. Second is their objective of shopping: Shopping sweets is to 

exchange money for the pleasure of consuming with peers, while shopping commodities is to 

possess something socially valuable. It is concluded that shopping is a dynamic process in that 

their desire is fluctuating while shopping, mediated by others. 

4078.2 Celebrating circle by New Year gifting of Money: Tentative esearch in Vietnam, T. 

Sato 1 , T. Ito 2 , P.T.M. Huong 3 , N.L. Zhou 4 , 1 Ritsumeikan University, Kyoto, Japan; 2 Ibaraki 

University, Japan; 3 National Center for social and Human Sciences, The Institute of Psychology, 

Hanoi, Vietnam; 4 Huadong Normal University, Shanghai, China 

For cross-cultural studies, researchers' "feelings of strangeness" take important role to develop the 

understandings of both foreign and own culture. Our team investigated in September 2003, by 

interviewing and observing Vietnamese children. Then Japanese researchers had been interested in 

the custom that children in Vietnam celebrate the New Year by gifting money to their friends. Only 

adults give New Year’s gifting money to children in Japan. Children in Vietnam construct a 

network to share the celebration with each other by gifting money. This network consists of 

children and the friends that they trust to continue the circle of giving. 

4078.3 Money, interpersonal relationship and self-consciousness: Cases of Chinese 

Korean, Chengnan Pian 1 , T. Yamamoto 2 , J. Z. Wo 3 , 1 China University of Political Science and 

Law, Beijing, China; 2 Maebashi Kyoai Gakuen College, Maebashi Gunma, Japan; 3 Beijing 

Normal University, Institute of Developmental Psychology, Beijing, China 

The Ss were 40 Korea students from Yanbian, China. They were interviewed on how to spend 

pocket money. The research examined the parent-children relationship mediated on money. The 

results showed that, the parent-children relationship mediated on money is bi-directional. Not only 

the parent gave the pocket money to children, but also the children spent money for their parent. 

These relationships may reflect the different cultural characters. It is noteworthy that the 

bi-directional relationship does not weaken but strengthen the children’s consciousness on ‘my 

money’. 

937

4078.4 Is it good or bad that children treat their friends some foods? An interview study with 

children and their parents in Korea, S. Oh 1 , C. Soonja 2 , K. Soonja 3 , 1 Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 

Japan; 2 Kookmin University, Seoul, korea; 3 Daejin University, kyongkido, Korea 

The purpose of this study was to investigate qualitatively the phenomenon called ‘Ogori’: i.e., 

treating friends some foods to each other. Field research and interview study were conducted in 

Jeju Island and Seoul city, Korea in 2002. The research questions were as follows: 1) How does 

the situations of Ogori occur in everyday context? 2) Are these events evaluated positively or 

negatively? 3) What are the reasons behind these evaluation? Some narrative logic by children and 

their parents in describing their Ogori-situation are discerned and discussed from the point of view 

of children’s life-world in different culture. 


The Psychosocial adjustment of immigrant adolescents 

Convener and Chair: U.P. Gielen, USA 

4079.1 Language and cultural adjustment of Chinese immigrants in the USA, G. Jia, The City 

University of New York, New York, NY, USA 

In the United States, Chinese immigrants constitute the second largest immigrant group (next to 

Hispanics), and the Chinese language is the third most commonly used language in US families 

(next to English and Spanish). I will first review research findings that indicate 1) how well 

Chinese immigrants adjust to the dominant language English and other aspects of American 

culture, in comparison to other immigrant groups, and 2) what factors predict the level of 

adjustment (such as educational level and age of immigration). I will then discuss how such 

findings shed light on theoretical issues of human development and acculturation. 

4079.2 Psychosocial adjustment of Chinese-American adolescents in New York City, U.P. 

Gielen 1 , A. Lombardo 2 , 1 St. Francis College, New York, NY, USA; 2 Chinese-American Planning 

Council, New York, NY, USA 

The study explores the psychosocial adjustment of three groups of male and female 

Chinese-American adolescents aged 14-22 years: those who were born in the USA, those who 

arrived in the USA before age 10, and those who arrived later. The adolescents were interviewed 

and responded to a newly developed 30-item sentence completion test inquiring about their 

self-image, identity as a Chinese-American, family situation, and attitudes toward friends, peers, 

family, school, gender roles, and dating. Based on both qualitative and quantitative data analyses, 

we delineate the socialization experiences, belief systems, and attitudes that appear to have been 

conducive to the students' positive educational and social adjustment. 

4079.3 The adaptation of returning Japanese-Brazilian adolescents in Japan, K. Tsuji, 

Musashino University, Tokyo, Japan 

A change in Japanese immigration laws in 1990 and the economic boom of the late 80’s and early 

90’s resulted in an influx of returning Japanese-Brazilians into Japan. Japanese-Brazilians are 

938

4083.2 Effect of behavioral problem and VIQ-PIQ discrepancy on event-related potential P300 

in children, Aishu Liu, Li Chen, Harbin Normal University, China 

This study examined relationship of behavioral problem (BP) and VIQ-PIQ discrepancy with 

Event-Related Potential P300 in children of age 6-12. The results indicated a significant 

correlation between VIQ-PIQ absolute discrepancy and P300 latency. There was also significant 

interaction of VIQ-PIQ absolute discrepancy and BP types on P300 latency. The correlation 

between VIQ-PIQ absolute discrepancy and P300 latency was significant in comorbid group but 

insignificant in pure internalizing/externalizing group. A significant correlation was also observed 

between Internalizing-Externalizing BP T score absolute discrepancy and P300 latency as well as 

amplitude. The results suggest severe brain impairment in comorbid BP children. 

4083.3 Decompensation of organic cerebral dysfunction, Gennady Butorin, State Pedagogical 

University, Russian Federation 

126 pupils surveyed by psychological, neuropsychological and clinical-psychopathological 

methods. The study revealed that mental disorders, caused by decompensation of cerebral and 

organic damages were connected with the age crisis (AC) period. It strictly corresponds the idea of 

organic dissociation disorder (F06.5, ICD-10). The best way to cope the crisis states were 

pharmacotherapy with the main role of nootrops and rehabilitation which based on decrease of 

school loadings on the certain time. It could be carried out in special classes of support. Treatment 

of those states appeared to be most effective at multidisciplinary approach and complex 

rehabilitation together with the teachers. 

4083.4 Appropriation of interpersonal triadic relationships by autistic children, Jean-Marie 

Vidal 1 , Eric Lemonnier 2 , 1 CNRS UMR - Recherches Semiologiques, France; 2 CIERA Hôpital de 

Bohars - 29820 BOHARS, France 

The social difficulties of autistic people could be linked to their difficulty to tolerate triadic 

relationships. Our approach consists in offering autistic children to regulate exchanges with two 

therapists. After ten dyadic encounters with a first therapist, the autistic child is invited to accept 

or refuse the entrance of a second therapist; triadic encounters are then alternated with dyadic ones. 

The choices of the child are actively solicited and respected. First evaluations of six children (5 to 

9 years old), diagnosed by ICD10 & ADI-R and submitted to VINELAND and CARS-tests, show 

significant progress. 

4083.5 Correlation among stress, perceived social support, and behavior problem of adolescents 

with developmental disability, Sang Hui Chun, Korean Counseling Psychology Association, 

Korea, (Republic Of) 

Stress has great influence on school life of adolescents with developmental disability. A question 

“Can adolescents with developmental disability perceive stress?” was disputed but it was 

generally proved that they can perceive stress like a normal person. When it comes to stress 

perception measurement report method, self-report measurement is better than the observer's one 

like parents or teacher. According to research results, stress affected their maladaptation to daily 

life and school life, while the perceived social support mediated the stress and maladaptation 

problem. In conclusion, higher levels of social support are needed to improve their ability. 

940

4083.18 Background characteristics of run away women & girl from home, Who are under the 

cover of reeducation centers affiliated to the state welfare org. of Tehran province? S. Mahmoud 

Mirzamani Bafeghi, Roohangiz Kavoosi, Mohammad Ali Besharat, Iran 

The study has been carried out on 75 run away women and girls. All these interviewees were 

staying at state owned centers and they were protected by the government. The results of the 

interview with these women and girls have shown that: Family problems including involvements 

and current tension in the family, parents divorce, not having a good guardian or having a bad 

guardian, over population of the family, immigration from provinces to the capital (Tehran), low 

I.Q and not having enough knowledge are the cause for choosing escape from home as the only 

solution for their problems. 

4083.19 The interhemispheric inhibitory and complementary function in schizophrenics, 

Yongsheng Tong 1 , Nianfeng Guo 2 , Lianyuan Cao 3 , 1 Peking University, China; 2 Institute of 

Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China; 3 Beijing HuiLongGuan Hospital, China 

A deviant pattern of interhemispheric coordination in schizophrenic patients had been reported by 

several studies. However, mutually inhibitory and mutually complementary functions between the 

two hemispheres, which were regarded as two important elements of the interhemispheric 

coordinative functions, were hardly investigated in schizophrenics. In present study, two 

experiments using a three-visual-field presentation tachistoscope were conducted with 30 

schizophrenics and 28 controls. The results in the Stroop picture-word test indicated that, the 

interhemispheric inhibitory function was reduced in schizophrenic patients. And the results in the 

attention span test indicated that the interhemispheric complementary function was reduced in 

schizophrenic patients too. 

4083.20 Experimental research on self-schema of different anxious types, Wengen Deng 1 , 

Liangxin Lei 2 , 1 Jiangxi medical college, China; 2 Jiangxi Normal University, China 

In order to explore the difference of the self-schema among different anxious types, This research 

used State-Trait Anxiety Inventory distinguish anxiety into three types, which were state anxiety, 

trait anxiety, state and trait anxiety. Adopted revised Doson and Methews’model to do this 

experimental test. Results displayed that anxious university objects had state anxious self-schema, 

state anxious university students also had the same kind of self-schema, and trait anxious 

university students did not have anxious self-schema. According to these results, an conclusion 

could be drawn, which was there were only the state components in the anxious schema. 

4083.21 Personality correlates of p53, c-erbB-2, BRCA1 protein expression in breast cancer 

patients, Yan Liu 1 , Wenjuan Lin 2 , Jinping Liu 3 , 1 Sichuan University, China; 2 Institute of 

Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; 3 Sichuan Provincial People Hospital, 

Chengdu, China 

In this work, the associations between personality trait and gene protein expressions were 

evaluated in seventy women with breast cancer. The personality traits of these patients were 

examined with the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ) before operation, while the gene 

protein expression including p53, c-erbB-2 and BRCA1 of their breast lesions were assessed by 

immunohistochemistry method. Data showed that 75.5% of the breast cancer patients were 

944

associated with c-erbB-2 gene expression and 70.2% of the patients were associated with BRCA1 

gene expression. It was further found that breast cancer patients with p53 mutation or c-erbB-2 

over-expression were more extraverted. 

4083.22 Study on psychosomatic characteristics of obsessive-compulsive neurosis and its 

cultural relevance, Yanchun Xu 1 , Hongzhong Qiu 1 , Yunchun Tai 2 , 1 Guangzhou University of 

Traditional Chinese Medicine, China; 2 Sun Yat-sen University, China 

To investigate psychosomatic characteristics of obsessive-compulsive neurosis and its cultural 

relevance, 89 patients with obsessive-compulsive neurosis were assessed by the Family 

Environment Scale-Chinese Version (FES-CV) and Five-pattern Character Scale of Traditional 

Chinese Medicine, and examined by electrogastrograph. Results showed that patients with 

obsessive-compulsive neurosis owned typical Taiyin personality. Electrogastrographies of most 

patients were notably abnormal. Comparing with normal controls, significant difference was found 

in most subscales of FES-CV, especially in the subscales of cohesion, confict and expressiveness. 

The results of this study suggest that family environment and social cultural factor act important 

roles in pathogenesis of obsessive-compulsive neurosis. 

4083.24 Attentional control in children with ADHD on vigilance task of visual and auditory 

modarities, Shinji Okazaki, Hisao Maekawa, University of Tsukuba, Japan 

Characteristics of attentional control and vigilance in children with 

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) were examined by auditory and visually 

presented vigilance task. Children with ADHD and age-matched normal control were engaged in 

vigilance task. The response demand was changed in half of trials (ordinary and reversed session). 

In ADHD group, vigilance decrement was higher than that in normal control. Rate of false 

detection of target under reverse session in ADHD group was higher than that in normal control. 

These results suggested that vigilance task in our study might evaluate a difficulty of sustained 

attention and set shifting in ADHD. 

4083.25 Visual search in children with high-functioning autism, Yuki Kawakubo, Chigusa 

Yonaha, Hisao Maekawa, University of Tsukuba, Japan 

Thirteen children with high-functioning autism (HFA) and 15 age-matched normal children were 

required to discriminate hierarchically structured KANA characters. In the divided attention task, 

participants responded to a target that could appear at the global level, the local level, or both 

levels. In the selective attention task, participants were instructed to respond to either the global or 

the local level. In the divided attention task, both children with HFA and normal children showed a 

global precedence. However, the performance of the selective attention task suggests that children 

with HFA have deficiencies in controlling their attention in the local attend condition. 

4083.26 Social anxiety and alcohol use among cypriot and American college students, Georgia 

Panayiotou 1 , Esther Y. Strahan 2 , Richard Clements 3 , 1 University of Cyprus, Cyprus; 

2 3 

Heidelberg College, USA; Valparaiso University, USA 

Clinical research has documented a connection between social anxiety and increased alcohol 

consumption. Anxious individuals are believed to use alcohol to “self-medicate” their anxiety. 

However, studies with non-clinical populations, particularly women, indicate that increased social 

945

anxiety is associated with decreased alcohol use. This study examines the relationship between 

social anxiety and alcohol consumption among college students in Cyprus and the United States. 

Results indicate that, for women only, social anxiety predicts decreased alcohol use. Coping styles 

and alcohol expectancies are also associated with alcohol consumption. Cross cultural differences 

are examined, and findings are discussed in light of dominant theories. 

4083.27 The educational intervention research for improving pretend play of preschool children 

with autism, Junming Fang, Zhou Nianli, East China Normal University, China 

Used deviant-case study to explore the methods and approaches of educational intervention for 

improving pretend play of preschool children with autism. Two autistic boys were chosen. The 

efficiency of educational intervention had been proved with the analysis of quantity and quality. 

The result showed the educational intervention was efficiency. Teachers and peers did pretend play 

with preschool children with autism every day, and they could give their support by positive 

emotion and behavior of encourage in this process, It could be advanced of the level of pretend 

play of preschool children with autism. 

4083.28 Can autistic children make the moral/conventional distinction? Yuan Feng, Yanjie Su, 


This study aimed to investigate the moral/conventional distinction in the children with autism. 

Moral/conventional distinction tasks in Brief report: Morality in the autistic child (Blair,1996) 

were modified in flash to test 15 autistic children ranging within 6-17 years old. Different from the 

results of Blair, autistic children cannot fully understand the implications of moral situation and 

their responses on it may be only stereotyped. Blair’s suggestion that the ability to mentalize is not 

a prerequisite for the development of the distinction was questioned, and the relation between 

theory of mind and moral/conventional distinction was discussed. 

4083.29 Development of the Mental Health Scale, Mingzhi Xu 1 , Yaoxian Gong 2 , 1 Second 

affiliated hospital, Xinxiang Medical College, China; 2 Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South 


In order to explore the intra-structure of mental health, and develop a new Mental Health Scale 

(MHS) for using in the general Chinese populations, Exploratory and confirmatory factor analytic 

approaches were used to develop and evaluate the intra-structure of the scale. The results showed 

that the MHS consists of 104 items. Exploratory principal component analysis of the items 

identified that the scale had thirteen first-order factors and three second-order factors. 

Confirmatory factor analyses indicated that first- and second-order factor structure of the scale 

were good fit. Results of factor analyses suggested that the structure of the MHS is pretty 

reasonable. 

4083.30 The forms of unconscious, Tao Li, East China Normal University, China 

Several types of unconscious are discussed here: dream, inspiration, instinct, abnormal personality. 

We believe that dream is the expressional out of order, inspiration is the outburst form of 

unconscious,instinct is the exterior form, automatization is the low type of unconscious, abnormal 

personality is the direct form. 

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4083.31 Measuring narcissistic traits with the narcissistic personality disorder scale of the Millon 

Clinical Multiaxial Inventory - III, Gina Rossi, Hedwig Sloore, VUB, Belgium 

The accuracy of the MCMI-III narcissistic personality disorder scale was validated in a sample of 

524 patients (19% had narcissistic traits). Receiver operating characteristic analyses showed that a 

randomly selected person with narcissistic traits scored higher on the narcissistic personality 

disorder scale than a randomly selected person without narcissistic traits in 67% of the cases. 

Sensitivity of the scale was good (75%), but the specificity was poor (51%). The MCMI-III 

proofed to be a good screening instrument for narcissistic traits, but to make diagnostic decisions 

the test should be part of a multimethod approach that allows aggregation over measures. 

4083.32 Study of conflict resolution using Thematic Apperception Test, Andrey Ryzhov, 

Moscow State University, Russian Federation 

The ability to use fantasy in working through of conflicts is studied with Thematic Apperception 

Test. TAT story is regarded as a mean of relinquishing conflict by presenting it in a system of 

oppositions and mediators. We propose to compile “prototales”, models of conflict resolution, 

using the stories of different subjects, containing similar plot. The individual stories are scored in 

comparison with prototales on basis of depth and fullness of elaboration, complexness of structure 

of conflict resolution, etc. The disturbances in schizophrenics are demonstrated, showing defects 

of integrative functioning or impact of primitive fantasies and defenses on synthetic function. 

4083.33 Time-profiles of parental distress symptoms in pediatric diabetes and childhood cancer: 

Guides for psychosocial care management and long-term follow-up, Krister K Boman 1 , Jonas 

Viksten 2 , Per Kogner 1 , Ulf Samuelsson 3 , 1 Childhood Cancer Research Unit, Karolinska Institutet, 

Sweden; 2 Stockholm University; 3 Linking University Hospital, Sweden 

Time-related distress profiles of 467 parents of paediatric diabetes and childhood cancer patients 

were established. For most symptoms, early negative impact of illness was greater in cancer than 

in diabetes. This difference was reduced with time, and for 7 of 11 symptoms equal or higher 

distress was found in diabetes parents most distant from diagnosis. Increase over time in 

disease-related fear and anxiety was indicated in diabetes. Care attention has to be directed 

according to how distress evolves. Psychological support immediately after diagnosis is crucial in 

cancer, while in diabetes, parent care should pay attention to increasing distress with time. 

4083.34 Study on application of psychotherapeutic techniques, Fusheng Huang, Chenghou Cai, 


From the 1980s,the eclecticism has been a popular trend. The supporters of this trend claim that 

the best theory should integrate different theories, and develop a better theoretical model and some 

effective techniques. In different factions there are many different techniques, Even the common 

techniques are used differently. So it will be easy for us to master those important techniques if we 

integrate the common techniques among different theories to achieve a better model. Following 

this idea, this article has compared different theories and tried to achieve the best orientation of 

those techniques in common use. 

4083.35 A study on the psycho-educational intervention for patients before and after mastectomy, 

Geiying Liu, China 

947

Purpose: to search the effects of psycho-educational intervention for patients before and after 

mastectomy. Method: 60 patients with mastectomy were randomly assigned to two groups among 

them, SCL-90 had 10 terms for anxiety, 13 terms for depression, and 12 terms for body; STAI had 

20 terms; Malizhuang questionnaire had 5 terms for threat and 5 terms for control. Results: 

compared the scores before and after intervention, there were significant differences on depression, 

anxiety, body and threat (p

atmosphere were found in the obsessing, aggressive, sexual factors and total score. Fresher grown 

up in the good atmosphere families reported lowest score. 

4083.40 Anxiety and depression in older adults, Caroline Hunt 1 , Henry Brodaty 2 , 1 The 

University of Sydney, Australia; 2 The University of New South Wales, Australia 

Psychiatric disorders can differ greatly through-out the life span in terms of risk factors, 

presentation, co-morbidity and course of the illness. It is sometimes argued that anxiety and 

depression in older adults are not as prevalent as in younger adults when measured with standard 

diagnostic measures. However, when geriatric-specific measures are used, the prevalence of 

anxiety and depression are believed to be considerably higher. This research aims to gather, in the 

first instance, qualitative data relating to the underlying meaning, presentation and symptoms of 

anxiety and depression and mixed anxiety and depression in adults 65 years and over. 

4083.41 Characteristics of middle school students with depressive symptoms, Zhengzhi Feng, 

Zhang Dajun, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China 

This study explores the characteristics of middle school students depressive symptoms by 

adopting scales and path analyses methods. The results of this study bring about the following 

conclusions: (1) the prevalence of middle school students depressive symptoms is 42.3%; (2) the 

level of middle school students depressive symptoms increases along with their age and grades; 13 

is the critical age, and Grade 2 of Junior school is the critical grade; (3) the development of 

depressive symptoms can be predicted by six factors such as negative automatic thoughts, learning 

proficiency, health status, inter-personality, school types, and parental education. 

4083.42 A comparing study on the psychological characters between the army and local SARS 

Medical Staffs, Zhiyan Chen, Wenbin Gao, Wenzhong Wang, Jianxin Zhang, Institute of 


This study is aim to compare the psychological characters between the army and local medical 

staffs who worked in the SARS wards. A structured questionnaire was used, including 

self-efficiency, mental health, social support and coping styles parts. The depression and 

compulsive index of army staffs were higher than local staffs, and the social support of army was 

lower than local. Generally, the mental health level of army SARS medical staffs was lower than 

that of the local staffs. The results indicated that under the emergent event such as SARS, the army 

and local staffs were impacted psychologically with different characters. 

4083.43 Personality disorder diagnosis by means of the temperament and character inventory 

(TCI), Joerg Richter 1 , Sven Brändström 2 , 1 Psychiatric and Psychotherapeutic Hospital, Rostock 

University, Germany; 2 Linköping University, Sweden 

Personality disorders criteria are in development. The aim was to explore relationships between 

extreme temperaments and immature character based on assumptions of Cloninger’s personality 

theory. 800 non-clinical volunteers and 200 psychiatric inpatients each from Sweden and from 

Germany completed the Temperament and Character Inventory. Patients differed from controls on 

temperament and character dimensions. The combination of low and very low character scores 

with extreme scores in either Novelty Seeking, Harm Avoidance, or Reward Dependence were 

found more often among patients with PD compared to patients without PD and controls, more 

949

pronounced with an increasing number of extreme temperament scores. 

4083.44 What is the factor that causes the distress of egorrhea symptoms? Jun Sasaki, 


The aim of this study is to examine the factors causing the distress of egorrhea symptoms, the 

feeling of leaking the internal information. Questionnaires were administered to undergraduate 

students. Multiple regression analyses were conducted on the data. The results indicated the 

distress of “blushing and dismay” was leaded by the idea of offending, the motivation for avoiding 

rejection, and suspicion, and that of “disagreeable individual” was leaded by the idea of offending, 

motivation for avoiding rejection, and secrecy. The results suggest that the ideas of offending is 

important. Based on these findings, a cognitive model was outlined. 

4083.45 Assessment of the behavioral and psychological problems in epileptically children in 

school ages, Monir Nobahar, Abbas Ali Vafaei, University of Medical Sciences, Iran 

The aim of this study was assessment of the psychological problems in epilepsy children in school 

ages. This study has been done as a clinical trial study and demographic data including age, sex, 

behavioral, psychological problems were collected in questionnaires and checklist. The results 

have shown that 45% of them have psychological problems (Anxiety, aggression, depression). 

Also there was significantly correlation between of incidence of psychological problem and 

demographic data (p

4083.48 Psychological consequences or domestic violence: An analysis of symptoms in batterd 

women, María Arinero, María Crespo, Francisco J. Labrador, M. Mar Gómez, Universidad 

Complutense de Madrid, Spain 

Psychological symptoms after suffering domestic violence have been found as predictors of 

inadaptation to daily life and risk behaviors (e.g. suicide, substance abuse...). The purpose of this 

poster is to assess the most typical psychological effects in battered women. About 70 battered 

women participated in the study. All of them were assessed by Posttraumatic Symptoms Severity 

Scale, Beck Depression Inventory-II, Beck Anxiety Inventory, Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale and 

Brief Symptoms Inventory. Analysis of symptoms were carried out to improve the suggestions for 

therapy. 

4083.49 Misinterpretation of bodily sensations in social anxiety disorder, Yoshihiro Kanai 1 , 

Satoko Sasagawa 2 , Junwen Chen 2 , Hironori Shimada 2 , Yuji Sakano 1 , 1 University of Hokkaido, 

Japan, 2 School of Human Sciences, Waseda University, Japan 

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of misinterpretation of bodily sensations 

on social anxiety tendency. One hundred and sixteen undergraduate students completed the Social 

Phobia Scale, the Social Interaction Anxiety Scale, and a scale which assessed the interpretation 

style of bodily sensations in social situations. Interpretations had four aspects: noticeability by 

others, threat of bodily sensations, prediction of poor performance due to bodily sensations, fear of 

negative evaluation regarding bodily sensations. Results of multiple regression analyses revealed 

that fear of negative evaluation regarding their bodily sensations was the most influential to social 

anxiety tendency. 

4083.50 The study of the internet using, addiction disorder and personality trait of college 

students, Wangshu Li, Xi'an University of Finance & Economics, China 

The development of the internet has brought both positive and negative aspects. In negative aspect, 

the study of Internet Addiction Disorder is the popular focus of psychology in recent years. At 

present, there are various reasons for IAD both in China and in the world. In this paper, the author 

makes a careful study of the college students in their personality which have high marks in IAD. 

The purpose of the study is to find out the deep reason for IAD both in theory and in practice, and 

instruct them to use internet properly to prevent the negative influence of internet. 

4083.51 The meaning of symptoms of schizophrenia in DSM-IV-TR: In terms of clinical 

competence psychology, Teruchika Katsumata, Komazawa University, Japan 

The present study examined the characteristic symptoms (Criterion A) and social/ occupational 

dysfunction (Criterion B) using diagnostic criteria for schzophrenia in DSM-IV-TR, in terms of 

competence clinical psychology. The criteria were translated into 24 component symbols in the 

competence list consisting of five factors ( cognitive, physical, social, survival, and general 

self-esteem competence) by three graduate students of clinical psychology. The results suggest 

that Criterion A and B are associated with dysfunction of 14 components included in five 

competence factors. Further studies are warranted in order to argue causes of schizophrenia. 

4083.52 Is imitation in children with autism also goal-directed? Yura Kunihira 1 , Atsushi Senju 1 , 

Toshikazu Hasegawa 1 , Yoshikuni Tojo 2 , 1 the University of Tokyo, Japan; 2 the National Institute 

951

of Special Education, Japan 

We investigated whether children with autism imitate others’ actions in the same way as children 

without autism. Bekkering et al. (2000) pointed out that the imitation of typically developing 

children was goal-directed, so we investigated based on this standpoint. Fourteen children with 

autism (mean age 11.9) and 18 typically developing children (mean age 11.8) participated in the 

imitation task (Hand and Ear Test; Head, 1920). As a result, while typically developing children 

imitate others’ actions in the goal-directed way, there was no such pattern in children with autism. 

It suggested the somewhat different imitation between children with and without autism. 

4083.53 Depression in thalacemic children, Khadijeh Zarei, Nursing School, Iran 

The most hemolytic disorder in children is Thalacemia. It has high prevalence in the south and 

north of Iran. There are many social, psychological & physical effects in children's health. 

Psychological crisis in thalacemic children developmental changes' will be more serious. In an 

analytical/comparative study about depression in 167 thalacemic more than 9 years children, has 

been showed that: 48.5% 11-13 years children, 4.2%; 20 years, 54.5% male, 75.4% student. 

Depression degree in case group were 80.9% mild, 23.3% median, 25.6% sever. There were 

significant relationship in these two groups. Thalacemia will cause depression. 

4083.54 Influence of family climate on anxiety and depression in adolescence, maturity and old 

age, Teodora Stoeva, University of Sofia"Kliment Ohridsky", Bulgaria 

In the article is investigated the influence of the different dimensions of family climate on anxiety 

and depression in adolescence, maturiry ant old age. It was supposed that: 1) Anxiety a) in 

adolescence would be influenced by the following factors of family climate-independence and 

organization; b) in maturity- by cohesion; c)in old age- by cohesion and expresiveness; and 

2)Depression a)in adolescence would be influenced by the following factors of family 

climate-expresiveness and conflict; b) in maturity- by achievement orientation; in old age- by 

moral-religious emphasis. The obtained results are significant in the implementation of the family 

therapy-in the work with the family of patient with anxiety or/and depression. 

4083.55 Delusional ideation, depression, and reasoning, Hiromi Arakawa, Syudo Yamasaki, 


The purpose of the present study is to examine the relationship between delusional ideations and 

depression and to examine what tendency of reasoning would be found among delusional-prone 

undergraduates. Twenty-four undergraduates participated. Questionnaire consisted of Peters et al. 

Delusions Inventory (PDI), Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS), and probabilistic judgment 

tasks (Colbert and Peters, 2002). The students with high score on PDI showed significantly higher 

conviction about their judgment in the probability judgment tasks and higher SDS score than 

students with low score on PDI. These results suggest that delusional ideation have relation to 

depression and high conviction about their judgment. 

4083.56 The efficacy of cognitive behavior strategies in the primary prevention of adolescent 

depression, Ben-sheng Chang 1 , Ya Hsing Yeh 2 , Ching Chuan Yeh 2 , 1 Soochow University, China; 

2 

John Tung Foundation, China 

Based on the cognitive behavior therapy for depression, a psycho-educational manual was 

952

developed for primary prevention of depression. The manual includes two parts. The first part is 

the manual of a screening scale of depression. The second part is the manual of strategies and 

techniques of physical and emotional management, social problem solving, and cognitive 

restructuring for depression. An eight-week diary method was utilized for evaluating the efficacy 

of the manual. Non-professional teachers of four high school of Taiwan were recruited to help 

non-clinical mild depressive students by the manual. The results and discussions were presented in 

this article. 

4083.57 Eight day treatment of panic disorder with agoraphobia and cultural adaptations, Curtis 

Hsia 1 , Devon Hinton 2 , Kamila White 3 , 1 Azusa Pacific Univeristy, USA; 2 Harvard University, 

USA; 3 Boston University, USA 

Research indicates that cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is effective for the treatment of 

anxiety disorders (Clark, 1997; Emmelkamp, 1980, Wells, 1997). CBT is also useful across 

cultures for several reasons: Its effectiveness to reduce symptomology in a short timeframe, ease 

of teaching behavioral theory and applications, including manualized treatment, and ability to 

adapt CBT to other cultures (Good & Kleinman, 1985). In this paper presentation, an overview of 

treatment of panic disorder with agoraphobia in eight days will be given using a case study, as 

well as adaptations to the protocol to the protocol to fit Chinese culture. 

4083.58 Rumination and eveningness: Do depressive people ruminate more in the evening? 

Kelly Yu-Hsin Liao, Sue-Huei Chen, Sheng-Hsiang Yu, National Taiwan University, Taiwan, 

China 

Previous research demonstrates that evening-type people were more likely to suffer from 

symptoms of depression than were morning-type people. The present study tested the hypothesis 

that an evening-worse diurnal pattern of mood would be associated with greater rumination. One 

hundred and three undergraduates completed the BDI and Morning-Evening Rumination Scale 

developed for this study. Preliminary analyses showed that participants who felt worse in the 

evening also ruminated more in the evening. It is suggested that dimmer lighting in the evening 

might be enhancing self-focused attention and thereby increase rumination. Future research of 

rumination and depression will be discussed accordingly. 

4083.59 Automatic thoughts and depression of female university students, Pinchao Luo 1 , 

Shaoming Li 2 , 1 South China Normal University, China; 2 Guangdong Women’s Professional 

Technical College, Guangzhou, China 

Objective: To explore the relationship between automatic thoughts and depression of female 

university students. Method: 384 students were investigated by The Automatic Thoughts 

Questionnaire and Beck Depression Scale. Results: The level of depression was positively to all 

items in ATQ. Stepwise regression analysis revealed that 8 automatic thoughts that correlate with 

negative self-concept were significant predictors of depression. Conclusion: Automatic thoughts is 

correlated with depression, and promoting the ability of correcting negative thoughts will help to 

reduce the depression of female university students. 

4083.60 Schizophrenia and family relational structure of adolescent: A case control study, Liu 

Jing, Wang Qian, Huo Liqin, Peking University, Beijing, China 

953

To assess relationship between schizophrenia and family relational structure of adolescent, Family 

System Test (a projective technique to quantitative and qualitative analysis of family relational 

structure) and Family Adaptability and Cohesion Scale (FACESII-CV) were conducted. 86 

schizoids and 221 matched adolescent controls both aged 12 to 18 portrayed their families in 

typical, ideal and conflict situations by FAST and finished FACESII-CV. Results indicate that 

schizoid's families show less cohesion, more extreme hierarchy and more unbalanced family 

relational structures than controls, which can be interpreted from a family systems approach as 

well as from a clinical perspective. 

4083.61 Analysis of psychological health of patients with panic attack and their, Leping Lu, 

Jinfang Huang, Junjie Chu, Shengyang Army General Hospital, China 

84 patients with panic attack were explored for their psychological health and personality, 

comparing with control group. Symptom checklist(SCL-90), Eysenck Personality Questionnaire 

(EPQ) and panic attack diagnosis standard of DSM-IV were used to test both groups. The 

incidence of anxiety, depression, obsession, somatic disorder and panic attack in panic attack 

patients was higher than control group. There is tendency of becoming neurosis and psychosis, 

and emotional instability in panic attack patients. 

4083.62 Deficits in social inference ability of chronic schizophrenia: Implications for theory of 

Mind, Jin-soo Chun, Jin-su Jun, Jung-hye Kwon, Hye-sung Kang, Yeon Kyung Chi, Korea 

University, Korea 

The purpose of this study is to examine whether chronic schizophrenics have impaired theory-of 

mind (ToM). Participants include 

40 schizophrenics living in community and 40 non-clinical normal adults. Each participant's 

responses to 30 non-verbal comic strips presenting social situation of 40 will be obtained to assess 

their ability to infer other's intention and beliefs. During the second trial of task, prompting 

questions turning their attention to social cues will be addressed to all subjects and examined if 

those questions will improve schizophrenic individual’s performance. It is assumed that 

schizophrenic group can take advantage of prompting questions. 

4083.63 “Self” in Schizophrenia: An fMRI study, Zhen Jin 1 , Shuping Tan 2 , Yawei Zeng 2 , Lei 

Zhang 1 , Dongfeng Zhou 3 , 1 fMRI Center, Hospital 306, China; 2 Beijing Huilongguan Hospital; 

3 

Korea University, Korea 

Block-designed BOLD fMRI was performed on 20 chronic schizophrenic inpatients and 10 

healthy controls. The subjects were asked to making judgments for some personality trait 

adjectives presented on the screen. They should answer if the adjective suitably describing 

themselves (self-relevance), or other (other-relevance), or the word is negative or positive 

(semantic judgment). During self-referential processing, the medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) and 

posterior cingulated gyrus were activated in normal subjects. While in schizophrenia the activation 

was significantly reduced. The results suggested that MPFC is strongly associated with 

self-referential processing. The reduced activation in schizophrenic patients reflects dysfunction of 

MPFC, and provides. 

4083.64 Is imitation in children with autism also goal-directed? Yura Kunihira 1 , Atsushi Senju 1 , 

954

Toshikazu Hasegawa 1 , Yoshikuni Tojo 1 , 1 the Univeisity of Tokyo, Japan; 2 Peking University, 

China 

We investigated whether children with autism imitate others’ actions in the same way as children 

without autism. Bekkering et al. (2000) pointed out that the imitation of typically developing 

children was goal-directed, so we investigated based on this standpoint. Fourteen children with 

autism (mean age 11.9) and 18 typically developing children (mean age 11.8) participated in the 

imitation task (Hand and Ear Test; Head, 1920). As a result, while typically developing children 

imitate others’ actions in the goal-directed way, there was no such pattern in children with autism. 

It suggested the somewhat different imitation between children with and without autism. 

4083.65 The relationship between metaworry of college students and generalized anxiety 

disorder, Xianglan Deng, Wenhu Li, China 

According to the worry model of Generalized Anxiety Disorder advanced by Adrian Wells,this 

paper studied the metaworry of 600 college students in Nanchang and the relationship between 

GAD and metaworry of the students. We stratified random sampling from different colleges and 

carried out self-assessment scale of GAD and metaworry questionnare respectively, then dealed 

the data with software of SPSS. The results showed the degree of metaworry in seniors was 

significantly higher than that from other grades' students, there were insignificant between gender 

and between freshmen and sophomores. Significant positive correlation existed between the 

factors of metaworry of college students and GAD. 

4083.66 Investigation and analysis of social anxiety for 136 undergraduates of American-China, 

Mingyu Deng 1 , Fan Li 1 , Deng-Yun Ming 2 , Zhaohui Wang 3 , Qin Zhou 4 , 1 ICPMJ, International 

Chinese Psychosomatic Medicine Journal, New York, USA; 2 Cornell University Medical Center, 

New York, USA; 3 New York University School of Medicine, USA 

Objective: To investigate and analyze to social anxiety situation in undergraduates of 

American-China. Method: In 5 universities of New York City, a total of 136 undergraduates of 

American-China and 1 

40 undergraduates of American were tested by the interaction anxiousness scale. Results and 

conclusion: There is no significant difference between undergraduates of American-China and 

undergraduates of American; Social anxiety level is higher in Arts undergraduates than that in 

science undergraduates; There are no significant differences of social anxiety in the 1st grade, as 

well as 2nd and 3rd grade, the 4th grade undergraduates’ social anxiety is significantly lower than 

the other three grades; there is no difference in sex and educational level. 

4083.67 Study of mental disturbance on new students of senior high school and countermeasure, 

Weihong Wang, Southwest Normal University, China 

The purpose of the study was to explore the mental disturbance of the new students of Senior high 

school. 770 new students of high school in Chongqing participated in the study. Data on mental 

disturbance and academic achievement were collected. Factor Analysis showed, their mental 

disturbance included 5 factors: academic, interpersonal relationships, emotion, intelligence and 

self. It was found that (1) lacking confidence on their ability and intelligence was their main 

mental disturbance, (2) there were differences among sex, school type in the mental disturbance of 

the high school student, (3) their academic achievement was influenced. 

955

mental health and mental adaptability of college students. Methods: Fifty-one college students 

with more negative coping-styles were randomly grouped into treatment group and control group. 

The treatment group received two-month coping-style and coping-skills training. The control 

group received no treatment. Results: Compared with the control group, coping-style and 

coping-skills training significantly improved their coping-skills and improved the mental health of 

our target group, especially in problem-solving, escape-avoidance, self-reproach, and state anxiety. 

Conclusion: Coping-style and coping-skills training is important for college students because of 

increased stress in college life. 

4083.77 Correlation among depression, anxiety, locus of control and social ability, Hui Zhong 1 , 

Ming Li 2 , 1 Medical School of Soochow University, China, 2 GuangJi Hospital of SuZhou, China 

Objective: To obtain the correlation among locus of control, social ability, depression and anxiety. 

Method: SDS, SAS, IPCS were administered to 526 college students. Result: 1. Significant 

negative correlations were present between internality and depression or anxiety, positive 

correlations between internality and social ability. Both powerful others and chance positively 

related with depression and anxiety, negatively related with social ability. 2. Significant negative 

correlations were present between social ability and depression or anxiety. Conclusion: Locus of 

control and social ability are two intermediations of depression. It is important to study the 

correlation among them for offering the psychological intervention to depression disorders. 

4083.78 Factors of university students’ anxiety on cross-cultural study, Xinyin Huang 1 , Zujino 

Junko 2 , 1 Suzhou University, China; 2 Kwansei Gakuyin University, Japan 

University students’ anxiety relates to their sense of purpose. For the Japanese students, the 

low-anxiety group leads a rule, which includes, such as, high prospects for the future and a low 

sense of futility. For the Chinese students, a low-anxiety group leads two rules. One is a rule 

including high prospects for the future, a low sense of futility and a high designing ability. Another 

includes high time servant-tine master, high prospects for the future and a low sense of futility. 

Moreover, for both Japanese and Chinese, university students’ anxiety relates to the mother’s 

bonding such as; care and overprotection. 

4083.79 The influence of perfectionism with inappropriate motivation on psychological 

maladjustmentThe influence of perfectionism with inappropriate motivation on psychological 

maladjustment, Nahoko Ito, Masao Yokota, Nihon University, Japan 

This study examined how the combination of positive and negative perfectionism based on 

inappropriate motivation affects psychological maladjustment. A questionnaire, which included 

items from the Narcissistic Personality Inventory-Short version, the Japanese Irrational Belief 

Test-20, the Personal Standard (positive perfectionism) and the Concern over Mistakes (negative 

perfectionism) of the Multidimentional Self-oriented Perfectionism Scale, the Trait Anxiety Scale 

of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, and the Self-rating Depression Scale, was completed by 327 

university students. Results of the analysis of variance and multiple regression analysis revealed 

that negative perfectionism based on inappropriate motivation restrained the effect of positive 

perfectionism and predicted psychological maladjustment. 

4083.80 The issues of school counseling in Japan – Overviews on counseling research, Hidemi 

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Hashimoto 1 , Kunio Shiomi 2 , 1 Baika University of Women, Japan; 2 Hyogo Graduate University 

of Teacher Education, Japan 

This study examines the issues of school counseling with a practical approach, considering the 

appropriate placement of school counseling personnel. Furthermore new approaches are explored, 

based on conventional educational counseling theories as well as actual practices in schools. In 

this context, this study touches on problems related to the recognition of some teachers' abilities to 

provide appropriate counseling, as well as the betterment of the counseling provided by school 

clinical therapists and psychologists. Some suggestions are made concerning the promotion of the 

proficiency of some teachers who are able to offer school counseling. 

4083.81 A study on the relationship between pathological internet use and interpersonal 

attachment styles of the Chinese college students, Yawen Wu 1 , Xinhua Ding 2 , 1 Maoming 

University, Guangdong, China; 2 Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China 

In this study 457 Chinese undergraduate students were surveyed to explore the relationship 

between Pathological Internet Use (PIU) and interpersonal attachment styles. The results revealed 

that the scores of four attachment subscales were all significantly related to the scores of PIU and 

its subscales. There were significant differences in the level of secure attachment and fearful 

attachment between students with higher scores in PIU and those with lower scores in PIU. 

Regression analysis demonstrated that fearful attachment and preoccupied attachment were the 

strong predictors for college students’ PIU. 

4083.82 The investigation of the normal university’s students’ mental health, Zhao Yan, Jilin 


The research adopts WangJisheng’s scale of mental health to evaluate 1012 students of three 

normal universities. The result indicates that 89.43% of normal university’s students have various 

kinds of slight mental problems and 31.13% of students have all kinds of obvious mental health 

problems. These mental health problems include interpersonal relation disorder, mental endurance 

disorder, adjustment disorder, mental balance disorder, emotion disorder, anxiety, depression, 

hostility, paranoid, and somatotropin. Boys have more mental problems than girls. Students of 

grade three have more mental problems than those of grade one. Students of liberal arts have more 

mental problem than those of science. 

4083.83 Diagnosis and prevention of internet addiction disorder of university students, Hui 

Wang, China 

With the increasing frequency of surfing internet from university students, internet-mental-health 

has been a new subject of the mental-health-working in universities. Through the introduction and 

analysis of the limitation and cause of the IAD, this thesis supplies the standard of the diagnosis of 

the IAD and provides suggestions and methods of the prevention, which play an active role on 

prevention of the internet mental disturbance in the university. 

4083.84 The foundation of students’ career counseling system in China, Bin Li, China 

With the development of modern educational system, the problems that face to the graduates 

become more and more serious, which calls for the help of the school counselors in the university. 

This essay addresses the importance and the necessary of the career counselling now in China. 

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What's more, the theoretical basis, the object, the context of the service, and resources of the 

career counselling system also be concerned. 

4083.85 Self-acceptance of mothers who have children with intellectual disabilities: As 

compared with typical mothers through semi-structured interview, Ken Nishinaga, Miho Wada, 

Ayano Komaki, Toru Hosokawa, Miho Wada, Tohoku University, Japan 

Little attention has been given to self-acceptance, as one of indices of "mental health", of mothers 

who have children with intellectual disabilities (ID). The purpose of this study was to investigate 

the difference in self-acceptance of between mothers who have children with ID (N=12) and 

typical mothers (N=10) through semi-structured interviews. The results showed that mothers of 

children with ID had strongly concerned about subjective well-being of themselves which might 

be influenced by the quality of their social network. We concluded that mothers of children with 

ID should be supported both psychologically and socially. 

4083.86 A survey of learning adjustments of middle school students in Shantou city, Yanzhen 

Zhang 1 , Zhuangwei Xiao 2 , Xiang Zhou 3 , Xiaomian Wang 4 , Fan Chonghui 1 , Cheng Miaowu 1 , 

1 2 3 

Jinsha Middle School, Shantou, China; Shantou University, China; Tianjin Normal University, 

Tianjin, China; 4 Guangdong Institute of Education, China 

The study examined learning adjustments of 1,148 middle school students (aged 13-18 yrs) in 

Shantou city by conducting Inventory of Learning Adjustments (KKT& AAT, Zhou Bucheng, 

1991). Possible factors of maladjustment are identified in the results, including test anxiety, 

absence of motivation, lack of examination-tackling skill, and incapability of reading and 

note-taking, the percentages of which are 10.65%, 8.37%, 6.54%, and 7.35% lower than the 

related norms respectively. Moreover, boys’ scores of learning adjustment are lower than girls’ in 

learning plan, but higher in learning methods. First-grade students have lower scores of learning 

adjustments than the senior students on a whole. 

4083.88 Career design of college students, Hongxing Xiong 1 , Jing Zhang 2 , 1 Jiangxi Normal 

University, Nanchang, China; 2 Beijing Normal University, China 

Objective: to study the effect of career design in college students’ coping skills and 

self-confidence. Method: 60 college students volunteer received group intervention about career 

design. Group intervention included value clarifying, game, psychodrama, self-understanding 

training, case study and discussion, which was last for 16 weeks with one session (80 minutes) a 

week. After that, the Coping Style Questionnaires and Personal Evaluation Inventory (PEI) were 

used to evaluate the outcome. Result: After group interventions, they were more active in coping 

difficulties and more confident. Conclusion: Career design is effective to improve coping skills 

and self-confidence. 

4083.89 The relationship between primary and middle school students’ self-consciousness and 

mental health, Huashan Liu, Central China Normal University, China 

The purpose of the present study is to explore the relationship between primary and middle school 

students' self-consciousness (include self-concept, self-esteem and self-control) and mental health. 

Totally, 476 students completed the instruments designed to assess self-consciousness and mental 

health; and their internalized and externalized problem behaviors were assessed by teachers. 

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Results showed that (1) besides the direct effects on mental health, self-concept and self-control 

can indirectly affect mental health through self-esteem; (2) students who have positive 

self-concept, higher level of self-esteem display fewer problem behaviors. Suggestions about how 

to develop students’ self-consciousness so as to improve mental health are proposed. 

4083.90 Establishment of support system for child mental health at schools, Hiromi Iwafuji, 

Yumiko Iume, Chiyo Mori, Sumiko Yamawaki, Kikuyo Aoki, Ochanomizu University, Japan 

We report our practices on child mental health from kindergartens to high-schools, aiming at 

establishing support systems for preventing students' psychological problems and for fosterin. This 

study is supported by a grant, Core of Excellence operated by the Japanese Ministry of Education 

and Science. 

4083.91 Children’s mental health assessment at the transition to an elementary school, Chiyo 

Mori, Kikuyo Aoki, Hiromi Iwafuji, Sumiko Yamawaki, Yumiko Iume, Ochanomizu 


This study examined children's mental and behavioral problems at the transition to an elementary 

school as part of our project for establishing mental support systems at schools. We assessed 68 

kindergarten pupils' problems using our mental health scale (age 3-9) before and after entering an 

elementary school. Also, we examined 1st-grade-students, as the comparison group, before and 

after the advancement to their 2nd year. As the result, it was indicated that children increased 

nervousness and lowered somatoform problems after entering the school. In addition, the 

inconsistency in the focus of evaluation between kindergarten teachers and school teachers was 

obvious. 

4083.92 The short-term effects of an grief-focused intervention following the death of a chief 

teacher, Yuchuan Yang 1 , Xiaoya Lu 2 , Lily Zhang 3 , 1 China Youth University for Political Science, 

China; 2 China Youth Daily, China; 3 Beijing Bayi Middle School, China 

This study assessed the short-term effects of an grief-focused intervention following the death of a 

middle school chief teacher in SARS period. 121students answered the questionnaires after one 

month. In addition, a qualitative interview was carried out with 30 students. Results suggest that 

students who took part in the group intervention valued the school-based responses. The findings 

also indicate that such a broad, multifaceted response contributes to the healing process and serves 

to minimize mental health difficulties after such an event. 

4083.93 Paternal Perception of Childrearing and Factors associated with Father’s Parenting 

Involvement in Preschool Children, Younghee Kim 1 , Yeon-Ok Moon 2 , Jinhong Kim 3 , 

1 2 

Chungbuk National University, Korea, (Republic Of); Tan-bu Elementary School, Republic of 

Korea; 3 The Board of Audit & Inspection, Republic of Korea 

Two hundred and sixty seven fathers having preschool children were interviewed to get the data 

regarding parental perception and the factors associated with father’s parenting involvement. 

Fathers wanted to rear their children as a person having good health, self- support and 

independence. Fathers were to support and patronize their family and help their children be an 

upright person. On the other hand, fathers perceived that they did not involve in childrearing as 

they wanted. Factors such as time with children on weekend, confidence as parents, marital 

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satisfaction and job stress had effects on paternal involvement in preschool children. 

4083.94 A study to re-define school adjustment: What kind of needs do the pupils have in school 

environment? Ebina Yuki, Ochanomizu University, Japan 

The purpose of this study is to explore the needs that school pupils have in the school environment, 

and to re-define the concept of school adjustment. The survey was conducted for 503 elementary 

school pupils in 7 elementary schools in Japan. In the initial survey, three types of needs were 

identified: growth, enjoyment, and relaxation. As a result, all of these needs were equally 

correlated with school enjoyment. For Japanese pupils, school environment is the place not only to 

get the stimulus for growth or new knowledge, but also to reduce their stress, and to forget 

negative things. 

4083.95 The organization of coping self-statements of junior high school students, Otona 

Tanaka, Waseda University, Japan 

The aim of this study was to examine the organization of coping self-statements of junior high 

school students (N=268) within interpersonal stressful situations. The results revealed that they 

use negative affect self-statements to others (i.e., negative judgment and hostility) as well as 

positive statements to themselves (i.e., conciliation, rational thinking, and focusing their 

prospective behaviors). Because many studies have focused only on the treatment of cognitive 

behavioral problems, it was virtually unknown that what kind of self-statement actual students 

prefer to use. The present study might be one of few studies that unveiled this issue by analyzing 

participants’ self-reports. 

4083.96 Two models of counseling in China, Baoyong Liang, Tianjin Normal University, China 

The two models counseling in China were analyzed: Psychological Health Counseling and 

Medical Psychological Counseling. On the one hand, psychological health counseling follows the 

developmental/educational model and serves clients who have life adjustment problems. The 

principal goal in psychological health counseling is to promote client healthy growth and enhance 

their adjustment and coping abilities. On the other hand, medical psychological counseling 

adheres to the bio-psycho-social medical model, and serves patients who suffer from any type of 

nonpsychotic mental disorders. The major objective of medical psychological counseling is to cure 

the patients. 

4083.97 A meta-analysis on the effects of learning strategies in Korea, Dongil Kim, Hyoung Soo 

Kim, Myung Kyung Lee, Sung Doo Hong, Seoul National University, South Korea 

The purpose of this synthesis is to provide a comprehensive quantitative synthesis of learning 

strategies studies that focus on intervention to improve students' academic performance. The main 

topic of the present study is the general and specific effectiveness of various learning strategies, 

which has revealed in the researches conducted in Korea from 1990 to 2001. The results and 

implications of the study are discussed. 

4083.98 Systematic group counseling experimental research on improving children’s peer 

relationship, Wen-quan Li, Hui Li, Xudong Zhao, Leshan Teacher' College, China 

The research transplanted the ideas and techniques of systematic family therapy to school 

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situations. 5 disliked children in the same class was intervened with group counseling activities in 

the original class situation. The experiment results indicated that the disliked children' social 

distance was evidently improved. The introduced systematic idea and the atmosphere of positive 

tropism have special effect on peer relationship counseling. 

4083.99 A study on the construct of adolescents’problem behavior, Lixia Cui, Capital Normal 


On the basis of literature study, expert interview, case study, investigation and so on, we make 

reliable and valid Adolescents’ Problem Behavior Questionnaires from three perspectives: self, 

teacher and parent We do a research on the reliability and validity and use them to study the 

Construct and Group Characteristics of Adolescents’ Problem Behavior. At the same time we try to 

construct a MTMM of six factors from three perspectives to integrate the three reports and apply 

Confirmatory factor analysis approach to test it. We name the six factors as follows: learning 

maladaptive behavior, aggressive behavior, delinquent behavior, withdraw. 

4083.100 Study on the theoretical mode of crisis intervention of suicide, Yuehong Yao, China 

Currently, suicide has become a serious social problem and an important issue concerning public 

hygiene. Basing on the writer’s investigation on certain suicide cases, this article makes theoretical 

analyses on the crisis intervention mode of suicide, attempting to set up a systemic crisis 

intervention mode of suicide, in which three parts form into an organic whole. In brief, a basic 

idea which means that suicide prevention is a business of each person; two working focuses, 

namely, suicide prevention and crisis intervention; three practical links which consists of 

prevention, intervention and post-intervention. This article points out suicidal behavior can be 

prevented. 

4083.101 A study on burnout and the relationship with depression of country primary school 

teachers in Guizhou, Shan Gao, Yan Xu, Beijing Normal University, China 

Using Burnout Inventory for Chinese Teacher, and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-21) in 196 

country primary school teachers in Guizhou and 214 primary school teachers from other areas 

(comparison group). The results showed as follows: Firstly, country primary school teachers in 

Guizhou are significantly lower ones of comparison group on the degrees of Emotional 

Exhaustion and Depersonalization, and higher than them on the degree of Cognitive Burnout. 

There is no significant different on Personal Accomplishment. Secondly, there was difference on 

demographic variables. Thirdly, burnout and depression share some important characteristics, but 

they are not the same thing. 

4083.102 College student’s relationship-trouble and their self-congruence, Taoxun Bao, Ying 

Wang, Fangsheng Ding, China 

This report is the study utilized a longitudinal design to assess the relations between the 

relationship-trouble and self-congruence in college students. 816 college students have completed 

the Questionnaires (stress, Relationship-trouble scale, Wang’s “Self Consistency and Congruence 

Scale”). ANOVA analysis revealed that self congruence were significantly different among groups 

of students with different levels of relationship trouble, and with different recognition levels of 

acknowledging the trouble, which could be divided into four groups: CR, H, FA and M. 

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Self-inconsistency of CR group was significantly lower than the other three groups. The level of 

self-congruence reflected recognition levels of acknowledging the relationship-trouble. 

4083.103 Person-centered therapy in China, Zhiqin Sang, Nanjing University, China 

Along with the development in counseling, various types of counseling trainings had emerged by 

the end of the 20th century. As one of the five mainstream theories, the humanism, based on the 

person-centre therapy, and its relevant training come into notice since, after the year of 1998, 

when Prof. Lem Lin, of Hongkong Chinese University presented a one-year graduate course of it 

at Peking Normal University and another two-year master course. The practice of person-center 

therapy in China will be introduced within this article, including the qualification of the consellors 

and so on. 

4083.104 High school students’ sex education, Xiaofeng Sun, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 

No.4 High School, China 

This study was designed for exploring High School Students’ attitude, belief, and conflict about 

Sex what was not only an emphasis but also a dilemma in education. According to their interests, 

we selected students and got three groups including 10, 10, and 25 members separately. We 

collected, shared and analyzed information, discussed and interacted with each other. All were 

processed in Group. We found students need more information and guidance about Sex than what 

we provided, while their conflicts was a hint that we should be cautious about What we should do 

and How to do in Sex Education toward adolescents. 

4083.105 Relation between Perfectionism and depression and anxiety in university students, 

Jingqun wang, China 

This study investigated the relationship between three dimension of perfectionism and depression 

and anxiety. A sample of 386 university students completed the Multidimensional Perfectionism 

Scale (MPS), SAS, SDS. Results revealed that self-oriented perfectionism and socially prescribed 

perfectionism were significantly associated with depression and anxiety, whereas other-oriented 

perfectionism was few significant findings. Discussion indicated that dimensions of perfectionism 

may be relevant to various psychosocial maladjustment, distress, negative evaluation and lower 

self-esteem in university students. 

4083.106 Does comorbid personality disorder influence the effectiveness of panic disorder 

treatment? Petra Houbová, Prague Psychiatric Center, Prague, Czech Republic 

The aim of the project is to compare the effect of the treatment of patients with panic disorder and 

comorbid personality disorder vs. patients with panic disorder without comorbid personality 

disorder and to find psychological characteristics which influence the treatment. As the main 

methodological approach, the standard therapy of panic disorder is being used - paroxetin 

treatment and a structured cognitive behavioral therapy program. The main psychological and 

psychopathological characteristics are measured by methods for anxiety evaluation - objective and 

subjective rating scales and by methods for evaluation of personality disorder. 

4083.107 The strategies on community mental health service, Han Yuwei, Ningbo University, 

China 

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systematic, effective method for curing and rectifying such abnormal psychological problems as 

neurosis, sexual abnormality etc. 

4083.112 The experimental research and psychological clinic of sandplay in China, Risheng 

Zhang 1 , Liuna Geng 1 , Shunsen Chen 2 , Yan Kou 2 , 1 Beijing Normal University, China; 2 College 

of Education, Hebei University, China 

Firstly, experimental Sandplay research about lonely and non-lonely groups was introduced. By 

the UCLA loneliness scale, the undergraduate Objects were selected. Results show: (1) 

Significantly less Sandplay miniatures, more spacing used by lonely groups than those of 

non-lonely groups; (2) More animal miniatures representing vital force and vigor used by 

non-lonely groups than by lonely groups; (3) More plenteous, vigorous and fluent displayed by 

Sandplay productions of non-lonely groups; (4) Greater effect imposed by Sandplay therapy on 

non-lonely groups than on lonely groups in short term. Secondly, the Chinese Sandplay case 

studies of psychological clinic were introduced. 

4083.113 The evaluation of general psychological intervention on SARS medical staffs mental 

health and coping styles, Wenbin Gao 1 , Lirong Cheng 2 , Jun Yang 3 , Xiaoli Xu 3 , Dejiang Zhang 3 , 

1 2 

Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, Beijing Sino-Japanese Hospital, 

China, 3 Center for Disease Control and Prevention, China 

This study is aimed to evaluate the impact of SARS medical staffs’ mental health during SARS 

period and the effect of general psychological intervention. The 283 medical staffs in were 

involved. The depression index was highest, while the soma and anxiety indexes were increased 

lightly. Those who took straight coping style had a higher mental health level, and those who took 

resigned coping styles had a lower level. The general psychological intervention could adjust the 

medical staffs coping styles, the resign index decreased. At the same time, intervention increased 

the objective social support and self-efficacy. 

4083.114 Relationship between the personality tendency and the experience in expressing the 

internal world, Naoko Okamoto, Okinawa International University, Japan 

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the relationship between the personal tendency 

and the style of experience in the process of expressing the internal world. 60 university students 

were individually asked to do some expression using a miniature stage and dolls, to evaluate their 

experiences in the process of expression, and to complete questionnaires which assess their 

personality tendencies. From the results, relationship between the personality tendency and the 

way of experience in the process of expressing the internal world was suggested. 

4083.115 Review: Issues of fees in counslling and psychotherapy, Qing Xu, Zhejiang University, 

China 

The meaning of money is reviewed through literature from different psychotherapeutic traditions, 

and the psychological and practical issues, which arise from the setting, changing and payment of 

fees in counseling and psychotherapy, are discussed. The interaction this level can play an 

important part in terms of defining and affirming reality, providing structure, strengthening the ego 

and superego, or in helping the patient to achieve a greater degree of flexibility, using the therapist 

as a model for identification. When the charges and fee are not considered in terms of the total 

966

therapeutic interaction, a valuable therapeutic tool is being overlooked. 

4083.116 A case report of an intervention program for an autistic boy, Yunn-Ru Chen 1 , 

Chia-Chen Chao 2 , Li-Chuan Wang 2 , 1 Chang-Gung Children’s Hospital, Taiwan, China; 2 Chang 

Gung University 

Researches have indicated that behavioral approach is an effective intervention for young autistic 

children. This case study presents such a program for a young 6Y-7M autistic boy, who began the 

treatment at age of 1Y-9M. Two treatment goals were accomplished: (1) to reduce his disruptive 

behaviors, enhance his developmental potentials, and identify and reinforce his strengths; (2) to 

establish partnership with his mother, enhance her parenting skills, and provide emotional support 

and counseling. Periodical evaluation has shown significant improvements in his global 

performance as well as parenting skills of his mother. Process analysis was conducted to 

understand the change process. 

4083.117 The expectation of Korea clients for counselling, Hyun-Kyung Park, Korean 

Counseling Psychology Association, Korea, (Republic Of) 

Korean client still generally show high levels of collectivism and they choose 'help from the 

others'(To look working of the other participants upon group counselling.) as a major therapeutic 

factor. Clients expect genuiness, confrontation, and nuture from a counselor. Due to the Korean 

clint's collective attitude, group counselling which facilitates working with others can be 

considered as the most helpful process for Korean. Koreans expect a counselor to take ideal 

parents' role. Therefore it is essential for a counselor to have both confrontational and nurturing 

attitude. 

4083.118 Physical punishment and physical child abuse: A preventive educational programme for 

parents, Yuk-Ching Man, The Hong Kong Institute of Education, China 

Physical punishment and physical child abuse form two extremes of the behaviour continuum 

from the lower end, an acceptable child rearing method, to the other that causes harm to children. 

While the evolution from the former to the latter was thought to be an unanticipated and 

uncontrollable process, stopping of which is desirable. The present research aims to study the 

factors that affect how children are reared. An educational programme for parents based on the 

factors found was then designed. It is hoped that such a programme can reduce the level of 

physical punishment, hence the risk of child abuse. 

4083.119 The relations between the depth of focusing experience and personality in Japanese 

university students, Kurino Reiko, Obata Atsumi, Kim Kyoungmi, Tsuda Hisamitsu, Miwa 

Yoshiko, Nagoya University, Japan 

This study examined the relations between focusing experiences and personality in Japanese 

university students. Focusers as subjects were 357undergraduate students, 244 males and 113 

females. They did Fousing on their significant word and pictures according to the focusing 

instruction and were given Typological Personality Test with 40 items. An analysis showed a 

significant main effect of sex, females have deeper experiences of focusing than males. In males 

fousing experiences had relation to 'thinking' and 'sensation' (as personality). In females had 

relation to 'thinking', 'sensation' and 'feeling'. 

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4083.120 A comparison the focusing experiences with words and pictures, Ito Yoshimi, Okada 

Atsushi, Kozuka Chie, Makishima Izumi, Takahashi Michiko, Nagoya University, Japan 

The purpose of this study was to compare experiences of focusing about words and pictures. 

Focusers as subjects were 357(244 males and 113 females). There was a marginally significant 

effect of the depth of focusing about them. Words led to deeper experiences of focusing than 

pictures. The classifications of the focusing experiences were comfortableness in mind and body, 

self-awareness, understanding of one's negative aspect, one's way of being and living, and so on. 

Focusers reported 'self-awareness' experiences most in both of foucings. 

4083.121 The therapeutic skills of cognitive process in depressive adolescents, Shin-Yi Cheng 1 , 

Gin-Hong Lee 2 , 1 Chang Gung Children’s Haspital, Taiwan, China; 2 Fu-Jen Catholic University, 

China 

The aim of this study was to explore the effective therapeutic skills, focusing on emendation of 

cognitive processes, of treatment for depressive adolescents. Adopting both of the bottom-up and 

top-down information-processing interview strategies, the therapists utilized various types of 

psychotherapy skills to remedy the patients’ maladaptive cognitive processing styles. These skills 

includes: rebuilding the scene to re-experience the negative life events, analyzing the logics of the 

attributional process on inner and meta-cognitive statements, and tracing the developmental 

pathway of such maladaptive schema. The validity of these skills will be discussed further in the 

paper. 

4083.122 Analysis of 110 hotline telephones of suicidal crisis intervention in Chongqing, Ying 

Ge 1 , Wanli Zhu 2 , 1 Educational and Development Psychology, Socialization Development, China; 

2 

Principal of Chongqing crisis intervention hotline telephone, China 

Purpose: For exploring the function of telephone consultation to suicide prevention, life salvation, 

crisis intervention, 110 hotline telephones of suicidal crisis intervention in Chongqing are 

analyzed. Result: It does not exist difference in sex of suicides; most of them are at age of 

20-40(70%). Among them, 88% is suicidal impression, and uncommitted suicide occupies 12%. 

Suicides are helped by telephone intervention. Conclusion: Hotline telephone is one of active 

means of suicide prevention. 

4083.123 The Wujian (understanding and practice) psychotherapy and psychotherapy 

indigenization in China, Richel Cheng, Xu Peng, China 

By now, the wind of psychotherapy indigenization becomes much stronger throughout the world, 

therefore it has been an extremely urgent mission for developing Chinese indigenized psychology 

and psychotherapy. Chinese psychologists have made many attempts of indigenization, in which 

the first and powerful trying goes to Wujian (understanding and practice) psychotherapy with the 

founder of professor Li Xintian. From the development of Wujian psychotherapy, the 

characteristics of indigenization shows up. The theoretical outcome of indigenization of 

psychotherapy in China is the humanisticism of Wujian psychotherapy, which emphasizes that 

healthy human nature amalgamates the traits of biology, mentality and sociality. 

4083.124 Wujian (understanding and practice) psychotherapy and indigenization of psychotherapy 

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in China, Xu Peng, Yingqian Cheng, Institute of Psychology, Chines Academy of Sciences, 

China 

By now, the wind of psychotherapy indigenization becomes much stronger throughout the world, 

therefore it has been an extremely urgent mission for developing Chinese indigenized psychology 

and psychotherapy. Chinese psychologists have made many attempts of indigenization, in which 

the first and powerful trying goes to Wujian (understanding and practice) psychotherapy with the 

founder of professor Li Xintian. From the development of Wujian psychotherapy, the 

characteristics of indigenization shows up. The theoretical outcome of indigenization of 

psychotherapy in China is the humanisticism of Wujian psychotherapy, which emphasizes that 

healthy human nature amalgamates the traits of biology, mentality and sociality. 

4083.125 Study on the effect of group psychological counseling on interaction anxiety of 

undergraduate students, Ying Li, Shouchen Zhang, China Harbin Normal University, China 

Using quasi-experiments design, intervention group (n=44) accept group psychological counseling, 

control group (n=48)accept psychology lecture, EPQ, IAS, PRCA-24 and Shying Scale were used 

before and after intervention. Intervention group, EPQ-E score of female was significant higher 

than before, the change of the total score of IAS, ShyS, PRCA of intervention group were 

significant lower than control group. The factors of the group and the conference communication 

apprehension were significant lower. So the group psychological counseling is a good and 

important way to lower college students’ interaction anxiety and communication apprehension. 

4083.126 A report on treating internet addiction disorder with cognitive behavior therapy, Yu 

Zongfu, Zhang Zhao, China 

A young boy who had been infatuated with network games for three months has been diagnosed as 

an IAD patient according to the DSM-IV and ICD-10. He was treated with cognitive behavior 

therapy. We find the boy wants to let out his dissatisfaction with the stress of study and his parent 

who wanted to divorce by staying on the Internet. We let the boy and his parent aware of it and 

give them some suggestions. We make out a schedule of Internet access together. The boy obeys 

the schedule honestly. Three months later he use the Internet properly as others. 

4083.127 The effectiveness of bibliotherapy for social phobia in Korea, Yoo-Sun Chung, 

Hye-Joo Cho, Young-In Choi, Korea University, South Korea 

The book, too much shyness leads to a disease: A cognitive therapy for social phobia has been 

reported to be very helpful. Bibliotherapy is a cost-effective method of intervention, but limited 

because of lack of feedbacks. In our study, online feedback will be provided to improve the 

effectiveness of bibliotherapy and examined its effectiveness compared to bibliotherapy without 

feedback and a waiting-list control condition. For this purpose, a total of 30 to 40 clients will be 

recruited and randomly assigned to three groups. The outcome will be measured on the SADS, 

FNE, SPC, etc. 

4083.128 Indicators of client vocal emotional expressions in psychotherapy, Seongho Cho, 

Heekyung Lee, Songji Kim, The Catholic University of Korea, Korea, (Republic Of) 

Twenty two audio-taped vocal expressions of clients which included four emotions of joy, sadness, 

anger, and fear were presented to forty two judges. Judges rated the extent that each vocal 

969

emotional expression involved vocal indicators such as pitch level, pitch variation, tempo, strength, 

clearness of pronunciation, terminal contours, pleasant-unpleasant level, and excitement level. 

Results indicated that seven vocal indicators except terminal contour successfully discriminated 

four emotions. Percentages of correct discrimination using seven vocal indicators were 73.9%. 

The results imply that nonverbal vocal cues without any verbal content can be used to identify 

clients' emotions in psychotherapy. 

4083.129 Study on the application of self-hypnosis on remedying for the psychological disease of 

undergraduates, Wen Pei, Ke He, Taofeng Zhou, Mingqin Chen, Guizhou Normal University, 

China 

The article studies primarily the effect of self-hypnosis technology on improving the bad emotion 

of students, when having intercourse with others. Through in control of this method, most of 

students can remove effectually the bad feeling on how to deal with the relationship with others, 

ameliorate frame of mind and boost up the willpower. It is a great extendable value for the 

character of substantial, efficiency and the better application, by analyzing and comparing with the 

other methods. 

4083.130 A comparison of the psychological effects of standard exercises with those of space 

exercises in autogenic training, Ikuyo Kondo, Waseda University, Japan 

The purpose of this study was to compare the psychological effects of the heaviness and the 

warmth Standard Exercises(SE) with those of the first Space Exercises(SP) in Autogenic 

Training(AT) on college students. All the participants were assessed with STAI-T, ATCES 

(Autogenic Training Clinical Effectiveness Scale), Rosenberg’s Self-Esteem Scale, and the 

Yatabe-Guilford Personality Inventory before and after the 2 weeks program. The results showed 

that the SE group more decreased the STAI-T and more increased the ATCES than the SP group, 

while the more neurotic, the more increased the Self-Esteem in both of the SE and SP groups. 

4083.131 The effects of flotation therapy on relaxation and emotion improved, Peicheng Hu 1 , 

Ying Su 2 , 1 Peking University, China; 2 Beijing Normal University, China 

Objective: Flotation therapy is built on a proven clinical procedure called “Restricted 

Environmental Stimulation Therapy”. The aim of this study is to explore the influences of flotation 

therapy on the subjects’ psychological and physiological function. Methods: 41 subjects (20 male, 

21 female) finished 4 sessions. Heart rate and frontal EMG were measured and SAS, SDS, SCL-9 

were filled before and after session. Results: The results showed significant decreased in heart rate 

and frontal EMG after each session. SCL-90 was improved. Conclusions: Flotation therapy has 

good effects on deep relaxation, dealing with stress, emotion and mental state improved. 

4083.132 The pschotherapical thoughts of Zhang Congzheng in ancient China, Fang Yi, China 

This article expounds the psychotherapies of an excellent therapist in ancient China. He is Zhang 

congzheng in the Yuan Dynasty. The principles of his psychotherapies are: wholistic treatments 

using the psychological and physical treatments at the same time; different treatments to different 

people. He had designed many masterly and effective psychological treatments, including the 

systematic psychotherapy of “using one or more affections to reclaim another maladjusted 

affection(s)”, which is earlier 800 years or so than the homothetic one in western. 

970

4083.133 Some effects of counseling adolescents with behavioral adjustment problem, Ochirjav 

Myagmar, Munkhjargal Odonkhuu, Mongolian State University of Education 

The author wrote this paper based on her work experience with adolescents who have behavioral 

adjustment problems. The author made analysis of behavioral adjustment among Mongolian 

adolescents, influence of parenting and family environment, as well as adolescents' behavioral 

patterns. The author analyses different counseling approaches to work with them. The author 

argues that many adolescents are in "recognition hunger" and to satisfy their needs they behave in 

deviant ways such as stealing, wandering, and telling lies etc. It is concluded that in order for 

adolescent counseling to be effective, it is essential to combine both humanistic and behavioral 

techniques. 

4083.134MMPI-A Profiles of Substance-Abusing Adolescents, Michael Stevens 1 , Lora Passetti 2 , 

James Johnson 3 , 1 Illinois State University, USA; 2 Chestnust Health Systems, Inc., USA; 3 Illinois 

State University, USA 

Adolescents entering substance-abuse treatment present with assorted personalities and adjustment 

difficulties. A cluster analysis by Massey et al. (1992) identified three groups of adolescents. 

However they administered the adult MMPI and used outdated, adolescent norms. We performed a 

cluster analysis on the MMPI-As of 100 adolescents in treatment to determine if Massey et al.'s 

findings extend to the MMPI-A. Unlike Massey et al., four clusters emerged, all revealing 

multiple problems (e.g., emotional, behavioral, and environmental) in multiple life domains (e.g., 

home, school); cluster differences, internally and with Massey et al., were related more to severity 

than to specific difficulties. 

4083.135 Impacts on adolescents of parental problem gambling, Susan J. Wurtzburg 1 , Richard 

H.K. Tan 2 , 1 University of Canterbury, New Zealand; 2 University of Hong Kong, China 

Research was undertaken with 13 New Zealand families. The project collected qualitative and 

quantitative data from gambling parents, resident children (aged 11-17 years), and children's 

teachers. Many parents had additional health issues. Effects on children were gauged by their 

scores on the Achenbach Youth Self Report and by parental and teacher ratings. More detailed 

understanding of family gambling impacts on children was provided by interviews with both 

adolescents and their parents. Documented effects included financial difficulties, social stigma, 

parental relationship issues, and parenting problems. Children best able to manage their family 

situations had devised innovative coping strategies. 

4083.136 Methodological issues in the construction and analysis of qualitative data: An empirical 

research on psychotherapy, Sara Slapak, Nelida Cervone, Ana Luzzi, Cecilia Frylinsztein, 

Maria Padawer, Facultad de Psicología. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Argentina 

Aim: to present methodological issues of a study of therapeutic process. Analysis is based upon 

data coming from observational records of group psychotherapy sessions of children from 6 to 8 

years old. Method: Based upon a qualitative research assisted by ATLAS.ti software. A matrix was 

used to display information about each child during the first six months of treatment. Child 

Behaviour CheckList was applied. Results: information displayed in a matrix and the CBCL’ 

results were compared. Discussion: the main undergone design decisions will be presented, as well 

971

as advances in the construction of different ways of analysing qualitative data. 

4083.137 Video-based prospective memory deficits in excessive alcohol users, Thomas 

Heffernan, Northumbria University, UK 

Excessive alcohol use leads to a range of retrospective memory deficits in adults. Much less is 

known about how excessive use might impact upon everyday memory processes. This study 

compares a group of excessive alcohol users with a group of matched low-dose/no-alcohol 

controls on a video-based prospective memory (PM) (memory for future events) task. After 

controlling for other drug use and strategy use, the excessive alcohol user group recalled fewer 

items than the matched controls. The underlying mechanisms responsible are discussed at 

conference. 

4083.138 Video-based prospective memory impairments in ecstasy users, Thomas Heffernan 1 , 

Jenny Jardine 2 , 1 Northumbria University, UK; 2 Independent Researcher, UK 

Regular use of ecstasy has a detrimental effect on memory, including self-reported prospective 

memory (PM) (memory for future events). This study extended the focus to include a video-based 

PM task, alongside a self-report measure of PM, comparing ecstasy users with non users. Ecstasy 

users reported more deficits and remembered less items on the video-based task. These deficits 

were found after controlling for other drug use, strategy use, and mood. These findings and the 

underlying mechanisms involved are discussed at conference. 

4083.139 The relationship between childhood sexual abuse, depression and adult substance abuse, 

Ometha Lewis-Jack, Adona Wright-Wimberly, Howard University, USA 

This study examined the relationship between childhood sexual abuse (CXA), depression, and 

adult substance abuse among women; treatment recidivism among CXA women; and the 

relationship between scores on the Simple Screening Instrument for Alcohol and other Drug Use 

(SSI-AOD) and sexual abuse. Participants were 126 women from drug-treatment facilities, 

shelters and local colleges. Depression was a mediating variable between CXA and substance 

abuse contributing 7% of the overall variance, while CXA contributed an additional 1% of the 

variance. A positive relationship existed between scores obtained on the SSI-AOD and self-reports 

of CXA. No relationship existed between recidivism and CXA women. 

4083.140 Cognitive-motivation and binge drinking in university students, Julia Butt, Tian Oei, 

University of Queensland, Australia 

Cognitive motivational models of alcohol use emphasise the separate assessment of approach and 

avoidance, and propose that different cognitions (expectancies and motives) predict different 

aspects of alcohol use. The current research assessed expectancies (positive and negative), and 

motives (for drinking, and for not drinking) in both binge drinking and non-binge drinking 

Australian university students (n=500). The average frequency of binge drinking in the sample 

was once per month. Results were consistent with theory, and demonstrate the utility of the 

cognitive motivational approach, in particular the distinction between approach and avoidant 

cognitions. Implications for prevention are discussed. 

4083.141 Deviant career and discursive repertoires of consumers of illegal substances, Gian Piero 

972

Turchi, Alessandro Salvini, Barbara Laliscia, Luisa Orrù, University of Padua, IT 

The objective of the research is the description of the processes of identity construction in 

consumers of illegal substances, in the course of their "deviant career". Accounts produced by 20 

primary and 30 secondary consumers (in treatment) and collected through a protocol have been 

compared. The text analysis shows that the consumption of substances does not involve a 

meaningful characterization of the discursive repertoires used by the groups; they differenciate in 

relation to the degree of deviant career in which they are. The modality of treatment does not 

affect the discursive repertoires of the "consumption of substances"; they tend to grow stronger. 

4083.142 Knowledge and attitudes about fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS), Wedding Danny, 

University of Missouri - Columbia, USA 

We surveyed psychologists in the United States to assess knowledge and attitudes about Fetal 

Alcohol Syndrome. The American Psychological Association administered this survey. A random 

sample of 1,000 practicing psychologists in six Midwestern states was surveyed with one 

follow-up reminder. A 50% return rate was attained. This poster session compares the FAS 

knowledge and attitudes of psychologists with other U. S. health professionals, and identifies areas 

in which psychologists need additional training. This is the first attempt to systematically analyze 

the sophistication of U. S. psychologists about Fetal Alcohol Syndrome, widely acknowledged the 

leading cause of preventable birth defects. 

4083.143 Tobacco use is associated with more severe alcohol dependence, Claudia Fahlke, 

Kristina Berglund, Ulf Berggren, Claudia Fahlke, Jan Balldin, Goteborg University, Sweden 

This study evaluated the impact of tobacco use in 108 male alcohol-dependent individuals, 

sub-grouped into smokers, snuffers and tobacco-nonusers. The smokers were significantly 

younger compared to the tobacco non-using group, and also younger at their onset of excessive 

alcohol consumption. Both smokers and snuffers fulfilled significantly more DSM-IV criteria for 

alcohol-dependence than tobacco-nonusers. Furthermore, significantly higher proportions of 

smokers and snuffers fulfilled the criteria no 2 (experiencing withdrawal syndrome) and no 7 

(continuing to use alcohol despite problems). These findings indicate that smoking, but also 

snuffing, are associated with a more severe course and greater severity of alcohol-dependence. 

4083.144 An implementation of 12-step at a women’s correction center in Taiwan, Ya-Chin Lang, 

Da-Yeh University, Taiwan, China 

Twenty female inmates at the Taichung Women’s Jail attended a 12-step group therapy, which 

lasted for 12 weeks. In comparison with the North America’s studies, this study tries to find out if 

12-step therapy is effective for substance abusers in Taiwan. A set of questionnaire was designed 

to explore these participants’ expectations of this therapy, review of themselves, and final 

evaluation of the process of therapy. The results showed that the therapy is very effective in 

helping the participants understand themselves better, build confidence and self-respect, and find 

some new ways to refuse drugs. 

4083.145 The study of heroin users’ emotional stroop effect in different healing time, Feng 

Zhang 1 , Mowei Shen 2 , Haiyan Zhu 1 , Sumei Yin 1 , Xin Zhou 2 , 1 Yunnan Normal University, 

China; 2 Zhejiang University, China 

973

Many theorists view drug-related cues as a causal factor and relapse factor for drug users. This 

study assessed drug users and control participants’ attentional bias toward drug-related approach 

words, avoidance words and neutral words with Stroop paradigm. The results indicated (1) 

compared with non-users, biased attention toward drug-related words was significant; (2) there 

appeared different degrees of bias toward different types of words in different healing time; (3) 

attentional bias changed with the treating process. The results had implications for the 

understanding of the cognitive and motivational processes of drug abuse and selection of valid 

index of successful treatment. 

4083.146 The study of heroin users’ ability to inhibit behavior in different healing time, Haiyan 

Zhu 1 , Mowei Shen 2 , Sumei Yin 1 , Feng Zhang 2 , Peng Li 2 , 1 Yunnan Normal University, China; 

2 


In this research, heroin users’ ability to inhibit and to execute responses in different healing time 

was tested by stop-signal paradigm. The results indicated (1) the proportion of successfully 

inhibited responses increased significantly with the treating process; (2) heroin users’ response 

time to stop-signals was significantly longer than that of control participants, and with the treating 

process the difference faded away; (3) by contrast, no significant difference was observed in the 

ability to execute responses. The results had implications for the understanding of the cognitive 

and motivational processes of drug abuse and selection of valid index of successful treatment. 

4083.147 Prescription drug (Benzodiazepine) abuse/addiction: Pattern of use, attitudes, 

perceptions and patients’ profile, Yan Hong Dong, Munidasa Winslow, Community Addiction 

Management Programme, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore 

Benzodiazepines (BZDs) are minor tranquillisers, and can cause dependence with long-term use. 

Recently, BZD use in Singapore is rising (Kua & Tan, 1999). This study aims at profiling 

institutinalised BZD dependent patients and investigate the relationship between the severity of 

BZD dependence and 3 key variables (patient’s perception and attitudes on BZD use, 

doctor-shopping behavior; doctor’s prescribing patterns).Preliminary results of initial 75 patients 

indicate that the majority are married (45.3%), Chinese (89.3%) and males (57.3%) in their late 

30s. Mostly they are secondary school drop-out(36%) and unemployed(42.7%) with past history 

of psychoactive drug use (88%). Midazolam is their drug of choice (82.7%). 

4083.148 Pralogical forms of psychological defence in alcoholism, Irina Yakovlevna Stoyanova, 

Nikolay Alexandrovich Bokhan, Mental Health Research InstituteRussian Federation 

Experimental-psychological study of mechanisms of psychological defence in alcoholics reflects 

increase of regressive components in personality manifestations conditioned by decrease of 

intellectual manifestations. In progress of cognitive deficit in patients with comorbid impairment 

of the brain, severity of pralogical forms of psychological defence, strive for use of symbols and 

rites increases (development of magic attitude, withdrawal out of reality). In decrease of 

intelligence also reinforcement of disadaptive mechanisms of coping strategies (coping with the 

stress) reflected in ignorance of problem resolution, resentment and distraction, passivity is 

noticed. Individualisation of psychotherapy includes translation of notions into the language of 

pralogical thinking. 

974

4083.149 Cognitive deficit and comorbidity in alcoholism: Bilaterality of problems, Nikolay 

Alexandrovich Bokhan 1 , Genrikh Vladislavovich Zalevsky 2 , 1 Mental Health Research Institute, 

Russian Federation; 2 Tomsk State University, Russian Federation 

Experimental-psychological examination of alcoholics (A) with comorbid traumatic (I) and 

vascular (II) brain impairment was conducted. In group I substantial transformation of 

characterological traits has been identified against the background of moderate (as compared with 

premorbid) disturbance of dynamic of cognitive activity. Decrease of verbal-logical level of 

thinking, weakness of mnestic functions in the structure of cognitive activity is combined with 

impulsivity, tension, affect rigidity and actualisation of explosive-dysphoric traits of personality 

(MMPI (469/-1230)). In group II anxious traits of the personality dominate with projection to 

somatic maintenance with cognitive dissonance in general characteristic of intellectual-mnestic 

processes. 

4083.150 Psychosocial Influences on Physical, Verbal, and Indirect Bullying among Japanese 

Junior High School Students, Mikayo Ando 1 , Takashi Asakura 2 , Bruce Simons-Morton 3 , 

1 2 3 

Tokyo Gakugei University, Japan; Tokyo Gakugei University, Japan; National Institutes of 

Health (NIH), USA 

The purpose of this study was to identify the psychosocial factors associated with physical, verbal, 

and indirect bullying among Japanese junior high school students. Junior high school students 

between 7th and 9th grades (n=2,923) in eight junior high schools anonymously completed a 

self-reported questionnaire. Deviant peer influence, less serious attitude in school, experiences of 

victimization, poor self-control for aggressiveness and impulsiveness, poor self-assertive efficacy 

against bullying, and euphemistic thinking in moral disengagement were commonly associated 

with physical, verbal, and indirect bullying. Therefore, interventions focused on these modifiable 

common factors could be effective in the prevention of adolescent bullying. 

4083.151Can the millon clinical multiaxial inventory - III predict antisocial behavior? Gina Rossi, 

Hedwig Sloore, VUB, Belgium 

Logistic regression analysis on the MCMI-III scales was performed and 89.2% of predictions were 

accurate (n=528). However only 32.4% of the group with antisocial traits (n=74) was correctly 

predicted in contrast to 98.5% of the group without the traits (n=454). The limitation of this 

analysis is that it is based on only one cutoff value. Therefore receiver operating characteristics 

were added. Taking for example .064 as a cutoff-value for the predictions of the logistic regression, 

the presence of antisocial behavior was correctly predicted in 90.5% and the absence in 53.2% of 

the cases. 

4083.152 Importance of recognizing street children, actuality living in the street, as psycholosocial 

handicapped instead of delinquents. a small token, Gladys Carbajal de Carozzo, Peruvian 

Psychology Board, Colegio de Psicologos del Peru, Peru 

Comprehensive System was administered to 26 street and 38 family boys from poorest zones from 

Lima. Personality characteristics and cognitive styles were compared. Differences reached 80% 

efficiency. Although street children function is intellectualy average, their personality functions 

Information Processing and Cognitive Mediation are severely disturbed. Their profuse and 

complex circumstances including runaway from home due to maltreatment and sex abuse, assault, 

975

drug abuse, etc. Lead to severe psychosocial injuries in this population. Therefore they should be 

treated and recognized as psychosocialy handicapped. Promotion of new legislations with global 

impact is needed (UNICEF) in developing countries. 


Chair: Cigdem Kagitcibasi, Turkey 

The relational self, Susan M. Andersen, Department of Psychology, New York University, USA 

Our model of the relational self (Andersen & Chen, 2002) assumes that mental representations of 

significant others are linked in memory with the self. Each significant other is bound up with a 

relational self, and overall, the self consists of one's repertoire of relational selves. An IF-THEN, 

contextually based theory, the relational self model is grounded in experimental research on the 

social-cognitive process of ransference in everyday social relations. When transference is triggered, 

people respond to new others as they respond to the significant other and the relevant relational 

self is evoked as well, along with emotions, motivations, and self-regulation. 


Chair: Ramadhar Singh, Singapore 

Individual differences as predictors of psychological costs resulting from disaster, Jan Strelau, 

Warsaw School of Social Psychology, Poland 

It has been documented in several studies that personality may be regarded as a predictor of 

behavior disorders when individuals are confronted with extreme stressors. Such variables as, e.g., 

neuroticism, sensation seeking, extraversion-introversion, and coping styles were mostly applied 

in these projects. The aim of a series our studies was to examine whether temperament expressed 

in energetic and temporal characteristics of behavior allows for predicting posttraumatic stress 

disorder (PTSD) in individuals who experienced disaster. Data collected from several samples of 

flood victims composed of families (parents and children) have documented that: (a) temperament 

traits and trauma share a similar proportion when regarded as predictors of PTSD; (b) the role of 

temperament as predictor of consequences of experienced trauma is age and gender specific; (c) 

the variance of the relationship between temperament and PTSD recorded two years after disaster 

is to a given extent genetically determined. 


Chair: John Adair, Canada 

Understanding, identifying, and treating pathological gamblers, Robert Ladouceur, Ecole de 

Psychologie, Universite Laval, Canada 

This presentation will present the State of art of our knowledge concerning gambling behaviors 

and gambling related problems. The social and political situation concerning the increase 

availability of gambling opportunities, the prevalence of pathological gambling and the 

identification of problem gamblers will first be discussed. We will then cover the main 

976

psychological mechanisms in explaining the development, maintenance and treatment of gambling. 

We will conclude on discussing Responsible Gambling as a mean of prevention of gambling 

related problems. The audience will have the opportunity to raise questions and discuss the content 

of the presentation. 


Chair: Yaojia Luo, China 

Models of attention, Claus Bundesen, Center for Visual Cognition, Department of Psychology, 

University of Copenhagen, Denmark 

Current models of attention are reviewed and their development is described. Qualitative theories 

of Broadbent (1958), Treisman (1964), and Deutsch and Deutsch (1963) set the stage for the 

development of more specific, quantitative models of attention. Recent models have primarily 

drawn on experimental data on visual processing: data on our ability to divide attention between 

multiple, simultaneous targets and data on our ability to focus attention on targets rather than 

distractors. In this talk I describe the development from simple serial scanning models to selective 

serial models and the development from simple parallel (independent-channels) models to limitedcapacity 

parallel models and race-based models of selection. Connectionist and 

neurophysiological models are also considered. 


Chair: Rainer Silbereisen, Germany 

Adolescence from a global perspective, Tharakad S. Saraswathi, Maharaja Sayajirao University 

of Baroda, India 

The presentation is based on book entitled 'The World's Youth: Adolescence in eight regions of the 

globe edited by B.B. Brown, R.W. Larson and T.S. Saraswathi, a CUP (2002) publication. The 

eight regions of the world present a kaleidoscopic view of adolescent life experiences in the 

ecological, political and socio-cultural contexts. Marked variations in demographic trends, in 

access to education, health facilities and employment are profiled, along with interesting cultural 

variations in family, school and peer contexts in which adolescents' lives are embedded. 

Significant issues related to globalization of the market economy, assertion of individuality, 

political and civic participation, and the glaring gaps in access to basic resources are discussed in 

the light of social policies that aim to provide a better tomorrow for nations' youth. 



The learning of a second language, Qi Dong, Institute of Developmental Psychology, Beijing 


The shortage of qualified English teachers is a common phenomenon in many countries. In the 

past many years, a large-scale project has been carried out in Beijing, China to test the 

effectiveness of an English-learning program, in which traditional educational technology and 

modern multi-media are used to provide rich English learning environment for children in 

977

hand, individual empowerment expectation (self-efficacy, solidarity) has the strongest effect on 

behavioral intention to C.P. 

4091.3 Dimensions of environmentally significant behaviour: Motives and barriers, Annika 

Nordlund 1 , Jorgen Garvill 1 , Agneta Marell 2 , 1 Department of Psychology, Umeå University, 

Sweden, 2 Department of Business Administration, Umeå University, Sweden 

Environmentally significant behaviour (ESB) has been conceptualized as one general behavioural 

factor or as several distinct behavioural factors. In this study the dimensionality of ESB was 

investigated by comparing a General-factor model, a Group-factor model, and a General & 

Group-factor model of environmentally significant behavior. The Group-model shows a better 

goodness of fit than the General-model, and the General & Group model show the best goodness 

of fit. The results indicate differences in motive and barrier profiles for different types of behavior. 

Similarities and differences are discussed in terms of underlying motives and barriers for behavior 

for the respective models. 

4091.4 Determinants of and social influence on children’s personal norm of waste reduciton 

behavior, Kayo Yorifuji 1 , Junkichi Sugiura 2 , Yukio Hirose 1 , 1 Nagoya University, Graduate 

School of Environmental Studies, Japan, 2 Aichi University of Education, Department of Education, 

Japan 

The purpose of this study is to examine the relation between children's social norm(descriptive, 

injunctive, subjective norm) and personal norm about waste reduction behavior, and the influence 

from parent(guardian)'s social influence (parents' waste reduction behavior, praise, advising, 

parent-child conversation about waste problems). Research was conducted on 95 children and 

their parents. The main results as follows. First, personal norm was influenced by injunctive and 

subjective norm. Personal norm and descriptive norm had influence on children's waste reduction 

behavior. Second, parents' behavior had influence on descriptive norm. Injunctive and subjective 

norm's determinants depended on behavior. 

4092 ORAL 


Chair: Edward Chow, Hong Kong, China 

4092.1 Research on scoring methods for guilty knowledge detection, Yan Ma, Fu Genyue, 

Miao Wei, Department of Psychology, Zhejiang Univerisyt, China 

The primary purpose of this polygraph study was to compare two scoring methods, the commonly 

used rank-scoring (Lykken-scoring) and the innovated original-data-scoring (A&V-scoring), for 

Guilty Knowledge Test (GKT) with guilty participants (N=37) based on skin resistance responses 

in a laboratory setting. The result indicated a higher correct detection rate of the A&V-scoring than 

the Lykken-scoring. Another purpose was to verify the cognitive rationale of the GKT (orientation 

and habituation) with non-motivational instructions and non-preferential stimuli. The result of 

significantly higher frequency of de-habituation (item response higher than the previous 

neighboring item) in the key items than that in the control items confirmed the orientation 

979

principle as the GKT mechanism. 

4092.2 Effect of age on death anxiety, Gaytri Tiwari, Hemu Rathore, College of Home 

Science, MPUAT, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India 

The study was conducted to assess the impact of age on death anxiety. Death anxiety scales (Dhar, 

Mehta Dhar & Chouhan, Tiwari) were administered on two groups 1) boys and girls 18-25 years, 

2) males and females of 60-75 years. Results revealed that youth showed more death anxiety in 

comparison to the aged. It might be due to the psychosocial maturity. In this present age of 

consumerism, globalization competitiveness and westernization youth does not have the clear-cut 

path to reach at the desired goals. Even there are mismatched standards of society by which youth 

is unable to cope up. 

4092.3 The 3-tier model of physical self-perception in young children: Examination of its 

infrastructure, Edward Chow, Hong Kong Institute of Education, Hong Kong, China 

Previous studies conducted in university and high school students confirmed that physical 

self-perceptions were hierarchically organized in 3 tiers, with global self-esteem at the apex, 

physical self-worth in the middle, and four physical self-perception sub-domains (sport 

competence, condition, body attractiveness, and strength) at the bottom. However, it is not clear 

whether children age 10 or under also exhibit similar pattern. In this study the 3-tier model was 

tested in 800 Hong Kong Chinese primary 4 and 5 pupils using structural equation modeling. 

Further more, how perceived importance and goal orientations affect physical self-perceptions at 

different level of generalities was considered. 

4092.4 Intrinsic motivation: Dimensions, measurement, and validation, Oraphin Choochom, 

Behavioral Science Research Institute, Thailand 

The assessment of intrinsic motivation is relatively new area of research in Thailand. The purpose 

of this study was to construct, develop, and validate a multidimensional measure of intrinsic 

motivation in learning context. Exploratory and confirmatory analyses were employed with a 

sample of secondary students and teachers to assess the construct validity. Structural modeling 

techniques were used to examine the antecedents and consequences of intrinsic motivation. The 

empirical causal relationship of intrinsic motivation in learning context fitted with the conceptual 

framework of intrinsic motivation. Findings suggest that parental motivation practices and 

classroom climate encourage intrinsic motivation 

4093 ORAL 


Chair: Wilis Srisayekti, Indonesia 

4093.1 Effects of underscoring on cinema sequences, Wilis Srisayekti, Caroline Maria 

Damayanti Nugroho, Padjadjaran University, Bandung, Indonesia 

The study was intended to examine whether the underscoring film music had any influence on the 

building expectation about the continuation of the scenes. Using a covert design, experiments were 

conducted with 45 participants. A piece of movie sequence was presented with either minor or 

980

major music score. Content analysis of the written subjects' free continuations of the plot was 

focused on the emotional content. Results showed that the subjects' anticipations of the further 

development of the film sequence were dependent on the underlying film music. Influence of 

visual information and of the underscoring on the story will be presented. 

4093.2 Divided attention, learning and recall: A study in adults’ memory, Mohammed reza 

Afzal nia 1 , Azra Dabiri 2 , 1 Allmeh Tabataba-ee University, Iran, 2 Alzahra University, IR 

The level of attention deployed in a text-reading situation is studied. Participants’ prior knowledge 

(PK) and working memory (WM) capacity were assessed. While students read the text, they either 

saw pictures on a computer monitor simultaneously or not. It was found that PK influences the 

later recall more than WM capacity. It was found that while the higher PK groups remembered 

more than the lower ones, higher WM groups did not remember significantly more than the lower 

ones. These results are indicating the role of PK in recall of text reading in a divided attention 

situation. 

4093.3 How to make cardinal direction judgments based on integrating environmental and 

egocentric frames? Ronggang Zhou, Kan Zhang, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of 


Three experiments were conducted to examine cardinal direction judgments (CDJ) in coordinating 

the environmental frame of a map with egocentric frame of the forward field of view (FFOV). In 

experiment 1 and 2, camera heading effect was confirmed and target location effect was found, 

and there exists two kinds of CDJ. In experiment 3, two kinds of CDJ were compared, and found 

that CDJ based on environmental frame was evidently harder than CDJ based on egocentric frame. 

And there was a significant interaction between CDJ and gender, the gender-related difference was 

more distinctive for CDJ based on environmental frame. 

4093.4 The effects of rotatable electrical map on reaction time for reorientation, Ru-de Liu, 

Shu Mu, Hua Shu, Tiegang Cheng, College of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, China 

Two experiments were done to explore the advantage effects of rotatable electrical map on 

subjects’ reorientation for turning directions. Experiment 1 demonstrated that 31 college subjects’ 

reaction time for judging the space relationship between a moving dot and a target dot was 

significant lower in the rotatable background than in the fixed background when the background is 

simplified as only the target dot. Experiment 2 demonstrated that 34 college subjects’ reaction 

time was significant lower in the rotatable normal map than in the fixed one only when the moving 

dot move downward. 

4094 ORAL 


Chair: Sébastien Tremblay, Canada 

4094.1 Plausibility of causal relations, Jean Pierre Rossi 1 , Jean pascal Martin 2 , Estelle 

Fieve 2 , 1 Paris University, France, 2 LIMSI-CNRS 

Experiments analyzed the conditions required to infer a causal relation between two events. The 

981

The results show that: 1.There is significant positive correlation between each factor and English 

reading comprehension, there is the closest relation between the working memory capacity and 

English reading comprehension; 2. The basic language level and working memory capacity both 

are important and sensitive predictors. The working memory capacity had highest predictive 

power; 3.And the path diagram of the study is found. 

4096.2 Construction and integration of goal information under control of goal-focus, Lei Mo, 

Ying Leng, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China 

Moving window display and eye-movement technique were used to investigate the construction 

and integration of goal information under the control of the goal-focus. Readers read 24 

paragraphs, which conveyed two characters’ attempts to accomplish independent subgoals to 

achieve a joint main goal. In all conditions, the success of the first subgoal was manipulated. The 

results of Experiment 1 suggested the target sentence severed as signal did prime the integration of 

goal information. Experiment 2 demonstrated readers would construct goal information under 

control of goal-focus in reading. This research generally indicated the construction of goal 

information would be a here-and-now way. 

4096.3 Priming effect of goal-focus on integration of goal information, Ying Leng, Lei Mo, 

Jun Wu, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China 

Eye-Link II tracker and Moving window were used to investigate priming effect of goal-focus on 

integration of goal information. Experiment 1 tested the Experiment 1 of Richards & Singer (2001) 

in Chinese reading and indicated signal of goal primed the integration and that was a 

reinstatement-integration when subgoal was completed. Experiment 2 explored the 

facilitation-integration under control of goal-focus. Experiment 2a demonstrated priming effect 

when the subgoal was uncompleted and the signal was strong. In experiment 2b, the eye tracking 

data testified the Experiment 2a. Experiment 3 further explored the facilitation-integration by 

comparing strong signal condition with none-strong signal condition. 

4096.4 A case study of Chinese developmental dyslexia - a neuropsychological approach, 

Wengang Yin, Brendan Weekes 2 , 1 Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 

Beijing, China; 2 University of Sussex, Brighton, UK 

A typical Chinese dyslexic case is analyzed using cognitive neuropsychological approach. The 

developmental history of her reading symptoms is traced and neuropsychological experiments are 

conducted. Her hemispheric abnormalities are revealed through examinations which show special 

features of lateralisation. There is a big difference between her verbal IQ and performing IQ and 

this could have some significance to account for her low scores in reading tasks. The case also 

shows differences between visual-spatial memory and character memory which are in line with the 

patterns of visual and auditory information processes. Moreover, a comparison is made between 

reading Ping-Yin and Chinese characters. 

4097 ORAL 


Chair: Darius K-S. Chan, Hong Kong, China 

984

4097.1 Psychosocial correlates of men’s online pornography viewing in Hong Kong, Darius 

K-S. Chan, Chun Bun Lam, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China 

This study examined the psychosocial correlates of men's online pornography viewing in Hong 

Kong. Over 200 young men completed a questionnaire designed to measure their online 

pornography viewing, peer and parental influences, personality variables, and various types of 

sexual attitudes. Results show that online pornography viewing was strongly associated with 

factors such as peer influences, vulnerability to peer pressure, and parental involvement. Moreover, 

participants reported to have more online pornography viewing were found to score higher on 

measures of premarital sexual permissiveness and proclivities toward sexual harassment. 

Conceptual and applied implications of these findings will be discussed. 

4097.2 Responses to unattractiveness as a social threat, Richard Ralley, Centre for Studies in 

the Social Sciences, Edge Hill, UK 

There is a relative lack of studies on unattractiveness rather than attractiveness. In new work, the 

effects on target detection of primes describing sexual unattractiveness correlate strongly and 

specifically with the effects of social threat words. Other categories of emotional words do not 

produce the correlation with the unattractiveness words. Bodily or sexual self-esteem predicts 

outcomes only in particular cases. Follow-up confirms that the effect is not refractory to 

participant insight. The value of unattractiveness research and potential for test creation is 

discussed. 

4097.3 Shame and self actualization: Hypnotic treatment, Martin Wong, Arthur Leidecker, 

Leidecker Institute, Chicago, USA. 

Shame issues are said by Erikson to begin at life's earliest stages of learning, and thus are stored in 

the brain in a pre-verbal manner. Traditional talk-based therapies, rarely can come close to 

touching them. Non-verbal, behavioral therapeutic techniques such as Regression Hypnosis are 

best at contacting these feelings and addressing them. This paper explores this hypnotherapeutic 

model and gives examples of successful treatment. 

4097.4 The difference of senior high school students’the learning motivation from city and 

country, Jie Pan, Jian-zhong Wo, Development Psychology Institute in Beijing Normal 

University in China 

The present research studied senior high school students’ the learning motivation. Participants 

were selected from FuLin Fifth senior high school in Sichuan. The Learning Motivation Scale was 

designed by Developmental Psychology Institute in Beijing Normal University. The results 

indicate that the students from country have higher independence than the students from city in 

learning motivation. In addition, the boy has higher self-efficiency and independence. And boys 

and girls were improving their performance goals from 10 grade to 13 grade. 

4098 ORAL 

985


Chair: Juan Daniel Gómez, Colombia 

4098.1 Neurocognitive rehabilitation: A useful model for effective oralism of persons with 

cochlear implant, Juan Daniel Gómez, Dipl-Psych; Dr. Phil.C, Colombia 

The auditive neurostructures and their connections to the Nervous System in persons having (CI) 

present structural degeneration which can be physiologically interpreted as pseudaphasia. The 

traditional re(habilitation) does not start from a theory, but from a gradual logic which goes from 

the detection of environmental sounds to the understanding of speech and, lastly, to the oral 

production. Oralism is hampered because it incorporate neither presemantic aspects nor 

multipurpose nonlinguistic - partially specialized in speech - systems of processing, related to 

areas of primary, motor, attentive, sensorial linguistic knowledge and those of memory of work. 

4098.2 Neuropsychological functioning, personality profiles,& coping among alcoholics with 

the comorbidity for other substances, Amira Brown 1 , Alfonso Campbell 1 , Ometha Lewis-Jack 1 , 

Carlota Ocampo 2 , 1 Howard University, USA, 2 Trinity College, USA 

The primary goal of this investigation was to examine personality, coping, and neurocognitive 

functions among different groups of African American alcoholics. It was predicted that alcoholics 

with dual or multiple substance dependence would exhibit poorer coping skills, posses neurotic 

personality characteristics and have difficulty on tasks that measure neuropsychological 

functioning. Participants consisted of 129 African American males and females recruited from 

treatment programs in Washington, DC. The current investigation found neuropsychological and 

ECF deficits in the alcoholics with multiple drug use. Significant differences were also found 

between the alcoholic and control groups on personality and coping measures. 

4098.3 Evidence for a working memory deficit in the pre-clinical phase of Alzheimer’s disease, 

Sylvie Belleville 1 , Louis Bherer 1 , Émilie Lepage 1 , Howard Chertkow 2 , Serge Gauthier 2 , 

1 2 

Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal, Canada, McGill University, Canada 

Persons with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) do not meet the criteria for Alzheimer’ disease, but 

exhibit a cognitive decline that goes beyond that expected by age. These persons are at risk for 

developing Alzheimer’ disease (AD). The present study compared the attentional control 

components of working memory in healthy controls, MCI persons and AD patients. Participants 

were tested with working memory tasks that measured on-line manipulation (alphabetical recall), 

divided attention (Brown-Peterson procedure), inhibition (Hayling test) and switching. AD 

persons were impaired on all tasks whereas MCI persons showed manipulation, divided attention 

and switching deficits. 

4098.4 Preserved orientation adaptation and implicit form perception in a visual form agnosic 

patient, Jiongjiong Yang, Zheng Shen, Wu Ming, Department of Psychology, Peking University, 

China 

We report a single case study (X.F), whose structural MRI revealed extensive lesions in neocortex, 

but V1 appeared relatively preserved. The clearest functional impairment was her inability to 

discriminate visual form and size. She was required to name the colour of each form over six trials. 

When the training forms were replaced by new ones, her reaction time increased. This indicated 

986

that she retained the capability of perceiving the change of the forms in the same, although she 

was still unable to discriminate the forms explicitly. Our results suggest that V1 can process some 

visual information, without the patient’s awareness. 

4099 ORAL 


Chair: Wenxin Zhang, China 

4099.1 A longitudinal study of physical aggression and its relation with children’s school 

adjustment in early childhood, Wenxin Zhang 1 , Linqin Ji 1 , Yiwen Wang 2 , Xinyin Chen 3 , 

1 2 

Department of Psychology, Shandong Normal University, China, College of Psychology, Beijing 

Normal University, China, 3 Department of Psychology, University of Western Ontario, Canada 

The development of physical aggression and its impact on children’s school adjustment in early 

childhood were examined. 148 children aged 3 were followed up till age 6 via natural observation, 

interview and teacher rating. Remarkable developmental changes in children’s physical aggression 

existed, with the peak being at age 4 and 5.5 respectively. In general, children aged 3-6 showed 

stable individual differences in aggression, but boys manifested more variability. Different 

trajectories could be identified in the development of children’s aggression. Children having a 

higher level of physical aggression at age 4 possessed more negative attitudes towards 

kindergarten at age 6. 

4099.2 Stability and adaptability of social withdrawal from early to middle childhood, Ling 

Sun 1 , Huichang Chen 1 , Xinyin Chen 2 , 1 Institute of Developmental Psychology, Beijing Normal 

University, China, 2 Department of Psychology, University of Westen Ontario, Canada 

This study distinguished three subtypes of social withdrawal by behavioral observation and 

respectively explored their stability and adaptability from early to middle childhood. Totally 149 

children’s social withdrawn behaviors and problem behaviors were assessed by observations or 

questionnaires when the subjects were four and seven years old. All the three subtypes of social 

withdrawal reduced rapidly in the three years. Reticence and passive-withdrawal were moderately 

stable, while active-withdrawal was unstable. Only reticence significantly and positively 

correlated to internalizing problem at both times. None subtype of social withdrawal at age 4 

could significantly predict three-year-later behavior problems. 

4099.4 Religiosity and motivations for having premarital sex among adolescents from a 

Moslem country, Jas Jaafar, Malaysia 

The study attempts to investigate the nature of adolescents' sexual activities and the reasons 

behind engaging in premarital sex. Two hundred Malay Muslim adolescents completed a survey 

regarding attitudes toward premarital sex, religiosity and psychosocial motives in engaging in sex. 

The results are consistent with past research that show that a low degree of religiosity leads to a 

more permissive attitude about sex. Despite the domination of traditional and religious values in 

Malaysia, the adolescents still very much engage in premarital sex. Enhancement and intimacy 

motives emerged as the primary reasons for having sexual intercourse. 

987

4100 ORAL 


Chair: Maria Montero, Mexico 

4100.1 Effects of coping and social support on quality of life in adult cancer patients, Jung-Hye 

Kwon 1 , Seung-Youn Kim 1 , Bum-Han Yu 1 , Ji-Won Hur 2 , 1 Korea University, Korea, 

2 

Department of cardiac and thoracic surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University 

School of Medicine, Korea 

The purpose of this study was to examine the utility of the stress-coping model in explaining 

cancer patients’ quality of life and pain management. It was assumed that the cancer patients’ 

quality of life and level of pain should be affected by their cancer status and level of stress, and 

moderated by coping style and social support. Over 200 cancer patients were contacted and 

administered on the measure of level of stress (LS), coping (CCQ), social support (SS), quality of 

life (EORTC-core 30). Data is currently being collected. It will be analyzed with structural 

equation model (AMOS). 

4100.2 Female sex workers and the Chinese HIV epidemic, Bu Huang, School of Social Work, 

University of Washington, USA 

China has recently been experiencing a rapid increase in the number of HIV/AIDS cases. 

Heterosexual transmission would eventually become the major route of transmission. Female Sex 

Workers (FSWs) will play an extreme important role in this epidemic, under current social and 

cultural situations. In the Spring of 2004, we will conduct qualitative interviews with 30 FSWs to 

examine the social, cultural beliefs, understandings, and meanings that underlying the HIV related 

behaviors and decision making processes of FSWs in China. This is a first step in a larger scale 

project studying HIV through FSWs and their clients in China. 

4100.3 The IR-Model, a strategy to promote healthy behaviours in vulnerable groups, Maria 

Montero 1 , Gilda Nina Montero López-Lena 2 , 1 National Autonomous University of Mexico. 

2 

School of Psychology, Mexico, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social. Programa 

IMSS-Oportunidades. Mexico 

A conceptual-methodological model called “IR” (Information Reflexive) was developed and 

tested in rural and indigenous Mexican groups. This model combines emotional, cognitive and 

behavioural components. Using the new technologies -long distant transmission- in combination 

with teaching monitoring in situ, 303,861 Mexican adolescents were trained in preventive 

pregnancy and health sexual behaviours, from 1997 to 2002. The conceptual and methodological 

underpinnings of this research program were based on a social-ecological approach. The social 

impact of this model and its empirical strategy represents an evidence of the advantages that a 

multidisciplinary approach can provide to promote healthy behaviours in vulnerable populations. 

4100.4 Effect of the use of alcohol and cigarettes on cognitive function, Takeshi Hatta, Emi 

Ito, Yasuhiro Ito, Naoko Nagahara, Kaori Karasawa, Nagoya University, Japan 

988

Effects of drinking and smoking experiences on cognitive function, especially on the prefrontral 

cortex function, were examined in upper middle and elderly community dwellers. Memory, 

attention, verbal fluency and Stroop tests were given to 487 participants. Drinking and smoking 

experiences were inquired by the questionnaire. After controlling educational history and aging, 

the results suggest an effect of smoking on performances in cognitive tests, light smokers showed 

better cognitive performances than non-smokers and moderate smokers. Furthermore, moderate 

drinking have a positive effect on cognitive function in elderly people. 

4101 ORAL 

Cognition 

Chair: Robert Glaser, USA 

4101.1 The role of knowledge structures in the development of expertise, Robert Glaser, 

Learning Research and Development Center, University of Pittsburgh, USA 

Cognitive Science makes it clear that the processes of competent performance are derived from 

the availability of structured knowledge, and from coordinate processes of aptitude. Investigations 

of the development of expertise have shown the forms of knowledge and skill that are enabled by 

experience and extensive practice. The components of performance that contribute to expertise 

include: the nature of problem representation; pattern recognition (surface and deep structure); 

patterned memory that extends short term memory constraints; automaticity and the 

proceduralization of performance; the growth of executive control; meta-cognition and increasing 

competence in self-regulatory skills, and the quality of mental models. 

4101.2 Cognitive processes in two mental scanning paradigms, Gregoire Borst 1 , Stephen M. 

Kosslyn 2 , Michel Denis 1 , 1 Groupe Cogntion Humaine, LIMSI-CNRS, France, 2 Department of 

Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA 

Mental scanning is generally assumed to be a single process that allows people to shift attention 

across objects in visual mental images. However, this implicit assumption is open to question. We 

report a set of experiments based on the tasks originally designed by Kosslyn, Ball, and Reiser 

(1978) and by Finke and Pinker (1982), respectively. The different chronometric patterns obtained 

document a distinction between two types of mental scanning, one mainly involved in the mental 

simulation of a movement between two points and the other focused on the localization of target 

points. 

4101.3 The different impact of working memory load on divergent thinking and creativity in 

problem-solving, Weilun Lin, Yunnwen Lien, Department of Psychology, National Taiwan 

University, Taiwan, China 

The authors proposed that generating hypotheses with different perspectives in a rule discovery 

task (e.g., the 2 4 6 problem) could serve as useful index for creativity in problem solving. 

Experiment 1 showed that the ability of remote association measured by Lexical Decision Task 

significantly correlated with the generation of new-perspective hypothesis in 2 4 6 problem, which 

then predicted the solving of the problem. Experiment 2 further showed that creativity indicated 

989

y the new index was dissociated with that measured by divergent thinking test as the increase of 

working memory load hindered the former but facilitated the latter. 

4101.4 Effects of Novel Conceptual Combination on Creativity, Wendy Wing Nga Wan 1 , 

Chung Leung Luk 2 , 1 Department of Psychology, Bond University, Australia, 2 Department of 

Marketing, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China 

Two experiments revealed that solving novel conceptual combination problems could enhance 

performance in a subsequent test of creativity. The evidence also showed that the beneficial effects 

of solving novel conceptual combination problems were mediated in part by the production of 

emergent properties. However, the positive effect of the novel conceptual combination training on 

divergent thinking was found only among males, probably because the creativity measure used in 

the experiment was biased against female participants. These findings were discussed in terms of 

their theoretical significance and implications for teaching creativity. 

4102 ORAL 


Chair: Kyung-Hye Lee, Korea 

4102.1 Associations between preschooler’s attachment narratives and actual interactions with 

the mother, Raphaële Miljkovitch 1 , Blaise Pierrehumbert 2 , Olivier Halfon 2 , 1 Université Paris 

8, France, 2 SUPEA Lausanne, Switzerland 

The study examines how actual mother-child interactions relate to the way three-year-olds 

complete attachment story beginnings (N=26). Interactive behaviors between mother and child 

were measured using the CARE-Index. The Attachment Story Completion Task (ASCT) was used 

to elicit child narratives regarding family transactions. The ASCT Q-sort was used to code 

narratives according to story content and regulatory strategies (security, deactivation, hyperaction, 

and disorganization). Results suggest predictable associations between maternal sensitivity, child 

interactive behavior, and story completions. They tend to confirm the idea that imaginary 

narratives are somewhat related to actual interactions with the caregiver 

4102.2 The effect of maternal attachment style and parental stress on child attachment security 

at 2.5 years old, Kyung-Hye Lee 1 , Sophie Parent 2 , 1 Asia University, faculty of Social Welfare, 

Korea, Republic Of, 2 Associate Professor, faculty of Educational Psychology, University of 

Montreal, Canada 

The purpose of this study is to specify the links between maternal attachment style (MAS), 

maternal stress (MS), and child attachment security (CAS). Fifty-three mother-child dyads 

participated when the children were 2.5 years old. The Attachment Style Questionnaire and the 

Parental Stress Inventory were used to measure MAS, whereas Separation-Reunion procedure 

system was used to measure CAS. Clarifying the mediator versus moderator effects, Amos 

structural equation modeling analyses revealed that CAS formation is affected significantly by 

MAS through MS. No direct pathway was observed between MAS and CAS when MS was 

intervened. 

990

4102.3 A study of self-control on preshool children, Feng-qin Ding, The educational academy 

of Ningxia University, China 

The present study investigated 284 4-, 5-, and 6-year-olds’ behavior of self-control. The results 

indicate that the factors which influence preschool children’s self-control are sex, background of 

family, parent’s educational style, parent’s educated level, stage of age. Among these factors, 

every factor has it’s different level, every two level has extremely obvious difference and get to 

0.01 level. These findings suggest that we must pay attention to preschool children’s education 

and take effective measures for different preschool children in our family and our school. 

4102.4 Prevalence of behavioural problems among school age children, Pushpa 

Mudalingammanar, Pushpa Khadi, College of Rural Home Science, University of AGricultural 

Sciences, Dharwad-580 005, Karnataka, India 

Prevalence of behavioural problems ranged from 12.31-17.64%. About 50-80% had externalising 

problems and prevalence was more among boys. Boys from Government and Aided schools had 

high level of externalising problems, while girls had high level of internalising problems. Learning 

problems were high among boys. Older children had significantly more of impulsive problems 

than younger children. Children from nuclear families had higher levels of psychosocial problems 

and were significantly higher on externalising problems. The psychosocial, demographic and 

socio-economic factors brought about a variation of 33% in externalising & 32% in internalising 

problems. Mother’s education significantly reduced the learning problems among children. 

4103 ORAL 


Chair: M. Eduarda Duarte, Portugal 

4103.1 Career satisfaction: Does responsibility for one’s own career make a difference? Babette 

Raabe 1 , Michael Frese 2 , 1 Siemens AG, Germany, 2 University of Giessen, Germany 

Today in many organizations the responsibility for career progress is up to the individual. 

However, it has not always been this way. In the mid-nineties a large German technology company 

started to train employees to take over more responsibility for their own career development. This 

study investigated employee attitudes, organizational career management, income increase, and 

career satisfaction of 100 employees who participated in this career management training. 

Perceived responsibility for one’s own career predicted employees' career satisfaction over and 

above income increase and organizational career management. 

4103.2 Effectiveness of Digital Leadership in Managing Challenges thrown by Information 

Technology revolution, Rishabh Anand Sharma, India 

The world has become a global village. Global competition has forced leaders to recognize that if 

they and their organizations are to survive, they will have to learn to manage and to think very 

differently. Crossborder expansion slowly but steadily is assuming it's importance as an inexorable 

business strategy fertilized by information technology (I.T.) revolution. Present paper focuses that 

the key to digital leadership is to do right things correctly and turbocharge the original leadership 

991

principles by focusing on new qualities that enable speed, flexibility and customer focus. Present 

paper analyses the concept with an overview of existing theories and paradigms. 

4103.3 The gap between employees & acute; careers and managers policies: Guilties and not 

guilties, M. Eduarda Duarte, University of Lisbon, Faculty of Psychology, Portugal 

The relationship between employees & acute;career concerns and human resource managers 

concerns is explored considering three main issues: (1) the apparent lack of contingence between 

operational aspects of human resources management (Schuler & Jackson, 1999)and career theories 

(Savickas, 2002); (2)the design of the implementation of a career development program in a 

national organization; (3)programs evaluation. The interface between organization & acute;s 

characteristics and individual behaviors are discussed. 

4103.4 P-O fit: A learning orientation/self development perspective, Vatsal Singh, Meenakshi 

Gupta, Indian Institute of Technology,Bombay,India. 

The extent to which the values of the organization and those of the individual are shared indicates 

the degree of Person-Organization fit. The most important value of importance to learning 

organizations is a learning orientation, and since it is an overall organizational value system, 

therefore, it influences its employees' self development. The purpose of this research is to integrate 

these concepts resulting in a learning oriented concept of fit. A conceptualization for the need and 

measurement of fit between an employee's Self Development and organization's Learning 

Orientation (SDLO-fit) is offered. It is proposed that greater SDLO-fit will lead to greater job 

satisfaction. 

4104 ORAL 


Chair: Michael Mallaghan, UK 

4104.1 A foreclosure career? College students’ career exploration and decision in Taiwan, 

Hsiou-huai Wang, Center for Teacher Education, National Taiwan University, Taiwan, China 

Marcia’s theory on identity status depicts four types of identity statuses in career development: 

identity formation, moratorium, foreclosure and diffusion. Research in the U.S. has found that a 

majority of college students achieve the identity formation status in their career development in 

later years in college. Studies conducted in Taiwan, however, found that a high proportion of 

students are characterized by the foreclosure status even in their final year. This paper intends to (1) 

investigate the meaning of career exploration and the deciding factors governing the career 

decision of college-track students in Taiwan, and (2) explain the results from cross-cultural 

perspective. 

4104.2 Analysis of the role of shame in the construction of gay subjectivities among Han 

Chinese homosexual men, Michael Mallaghan, Birkeck College, University of London, UK 

Using grounded Theory to explore the cultural and personal issues and dilemmas faced by 

homosexual Han Chinese men. using semi-structured interviews the pilot study (PhD study) 

992

significant truth bias. Moreover, the observers used mostly verbal cues to detect the children’s 

deception. Overall, the study shows that adults found it hard to discern truthful and deceptive 

children and the reasons for - and implications of - this will be discussed. 

4105.2 The ability of nigerians to discriminate between a genuine ball point pen and its 

counterfeits, Kayode Oguntuashe 1 , Esther Akinsola 2 , 1 Nigeria, 2 University of Lagos, Lagos 

Nigeria 

A perceptual discrimination study was carried out to assess the ability of Nigerians to discriminate 

between a genuine product and its counterfeit. The study consisted of a survey and field 

experiment in which 158 and 118 persons took part respectively. Hypothesis tested include (1) 

significant proportion of participants would mistake for genuine in the absence of a genuine, (2) 

and mistake counterfeit for genuine even when the genuine is present. Results from the survey and 

experiment showed that over 50% of participants mistook counterfeits for genuine. The results 

were discussed in terms of their implications for intellectual property rights violation. 

4105.3 Two professional roles in comparison: Text analysis of expert evidence in the judicial 

field, Gian Piero Turchi, Alessandro Salvini, Luisa Orrù, Barbara Laliscia, Dipartment of 

General Psycology, Faculty of Psycology, University of Padua, Italy 

The aim of the research is to compare the editing modalities of expert evidence used by the 

advisor named by the judge and by the advisor name by the accused. The elaboration on 16 of the 

last group and 35 of the first one showed that there are in common elements among the two groups 

of texts in terms of linguistic procedures as well as types of discourses. Hence, the modalities used 

are in reference to common sense and not to scientific sense repertoirs. 

4105.4 Earwitness identification of sounds from familiar and unfamiliar speakers, Dan Yarmey, 

University of Guelph, Canada 

Earwitnesses to a crime or accident may have to discriminate between familiar and unfamiliar 

speakers based on hearing shouts, words, and sounds. 45 participants listened to tape recordings of 

four high familiar speakers and four unfamiliar speakers uttering the shout “help me”, the word 

“hello” (as in answering a telephone), and six sounds: laughter, moan, sigh, grunt, cough, and 

clearing of the throat. Recognition of speaker familiarity, correct naming (hits) and false 

identifications, and confidence ratings were assessed. A separate group of participants attempted to 

predict the obtained performance of the earwitnesses. 

4106 ORAL 


Chair: Janet Clare Wilson, UK 

4106.1 Children’s understanding of provocation and foreseeability in criminal acts, Janet Clare 

Wilson, Emma Jones, University of Kent, UK 

The purpose of this study was to examine children's understanding of criminal intent, provocation 

and foreseeable consequences. 160 children aged between 11-13 years were read scenarios which 

994

differed in the Emotion Level (High v Low), Retaliation Level (Planned v Spontaneous) and 

Gender (Male v Female). The results found children appeared to have an understanding of 

criminal intent and saw provocation as a mitigating factor. However, children were unable to 

foresee the consequences of a violent act, either short or long term. These results will be discussed 

in relation to doli incapax legislation. 

4106.2 Child sexual abuse or rape allegations in post-mandela south africa: How to decide and 

handle them, Debo Akande 1 , Magdeline Tserere 2 , 1 IIR, South Africa, South Africa, 2 Tshwane 

NPA, South Africa 

Violence against the child in South Africa assumes many forms, ranging from emotional and 

sexual abuse to physical and medical and nutritional neglect. There are no proper laws to prevent 

discrimination against children. Hence, there is a need to analyse and revisit the laws, especially 

the existing provisions relating to sexual molestation and rape, their implementation and effects on 

the child in South Africa. The law as it exists is unable to protect the child and is insufficient to 

address the violence or coercion he or she may experience. 

4106.3 Cognitive processes judge in indonesia in making decision of guilty on criminal case, 

Yusti Probowati, Indonesia 

The research question proposes was about what stages followed by judge in making decision 

whether defendant was guilty or not? Were the stages similar to the theory of narration model by 

Pennington and Hastie? This research utilized a qualitative approach, which was analysing ten of 

judge's decision criminal case of murder. Result from this research showed that judges in 

Indonesia followed different stages, compared to the theory of Pennington Hastie. Indonesian 

judges have five stages to make decision guilty in criminal case. From this research, we can know 

the limitations in the stages of sentencing processes on Indonesianjudges. 

4106.4 The role of psychiatric information in sex offender risk assessment, Gabrielle Sjostedt 1 , 

Martin Grann 1 , Niklas Langstrom 1 , Seena Fazel 2 , 1 Centre for Violence Prevention, Karolinska 

Institutet, Sweden, 2 Department of Psychiatry, Oxford University, UK 

There is a lack of studies on the relationship between severe mental disorders and violent 

offending in unselected sexual offender groups. Thus, the role of psychiatric morbidity as a 

potentially valuable source of clinical information in sex offender risk assessments remain unclear. 

The current study explored the association between psychiatric morbidity and violent reoffending 

among all offenders convicted of at least one sexual offence during 1988-2001 (N=9,108). The 

data was further compared with a control group of 50,000 subjects from the general population. 

Implications for risk assessment in clinical practice will be discussed. 

4107 ORAL 


Chair: Neeti Rana, India 

4107.1 Influence of more severe punishment for economic competition crimes on the behavior 

995

of organizational members, Tiina Jauhiainen, Jianzhong Hong, Lappeenranta University of 

Technology, Department of Business Administration, Finland 

In economics the prevention of a crime has been mainly examined by the economic consequence 

and by measuring the probability of being caught (e.g. deterrence theory). Our study, however, 

focuses on the psychological consequences of the increased punishment and the change in the 

behavior of organizational members. We adopt the Delphi method when assembling the opinions 

of experts, and express the outcomes in the form of scenarios. Delphi panel consists of authorities, 

businessmen and researchers of relevant fields. The theoretical and practical implications of this 

study are discussed in relation to competition policy decision-making. 

4107.2 An empirical study of women incarcerated in Indian penitentiaries, Neeti Rana 1 , Sahab 

Pyari Sinha 2 , 1 EMPI University, India, 2 Dayalbagh University, Agra, India 

An attempt has been made to study role of social support in environmental perception (perception 

of crowding and perceived control) and attitude towards life among Indian female prisoners. A 

2(Social Support: high/low) x 2 (Type of prisoner: undertrial/convict) x 2 (Gender: elderly/young) 

factorial design with repeated measures revealed that elderly undertrial female prisoners perceived 

maximum crowding, lowest control and negative attitude towards life as compared to other female 

prisoners. Critical issues realted to death/imprisonment fear of dying in prison, solitary 

confinement, prison amenities, religious beliefs/practices, health status, fights/assaults, prison 

adjustments, social skills and anticipated post release problems are also discussed. 

4107.3 Cognitive deficiencies as correlates of juvenile antisocial behavior, Martha Frias, Luz 

Guevara, Irasema Castell, Universidad de Sonora, Mexico 

The aim of this study was to analyze some cognitive process associated to antisocial behavior. 63 

minors receiving treatment in the Juvenile tribunals in Sonora, Mexico and 49 juveniles from the 

general community constituted the sample. 6 subtests of the Integrated Program of 

Neuropsychological Exploration (assessing memory, automatic language, response to verbal 

denomination, position sequence and praxis), and items measuring antisocial behavior and social 

abilities were administered to participants. Indexes were created by averaging responses from the 

items of each sub-scale. A path analysis was conducted considering those indexes. Results 

indicated that social abilities, memory, and verbal denomination had direct negative effect on 

antisocial behavior. Automatic language, response to verbal denomination, position sequence and 

praxis had an indirect effect on antisocial behavior, which suggests that cognitive deficiencies 

affect that behavior. 

4107.4 A study on inferring ability of 532 heavy criminals in China, Fengqin Jia 1 , Wenying 

Wang 2 , Qinghua Zhang 2 , Wei Wu 3 , Quanhu Xue 3 , 1 Educational Department of Science and 

Technology University of Suzhou, China, 2 Applied Psychological Institute of Soochow University, 

China, 3 Suzhou Prison of Jiangsu Provice, China 

Using SPM, the author tested 532 heavy criminals (67 percent of them are life imprisonment or 

stay of execution), with 304 junior high school students in grade one for contrast. Their criminal 

offence involved stealing, injury, rape, gangster, swindle, traffic in narcotics, robbery and 

economic crimes. F and chi square tests showed the following results: Criminals’ total scores and 

each group scores of SPM are all significantly lower than those of contrast group, especially in 

996

group E. Among criminals, those who committed economic crimes and who were involved in 

traffic in narcotics got the highest and the lowest scores respectively. 

4108 ORAL 


Chair: Pierre-Henri Dejean, France 

4108.1 A comparative study of factors affecting unwillingness to attend school between the 

Chinese and Japanese junior high school students, Yuhua Zhai, Ochanomizu University, Japan 

Participants were 2 groups of early adolescents from middle-class backgrounds (268 Japanese in 

Saitama, Japan, and 262 Chinese in Beijing, China). The 530 junior high school students 

completed questionnaires about reasons for their school attendance and factors controlling their 

absence and their desire for absence from school. The 2 groups showed strikingly similar levels 

about the desires for absence from school but none of Chinese adolescents were officially reported 

as non-attendance. Maladjustment to teachers was the most important determinant of 

unwillingness among Chinese junior high school students as opposed to maladjustment to friends 

among Japanese. 

4108.2 Cultural approach in the study of risk attitudes, Pierre-Henri Dejean, Kok Hin Chan, 

Universite de Technologie de Compiegne (CQP2), France 

Instead of the usual study of risk management and attitudes as a cognitive and rational 

decision-making process, this paper stresses the cultural approach in a variety of areas, such as 

security system development, systems of product conception, etc. Humans are complex, 

sometimes irrational and are not easily explained using objective sciences. The study tries to 

emphasize how culture as a whole impacts their behavior and reactions to create large and 

persistent biases on their choices of mitigation. One of the factors uncovered is the 

Individualism-Collectivism dimension that transcends most social levels and explains why people 

may sometimes behave so irrationally. 

4108.3 Appropriation of residential space by maghrebine women living in social housing in 

France., Barbara Bonnefoy 1 , Abla Rouag 2 , Annie Moch 1 , 1 Université Paris X nanterre, France, 

2 

Université Mentouri Constantine, France 

This communication deals with the appropriation of domestic spaces by the maghrebien women 

living in collective social housing of Parisian suburbs inhabited by a majority of maghrebin people. 

Our aim is to know how these women are influenced by their culture of origin, by european 

cultural model or by the micro culture of residential neighborhood. How will this influence 

express and reveal herself, in terms of occupation of domestic space and attended places. How will 

residential origin, years passed in France, size of the family, quality and nature of neighborhood 

influence use and practice of domestic space and urban environment. 

4108.4 Chinese international students’ adjustment to the USA, Curtis Hsia, Jenna Mitchell, 

Liliana Albera, Greg Muger, Azusa Pacific University, USA 

997

Many Chinese scholars travel abroad to specialize in their fields. Theories have been proposed on 

how people adapt to a new culture (Berry, 1990), but the literature lacks empirical research on 

international students. International students face unique trials as they adjust to a new country 

while trying to succeed in academics in a foreign language (Ying, et al, 2001). This pilot study 

indicated differences in anxiety and acculturation between Chinese and American students in their 

first semester of college. In this paper presentation, the initial data will be presented alongside a 

six month follow-up study. 

4109 ORAL 


Chair: Ute Stephan, Germany 

4109.1 How entrepreneurial are Poles, Czechs, Germans, and Bulgarians’s measuring a culture 

of entrepreneurship and other framework conditions for entrepreneurship, Ute Stephan 1 , Martin 

Lukes 2 , Dominika Dej 3 , Hristo Tzvetkov 1 , Peter G. Richter 4 , 1 Dresden University of 

Technology, Germany, 2 University of Economics, Prague, Czech Republic, 3 University of Silesia, 

Katowice, Poland, 4 Azusa Pacific Univeristy, USA 

Differences in self-employment rates between countries/regions were attributed to differences in 

‘culture’. A review (Hayton et al., 2002) of culture’s influence on entrepreneurship concludes that 

Hofstede’s dimensions are not specific enough to capture entrepreneurship related phenomena, 

and to research ‘hard’ and ‘soft’ conditions for entrepreneurship simultaneously in future. Based 

on a sample of 325 experts of entrepreneurship and 931 graduate students in Poland, Czech 

Republic, Bulgaria, East- and West-Germany, we developed a questionnaire for measuring both 

kinds of conditions. Although (West-) Germany has the best ‘hard’ conditions, e.g. capital, market, 

legal conditions, Bulgarians have by far the most ‘entrepreneurial spirit/motivation’. 

4109.2 Cross cultural examination of masculinity ideology: Exploration of the gender role strain 

paradigm, Katherine Richmond, Ronald Levant, Smalley Bryant, Shamin Jaffer, John Lewis, 

Nova Southeastern University, USA 

This study aims to investigate the empirical support for the social constructionist perspective on 

gender roles, which proposes that gender ideology varies according to social and cultural contexts. 

Masculinity ideology refers to an individual's internalization of cultural belief systems and 

attitudes toward men's roles. Masculinity ideology is the core construct in the gender role strain 

paradigm because this construct changes according to context, which supports the notion that 

gender is influenced by prevailing ideology. This presentation will summarize, explore, and 

critique endorsement of masculinity ideology in diverse countries, which include Japan, United 

States, Pakistan, China, Russia, and South Africa. 

4109.3 Cultural negotiation of Japanese and Chinese (im)migrants in North America: A 

comparative analysis, Izumi Sakamoto, Yanqiu Rachel Zhou, University of Toronto, Canada 

This paper examines how the transnationalization experiences of Japanese and Chinese 

(im)migrants in North America affect the negotiation of their cultural identities and sense of 

998

cultural self. Using a grounded theory approach (Charmaz, 2001), in-depth interviews with 35 

Japanese academic migrants (international students/scholars and their families) in the US, and 

with 21 Chinese new skilled immigrants in Canada illuminated complex cultural negotiation 

processes for these highly educated (im)migrant groups. Building upon culture and self (Markus, 

Mullally & Kitayama, 1997), acculturation (Berry, 1997), and ethnic identity (Helms, 1995), a 

Model of Cultural Negotiation was proposed and further refined through cross-population 

comparisons. 

4109.4 Chinese angers: Social constructivistic approach, Maiya Kiyoshi 1 , Shilei Zhao 2 , 1 Kobe 

University, RIHE, Japan, 2 Kobe University, Graduate School of HSCS, Japan 

This study investigated into emotion of anger and its facial expressions in Chinese people. In order 

to collect typical and universal expressions of anger, observational studies (recording of Chinese 

facial expressions and their coding by FACS) were done. As a result, more than four qualitatively 

different categories of anger were found to exist in Chinese people. Survey done in Beijing 

clarified that Chinese people can express and recognize the different categories of anger. These 

findings were compared with the results of studies on Japanese facial expressions which have been 

done in our laboratory. 

4110 ORAL 


Chair: Chantale Jeanrie, Canada 

4110.1 Facial expressions in movie pictures: Comparison between Japanese movies and 

Western movies, Ayami Miura 1 , Kiyoshi Maiya 2 , 1 Dept of Nuclear Engineering, Graduate 

School of Engineering, Osaka Univ., Japan, 2 Kobe University, Research Institute for Higher 

Education 

This study aimed at investigating into Japanese typical facial displays. After Study 1 where sixty 

emotional scenes were identified in six movies (three Japanese and three American) popular in 

Japan, ninety female Japanese students were asked to judge what emotions were expressed in each 

scene in Study 2. In Study 3, fifty-seven scenes which at least 80 % of the participants agreed on a 

specific emotion were selected and coded by FACS. The results did not only supported Carroll & 

Russell (1997)'s argument based on their Component Theory, but also suggested the cultural 

specific facial displays in Japanese. 

4110.2 The Fairy Tale Test in cross cultural personality assessment, Carina Coulacoglou 1 , 

Elena Savina 2 , Jose Alberto Ferreira 3 , 1 Greece, 2 Psychology Dept., Oreol University, Russia, 

3 

Centro Editor de Psicologia Applicada, Brazil 

The Fairy Tale Test (FTT) is a projective personality test for children aged 6 to 12 years. Its 

concept of development rests on the association between traditional fairy tales and unconscious 

processes. The FTT consists of 21 cards that depict popular fairy tale characters such as Little Red 

Riding Hood, the wolf, the dwarf, the witch and the giant. The quantitative analysis of children's 

responses to questions regarding the FTT pictures provides the examiner with information on 26 

999

personality variables. In the present study we compare the factor analyses of the FTT variables 

from three countries: Greece, Russia and Brazil. 

4110.3 Measuring openess to multiculturalism: A validity study, Chantale Jeanrie, Mélanie 

Boyer, Jean-Francois Rivard, Kathleen Marceau, Jean-Marc Dionne, Laval University, 

Canada 

The theoretical and empirical relevance of theories of acculturation have been demonstrated to in a 

variety of contexts. Multiculturalism is not an alternative to acculturation models. In fact, it can be 

understood as an extension of this construct to the society in which natives and migrants share 

their day-to-day experiences. Multiculturalism implies the integration, not the assimilation, of 

cultural-minority citizens, and therefore suggests that the environment accepts cultural differences. 

This study presents the validation of a questionnaire assessing perceptions of members of one 

community (cultural-groups or natives) about how members of both communities should act 

toward each other. 

4110.4 Comparison of translation methods: Impact on cultural and linguistic biases, Chantale 

Jeanrie 1 , Jean-Francois Rivard 1 , Carolyn Michaux -Granier 2 , Beaudoin Jurdant 3 , 1 Laval 

University, Canada, 2 René-Descartes University, France, 3 Jussieu University, France 

Translation and inter-cultural use of tests constitute major threats to the validity of scores 

interpretation. The traditional translation method has been based on backward translation 

(translation into the target language and retranslation to the source language). This method has 

been criticized for various reasons. Other translation methods have been developed to avoid its 

flaws: the conceptual translation method is first based on meaning, while the decentering method 

is based on simultaneous productions of different languages versions. This study compares the 

effect of these three methods on cultural and linguistic equivalence of a scale translated in France 

and in Quebec. 

4111 ORAL 


Chair: Cheng-Te Chen, Taiwan, China 

4111.1 Formulating multidimensional item response models using the SAS NLMIXED 

procedure., Cheng-Te Chen 1 , Wen-Chung Wang 1 , Ching-Fan Sheu 2 , 1 Department of 

Psychology, National Chung Cheng University, Taiwan, China, 2 Department of Psychology, 

DePaul University, USA 

This study demonstrates how multidimensional item response models can be formulated using the 

SAS NLMIXED procedure through several examples: (a) multidimensional models of Rasch 

family, (b) the testlet model, (c) the bundle model, and (d) the missing data model. All of these 

models belong to the generalized linear mixed model so that NLMIXED can be used to estimate 

the parameters. Through simulation, it is found that NLMIXED recovers the generating 

parameters very well. 

1000

4111.2 Automatic item generation and adaptogenic testing: A new framework, Martin 

Arendasy, Dept. of Psychology, University of Vienna, Austria 

Based on the ideas presented by Greeno, Moore & Smith (1993) a new framework for 

automatically generating test items is derived and applied to the implementation of item generators 

for various domains such as reasoning, spatial ability, verbal nad numerical abilities. The potential 

applicability of item generators in the context of adaptogenic testing is outlined on the basis of 

first, promising results. 

4111.3 Development of an emotional expression scale, Tithi Bhatnagar, Indian Institute of 

Technology, Bombay, India 

The objective of the study is to develop an Emotional Expression Scale as well as to study the 

emotional expressions of male and female adolescents(pre and post stages).169 adolescents were 

asked to express their emotions as statements for 35 emotions drawn from literature.70 statements 

of emotional expressions were identified based on commonality of responses. These 70 statements 

were given to 7 judges for the determination of face validity. The final Emotional Expression 

Scale consisted of 30 statements after face validity. This scale was administered to 120 male and 

female adolescents. The analysis showed that post-adolescents have a greater skill for emotional 

expression. 

4111.4 Cultural representativity of the workforce: Do selection processes fail? Chantale 

Jeanrie 1 , Georges Sarrazin 2 , Jean-Francois Rivard 1 , Mélanie Boyer 1 , Christian Brunelle 1 , 

1 2 

Laval University, Canada, Ottawa University, Canada 

Equal opportunity programmes have been implemented in many countries. Targeted recruitment 

brings more applicants from cultural communities but selection methods do not always translate 

into a representative hiring rate. Consequently, questions have been raised as to the validity of 

selection tools for members of cultural communities. Significant differences in test scores between 

natives and cultural community applicants have been found repeatedly. Whether these differences 

represent bias or not is still debated. This study investigates if cultural differences in test score 

observed in a large organization in Quebec can be explained at all by flaws in content or empirical 

bias. 

4111.5 Detecting response shift bias in a low-vision rehabilitation setting, Victoria 

Cunningham, University of ARizona, Egad, USA 

Psychological researchers are responsible for identifying biases that could account for results that 

appear to be at odds with what was expected. Response shift may explain such contradictory 

results. Response shift is a change in the way individuals perceive or conceptualize constructs; 

participation in a treatment can foster this change. If subjects use altered conceptualizations at 

different measurement occasions, the traditional pretest0posttest self-report design may yield 

misleading estimates of treatment effects. The utility of the retrospective pretest method coupled 

with Rasch analysis will be examined for their ability to elucidate response shift bias using data 

from a low-vision rehabilitation setting. 

1001

4111.6 Comparing the SAT performance between American and international students: A 

historical perspective, Xiang Wang, Wayne Camara, Amy Schmidt, Ying Zhou, The College 

Board, USA 

Based on the historical College Board data over the past 11 years, this paper will first compare the 

international and American students regarding their overall SAT performance trends as well as 

those conditioned on gender and other demographic variables. Second, this study is to establish 

statistical models that will effectively account for the factors that significantly impact international 

students’ SAT performance. Such statistical models for international students will be compared 

with those for American students. Discussion will also be devoted to methodological issues, such 

as theory formulation, model fit and variable selections. 

4111.7 Construction of composite measures, Lee Sechrest, University of Arizona, USA 

Construction of composite measures requires detailed specification of the construct, the metric 

properties to be represented, the elements or items needed to capture the wanted information, and 

the method for scoring or weighting the items in order to satisfy the other requirements. Scoring or 

weighting of items is often dealt with in a perfunctory way that results in distortion of the 

measurement outcome. The process of developing a composite measure is illustrated by the 

example of a scale aimed at quantifying the value of scientific evidence. Use of expert judgments 

and empirical weights for items result in different measures. 

4111.8 Psychometric properties of composite measures, Katherine McKnight, University of 

Arizona, USA 

Assessment of the psychometric properties of composite measures is s not straightforward. That is 

especially true when measures are not derived from a common factor model, e.g., variables are 

emergent. When variables are measured, rather than latent, the concept of accuracy but not 

internal consistency is applicable. What is usually referred to as test-retest reliability of a measure 

is, instead, the stability of the measured characteristic. The concept of validity is also not relevant, 

but utility is critical to the worth of the measure. These ideas are made clear by consideration of 

examples from current laboratory and field research. 

4112 ORAL 


Chair: Mika Lorien Morgan MacInnis, USA 

4112.1 The research on the characteristic of the retrospective temporal duration, Yonghong 

Zhang, Taojiang county, Hunan province, China 

In the retrospective paradigm, participants do not know in advance that they will later be asked to 

carry out tasks about temporal duration, Studying the retrospective temporal duration has 

important value. This research selected 14 public news events and 15 private events, then asked 

subjects to recall temporal duration. The result indicated that: (1) Retrospective temporal duration 

is influenced by interactions of true duration and delay duration. (2) subjects usually overestimate 

short temporal duration while underestimating long temporal duration.(3) Retrospective temporal 

1002

duration of this research is influenced by multi factors. 

4112.2 Unconscious influences on perceived position, Bruce Bridgeman, University of 

California, USA 

Two experiments show how unconscious information affects perceived location. A large spatially 

fixed frame offset from the subject's centerline biases perception of a target's location, in the 

direction opposite the frame's offset (Roelofs effect), caused by the frame biasing perceived 

straight ahead without the subject's awareness. A second experiment masks perception of the 

frame's existence: after several trials of a difficult discrimination about the relative lengths of two 

arms of a small cross-shaped target and its location, the target appears together with a spatially 

offset frame. Half of the subjects report no frame (inattentional blindness), but target position is 

misperceived. 

4112.3 The urban space perception in southcenter Chilean cities, Carmen Varela, Cristina 

Paredes, Universidad Austral de Chile, Chile 

This article presents the habitants space perceptions considerate different sex, age, activities and 

income about the city that live today, in comparison with that they wish for living. Trough many 

methodological proceedings are established different behaviors of space perception in order to 

create new urban images. The study is located in two south Chilean cities: Valdivia and Puerto 

Montt, middle cities belong to the urban system. 

4112.4 A new spatial ability item type: The Stereoscopic endless loops, Martin Arendasy, 

Georg Gittler, Dept. of Psychology, University of Vienna, Austria 

A new item type for the assessment of spatial ability is introduced based on its theoretical 

foundations (Gittler & Arendasy, 2003), automatic item generation (Arendasy & Gittler, 2004) as 

well as first evaluative results regarding psychometric properties and predictive validity. 

4112.5 Alerting attention and time perception in children, Sylvie Droit-Volet, Unit de formation 

et de recherche de psychologie, France 

The present study investigated the effect of a signal warning of the arrival of a stimulus to be 

timed on temporal discrimination in children aged 3, 5 and 8 years, using a bisection task. In all 

age groups, stimulus durations were judged to be longer with than without the signal. With the 

signal, time sensitivity also improved and more particularly in the younger children. These results 

are discussed in the framework of the internal clock models. 

4112.6 Hemispheric asymmetries of temporal perceptual thresholds, Sihai Feng, Xiting Huang, 

China 

By using divided visual field technique, hemispheric asymmetries of temporal perception of 25 

undergraduates were explored with three kinds of responding patterns, separately representing one 

threshold. The result showed that responding patterns has a significant interaction with stimuli 

display position (right hemisphere-left visual field, RH-LVF vs. LH-RVF). There exist three kinds 

of different temporal perceptual thresholds, i.e. simultaneity, duration and order threshold as the 

sequence of increasing value. And more importantly, the hemispheric asymmetry on the 

processing of temporal information was revealed with the confirmed fact that LH-RVF has lower 

1003

temporal perceptual thresholds than RH-LVF. 

4112.7 Is there fractal in temporal perception: An experimental study, Jia-Lin Tan, China 

The results of the experiments to investigate the estimation of duration using 2s,or 4s, or 8s, or 16s 

as the estimated duration (called the scale of measurement), and asking subjects to estimate the 

duration continuously during 160 seconds, reveal that the psychological length of duration showed 

a power function with the scale of measurement. This indicates that the length is not apt to be the 

measure for time perception, and that time cognitive process is a fractal. The dimension of the 

fractal is an apt index of time perception. The dimension is about 1.2 in our experiments. 

4112.8 Temporal relationships between events can predict behavior on simple conditioning 

procedures, Mika Lorien Morgan MacInnis, Brown University, USA 

The problem was to determine how the temporal relationship between events in a range of simple 

conditioning procedures influences behavior. Rats were trained on simple instrumental appetitive 

head entry procedures (each cycle consisted of one stimulus and one reinforcer) that fell into three 

categories: backward, delay, and trace conditioning procedures. The results indicated that the 

food-to-food interval, the stimulus-onset-to-food interval, and the stimulus-termination-to-food 

interval determined the pattern of response. A simple model based on the expected time to 

reinforcement was used to predict the observed performance. An application of a Turing test was 

used to evaluate the model's predictions. 

4113 ORAL 


Chair: Orla Patricia Hornung, Germany 

4113.1 The role of forms in representational momentum: An event-related fMRI study, Hengyi 

Rao 1 , Tiangang Zhou 2 , Yan Zhuo 2 , Yong Bu 2 , Lin Chen 3 , 1 Department of psychology, Sun 

Yat-Sen University, China, 2 Key Laboratory of Cognitive Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 

China, 3 Department of Radiology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, China 

Representational momentum (RM) refers to a phenomenon that an observer’s memory of the final 

position of a moving target is usually shifted a little further in the direction of its motion. 

Form-transformation of the inducing figure destroyed the representation of a uniform rotating 

figure and decreased RM effect. Event-related fMRI was used to investigate the cortical 

activations in ventral visual cortex underlying different form-transformation RM tasks. The results 

turned out that compared to the no form-transformation RM task, form-transformation of different 

geometry invariants produce significant activation in different ventral pathway areas. 

4113.2 REM-sleep augmentation is associated with better procedural memory performance in 

healthy older adults, Orla Patricia Hornung 1 , Francesca Regen 1 , Heidi Danker-Hopfe 1 , 

Michael Schredl 2 , Isabella Heuser 2 , 1 Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charit?- 

University Medicine Berlin CBF, Germany, 2 Sleep Laboratory, Central Institute of Mental Health 

Mannheim, Germany 

1004

Recent findings underline the importance of REM-sleep for procedural memory consolidation in 

young adults. In light of age-related declines in memory processing as well as REM-sleep this 

relationship was investigated in healthy older adults (60-85y/o; n=47). An augmentation of 

REM-sleep was achieved physiologically through REM-rebound and pharmacologically by a 

placebo-controlled AChE-Inhibitor while performance in a procedural and declarative learning 

task was investigated before and after sleep. REM-sleep percentage proved to be significantly 

associated with performance-time in the morning procedural learning task after statistically 

controlling for evening performance (test1: r=-.310[p=.019]; test2: r=-.274[p=.035]; test3: 

r=-.441[p=.001]; test4: n.s.; test5: r=-.349*[p=.022]; test6: r=-.247; p=.055)). 

4113.3 Memory self-efficacy predicts memory performance: Results from a six-year follow-up 

study, Susanne A.M. Valentijn 1 , Robert D. Hill 2 , Susan A.H. Hooren 1 , Jelle Jolles 1 , Rudolf 

W.H.M. Ponds 3 , 1 European Graduate School of Neuroscience (EURON), Maastricht University, 

Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, The Netherlands, 2 Department of Educational 

Psychology, University of Utah, USA, 3 Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charit?- 

University Medicine Berlin CBF, Germany 

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between memory self-efficacy (MSE) 

and a 6-year follow-up assessment of memory functioning in a sample of older Dutch persons. 

MSE was assessed by a Dutch abridged version of the Metamemory in Adulthood questionnaire 

(MIA). The total MSE score predicted memory performance at six years. A separate analysis of 

the different MSE subscales indicated that the MIA Change score was the most salient feature of 

MSE. An extreme groups analysis of the MIA Change score revealed that those who perceived 

that their memory was deteriorating, scored worse across a memory task. 

4113.4 Subjective memory complaints and cognitive performance: Results from the Maastricht 

Aging Study, Martine E.M. Mol, Martin P.J. Van Boxtel, Jelle Jolles, European Graduate 

School of Neuroscience (EURON), Maastricht University, NL, Department of Psychiatry and 

Neuropsychology, The Netherlands 

Middle-aged and older people often worry that their diminishing memory may indicate incipient 

dementia. This study evaluates whether subjective memory complaints predict lower performance 

on memory and information processing speed tasks in a large cross-sectional and longitudinal 

study involving 401 subjects aged 55 to 85. Results at baseline show that subjects with memory 

complaints appear to perform worse in delayed recall compared to subjects without memory 

complaints. At 6-years follow-up, there was no significant difference in cognitive performance 

between these two groups, indicating that memory complaints are no predictor of cognitive 

impairment on the long term. 

4113.5 Effects of the timing and identity of retrieval cues in individual recall: An attempt to 

mimic cross-cuing in collaborative recall., Jan Andersson 1 , Graham Hitch 2 , Peter Meudell 3 , 

1 2 3 

Swedeish Defence research Establishment, Sweden, Lancaster Univeristy, UK, Manchester 


Inhibitory effects in collaborative recall have been attributed to cross-cuing among partners, in the 

same way that part-set cues are known to impair recall in individuals. Cues had an inhibitory 

effect on recollection in the early part of the recall period. There was no difference between the 

1005

effects of part-set and extra-list cues under these presentation conditions. However, more 

inhibition was generated by part-set than extra-list cues when cue presentation was distributed 

throughout recall. These results are interpreted as suggesting that cues presented during recall 

disrupt memory in two ways, corresponding to either blocking or modifying retrieval processes. 

4113.6 Anxiety and post anesthetic memory deficits, Anne-Lise H. Véron 1 , Bernard Claverie 1 , 

François Sztark 2 , Bernard N'Kaoua 1 , 1 Laboratoire de sciences cognitives E.A. 487, France, 

2 

Département anesthésie-réanimation 1 CHU Pellegrin, France 

Cognitive post anaesthetic deficits concern mostly verbal memory. Memory performances 

depending of the level of encoding process (integration), the aim of this study was to investigate 

anaesthesia deficit as a function of integration, and to precise the role of age and anxiety in 

recovery. Pre and post operative measurements were conduced on 100 patients. Memory 

performances were assessed inducing low (phonetic) to deep (semantic) integration levels. Results 

showed that whatever age, anaesthesia affects deep integrative process. However, low anxious 

patients do not show memory decrement. These findings, applicable for ambulatory safe, 

highlighting the role of anxiety on recovery. 

4113.7 Verbal overshadowing in face recognition: A test of the transfer inappropriate processing 

account, Bradley Pritchard, David Mallard, Charles Sturt University, Australia 

Verbal overshadowing refers to the finding that providing a description of a target stimulus can 

impair subsequent recognition performance. One theory of verbal overshadowing suggests that 

providing a verbal description causes a processing shift that impairs subsequent performance on 

the non-verbal identification task. The present study tested this “transfer inappropriate processing” 

account and investigated whether performing a perceptual task after giving a description could 

alleviate verbal overshadowing. Although not entirely consistent with the transfer inappropriate 

processing hypothesis, the results suggest factors that might mediate the occurrence of verbal 

overshadowing and account for the fragility of the effect across studies. 

4113.8 Effect of binding processing of neighboring postures on the memory span for pictures of 

a human posture, Hiroshi Ito 1 , Tomoko Shiraishi 1 , Hideki Shimizu 1 , Yuji Yamamoto 2 , 

Hirofumi Saito 2 , 1 Cognitive Informatics, Graduate School of Human Informatics, Nagoya 

University, Japan, 2 Research Center of Health, Physical Fitness, and Sports, Nagoya University, 

Japan 

We investigated the effect of binding processing on the memory for successively presented 

pictures of a human posture. Participants were asked to judge whether a test picture is contained in 

a preceded sequence of target pictures. The sequence varied in the number of pictures (2,3,4,5) 

and in the number of joints (1,4) contributing to the posture change in neighboring pictures. The 

results indicate the recognition rates of five-pictures condition with four-joints were higher than 

that for four-pictures. This result suggests the binding processing of neighboring postures was 

activated to reduce memory load under the five-pictures condition with four-joints. 

4114 ORAL 

1006

4115 ORAL 


Chair: Zhiyu Gong, Canada 

4115.1 Self-organization goal - information theory of interest in reading and its test, Kai 

Zhang 1 , Biyin Zhang 2 , 1 School of Business, Renmin University of China, China, 2 School of 

Psychology, Beijing Normal University, China 

Interest research has been reviving since 1980s in the West, but because of the complexity of 

interest and limitations of human psychological model, there is not still a good interest definition 

or theory. According to the self-organization theory and its methodology, a self-organization 

model of human psychology was suggested. Then based on the new psychological model and the 

related research results, a new theory of interest called self-organization goal - information theory 

was expounded and discussed. Three experiments were done to examine the theoretical 

hypotheses from the new theory of interest, and the results support them. 

4115.2 Further study on accessing of backgrounded information in discourse comprehension, 

Jinmian Yang, Psychological Department of South China Normal University, China 

Participants read passages that protagonist’s action was conflict with supporting role’s 

characteristic and judged probe sentences according to the supporting roles’ characteristics. The 

probe sentences were presented in three ways: after the description of supporting role’s 

characteristic, after the filler paragraph and after the first target sentence. In filler paragraphs, with 

the absence of the supporting role, some of its information was introduced by the protagonist. 

Probe sentences after the first target sentences demanded significant less reaction time than the 

others. It supports the interaction between protagonist and supporting role is vital to accessing to 

the supporting role’s information. 

4115.3 Emergence of Orthograpy, Zhiyu Gong 1 , Betty Ann Levy 1 , Mary Ann Evans 2 , Debra 

Jared 3 , 1 McMaster University, Canada, 2 University of Guelph, Canada, 3 University of Western 

Ontario 

The development of visual-orthographic knowledge about the English written system was traced 

in 502 children, from ages 4 to 7. Children first developed visual-spatial features of print, followed 

by the finer directional and compositional constraints. Detailed spelling or orthographic 

constraints were not fully learned by 7-year olds. Hierarchical regression analysis indicated that 

orthographic knowledge explained unique variance in reading achievement. In the second 

experiment, we developed a word search game to ‘teach’ 4-year olds basic concepts about print. 

Children’s knowledge about print improved after 9 days of exposure to the search tasks. 

4115.4 Study on verb subcategory preferences in temporary ambiguity resolution, Bing Sun, 

Ming Liou, Xing Jui, Department of Psychology, South China Normal University, China 

Verb subcategory preferences were found to affect readers’ ability to resolve temporary syntactic 

ambiguities in Chinese sentence processing. In two self-paced reading experiments, participants 

read target sentences containing ambiguous sentence complements, in which a noun phrase could 

1009

Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, China 

This article aimed to explore the function of self regulation in English language learning for 

none-English speakers. Here self-regulation learning included self evaluation, goal setting and 

strategic planning, strategy execution and refinement. Subjects were 125 students in Nanchang 

No.3 Middle School. The results showed that self-regulation played a key role in the improvement 

of English comprehension level for none-English speakers. 

4116 ORAL 


Chair: Leif Svensson, Sweden 

4116.1 Compensatory approach of semantic memory deficits in left and right temporal lobe 

epileptic patients, Christel Bresson 1 , Véronique Lespinet-Najib 1 , Hélène Sauzéon 1 , Bernard 

Claverie 1 , Bernard N'Kaoua 2 , 1 Laboratoire de Sciences Cognitives, France, 2 Aging Research 

Center, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden 

Compensation is defined as ability to enhance performances when suffering from cognitive 

deficits using cognitive aids. In left and right temporal lobe epileptic patients, who present 

semantic memory troubles, we investigate the impact of different aids: Depth of processing 

(semantic information form is preferred to phonetic one); Information elaboration (self-generated 

cue better than imposed one) Environmental supports (recognition, cued recall superior to free 

recall). Results: Patients compensate their memory deficits and performances improvement due to 

cognitive aid depends on the laterality of the foci. These findings highlight the pertinence of 

cognitive aids studies in neuropsychology field. 

4116.2 Foreign accent syndrome. Meta analysis and presentation of 2 cases, Ana Ruth Diaz 

Victoria, Victor Manuel Patiño Torrealva, Maria del Rosario Ramos Cuevas, Universidad 

Autonoma del Estado de Morelos. Mexico. 

Foreign accent syndrome is a quite rare speech impairment, observed in some brain damaged 

patients. Its main feature consists of a phonetic and prosodic shift, which is perceived by normal 

listeners as a foreign accent, with a general preservation of other language functions. 2 cases are 

analysed neuropsychologically, as well as other 9 cases reported in the literature. Conclusions lead 

to the identification of an important role played by left basal ganglia and sorrounding white matter 

in the phonetic structure of speech. Other important findings include the female predominancy in 

the clinical incidence, and fast recovery of an initial aphasia. 

4116.3 Low total IQ and discrepancies between cognitive factors in adopted children with low 

birth weight., Leif Svensson 1 , Magnus Landgren 2 , Kerstin Stromland 3 , 1 Primary Care, 

Skövde Sweden, Sweden, 2 Skaraborgs hospital,Sweden, 3 The Sahlgrenska Academy at 

Göteborg University. Institute of Clinical Neuroscience, Sweden 

71 children between the ages 6 and 11 adopted to Sweden from Eastern Europe were examined 

concerning cognitive function. Wechsler Intelligence scale for Children III and Leiter-R 

International Performance scales were use to measure total IQ and cognitive factors. The children 

were divided into two groups on basis of their birth weight. Low birth weight < 2.500 kg and 

1011

normal. Both groups had low total IQ. Low birth weight had lower Perceptual Organisation IQ and 

more significant discrepancies between Verbal Comprehension > Perceptual Organisation. 

Recognition memory was lower for low birth weight children. 

4116.4 The premary motor cortex is a multiple function unit: fMRI study, Hongchang Zhai, 

Xuchu Weng, Shufan Cui, Zhongwang Dong, Yihong Zu, China 

Using fMRI, the task of subject is motor preparation and motor execution activation data of 

experiment use clustering statistics, study various functions movable type in M1.Result: One kind 

including M1 big areas, a little of SMA and PPC. The second includes the forepart of SMA, the 

side of PMC and PPC. Another kind at the surroundings of M1 and SMA tail. Conclusion: The 

main function activity area of M1 is motor preparation, also participating the sport prepare the 

activity, new detection in this experiment is that the area of M1 have three kind of functions 

activities. 

4116.5 The role of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in executive process of human working 

memory: An fMRI study, Da-xing Wu, Chang-lian Tan, Li-rong Yan, Shu-qiao Yao, De-wen 

Hu, China 

Our research aim is to turn further attention to executive processes of working memory in 

prefrontal cortex by fMRI. We had designed a serial of visual working memory task, included 

Chinese digital item-recognition task, Chinese chess pieces position item-recognition task, and 

double item-recognition task. Eleven of fourteen (11/14) showed significant activation (p

frontoparietal network. The presence of intervening distractors in the memory list notwithstanding, 

activity in the IFG and SPL reflects sustained encoding for articulation and orienting attention, 

respectively. MFG activation, however, is observed only when selective attention varies between a 

subpart and its whole syllable in fixed position. Thus, selective attention appears to be mediated 

by the MFG, immediate memory by the IFG and SPL, which together provide a sustained code 

necessary for lexical-tone processing. 

4116.8 Left parietal cortex activation predicts degree of conflict, Hengyi Rao 1 , Yan Zhuo 2 , Kai 

Zhong 2 , Tiangang Zhou 2 , Yong Bu 3 , 1 Department of Psychology, Sun Yat-Sen University, China, 

2 3 

Key Laboratory of Cognitive Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, Purdue University, 

West Lafayette, USA 

Understanding how brain resolves conflict remains a challenge for the theories of attention and 

cognition. Event-related fMRI was used to identify the brain activations underlying three tasks 

vary in the source of competition: a classic Stroop task with the competition between 

word-reading and color-naming; a spatial-orientation task with the competition between 

spatial-localization and orientation-naming; a spatial-word task with the competition between 

spatial-localization and word-reading. Correlation (p

psychological health. Few studies were conducted among high school students, who are among the 

most vulnerable groups. This study investigated the prevalence of IDB and its relationship to 

psychological factors including identity and efficacy among 424 Grade 8 to 12 high school 

students in 5 local schools, through the University's Population Research Lab. The survey results 

are compared with that from the university students. The implications of the IDB for students' 

development are discussed. 

4117.3 On the relationship between sensation seeking, parenthood and the mental health of 

adolescents, Lina Chen 1 , Ming Zhang 2 , 1 Department of Psychology South China Normal 

University, China, 2 Department of Psychology Northeast China Normal University, Changchun, 

China 

This paper explored the relationship between sensation seeking, parenthood and mental health 

level of adolescents. The results suggested that: (1) The level of sensation seeking was 

significantly related to the parenthood of adolescents. Proper family educational style could reduce 

adolescents’ anti-social behaviors. (2) Sensation seeking and parenthood were two important 

predictive indexes of the mental health of adolescents. (3) There were gender differences in the 

predictive power of sensation seeking and parenthood. Sensation seeking had no effect on the 

mental health level of girls, while both sensation seeking and parenthood could influence the 

mental health level of boys. 

4117.4 The effects of cost, intimacy and autonomy on helping in adolescence, Kiyoshi 

Asakawa 1 , Rie Fukumoto 2 , Masafumi Kogawa 1 , 1 Hyogo University of Teacher Education, 

Japan, 2 Graduate School, Hiroshima University, Japan 

The present study was designed to clarify the effects of cost, intimacy and autonomy on helping 

behaviors in adolescence. Two hundreds and forty-nine of college students participated in the 

study. Results indicated that helping responses were more responded to the intimate figures than 

the non-intimate ones in low cost condition, while no significant differences were found in high 

cost condition. Further, more autonomous group showed significantly higher mean scores of 

helping behavior than non-autonomous group. Those results supported notions that social 

situational factors would affect on prosocial behaviors. Those findings were discussed from 

viewpoints of socio-cognitive developmental theory. 

4117.5 Adolescent meaning-making: A narrative of Macau youths, Gertina Van Schalkwyk, 

Vivienne Tao, University of Macau, Macau, China 

The objective of this project is to explore the experiences and perspectives of adolescents in 

Macau, and the meanings they construct in their growing capacity to remould and create realities 

in accordance with expected requirements and aspirations within their multi-cultural context. 

Various changes during this stage, as well as common issues, are interwoven to represent the 

context and content of adolescent development and the multiple realities they co-construct. Using 

action research and qualitative analyses of interviews and written essays, the paper will present 

'thick' descriptions of adolescent narratives and meaning-making. 

4117.6 A developmental study of the effect of communicating pattern on children and 

adolescents’cooperative behavior, Junru Zhao, Yousui Li, Tianjin Educational Institute, China 

1014

This experiment examined the developmental trend of Children and adolescents’ cooperative 

behavior under different communicating patterns. In all, 350 subjects were observed in this study, 

which included primary school students, middle school students, high school students and 

undergraduates. The results are as follow: (1) Cooperative behavior shows a ladder-rising trend 

with age (2) The effect of communicating patterns on cooperation is very significant for middle 

school students, high school students and sophomores, while that of for primary school students is 

not significant. (3)Children and adolescents’ one-way cooperation well consist with their two-way 

cooperation across age and communicating patterns. 

4117.7 A study on the correlation of academic performance and psychological diatheses, 

Huanyao Wang 1 , Lianqun Wu 1 , Qinghua Zhang 2 , Wenying Wang 2 , Chengzhi Feng 2 , 1 Mingda 

Middle School of Yancheng City, Jiangsu, China, 2 Institute of Applied Psychology, Soochow 


This article studied the junior high students of Mingda Middle School for 3 years and collected the 

test scores of every subject of enrollment and graduation. The authors evaluated many 

psychological traits using the 80-8 scale, general ability scales and Standard Progressive Matrices 

(SPM). From the analysis of ANOVA, we found that the junior high school students’ academic 

performance of every subject were significantly correlated with every psychological diathesis. 

This provided scientific foundation to the education and instructional reform of junior school. 

4117.8 The correlation study on the patterns of parental rearing, self-esteem, academicals 

self-concept and achievements in senior high students, Xin Wang, Liqian Wang, Danwei Wu, 

College of Education Science, Hebei Normal Univ., China 

395 senior high students were tested and EMBU, SES and part of SDQ were used. The 

academicals achievements were investigated and were divided into 4 degrees. The results 

indicated that the comfort and understand from parents are positive influence on students' 

self-esteem and academicals self-concept and negative rearing patterns such as severe criticism, 

refusal and denial have negative influence on students’ development. The higher academicals 

achievements the students have got, the more positive the patterns of parental rearing they felt and 

vice versa. The patterns of parental rearing interplay with the level of their children’s self-esteem, 

academicals self-concept and achievements. 

4118 ORAL 


Chair: Gunnar Carlberg, Sweden 

4118.1 Cognitive changes in types of cognitive distortions in pathological gamblers after 

psychological treatment. Vanessa Manoso, Francisco J. Labrador, Ana Fernandez-Alba, 

Cristina Larroy, Clinical Psychology Department. Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain 

Changes in types of cognitive distortions were analyzed with the “Think aloud method” in 80 

pathological gamblers receiving psychological treatment. There is a significant reduction at the 

post-treatment in three cognitive distortions types: referring predictions, considering chance as a 

1015

self-corrective process and attention to absolute frequencies. This changes are independents of 

type of treatment received and independent of the result (success versus failure) of this. 

Conclusions about the importance of the predictions (including considering chance as a self 

corrective process) and other types of cognitive distortions in the maintenance of gambling 

behaviour are discussed. 

4118.2 Treatment of dysmenorrheic symptoms with cognitive-behavioral intervention, Garcia 

Larroy, Dept of clinical psychology. Universidad comlutense De Madrid. Spain 

Cognitive-behavioral intervention has revealed as an effective treatment for some health diseases, 

like functional dysmenorrhea. 18 adult women performed a standard 8 sessions cognitive-behavior 

program to reduce their dysmenorrheic symptoms, including menstrual pain, and their pain 

behaviors, like resting or taking drugs. treatment consists in the following: psychoeducation, 

relaxation training, solving problems thecnics, cognitive thecnics,and control of pain behaviors. 

All dysmenorrheic symptoms, including menstrual pain, as well as pain behaviors were 

significantly reduced. 

4118.3 The effectiveness of family counseling to family environment and problemed behaviour 

of early adolescent, Saedah A. Ghani, Malaysia 

This study investigated the effectiveness of family counselling for reducing problemed behaviour 

in the early adolescents and to improve upon their family emvironment. Comparative differences 

between individual counselling and a control group versus a family counselling group were 

studied. Participants were 31 early adolescents and their families. The results were statistically 

compared using repeated measure ANOVA and ANCOVA. Generally the result showed that the 

family counselling application was effective for the improvement of adolescent behaviour and the 

family environment when compared to individual counselling treatment and the control group. 

4118.4 Doing psychotherapy with translation, Agnes Ghaznavi-Fischer, Bijan Ghaznavi, 

Zheng Jianping, Badi Foundation, Beijing Office, China 

Based on the scientific findings of Milton Erickson, Nossrat Peseschkian, David Boadella and 

Jerome Liss, Doctors Bijan and Agnes Ghaznavi-Fischer, psychotherapists from Switzerland, 

reach out efficaciously to help the Chinese population. Using highly qualified Chinese as 

translators, they have worked with Chinese clients successfully in the field of psychotherapy for 

about 10 years. Surprisingly, the results of these brief therapies have been excellent in the 

estimation of clients and other therapists. Their video shows how Doctors Ghaznavi have 

developed simple and dramatic ways to work with their Chinese clients. They also use 

role-playing and body-language. 

4118.5 The effectiveness of family counseling to family environment and behavior of early 

adolescent with problem behavior, Saedah A.Ghani, Lecturer in Counseling Psychology (Family 

Counseling), Malaysia 

This study investigated the effectiveness of family counseling to problem behavior in early 

adolescents and their family environment. Comparative differences between individual counseling 

and a control group versus a family counseling group were studied. Participants were 32 early 

adolescents and their families. The study consisted of 2 experimental treatment groups and a 

1016

control group. The treatment results were then statistically compared using repeated measure 

ANOVA and ANCOVA. It was generally concluded that the family counseling application was 

effective for the improvement of adolescent behavior and family environment when compared to 

individual counseling treatment and a control group. 

4118.6 Features of dissociative identity disorder cases in Japan, Shunya Nakamura 1 , Ryota 

Masuda 1 , Osamu Kitayama 2 , 1 Fukuoka University of Education, Japan, 2 Kyushu University, 

Japan 

Recently there have been a growing number of DID cases in Japan. We compared 32 cases which 

have been reported in Japan from 1996 to 2003, with cases in US(Putnam 1986, Ross 1989) and 

Japanese former investigations before 2000. The mean age of the first medical or psychological 

examination is 21.6, the average age of the first sign of DID is 16.3. The average total number of 

personalities in one person is 4.38(2 ~23). Most of 32 cases in question experienced psychotherapy. 

Only 4 had received hypnotic. The percentage who had experienced sexual abuse in Japan was 

only 25%. 

4118.7 The effects of coping therapy (as an innovative technique) in anxiety treatment, Alireza 

Agha Yousefi, Payam-E-Noor University, Iran 

Present study assessed the effects of Coping Therapy (as an innovative technique, based on 

Folkman-Lazarus's coping theory - 1984) in anxiety treatment. Samples were 45 female students. 

they divided in 3 equal groups -Coping Therapy, Progressive Relaxation Trainning & 

Control-,Randomly. Cattell's 16PF & Coping Ways Questionnaire executed before and after 

therapy on 3 groups. Results showed that - in contrast PRT & Control- CT decreased O & Q4, and 

increased Q3 (Finally decreased anxiety second order factor scores), and decreased 

Escape-Avoidance with increasing Seeking Social Support scales of CWQ. Results suggest that 

CT is good technique for anxiety treatment. 

4118.8 Research into goal articulated, time-limited child psychotherapy with parallel work with 

parents, Gunnar Carlberg, Fredrik Odhammar, The Erica Foundation, Odengatan 9, Stockholm, 

Sweden 

The aim of the Erica Process and Outcome Study (EPOS) is to study psychoanalytic individual 

child psychotherapy with parallel parent therapy. The frequency of the psychotherapy is one to 

two sessions a week with a duration of one to two years. Goals and frames for therapies are 

carefully formulated. Extensive data from 20 cases is collected with various standardized 

instruments and questionnaires every third month. A follow up during three years is planned. Data 

is analyzed using both qualitative and quantitative methods. Preliminary results will be presented 

concerning goal fulfillment and sessions indicating a qualitative change (turning points). 

4120 ORAL 


Chair: Willem, A Hoffmann, South Africa 

1017

4120.1 Pediatric headache: The role of illness behavior and parental response, Lisette Morris 1 , 

Marion Heinrich 2 , Birgit Kroener-Herwig 2 , 1 University of Goettingen, Department of Clinical 

Psychology & Psychotherapy, Germany, 2 University of Goettingen, Department of Clinical 

Psychology & Psychotherapy 

Pediatric headache has increased substantially in the past decades. Investigating potential 

contributing factors (e.g., headache-related illness behavior, parental response) has accordingly 

gained importance. Questionnaires administered to a community-based sample of 100 households 

with a child 7 to 14 (pilot study), were returned by 82%. Remedial actions included sleeping, lying 

down, relaxing, and cooling forehead. Physicians were consulted by 26%. Parents of children with 

less frequent headache reported a greater tendency to attribute their child's pain to somatic causes 

and to pay special attention to their child during headache episodes. Further results from the main 

study (n=8800) will also be presented. 

4120.2 Lived experiences of adolescent suicide survivors: An arts-based phenomenological 

study, Willem A. Hoffmann, Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa 

This paper illustrates the use of collages as research instruments to facilitate suicide survivor 

narratives. Phenomenological data collection is mostly first-person narratives that function to 

interpret and explicate lived experiences. Collages facilitate the externalisation of verbally 

unexpressed thoughts and feelings; it offers a non-verbal, symbolic language for personal and 

traumatic stories. Collages concretise abstract aspects of experiences, visually express experiences, 

serve as transitional objects to tolerate interview tension, and facilitate recall and reflection. 

Collages contextualise experiences within the prevalent cultural sphere of the printed and visual 

media. Researchers' response collages can express and represent the rich findings of participants' 

experiences. 

4120.3 A psychological research on suicide and counter measures, DongYuan Hu, Tianwei 

Sun, Tie Zhou, Qian Sui, China 

Suicide is the social phenomenon exists in different nations, areas and countries. This article 

discusses the serious of suicide and classic suicide theories, points out that the basic reason of 

suicide is the need losing which exceeds the capability of psychological endurance. Furthermore, 

this study discusses the relationship between nine kinds of need losing and suicide from the two 

dimensions of absolute need and relative need At the end, five counter measures against suicide 

are also discussed. 

4120.4 Right to die: Reflections of Indian aged, S. Azmal Basha, Dept.of Psychology, S.V.Arts 

college, Tirupati, India 

Although death is imminent none would invite it under normal conditions but may like to have a 

peaceful and honorable end, if inevitable. The aged are not exceptional to it. Erikson states that 

those at the developmental pinnacle of ego integrity are not afraid of death. accordingly this paper 

attempts to study the attitudes of the middle aged and older persons towards death and right to die 

using semistructured interview method. The sample consists of 200 male and female subjects in 

different age groups, health conditions, and levels of satisfactions. Results are discussed in 

changing socio-cultural scenario. 

1018

4120.5 Drawings of death images among Hong Kong Chinese undergraduates: Different themes 

in personal meaning of death, Wing Shan Cheung, Candidate of Master of Philosophy 

(Psychology), Hong Kong, China 

Assessment of death images can helps us in revealing our attitudes towards death (McLennan & 

Stewart, 1997). 250 Chinese participants (aged 18-23) were asked to draw a picture describing 

their personal meanings of death and give their words of adjectives and words of colours about 

death, together with a scale of 30 descriptive death-image items (Cheung & Ho, 2004) and 

Templer’s (1970) Death Anxiety Scale (DAS). Descriptive death-image items under common 

themes were combined. The observed themes of death images would be discussed in 

developmental and cultural context, and their implications towards death education and 

counselling would be explored. 

4120.6 Stages of dying on terminally ill Indonesian patients, Meiske Yunithree Suparman, 

Dept. of Psychology, Tarumanagara University, Indonesia 

Kubler-Ross theory of stages of dying explains that terminally ill patients often must deal with 

difficult situations because they have to deal with death situations. This qualitative research is 

aimed at finding out how the theory applies on Indonesian terminally ill patients. Results indicate 

that a number of patients follow the stages successively in accordance with the theory, whereas 

others follow different stages. Discussion includes dynamics of the reversed stages of the patients 

in preparing themselves to deal with death situations. 

4120.7 Conflicting paradigms in grief. Suggestions of balanced view incorporating Eastern 

psychological traditions, Torill Christine Lindstrom, University of Bergen, Norway 

In grief and bereavement research there exist two conflicting paradigms: the classical grief-work 

perspective, and the more recent, let us call it the "control-yourself-and-go-on"-perspective. The 

classical perspective is the dominant, although it is poorly supported by research. In this paper the 

following is presented: 1) reasons for the slow paradigmatic change; 2) a new way of viewing 

grief and bereavement which represents a balance between the old and the new perspectives ("the 

balanced view"); 3) how the suggested "balanced view" represents elements from both Western 

and Eastern (Taoism, Zen-Buddhism) psychological traditions. 

4120.8 The media effects on children& young adults’ suicides, Yu Zhang, Ying Zhao, Renmin 

University of China, China 

This study is aimed to examine the effects (both positive and negative) that the media has on the 

formation of children and young adults’ pathic suicidal thoughts. Both survey and experiment 

methods are used to get in-depth information about the participants’ mental health and media use 

habits. This study interviews some 15-24 years old young adults who have previous suicide 

attempts in Beijing, China. Some randomly selected 7-14 years old children from a school 

attached to a university in Beijing participate in the experiment. The experiment tests the 

difference in participants’ performances under the conditions of watching two pre-recorded 

versions. 

1019

4121 ORAL 


Chair: Elias Mpofu, USA 

4121.1 Development of “sense of self”: By applying psycho-rehabilitation program, Asghar 

Dadkhah, University of welfare and rehabilitation, Iran 

There is a long journey of discovery that many women with physical disabilities go through to 

acknowledge their value and their womanhood. That journey is fraught with assaults from every 

sector. For women disabled at birth or early in childhood, parents often expected that they will be 

dependent all of their lives, they must be protected from a cruel society, and they should never 

hope for much in life. For women disabled in adulthood, it is often a realization of their worst 

nightmare. They have grown up absorbing the social stereotype that women with disabilities are 

asexual. 

4121.2 Disability salience in early adolescence: Measures, and implications, Elias Mpofu, The 

Pennsylvania State University, USA 

The subjective objective aspects of disability (e.g., functional abilities) are better studied that the 

subjective aspects (e.g., salience of disability). This study investigated disability salience among 

2392 Zimbabwean early adolescents, 72 of who had a visible, physical disability. The adolescents 

answered open-ended questions about the self. They also reported on perceptions of need in self 

and others. Responses by the 72 adolescents with physical disabilities were similar to those of a 

randomly selected sample of 70 adolescents without physical disabilities. Adolescents with 

physical disabilities were perceived as in need of help more than those without a disability. 

4121.3 Information and communication technologies (ICT) and their implactions for vocational 

rehabilitation of psychiatric clients, Will Spijkers, Viktoria Arling, Institute of Psychology, 

University of Technology, Aachen, Germany 

Vocational reintegration of employees into their former job in the ICT-domain is a new challenge 

to rehabilitation research. Participants with psychiatric problems (borderline, schizophrenia, 

depression) might be considered as a special group. We propose an individually tailored vocational 

rehabilitation program that considers the specific demands of psychiatric clients. The program 

implies learning of professional skills, social competences, stress coping strategies and application 

competences. The results of a formative and summative evaluation with 10 participants will be 

presented which involves not only the clients’ progress of professional and personal competences 

but also satisfaction, work related attitudes and emotional stability. 

4121.4 Stroke rehabilitation in St. Petersburg, Russia, Maria Ponto, Kingston University, UK 

This paper outlines the involvement in health education during the project on stroke care and 

rehabilitation in St. Petersburg, Russia. The project has been running from 1997 and since that 

time 4 stroke units have been established in St. Petersburg. The paper discusses problems and 

achievements during the duration of the project. Also outlined are key issues, which need to be 

considered, when contemplating involvement in rehabilitation in a different culture. This applies 

to both, the patients’ and nurses’ expectations. The presentation concludes with the positive 

outcomes resulting from this worthwhile cultural involvement in stroke care and rehabilitation. 

1020

4121.5 The use of mental imagery in enhancing relearning for people with stroke, Karen P.Y. 

Liu, Chetwyn C.H. Chan, Christina W.Y. Hui-Chan, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, 


This study explored how mental imagery enhanced the relearning of task performance in 

post-stroke patients. Thirty-two patients underwent a standardized 3-week mental imagery 

program. The patients showed significant improvements in performing both trained and untrained 

complicated daily tasks at the end of the program. Among different motor, sensory and cognitive 

measures, only attention, sequential processing and lower extremity motor functions showed 

significant increases after the intervention. Mental imagery appears to enhance the relearning of 

patients with stroke, which is primarily mediated by higher cortical function. 

4121.6 The fear avoidance model of chronic back pain: Is there empirical support? Birgit 

Kroener-Herwig, Michael Pfingsten, Uta Kronshage, University of Goettingen Germany 

The fear avoidance model of chronic back pain: Is there empirical support? Chronic back pain 

(CBP) is a major cause for loss of work days and early retirement in western nations. More than 

90% of CBP is "unspecific", i.e. exists without physical impairment. G. Waddel formulated the 

fear avoidance model of CBP, which assigns fear of movement and pain and, as a consequence 

avoidance behavior, a major part in the development of disability. Empirical studies including 

those of our own research group are reviewed. It is concluded that empirical evidence lends 

support to the psychosocial model of CBP. 

4121.7 Psychological treatment of pediatric headache: A review and metaanalysis, Birgit 

Kroener-Herwig, Halina Lackschewitz, Ellen Kremberg, University of Goettingen Germany 

Headache in children and adolescents is a growing problem in western industrialized countries and 

at least doubled in the last 30 years. Drug treatment to abort or in the case of migraine prevent 

headache is often declined by parents. Psychological interventions including relaxation training, 

biofeedback or cognitive behavioral treatment, have been examined in various studies regarding 

their efficacy. More than 15 studies using a RCT are meta-analytically evaluated. Treatments show 

a medium to high efficacy with no marked differences between treatments. Mechanisms of change 

still await elucidation. Future research is explicated. 

4121.8 The impact of threat appraisal on pain tolerance and coping, Todd Jackson 2 , Tony 

Iezzi 1 , Laurie Pope 2 , Takeo Nagasaka 2 , April Fritch 2 , 1 Psychology Department, London Health 

Sciences Centre, Canada, 2 University of Wisconsin-Superior, USA 

This study assessed how appraisals of affects pain tolerance and coping. One hundred twenty-one 

young adults were randomly assigned to read 1) about symptoms of frostbite (Threat), 2) about the 

safely of the cold pressor test (CPT) (Reassurance) or 3) no orienting passage (Control), before 

engaging in the CPT. Threatened participants showed reduced pain tolerance although groups did 

not differ on intensity of reported pain. Threatened participants also catastrophized more and 

reported fewer cognitive coping strategies than respondents from other conditions. Findings 

suggest threat appraisal is a mechanism that underlies a generally maladaptive pattern of coping 

with pain threat. 

1021

4122 ORAL 


Chair: Derek Snyder, USA 

4122.1 The analysis curent situation of Chinese prison wardens’burnout, Li Lei 1 , Zhang 

Xiaozhi 1 , Wang Xiao 1 , Liu Yu 1 , Chu Tingting 2 , 1 School of Law and Poltics, Tianjin University 

of Commerce, China, 2 Laboratory of Psychology, University of Metz, France 

Using the “Burnout Inventory of the Prison Wardens” made up by us, with reference to the 

“ Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI)”, We examined more than one hundred prison wardens. After 

analyzing the related data from the Inventory, We find out that those items, “physiology 

uncontrolled, emotional exhaustion" and “personal accomplishment”, reach significant level. 

4122.2 The mental health status and personality character of the cadets who are military officers 

in the epidemic period of SARS, Xiangqian Han 1 , Jiayan Tang 1 , Yan Wang 1 , Shimin Wang 1 , 

Bo Jiang 2 , 1 Department of basic course, PLA Nanjing Institute of Politics, China, 2 School of Law 

and Poltics, Tianjin University of Commerce, China 

By using SCL-90 and EPQ, the research investigated 189 cadets in the epidemic period of SARS. 

The result showed:1)The score of 7 factor and total score of SCL-90 of the cadets were higher 

than peacetime. 2)The percentages of those who have various mental health problems were 

between 1.1% and 10.6%. 3)The score of depression and anxiety of the female cadets was notably 

higher than that of the male cadets. 4)There was also difference in personality character between 

those who have the mental health problems and those who have not. These findings may 

contribute to the mental health education in the army. 

4122.3 Reliability and validation of the Chinese version of Job Stress Survey(JSS), Chang-qin 

Lu 1 , Charles Spielberger 2 , 1 Department of Psychology, Peking University, China, 2 Psychology 

Department,University of South Florida,USA 

To investigate the reliability and validation of the Chinese version of Job Stress Survey (C-JSS), 

the two-step process was conducted. First, 106 employees in two cities completed the translated 

version of JSS to develop the C-JSS. Second, in a survey with 467 employees in six cities, the 

results showed that the Cronbach’s alpha coefficients of C-JSS was .87, and correlated .69 with 

the Sources of Stress Scale of the Chinese OSI-2(Occupational Stress Index), and correlated -.32 

and -.28 with Mental and Physical Well-Being respectively. These findings indicated that the 

C-JSS was reliable and valid for assessing job stress in Chinese society. 

4122.4 Optimism moderates the impact of hassles on psychological health in Chinese 

adolescents, Chuk Ling Lai, Wing-sum Chan, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 

China 

The moderating effect of optimism on the link between daily hassles and psychological health was 

examined in 345 Chinese high-school students in Hong Kong. Results of multiple regression 

analyses indicated that optimism moderated the impact of hassles on psychological distress but not 

moods. In particular, the effect of hassles was more health-impairing in pessimistic than optimistic 

1022

students. This pattern of findings replicates recent data from studies with Western samples, and 

lends additional support to the health benefits associated with optimism. The cross-cultural 

implications of this were discussed. 

4122.5 Studies of differential stress responses in the Grossarth-Maticek personality types, Carlo 

Caponecchia, R.F. Soames Job, Julie Hatfield, School of Psychology, University of Sydney, 

Australia 

The longitudinal Grossarth-Maticek studies suggested that particular personality types were prone 

to particular health outcomes. The proposed mechanism of stress has not been systematically 

investigated as an outcome measure in context of the typology. We report a series of studies which 

show predicted differences between Grossarth-Maticek Types in terms of self-reported stress and 

mood, and salivary cortisol, in response to potential stressors (lab-based maths task and academic 

exams). Comparisons of cortisol responses to relaxation are also reported. Implications of these 

results for future investigation of Grossarth-Maticek theory, and for understanding 

personality-stress-disease interactions are discussed. 

4122.6 Traumatic stress in parents of children with cancer, Annika Lindahl-Norberg, Krister 

K Boman, Childhood Cancer Research Unit, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden 

Parents of children with cancer (n=449) reported stress symptoms with respect to their child’s 

disease, through the Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R). Almost all parents reported 

symptoms to some degree. The IES-R is commonly used to assess symptoms of posttraumatic 

stress. Parents can certainly be considered to be post-trauma as they are likely to have had 

traumatic experiences. At the same time, they are continuously exposed to disease-related stressors. 

Thus, symptoms may express posttraumatic stress, as well as reactions to present stressors. 

Intrusion and avoidance may also relate to the concepts of accommodation and assimilation in 

normal stressor processing. 

4122.7 Individual differences in oral sensation predict long-term health risk, Derek Snyder 1 , 

Linda Bartoshuk 2 , 1 Yale University, USA; 2 Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, USA 

Human oral sensation shows broad genetic variation predicted by oral anatomy and 

6-n-propylthiouracil (PROP) bitterness: Supertasters, having many taste buds, find PROP 

extremely bitter; nontasters, having few, find PROP tasteless. Oral sensation shapes food choices 

that modulate extended health risk: Supertasters avoid bitter vegetables containing phytochemicals, 

increasing cancer risk; nontasters prefer sweet-fat foods that promote elevated body mass and 

cardiovascular risk. Taste loss disinhibits oral pain and touch, producing phantom sensations in 

supertasters (e.g., burning mouth syndrome); early damage (e.g., ear infections) biases male diets 

toward adult obesity risk. We believe that oral sensation significantly influences complex 

behavioral health outcomes. 

4122.8 A study of the relationships among stressors in school work, coping strategies and 

psychological health in secondary school students, Xu Chen, Da-jun Zhang, China 

This study is to examine the relationships among stressors in school work, coping strategies and 

psychological health in secondary school students, based on incidents of general and specific 

stress in school work. The results indicated that: (1) There was significantly positive correlation 

1023

4123.4 The effect of the junior high school students’ interpersonal-relationship on the general 

self-concept, Qi Li, Liang Luo, Jianzhong Wo, Institute of developmental psychology, Beijing 


Selected 9702 junior high school students as the subjects, we investigated the developmental 

characteristics of interpersonal-relationship and the effect on the general self-concept using the 

Interpersonal-relationship Quality Scale and the Interpersonal-relationship Credit Scale. The 

results showed: (1) In the interpersonal-relationship quality, the relationship between the first 

grade students and the teachers was best, so was the relationship between the third grade students 

and their accompaniers. (2) In the interpersonal-relationship credit, the students less trusted their 

teachers and their accompaniers. (3) The general self-concept was strongly predicted by the 

interpersonal-relationship quality and interpersonal-relationship credit. 

4123.5 The developmental character of primary students’ depressive condition and the 

relationship between it and family factor, Yuexiong Liu, Department of Psychology, Capital 


This research invests 339 primary students with Feeling and Mood Questionnaires and FAD, so as 

to find out the condition of depression and the relation between depression and family factor. This 

research found out: firstly, the condition of depression is different between two genders at 

significant level. Boys’ scores on the depression are significantly higher than girls’, especially in 

grade five. However there is no significant difference on depression in different grades. Secondly, 

the family functioning significantly affects primary students’ depression; parents’ educational level 

has influence on family functioning, then it influences the students’ depression indirectly. 

4123.6 Mother-adolescent’s personality matching and mother-adolescent conflict, Cuicui Xia 1 , 

Xiaoyi Fan 1 , Li'na Huang 2 , 1 Beijing Normal University, China; 2 Chengdu Foreign Languages 

School, China 

The study investigated the relationship between mother-adolescent's personality matching and 

mother-adolescent conflict styles, coping styles and satisfaction. Data were collected on 754 

adolescents of junior 1,2 and senior1,2 by self-reported questionnaire which consisted of subjects' 

demography, mother-adolescent conflict and personality of adolescent and their mother. The 

results show:(1)There are significant differences on mother-adolescent conflict style, coping styles, 

satisfaction among stable personality of mother-adolescent matching types;(2)There are significant 

differences on mother-adolescent conflict coping styles, satisfaction among 

introverted-extroverted of personality matching types. 

4123.7 Involving parents in mediated learning experience with children, Alice Seok-Hoon Seng, 

National Institute of Education- Nanyang Tech University, Singapore 

Research has shown with strong evidence that positive parental involvement is related to 

children's overall cognitive growth. Most parents do not know how to help their children succeed 

in their schoolwork, but with guidance and support they can become more confident in their home 

activities that would help their children. This paper highlights three pilot parental mediation 

programs that focus on the high mediational quality of the parent-child relationship and the 

one-to-one interaction that is essential for the development of the child's learning potential. 

Practical challenges applying MLE strategies to the home setting and the influence of 

1025

non-intellective factors are discussed. 

4123.8 Maternal influences on child’s goal setting and conflict resolution, Lin Wang, 

Department of Psychology, Chung Yuan University, Taiwan, China 

This research examines the parental influence in children’s goal setting and choice strategies 

during peer conflicts. The participants consisted of eighty-three kindergarteners, 70 3rd graders 

and 70 6th graders and their mothers. All participants were invited to comment on four 

hypothetical conflict situations. Results showed that mother influenced differently toward different 

age groups of children. Mothers’ reasons given in the hypothetical situations influenced younger 

daughter’s goal setting. However, mothers’ instruction did not affect older son’s choice strategies. 

Implications will be discusses at the conference. 

4124 ORAL 


Chair: Ellen Lavelle, USA 

4124.1 Tutor perceptions about their interpersonal skills, Maria de lourdes samayoa miranda 1 , 

Irasema del pilar castell ruiz 2 , Otila maria caballero quevedo 2 , Rebeca andrea betancourt 

reyes 1 , 1 Universidad de sonora, Mexico; 2 Universidad de sonora- mexico, Mexico 

The objective is to explore in tutors of the Sonora University the skills that consider that the tutor 

should possess and the tutor narration of the real situations in that they has been seen and have 

required before of the abilities mentioned. Tutors of different careers were interviewed, elects in 

no probabilistic for convenience sampling. A questionnaire was used, based on the Goldstein 

(1997) questionnaire. He/she requested the tutor that marked of a total of 19 abilities, the 10 more 

important according to their perception a tutor should possess. The results were compared with the 

students perceptions and shows a difference. 

4124.2 A case study based on a mentoring programme located in the faculty of economic and 

management sciences at the University of the Western Cape, Najwa Norodien, Zahidah Gydien, 

University of the Western Cape, South Africa, 

This theoretical paper addresses the benefits of a mentoring programme instituted at entry level 

amongst 190 entry-level provided by seven mentors to students in the Faculty of Economic and 

Management Sciences at the University of the Western Cape. Since students typically struggle to 

focus on their academic careers as a result of the transition from high school to university; and due 

to students having personal issues that hinder their academic development, the programme is also 

responsible for tracking the academic progress of students who are at risk of failing the year. 

Preliminary results based on the programme are reported on. 

4124.3 Educational psychology: A learning subject in teachers’ formation course, Maria Lins, 

University Federal Rio De Janeiro, Brasil 

This paper focuses on Educational Psychology as a subject for undergraduated students who want 

to be teachers. They are supposed to have certification on this subject. They choose time and 

1026

negatively correlated to children's behavior problems, and positively correlated to children's 

self-concept level, and parental favouritism, punishment, rejection, and over-protection positively 

correlated to children's behavior problems and negatively correlated to children's self-concept 

level. 

4124.8 The relations of self efficacies, personal goals to avoidance help-seeking to different 

helpers, Xiangang Qin 1 , Xinchun Wu 2 , Kan Zhang 1 , 1 Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy 

of Science, China; 2 Beijing Normal University, China 

By analyzing 418 teenagers’ responses to a questionnaire, the present study explored the 

relationship between avoidance help seeking and self-efficacies, personal goals. The following 

results were obtained: 1)Apart from performance approach goal, all the sub-variables of 

self-efficacies, personal goals significantly relate to avoidance help-seeking to teachers, peers, 

parents and information resources, no significant relationship was found between performance 

approach goal and avoidance help-seeking to information resources. 2) The patterns of 

self-efficacies and personal goals on avoidance help-seeking to different helpers are different, but 

performance avoidance goal is a general predictor of avoidance help-seeking to different helpers. 

4125 ORAL 


Chair: Natalie H. H. Hui, Hong Kong, China 

4125.1 Cross-cultural personality assessment in normal populations: The NEO-PI-R in the 

People’s Republic of China, Jinfu Zhang, Jianfeng Yang, School of Psychology, Southwest 


The Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R) is a measure of 5-factor model developed on 

volunteer samples in the United States. An existing Chinese translation was used in the People’s 

Republic of China (PRC). The instrument was administered to 301 persons throughout the PRC. 

Internal consistency was adequate for almost all domains. The hypothesized factory structure was 

recovered on the whole. Correlations with age, occupation and gender were high and sustained the 

validity of NEO-PI-R scales. The mean value difference between Chinese and American were 

remarkable for four domains. 

4125.2 A study of children’s social intelligence: Construct, characteristics, influencing factors 

and training, Zaihua Liu, Yan Xu, China 

Investigators are still plagued by social intelligence presently. This study confirmed five domains 

of social intelligence which were found to be independent of academic intelligence. Children’s 

social intelligence increased with age. Females rated their social intelligence significantly higher 

than males. The children with learning disabilities scored significantly lower than the children 

without disabilities on. social intelligence. Children’s general self-efficacy, personality, 

perspective-taking ability, parental rearing patterns, pedagogic leading behaviour and social 

support from parents, teachers, schoolfellows could predict their social intelligence. Educational 

programs promoted social intelligence. Areas of further investigation are indicated. 

1028

4125.3 Heterogeneity of self-esteem: Secure and defensive self-esteem among Chinese, Natalie 

H. H. Hui 1 , Virginia S. Y. Kwan 2 , Loraine Y. K. Pun 1 , 1 Chinese University of Hong Kong, 

Hong Kong, China; 2 Princeton University, USA 

Recent research in the West has supported the use of explicit and implicit self-esteem in capturing 

the conscious and nonconscious self-concepts of people from individualistic cultures. People with 

high explicit but low implicit self-esteem tend to have an excessively positive self-regard when 

compared to those with congruent self-esteem (Bosson et al., 2003; Hetts et al., 1999). The present 

study serves as a first attempt to explore this issue using a Chinese sample. Results revealed 

conceptually similar patterns as found in previous studies, providing preliminary support for the 

universality of the secure and defensive high self-esteem model (Jordan et al., 2003). 

4125.4 Evaluating of personality structure and examining of characteristics of Japanese by 

Shimoda Personality Inventory (SPI), Kunio Shiomi 1 , Hironao Tanaka 2 , Sakae Nakata 3 , 

Hidemi Hashimoto 4 , 1 Hyogo Graduate University of Education, Japan, 2 Kumamoto Prefecture 

University, Japan, 3 Aichi Gakuin University, Japan, 4 Shukugawa junior College of Women, Japan 

The personality traits of Japanese were investigated by using Shimoda Personality Inventory (SPI). 

It was made by Shiomi, Yoshioka, & Tanaka in 1987. It can measure 7 personality traits. These are 

schizothymia, nervousness, self-uncertainty, immodithymia, syntonia, emotional excitation, and 

adhesion. Dr.Shimoda insisted that among these the immodithymic trait is distinguished among 

Japanese. Japanese and American samples were collected. The scores of the both groups were 

compared. The similarities and differences between two samples were discussed. Also the 

differences between the two national characters were discussed. 

4125.5 Resonant psycholinguistics: Individuality and politics, Evarist Aminev 1 , Qing Wang 2 , 

Nadegda Kuznecova 1 , Guzel Ibragimova 1 , Golubina Natalie 1 , 1 Hi-tech Psychology Institute, 

the executive director, Russian Federation, 2 Beijing University of international business and 

Economics, China 

The sacred and political texts were analyzed by A.Puankare’s nonlinear dynamics methods. 

Pantifik John Paul II encyclic wave character was shown. Koran’s 36-th sura latent fast-slow 

rhythm’s are corresponded with fluctuation of right-left hemisphere domination and hypothalamus 

superslow N.Aladjalova’s rhythms. The speech spectra of childhood traumas recollection and 

crimes in affect memoirs are damaged. The resonance-forecast name-technology on sermon of the 

Mount is developed. So “Den Sao Peen” is congruent to fragment “Your light is shining to 

people ”, “George Bush Junior” - “unrightfully malignant gossip about me”. This psychotherapy 

technique efficiency for patients with Jung’s sarcoma was marked. 

4125.6 Developing a model of the factors influencing trait anxiety of university students, Feng 

Zhang, Qinglin Feng, Chunmao Li, Peng Li, Mowei Shen, Yunnan Normal University, China 

In order to establish a model of the factors influencing trait anxiety of university students, 594 and 

586 university students were tested using A Questionnaire about the Factors Influencing Trait 

Anxiety of University Students. Nine factors influencing trait anxiety of university students were 

found by exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, namely, uncertainties of future, 

introversion, pressure of studies, social unfairness, financial trouble, inadequate adaptation to the 

1029

university, university unfairness, interpersonal trouble, and trouble in courtship, of which 

uncertainties of future are the primary one; main effects of sex, specialty and grade were 

significant on the factors influencing trait anxiety. 

4125.7 Effect of parenting ideas’ type on preschool children’s personality, Ping Zou 1 , Ying 

Lizhu 2 , 1 Humanities College, Dalian University. School of Education, Liaoning Normal 

University China, 2 School of Education, Liaoning Normal University, China 

This presentation focused on how parenting ideas’ type influenced preschool children’s personality. 

By means of self-reported Parenting Inventory and teachers’ evaluating questionnaires to children, 

data were collected on 400 of 3-to-6-old children and their parents from 6 kindergartens in Dalian 

of China. Results showed that by Analysis of cluster, the parenting ideas could be divided into 

three styles, Positive style, Submissive style and Expectant style. They have different effects on 

development of children’s personality. Positive style is valuable to children's personality. 

Expectant style does not benefit to children's personality. Submissive style could have good or bad 

effect on children's personality. 

4125.8 Personality and evaluative information: How Chinese people react differently to 

incoming evaluative information, Fan Zhou 1 , Dengfeng Wang 2 , 1 Department of Psychology, 

Peking Univ., China, 2 Research Center for Personality and Social Psychology, Peking Univ. China 

Incoming Evaluative Information (IEI) is thought to be an important resource for self-evaluation. 

Previous studies mainly focused on motivational explanations. In this study, we turn to see how 

individual difference may influence people’s reaction to IEI. Due to the systematic discrepancy in 

personality structure between Chinese and western people, an indigenous personality scale-QZPSwas 

adopted, and Implicit Association Test (IAT) was conducted as measurement of contextual 

change after feedback in experiment. The results indicate that Chinese subjects scored high in 

dimension of emotionality, and low in extroversion show more sensitivity to IEI. Theoretical and 

methodological issues about the findings are discussed. 

4126 ORAL 


Chair: Kevin Lanning, USA 

4126.1 Community well-being, Lipi Mukhopadhyay, Indian Institute of Public Administration, 

India 

The society in which the well-being of the community becomes the private concern of each citizen, 

where human beings are considered as objects of empathy and compassion so that life becomes 

more interesting and stimulating (Erich Fromm). This paper examines some of the correlates of 

community well-being that get nurtured and transmitted through oral communication promoting 

hedonic well-being. Variables studied were community-based knowledge sharing of watershed, 

health, sanitation and common property management systems. The study emphasizes the issue of 

well-being is not necessarily connected to education, economic growth and technological skill. 

1030

4126.2 Equality, privacy, and security: Attitudes in post 9/11 USA, Kevin Lanning, Ari 

Rosenberg, Wilkes Honors College of FAU, USA 

In the absence of a policy change that would reduce the likelihood of terror, post-9/11 America can 

address its newfound risks in only three ways: (1) by doing nothing (accepting risk and 

compromising security), (2) by selectively profiling individuals (compromising equality and 

fairness), or (3) by non-selective domestic intelligence gathering (compromising privacy). In the 

present paper, we examine the hypothesis that attitudes towards these three alternatives cannot be 

reduced to a single dimension of liberalism-conservatism and that two latent factors, "civil 

liberties orientation" and "civil rights orientation", instead underlie attitudes towards security and 

risk in contemporary America. 

4126.3 The effects of a traffic safety campaign on risk attitudes and behaviour among 

Norwegian adolescents, Torbjørn Rundmo 1 , Hroar Klempe 2 , Hilde Iversen 2 , Björg-Elin 

Moen 2 , 1 Dept. of Psychology, Norway, 2 NTNU, Trondheim, Norway 

The present study compares the effects of a traffic safety campaign and a behaviour modification 

program on traffic safety. Both the interventions were carried out simultaneously amongst students 

Norwegian high schools (n=342). At the first high school the intervention was behaviour 

modification, while at the second a community-based attitude campaign was carried out. Base-line 

and post-test data about attitudes towards traffic safety and self-reported risk behaviour were 

collected. There was a significant total effect of the interventions although the effect depended on 

the type of intervention. No significant changes were found in the group of recipients of behaviour 

modifications. 

4126.4 Intergenerational patterns of social beliefs and its parenting antecedents among Chinese 

college students, Natalie H. H. Hui, Tony T.H. Cheng, Michael H. Bond, The Chinese 


Leung, Bond et al. (2001) have proposed that social beliefs are basic premises people endorse 

about the personal, material, social and spiritual world. Although empirical findings support the 

predictive utility of social axioms for a variety of social behaviors (Leung & Bond, in press), their 

developmental antecedents are yet to be studied. The present study examined the intergenerational 

patterns of social beliefs by exploring the relations between Chinese college students and their 

parents’ social beliefs. Perceived parenting styles and characteristics were also studied to shed 

light on the socialization context which would facilitate the internalization of beliefs in Chinese 

culture. 

4126.5 Teachers’ efficacy in learning dance, Lina Pui Yu Chow, Pui Yu Lina Chow, The 

Hong Kong Institution of Education, Hong Kong, China 

The study of self-efficacy is one of the key issues for physical educators to pursue in relation to 

effective and successful teaching and learning skills. This study aims to investigate the level of 

efficacy of in-service physical education teachers before and after attending a dance programme 

by using a culturally adapted teacher efficacy instrument based on “Teacher Efficacy Scale 

(Gibson & Dembo, 1984)”, “Physical Education Teacher Efficacy (Biddle, 1998) and Teaching 

Value Scale (Ames, 1983). Results obtained from the survey provided a preliminary report on 

teachers’ efficacy in learning dance. Their views towards dance will also examine. 

1031

4126.6 Determinants of group perceptions and core values of students from five cultural 

heritage groups in South Africa, Martin J.L. Jooste, Ingrid Wagendorp, Department of 

Psychology, University of Johannesburg, South Africa 

Aim: Exploring the impact of certain variables on South African undergraduates' core values and 

perceptions of five cultural orientation groups. Sample: Psychology undergraduate volunteers 

identifying with a Western (Afrikaans: n= 138, English: n= 187), African (n=151), Middle Eastern 

(Muslim) (n= 0), or Asian (Indian) (n= 61) heritage (N= 541). Measures: A local Semantic 

Differential attitude scale (S/D), Individualism/Collectivism (I /C) scale and biographical 

questionnaire. A survey design was utilized that also included analyzing the psychometric 

properties of the scales, correlations, ANOVAs and post-hoc comparison tests. Findings: Gender, 

residence type, cultural identity and first language influenced S/D and I/C scores. 

4126.7 The stability of social axioms and values across the Hong Kong SARS outbreak period, 

Johanna H.W. Lai, Natalie H.H. Hui, M.H. Bond, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong 

Kong, China 

Leung and Bond (2003) proposed a pan-cultural, five-factor structure of social axioms (SA) as a 

complementary system to Schwartz’s (1992) value circumplex in predicting behaviors. However, 

the stability of social axioms is yet to be established. The present paper presents a longitudinal 

study in Hong Kong, comparing the stability of SA and values. Findings suggest that the 

dimensions of SA are even more stable than that of value in a one-year pre-post test, despite the 

outbreak of SARS during the year as a natural mortality-inducing event. Influence of SA and 

values to coping styles and emotional response were also explored. 

4126.8 Examination of work values among Japanese youths, Xin Du, Keio University, Japan 

This paper questions the traditional view of Japanese work ethic through interview with Japanese 

youths. The traditional work ethic of Japanese, which is characterized by strong work motivation, 

group solidarity, and loyalty to their organizations, has indeed been affected by drastic changes in 

Japanese society. Instead, the interviews show how the youths' work ethic combines both 

traditional values and a new stress on individuality and independent self-realization in the choice 

of job and career. This research attempts to highlight the young people's changing believes and 

attitudes towards life and work in particular, as well as their hopes for the future. 

4127 ORAL 


Chair: Rei Omi, Japan 

4127.1 The effects of family structure and familial social capital on Taiwanese ninth-grader’s 

academic achievement, Hsin-Yi Kung, Shin-Fu Chou, Cheng Shiu University, Taiwan, China 

Coleman is the primary person who applies the concept of social capital to the educational field. 

According to Coleman’s theory, social capital plays an important role in children's education. The 

purpose of the study is to extend the conceptualization of social capital to familial settings, to 

1032

explore the relationship between familial social capital and children’s academic achievement, and 

to investigate the influence of the family structure on familial social capital. The study utilizes the 

survey questionnaire and the interview to examine the relationships among the family structure, 

familial social capital and children’s learning outcomes from both parents and children’s 

perspectives. 

4127.2 Reliability of grading essays and multiple choice test for introductory psychology exams, 

Svein Larsen, Staale Pallesen, University of Bergen, Dept of Psychosocial Science, Norway 

In Norway the system of grading on a numeric scale (1.0-6.0) was recently substituted for the 

European/American grading system, ranging from A to F, as a function of a newly launched 

reform in higher education. This study compares inter-rater reliabilities of grades given on 

psychology exams (undergraduate), before and after introduction of the new system. Data from 

exams (n=512) before system change show reliabilities (15 commissions) varying from .73 to .98. 

The data from the first examination after the introduction of the new system have not been 

analyzed yet (Jan 30th 2004). 

4127.3 The apprenticeship in “communities of practice”: A cognitive contribution to model a 

professional psychologist, Cristina Erausquin, Maria Esther Basualdo, Valeria Bollasina, Ana 

Garcia Coni, University Of Buenos Aires, Argentina 

Guided learning in "communities of practice" has been investigated in students of Psychology of 

University of Buenos Aires. The conceptual framework is based on Vygotsky’ sociohistorical 

theory. "Mental models" were used to analyse students representations of interactions that are 

involved in different professional fields of psychologists interventions. Questions about 

knowledge and beliefs were given to students at the beginning and at the end of their 

apprenticeship in social settings. The comparison between pre and posttest showed that students 

knowledge turned into better adjustment and increase of cognitive integration of psychological 

competence and mediating tools with wefts of situated problems. 

4127.4 Understanding Chinese students’ learning motivation: The role of social- versus 

individual-oriented achievement motivation, Vivienne Yick-ku Tao 1 , Ying-yi Hong 2 , 1 University 

of Macau, Macau, China, 2 The University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA 

This research extrapolated the limitation of current achievement research using the individualistic 

approach. We provide a more complete framework to study students’ motivation using the 

proposed social-oriented achievement motivation (SOAM) model. Consistent findings across 

studies demonstrate that students’ endorsements of SOAM predict performance demonstration 

goals adoption cognitively, adoption of achieving approaches, greater effort expenditure and better 

school performance behaviorally, but higher anxiety and guilt feeling in face of setbacks 

affectively. This empirical pattern is consistent with that observed among students in the Chinese 

cultural context, and supports that Chinese students’ achievement patterns are better explained 

systematically in a social-oriented perspective. 

4127.5 Using science notebooks to assess students’ performances, Min Li 1 , Brad Wu 1 , Maria 

Ruiz-Primo 2 , Richard Shavelson 2 , 1 University of Washington, Seattle, USA; 2 Stanford 

University, California, USA 

1033

The paper examined three sets of large-scale science tests, international and statewide, to validate 

a theoretical framework for defining science achievement. We proposed that science achievement 

can be distinguished as four interdependent types of knowledge: declarative (knowing that), 

procedural (knowing how), schematic (knowing why), and strategic (knowing about knowing) 

knowledge. All the test items were analyzed logically as to their demands on knowledge and 

accordingly their links to the knowledge types. Then, the knowledge-item links were empirically 

validated by factor analyses and compared against alternative models. Implications of this 

knowledge framework and issues about developing test items were also discussed. 

4127.6 A study on relationship among intelligence, learning-attitude and 

mathematics-achievement of pupils and high school students, Hongyu Li 1 , Yisu He 2 , Xianyong 

Huang 1 , Hongxin Yin 1 , Yuan Li 1 , 1 Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, China; 2 Tianjin Physical 

Education College, Tianjin, China 

We examined the relationship among intelligence, learning-aptitude and mathematics-achievement 

of pupils and high school students. The findings are as follows: 1) the mathematics achievement 

dramatically influenced not only by intelligence but also by interest for math among pupils. 2) the 

pupil's mathematics achievement can be highly improved by personal interest, situational interest, 

meaningfulness self-involvement. 3) the High School Student's mathematics achievement is not 

effected by intelligence, but is dramatically affected by the attitude for math-learning, enjoyment 

of mathematics, motivation in mathematics and the fear of mathematics. 

4127.7 The effects of television on children’s cognitive skills, Rei Omi 1 , Akira Sakamoto 1 , 

Hiroshi Hattori 2 , 1 Ochanomizu Univ., Japan; 2 Japan Broadcasting Corporation Broadcasting 

Culture Research Institute 

In order to explore the effects of television on children's cognitive skills, we conducted a research. 

The subjects are more than one hundred Japanese fifth grade students. We measured both the 

amount of television viewing and some aspects of cognitive skills of children, and analyzed the 

impact of television viewing on cognitive skills. The results showed that television viewing 

improved children's spatial skill but lessened language skill. Therefore, this study suggested that 

television viewing had different effects on children's cognitive skills depending on aspects of 

cognitive skills. 

4127.8 How important is attention function to operate computer by the people with mental 

retardation, Alex W. K. Wong 1 , Chetwyn C. H. Chan 1 , Cecilia W. P. Li-Tsang 1 , S. Lam 

Chow 2 , 1 The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China; 2 Illinois Institute of 

Technology, Chicago IL, USA 

This study aimed to investigate how attention function modulated the ability for operating a 

computer among the people with developmental disabilities. Six neuropsychological tests on 

alerting, orienting, and executive control functions were administered to 62 Chinese people with 

mental retardation. Their abilities on operating a computer were also assessed. Among all, 

orienting and visual search functions as measured by the Symbol Digit Modalities Test was found 

to be the most significant predictor on operating a computer (Sensitivity= 0.76; Specificity= 0.89). 

The implications of the findings to better design of human-computer interface were discussed. 

1034

4128 ORAL 


Chair: Sonya Pritzker, USA 

4128.1 Traditional Chinese medical treatment for depression, Sonya Pritzker, China Academy 

of Traditional Chinese Medicine, USA 

TCM, with its emphasis on the mind-body continuum and the relationship between person and 

environment, offers a unique approach to psychological illness that provides valuable insight into 

the understanding and treatment of depression. There exists a long history as well as contemporary 

innovation in such understanding and treatment, the basics of which will be addressed in this 

presentation. 

4128.2 Origins of the self: The Sufi standpoint, Parthasarathi Mondal, Senior Lecturer, India 

The body has been central to the creation of the self and the body-self construct is an armour for 

the position whose goal is to refute selflessness as the original and thus true human condition. The 

Sufi yearns for union with God by obliterating the sensual and sexual body which compels the self 

to recognize itself. What is striking in Sufi psychology is the contention that it is homosexuality 

and not heterosexuality which is the main obstacle to a man in overcoming his carnality. The Sufi 

does this to thwart the possibility of readily accessible selflessness which homosexuality implies. 

4128.3 Is positive self-regard a universal human need? -definitely, YES, Fan Zhou 1 , Ye Yang 1 , 

Xia Chen 1 , Nick Stirk 2 , 1 China, 2 UK 

Positive self-regard has been thought to be a universal human need. However, in recent years, the 

belief of universality of the basic need for self-regard is seriously questioned by many 

cross-cultural studies. Since easterners might tend to be self-effacing in a self-report questionnaire, 

both Rosenberg Self-Esteem (RSE) questionnaire and Implicit Association Test (IAT) was 

conducted in this study to investigate the need for self-regard in Chinese and American students. 

The results indicate both a dissociation of self-regard between the self-expressed and implicit level, 

and a discrepancy of performance between Chinese students and American students. 

4128.5 A study on mental health status of minority students in undeveloped region of Western 

China, Hui Li, Jun Gao, Yunnan Normal University, Educational Science and Management 

Departement, China 

Objective: To understand the mental health status in undeveloped regions of western China. 

Method: the study was carried out in 8 under developed areas in bordering Yunnan province of 

China.1688 students of 10 minorities and the Han were investigated with Symptom Checklist 

90(scl-90) and General Anxiety Test(GAT). Conclusion: Compared with inland and coastal 

students, mental health of the minority students was serious; Mental health of minority students 

was obviously poorer than that of the Han students in the same area; Within the same minority, 

mental health of the minority students came from poor, remote, bordering areas was more serious. 

4128.6 Social responsibility: A cross-cultural exploration during the SARS outbreak in Taiwan, 

1035

Olwen Bedford, National Taiwan University, Dept. of Psychology, Taiwan, China 

Survey and interview data from 127 expatriate Westerners and 147 Taiwanese in Taiwan were 

analyzed to explore cultural differences in thinking on social responsibility and SARS. Despite 

similarity in age, educational background, experience with quarantine, and actions taken, 

Taiwanese and Westerners had clearly different ideas about the concept of social responsibility. 

Westerners emphasized individuals’ responsibility to society and advocated moral education to 

increase quarantine compliance; Taiwanese stressed the government’s responsibility to the 

individual, and urged more care and support from the government to increase compliance. 

Inadequacy of the current Individualism-Collectivism paradigm and implications for related policy 

in Taiwan are discussed. 

4128.8 Folk psychotherapy in Japan, Ratnin Dewaraja, Komazawa University, Tokyo, Japan 

The availability of modern psychotherapy is limited in Japan, and moreover, its consumption is 

stigmatized. It was hypothesized that people supplement the scarcity of professional 

psychotherapy by seeking the advise of traditional healers, such as shaman and fortune-tellers, 

who provide psychotherapy aimed at addressing the secular, everyday-problems of modern life, 

faced by their clients; but provided within the context of the spiritual healing philosophy of the 

practitioner. This study focused on a fortune-teller in Japan and analyzed the complaints of his 

clients. The results of this investigation validated our hypothesis and suggested that fortune-tellers 

in Japan function as informal psychotherapists. 

4129 ORAL 


Chair: Abdolhossein Abdollahi, Iran 

4129.2 Effects of pursuing useless information on decision making across cultures, 

Abdolhossein Abdollahi, Zarand Islamic Azad University, Iran 

To investigate the effects of useless information on decision making across three cultures 

(American, Iranian, and Japanese), 143 participants responded to two surveys. Half of the 

participants received a Simple version and the other half, an Uncertain version. In the Simple 

version, no "useless" information was provided, but in the Uncertain version participants received 

information that was nonistrumental for the task of decision making. Results revealed that 

participants in all three cultures are susceptible to pursuing useless information under uncertainty 

conditions. Also, participants from the American culture showed a higher rate of pursuing the 

useless information than the other two groups. 

4129.3 Vygotsky’s mediational psychology: New conceptualization of culture, signification and 

metaphor, Habibollah Ghassemzadeh, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran 

The idea of mediation of elementary mental functions by "psychological tools" or "signs" was 

introduced and formulated by Vygotsky. The main purpose of this paper is to review some of the 

important aspects of mediational/semiotic psychology of Vygotsky as they relate to the concepts of 

signalling, signification and culture. It has been suggested that culture as a whole complex 

1036

eflecting many aspects of life, "creates special forms of behavior, modifies the activity of mental 

functions and adds new stories to the developing system of human behavior." Culture regulates 

behavior through generating some "models" which may be reflected in different modes 

representations as folk models and metaphors. 

4129.4 A cross-cultural study on the reasons for incompatibility between explicit and implicit 

attitudes towards sex and gender, Anna Chybicka 1 , Mamdouh Kamel Hassany 2 , 1 University of 

Gdañsk, Poland, 2 South Valley University, Egypt 

Presentation describes a cross-cultural study of men’ and women’ implicit and explicit gender 

attitudes. The explicit attitude was measured by rating male and female objects on 5-point scale. A 

version of an Implicit Association Test (Greenwald et al.) was used for measuring implicit gender 

attitudes. Ten experiments conducted on Polish women (450 subjects) have shown that they have 

negative latent attitudes towards men. Men associated positive affect with women. Eight 

experiments conducted in Egypt (250 subjects) showed that Arab women had neutral implicit 

attitudes towards men. Arab men demonstrate the lack of implicit in-group favoritism and neutral 

attitude towards women. 

4129.5 The recognition of own-and other-race face: A comparison of Chinese and Caucasian, 

Chunping Jiang, Hua Zhang, Xiaolin Zhou, Department of Psychology, Peking University, 

China 

By modified face in feature, configure and contour set, this study investigate whether the cognitive 

pattern is identical between recognizing same-race (SR) and cross-race faces (CR), both Chinese 

and Caucasian faces were adopted as stimuli. The results indicate that accuracy and RT of feature 

set are higher than that of spacing and contour set. Furthermore, a different face-recognizing 

pattern of SR and CR was observed: spacing set is most difficult for SR, while performance of 

contour set is worst toward CR. These findings support the view that the brain areas responsible 

for SR and CR might be dissociated. 

4129.6 Some examples of understanding cross cultures, Guohua Bai, Blekinge Institute of 

Technology, Sweden 

As a Chinese scholar in Sweden for 14 years, I have personally experienced how important to 

understand an individual cognition from his/her history-cultural background. I will first describe 

some cases I learnt during my stay in Sweden, and then I will apply the Activity Theory to analyse 

the cases. The conclusion from the analysis is that people should first open minds to appreciate 

differences between cultures, instead of judging with own eyes from own historical background. 

People can easily cross border around the world today, but to cross the border of minds in different 

cultures is still a challenge. 

4129.7 Culture and emotional intelligence, Anjum Sibia 1 , Ashok Kumar Srivastava 1 , 

Girishwar Misra 2 , 1 National Council of Educational Research and Training, New Delhi, India, 

2 


This paper examines the notion of emotional intelligence in the Indian context by analyzing 

ancient textual material and people's perspectives. Results indicate that Indian view is embedded 

in highly valued social concerns, virtues, religious traditions and cultural practices. These provide 

1037

a frame for emotional learning and are basic to the notion of EI. The indigenous view takes into 

cognizance such factors as social sensitivity, pro-social values, action tendencies and affective 

states. Thus the Indian view of EI is rooted in the rich traditional, religious and philosophical 

context focusing on the role of family and society in shaping one’s emotions. 

4129.8 A study on relation between intelligence and acculturation in junior middle school 

students of Baima Tibet Minority, Xingwang Hu, Hong Li, School of Psychology, Southwest 


This paper is carrying out a research on the relationship between the junior middle school students' 

acculturation and their intelligence level of the Baima Tibet minority. the result has shown that the 

three dimensions of acculturation including main-culture recognition, school education 

recognition and the degree of browing the sinitic, are closely related to one's intelligence and 

achievements. The Regression Analysis to eliminate the influence of achievements on the 

intelligence shows clearly that acculturation has a very obvious predictability on the students' 

intelligence levels. This result is helpful to understand the essence of intelligence and improve our 

minority education. 

4130 ORAL 


Chair: Bjorg Bjarnadottir, Iceland 

4130.1 A cross-cultural comparison of bullying and children’s attitudes in Chinese and British 

primary and secondary schools, Wenxin Zhang 1 , Linqin Ji 1 , Kevin Jones 2 , Nannette Smith 2 , 

1 2 

Shandong Normal University, China; University of College Worcester, UK 

Revised Olweus Bullying/Victimization Questionnaire was administered on 8745 Chinese and 

1018 British children. Comparisons were conducted in terms of the prevalence of and children’s 

attitudes towards school bullying in the two cultures. The rate of victims in China was higher and 

the rate of bullies lower than in Britain. In both primary and secondary schools, direct physical 

bullying was more popular, but direct verbal bullying was less popular among Chinese children 

than among British children. Chinese secondary school children reported less indirect bullying 

than its British counterparts. In general, Chinese children held more positive attitudes towards 

bullying than British children. 

4130.2 Cultural differences in finnish and estonian mothers’ and fathers’ child-rearing goals, 

Tiia Tulviste, University of Tartu, Estonia 

The present study compares child-rearing goals of mothers and fathers of 5-year-old children 

residing in Estonia and Finland. The mothers and fathers were asked to fill out the Parental 

Developmental Goals Questionnaire. Estonian parents tended to mention achievement, conformity 

and working hard more often than Finnish parents who frequently mentioned goals of benevolence 

and hedonism. Estonian fathers and mothers differed more from each other in terms of 

child-rearing goals than Finnish fathers and mothers. Parents of higher socio-economic status 

mentioned more often self-direction and less often child-rearing goals related to hard work and 

conformity, and were less worried. 

1038

South Africa, South Africa, 2 Monash University, Melbourne, Australia 

South African and Australian students are exposed to differing life stressors, partly because of 

distinctive cultural and societal dynamics. One major dissimilarity is exposure to violence and 

crime by South Africans, which in turn impacts on the range and magnitude of their life stressors. 

This study explored the similarities and differences between both countries in the type and number 

of stressful events each student was exposed to over the course of one year, and the methods used 

by students in each country to cope with stress. Coping with high stress is associated with both 

individual differences constructs and culture-specific variables. 

4130.8 Chinese traditionality/modernity: The source of interdependent self and independent self? 

Liwei Zhang, Beijing Sport University, China 

Based on Markus and Kitayama’s self-construal theory and Yang’s modernization theory, it was 

hypothesized that stronger endorsement of Chinese modernity would correlate to stronger 

endorsement of independent self whereas stronger endorsement of Chinese traditionality would 

correlate to stronger endorsement of interdependent self. Participants were 1347 Chinese. Results 

indicated that Chinese traditionality dimensions such as submission to authority/ancestral worship, 

filial piety and conservation/endurance predicted social orientation and Chinese modernity 

dimensions such as egalitarianism/open-mindedness, social isolation/self-reliance and 

optimism/assertiveness predicted individual orientation. However, both people with stronger 

social orientation and people with stronger individual orientation endorsed Chinese modernity 

values such as sex equality. 

4131 ORAL 


Chair: Ibrahim Kira, USA 

4131.1 Cumulative trauma disorder: A new scale for complex PTSD, Ibrahim Kira, ACCESS 


Two studies using the 15 items new scale that measure the effects of cumulative trauma. First 

study conducted on mental health clinic sample of 286 patients, and the second study was 

conducted on 501community sample of Iraqi refugees. Iraqi refugees suffered from cumulative 

trauma that may include torture. Scales have been used to measure cumulative trauma, torture, 

PTSD as well demographics and other relevant variables. Item analysis found high item Alpha 

reliabilities (ranged from .82 to .89), scale alpha reliabilities ranged from .78- .93. Factor analysis 

found four factors: Executive function deficits, suicidality, dissociation, and depression/ anxiety 

syndrome. 

4131.2 Clinical and psychological profile of Mexican outpatients with eating disorders, Antonio 

Tena, Dominique Peschard, Universidad Iberoamericana. Ciudad De Mexico 

The present research is sought to determine the existence of a characteristic clinical and 

psychological profile of Mexican outpatients that attend treatment for eating disorders. This 

research claims to show the fact that the instruments to use: EDI-2 (Eating Disorders Inventory-2), 

1040

Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-40), Bell Silhouettes and the sociodemographic data, are useful for 

obtaining the clinical and psychological profiles of the individuals who comprise the sample. In 

Mexico there are some studies on community samples, whereas it is scarce on clinical population; 

therefore this study contributes to the knowledge of these disorders on outpatients. 

4131.3 Origin, maintenance and treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder, Maria Xesus 

Frojan-Parga, Montserrat Montaño, Autonoma University of Madrid, Spain 

The main goal of this study was to analyze the differences and similarities observed between the 

scientific literature and the real clinical practice developed in Spain recently by behavioral therapy 

in the approach and consideration of obsessive-compulsive disorder. The analysis of the more 

interesting variables and the relationship between them in the two areas, as well as the 

comparation of published versus non published cases seems to indicate an important divergence 

between academic field and clinical setting. This situation can be considered a sign discouraging 

of the integral developing of the psychological science prevalent nowadays. 

4131.4 Impact of gender role on psychogenic erectile dysfunction, Mingfan Liu 1 , Xiaonian 

Ma 2 , Liangxing Lei 1 , 1 Jiangxi Normal University, China; 2 402 hospital of information and 

industry ministry, China 

Objectives: To find out the impact of gender role on psychogenic erectile dysfunction. Methods: 

The erectile dysfunction rating scale (EDRS) and Bem Sex Role Inventory (BSRI) were 

administered to 74 cases (30 psychogenic ED patients and 44 normal control objects). Results: 

psychogenic ED patients had more tendency to gender identification of female temperament and 

subjects with female temperament in gender role showed lower erectile ability and satisfaction 

level. Conclusion: It is not ignored for clinical doctors to find out gender role of patients and 

forming process of gender role. 

4131.5 The origins of inflated responsibility beliefs in obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), 

Fiona Bailey, Kathleen Moore, Deakin University, School of Psychology, Australia 

Recent research has explored various cognitive distortions that can perpetuate symptoms of 

obsessive compulsive disorder. In particular, an inflated sense of personal responsibility for 

preventing harm has been identified as pivotal in maintaining the obsessions and rituals that 

characterise OCD. While the role of inflated responsibility in OCD and its treatment has been 

examined, the origins of such beliefs have not. Results from a questionnaire based study are 

presented in which several psychosocial origins of inflated responsibility beliefs are identified 

which together explain 45% of the variance in inflated responsibility. The implications of the 

findings for clinical practice are discussed. 

4131.6 Voucher-based incentives: A substance abuse treatment innovation, S.T. Higgins, 

University of Vermont, Burlinton, VT, USA 

This presentation will provide an overview of research on the voucher-based incentives approach 

to substance abuse treatment. This approach was originally developed as a novel method for 

improving retention and increasing abstinence among cocaine-dependent outpatients. The efficacy 

of vouchers for those purposes is now well established and plans are underway to move the 

intervention into effectiveness testing in community clinics. The use of vouchers also has been 

1041

extended to the treatment of alcohol, marijuana, nicotine, and opioid dependence and holds 

promise as an efficacious intervention with special population, including pregnant women, 

adolescents, and those with serious mental illness. 

4131.7 Comparing research of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) stress response, Huge 

Tone, Xuelong Yang, Soochow University, China 

Stress response of 1016 Ss was surveyed in 17 provinces in China during SARS.600 Ss took the 

investigation of post-SARS stress after a year.Research1 showed there were significant differences 

on panic, defense and cognition among high incidence group, low incidence group and 

post-epidemic group.Research2 explored the relation between emotional disorder and acute SARS 

stress, which revealed that emotional disorder influenced the acute stress response more. The 

model for social support and SARS stress in research3 confirmed that social support had different 

impact on different factors of SARS stress.Research4 proved general efficacy and coping efficacy 

had important influence on SARS stress. 

4131.8 Coping and recovery from major depression; a naturalistic follow-up study, Raimo 

Raitasalo 1 , Jouko Salminen 1 , Simo Saarijarvi 2 , Tuula Toikka 1 , 1 The Social Insurance 

Institution, Finland, 2 Department of Psychiatry, Turku University Hospital, Finland 

This naturalistic study explores connections between recovery from major depression and coping 

abilities during a one year follow-up from base-line clinical examinations. The study group 

comprised 145 Finnish psychiatric outpatients from Southwestern Finland, 18-62 years of age, 

with major depression causing incapacity to work. Coping abilities were measured with 

Antonovsky sense of coherence (SOC), Schwartzer general self-efficacy, Rosenberg self-esteem 

and Beck hopelessness scales (BHS). Depression was studied with BDI, Ham-D and DSM-III-R. 

The results showed that severity of depression was associated with deterioration in coping ability, 

and recovery from major depression was clearly related to improvement in coping ability. 

4132 ORAL 


Chair: Paul Martin, Australia 

4132.1 A relational study on general self-efficacy, coping styles, and subjective well-being in 

Chinese university students, Yuehua Tong, China 

The present study was to investigate Chinese university students’ general self-efficacy, coping 

styles and subjective well-being (SWB) and the relations among the three variables. Results 

revealed that there were no significant gender differences in these three variables in Chinese 

university students. Significant positive correlation was found among the three variables. Active 

coping had significant positive correlation with SWB, while passive coping had significant 

negative correlation with SWB. General self-efficacy and coping styles were predictors of SWB 

and active coping was a mediator of SWB. 

4132.2 A better life with volunteer work? A one-year follow-up study on older Chinese, M. S. 

1042

Anise Wu, S. K. Catherine Tang, C. W. Elsie Yan, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong 

Kong, China 

This study aimed at investigating the enhancement effect of voluntary work on older retirees’ 

quality of life. We interviewed 190 Chinese retirees aged from 55 to 91 year (mean = 70.68) in the 

summer of 2002 and 2003, with 63% of them working as volunteers before and during the period 

of study. The results of 3 ANOVA, controlling pretest score of life satisfaction, distress, and 

perceived health as covariate separately, supported the enhancement effect hypothesis. Compared 

to non-volunteers, those continued volunteering reported significantly greater life satisfaction, less 

distress, and better perceived physical health at the 2nd interview. 

4132.3 The psychosomatic conundrum: Consequences of avoiding triggers, Paul Martin, Royal 

Melbourne Institute of Technology University, Australia 

The traditional medical advice for a range of psychosomatic disorders is that the best way to 

prevent attacks is to avoid the factors that trigger attacks. We know from the anxiety literature, 

however, that avoiding stimuli that engender anxiety results in a sensitisation process to the 

stimuli. This paper will review studies from the migraine, asthma and epilepsy literature relating 

to the hypothesis that, in parallel with the anxiety literature, avoiding trigger factors may result in 

increased sensitivity and decreased tolerance for the triggers. The results of three recent studies 

from the author's research program will be included. 

4132.4 Exploring the subjective experience of posttraumatic stress following stroke among 

Chinese patients, Xu Wang, Man Cheung Chung, Michael Hyland, University of Plymouth, UK 

This qualitative study explored Chinese patients’ subjective experience of posttraumatic stress 

following stroke (i.e. post-stroke PTSD). Two focus groups were conducted to explore post-stroke 

PTSD symptoms, patient self-image and future hope and beliefs about the occurrence of stroke. 

Content analyses revealed that most patients manifested intrusion and avoidance symptoms, and 

felt distressed and guilty due to loss of physical functioning and independent living. Most patients 

had low self-esteem and felt life was meaningless, while some struggled to maintain a glimmer of 

hope for recovery. Most patients believed in a physical cause for their stroke, while some believed 

in predetermined fate. 

4132.5 Describing the subjective experience of secondary traumatic stress among primary 

caregivers of patients with stroke, Xu Wang, Man Cheung Chung, Michael Hyland, University 

of Plymouth, UK 

This qualitative study investigated the secondary traumatic stress (STS) of Chinese primary 

caregivers who cared for patients with stroke by means of two focus group discussions. The latter 

focused on understanding STS symptoms and how the stroke affected caregivers’ future plans, 

life-style, financial status, emotional/physical well-being and relationships with patients. Content 

analyses revealed primary caregivers displayed STS symptoms of intrusion and avoidance, and 

that caring for their beloved ones changed their life-style, future plans and increased financial 

burden. Surprisingly, caregivers’ relationship with patients had been strengthened as a result of the 

continuous care, which, however, negatively affected caregivers’ emotional/physical well-being. 

4132.6 A longitudinal study investigating disordered eating among recently delivered women in 

1043

Hong Kong: The role of spousal support, Pui-yee Lai, So-kum Tang, The Chinese University of 

Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China 

One-hundred-and thirty-four recently delivered Chinese women participated in a longitudinal 

study over a 6-month interval to determine prevalence and socio-psychological factors of 

disordered eating in the postpartum period. Participants in general displayed more severe eating 

disturbances in the postpartum than prepartum period, with the percentage being 6.6% and 14.4% 

respectively using the EDI-2 (Garner, 1993). Multiple regression analyses revealed that eating 

disturbances and inadequate spousal support during pregnancy were significantly related to 

disordered eating after childbirth. Prepartum depressive symptoms and quality of mother-child 

relationship were significantly correlated with postpartum disordered eating but this relationship 

became nonsignificant in regression analyses. 

4132.7 Physical and mental health symptoms according to Indonesian shop floor workers in 

vehicle manufacturingng industry, Lieke Waluyo, Post Graduate Program in Psychology 

Gunadarma University, Indonesia 

This article is part of an ongoing study about Physical, Mental Health and Social well being.For 

this purpose 77 workers were interviewed. Their educational background varies from elementary 

school to university studies and among them were 3 women. At the time data was collected 

Indonesia started to have economic problems and the workers were afraid to be laid off. The range 

of answers for physical symptoms was between 1-5, while for mental symptoms it was 1-8. The 

highest percentage for physical health symptoms was feeling light and not drawsy and for mental 

health symptoms it was good social relations. 

4132.8 Health risk behaviours and health care needs among people with psychiatric illness, 

Loranie Leas, Marita McCabe, Deakin Unversity, Australia 

This paper presents findings from two studies. Study 1 explored differences between people with 

psychiatric illness (PPI) (N=144) and the general population (N=151) in levels of low-fat diet, 

exercise and smoking. Study 2 investigated barriers and health care needs of PPI (N=60). The 

prevalence of overweight, cigarette smoking and sedentary lifestyle were significantly greater 

among PPI than the general population. Major predictors were limited social support, knowledge 

of correct dietary principles, lower self-efficacy, psychiatric symptomatology and various 

psychotropic drugs. The findings demonstrated that PPI over-used medical services but under-used 

preventive services due to inaccessibility, lower satisfaction and knowledge of services. 

4133 ORAL 


Chair: Mahesh Deshmukh, India 

4133.1 Linking corporate strategy, human resource practices and organizational peorformance: 

An exploratory study, Kailash Bihari Lal Srivastava, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, 

India 

This paper explored the relationship of strategy, HR practices and performance in fifty-two 

manufacturing and software companies. Data were collected from top management, and HR 

1044

managers using a structured interview schedule. It was proposed to examine the strength of 

association between various HR practices and financial performance. The results showed that 

organizations following different strategies differed in their HR practices and performance. Some 

of the HR practices were associated with organizational performance. It has implications for the 

top management that they should follow HR practices in alignment with corporate strategy for 

better organizational performance. 

4133.2 Use new technology to design electronic assessment center, Xiao Xiang, Wang 

Zhongming, China 

The traditional assessment center can not adapt the fast change world. This paper review validity 

of new personnel selection and assessment which are telephone-based, computer-based and 

internet-based. The results show the electronic assessment ways have same validity and special 

advantages. Building on the existed research, this paper hope to set up new Electronic Assessment 

Center (EAC). 

4133.3 Survey on the characteristics of managers’ aptitude at private companies in China, 

Yongrui Li, China 

In order to probe into the managers’ aptitude, with the self-developed questionnaire and software 

of Test of Manager’s Aptitude in China, more than 1000 managers from more than 40 private 

companies in China were surveyed. Result showed that the specific group’s communication ability, 

accomplishment motivation, inclination into a new organization, leadership style, team 

consciousness and team-role cognition and attribution manners had significant characteristics. 

Five constructive suggestions were provided for both employees who had intention to be a 

professional managers at private companies in China and the owners of the private companies. 

4133.4 Executive coaching: The coach-coachee fit and its impact on individual and 

organizational outcomes, Mahesh Deshmukh, SJM School of Management, Indian Institute of 

Technology, Bombay, India 

An executive coach's role may lead to increased morale, productivity, and profits. First part of this 

study explores effectiveness of EC to individual & organizational variables. A field experiment 

with one experimental & two control groups forms the second part. The study examined cognitive 

styles of coaches and information processing modes of coaches as independent variables. 

Individual performance figures, their interpersonal skills and organizational learning served as 

dependent variables. Structure, gender, culture and personality formed the mediating variables. 

Training coaches, 180 degree feedback, participant observation, and delayed before-after design 

techniques were used to triangulate findings and enhance methodological rigor. 

4133.5 The dimension of performance management in China, Shu-hong Wang, Li-Rong Long, 

China 

Three methods of interview, literature review and questionnaire were adopted in the study. First, 

scheme the questionnaire based on the results of the interviews with the domestic employees of 

human resource management. Then the structure of performance management and item quality of 

each dimension were assessed and got pretest questionnaire. Second, exploratory factor analysis 

was conducted on the valid questionnaires, from which 7 dimensions of performance management 

1045

were extracted. Finally, confirmatory factor analysis, reliability and validity analysis were 

conducted on the 430 valid questionnaires of the formal test. The results showed high reliability 

and validity of the questionnaire. 

4133.6 The concept of professional power in nursing: Iranian nurses perspectives, Mohesn 

Adib hagbaghery 1 , Mahvash Salsali 2 , Fazlolah Ahmadi 3 , Mohamad ali cheragi 4 , 1 Kashan 

University of Medical Sciences, Iran, 2 Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran, 3 Tarbiat 

Modarres University, Iran, 4 Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Iran 

Nurses are expected to empower their clients. They must become empowered in advance. 

Understanding power is a prerequisite for empowerment programs. Grounded theory approach and 

Constant comparative analysis used for analysis the nurses lived experiences and viewpoints 

regarding professional power. Five categories of “applying knowledge”, “authority” and 

“self-confidence”, “supported” and “unity” emerged. Power is multy-dimensional, personal and 

organizational factors affect it. It depends on gaining and applying knowledge. Delegating helps to 

apply knowledge, but self-confidence is a key prerequisite for using authorities. Unity and 

supporting management provide a base for making a better working condition and self-regulation. 

4133.7 A study on the career scripts of Chinese women managers in IT industry, Jiehua 

Huang 1 , Iiris Aaltio 2 , 1 Institute of Higher Education, Shantou University, China, 2 Department of 

Business Administration, Lappeenranta University of Technology, Finland 

The focus of this study is on the experience of Chinese women managers and gender aspects in 

management. Using in-depth interview and Q-sort methodology to create career scripts, this study 

explores their relations with national and organizational cultures. The purpose of this study is not 

only to accumulate a record of gendered organizational cultures, but to continue the feminist 

project by making Chinese women’s experience visible, especially in the information technology 

(IT) industry, a new industry which has been changing life and the world. Data analysis includes 

both statistical and qualitative analyses. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed. 

4133.8 Job analysis results for HR professionals in Mainland China using 3 O*NET 

Questionnaires, Wen-Dong Li 1 , Kan Shi 1 , Paul Taylor 2 , 1 Institute of Psychology, Chinese 

Academy of Sciences, China, 2 Department of Psychology, the University of Waikato, New 

Zealand 

Occupational Information Network (O*NET) is developed by U.S. Department of Labor, facing 

the changing nature of work, as a replacement of DOT. 230 HR manager incumbents participated 

in the survey in Mainland China, using 3 O*NET questionnaires: Generalized Work Activities, 

Skills and Work Styles. Results suggest that: (1) Profiles of O*NET questionnaires for HR 

professionals in Mainland China were different from those in U.S. (2) There were differences 

about factor structures of the 3 questionnaires between in Mainland China and in U.S. Possible 

causes were discussed. 

4134 ORAL 


1046

Chair: Chi-kin Wong, Hong Kong, China 

4134.1 Occupational stress, neuroticism, and psychological well-being among public bus 

drivers in Hong Kong, Chi-kin Wong, Chuk-ling Julian Lai, City University of Hong Kong, 


This study examined the effects of occupational stress on psychological well-being in 114 public 

bus-drivers in Hong Kong. Direct and moderating effects of neuroticism were also tested. Results 

showed that respondents having higher levels of stress exhibited higher rates of psychological 

distress and sickness absence, and lower life satisfaction. Neuroticism was positively related to 

psychological distress and sickness absence but negatively with life satisfaction. Out findings also 

indicated that neuroticism moderated the relationship between stress and psychological distress. 

An increase in stress was more psychologically impairing in participants having higher 

neuroticism scores. 

4134.2 A test of a multidimensional model of job insecurity in SOE in China, Xiaopeng Ren 1 , 

Kan Shi 1 , George Chen 2 , Cynthia Lee 3 , 1 Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 

China, 2 Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, 3 College of Business Administration, 

Northeastern University, US 

We conducted an empirical study in SOE in China to assess the measurement of job insecurity and 

its antecedents/consequences in which 302 employees are investigated. The notion of job 

insecurity was based on the theoretical conceptualization of Greenhalgh et al. (1984) and the 

multidimensional measure of Ashford, et al (1989). The results show that a partially composite 

measure of job insecurity, in which the components of job features and total job change were 

combined, did indeed relate to the antecedents/consequences. But subcomponent of powerlessness 

tended not to add to the relationships among antecedents and outcomes. 

4134.3 A probe into psychology factors influencing cybermarketing, Jian Li 1 , Hong Zhai 2 , 

1 2 

Southern Institute of Metallurgy, China, Gannan Teachers College, China 

From the angle of consumption psychology, the paper analyses the psychological factors which 

influences cybermarketing: a newly-born marketing way. It finds that the whole procedure of 

cybermarketing be influenced by some factors: the revival of individual consumption; the 

enhancement of consumption initiative; the decrease of consumption psychological stability and 

the acceleration of transform speed; the need for convenience when buying and the pursuing for 

consumption pleasure. So, developing the attraction of products and making consumers have 

interest and good experience when buying is the goal of cybermarketing. 

4134.4 Work stress, self-efficacy, Chinese work values and work well-being in Hong Kong, Oi 

Ling Siu 1 , Chang-qin Lu 2 , Chi-kin Wong 1 , 1 Lingnan University, Hong Kong, China, 2 Peking 


This study aimed to test the direct and moderating effects of self-efficacy and Chinese work values 

between job stressors (e.g., quantitative workload) and work well-being (e.g., job satisfaction, 

physical and behavioral symptoms) among employees in Hong Kong and Beijing. In a survey with 

234 employees (Hong Kong: 105 employees; Beijing: 129 employees), the results show that 

self-efficacy was positively related to job satisfaction in both samples, and it was a significant 

1047

stress moderator between stressors and job satisfaction among Hong Kong employees. 

Furthermore, the moderating role of Chinese work values between stressors and job satisfaction 

among Beijing employees was demonstrated. 

4134.5 A model of anger in the workplace, Karen Weeden, Nerina Jimmieson, University of 

Queensland, Australia 

A model of anger in the workplace was developed and tested with a study of semi-structured 

interviews; 150 participants described an anger-eliciting work event. It was demonstrated that 

contextual variables of status, and whether or not the event was publicly known, affected levels of 

anger. Low status participants reported higher levels of anger, and public events elicited higher 

levels of anger. Status also influenced the choice of coping strategy, superiors used more 

assimilative strategies, and subordinates used more accommodative strategies. High levels of 

anger were associated with aggressive confrontation and organisational withdrawal behaviours. 

Moderating effects of work attitudes were examined. 

4134.6 Improvement of bus driver’s work environment, Hans Brunnberg, Stockholm Center of 

Public Health, Sweden 

The aim was to improve bus driver’s psychosocial work environment. By a participative method 

the drivers suggested solutions on problems together with their heads and other professionals in 

the bus companies. The implementation of the suggestions was discussed in other groups together 

with heads of the companies. The solutions were about better communication in the organisation 

with the management and other groups in order to solve problems, and better professional 

competence to meet passengers. The conclusions were that work environment is improved by a 

participative approach, and the persons involved with a problem shall take part in finding 

solutions. 

4134.7 The enigma of organisation identity, Christian Louis Van Tonder, Rand Afrikaans 

University, South Africa 

Identity as a concept has been around for some time, but its application in organizational settings 

as “corporate identity” (an artifact of the communications and marketing disciplines) and 

“organization identity” (predominantly from the management and organization theory domains), is 

more recent. Contrary to expectation, applied psychological perspectives on organization identity 

constitute an insignificant element of this discourse. The current upsurge of interest in managerial 

and scholarly circles in both these constructs, because of their assumed significance in 

organizational functioning prompted this paper, which considers the origins, relevance, and status 

of the significant but enigmatic organization identity phenomenon of corporate identity. 

4134.8 Quality of supervisor-subordinate relationship and work outcome: Organizational justice 

as moderator, Arif Hassan, Suresh Chandran, International Islamic University Malaysia, 

Malaysia 

Quality of leader-subordinate relationship as conceptualized in LMX theory and organizational 

justice perception are reported as possible determinants of employees' work outcomes. This study 

examines how the influence of LMX on employees' satisfaction, commitment, and turnover 

intention is moderated by distributive and procedural justice factors. Sample of the study consisted 

1048

of 154 middle and lower level managers drawn from two manufacturing, one food processing and 

one pharmaceutical companies. Results supported the hypotheses that both distributive and 

procedural justice factors moderated the influence of LMX on employees' job satisfaction, 

organizational commitment and turnover intention. 

4135 ORAL 


Chair: Mike Knowles, Australia 

4135.1 Pay, pay satisfaction, commitment and withdrawal cognitions in Mexico, Fernando 

Arias-Galicia, National University of Mexico, Mexico 

Pay is a controversial issue in organizations. Traditionally it has been used as a means of motivate 

people to work harder and stay within the organization since turnover has associated costs. So the 

question arises: is the amount of money earned related to organizational commitment and intention 

to stay? 700 people were approached in a small city 80 kilometers from Mexico City working in a 

variety of firms. A structural equation model was posited relating compensation, pay satisfaction, 

commitment and intention to stay. Results showed that earnings per se had no influence on the 

latter. 

4135.2 The relationship between teachers’ organizational citizenship behaviors and job burnout, 

Rachel Hannam, Nerina Jimmieson, School of Psychology, University of Queensland, Australia 

A challenge for non-commercial and government organizations is how to best reward employees 

for their extra efforts given limited organizational flexibility and material resources. Providing 

employees with non-material rewards like praise and recognition costs little to administer, yet the 

benefits are well documented. The present study showed that public schoolteachers who reported 

receiving praise and recognition from a variety of sources for their efforts at work performed more 

organisational citizenship behaviour, were less emotionally exhausted and felt a greater sense of 

personal accomplishment than teachers not rewarded in this way. Results from longitudinal and 

multi-level analyses will be discussed. 

4135.3 Research on interaction between business ethics and performance of corporation in 

China under the stage of economic transition, Ying Lin, Yong Su, Management School of Fudan 


Business ethics was analogized to personality of corporation in this article. An empirical study on 

interaction between business ethics and performance of corporation in China was done with 150 

corporations with different size, different system of ownership, and in different industry in China. 

It is intended to highlight the economic benefits of business ethics and switch the stereotype that 

only some negative affairs are considered when it comes to business ethics. It was found that 

employee management is a key factor under the stage of economic transition. Accordingly, a 

system of business ethics with Chinese characteristics was constructed. 

4135.4 Individual level effects of organizational change: Investigating the role of change 

1049

perception, Baraldi Stephan, Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, Sweden 

The psychological literature on organizational change has traditionally focused on individual level 

effects in relation to changes as such. However, there is reason to believe that these effects are 

related on a higher order level to the individual’s perception of the organizational change. Data 

from members of two merged Swedish unions will be used to test the hypothesis that merger 

attitudes and perceived merger justice (the change perception) interact with members’ 

union-related attitudes before the merger, thus affecting members’ union-related attitudes after the 

merger. Baseline data were collected in 2002; longitudinal data are currently being collected. 

4135.5 Mapping variations in organizational culture, Mike Knowles 1 , Prasuna Reddy 2 , 

1 2 

Monash University, Australia, University of Melbourne, Australia 

When prior research has classified organizational culture into various types, typically three or four 

categories have been used. Since in real life organizational culture is more varied than this, the 

current research used ranked data and a statistical unfolding technique to develop a more 

comprehensive map of organizational culture than has previously been possible. By means of this 

technique in a study involving over 300 managers who came from a wide range of organizations, 

18 different types of organizational culture were identified to describe the cultures in which the 

managers predominantly worked and those in which they preferred to work. 

4135.6 Limitations in conducting cross-cultural research: Organisational behaviour examined, 

Michelle DiGiacomo, Barbara Adamson, Mary Jane Mahony, University of Sydney, Australia 

Aims: With the appearance of multinational corporations, the need to address issues of 

cross-cultural organisational behaviour is vital. Although much research compares countries with 

divergent cultures, this presentation discusses variations in organisational justice perceptions of 

two culturally similar nations, while also highlighting complexities of such research. Method: This 

qualitative study collected twenty semi-structured in-depth interviews from US and Australian 

retrenched finance-sector managers. Thematic and narrative analysis enabled explorations of 

managers' retrenchment experiences. Results and Conclusions: Findings revealed unexpected 

communication-style distinctions. However, context differences disallowed the assertion of 

definitive conclusions, thereby underscoring the complexities of cross-cultural organisational 

researchers. 

4135.7 Chinese servicemen’s Chinese characteristic, Jiaojiao Li, Hongtao Zhang, Lun 

Ouyang, InstituTe of Aviation and Astronavigation Medical Science, The Fourth Military Medical 


By the research on more than ten thousand of Chinese servicemen in resent five years, it is found 

that: Chinese servicemen can adapt to the requirement of building modern force; Their quality has 

apparent Chinese characteristic; In the aim of serving people by heart and soul, they, under the 

spirit encouragement of Chinese superior tradition (Work hard in hard surrounding; Unity makes 

us strong; Death for people is heavy as Mountain Tai, etc) try to learn science and humanism 

knowledge to make themselves new military talent! 

4135.8 Role of organisational ethos in determining organisational citizenship behaviour: A 

study on Indian corporations, Biswajeet Pattanayak, Phalgu NIranjana, Institute of Business 

1050

Administration and Training (Business School of KIIT), India 

The study aims to examine the role of organisational citizenship behaviour, organisational ethos 

across types of organisations (service & manufacturing), hierarchical positions (executive & 

non-executive) and gender (male & female) of employees and to ascertain the importance of 

organizational ethos and its dimensions on organisational citizenship behaviour. It follows 2x2x2 

factorial design with 600 sample. Two standardised questionnaires have been used. There is a 

significant difference among independent variables on organisational citizenship behaviour, 

organisational ethos. Further, result shows that confrontation and pro-action are influencing 

organisational citizenship behaviour significantly. Based on findings, OD interventions are 

suggested to increase performance in organisation. 

4136 ORAL 


Chair: Eleanor K. Brewer, USA 

4136.1 Effects of online instruction vs. traditional instruction on students’ learning, Yuliang Liu, 

Ellen Lavelle, Southern Illinois University, USA 

This quasi-experimental study was designed to compare the effects of online vs. traditional 

instruction on students’ learning in a graduate educational research course in the United States in 

the summer semester of 2003. The experimental group (completely on WebCT) involved 22 

Master’s students and the control group (traditional) involved 21. Participants in both groups were 

K-16 school teachers. Both groups simultaneously completed the same timed chapter quizzes and 

a final test during the 10-week summer semester. Results indicated the experimental group 

outperformed significantly the control group in some quizzes and the final test. Implications result 

from this study. 

4136.2 Computer art discovery is a renaissance in education (CADRE), Eleanor K. Brewer, 

South Montgomery Community Schools Corporation, USA 

Students are avid learners given the opportunity to explore the newest art medium, the computer. 

In my Midwestern High School the arts are perceived as necessary courses for the goal-oriented 

college-bound. Computer Art creates a magnet and lifts the level of thinking in commercial design, 

drawing and painting classes as well. Students rush into class, ask hundreds of knowledgeable 

questions, and work feverishly to finish their technology tutorials, technique exercises, fine art 

assignments (using famous artists from history as their catalyst for ideas), then explode into their 

own sophisticated fine art research projects. Their creative solutions are infinite. 

4136.3 Development tendency of educational psychology in Mongolia, Erdenechuluun 

Dondov, State Pedagogical University of Mongolia, Mongolia 

With the social, and economic changes in resent years, the learner centered training became main 

development tendency of educational innovation in Mongolia. The essential requirement for 

successful implementing of the learner centered training is communication between teachers and 

students. The studies in this field have revealed teacher’s faults as following: The lack of the 

1051

teacher’s communication skill; The students not always allowed to express their opinion as 

teachers are dominant talker; There are teachers who inequitably treat with their students 

depending on their parent’s social position and wealth. Based on the teacher’s fault analysis, have 

been suggested certain strategies for development of Educational Psychology. 

4136.4 The effects of physics examples with strategy on high school students’ academic 

achievement in web-based self-learning, Xiulin Zheng 12 , Qinglin Zhang 2 , 1 Chongqing Normal 

University, 2 School of psychology, Southwest Normal University, Chongqing, China 

Questionnaires were group administered to 312 high students and this study aimed to examine the 

effects of physics examples with strategy on high school students' academic achievement in 

web-based self-learning. The results shows that: (1) take the students at all levels as a whole, the 

academic achievements of the experimental group and the control group are not so significantly 

different as we expected. (2) physics examples with strategy positively and greatly influence good 

students' academic achievement while they only have slight influence on average students but 

little influence on poor students. (3) there is no significant difference between male and female 

students. 

4136.5 The syntax construction for the deaf students, Maria da Piedade Costa, Elaine 

Agostino, Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos, Brazil 

The present study had as objective to analyze the production of sentences for the deaf student to 

evaluate the effectiveness of a teaching procedure, focused on visual aerial resources. The subjects 

are five children of both sexes between seven and ten years old. It was used as visual resource the 

organization of Montessori. The results evidenced the effectiveness of the teaching procedure. 

Analyzing these results we can conclude that the organization of Montessori used with LIBRAS 

was effective for the acquisition of the syntactical organization by the deaf student. 

4136.6 Case study with deaf-blind children, Maria da Piedade Costa, Fatima 

Cader-Nascimento, Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos, Brazil 

This paper had the objective of analyze intervention procedures with deafblind children based on 

the van Dick co-active approach and on the socio-historical perspective. It is a case study with two 

female deafblind students (one with 7 year old and the other 9 yare old). The students did not 

evidence any damages other than deafblindness. Three data gathering stages were carried out for 

each of the studies: initial assessment, intervention and final evaluation.). The results suggest that 

the strategies proposed by van Dick have prove effective when associated to classroom practices 

that favored the simultaneous use of several communication resources. 

4136.7 The teachers and expectation about deaf pupil’s in inclusion process, Maria da Piedade 

Costa, Andreza Leao, Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos, Brazil 

This research had as objective the analysis of the expectation of the teacher of regular education 

how much to the academic performance of the deaf pupils and listeners. The instruments used in 

had been two questionnaires, one with relatives’ questions formation of the teacher to act with deaf 

pupils. To leave of these results, it can be evidence that the expectations of the teachers are accord 

with the reality presented for the pupils, however, to leave of this can be questioned if the 

pertaining to school performance of the pupils did not suffer influence from the expectation of the 

1052

teacher. 

4136.8 Cognitive analysis of deaf children’s writing and reading learning, Maria da Piedade 

Costa, Adriana Batista, Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos, Brazil 

This present study dad purpose of to analyze and to discuss the resources and strategies used by 

deaf children of different communication lines (oral and signs) in the reading and writing 

acquisition process. It goes this, were applied Metalinguistic’s conscience evaluation, reading and 

writing under dictation evaluation and spontaneous writing The direct access to the oral lexicon 

allows an easiness grammatical learning and use of elaborated types constructions what facilitates 

the writing and it allows the use of all cohesive elements types. 

4137 ORAL 


Chair: Michael Bond, Hong Kong, China 

4137.1 Analysis of cognitive bias in the web-based human-human interaction, Lingdan Wu, 

Liu Dianzhi, Southwest Normal University, China 

In this article an information processing model has been constructed to illustrate the web-based 

human-human interaction by generating the relative theories of Social Psychology, Cognitive 

Psychology and Science of Communication. Then, based on the model, compare the similarities 

and differences of cognitive bias between face to face communication and web-based interaction, 

and analyze the cause of cognitive bias in the web-based human-human interaction combined 

three aspects: the encoding processing of information sender, the decoding processing of 

information receiver and the feature of the web internet. Finally, bring forward some 

contermeasures against this kind of cognitive bias. 

4137.2 Polarization patterns in psychotherapy supervision groups, Siv Boalt Boethius 1 , Marie 

Louise Ogren 1 , Endre Sjovold 2 , 1 Stockholm University, Sweden, 2 Norwegian University of 

Science And Technology, Norway 

An analysis was made of 28 supervision groups in a psychotherapy training programme on an 

academic basic training level. The groups had a duration of 18 months. Main focus concerned 

polarization patterns of group roles, based on SYMLOG self image ratings at three occasions. A 

four dimensional model, SPGR, was used. The results showed that in most of the groups the role 

structure tended to shift over time, either in role focus or in severety of polarization. A decease in 

polarization was linked to improve performance. Groups that did not improve were characterized 

by nurture or dependency sup-groups. 

4137.3 Effects of adult attachment dimensions on the recognition of facial expressions, Yuji 

Kanemasa, Department of Social Psychology, Graduate School of Human Sciences, Osaka 


This study aimed at examining how adult attachment dimensions (avoidance and anxiety) affected 

the recognition of facial expressions. 161 undergraduates observed positive, negative, and neutral 

1053

facial expressions as stimulus, and rated how mush each stimuli expressed several kinds of 

emotion. The main results were as follows: avoidant individuals were less likely to perceive 

positive emotion (happy) from positive facial expressions. With regard to negative facial 

expressions, highly preoccupied individuals perceived other-oriented negative emotions (angry, 

disgust, and despite) more than other individuals, and anxious individuals were less likely to 

perceive positive emotion. The results were interpreted from adult attachment theory. 

4137.4 Dyadic relationship harmony in work groups, Vivian Lun, Michael Bond, Department 

of Psychology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, China 

Relationship harmony has long been valued in traditional Chinese culture. Previous research 

indicated that relationship harmony is related to an individual’s personality like independent/ 

interdependent self-construal (e.g., Li, Kwan, & Bond, 1999). We further proposed to study 

relationship harmony at the dyadic level so to understand it as a construct of the relationship per se. 

Partners in work groups assessed the level of relationship harmony with each of the members. 

Individual scores were aggregated to give a dyadic-level relationship harmony index. Personality 

correlates to this index would be assessed, and the possible influence of group culture would also 

be examined. 

4137.5 A theoretical model of the relations among relational-interdependent self-construal, 

dyadic perspective taking and relationship satisfaction, Wing Man Lau, The Chinese University 

of Hong Kong, China 

A theoretical model is constructed that aims at investigating the relations among 

Relational-Interdependent Self-Construal, Dyadic Perspective Taking and Relationship 

Satisfaction. It was hypothesized that the relationship between self-construal and perspective 

taking is mediated by three variables, namely Dyadic Interaction Memory, Guilt-Proneness 

Emotion and Relationship-Enhancing Motive. Perspective taking was predicted to have a direct 

effect on satisfaction. Questionnaires were used for assessment and 150 university students were 

recruited as participants. Results of structural equation analysis reveal that the original model was 

generally supported. The present study provides some implications on designing counseling 

programs for couples. 

4137.6 Exploring the factor structure of social rules in Chinese culture, Ching Clare Chan, 

Michael Harris Bond, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, China 

Social rules guide people’s behavior. Shared understanding of social rules is thus vital for 

interpersonal communication and conflict avoidance. However, there has been no further study 

exploring social rules across different relationships after the pioneering study of Argyle et al. 

(1986). The present study attempted to fill this gap by examining the factor structure of social 

rules in four types of relationship in Hong Kong. The results show that two factors, namely, 

agency and communion, can be generalized across different relationships. These two factors 

manifest differently across the four relationships, thereby establishing different performance 

standards for role enactment. 

4137.7 Struggle for power and rejection from the workplace – grounded theory studies on the 

process of bullying, Margaretha Strandmark K 1 , Lillemor Hallberg R-M 2 , 1 Nordic School of 

1054

Public Health, Sweden, 2 School of Social and Health Sciences, Halmstads University, Sweden 

The aim was to describe bullying at the workplace. In-depth interviews with 22 individuals were 

analysed according to the Grounded Theory method. The findings showed that the origin of 

bullying was a struggle for power, initiated by value conflicts at the workplace, which is a 

potential arena for bullying, where the targeted individuals were either strong or vulnerable. This 

power struggle was transformed into bullying, and the bullies’ goal was to reject and expel the 

victims from the workplace. The process of bullying consisted of slander, deceit, insults and 

injustice, although sometimes the victims also received social support. 

4137.8 A study on the mechanism of communication modes in virtual team, Jing-Song Deng 1 , 

Zhong-Ming Wang 2 , 1 Psychology Department, Zhejiang University, China, 2 School of 

Management, Zhejiang University, China 

In this study, we examined the effect of communication modes on trust and performance in virtual 

team. Resource dilemma is used to simulate virtual team’s task, and an experiment was conducted 

with 30 four-person teams in Zhejiang University. Our findings show that the way virtual teams 

communicate is a crucial factor to team trust and performance. We also found the change of trust 

strategic behavior, which support the hypothesis on phases of trust development. 

4138 POSTER 


4138.1 Belief in miracle healing as psychotherapy: Reflection of this phenomenon in the fine art, 

Vytautas Gudonis 1 , Liuda Gudonyte 2 , 1 Siauliai University, Lithuania, 2 University of Nebraska at 

Omaha, USA 

Ancient Greeks practiced “healing sleep” – hypnosis. People of Western Europe had patron saints 

that helped them to recover. Those who had eye diseases believed in Saint Liucija, Otilija, 

Walburga. In order to recover, people created pictures – gifts for the altar that were called votives. 

Votives depicted sick organs or aching limbs. In our collection that is called “Disabled Person in 

Fine Art” there are many pictures that depict the belief in a miracle healing. Such fine arts were 

religious inspiration to people that made them believe in miracles and they had great 

psychotherapic effects on patients. 

4138.2 Metabolic control in diabetic patients, Maria Xesus Frojan-Parga, Rosa Rubio, 

Autonoma University of Madrid, Spain 

In this work we are evaluating the relationship between psychosocial variables and metabolic 

control in insulin-dependent diabetic patients. 63 patients (age 17-49) were assessed with a 

questionnaire which included health behaviors, management skills, therapeutic relationship, social 

and family influence, etc. Metabolic control was assessed with HPLC Mennarini. The results show 

that good metabolic control had a hard relation with own perception about treatment adherence 

and sanitary personal estimation about treatment adherence. 

4138.3 Effect of therapeutic relation on diabetic patients, Rosa Rubio, Maria Xesus 

1055

Frojan-Parga, Autonoma University of Madrid, Spain 

The aim of this work was to assessed the influence of some psychosocial variables on metabolic 

control and treatment adherence in insulin-dependent diabetic patients; sanitary personal was 

training to develop therapeutic skills and behavior modifications techniques with the aim of 

increase treatment adherence and evaluate the effect on patients evolution and methabolic control. 

Results show the relation between adherence and patient perception about satisfaction of health 

care professional with patient behavior; relation with metabolic control is not clear. 

4138.4 An Investigation on the mental state of high-school students influenced by mental health 

education, Chunna Hou, JiLin University, China 

Objective: To study the effect of the mental health education on mental state of high-school 

students. To analyze and inquire the reason and offer the information to develop the psychological 

education. Method: Randomly choose 431 students of grade 1, 2 in two schools, do a whole test 

by Mental Health Test. Result: There are some differences between the students mentioned above. 

Conclusion: The psychological problem mainly embodied on physical symptom, self-condemning 

tendency, terrific and impulsive tendency, and there are some differences among different grades. 

Mental health level of female students is inferior to male students. Therefore, mental health 

education is necessary to keep good mental health level in school. 

4138.5 The influence of psychical controlling source on the psychical health of destitute 

undergraduates, Lan Luo, Jiangxi Normal University of China, China 

This paper is to analyze the influence of psychical controlling source on the psychical health of 

destitute undergraduates. Inner-controlling, influential others, IPC and SCL-90 are adopted to 

make statistic analysis for 500 destitute undergraduates. The result shows that there are prominent 

distinguishes between males and females on inner-controlling, influential others and opportunities; 

distinguishes between only children and not-only children on inner-controlling and opportunities; 

distinguishes between city students and country students on inner-controlling, influential others 

and opportunities. Correlation and Regression shows that there is great influence on psychical 

health of destitute undergraduates made by psychical controlling source. 

4138.6 Impoverished undergraduates’social support and its effect on mental health, Jinhui Ye, 

Qingjiang Mao, Xia Zheng, Wen Li, School of Education, Jiangxi Normal University, China 

To examine the status of social support for impoverished undergraduates and its effect on mental 

health, 445 poorest undergraduates were assessed with Social Support Rating Scale and System 

Checklist-90. The results indicated that only-child students’ score was higher than not only-child 

students’ score in subjective support and utilization degree of support; and urban students’ score 

was lower than suburban students’ score in utilization degree of support. The result of regression 

analysis showed that social support has significant effect on the poorest undergraduates’ mental 

health. 

4138.7 Familiar teachers’ emotional problems: Types, cause of formation and countermeasure, 

Cuiping Wang 1 , Xiaodong Qi 2 , 1 Chinese Psychological Society, China; 2 Southwest China 

Normal University, Chongqing, China 

Emotional health is an important aspect of teachers; psychological health, it plays a great role in 

1056

teachers psychological health. According to educational practice and the research of teachers 

psychology, we find that familiar emotional problems of teachers are mainly self-umiliation, 

jealousness, anxiety, blues, depression. Causes of Formation to lead to teachers, problems of 

emotional health come from society, school, family and themselves. At the same time, we offer 

countermeasures to help teachers to cope with these problems. 

4138.8 A study on middle school students’ examination mental problem and its development, 

Qi Jiang, Dajun Zhang, Science Institute of Education, South-west Normal University, 


The findings of an investigation of 573 students in Chongqing with the questionnaire for middle 

school students’ examination mental problem (EMP) are as follows: both boy’s and girl’s scores 

are much higher in the stage fright, blame oneself, the feel of family pressure, compel, depressive 

symptom, inferiority complex and cognition problem than in other dimensions; the significant 

differences mainly come from the interaction between grades and school types; the grades and sex 

bring about the great differences; no differences in each factor’ development tendencies ; there is 

no evident change in each stage; but high school stages’ scores is significantly higher than junior 

stages’. 

4138.9 Characteristics of the self -actualized people: A survey among the faculty members, 

Mahshid Yassaie, Teacher Training University, Iran 

The present research examined the characteristics of self-actualization in a sample of 30 faculties 

in teacher training university in Tehran. A questionaire was designed based on Mazlow theory of 

self-actualization and Personal Orientation Inventory.Data were analized using 

Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Analisis of data indicated that in general the number of faculties who 

are moderately self actualized are more than those who are either fully or weakly self-actualized. 

The most important characteristic among the faculties was found to be the ability to distinguish 

between good and evil. 

4138.10 Philosophical thinking of mental health, Xiaobo Cong, Xiangkui Zhang, Northeast 


This paper tries to reveal the historical epoch premise of mental health and redefines the criteria of 

mental health by “harmony of human beings’ relationship”. It discloses the four kinds of 

harmonious relationships in human beings’ living world, namely, the symbiosis of man and nature, 

the interaction between man and man, the integration of human beings and their egos, and the 

signification of mental health by inosculating man and “god”. It tries to grasp the real 

philosophical connotation of mental health, and focuses attention to the human beings’ realistic 

life quality through “the fashion of man”. 

4138.11 Social supports and psychological health among the Korean and Japanese female elderly 

people: A cross-cultural study, Kyung-Hyun Suh 1 , Young-Sook Kim 2 , Shinichi Okada 3 , 

1 2 

Department of Counseling, Sahmyook University, Korea, Republic Of, Sahmyook University, 

South Korea, 3 Osaka City University, Japan 

The researchers examined the differences in quantity of received social supports, life satisfaction, 

self-esteem, and depression among the Korean and Japanese female elderly living alone. 

1057

etween the two sexes in each age group. 12.37% subjects had definite depressive symptom. The 

result of stepwise regression showed main factors related to depression were family structure, 

relationship with spouse and children, and physical exercise. 

4138.16 The study on the situation and developing tactics of psychological education in western 

schools, Zhangkui Yuan 1 , Hongli Wang 2 , 1 Psychological Counseling Center in No.1 High School, 

China, 2 Education department, Guizhou Nomal University, China 

The Study on the situation and ways of psychological education in schools analyses the situation 

of psychological education in schools in the west of China. It not only analyses and thinks back to 

problems and errors in psychological education, and also inquires into the 21st century developing 

tactics of psychological education in schools in the west of China in advance of psychological 

education on field. 

4138.17 A study on personality, defense styles, and mental health between high school students 

of city and rural, Yu ping Xu, North-China Electric Power University, China 

Based on the available studies, the present study investigated the relationship among personality 

traits, defense styles and mental health with questionnaire. 342 students of 10th. 11th. 12th. 

Selected from two high schools as subjects coming from city and rural joined in the inventory. 

4138.18 Survey of Influential Factors for Middle School Students’ Study Fatigue, Yunbo Liu 1 , 

Zhaofu Ding 2 , 1 Third Military Medical University of PLA, China, 2 Educational Department, 

Guizhou Normal University, China 

Study Fatigue (SF) is a status of decreasing physical function and learning efficiency caused by 

long time’s study. It is an important factor that interferes both the students’ study effects and the 

students’ physical and psychological development. The conclusion was drawn in the present 

research by documents searching methodology and survey methodology that the junior high 

school students’ SF was mainly caused by too much study pressure, bad emotion, bad learning 

qualities and teachers’ humdrum teaching styles. 

4138.19 Countermeasures for middle school students’ study fatigue, Yunbo Liu 1 , Zhaofu Ding 2 , 

1 2 

Third Military Medical University of PLA, China, Educational Department of Guizhou Normal 

University, Guizhou, China 

Middle School Students’ Study Fatigue (SF) was mainly caused by too much study pressure, bad 

emotion, bad learning qualities and teachers’ humdrum teaching styles. The influential factors 

mentioned above caused middle school students’ physical and psychological fatigue while 

studying. So this paper put forward four countermeasures for middle school students’ 

Psychological Fatigue of Study according to the analysis to middle school students’ SF’s 

influential factors as below: 1. Alleviate middle school students’ study pressure; 2. Help middle 

school students overcome bad emotion; 3. Educate the good study quality of middle school 

students; 4. Improve teachers’ teaching styles. 

4138.20 Analysis of psychologic health level and personality characteristics of patients with 

panic disorder, Leping Lu, Jinfang Huang, Junje Chu, Chinese Psychological Sanitation Society, 

China 

1059

depression, anxiety and fear. The major related factors affected the mental health were physical 

health, incomes and family conditions. Conclusion: We should pay more attention to material 

support, spirit support and health care for the elderly people. To improve elderly people’s financial 

condition, housing conditions and physical health may be important for improving their mental 

health status. 

4138.29 An initial research on the influential factors of Chinese citizen’s subjective well-being, 

Zhanjun Xing, Center for Personnel Evaluation & Social Survey Research, China 

Based on the former researches, this article sampled from Shandong province (N = 646) to engage 

an initial study of applying the subjective well-being scale for Chinese citizen (SWBS-CC).The 

research applied SWBS-CC to explore the difference between scores obtained on the total scale 

and subscales by various groups, such as gender, age, education, employment, marriage statue, 

income, area the city located and the size of the city. It was proved that the group difference was 

significant except gender, and that income was the outstanding factor affecting subjective 

well-being of Chinese citizens. 

4138.30 The relationship between aggression and QOL in Japanese college students, Sora 

Hashimoto, Masami Oda, Waseda University, Japan 

We investigated the causal relationship between aggression and quality of life (QOL) among 

Japanese college students. Participants (N=221 Japanese undergraduates; 96 males and 125 

females) completed the Japanese version of the Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire (Ando et al., 

1999) and WHO/QOL-26 Questionnaire (Tazaki & Nakane, 1997). Multiple regression analysis 

indicated that three components of aggression (anger, hostility and physical aggression) 

deteriorated all domains of QOL (psychological, environmental, social and physical domains) in 

both of males and females, whereas in females, verbal aggression improved psychological and 

social domains. These results suggested that aggression had both negative and positive effects on 

QOL. 

4138.31 Self-regulation in diabetes: A meta-analysis, Véronique De Gucht, Judith Van 

Grootheest, Leiden University, The Netherlands 

A meta-analysis will be conducted to gain insight into the effectiveness of self-management 

interventions for patients suffering from diabetes. In addition, self-management interventions in 

the broader sense will be compared to self-regulation interventions, characterized by the fact that 

patients set their own personal goal(s). Interventions in which patients have the opportunity to 

choose their own personal goal(s) and receive adequate feedback relative to their progression 

towards that (those) goal(s) are hypothesized to result in more improvement in physiological, 

behavioral, as well as psychological outcomes than interventions that are characterized by the fact 

that health behavior goals are imposed by physicians. 

4138.32 The analysis of civil aviators’ mental health and relative factors, Yuewei Bai, Haiying 

Wu, China 

Because of the special working environment and working character, civil aviators must be 

mentally healthy in order to accomplish aviation. This paper takes advantage of SCL-90, SAS, 

LES and SDS to measure mental health levels of civil aviators, and analyzes further the measure 

1062

TCM( liver qi depression pattern, kidney depletion pattern, qi vacuity pattern and blood heat 

pattern) demonstrated significant difference on factor E, H, Q1, B.The results suggested patients 

with DUB existed specific personality traits, and there were different personality traits among 

patients with different pattern types. 

4138.37 Effects of repeated trials of autogenic training on relaxation responses, Kaori 

Masamoto 1 , Yuichiro Ichikawa 1 Mimura Satoru 1 , Keisuke Saito 1 , Asako Yoda 2 , 1 Department 

of Psychology, College of Humanities and Sciences, Nihon University, 2 Queen Mary's School of 

Medicine and Dentistry, University of London 

When we perform autogenic training, it is known that trial repetitio 

4138.38 The comparative study of QOL and stress coping between Chinese and Japanese 

students, Feng Kui Jin 1 , Masami Oda 2 , Risheng Zhang 3 , 1 Graduate School of Letters, Arts and 

Sciences, Waseda University, Japan, 2 Waseda University, Japan, 3 The Institute of Educational and 

Developmental Psychology, Hebei University, China 

The purpose of this comparative study was to investigate Quality of Life and stress coping 

between Chinese and Japanese students. Two scales, Lazarus Type Stress Coping Inventry (SCI) 

and WHO QOL 26 (QOL), were administrated to 186 Chinese and 179 Japanese university 

students. As the result of analysis, Chinese students' score of both SCI and QOL were significantly 

higher than Japanese. 

4138.39 Burnout condition in Japanese medical students, Taichi Kishi 1 , Yutaka Haruki 2 , 1 Toho 

University, Japan, 2 Waseda University, Japan 

This study investigated: 1) present situation in Japanese medical students, 2) differences of 

burnout levels within each grade. 160 students answered a questionnaire that consisted of 

demographic questions and MBI Japanese version (Kubo & Tao, 1992) adjusted for student. 

Results indicated that an estimated 8-20% of student were in burnout condition. Third graders felt 

less personal accomplishment than first graders. Fourth graders felt less personal accomplishment 

than first and second graders. 

4138.40 Social representations about vertical transmission in HIV infected mothers, Ana Alayde 

Werba Saldanha, Marco Antonio de Castro Figueiredo, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil 

Based on the concept of social representation, considering the socio-historical character of 

language as a means of expression, this study aims to identify the main meanings linked to the 

reproductive choices of 10 HIV infected mothers. Working with life history reports, the following 

items were analyzed starting from thematic categories defined a posteriori: Construction of the 

history of vulnerability of the woman; Contamination with HIV and its diagnosis; Sexuality, 

gender and identity; Maternity; Coping mechanisms. It was observed that maternity after a 

positive HIV diagnosis assigns new meanings to the disease, facing the naturalized view of living 

with aids. 

4138. 

41 Changes in the organization of health work and the organization’s health, Wilson Ferreira 

Coelho, Marco Antonio de Castro Figueiredo, University of Sao Paulo – Brazil 

1064

The approach to the management and quality of work in health institutions is relatively recent. The 

objective of the present study was to determine the effects of changes in the organization of health 

work on the life of the professional involved. Interviews were held with 35 professionals working 

with different specialities in a Brazilian hospital to investigate the effects of organizations changes 

on job satisfaction. Analysis of the data identified smaller propensities among subjects less 

qualified in terms of engagement, professional training and development, linked to the loss of 

self-esteem related to simplification of the job. 

4138.42 Female vulnerability: HIV seropositivity among married women, Luciana Nogueira 

Fioroni, Marco Antonio de Castro Figueiredo, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil 

Based on the life histories of HIV seropositive women contaminated by their partners, we studied 

some meanings of living with seropositivity and how such meanings influence the reconstruction 

of identity. Ten women living with their partners in a stable relationship were interviewed. Content 

analyses of thematic categories permitted the identification of elements for interventions based on 

determinants of female vulnerability involving the roles of gender and subordination in marital 

relations, suggesting the need to promote re-significance in coping with domestic living with 

HIV/Aids. 

4138.43 Work and quality of life: Workers’ strategies for coping with professional wear, Lícia 

Barcelos Souza, Marco Antonio de Castro Figueiredo, University of Sao Paulo – Brazil 

The subjective dimension of work as opposed to objective life conditions may offer indicators for 

improving quality of life and the minimization of worker wear. Sixteen workers assessed quality 

of life related to questions determined by the subjectivity/objectivity ratio of Work. A synthesis of 

the case studies permitted the recovery of convergences and divergences between the ways of 

perceiving contradictions present in the relations between work, subjectivity and quality of life, 

contributing to the understanding of the determinates of the worker's well-being or wear, and also 

to identicate strategies for coping with physical and mental wear on the job. 

4138.44 Training in telemedicine and mental health: Knowing what to do is not sufficient to 

respond effectively to crises, Caroline Cyr 1 , Stéphane Bouchard 1 , Marthe Robitaille-Trenblay 2 , 

Lucie Giguère 3 , 1 Université du Québec en Outaouais, Canada, 2 Canada, 3 Régie de la Santé et des 

Services Sociaux, Canada 

76 nurses were involved in the implementation of mental-health services available over the 

telephone. All participants received training on how to: detect mental health problems, provide 

essential information, refer the callers to appropriate resources. Half of the sample was allowed to 

use standardized intervention protocols for 3-month. Measures were taken before a basic 

workshop delivered to all participants and after the 3-month period. Perceived self-efficacy to deal 

with mental health calls was measured, as well as actual efficiency. ANOVAs show a significant 

change in perceived self-efficacy, but not in actual efficiency. The importance of training in mental 

health is highlighted. 

4138.45 The undergraduates’ self-rating symptoms and the related factors, Fucai Zhao, 

Shouying Zhao, Zhaoning Yang, China 

Objective: To investigate the self-rating symptoms and their related factors of undergraduates. 

1065

Methods: SCL-90, 16Pf and SLES were used to investigate 2570 undergraduates. Results: 21.69% 

undergraduates had positive symptoms. Mean score of symptoms were 39.92. Differences with 

grade, sex and majors were found. Some significant dimensions related with mental symptoms 

were 4 personal factors (L, O, I, O4) and some life events mainly including interpersonal and 

learning problems. Conclusion: Undergraduates’ mean score of each symptom factor was higher 

than that of other youth groups. Male students had more mental problems than female students. 

Grade one students had more symptoms. 

4138.46 Personality and behavioral features behind burnout syndrome, Anita Holecz, Judit 

Ujlaky, Dániel Berzsenyi Teachers' Training College, Hungary 

In researches of burnout sydrome, which appears in emotionally loading careers the preventive 

approach became spread. Our research also follows this direction. We analysed burnout (MBI, 

Byrne, 1991), psychological immune system (PISI, Oláh, 1996), coping strategy preferences (Oláh, 

1983), and temperament (TCI, Cloninger, 1998, Rózsa 2004) on a sample of 750 students. Factors 

of TCI which proved to be determined biologically are showing close relation to several other 

factors which are considered unsteady nowadays. Therefore the factors which could be changed is 

reducing and the effectiveness of prevention could be strengthened. 

4138.47 Stress, perceived social support, and psychological health of adolescence in Korea, Kim 

Young A, Tak Younran, Korea 

This study investigated the relationship of stress level, social support, and psychological health of 

the adolescents in Korea. The subjects were 349 high school boys and girls who were 10th and 

11th graders in Seoul, Korea. There were positive correlations between psychological health and 

social support (600, p

students management played the most role. (2) There was difference in gender, age, schools, 

districts and material; (3) Some suggestion was put forward to promote mental health of primary 

and middle school teachers. 

4138.50 Alexithymia, ambivalence over emotional expression, and eating attitudes, Hugh 

Wagner, Stephanie Quinton, University of Central Lancashire, UK 

We measured alexithymia (TAS-20), emotional expressiveness (EEQ), ambivalence over 

expression (AEQ), eating psychopathology (EAT-26), and characteristics related to eating 

disorders (EDI-2) in a non-clinical female sample. Despite the high frequency of alexithymia in 

eating disorders, alexithymia was not related to total EAT-26, nor to body dissatisfaction and drive 

for thinness. Bulimia was directly predicted by difficulty identifying feelings, and negatively by 

difficulty describing feelings, as were asceticism, impulse regulation, and perfectionism. Direct 

relationships with difficulty identifying feelings were found for ineffectiveness and interoceptive 

awareness. Ambivalence over expressing anger predicted restrictive psychopathology, while 

alexithymia subscales predicted bulimic attitudes. 

4138.51 Quality of life in breast cancer patients, Hiroko Horike, Department of Psychology, 

Tohoku-Gakuin University, Japan 

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships between the quality of life and several 

individual factors including treatment and personal control in patients with breast cancer. 

Thirty-two outpatients were asked to fill out the questionnaire consisted of WHO QOL 26, the 

health locus of control scales and open-end questions for the subjective experience of breast 

cancer. The kind of treatment (mastectomy/ breast-conservation treatment) and other factors did 

not affect to the quality of life in breast cancer patients. It was suggested that the internality of 

health locus of control had positive correlation with the quality of life. 

4138.52 Mental health in the case of mining subsidence, Virginie Dodeler, Cyril Tarquinio, 

Sandrine Demoulin, Université de Metz, Laboratoire de Psychologie, France 

This study aims at appraising to what extent mining subsidence can influence mental health. 

Different studies have shown that characteristics of built environment can affect human health 

(Evans & Cohen, 1998; Warr, 1987). Two groups of subjects were compared: a sample of people 

from Cocheren (France) who undergo the effects of mining subsidence and a reference group. 

Depression was assessed with the CES-D (Radloff, 1977), and anxiety with the STAI-Y 

(Spielberger & al., 1983). Results show that higher scores of anxiety and depression are observed 

in the group of victims. 

4138.53 The factors in the formation of deflected personality and paranoid thinking, Xiaoqiao 

Zhang, Ying Zhao, Deng Hu, Xiaojing Zeng, Yu Zhang, Research Center of Psychology 

Science, Renmin University of China, China 

We conduct studies of the three types of people (normal, deflected and the intermediate), basing 

on their living experience and background before their adolescence. The result shows that, there 

are three main factors in the formation of deflected personality and paranoid thinking: inborn 

diathesis of fear in subconsciousness, level of the development of acquired thinking, and the 

limitation of circumstances they live and grow up. 

1067

4138.54 Acupuncture and psychology: A study of a borderline case, Celia Vectore, Terezinha 

Oliveira, Universidade Federal de Uberl&Acirc, Ndia 

This paper presents the study the process and results of the treatment the patient with diagnose 

“borderline” using the combination of the diagnostic methods of acupuncture- looking, listening 

and smelling, asking and palpation and psychological support. The patient is a young man, 26 

years old, in the state depression. After 10 sessions, the patient shows a good sensation of 

well-being. The results highlight the importance the interaction between acupuncture and the 

psychology. Preventive and treatment implications are discussed. 

4138.55 Ways of psychological health in Chinese middle schools, Liao Changyin, Zeng Chen, 

School of Education, Beijing Normal University, China 

Chinese middle schools have put much effort into psychological health since 1985,but have got 

little effectiveness. They are leading it to a wrong way by taking psychological health as a part of 

education-Psychological Health Education. Many teachers never studied psychology are teaching 

psychological health but are not doing psychological health work. The middle schools should turn 

psychological health back to right ways: First, specialization. Let specialists of psychology take 

charge of psychological health. Second, professionalization. Take psychological health as a 

profession. Third, nativist orientation. Do not follow the foreigners only. Fourth, marketization. To 

get help from market. 

4138.56 Related factors of mental health in the armored forces, Aifen Qin 1 , Zhengzhi Fen 2 , Jia 

Cao 3 , 1 The 467th hospital of PLA, China, 2 The Third Military Medical University, China, 3 The 

Third Military Medical University, China 

Objective: To study the related factors of mental health of soldiers in the armored forces. Methods: 

Symptom Checklist 90, Internal-external locus of control scale, Coping Style Questionnaire, 

Self-esteem Scale, Social Support Inventory, General Condition Questionnaire were applied to 

evaluate 557 soldiers. Results: Many factors are related to SCL-90 scores. The regression analysis 

suggests coping style, ability of adaptation, management style of military and leader’s attitude to 

subordinate are significant factors influencing mental health. Conclusion: To maintain mental 

health, it is significant for training soldiers’ ability of adaptation, mature coping style and 

practicing humanized management, enhancing consciousness of loving soldiers. 

4138.57 Mental health of psychology department, Xiangli Xie, Department of Psychology, South 


This study examined associations between psychology major and mental health in different grades 

of psychology department and other majors. All participants completed SRHMS (Self-rated Health 

Measurement Scale Version1.0). The results of the study show that in the mental dimension, the 

students in psychology department is significantly different from other majors in mental synopsis 

and passive mood while there is nothing difference in positive mood and cognitive abilities. Also 

there is not difference in social dimension. We can see that the students who choose psychology as 

their major are much better of keeping away from negative feeling. 

4138.58 Psychophysiology in young women with irregularity of menstrual cycle, Eiko Osato 1 , 

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Nobuya Ogawa 2 , 1 Fukuoka International University, Japan, 2 Ehime University (Emeritus 

Professor), Japan 

Present study examined characteristics of young women with irregularity of menstrual cycle using 

indices of heart rates, level of state anxiety by STAI, and psychological time in discussion 

situations. The setting consisted of five members who were either classmates or nonclassmates 

and were with either among two seating positions, a fixed position and a freely-selected position. 

Subjects were 100 women's junior college students and ranged in age from 18 to 20 years. As 

results, the changes of heart rates of irregular groups in mestrual cycle were different from the 

regular groups by conditional differences. The results and implications are discussed. 

4138.59 The influence of the internet addiction on the phychological development of 

undergraduates, Lingling Liu, Psychology Derpartment,Jiangxi Normal University, China 

Internet addiction is a type of phychological dependence on internet use, this research survryed 

120 undergraduates by using self-edited questionaires on surfing the Internet and the cognitive 

behavior, the social development, the personality traits and the disinhibition. The result of this 

research revealed that the dependence on the Internet had greater contribution to the subjective 

well-beging and social alienation of undergraduates. 

4138.60 Relation of two type religioues internalization to mental health for Iranian adolescents, 

Soghra Ostovar, Mohammad Mazzidi, Iran 

This study was designed to assess the relation of two types of religious internalization to mental 

health for Iranian adolescents. High school students (80 Moslem and 37 Christian), selected 

randomly from four high schools in Shiraz, completed the Religious Self-Regulation Questionnair 

and the General Health questionnair. Analysis showed that identification was negatively associate 

with the GHQ total scores and subscale scores for anxiety, depression, social dysfunction and 

somatization. But introjection was positively associated with the GHQ total score and its subscales. 

Also results analysis showed significant differences on the two types of internalization and three 

subscales of GHQ for Moslem and Christrian adolescents. 

4138.61 Internet-based interventions for cardiac risk factors: Effects and Attrition, Jeff Richards, 

Catherine Hamilton, Raelene Bond, Ciaran Pier, Paul Ryan, Monash University, Australia 

Internet-based information on heart health may be an efficient population-based intervention for 

cardiac risk factors, but internet-based interventions often have high attrition rates. We report on a 

trial of our web-site heart health program providing (with limited face-to-face instruction) 

education about cardiac risk factors. Of 89 employees of a global energy company enrolled in the 

program, 55 completed it and reported less angry and depressive affect, less stress, greater 

constructive control of anger and more social support. At baseline, non-completers scored higher 

on measures of angry temperament and interpersonal conflict which suggests ways to tailor these 

interventions to reduce attrition. 

4138.62 Psychological comparison of deaf children and normal children, Shusen Liu, Xiangfan 

Education and Scientific Institute, Hubei, China 

The thesis makes a study of the psychological differences between deaf children (7-15 years old, 

N=55), and normal children (7-15 Years old, N=350), by paper survey, observation, test, and field 

1069

experimental methods. Results found that there was a significant difference between deaf children 

and normal children psychological characteristics, use of language, and thought. The study will 

provide a scientific basis for the deaf children psychological intervention. 

4138.63 The structure of the psychological health questionnaire for Chinese undergraduate, 

Zengxue Lin 1 , Xiaoxia Yu 1 , Jianhong Wang 2 , 1 Guilin Institute of Tourism, Guangxi, China, 

2 

Hebei Institute of Architecture & Civil Engineering, China 

In China, researches on the psychological health of the undergraduate emphasize on measurement, 

investigation, prevention and treatment of psychological problems and malady, while paying little 

attention to exploiting the potential of the undergraduate. The development of “the psychological 

health questionnaire for the undergraduate” is based on a positive and all-side view of 

psychological health and various psychological health theories. The study investigates 1032 

students from 14 colleges by our questionnaire, uses exploring factor analysis to get 16 first-level 

factors and 5 second-level factors, and then tries to validate the fitness of the structure through 

confirmatory factor analysis. 

4138.64 The contribution of couple’s attachment style to the adjustment to infertility, Niloofar 

Amirzahedi 1 , Mohammad Ali Besharat 2 , 1 Iran University of Science and Technology, Iran, 2 

Tehran University 

To examine the contribution of attachment style to the adjustment to infertilit, 46 married couples 

(n=92) undergoing infertility evaluation and treatment were included in this study. All subjects 

completed the Adult Attachment Inventory, the Mental Health Inventory and the Dyadic 

Adjustment Scale. Secure attachment style was shown to be significantly related to psychological 

adjustment to infertility. Secure persons reported more psychological well-being, less 

psychological distress and more dyadic adjustment than insecure persons. Partners of secure 

persons also reported higher levels of well-being and dyadic adjustment and lower levels of 

distress than partners of insecure persons. Results and implications are discussed. 

4138.65 Psychosocial antecedents of AIDS-risk-sexual behavior of male students in higher 

educational institutions, Chonnipa Worrakawin, National Research Council of Thailand, 

Thailand 

This study aims at finding the important antecedents of AIDS-risk-sexual behavior of 1,939 male 

students in higher educational institutions. Discriminant analysis was performed by forming two 

groups of respondents who were high scorers on both behaviors (risk of partners and risk of 

methods) from the low scorers. 78.1% was obtained with attitudes, future orientation, peer 

relations and parental AIDS warning as important predictors. High socioeconomic status, low 

achievers and upper level students were high risk groups. Recommendations for prevention are 

offered. 

4138.66 A study on the promoted self-esteem of students by shadowboxing practice, Qun Zhai 1 , 

Zeng Qian 2 , 1 Macao Polytechnic Institute Physical Education and Sports School, China, 

2 

Guangzhou Physical Institute, Guangzhou, China 

The purpose of this study was to describe that the shadowboxing practice promoted the 

self-esteem of the student. This study adopted two groups, one is the “experiment” and the other is 

1070

(ENCS) can predict their negative affects in a positive way, but positive affects in a negative way. 

3) by using grade as a variable, the ENCS will be a key factor. In conclusion, some issues on 

education of well-being were discussed. 

4138.71 Disordered eating attitudes and behaviors among female university students in Beijing, 

Jianping Wang 1 , Freedom Leung 2 , Wei Chen 1 , Dandan Fu 1 , Huiling Wang 2 , 1 School of 

Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, 2 Department of Psychology, Chinese 


The present study examined disordered eating attitudes and behaviours among female university 

students in Beijing. 845 female university students between the age of 16 and 24 completed 

questionnaires assessing body concerns and disordered eating behaviours. Results showed that 

95.9% of these women believed that their self-worth would be enhanced if they become slimmer. 

21.3% of them experimented with dieting and 21.8% tried doing excessive exercise to lose weight 

before. Pathogenic compensatory weight loss behaviours were less common. These findings 

indicate that a significant number of female university students in Beijing are suffering from 

significant eating pathology. 

4138.72 A study of breast cancer patients’ mentation at different stages of the disease and 

countermeasures, Nan Zhang, China Tianjin TV Science & Educational Channel, China 

Objective: To study the mentation of breast cancer patients at different stages. Methods: 

Questionnaires and semi-structure interviews. Results: The major causes of these negative 

emotions focus on the patients’ uncertainty of the future, lack of understanding of the course of the 

disease and treatment, which have unfavorable effects upon recuperation and weaken the immune 

system. Conclusions: Corresponding measures or therapies are to be taken in view of the patients’ 

psychological changes and their causes so as to help them turn the negative emotions into a 

positive one and will help mobilize body’s immune system and promote rehabilitation. 

4138.73 Use of psychoactive substances in two samples of children between 10 and 12 years old, 

Sara Slapak, Marcelo Juan Grigoravicius, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina 

We present the preliminary results of a study, which purpose is to compare the existence of the use 

of psychoactive substances among a clinical and a non-clinical samples of children between 10 

and 12 years old. Methodology: Clinical sample: children between 10 and 12 years old, that 

receive psychotherapy in a Unit of Psychotherapy depending of a university chair. Non- clinical 

sample: children between 10 and 12 years old, that attend to a public school. Instruments: CORIN 

(CONICET); a sociodemografic data protocol. Conclusions: Alcohol use in children does not have 

a direct association with the presence of pathology. 

4138.74 Structure and development of patients’ trust in Japan, Etsuyo Nishigaki 1 , Atsushi Asai 2 , 

Motoki Ohnishi 3 , Tsuguya Fukui 4 , 1 Wakayama Medical University, Department of psychology, 

Japan, 2 Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 3 Kamikitachiho Health Welfare and 

Children Center, 4 Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan 

The aim of this study is to uncover patient trust in physicians in Japan. We conducted 25 

semi-structured interviews based on GTA. Categories regarding patient trust included (1) 

physician’s competency, (2) appropriate responses to patients, (3) emotional aspects of the 

1072

panic was 14.72%. Conclusion: Measures must be taken to intensify psychological health 

education. 

4138.79 A correlation study on middle school students’ behavior problems and their personality 

characteristics and parental nurturing styles, Cheng Guo 1 , Hong Chen 2 , Lixiu Wan 3 , 1 Southwest 

2 

China Normal University, China, School of Psychology, Southwest China Normal 

University, 3 Research Institution of Educational Science in Chongqing, China 

Based on questionnaire tests of 628 middle school students, this paper studied the relationship 

between the problem behaviors of middle school students, their personality characteristics and 

their parental nurturing styles. The results showed that there were not significant correlation 

between the various problem behaviors and personality characteristics except between some 

particular problem behaviors and different personality traits. And there were significant correlation 

between students’ problem behaviors and their parental nurturing styles. Further, the parental 

nurturing styles had different influence on different types of school and different effect ions on 

each gender. The implication of this study was discussed. 

4138.80 Adherence to treatment in renal transplant recipients, Anne Orr 1 , Paul Finn 1 , Peter 

Britton 1 , Michael Holmes 2 , 1 University of Teesside, UK; 2 Leeds Metropolitan University, UK 

This study investigated adherence to medication among kidney transplant recipients on several 

dimensions. 122 patients attending a regional renal service who underwent a kidney transplant 

between 1994 and 2000 took part, 85% of those invited. The study was questionnaire-based. 

Statistical analysis employed the Chi-square test. 1% of transplant recipients admitted deliberate 

and 52% admitted accidental nonadherence to medication. Adherence increased with increasing 

age (p

eluctance of seeking professional help. This study investigated the efficacy of the educational 

intervention in changing Chinese college students’ opinions and attitudes about mental health. A 

sample of 120 participants were assessed both initial attitudes and attitude change after an 

educational program was given. Results revealed more positive attitudes toward mental health and 

help-seeking compared to the pre-test. The 12-week follow-up test showed the encouraging results. 

The findings suggested implications for including psychological education in curriculum to 

enhance the awareness and increase the utilization of psychological service. 

4138.83 Psycho-psychophisiological congruence as a factor of personality health, Valentyn 

Rybalka 1 , Borys Tsukanov 2 , 1 Institute of Pedagogy and Psychology of Vocational Education of 

Academy of Pedagogic Sciences of Ukraine; 2 Odessa National University of named after 

I.I.Mechnikov, Ukraine 

The personalities with different types of temperament are differently adapted to relatively constant 

psychodynamic parameters of social behavior. Within a stable diapason of the temperament types 

(choleroids, sanguinoids, steady, melancholoids, phlegmatoids) the sanguinoids and phlegmatoids 

are mostly corresponding to the socially adapted psychodynamic standards. But they are to 

cooperate with slower melancholoids and phlegmatoids. It causes some psychophysiological 

contradictions in the structure of the personality of every temperament, psychophysiological 

noncongruence, certain pathopsychosomatic and pathopsychological deviations. It is necessary to 

use means of correction of noncongruent behavior or some ways of amortization of the sharp 

noncongruence to recover the congruence. 

4138.84 Spirituality, Healthy Lifestyle Practices, and Wellness, Dominicus So 1 , Carlota 

Ocampo 2 , 1 Howard University, USA; 2 Trinity College, USA 

Spirituality as a healthy lifestyle practice is generally associated with positive health outcomes. 

Our research maps relationships between spirituality, adopting health lifestyles, and wellness. 

Forty-nine predominantly African-American participants responded to a password-protected 

Internet survey. Positive correlations emerged between scores on Mental and Spiritual Well-being 

subscales of the Mental, Physical, and Spiritual Well-being Scale (r=.42, p=.013), but Mental 

Wellness negatively correlated with the Spiritual Openness subscale of the Spiritual Experience 

Index (r=-.38, p=.023). Thus, measures of spiritual wellness and openness may be tapping into 

different constructs. No relationships emerged between healthy lifestyle measures and spirituality 

or wellness in this preliminary sample. 

4138.85 A study of the fulfillment sentiment in elderly persons -comparing with contemporary 

adolescence, Takaharu Morishita, Ryutsukagaku University, Japan 

The first study was to investigate the structure of fulfillment sentiment in elderly persons.231 

subjects(elderly) and 307 subjects (students) rated 36 items that constituted the fulfillment 

sentiment's scale. The second study was designed to examine the relationship between the 

fulfillment sentiment and social support. Results: The date were analyzed by means of Factor 

Analyses. Results of the analysis in elderly persons revealed that the fulfillment sentiment 

consisted of 4 factors.4 factors were also found in students' results, however, factor's structures in 

both groups were different. It was clarified that the higher group in fulfillment sentiment's score 

also got high score in social support. 

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4138.86 Predicting donor behavior, Tihana Brkljacic, Ljiljana Kaliterna, Institut drustvenih 

znanosti Ivo Pilar, Croatia 

The aim of this study was to compare predictor variables of blood and bone marrow donation. 417 

participants completed questionnaires assessing attitudes, norms, self-efficacy and controlability, 

past behavior, moral obligation, towards blood and bone marrow donation. Actual behavior was 

registred two months later. People perceive blood donation more positive compared to bone 

marrow donation. Correlation between corresponding variables connected to blood and bone 

marrow donations are positive, significant and high to moderate in magnitude. Attitudes towards 

blood and bone marrow donation can be described by common factors. 

4138.87 Behavior as a Mediator in Peptic Ulcer Patients: A Structural Equations Model, Jie 

Zhong, Ming-Yi Qian, Peking University, Beijing, China 

Objective: to investigate a behavior-mediating model in peptic ulcer (PU) patients. Method: PU 

related behavior inventory (PURBI), PU symptoms self rating scale (PUSRS), Chinese mood 

adjective check list (CMACL), life events scale (LES), and type A behavior pattern scale (TABP) 

were examined in a sample of 151 PU patients as the indicators in structural equation modeling 

(SEM), which was conducted by AMOS4.0. Result: The behavior-mediating model was confirmed 

that the PU related behavior was a mediator among the life events, negative emotion, TABP and 

other factors to the PU symptoms. This model explained about 24% variance of PU symptoms. 

4138.88 The questionnaire survey of the help-seeking processes and influential factors of 107 

neurotic persons in Chinese mainland, Qiang Li, Baoran Zhao, Ding Han, Yang Liu, China 

Purpose: To explore the help-seeking process and influential factors for neurotic persons in 

Chinese mainland. Method: 107 neurotic persons in Tianjin were undergone the questionnaire. 

Result: (1) Their prior order in the choice of objects in help-seeking was: family members or 

relatives, friends or colleagues, therapy of western medicine or of traditional Chinese medicine, 

local or folk therapy, consultation or psychological therapy. (2) The processes of help-seeking 

related to patients' literacy degree, careers, income, believes of health, ways of coping, attributions, 

the characteristics of personality, social bias, whether it was easy to gain the resource of 

help-seeking, effects of help-seeking and such factors. 

4138.89 Gender differences in coping under interpersonal stress and academic stress, Yiling 

Zhang, Yiqun Gan, Department of Psychology, Peking University, Beijing, China 

This study compared the trait coping of female and male freshmen in two types of stress, i.e. 

academic stress and interpersonal stress. The sample consisted of 97 female freshmen and 105 

male freshmen. The results revealed gender*types of stress (academic and interpersonal) 

interactions in active coping, planning and suppression of competing activities. For active coping 

and planning, female students endorsed more than male students under academic stress, and there 

were no such gender differences under interpersonal stress. For suppression of competing 

activities, female students used more in interpersonal stress, but this gender differences was found 

in academic stress. 

4138.90 Psychological analysis of internet addiction disorder of undergraduates, BiJing Jiang, 

1076

Institute of Humane Social Science,Fuzhou University, China 

Internet Addiction Disorder is defined that the behavior impulse of going Internet is out of control, 

which is affected by non-Addictive Substances. It will show that individual social and mental 

function is damaged resulting from the excessive use of Internet. In this paper, the phenomenon of 

undergraduates’ Internet Addiction Disorder is investigated and analyzed, then we come to the 

conclusions that Internet Addiction Disorder and psychological dependence of Internet have 

become the leading factors which baffle personality development of part of undergraduates, 

besides psychological intervention can improve the mental health of undergraduates. 

4138.91 Beauty and physical strength versus doctor, hospital and medicine: Representations of 

health and illness among young Russians, Inna Bovina, Moscow State University, Russian 

Federation 

Following the ideas of social representations theory (Moscovici, 1961), especially the ones 

concerning the social representations (SR) of health and illness (Herzlich, 1973, Galli, Fasanelli, 

1995), we studied the content and the structure of the SR of health and illness among young 

Russians. A total of 172 persons (Mage=21,7) served as a sample for it. As predicted, the content 

of SR of health and illness mainly included the characteristics of physical and emotional state, 

social relations and behaviour. The central elements of SR structure are: beauty-physical strength 

(SR of health); doctor-hospital-medicine (SR of illness). The results are discussed in terms of SR 

theory. 

4138.92 Social representations theory, Inna Bovina, Moscow State University, Russian 

Federation 

Following the ideas of social representations theory (Moscovici,1961), especially the ones 

concerning the social representations (SR) of health and illness (Herzlich, 1973, Galli, 

Fasanelli,1995), we studied the content and the structure of the SR of health and illness among 

young Russians. A total of 172 persons (Mage=21,7) served as a sample for it. As predicted, the 

content of SR of health and illness mainly included the characteristics of physical and emotional 

state, social relations and behaviour. The central elements of SR structure are: beauty-physical 

strength (SR of health); doctor-hospital-medicine (SR of illness). The results are discussed in 

terms of SR theory. 

4138.93 High prevalence of depression in young adult from 3 Asian countries, Yoshiyuki 

Tanaka, Akira Tsuda, Kurume University, Japan 

Depression is apprehended to be the most common cause of disability world wide. Because of the 

need to estimate the prevalence and evaluate the risk factors, we surveyed at 24 countries on 

several continents with the short-form Beck Depression Inventory. The mean depression scores 

and the portion of moderate or sever depression were extremely high at Asian countries. At the 

congress, by picking up the data from three Asian countries (Japan, Korea and Taiwan), the 

reasons of high prevalence of depression in those countries will be discussed with the points of 

socioeconomic status and perceptions of control etc. 

4138.94 The relationships among cognitive abilities and functional fitness based on stages of 

both Transtheoretical model and health habits in the elderly Japanese sample, Noriko Suzuki 1 , 

1077

4138.98 Patients’ and physicians’ evaluations of screening for depressive disorders in primary 

care, Isaac Bermejo, Wilhelm Niebling, Mathias Berger, Martin H, Department of Psychiatry 

and Psychotherapy, University of Freiburg, Germany 

There is evidence that detection and care of depressive disorders can be optimized by routine 

screening in primary care. Unfortunately such a screening are underused because of physicians’ 

reluctance. In our study we analyzed patients’ and GPs’ evaluation of a screening tool for 

depressive symptoms. 1034 patients in 17 primary care practices were screened and asked to 

evaluate the screener. Physicians and patients evaluate the screening questionnaire differently. 

Patients consider the usefulness of this instrument better and 78% would accept it at least once a 

year. We concluded that routine screening for depression would be useful and acceptable. 

4138.99 Comparing high-risking SARS medical members’ attitude and their mental health 

characters during the epidemic outbreak of SARS in Beijing, Qian Zhang, Xiuqin Huang, 

Xiaobing He, Xiaoliu Yang, Shuying Yu, Outpatient Department, General Hospital of Beijing 

Military Area, Beijing, China 

The outbreak of SARS crisis in 2003 challenged medical community, especially those high-risking 

members. To study the attitude between different groups of people toward SARS can better 

understand and expect psychological behaviors.133 active duty medical personnel, 52 isolated 

symptomatic patients and 65 random selected residents were participated the study during 

May-June, 2003 in Beijing. The attitude questionnaire contains three parts: beliefs toward SARS, 

degree to acquire relevant knowledge of SARS, and risk perception of SARS. Other mental health 

characters were also contrasted. In some aspects the high-risking SARS medical personnel showed 

significant attitude toward SARS compared to other groups. 

4138.100 Resilient adolescents: Contributions to affection development, Graciela Peker, Susana 

Seidmann, Nora Rosenfeld, Graciela Celener, Argentina 

We belong to the Research Institute of the University of Buenos Aires and we’ve been studying 

affections in resilient teenagers since 2000. This study consisted in the psychological assessment 

of resilient teenagers through the use of two techniques, one of them projective, Murray’s TAT and 

the other evaluates the subjective perception of the social support networks, Veiel’s MISS. We 

took into account different theoretical contributions coming from the psychoanalitical and 

psychosocial fields. 

4138.101 Female condom use: More on women and the prevemtion of sexual transmission of 

HIV-related viruses for adolescents, Alari Tshabalala, Bill Williams, College of Education, South 

Africa 

The female condom is an important technological advance in the fight against HIV and sexually 

transmitted diseases (STDs) in Africa. Young women appear more likely than young women to be 

infected with all types of STD-associated complications. It is an important message that anybody 

sexually active must use condom frequently and consistently. More so, for young women who face 

more barriers including male partner aggression. Following Seal and Ehrhardr (1999) I reviewed 

literature on female condom use with regards to how to enhance its efficacy, proper use-modalities, 

male partner-cooperation, acceptability and better understanding in Africa. 

1079

4138.102 The control study of the major depression disorder comorbit with anxiety disorder in 

psychiatric patient, Haixia Sun 1 , Yunping Yang 1 , Shenxun Shi 2 , Zheng Lu 3 , Mingyuan Zhang 4 , 

1 

Beijing Anding Hospital, Affiliate of Capital University of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China; 

2 3 

Mental health center, shanghai, China; Tongji hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China 

Objective: To assess the influence of major depression disorder (MDD) comorbit with anxiety 

disorder (AD)on MDD. Method: Thirty-nine MDD patients and thirty-two patients who meeting 

with DSM-IV diagnose MDD and AD, were assess with HAMD, HAMA, SDSS, CGI and some 

self-made questionnaire in the first interview and the flow-up interviews (3, 6, 12 month). Result: 

The average age and onset age of comorbity group are earlier than MDD; the episode form and 

type of medical treatment is different between two groups; the social function and curative effect 

and severity of disease of comorbity group is more serious than MDD in each interview. 

Conclusion: The comorbity state is more serious than simple MDD. 

4138.103 A study on relationship between personal factors, lymphocyte tranformation test (LTT) 

and job burn out, Morteza Kaghani-zadeh, Seyed-Hossein Salimi, M.Sc, Iran 

The present research is a descriptive-analytical study which aims to examine the relationships 

between the occupational stress level and the Lymphocyte Tranformation Test (LTT) level in 

nurses in a hospital in Tehran. The sample included all nurses (N = 105). The Osipow inventory 

was carried out to determine the occupational stress. In addition, to determine the level of LTT, the 

stimulation factor phytohemgglutinin A was carried out. Findings showed that all participants had 

the occupational stress scores at a normal range. Furthermore, all subjects had normal range of 

LTT. However, significant relationships between personal factors and stress scores were found. 

4138.104 The preliminary research on the changes of the heart rate, T-wave amplitude between the 

introverts and the extroverts nuder different intensities of pain stimuli, Shao Xiu Qiao, China 

The purpose of this paper is to discuss the changes of heart rate, T-wave amplitude between the 

introverts and the extroverts when they receive different intensities cf pain.15 introverts and 15 

extroverts screened according to the Eysenck Personality Qustionaire and made up of two groups 

cf subjects. the sense cf pain produced of 8mA, 12mA, 16mA electric current. The result cf this 

experiment show that the different of the two groups' heart rate is significant. The T-wave 

amplitude cf the two groups is not sensitive to pain stimuli. 

4138.105 Personality in stress at work, Hilmar Nordvik, Ingvild Saksvik, Per Oystein Saksvik, 

Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Norway 

Seven hundred Norwegians answered the Revised NEO Personality Inventory and a questionnaire 

about stress at work. Persons scoring high on neuroticism and openness perceived most distress, 

and persons high on extraversion and conscientiousness perceived most eustress. Negative and 

positive emotions are inherent in neuroticism and extraversion, respectively, and may explain why 

these traits are oppositely related to stress. Persons high on openness may report stress because 

they experience work routines as tedious. For conscientious persons exercise of routines and 

duties may fit their personality and bring eustress. Evidently personality moderates effects of 

stressors at work.. 

4138.106 The occurrence and intervention of burnout, Xin Ju, Department of Psychology, 

1080

Southern China Normal University, Guangzhou, China 

In the 1970s, Freudenberger and Maslach use “burnout”. Some major issues have shaped in 

important ways by the history of the research on burnout. This research has gone through two 

distinct phases of development: Pioneering and Empirical phase. Psychologists always analyze 

burnout from three dimensions: emotional exhaustion, depersonalization and inefficacy. There are 

many factors which result in burnout, such as job situation factors, individual factors, and 

job-person fit. Because of the disadvantageous influence, people emphasize on changing 

individual and organization to intervent burnout effectively. The intercultural research on burnout 

under different background, culture, and economic situation would be a hotspot. 

4138.107 A research on the relationships of college students’ mental health with their coping 

strategies associated with SARS’ stress, personality trait, Fuming Xu, Peng Yu, Hong Feng, 


The major purpose of this research was to explore the relationships of college students’ mental 

health with coping strategies associated with SARS’ stress, personality trait. Questionnaires about 

college students' mental health, coping strategies associated with SARS’ stress, trait anxiety, locus 

of control were made among 723 college students in Tianjin. Results showed that significant 

correlation was demonstrated between college students’ mental health and their coping strategies 

associated with SARS’ stress, trait anxiety, locus of control; passive coping directly affected 

college students’ mental health, trait anxiety and locus of control both directly and indirectly 

affected college students’ mental health. 

4138.108 A study on the stressor of students of normal universities during the period of social 

transformation, Xiying Li 1, 2 , Yanxia Mao 3 , 1 Southwest Normal University; 2 Henan Normal 

University, China; 3 Faculty of Educational Science of Luoyan Normal School, China 

This study investigated the stressors of students of normal universities by means of self-designed 

questionnaire. The investigative analysis of factors shows that the stressor of normal university 

students can be classified into eight factors: personal future development; appearance and sex; 

interpersonal relationship; social relationship; love problem; competition for honor; financial and 

social support, among which, the most influential are: personal future development and 

interpersonal relationship. The findings of this study are quite different from those of earlier 

studies. The analysis of statistics reveals that on the whole, students in normal universities feel 

relatively less pressurized. 

4138.109 Neuronal expression of fos protein in the hypothalamus paraventricular nucleus of 

diabetic rats, Huiji Li 1 , Li Jie 2 , 1 Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China; 

2 


This work attempts to discover the central pathway related to stress induced the aggravation of 

diabetic rats. Animals injected with STZ 40mg/kg 2 days prior to experiment, we observed the 

expression of c-fos in the PVN after the animal was imposed to multi-stressor. Compared to 

control group, blood glucose level was significantly elevated following the stressor in the diabetic 

group and diabetic rats had a significantly higher number of Fos-positive cells in the PVN. The 

data demonstrated that stress induced the aggravation of diabetic rats is correlated with the 

neuronal activity of PVN which may contribute to activate HPA axis. 

1081

4138.110 The intervention models to adolescents’ coping with stress, Xiaofei Xu, Institute Of 

Education and Science, South West China Normal University, Chongqing, China 

Stresses have important impacts on adolescents’ mental and physical health. It is absolutely 

necessary for adults to intervene adolescents’ coping with stresses effectively. This essay deeply 

introduces four kinds of useful intervention models: Informational intervention model; social 

support model; proactive coping model; medial-regulating model. 

4138.111 Investigation on postgraduates’ obsession and analysis of responding strategies, Dianzhi 

Liu, Anlan Qin, Ying Ma, Lu Sun, Deying Gong, Southwest Normal University, China 

In this research, we investigated 491 postgraduates from universities in Sichuan and Chongqing 

with self-designed questionnaire. We found that postgraduates have problems in study, finance, 

communication, employment, marriage and others. The biggest problems are in the fields of study, 

employment. The responding strategies include self-reliance and asking help from others. 

Postgraduates of different genders, ages and grades have different problems. Male and female 

postgraduates apply different strategies to cope with these problems. 

4138.112 The development of the stressor questionnaire of civil servant in China, Lin Shi, 

Danjun Feng, Beijing Normal University, China 

Although the civil servant system of China is introduced from the West, it is completely different. 

It is based not only on social system but also on traditional culture, which put personal relation in 

an important position. In order to study the specific stressor of civil servants in China who are 

experiencing more and more stresses, a stressor questionnaire is necessary. The preliminary 

questionnaire including 73 items was developed after 13 civil servants were interviewed. Then 

432 subjects completed the questionnaire. Using exploratory fact analysis the final questionnaire is 

composed of 7 dimensions including 32 items. 

4138.113 Coping style and mental health of high school students, Zhi Wang, Junxia Yang, 

Dengfen No.1 Middle school, zhengzhou, China 

Objective: to explore coping style, mental health and their relationship of high school students. 

Method: 320 high school students were investigated by Coping Style Questionnaire and Middle 

School Students’ Mental Health Questionnaire. Results: High school students mainly adopted 

solving problem, seeking support; There was no significant sex difference in coping style; In part 

coping style correlated with the factors of mental health; There was significant grade difference in 

coping style and mental health. Conclusion: High school students need guidance and help in 

coping style and mental health. 

4138.114 An investigation research of stressor in school work and coping strategies of secondary 

school students, Xu Chen, Fu-pin Jian, China 

Stress in school work is one of the most intense and frequent stress for Chinese secondary school 

students. This research made an investigation on 4889 secondary school students, based on 

self-designed questionnaires of the incidents of general and specific stress in school work and 

coping strategies. According to the intensity, the stressors are: stress from other people’s 

expectation, competition, failures, tasks and requirements, achieving goals, time, and situation. 

1082

The intensity of general incidents in stress is lower than specific incidents. The coping strategies 

to stress are problem solving, restructuring recognition, asking help, vent, avoidance, replacement, 

restraints, blame to oneself; resentment. 

4138.115 Chinese nurses’ stress and coping, Ran Zhao, Beijing Normal University, Psychology 


This study investigated the characteristics of Chinese nurses’ stress, ways of coping, and its 

relationship. The study investigated 639 nurses using the well-developed instruments: Nurse 

Stressor Inventory, Type-A Behavior Inventory, Ways of Coping Inventory. Result: 1) Chinese 

nurses experienced five main sources of stress currently. 2) Senior nurse experienced more job 

stress. Type-A nurses felt more stress. 3) Chinese nurse’s coping with stress had eight dimensions. 

4) Senior nurse tended to use the strategy of premeditated problem-solving. Type-A nurses more 

often took use of the coping of escaping. 

4138.116 A study of undergraduates’ stress disorder and coping strategies under severe acute 

respiratory syndrome, Yuan Sun, China 

Based on interviews, open questionnaires and exploratory factor analysis, we constructed the 

formal questionnaires and tested the characteristics of undergraduates' stress disorder and coping 

strategies under Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome combined with other relative scales. The 

results showed: (1) The main stress disorder is emotional and behavioral and have differences in 

area, gender, grade, age, physical state and traumatic experience. (2) The main coping strategies 

are maintained and avoided and have differences in area. (3) Perceived control, personality 

characteristics, perceived social support had directly effect on the stress disorder and had 

indirectly effect on it through coping strategies. 

4138.117 Job burnout among bank employees in China, Jiang Jiang, Yan Xu, School of 

Psychology, Beijing Normal University, China 

The study examined job burnout among bank employees in Beijing, China. The results showed 

that: (1) Both emotional exhaustion and cynicism had a significant positive correlation with the 

physical health and mental health, and had a significant negative correlation with job satisfaction. 

Professional efficacy had a significant negative correlation with the mental health and had a 

significant positive correlation with job satisfaction. Professional efficacy had no significant 

correlation with physical health. (2) Workload is a positive predictor of emotional exhaustion. 

Role ambiguity and interpersonal relationship can positively predict cynicism. Role ambiguity and 

role conflict can positively predict professional efficacy. 

4138.118 Job burnout in Chinese elementary and high school teachers: Characteristics and 

relationship with social support, Fang Wang, Yan Xu, China 

This study developed “Chinese Teacher Job Burnout Inventory”, comprised with four dimensions, 

which are Emotional Exhaustion, Depersonalization, Personal Accomplishment, and Cognitive 

Burnout. 679 teachers from elementary and high schools joined the survey. The status of teachers’ 

job burnout and it’s relationship with the social support they received are explored. Results 

indicate that male teachers’ burnout is more severe. Teachers who have worked for 11-20 years 

have the highest feeling of EE and DP. Supports offered by the students and school leaders, and 

1083

Emotional supports are more effective in moderating burnout, rather than supports from other 

sources and practical supports. 

4138.119 The dynamic analysis of public mental health during SARS epidemic period, Jianxin 

Zhang 1 , Yiniu Wang 1 , Xiaodong Yang 1 , Zhiyan Chen 1 , Wenbin Gao 2 , 1 Institute of Psychology, 

Chinese Academy of Sciences; 2 Gannan Medical College, Ganzhou, Jiang Xi, China 

This study is aim to assess the impact of public mental health under the emergent event of public 

health and the characteristic of its changing. The 374 person-times counseling recordation in May 

2003 were analyzed. With the descending of the SARS patient number, people concerning SARS 

symptoms significantly decreased from 13.1% to 1.8%, while those about social activities 

increased from 8.7% to 12.3%. In the emotional disturbance, those with relative symptoms 

significantly decreased from 23.0% to 4.5%, while simple emotional disturbance increased from 

77.0% to 95.5%. The emotional disturbance was at the first place during SARS epidemic period 

all along. 

4138.120 Bad news: Television newscast triggers anxiety and negative affect that could be 

buffered by relaxation but not distraction, Attila Szabo, The Nottingham Trent University, UK 

The psychological effects of televised news were studied in two groups (n=179) of students who 

watched 15min newscasts followed by either 15min of progressive relaxation or 15min lecture. 

Subjective measures of anxiety and affect were obtained before and after the news and following 

the interventions. Anxiety and negative affect increased whereas positive affect decreased in both 

groups after watching the news, but 15min later returned to baseline only in the relaxation group. 

These results show that watching news in television triggers negative affect that is not buffered by 

distraction (i.e., lecture), but only by psychological intervention such as progressive relaxation. 

4138.121 A study on association of personality traits and employees’ stress evaluation, Hao Li 1 , 

Long Chen 1 , Hua Pei 2 , Fengge Zhang 2 , 1 Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 

2 

Kailuan Group Corp., Tangshan, China 

The association of employees' stress evaluation and their personality traits was studied. Ss (N=4 

745) of a group corporation evaluated their stressors, stress levels and personality traits with a 

self-developed Social Stressor Questionnaire and NEO Five-Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI). 

Employees' overall stress was correlated significantly with the personality dimensions of 

neuroticism (N), extraversion (E), agreeableness (A), and conscientiousness (C). High-stress Ss 

scored higher on N & C and lower on E & A than the low-stress ones. Evaluations of 6 out of 10 

types of social stressors are affected by one or some of personality traits. 

4138.122 Teacher stress and psychosomatic health: A longitudinal study, Rong Liu, DeJun Guo, 


The two self-report questionnaires were measured twice to obtain teachers' stress level and healthy 

status for the same sample respectively when they are student teachers and novice teachers. The 

results showed that teacher stress of novice teachers are significantly stronger than that of student 

teachers; the health status of novice teachers is significantly worse than that of student teachers; 

the correlation between stress and health of novice teachers is more significant than that of student 

teachers. 

1084

4138.123The role of attention regulation within the process of using distraction on negative mood, 

Megumi Oikawa, University of Tokyo, Japan 

Effective distraction is an important key in overcoming depression. However, distraction can 

produce both positive and negative effect. The present study investigates the factors related to 

effective distraction when people feel negative mood so that distraction can be used to promote 

mental health. A questionnaire measuring some coping strategies including distraction, 

concentration on distraction, mood as a result of coping, and so on was completed by Japanese 

college students. These results suggest that concentration on distraction could be very useful for 

enhancing positive mood, and reducing negative mood, uncontrollable thought and dependence on 

distraction. 

4138.124 The effects of stress management program for care workers, Fumie Inatani 1 , Akira 

Tsuda 2 , Shin Murata 1 , Hiroshi Yamanaka 2 , 1 Daiichi Welfare University, Japan, 2 Kagoshima 


This study examined the effects of a stress management program for care workers in Home help 

service centers. 127 care workers joined the program and provided 1) “materials of stress 

cognition and coping (Tsuda, 2003), 2) “ pair relaxation based on the Dohsa-method (Yamanaka, 

2000) and 110 workers who responded to POMS were analyzed. The results show; 1) no 

sex-differences, 2) All T-scores except the V-scale decreased significantly after the program, 3) 

The risk Group of each factors, the T-scores, also dropped to normal levels. These results suggest 

that the stress management program is effective and possible to apply. 

4138.125 Stress, resources and adjustment, Steinar Ilstad, NTNU, Fac. Soc. Sci., Norway 

Lack or loss of resources lead to stress and strain. To obtain resources will reduce stress and 

improve health. Resources increase ability to meet demands and increase supplies to meet needs. 

Defense is to deny lack of resources, coping is to do something to increase resources. Social 

support is a resource, and some personality factors are resources. Poverty leads to economic stress 

and bad health; it is then an important political task to reduce poverty. The presentation gives a 

taxonomy of resources related to stress and adjustment. 

4138.126 Predictors of burden in family caregivers of elderly relatives, Javier López 1 , María 

Crespo 1 , Jesús López-Arrieta 2 , 1 Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain; 2 Memory Clinic, 

Hospital General Universitario GM-Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain 

Providing care for a dependent elderly may result a burdensome experience. The purpose of this 

study is to analyse the influence of patient and caregiver characteristics on caregiver burden. 116 

primary caregivers were assessed: 74 of dementia patient and 42 of chronically impaired elderly 

without dementia. Three categories of variables are established as predictors of burden, that is, 

caregiver’s sociodemographic and psychological variables, care recipient features, and care-giving 

situation characteristics. A stepwise regression analysis for burden is conducted using variables 

that previously showed significant correlation (p< 0.05) with caregiver burden. 

4138.127 Depression, anxiety and stress of first year sttudent-teachers: Implication for mental 

health education, Shui Wa Jennifer Yim, The Hong Kong Institute of Education, Hong Kong, 

1085

China 

The World Health Organization has warned that depression, which is an emotional illness, will 

become the second most prevalent killer in the world. Many young people are showing signs of 

depression and other mental illness: for example, Hospital Authority figures in Hong Kong show 

that between 1998/99 and 2000/01, the number of adolescents under 15 receiving mental health 

treatment rose from 1,355 to 2,321, an increase of over 70 percent. A web-based survey of all first 

year entrants to HKIEd at two-point: within first month of entrance, and six months later will be 

conducted, implication will be discussed. 

4138.128 Maternal separation alters open field-induced behaviours in adult rat offspring, Maarit 

Marmendal, Claudia Fahlke, Goteborg University, Dep of Psychology, Sweden 

Reports suggest that stressful experiences in childhood are associated with elevated risk of 

psychosocial disorders in adult life. This study investigated the effect of repeated maternal 

separations (MS) on different open field-induced behaviours in adult rat offspring, daily separated 

for 4h from their dams on postnatal day 1-15. The results showed that MS animals had a increased 

number of nose-pokes in a hole-board test compared to controls and they also showed more 

number of stretched attend postures and increased locomotor activity. These findings suggest that 

adult MS animals generally are more active in open field-test situations. 

4138.129 Influence upon the young students state of the mind from unexpected affairs of public 

health, Jiaji Zhou, China 

The objects of the research are the young students who were SARS suspect cases. This research 

studies how their state of the mind varied during the period when they were in quarantine and their 

anti-frustration ability, their emergency reaction to the unexpected affairs. The research also makes 

comparison between the SARS suspect cases and healthy ones. The aim of this research tries to 

provide scientific grounds to improve and perfect the young students psychology health as well as 

the routine administrative work on unexpected affairs of public health. 

4138.130 Irritation - different cultures one measurement? Andreas Müller, Thomas Rigotti, 

Gisela Mohr, University Leipzig, Germany 

Irritation describes emotional and cognitive strain in occupational contexts. It is claimed to be a 

precursor for further mental impairments, like depression. We analysed the cross-cultural 

equivalence of Arabic, Dutch, English, French, Polish, Russian, Turkish, and Vietnamese 

adaptations of the originally German measure. Confirmatory factor analyses (CFA) revealed 

satisfying fit to the theorised two-factorial model of the scale (configural invariance) for the 

Arabic, French, Polish, and Russian adaptations. Moreover a multi-group CFA could testify the 

equality of the factor loadings between these four adaptations (metric invariance). Hypotheses 

about differences between the four remaining versions will be discussed. 

4138.131 Shattered assumptions and post-traumatic stress in case of bullying at school, Barbara 

Houbre, Cyril Tarquinio, Aurélie Duveau, Michel Tragno, Laboratory of Psychology, 

University of Metz, France 

The aim of this research is to study the nature of the relationships between coping, shattered 

assumptions, self-concept, post-traumatic stress and the child status in the four following cases: 

1086

victims, bullies, “victim/bullies”, or non-implied. School students (n=200, age between 9 and 12 

years old) answered to 5 different scales measuring: emitted or received aggressive behaviors, 

coping strategy, shattered assumptions on the world and on self, self-concept, and post-traumatic 

stress. Results show that “victim/bullies” tend to have a higher level of post-traumatic stress than 

victims. Furthermore, “victim/bullies” tend to have recourse to avoidance coping strategy 

compared to other groups. 

4138.132 Preliminary investigation of cortical-cardiovascular state by simultaneous measurements 

of event-related potentials and cardiovascular reaction patterns on 3-tone oddball sequence, Yuichi 

Kato 1 , Kenta Matsumura 2 , Yukihiro Sawada 3 , 1 Department of Psychology, School of Medicine, 

Sapporo Medical University, Japan, 2 Graduate School of Letters, Hokkaido University, Japan, 

3 Department of Psychology, School of Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, Japan 

We recorded simultaneously event-related brain potentials (ERPs) and cardiovascular reactions 

during mental arithmetic and resting, each accompanied with 3-tone oddball sequence. In the task 

condition, as compared to resting, deviant white noise stimuli elicited a significantly reduced P3 

component at Pz, which showed an inverse relationship to increases in mean blood pressure and 

forearm blood flow within subjects. The frontal P3 amplitude was significantly correlated with 

Gregg et al.'s hemodynamic profile between subjects (r= -.73). The implications of the results are 

discussed, with emphasis on the cortical-cardiovascular interactions. 

4138.133 Redressive self-control: Effects of person and situational variables, Hiroko Sugiwaka, 

Nara University of Education, Japan 

Effects of person and situational variables on the redressive self-control were examined. Subjects 

scored high (n=30) or low (n=37) on a standardized test of self-control were asked to report 

"redressive self-control" executed during speech under easy or difficult conditions. The scores of 

the standardized test (person variables) interacted with the speech conditions (situational variables) 

on the task-oriented redressive self-control, whereas the situational variables were more influential 

than the person variables on the non-task-oriented redressive self-control. These results suggest 

that the 2 types of redressive self-control are used differentially depending on the person and the 

situation. 

4138.134 Burnout in physical education teachers, Maritza Paredes Santiago, University of Los 

Andes, Venezuela 

Here we study the incidence of the Burnout Syndrome in a sample of teachers of physical 

education from the city of Merida (Venezuela). For assessment, the MBI (Maslach y Jackson, 

1981) was used. The results point to the presence of the syndrome in this collective in the 

following percentages: low level of Burnout (41,4%), intermediate level (48,6%) and high level 

(10%). We also studied the effect of certain variables on the three dimensions of Burnout. The 

sociological and professional variables related to these subescales were: age, academic status, 

hours of leisure and whether the spouse worked or not. 

4138.135 Covariance structural analysis concerning environmental stress, trait anxiety, stress 

cognition, and mental health degree, Etsuko Uzawa 1 , Ichiro Agari 2 , Masahiro Seto 3 , Masao 

Okubo 4 , 1 Tobacco Research Institute (TASC), Japan, 2 Faculty of Human and social Environment, 

1087

Hiroshima International University, 3 Faculty of Letters, Yasuda Women's University, 4 Tobacco 

Research Institute (TASC) 

A covariance structural analysis was made based on a model constructed to show the relationship 

among environmental stress, trait anxiety, stress cognition, and mental health degree, utilizing 

survey data of 3,000 male subjects, and goodness of fit statistics was confirmed. It was suggested 

that environmental stress influences directly or indirectly these neurotic patterns, and that 

reduction of such patterns requires the resolution of environmental stress. A study of nine ways of 

relieving stress revealed that each had destressing effect and suggested that “smoking” would have 

the highest effect among these nine ways for curtailing environmental stress and trait anxiety. 

4138.136 The time variation of stress responses in controllable or uncontrollable conditions, 

Kenta Kimura 1 , Tokiko Isowa 2 , Hideki Ohira 1 , 1 Graduate school of Environmental studies, 

Nagoya University, Japan, 2 Mie Prefectural College of Nursing, Japan 

The aim of this study was to examine how controllability of a stressor affects biological responses 

during an acute stress task. We measured HR, BP, and subsets of lymphocytes (CD3+T cell, CD4+ 

T cell, CD16+ NK cell) during a 14 minutes mental arithmetic task in controllable or 

uncontrollable conditions. Additionally, to investigate change of such indices in detail, we took 

blood samples at every 2 minutes in the task. The task elicited obvious elevation of autonomic 

activity and changes of proportions of circulating lymphocyte subsets. Especially, the 

uncontrollable condition elicited stronger peripheral activity and higher correlation among these 

indices. 

4138.137 Analysis of stress and coping after mastectomy, Zamralita Budi taruna, Tarumanagara 

University, Indonesia 

Recently in Indonesia amount of women suffer breast cancer. This research tries to know about 

stress and coping after mastectomy. The breast surgical operation or mastectomy is one alternative 

in curing breast cancer. Mastectomy caused many psychological problems. Stressors are feeling 

loss and sadness, fear of death, changes of physical appearance, changes of social relationship, 

fear of losing her husband. Samples of 30 persons are gathered through purposive random 

sampling technique. Results of this research are the big stressors is feeling loss and sadness and 

coping stress is used emotion focused coping. 

4138.138 The professional fatigue in professors of the University of Los Andes, Francys 

Andreina Avendano Rangel, University of Los Andes, Venezuela 

In this paper we study the incidence of Burnout in a sample of University of los Andes teachers, 

using the MBI (Maslach Burnout Inventory). Results show level medium of Burnout characterize 

by levels medium of despersonalization, emotional exhaustion and personal accomplishment. We 

studied the effects of some variables in the three dimensions of burnout. Sociological and 

proffesional variables that were related to these subscales were: age, sex, and rank. Other variables 

for: marital status, have or have not children, and partner with or without work, were not related to 

burnout levels. 

4138.139 Multivariate Characterisation of the Burnout Syndrome in Professors of the University 

of Salamanca, Maritza Paredes Santiago, Hermes Antonio Viloria Marin, Francys Andreina 

1088

Avendano Rangel, University of Los Andes, Venezuela 

The Burnout Syndrome has aroused considerable scientific and professional interest. In this work 

we observed that 87.3% of the full-time teaching staff of the University of Salamanca suffer from 

burnout to a greater or lesser extent. Of these, 18.4% suffer the maximum degree and 68.9% suffer 

from it in one of its stages. By categories, those least emotionally exhausted are University Full 

Professors, followed by Tenured Lecturers and University Schools Full Professors. As expected, 

those with the strongest burnout are Assistant Associate Lecturers. 

4138.140 Time perspective and assumptive world, Mei Yi Mavis Tang, University of Hong Kong, 

China 

Assumptive world refers to sophisticated representations of the physical and social world, and also 

internal self held by human beings. Janoff-Bulman (1992) suggested that there were three 

assumptions (the world is benevolent, meaningful; I am worthy). However, her model is not 

without limitations. Therefore, our studies hypothesize that Time Perspective, which refers to 

subjective appraisal of the length of one's life, is also one of a core assumptions. The findings will 

enhance the model and make it more relevant to the understanding of cancer trauma. Moreover, 

relationship between assumptive world and both negative and positive adjustment following 

cancer are discussed. 

4138.141 The effect of the perfectionism and the support on the stress of mothers, Takami 

Naganuma 1 , Mitsuhiro URA 2 , 1 Graduate School of Biosphere Sciences, Hiroshima University, 

Japan, 2 Integrated Arts and Sciences, Hiroshima University, Japan 

This study examined whether the stress of mothers who is bringing up a child was affected by the 

perfectionism and the support. The results showed that the person with high perfectionism had 

high stress. Additionally, the combination among the perfectionism, the amount of support and the 

quality of support also affected on the stress of mothers. An effective support for mother’s stress 

was discussed. 

4138.142 Developing relationship model of test anxiety and influencing factors for secondary 

school students, Xiaoming Zheng 1 , Yan Li 2 , 1 School of Economics and Management, Tsinghua 

University, Beijing, China 2 Student Counseling Center, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China 

The Influencing factors on test anxiety were put forward by exploratory and confirmatory analysis 

and the model of test anxiety and influencing factors were formed by structure equation modeling. 

The first latent variable “worry” included worry about bad school achievement and worry about 

test consequence. The second latent variable has self-abased while the third latent variable 

environment included undesirable environment and intervention of emergency. Results showed 

that environment was the objective factor that led to test anxiety, and worry and self-abased are the 

mediation, with self-abased playing a more important role in test anxiety than worry. 

4138.143 On the mental health of the policemen in the front-line units in the mainland of China, 

Chiguang Yang, Zhejiang College of Public Security, China 

The article, affiliating the front-line policing practice, induced five psychological and behavioral 

abnormites and morbidites of the policemen who work in the front-line units of the police force. 

The author thinks that the current position characteristics such as: high fatalness, high stress, high 

1089

antagonism, much overtime work and huge interior administration stress are the main causes of 

the mental problems. China Police Headquarters has done some work, trying to mitigate the 

situation. To enhance the mental care for the policemen, the author put forward several 

suggestions. The two major aspects are: organizational countermeasures and individual 

countermeasures. 

4138.144 Work and stress- a comparative study between entrepreneurs and leaders, Anne-Lie 

Nilsson 1 , Lisa Sundin 2 , 1 MidSweden University, Sweden, 2 National Institute for Working Life, 

Sweden 

Occupational stress is often mentioned as an important concern for entrepreneurs, but few studies 

has explored this issue. Entrepreneurs are usually analysed as a homogenous group, although there 

are several important differences between being by your own or having the responsibility of 

employees. This study investigated entrepreneurs perception of being a successful business owner 

and at the same time function as a leader. Entrepreneurs and leaders in different types of 

organisations have been compared. The data was collected from a questionnaire called the Stress 

Profile, which assets individuals work- and private life from a stress perspective. 

4138.145 Health promotion in 30 small companies -results and reflection from a two-year long 

research project, Lisa Sundin 1 , Anne-Lie Nilsson 2 , Stig Vinberg 1 , 2 MidSweden University, 

Sweden, 1 National Institute for Working Life, Sweden 

Occupational health problems, related to stress at work with increasing levels of long-term 

sickness absence, are of growing concern in Swedish working life. A two yearlong project studied 

how health promotion activities and improvements of the work environment were implemented to 

suit the specific needs of 30 small companies. Data concerning the psychosocial- and physical 

work environment, health habits and stress reactions were collected by questionnaires, interviews, 

groups discussions, workplace visits and written policies. The project was organised in 

collaborating teams consistent of representatives from the companies, research departments, social 

insurance offices and occupational health services in northern Sweden. 

4138.146 The research about teacher’s stress and mental health, Fumin Fan 1 , Bian Baoqi 2 , 

1 2 

Tsinghua University, China; Beijing Geely University, China 

This research is to investigate the status in quo of teacher’ stress in the middle school, discover the 

relationship between stress & mental health. Using the “teacher’s stress questionnaire” designed 

by us and the “Symptom checklist 90”(SCL-90), it tested 1012 teachers in the Middle School. 

From the result, the teachers are under great stress, which mainly came from the society, the 

student, the demand, the system, the school, the quality and the family; The coefficient between 

the stress and all kinds of mental symptoms is important on the level of .001. 

4138.147 The role of Ha-ras in the onset of the liver tumor of C3H mouse induced by chronic 

stress, Chuan Shi 1 , ShuQiao Yao 2 , 1 Mental health institute of Peking University, China; 2 The 

second XiangYa hospital of Central South University, China 

56 six-month-old C3H/HeJ male mice were divided into chronic emotional stressed (CES) group 

which was exposed to drinking-conflict stress and non-treated control(C) group. we find that 

plasma corticosterone of CES group is higher than that of C group (p=0.016) and activity of NK 

1090

cell of CES group is lower than that of C group (p=0.003). The expression of Ha-ras of mice with 

tumor burden is higher than that of mice without tumor burden (p=0.031) and the level of Ha-ras 

mRNA of four-month-stressed mice is higher than that of two-month-stressed mice in CES group 

(p=0.020), which accompany with the elevation of the tumor morbidity. 

4138.148 The anxiety of middle school students about examination and their attribution of 

achievement, Gu Xiao Rong, South China Normal University, China 

This study used six dimensions which are different from the traditional four dimensions--the 

aspect of body, psychology, enviroment, social, self-behaviour and chance--to research the middle 

school students how to attribute their success and failure in their examination, wanting to know 

the relationship of their degree of anxiety about examination and the attribution. Students who 

have the same degree of anxiety but have different achievement may posses different attribution. 

So, in this study, students' achievement is considered. The aim of the research is to correct their 

wrong way of attribution. 

4138.149 Effectiveness of Shikan-ho on increasing accessibility to positive words, Fusako 

Koshikawa, Michiko Sakata, Yasutomo Ishii, Rie Ishikawa, Waseda University, Japan 

This study examined the effectiveness of Shikan-ho (a self-awareness technique) on increasing 

accessibility to positive words. The subjects were 62 undergraduate students, and were divided 

into three groups, Shikan-ho, Breathing and Control. The subjects recalled a stressful event they 

had experienced, and then the first selective recognition test was conducted as a pre-test. After this, 

the Shikan-ho and the breathing technique group practiced respective techniques and the control 

group recalled the stressful event. Following this, the second selective recognition test was 

conducted as a post-test. The results showed that Shikan-ho was significantly effective on 

increasing accessibility to positive words. 

4138.150 The relationships between stress, coping styles and mental health in middle school 

students, Yuhui Li, Jianxin Zhang, Beijing, China 

The aim of this research is to explore the relationships between stress, coping and health in 

adolescence. Two studies were carried out: study 1 was to explore the dimensionality of coping, 

study 2 was to examine the role of stressor, coping styles, individual differences in health. On a 

sample of 1338 subjects from China, ranging in age from 12 to 20 years, NEO-FFI, SCL-90, 

self-efficacy scale, questionnaire of coping styles and daily hassles were applied. According to the 

result, there were four coping styles, and all independent variables had different effects on mental 

health. 

4138.151 Risk factors of suicide on university students, Yan Li, Yukun Zhang, Long Wang, 

Student Counseling Center, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China 

The purpose of the present paper was to investigate risk factors of suicide and try to put forward 

primary intervention mechanism.34 suicide cases of Tsinghua university from 1980 were inquired 

by reverse analysis. The results showed: bad school achievement, lost love and ill personality were 

the first three factors; the cases with multiply factor together were most dangerous and poor family 

incomes and job hunting difficulty were new risk factors. The prevention machanim of three 

systems of suicide intervention were suggested: student self-education system, crisis precaution 

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system and professional crisis intervention system. 

4138.152 Working model of social support in relationship of life events and mental health, Yu 

Ding, Xiao Ling, Guo Wenbin, Department of Psychology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 

China 

This study used longitudinal design to investigate the working models of social support 3 weeks 

before, during and 3 weeks after a stressful event to obtain implication of the Main Effect Model 

and Buffering Model of social support. 205 undergraduate students participated in a period that 

consists mid-term exam as the stressor. High social support group differed from the lower one 

during and after the exam. Stepwise regression analyses indicated social support as moderator 

mainly and buffering model works throughout daily life and stressful events, suggested Main 

Effect Model was part of Buffering model while stress events visualized buffering effect. 

4138.153 Relationship between coping styles and self-consistency and congruence of students in 

military medical college, Yanzhang Li 1 , Min Li 2 , 1 the Third Military Medical College, China, 

2 

Educational Centre of Mental Health,the Third Military Medical College, Chongqing, China 

To explore the relationship between coping styles and self-consistency and congruence, 414 

military medical college students were investigated using Coping Styles Questionnaire and 

Self-Consistency and Congruence Survey(SCCS).The results were as follows:(1)the coping styles 

they used in turn were problems solving, imagination, avoidance, seeking help, rationalization and 

self-accusation.(2)Coping styles had significant differences in grade, but no in sex and 

major.(3)Self-consistency and congruence has an important impact on coping styles. 

Self-experience inconsistency and self-stiffness contributed to negative coping styles, such as 

self-accusation, imagination, rationalization and avoidance. While self flexibility resulted in 

positive coping styles, such as problems solving and seeking help. 

4138.154 Finding meaning in cancer: Effects of self-efficacy, social support, and coping, 

Aleksandra Luszczynska 1 , Nihal Mohamed 2 , 1 Warsaw University; Faculty of Psychology, 2 Freie 

Universitaet Berlin, Berlin, Germany 

The study investigates the role of personal and social resources for finding meaning in cancer. 

Eighty-five patients completed measures of social support, self-efficacy, coping, and meaning 

found in cancer. Measurements were applied at 3 days pre-surgery, 7 days, 1 month, 6 months, and 

12 months post-surgery. Direct effects of self-efficacy on meaning were found. However, these 

direct effects became nonsignificant when active coping was specified as a mediator between 

self-efficacy and meaning. Association between received support and finding meaning were 

nonsignificant. Patterns of associations between resources, coping, and meaning found in cancer 

were consistent over time. 

4138.155 Effects of a mediated behavioral intervention for increasing daily physical activity in 

Japanese patients with diabetes mellitus, Koji Yamatsu 1 , Shuzo Kumagai 2 , Haruka Sasaki 3 , 

1 2 

Graduate School of Human-Environment Studies, Kyushu University, Japan, Institute of Health 

Science, Kyushu University, Japan, 3 Second Division of Internal Medicine, Chikushi Hospital, 

Fukuoka University, Japan 

This study evaluated midterm-effects of 6-months' mediated behavioral interventions for 

1092

increasing physical activity (PA) in diabetic patients. Total of diabetic 21 men and 6 women (58.0 

years, BMI=24.6 kg/m2) received a face-to-face counseling at first, a phone-call after 2-weeks, 

and 6 letters of encouragement every-month. Furthermore, they were requested to wear a 

accelerometer and to continue self-monitoring every-day. Mean PA energy-expenditure increased 

from 205.3 to 250.9 kcal/day (p

4138.160 Professional views on managing HIV/AIDS-related illnesses in Sub-Saharan Africa, Ad 

Akandd, South Africa 

Aim: To establish how services can be improved for the increasing number of people who present 

with HIV-related problems in general practice. Method: Vignettes designed for the study were 

used to structure focus groups and interviews with professionals drawn from several list of 

university teaching hospitals. The vignettes were also used as the basis for a questionnaire. 

Conclusions: There are considerable uncertainty among primary care practitioners and specialist 

groups about whether certain categories of patients should be treated in primary or secondary care 

with or without anti-retroviral drugs. Neither primary or secondary services appear to have 

stratagems for the diagnosis, managemen. 

4138.161 A studying for psychological and behavioral characters with learning disorders of 

children of American-born-China, Fan Li 1 , Mingyu Deng 1 , Peter Yun 1 , Ming Deng-Yun 2 , 

1 2 

International Association of Chinese Medical Specialists & Psychologists, USA, Cornell 

University Medical Center, USA 

Objective: The authors studied the American-inborn-China (ABC) children's psychological and 

behavioral characters with learning disorders and analyzed the outcome's effect on the ABC 

children's learning and psychological development. Methods: Subjective included 58 ABC 

children with learning disorders, a comparison group is 60 healthy children. The authors evaluated 

the tools of Wechsler intelligence scale for children (WISC), Achenbach-Children behavior 

checklist (CBCC) and Piers-Harris children's self-concept scale (CSCS). Results: The 

manifestations of learning disorders occur in the following areas: irritabilities, depressions, 

abnormal communications, breaking disciplines, social withdrawal as well reduction of different 

of self concept. Conclusions: Learning disorders effect abnormal behavior problems each other. 

The psychological behavioral attributes make an important impact on psychological development 

of school children of ABC. 

4138.162 Development of an early intervention instrument, Chrisann Schiro-Geist 1 , Emer 

Broadbent 2 , 1 Director, Disability and Rehabilitation Education and Training, USA, 2 University of 


In order to maximize the benefit of resources invested in the vocational rehabilitation of persons 

with disabilities, there is a need to reliably predict the likelihood that these persons who receive 

early vocational intervention services will successfully return to work. An instrument was 

developed to measure psychosocial predictors of successful return to work and was administered 

to 760 clients of vocational rehabilitation services in the state of Iowa as part of their participation 

in state sponsored rehabilitation services. Reliability of the instrument in measuring psychosocial 

factors which predict successful rehabilitation are reported in this poster. 

4138.163 Disability salience in early adolescence: Measures, and implications, Elias Mpofu, The 

Pennsylvania State University, USA 

The subjective objective aspects of disability (e.g., functional abilities) are better studied that the 

subjective aspects (e.g., salience of disability). This study investigated disability salience among 

2392 Zimbabwean early adolescents, 72 of who had a visible, physical disability. The adolescents 

1094

answered open-ended questions about the self. They also reported on perceptions of need in self 

and others. Responses by the 72 adolescents with physical disabilities were similar to those of a 

randomly selected sample of 70 adolescents without physical disabilities. Adolescents with 

physical disabilities were perceived as in need of help more than those without a disability. 

4138.164 Effects of communication in learning therapy: Pilot study, Hajime Yoshida, Ichiro 

Okawa, Noriaki Tsuchida, No affiliation, Japan 

This study was investigated in order to examine effectiveness of communication in learning 

therapy. All participants (N=55) were resident of a nursery home. They were given tasks of both 

reading aloud and arithmetic calculation. This training session was given three times a week for 

over three months. Independent variable was the amount of communication, assessing whether 

increased communication and improved quality of communication can help maintain or improve 

brain function in the elderly. To assess brain function, FAB, MMSE were administrated 

periodically. As results, a moderate amount of communication has positive effects on FAB and 

MMSE scores. 

4138.165 Job activities and quality of life in adult people with handicaps, Yamazaki Ikuo, Hatta 

Tatsuo, Shimizu Hajime, Institute of Health Sciences,Faculty of Medicine,Hiroshima University, 

Japan 

Even with various handicaps, people can be engaged in vocational activities, which could enhance 

quality of life in adult people with handicaps. In Japan, there are community-based sheltered work 

institutions (Sagyosho) for people with handicaps. In this study, the current state of vocational 

activities in Sagyosho in Japan and factors relating to quality of life and life satisfaction were 

investigated. Handicaps (physical and/or intellectual) with regard to the vocational activities were 

overcome by various resources including personal and technical support, which enabled adult 

people with handicaps to be satisfied with their "work" and enhanced quality of life in them. 

4138.166 Self-awareness and satisfaction with care in patients with and without higher cortical 

dysfunctions, Keiko Hosokawa, Toru Hosokawa, Katsuyuki Harada, Hiroshi Watanabe, 

Minoru Endo, Department of Rehabilitation, Tohoku Kosei-nenkin Hospital, Sendai, Japan 

We investigated the relationship between self-awareness and subjective feeling of satisfaction in 

head-injured or stroke patients with and without higher cortical dysfunctions. Fifty patients with 

and without higher cortical dysfunctions were asked to complete both Awareness Questionnaire 

(AQ; Sherer et al. 1998) and Assessment of Satisfaction with Care (ASC; Hosokawa et al. 2003). 

The results showed that ASC scores were not affected by the discrepancies in AQ score between 

rehabilitation staffs and patients, within a certain limit. We conclude that ASC, together with use 

of AQ, are useful for improvement of care in patients with higher cortical dysfunctions. 

4138.167 A phenomenological inspired analysis of 140 life-stories written by participants at a 

Danish rehabilitation center who suffer from functional somatic symptoms, Marie Hoegh 

Thoegersen, Copenhagen University, Denmark 

The results of an analysis of 140 life-stories, written by participants at a Danish rehabilitation 

center, who suffer from functional somatic symptoms, demonstrate that the participants experience 

severe social and psychological trauma. With respect to their immediate every-day experiences of 

1095

the symptoms, these are complex and simultaneously psychological and physical. Despite this, the 

participants reject any psychological interpretation of their illness and insist on attaining a physical 

diagnose. The analysis suggests that this insistence on a physical diagnoses, is “a weapon” used by 

the participants to call attention to injustice, and to fight for recognition. 

4138.168 The study about the recovery and influencing variables on it of Korean, Na-Ra Kim, 

Myoung-Shik Kim, Jung-Hye Kwon, Yeon-Ji Yoo, Seung-Hye Kim, Department of psychology, 

Korea University, Korea 

Recovery has become an important concept in the mental health field recently. However, there 

have been only a few empirical researches. This study intends to not only define the recovery, but 

also investigate what mainly influence the recovery of chronic schizophrenics objectively. The 

subjects are 100 chronic schizophrenics, who have enrolled in Community Mental Health Center. 

Independent variables, which are supposed to influence the recovery, are neuropsychological 

function, symptoms, Quality of Life, social cognition, and social support. Dependent variable is 

the recovery scale and rehabilitation outcome. Our results will be presented and the implication of 

this study will be discussed. 

4138.169 The meaning of experience of congenital portwine stain: Implicatons for psychological 

intervention, Manabu Matsumoto, Japan 

Interviews were conducted with two patients with congenital portwine stain in order to ascertain 

the need for psychological intervention. The narratives of these patients were analyzed by the KJ 

method. The points analyzed were 1) how the patients defined their experiences and 2) their need 

for support. The results indicated that the patient who defined her own experience as both negative 

and positive seemed to make a better social adjustment, while the patient who defined his own 

experience as only positive seemed to make a poor adjustment. These findings will be used in 

actual psychological intervention in the near future. 

4138.170 Negative mood regulation expectancies, arthritis self-efficacy, coping, depression and 

pain in individuals with arthritis, Jack Mearns, Katharine Vernoy, California State Univeristy, 

Fullerton, USA 

This study assessed a community-dwelling sample with arthritis for arthritis self-efficacy, negative 

mood regulation expectancies, coping, depression and pain. There were 79 participants, with a 

mean age of 71.7 years (SD = 12.2), 87.3% of whom were female, who completed the Negative 

Mood Regulation Scale, Arthritis Self-efficacy Scale, Coping Strategy Questionnaire, McGill Pain 

Questionnaire, and Beck Depression Inventory-II. In simultaneous multiple regression analyses, 

both NMR expectancies and self-efficacy independently related to depression. Self-efficacy also 

uniquely related to pain. These results demonstrate the utility of individuals' negative mood 

regulation expectancies and arthritis self-efficacy as cognitions that influence the effects of 

arthritis. 

4138.171 Study of mental analysis and recover of lung cancer patient, Liyan Guo 1 , Ke He 2 , 

1 2 

Shenyang Normal University, China, Chest Hospital of Benxi Steel Company, Liaoning Province, 

China 

With the lung cancer patients in old industrial district as sample, different groups of partition on 

1096

aged, woman, professional, non-occupation, cadre and knowledge, using clinical and continue 

research, contract, adopting SAS, SDS and LES measuring tools and random sampling to carry out 

lung cancer group and compare group clinical contrast research, the study has discussed various 

influences of negative living factors, negative emotion experience, bad social environment and 

industrial pollution on lung cancer patients, and put forward perfect medical nursing of mental 

hygiene, mental recover and the prevention and cure system of social environment. 

4138.172 Psychological distress in patients on long-term sick-leave for generalized muscle pain, 

Ellen Haldorsen, The Outpatient Spine Clinic, Haukeland University Hospital, Norway 

Degree of psychological distress was measured by Hopkins Symptom Check List in a sample of 

218 patients longterm sicklisted for generalized musclepain. HSCL-25 was part of a 

comprehensive questionnaire given to all patients referred by their general practitioners to an 

Outpatient Spine Clinic. Mean score of the test was 1,91. 58% had a mean score > the cutoff point 

1,75, but significant differences were found over age groups. "Feeling blue" and "Worries" were 

most highly correlated with the cutoff point. It seems important to discuss psychological distress 

when dealing with patients longterm sicklisted for generalized musclepain. 

4138.173 Development of philosophy on death & dying: A case analysis, Janet Brewer, Southern 

California University for Professional Studies, USA 

Personal experiences are critical in shaping individual philosophies regarding death and dying. 

Here, the personal philosophy of one who experienced death of a relative, from traumatic to 

naturally occurring, at various stages of Ericksonian and Piagetian development, including ages 8, 

11, 22, 26 and 34, is examined. Nature of death, relationship with the deceased, social learning 

theory, and cultural context will be discussed. In essence, the learning of social norms through 

positive and negative reinforcement, imitation, interaction, rationalization, behaviorism and 

cognitive constructs exerts a distinct impact upon the development of one’s personal philosophy 

about death and dying. 

4138.174 The role of spirituality in coping with the diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer, 

Terry Lynn Gall, Saint Paul University, Canada 

This paper represents the preliminary results of a two year study on women’s adjustment to breast 

cancer. It investigates the role of spirituality (hope, optimism, God relationship) in coping with 

cancer from pre-diagnosis to post-surgery. Spiritual factors demonstrated correlations with 

physical, social, emotional, and functional well-being and specific mood states (less depression) 

cross-sectionally and longitudinally. For example, women who experienced a stronger relationship 

with God reported less depression at pre-diagnosis and one month post-surgery. These 

relationships remained significant after controlling for initial levels of well-being. Results 

highlight the potential resource of spirituality for women coping with breast cancer. 



Dealing with norm and meta-norm violators: Cultural differences in thoughts or social 

1097

functionalist mindsets? Ramadhar Singh, Department of Psychology, National University of 


Recent literature on dispositional attribution argues that person is distinguishable from group in 

America but not in Asia, and that such cultural differences arise from analytic thoughts in 

Westerners but holistic ones in Easterners. Studies of persons and groups involved in norm 

violations, in contrast, show that (a) norm-violator is distinguishable from meta-norm violators 

everywhere, (b) dispositional attributions are equally senstitive to situations across the globe, and 

(c) culture affects actions with meta-norm violators only. Accordingly, the so-called cultural 

differences in thought systems seem to be better accounted for by the social functionalist mindsets 

of intuitive prudent prosecutors, principled theologians, and pragmatic politicians. 


Chair: Zhongming Wang, China 

Design problem solving -- Possibilities of improvement, Winfried Hacker, Institut für Allgemeine 

Psychologie, Biopsychologie und Methoden der Psychologie, 

Technische Universität Dresden, Germany 

Real-life design problem solving means the invention of artifacts, e. g. machines, buildings or 

therapeutic reatments. Its crucial phases are the early ones, i. e. task analysis and the development 

of frame conceptions. So far they are poorly assisted by recent computer programs. Therefore 

psychological contributions are of high interest. Two theoretically based related approaches are 

well-tried: The interaction of mental and visual thinking, especially the contributions of sketching; 

and the controversial role of speaking in problem-solving, especially the contributions of question 

answering in triggering reflection on the own design results. 


Chair: Pierre Ritchie, Canada 

The involvement of psychological processes in immuno-competence: Mind and health, Wenjuan 

Lin, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China 

Voices have argued that the evidence for direct links between the central nervous system (CNS) 

and immune system is unconvincing and that even if such links exist, they do not necessarily 

include psychological processes. However, others claim that there is overwhelming evidence for 

communication each way between the CNS and immune system, and that the influence of 

psychological processes on immune competence is established. Which of these views is correct? 

This question would be answered by focusing on recent studies conducted in our laboratory. The 

studies include conditioned immunity, effect of emotional stress, and psychological intervention in 

cancer patients. 


Chair: Nan Sui, China 

Neural foundations of threat processing in anxious subjects, Wolfgang H. R. Miltner, Department 

of Biological and Clinical Psychology, Institute of Psychology, Friedrich-Schiller-University, 

1098

Germany 

Recent studies by others and us have demonstrated the significant role of the amygdala, 

hypothalamus and other limbic structures in threat processing. Additional recent studies have 

emphasized the putative role of primary and secondary cortical areas (i.e., the ventral visual 

pathway or auditory Brodmann area 41/42), the insula and anterior cingulate cortex in threat 

processing. The talk will summarize some results from recent visual search, emotional Stroop and 

dot-probe paradigms using fMRI and event-related potentials while animal phobics, social phobics 

and healthy controls were exposed to threatening stimuli as compared to neutral, positive or non 

phobic but otherwise negative stimuli. 


Chair: Ruben Ardila, Colombia 

Russian psychology at the cross-roads, Vladimir A. Barabanschikov, Institute of Psychology, 

Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia 

During the Soviet Time a number of radically new ideas was worked out in Russian Psychology: 

the socio-historical approach (L.S.Vygotsky), the principle of determinism (S.L.Rubinshtein), the 

theory of activity (A.N.Leontiev, S.L.Rubinshtein), etc., new type of research was conducted in 

cognition, behaviour and personality. The modern situation in the Russian Psychology is unique in 

that it is in crisis and progress at the same time. The philosophical backgrounds of the studies are 

becomung wider, the conceptual field is being rearranged, the methodological sphere is growing, 

the proportion of basic and applied studies changes as the number of the latter grows. The ideas 

worked out 40-60 years ago also continue to provide guidelines for studies: no radical 

trnsformations in psychological concepts occur and no re-estimation of the content of the previous 

stidies is made. The proportion of the laboratory experiment in the studies monotoneously goes 

down. The ways and prospects of development of the Russian psychology are further discussed. 


Chair: Liang Li, China 

Neural circuitry involved in avoidance learning and memory: The amygdala and beyond, Keng 

Chen Liang, Department of Psychology, National Taiwan University, China 

Inhibitory avoidance learning, which involves classical and operant conditioning, engages not only 

the amygdala, but also locus coeruleus, hippocampus, bed nucleus of stria terminalis, nucleus 

accumbens as well as medial prefrontal, insular and perirhinal cortices. These regions subserve 

different roles at different times of memory processing. At the formation stage, the amygdala 

processes shock experience and modulates context processing in the hippocampus. Expressing a 

recent avoidance memory relies on the amygdala, hippocampus and nucleus accumbens, yet 

expressing a remote one relies on cortical regions. These results suggest that memory processing 

for inhibitory avoidance activates an extensive neural circuit beyond the amygdala. 

4145 ORAL 

1099

esults showed that 40% of the respondents had some kind of accident/injury and 55% were not 

fully utilizing safety equipment. No significant relationships were found between production level, 

age or sensation seeking score and injury/accident rate. Three factors were identified as primary 

causes of accidents/injuries: external conditions, human actions and/or knowledge-based errors. 

The results indicate higher accident/injury rates than in official statistics. 

4146 ORAL 


Chair: Tobias Bothe, Philippines 

4146.1 The nature and use of composite mearues, Tobias Bothe, Lee Sechrest, University of 

Arizona, USA 

Most measures in psychology are composites and few are in any strict sense indicators of latent 

variables. A survey of diverse measures in psychology shows only a few in accord with the 

assumptions required for latent variables. A surprising number of measures have at best only 

sketchy documentation of their development, and many seemed to have evolved from only 

rudimentary definitions of constructs. Items were devised in arbitrary ways, and (scoring) weights 

were adopted without any formal rules and often, seemingly, without much thought. The result is 

poorly specified composite measures not conforming to psychometric theory. 

4146.2 DIF detection and analysis on Japanese high school achievement tests based on 

SIBTEST approach, Shunya Inoue 1 , Yuan Sun 2 , 1 Tokyo Kasei University, Japan, 2 National 

Institute of Informatics, Japan 

Differential Item Functioning (DIF) analysis, which was originally developed to detect item bias, 

has been widely used in various research areas in recent years. In this study, we applied DIF 

analysis to Japanese High School Achievement Tests to identify test items which function in 

different ways for different groups of the students. The difference in the way of answering with 

respect to gender or schools of the students will be discussed. SIBTEST procedure was adapted 

for the analysis. 

4146.3 Prophecy formulas for assessing the reliability of IRT-based abilities, Nambury Raju 1 , 

T.C. Oshima 2 , 1 Illinois Institute of Technology, USA, 2 Georgia State University, USA 

Two new prophecy formulas for estimating item response theory (IRT)-based reliability of a 

shortened or lengthened test are proposed. Some of the relationships between the two formulas, 

one of which is identical to the well-known Spearman-Brown prophecy formula, are examined. 

The major assumptions underlying these formulas are outlined and discussed. Both prophecy 

formulas are shown to provide very comparable estimates of reliability in the IRT context as well 

as in the classical test theory context. 

4146.4 The correlation investigation of college students’ Test anxiety and Coping style, Liu 

Ying 1 , Wu Feng 2 , 1 China, 2 Department of Psychology, China Medical University, China 

Objective: To explore the relation between Test anxiety and Coping style of college students in 

1101

no-test period. Methods: Taking 1256 undergraduates from three universities of Shenyang by 

whole group. Chose TAS and WCQ as the measure tools. Within the first month of the second 

school year, gave the measurement. Results: Working out solution assumes to be significant 

negative correlation with Test anxiety (p

improvement in children’ relationships. 

4147.4 Psychological determinants of disloyalty/ betrayal in human relationships, Zbigniew 

Zaleski, Agata Boachnio, Catholic University of Lublin, Poland 

The authors conceive betrayal as Elangovan and Shapiro: a voluntary violation of mutually known 

pivotal expectations of the trustor by the trusted party (trustee).In survey research we link 

disloyalty with machiavellism, values, empathy and other traits. In the field experiment in 

Cialdini’s and Dolinski’s paradigm, students in the street are asked to support a proposal for 

extension of vacation and not to sign for any other project. Awhile later he/she is tempted to 

subscribe on the list for another project on this matter. One part of Ss gets gratification for 

subscription on the second list. 

4148 RAL 

Cognition 

Chair: Richard Greene, Japan 

4148.1 The role of alternative cause in causal induction based on covariation, Qingfen Hu, 

Chongde Lin, Institute of Child Developmental Psychology, Beijing Normal University, China 

The present study investigated how people combine the information about covariation and 

alternative cause in cuasal Induction. In order to examine the effects of each cue, the study 

specified the variable of "the degree of co-existing between alternative cause and candidate cause" 

and controlled the order of cue presentation. The results were as follows: (1)Alternative cause did 

affect on subjects' causal induction based on covariation. (2)The effect of alternative cause varied 

according to the degree of co-existing between it and the candidate cause. (3)The effect of 

alternative differed in different covariation. 

4148.2 What 60 models of creativity tell us about the degree to which creativity is mental, 

Richard Greene, Kwansei Gakuin University, School of Policy Studies, Japan 

700 books and 150 creator interviews--in Japan, Europe, and the US--were used to make a model 

of models of creativity (using structural reading of "macrostructures" (Kintsch) and fractal concept 

model building (Greene)). A model of 60 models of creativity resulted, forming ten dimensions 

each having six models each. The ten dimensions differ, among other ways, in degree of interiority 

or "psychologicalness" of creativity. Exact expression of the degrees of such difference for each 

dimension suggest interesting avenues for future research and powerful possible applications of 

dimension overall contents. Implications for theoretical, industrial, applied psychology are 

discussed. 

4148.3 A study on the creative processess in the female and male college students, Akram 

Khamseh, AlZahra University, Iran 

The present study has been conducted on 3770 male & female students in 9 universities of Iran. 

The aim of the study was the comparison of creative processes in female and male students. 

Research instruments included creativity test (CT) and analogy sub scale of Weschler Adult 

Intelligence Scale (WAIS). The results showed that there are some specific predictive factors as 

1103

well as some correlated elements of creativity as a general capacity. Based on the findings, a 

theoretical cognitve model has been formulated. Finally some suggestions have been made for 

identifying creative processes as well as their development and improvement. 

4148.4 Preliminary study on relationship between creativity and category matching speed, 

Zhiling Zou 1 , Jiannong Shi 2 , 1 Psychology school, Southwest Normal University, China, China, 

2 

Institute of psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China 

104 students of first grade in middle school (aged 11-13) were administered to the Intelligence test, 

Williams Creativity Test, Unusual Usages Test and Category Matching tasks to explore the 

relationship among intelligence, creativity and the speed of category matching. The stimuli in 

category matching task were divided into tow groups: typical or untypical. Results showed that: 

There is significant corelationship between intelligence and Category Matching Speed of both 

typical and untypical samples; But the relationship between creativity and Category Matching 

Speed was affected by samples typicality---reaction time of typical samples, rather than untypical 

samples, was significantly related to creativity. 

4149 ORAL 


Chair: Sven Mattys, UK 

4149.1 Detecting pauses in speech reflects lexical-semantic on-line integration, Sven Mattys, 

University of Bristol, UK 

We show that a task as simple as detecting silent pauses in speech can inform us about the on-line 

integration of lexical and semantic information during speech comprehension. Listeners were not 

only slower at detecting 200-ms pauses inserted in words with high than low lexical-semantic 

involvement, but they also showed brain correlates of pauses as early as 115ms following pause 

onset, and effects of context and lexicality well before pause offset. These results suggest that 

lexical and semantic processes are highly interactive and their integration occurs rapidly during 

speech comprehension. 

4149.2 An experimental research on the visual image effect on metaphor understanding, Asuka 

Terai, Saori Hirose, Naoko Kuriyama, Masanori Nakagawa, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 

Japan 

The purpose of this research is to elucidate how a visual image influences on metaphor 

understanding represented in the form of "A is like B." In the experiment, the picture of term B 

was presented as a temporary stimulus in a working memory just before metaphor understanding, 

and the influence of the picture presentation on metaphor understanding was measured. Two kinds 

of pictures (one promoting metaphor understanding, and the other impeding it) were used. The 

result showed that a presentation of impeding pictures inhibited metaphor understanding while it 

was difficult to accelerate metaphor understanding by a presentation of promoting pictures. 

4149.3 Validating a test for reading comprehension of Chinese children, Svend Kreiner, Dept. 

1104

of Biostatistics, University of Copenhagen, Denmark 

The validity of a Chinese test for reading comprehension is analyzed by item analysis using 

loglinear Rasch models permitting uniform differential item functioning (DIF) and uniform local 

dependence (LD). The analysis focuses on DIF relative to home language (linguistic area, Sinitic 

language) and grade (year, class). Different ways of dealing with uniform DIF and LD are 

discussed. Finally, a reduced test from which all biased items are excluded, is proposed. 

4149.4 The effects of learner-generated diagrams on understanding and application of dynamic 

knowledge in explanatory text, Shu Mu, Rude Liu, Hua Shu, College of Psychology, Beijing 


One hundred and twelve college students were divided into four groups according to two pairs of 

conditions (learner-generated diagrams vs. learner-generated summaries; while reading text vs. 

while answering questions). They were asked to read two explanatory texts both about dynamic 

knowledge but different in the levels of difficulty, and then answer some multiple-choice questions 

related to understanding and application of the knowledge in the text. The results showed that the 

learner-generated diagrams while reading can significantly facilitate the understanding to the more 

difficult text; the learner-generated diagrams while answering questions can significantly facilitate 

the application to the less difficult text. 

4150 ORAL 


Chair: Lynnette Mason, Australia 

4150.1 Are general mood states related to immunity in healthy persons? Ahmad Alipour, 

Academic member, Iran 

In this study the attempt has been made to investigate the relationship between general mood 

states and immunity. Following the administration BDI and OHI on 200 normal subjects, 

60(healthy male aged 20-35) were randomly selected while being assigned into three groups: 

happy, normal and sad (each 20 subjects). The LTT (proliferation T-cell to PHA mitogene) and the 

percent of CD3+, CD4+, CD8+ and CD56+ were measured after gathering sample blood of 

subjects. Analysis indicated a significant difference among groups in terms of LTT (alpha=. 05) 

and the explanation for this significant in lies in the improved immunity in happy persons. 

4150.2 Neural networks of motor learning: Analyzing function through behavior, George 

Andrew James 1 , Yiyuan Tang 2 , Yijun Liu 1 , 1 University of Florida, USA, 2 Dalian University of 


We have developed a novel, behavior-driven method for functional connectivity analysis of 

neuroimaging data. Participants underwent implicit and explicit motor learning with the serial 

reaction time task. Their behavioral reaction time (RT) measures were then inserted as artificial 

voxels in the corresponding functional images for use as connectivity seed points. For explicit 

learning, decreases in RT strongly correlated with increased activity of the basal ganglia, 

cerebellum, M1/S1, SMA, and prefrontal cortex. The implicit learning pattern was similar but with 

1105

heightened S1 activity and no cerebellar or prefrontal activity. These findings suggest that 

different neuroanatomical networks mediate each form of learning. 

4150.3 Maturational changes in the EEG: Normal development in an eyes-open condition, 

Lynnette Mason, Robert J. Barry, Adam R. Clarke, Brain and Behaviour Research Institute 

and Dept. of Psychology, University of Wollongong, Australia 

The normal EEG shows age-related changes in its power and topographic distribution. Ratio 

coefficients between frequency bands may be used to quantify such developmental changes. 

Common findings have associated increasing age in the childhood years with decreased slow wave 

(delta, theta) and increased fast wave (alpha, beta) power, and decreasing ratio coefficients, with 

the earliest changes occurring in posterior regions. Most early studies have recorded EEG during 

an eyes-closed condition whereas the present study used an eyes-open condition. Results were 

consistent with earlier studies except for relative alpha and delta, and ratio coefficients. 

Implications of these differences are reviewed. 

4150.4 Concreteness effects in the processing of words, Qin Zhang, Chunyan Guo, Jinhong 

Ding, Zhengyan Wang, Department of Psychology, Capital Normal University, China 

The present study using event-related potential (ERP) measurements and lexical decision task was 

to examine (1) the relationship between word concreteness and frequency (2) whether 

concreteness effects exist in processing of verbs. Results showed that concrete nouns were 

associated with a more negative ERP than abstract nouns at 200 to 300ms and 300 to 500ms after 

the onset of stimuli, regardless of word frequency. This finding implies that frequency and 

concreteness might be two independent factors. In terms of verbs, concreteness only produced 

small difference in ERP primarily in the central-parietal sites of the left hemisphere. 

4151 ORAL 


Chair: Helene Östgård-Ybrandt, Sweden 

4151.1 The motivation of sharing behaviors in pupils of 7-11 year old, Xifeng Geng 1 , 

Huichang Chen 2 , Lili Qin 2 , Chuanhua Gu 2 , 1 Jiamusi University, China, 2 Beijing Normal 


By using the self-rating and interview methods, this study identified the motivation of sharing 

behaviors of 128 elementary pupils. The results show that: The major motivation of sharing 

behaviors is the motivation to maintain personal interests for pupils of grade one; the motivation 

of respecting others is ascendant for pupils of grade three, the moral motivation, however, is 

descended for pupils of grade five. The motivation of complying rules slowly develops from grade 

one to five. For pupils from grades one to five, the sharing behaviors with good friends originate 

stem from personal utilitarianism motivation. 

4151.2 The relation between self-concept and concepts of early parental behavior in 

adolescence, Helene Östgård-Ybrandt, Umeå University, Sweden 

1106

homes, data collection tool- structured questionnaire). The main findings are that: 1) children liked 

watching cartoons, family serials and comedies because they provided fun, laughter and 

experience of thrill and excitement. 2) Mothers wanted their children to watch quiz, science and 

educational programmes because their concern was for education, value inculcation and effective 

time-utilization. 

4152.2 Adolescents’ perspectives on addiction: A qualitative study, Hoorieh Parvizy 1 , Fariba 

Sepahvand 2 , 1 Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran, 2 Tamin Ejtemaee Hospital, Khorram Abad, Iran 

Adolescents are our future, and their health is crucial to our society. We can have a better 

understanding which offers an adolescence-centered view into their unique and complex world. A 

qualitative study has conducted to develop an analysis of the adolescents' perspectives on 

addiction. Forty-one healthy Iranian adolescents have been interviewed with concern to ethical 

issues. These themes has emerged: addiction causes, unhealthy friendship and communication 

with more use of smoking cigarette, alcohol and drugs, addiction bridges and barriers and health, 

family and addiction. Sub themes are emerged and discussed. Addiction is of main adolescents' 

risk factors which need. 

4152.3 Research and development of Thai youth’s appropriate consumption behavior, 

Pachongchit Intasuwan, Chantana Parkbongkot, Duangdeon Sartapat, Ngarmta 

Wanintanon, Oamdeon Sodmanee, Srinakharinwirot University, Thailand 

This research project aims to find an appropriate way to enhance consumption behavior among 

Thai youth. The study has two phases: investigating and identifying relevant variables, and 

conducting an experiment to ascertain differential variable effects. The investigative survey 

sample consists of 686 undergraduate students in Bangkok. The experimental sample consists of 

45 students. The experiment is divided into 2 stages: the 3-day training period, and the one-month 

self-practice period. The measurements of dependent variables has been done on 3 occasions. This 

study provides valuable knowledge and directions for use in the development of appropriate Thai 

youth consumption behavior. 

4152.4 Predictors of depression during pregnancy and postpartum among australian adolescents, 

Kathryn Gilson, Sandra Lancaster, School of Psychology, Psychiatry & Psychological 

Medicine, Monash University, Clayton, Australia 

Depression during pregnancy and postpartum has implications regarding parenting difficulties. 

Research has been restricted to adults with little attention given to adolescent mothers. Factors 

associated with an increased risk for depression include negative attitudes, unplanned pregnancy, a 

history of sexual abuse and young maternal age. The current research investigated predictors of 

depression measured during pregnancy and at six weeks and six months postpartum as part of a 

longitudinal study of 80 primiparous adolescents. Findings are reported regarding the predictors of 

depression at each time point. Patterns across time are also examined and the opportunities for 

early intervention are discussed. 

4153 ORAL 

1108


Chair: Buxin Han, China 

4153.1 Situational analysis of Adolescent girls from rural India, Pushpa Khadi 1 , Tej Verma 2 , 

Mayuri K 3 , Shobha Nandwana 4 , Anju Manocha 4 , 1 College of Rural Home Science, University 

of AGricultural Sciences, Dharwad-580 005, Karnataka, India, India, 2 Indian Council of 

Agricultural Research,Pusa, New Delhi, India, 3 ANGR agricultural University,Huderabad, India, 

4 

Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology, Udaipur, Rajasthan,India 

The situational analysis of the rural adolescents studied through focussed group discussions in 478 

villages revealed differential treatment by parents favouring boys in feeding, clothing, education, 

recreation and health. Majority (78%) of girls opined for an increase in marriage age and preferred 

a difference of

alienation) associated with subjective well-being. Goal instability was negatively associated with 

self-esteem and positively associated with alienation. Self-esteem also was negatively associated 

with alienation and positively associated with subjective well-being. Furthermore, alienation was 

negatively associated with subjective well-being. Implications of this research suggests linking the 

goal instability construct to subjective well-being in elderly adults is beneficial for successful 

adjustments among the elderly. 

4154 ORAL 


Chair: Lalita Wirawan (Meithy) Djiwatampu, Indonesia 

4154.1 Use of notations and theory of mind in 3-6 years old children, Yunuen Morales 1 , 

Eduard Marfti 2 , 1 Universidad of Barcelona, The Netherlands, 2 University of Barcelona, Spain. 

This article studies the relationship between communicative use of some notations made by 120 

Mexican children (3-to-6-year olds) and understanding of the differences between their own and 

others; mental states. There were 2 tasks: The first was the classic false belief task. The second 

explored different issues about the production and comprehension of communicative notations. 

The results demonstrated a correlation between the capacity to differentiate their own and others 

mental states and the ability of producing communicative notations at 4 years old. 

4154.2 Argentine Scale of Sensory Motor Intelligence (EAIS) for babies from 6 to 24 months, 

Alicia Oiberman 1 , Mariela Mansilla 2 , Liliana Orellana 2 , Maria Cristina Richaud 2 , 1 ciipme- 

Conicet, Argentina, 2 Buenos Aires University, Argentin 

The purpose of this research is to show an argentine scale of intelligence to babies from 6 to 24 

months. This scale is based on Piaget's theory assesses cognitive and perceptual development of 

babies and it was validates by means of its application to a sample of 323 argentine babies in 2002. 

The goal is to achieve an early detection of retards or cognitive disorders in the development of 

babies. This work permitted would help professionals to more fully know the cognitive capacities 

of small children, as well as the particular intellectuals stages they are going through. 

4154.3 Sciencing program for preschooler in rural area, Lalita Wirawan (Meithy) 

Djiwatampu, Soemiarti Padmonodewo, Hera Lestari, Puji L Prianto, Lucia RM Royanto, 

Faculty of Psychology, Universitas Indonesia, Indonesia 

This study aimed to test the effectiveness of Sciencing Program in promoting children's interest in 

science and its impact on children's cognitive development. 30 mothers (experimental group) with 

children aged 4.5-5.5 years were engaged in 20 units of Sciencing Program. In each unit, 

participants were guided to exercise several process activities using natural objects e.g. leaves, 

beads, etc. Observation were conducted to ensure skills were transferred from mothers to their 

children at home. The result showed that the children made significant gain in process activities as 

measured by cognitive tests. Their interest toward science higher than the control group. 

4154.4 Child development and psychological problems in Japan as one of “Hi-tech” societies: 

1110

Meta analysis, Shigeru Nakano, School of Psychological Science, Hokkaido Health Sciences 


Japan is a “Hi-Tech” county. Japanese children are given opportunities to manipulate “Hi-Tech” 

tools from their early life. Such tools appear to offer them an extension of natural development 

and earlier independence from supportive adults. For example, microwaves make children cook by 

themselves without depending on parents. However, this means that this Hi-Tech tool has 

eliminated opportunities for children not only to learn traditional cooking skills from the older 

generation, but also to interact with others. In this presentation, the relationship between this 

gained development of independence by “scaffold-of-technology” and a wave of psychological 

problems in children is considered. 

4155 ORAL 


Chair: Ana Cazares, Mexico 

4155.1 Validation of a learning structural model in higher education, Ana Cazares, Universidad 

Pedagogica Nacional, Mexico 

This doctoral thesis contributes to the understanding of the important interacting factors related to 

academic learning, and investigates which of these result in quality learning. A learning prediction 

model in higher education containing the theoretical variables of current major interest was 

established, developed and validated. It was operationalized in an instrument validated with 1267 

student sample. The sustained thesis in this research is that there exists a certain 

social-motivational-affective-cognitive profile which can be regulated for the classroom in those 

students who achieve deep learning. Results show this in a structural model that explains fifty 

percent of variance in academic achievement. 

4155.2 Development and implementation of evidence-based guidelines for the treatment of 

depressive disorders in primary care, Martin H 1 , Isaac Bermejo 1 , Wolfgang Gaebel 2 , Mathias 

Berger 1 , Frank Schneider 1 , 1 Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of 

Freiburg, Germany, 2 Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Düsseldorf, 

Germany 

In the presented study we developed evidence based recommendations for the primary care of 

depression and a specific out-patient depression management education program (6 training 

sessions). The evaluation shows positive ratings from physicians. 70% of the primary care 

physicians evaluated the usefulness for practice as good. Main benefit was a higher certitude in the 

treatment of depressive patients(90%). Main effects on treatment were a better detection rate of 

depressive patients(from 29% up to 71 %) and a better treatment result (part1y / full remission: 

intervention from 29% up to 77%;p < 03; control 59% down to 50%). 

4155.3 Is it important or not? Students’ beliefs and attribution patterns in pursuit of academic 

achievement in a Chinese society, Hsiou-huai Wang, Center for Teacher Education, National 

Taiwan University, Taiwan, China 

In given society some activities are highly socially approved as a vertical form of achievement. 

1111

Under the influence of collectivism, the Chinese tend to make a sharper difference in the vertical 

and non-vertical form of achievement. The author argues this cultural differentiation may have a 

great implication to student learning. This study on 400 high school students in Taiwan found that 

students tend to hold different perceptions of the nature of, beliefs in their ability for and 

attribution pattern for their academic achievement (vertical) and talent performance 

(non-vertical).These findings shed light on how students in different cultures perceive learning 

differently. 

4155.4 Relationship between self-management skills and academic achievement, Kun Yuan 1 , 

Xiaomin Sun 2 , 1 School of Education, Stanford University, USA, 2 School of Psychology, Beijing 


Self-management has much impact on personal performance and achievement in various aspects 

of life. To examine the relationship between self-management skills and academic achievement 

among university students, we conducted Self-Management Inventory (SMI) on 230 university 

students. The result shows that self-management skills, especially self-regulation skills, are 

positively related to academic achievement. Gender, major and grade difference were analyzed. 

Potential mediating effects of self-efficacy and attribution style on self-management skills were 

explored and supported. Implications of the research result on how to improve self-management 

skills in the educational settings are discussed in detail. 

4156 ORAL 


Chair: Weiqaio Fan, Hong Kong, China 

4156.1 An experimental study of thinking styles among Shanghai university students in 

hypermedia instructional environments, Weiqaio Fan, Hong Kong, China 

This study examined the relationships between thinking styles and the Academic Achievement of 

the Course of General Psychology (AACGP) in the hypermedia instructional environment. 

Sternberg’s theory of thinking styles served as the theoretical foundation. The study certified the 

two hypotheses: (1) the AACGP could be affected significantly by thinking styles. Because there 

was more freedom and initiative in the hypermedia environment, the styles’ contribution to 

achievements were very obvious in the hypermedia condition; (2) those students whose styles 

were preponderant in the legislative, judicial, global, and liberal thinking styles had more 

probability of attaining good achievements in the hypermedia 

4156.2 Experimental study on the consistency effect of compare word problem, Wei Shi, 

Meiling Zhang, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China 

In this study, three experiments with 3rd grade children investigated reasons for high error rate of 

inconsistent compare word problem. Experiment 1 did not support the explanation of Mayer’s 

theory, which unsuccessful problem solvers make mistakes because they use direct translation 

strategy. Experiment 2 showed that there is no relation between inconsistent problem error and 

impulsivity cognitive style. Experiment 3 revealed that working memory capacity of successful 

1112

4157.2 Stability of personal identity across cultures, Christopher Lo 1 , Romin Tafarodi 1 , 

Sylvia Chen 2 , Megumi Ohashi 3 , Clara Cheng 3 , 1 University of Toronto, Canada, 2 Chinese 

University of Hong Kong, China, 3 Tokyo University, Japan 

Personal or self-identity consists of beliefs about one’s enduring and defining qualities and 

attributes. Stability of identity refers to the temporal constancy of such beliefs. Cross-cultural 

psychologists have tended to question the stability of personal identity in the East, as compared to 

the West. In the study to be reported, we test this claim by surveying individuals from Hong Kong, 

Japan, Canada, and America. Participants described their beliefs about their most important 

qualities, before rating each on dimensions including the valence of the belief, its age, social 

desirability, retrospective stability, and likelihood to change. Results are pending. 

4157.3 Development and applications of the Chinese Personality Scale (QZPS), Dengfeng 

Wang 1 , Hong Cui 2 , 1 Department of Psychology, Peking University, China, 2 Medical Division, 

General Hospital of PLA, Beijing, China 

Based on the "Big Seven" Chinese personality structure proposed and confirmed in previous 

empirical studies by lexical approach, the Chinese personality scale (Qingnian Zhongguo 

Personality Scale, QZPS)was constructed with 180 items, measuring seven factors with 18 small 

factors, which are quite different from Western "Big Five" personality model. More than 5000 

subjects fulfilled QZPS, and different personality characteristics was found by gender, occupations, 

and age. It was proposed that indignious approach on social and personality feild quite nessissary 

for investigating Chinese subjects,and possible mechanisms of different personality structures 

between Chinese and Westerners was also proposed in this paper. 

4157.4 The effect of vocational types and purchase motives on brand loyalty. Anna Maria 

Zawadzka, Gdansk University, Poland 

This research aims at explaining the effect of vocational types and purchase motives on brand 

loyalty. The product used was the mobile phone. 200 subjects, men and women aged 20-30, took 

part in the research. The results imply that there does exist a direct effect of purchase motives and 

indirect effect of vocational types on brand loyalty. The conclusion is that it is advisable to 

combine both the approach based on the customer’s beliefs and the approach based on the 

customer’s personality in explaining the phenomenon of brand loyalty. 

4158 ORAL 


Chair: Andreas Nilsson, Sweden 

4158.1 Willingness to accept climate change strategies, Andreas Nilsson, Chris Von 

Borgstede, Anders Biel, Gothenburg University, Sweden 

The present study examined how values and norms influence willingness to accept climate change 

policy measures within organizations. Respondents were decision makers within the public and 

private sectors. Regression models were estimated to investigate the mediating effect of norms on 

1114

the relationship between values and support of policy measures aimed at reducing green house gas 

emissions. The results showed that for decision makers in the public sector, but not in the private 

sector, environmental values were important determinants of willingness to accept climate change 

policy measures. As hypothesized, these effects were mediated by norms 

4158.2 Hope and vicarious futurity, Michelle Wong 1 , Sandra Heriot 1, 2 , David Dossetor 2 , 

Kenneth Nunn 3 , 1 University of Sydney, Australia, 2 Childrens' Hospital at Westmead, 3 Child and 

Adolescent Mental Health Service Network, Australia, 

"Vicarious futurity" describes a parent's attitude towards their child's future. Clinically, vicarious 

futurity has powerful relevance, e.g., while a child with a disability may pose challenges for their 

family, some parents have high hopes for their child and can adjust to the challenges of parenting. 

This study examined the psychometric properties of an instrument designed to measure vicarious 

futurity. Normative data were gathered from a sample of parents. The vicarious futurity of parents 

of children with autism and cystic fibrosis was also examined. Findings were discussed in terms of 

how they clarify the origins and meaning of vicarious futurity. 

4158.3 Values of Estonians in 15-year perspective, Toomas Niit, Kaisa-Kitri Niit, Tiiu Kilk, 

Tallinn Pedagogical University, Estonia 

The paper describes the results of studies carried out with Schwartz Value Survey in Estonia 

between 1989-2004. Several university student samples are well comparable and show that there 

are noticeable changes in Achievement, Hedonism, Universalism, Tradition and Security value 

domains in samples collected in 1992 and 1999(when Estonia regained its independence). These 

results will be compared with a representative adult sample (N=1331) from 1998 and a new 

student sample from 2004. Possible cultural and historical reasons influencing the changes will be 

outlined. Some comparative data from neighbouring countries(Finland and Sweden)in 1990's will 

be presented as well. 

4158.4 Value orientation of present Chinese professionals, Shenghua Jin 1 , Hui Li 2 , 1 Research 

Center of Psychology and Behavior in Tianjin Normal University, China, 2 College of Psychology, 


428 professionals from 8 provinces were studied with the QCVO (the Questionnaire of Chinese 

Value Orientation), the findings indicate that, as a whole, the value orientation of present Chinese 

professionals is positive and pro-social. They think much of social responsibility, work, public 

interests, rule of law and family. The aspects of sex, education and age have significant influence 

on some parts of value orientation, and there is no significant influence on value orientation from 

factors of income, marriage and family structure. 

4159 ORAL 


Chair: Patricia Simon, Germany 

4159.1 Team performance in Chinese and American teams, Donald Davis, Janet Bryant, 

1115

Katherine Selgrade, Old Dominion University, USA 

We describe the results of a five-year study conducted for NASA in the United States. We 

examined the performance of 150 Chinese and American teams working in a flight simulation 

experiment. Teams consisted of single nationality (all Chinese or all American) or mixed 

nationality (Chinese and American) members counterbalanced for national origin of leader. The 

impact of national differences on nine components of team process was examined. Significant 

differences were found for decision making, situational awareness, communication, and team 

coordination. We discuss the influence of cultural values and personality traits as mediating and 

moderating variables. 

4159.2 A study on the relationships between managers conscientiousness and their job 

performance, Zhao Guoxiang 1 , Wang Minghui 2 , 1 Psychology Department of Henan University 

Kaifeng, China, 2 Institute of Human Resources Management Jinan University, Guangzhou, China 

The purposes of study are to investigate the relationships between managers' conscientiousness 

and job performance by using the regression analysis. After surveying 236 managers, the 

conclusions are as follows: (1) Managers' conscientiousness do better to the prediction of 

contextual performance than to that of task performance, (2) Service tendency and dependability 

do good to the predictive effects of interpersonal facilitation, (3) Service tendency, individual 

morality and planning do good to the predictive effects of task performance, (4) Individual 

morality, planning and achievement tendency are helped for the predictive effects of job 

performance. 

4159.3 An analysis instrument for diagnosing the project steering competences of the leader of 

a project group, Patricia Simon, University of Regensburg, Germany 

In this lecture an analysis instrument is presented with which it is possible to diagnose the project 

steering competences of the leader of a project group. The instrument is based on a multiple 

regression analysis which shows that the leadership functions are in curve linear relationship to the 

effectiveness of a group. Therefore, a leader has to avoid to over- or understeer the 

problem-solving process. According to this model the effectiveness of a group is at 72% 

dependent on the behavior of the leader. Currently, this high variance explanation is tested in a 

cross-validation study. First results are referred. 

4159.4 Psychological characteristics of dispersed and mobile work, Matti Vartiainen, Marko 

Hakonen, Niina Kokko, Helsinki University of Technology, Finland 

The number of mobile employees and dispersed organizational units is increasing rapidly. Work in 

these units can be compared to co-located work by using seven job requirement categories: task 

complexity, distance, mobility, synchronity, temporariness, diversity and mode of interaction. 

Working in extreme ends of these dimensions creates new challenges to the theories and models of 

organizational behaviour. New challenges are studied by interview and questionnaire data 

collected from about sixteen dispersed teams and projects. Differences in internal processes and 

group climate of these units are compared based on their differences in the virtual work index 

made by combining seven categories. 

1116

4160 ORAL 


Chair: Hai-Sook Kim, Korea 

4160.1 The effects of ingroup and outgroup norms on the implicit and explicit attitudes toward 

an affirmative action policy for women, Hai-Sook Kim, Sang-Su Ahn, Ajou University, Korea, 

Republic Of 

Participants were presented with pro- or con-arguments regarding the affirmative action policy for 

women (Experiment 1) or Honam-region people (Experiment2) through the internet homepage 

board. These arguments were presumably written by ingroup or outgroup members, indicated by 

the sex of the name. Participants in the ingroup-equal norm condition showed more favorable 

attitude regarding the affirmative action policy than those in the ingroup-unequal norm condition. 

The outgroup norm did not generate any such effect. The analysis on the IAT effects suggested 

that male participants in the ingroup-equal norm condition showed significantly less prejudiced 

attitude than those in the ingroup-unequal norm condition. 

4160.2 Self-concept of persons with traumatic brain injury (TBI) as compared with healthy 

people, David Wai Kwong Man, Sing Fai Tam, Department of Rehabilitation, The Hong Kong 

Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China 

The present study compared the self-concepts of 64 Hong Kong Chinese with traumatic brain 

injury (TBI) with 80 healthy Hong Kong Chinese. They responded to a self-concept questionnaire 

that was developed by Tam and Watkins (1995) based on a hierarchical multidimensional 

self-concept model of Hong Kong Chinese with disabilities. It was found that TBI persons have 

statistically significantly lower means than healthy people in total self-concept, and other specific 

self-concepts (p

Cognitive theories sustain that cognitive complexity is responsible for prejudice reduction in 

children at 8-9 years whereas Behaviourist models emphasize the role of normative control in 

deterring racist explicit behaviour. This study aimed to show that normative control interacts with 

cognitive development to decrease the expression of prejudice. 210 white children performed a 

resource allocation task for a White/ Black target in conditions of high or low salience of an 

anti-racist normative control. Children of 5 to 7 discriminated against the Black target in both 

control conditions while 8 to 10 year-olds only discriminated in. 

4161 ORAL 

Social issues 

Chair: Zhaoli Song, China 

4161.1 Using the planned behavior theory to model job search behavior among Chinese 

unemployed, Zhaoli Song 1 , Xiongying Niu 2 , Yizhong Xie 3 , Kan Shi 3 , 1 University of Minnesota, 

USA, 2 University of International Business and Economics (UIBE), China, 3 Institute of 


Job search is an important part in people’s career. The current study surveyed 99 job seekers in 

China to test a job search model based on the theory of planned behavior. Job search intensity was 

hypothesized to be the outcome of job search intention, job search attitude, subjective norms, and 

job search self-efficacy. Stepwise regression demonstrated that subjective norms and self-efficacy 

were two strong predictors of job search frequency, while attitude was not. The results suggest that 

the job search intensity of Chinese job seekers may be more heavily influenced by their social 

pressure and efficacy beliefs. 

4161.2 Psychosocial aspects of unemployment among public university students, Ma. 

Antonieta Martin, Luis Valdes, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico 

Aproximately 40 percent of the unemployed in Mexico are people with university education, and 

50 percent of those are under 35 years of age. The survey shows the previous results of an 

exploratory study covering students from public universities and how the lack of employment 

conveys to changes in family values and attitudes. The study shows an increasing rate of suicides 

among people under 35 years of age due to the unfulfilled expectations. On the other hand the 

students are demanding from the universities programs to include subjects to develop capacities 

for self employment in order to become entrepreneurs. 

4161.3 Gender diffrences in the coping mechanisms of employees separated from work: The 

case of Cebu Plaza Hotel, Ma. Rowena Villarama, Weena Jade Gera, University of the 

Philippines in the Visayas-Cebu College, Philippine 

The closure of Cebu Plaza Hotel, one of the Philippine's leading hotels left more than 300 

employees separated from work. The study investigated gender differences in the coping 

mechanisms and strategies of selected Cebu Plaza Hotel employees using a survey questionnaire, 

key informant interview and focus group discussions. The study found no significant differences 

between the male and female employees in terms of their worries, their concerns and their 

1118

alternative courses of action to deal with job loss. However, males are more likely to put on a 

brave front. 

4161.4 Teaching career and labour market in Brazil: Motivation and dilemmas in the 

professional choice, Belmira Bueno, Janine Shultz-Enge, University of São Paulo, Brazil 

This work presents results of two studies about professional choices in the field of teaching, based 

on data from questionnaires, interviews, and autobiographies. Taking into account the family and 

schooling influences on the formation of social values and representations, as well as the gender 

and class determinations, the economics constraints, and the pression of the professional market, 

the analysis shows that what is usually understood as “professional choice” is in fact a continuous 

and complex process which envolves several kinds of factors. It is also pointed out that in Brazil 

the teaching represents a concrete chance of professional inclusion. 

4161.5 Parental styles and psychosocial development in high school students, Ana Cazares 1 , 

Javier Aguilar 2 , Alejandra Valencia 2 , 1 Universidad Pedagogica Nacional, Mexico, 2 Universidad 

Nacional Autonoma De, Mexico 

This study analyzes relationships between four parental styles and psychosocial development 

variables in high school students. Psychometric Instruments measuring parental styles 

(authoritarian, authoritative, permisive and negligent) and 14 psychosocial variables (academic 

competency, work orientation, self-confidence, social self-evaluation, school orientation, etc) were 

developmented and validated with more than 250 students sample, and all of their scales showed 

high levels of reliability. Seventy three high school students participated in final study. Regression 

analysis showed: Academic competency is predicted (Determination Coefficient=.342) by Work 

orientation (+) and Negligent Style (-) and Work orientation, is predicted (.429) by Self-confidence 

(+) and scholastic bad behaviour (-). 

4162 ORAL 

Cognition 

Chair: Philipp E. Otto, UK 

4162.1 The construction of rule knowledge in group decision making, Guibing He, Jianhua 

Zeng, Department of Psychology at Zhejiang University, China 

This study investigated the interactive construction process in dynamic group investment decision 

task by examining how the group structures (knowledge distributions), task features (types of 

constructed knowledge) and group interaction procedures (structures of group discussion) affect 

the rule knowledge construction. The results revealed that: types of constructed knowledge and 

prior knowledge distribution had significant main effects on task performance; discussion 

procedure had interactive effects on task performance with the other two variables; knowledge 

type with prior distribution, and discussion procedure with knowledge type had interactive effects 

on group satisfaction; group interaction process had a significant effect on knowledge 

construction. 

4162.2 How to save more: Tools for self-control, Philipp E. Otto 1 , Greg Davies 2 , Nick 

1119

Chater 1 , Henry Stott 1 , 1 University of Warwick (IACS), UK, 2 University of Cambridge 

Past research has shown that a large proportion of individuals make inadequate retirement plans if 

not compelled to save. Behavioural analysis shows that this failure results from motivational and 

temporal distortion. Excessive discounting the future and economically un-rational mental 

accounting hinders optimal saving decisions (i.e. Thaler, 1985; Cordes 1990; Bernartzi & Thaler 

2001). This paper describes a new method for understanding how people organise their finances. 

Individuals apply different saving strategies to organise their finances. It is shown how product 

ergonomics, individual tailoring, and product evolution can be used to support cognitive 

mechanisms that overcome the lack of behavioural control. 

4162.3 Economic psychophysics: Studies on wage satisfaction and price perception, Jing Qian 1 , 

Gordon Brown 1 , Andrew Oswald 2 , Jonathan Gardner 3 , 1 Department of Psychology, University 

of Warwick, UK, 2 Department of Economics, University of Warwick, UK, 3 Watson Wyatt LLP, 

UK 

Normative theories of human decision making in Neo-classical Economics typically take 

context-invariant approaches. Here alternative models derived from psychophysics such as 

Adaptation Level Theory (Helson, 1964) and Range Frequency Theory (Parducci, 1965, 1995) are 

tested against utilitarian theories in Economics. Experiment 1 measured perceived attractiveness 

of prices among price distributions of different skewness. Results lend strong support to Range 

Frequency Theory. Experiment 2 tested range-denpendency and rank-dependency using 

laboratory-based data and real-world data from 16,000 UK employees. Experiment 3 investigated 

memory effect of context formation. It is concluded that psychophysical principles can motivate 

novel hypotheses within economic research. 

4162.4 Role of figures in cooperative problem solving, Fang Hao, Xiaolan Fu, Institute of 


External representations play an important role in distance cooperation work. In this experiment, 

every two participants were paired based on their personalities (introversion or extraversion) and 

then cooperated to solve math questions in one of six different figure conditions. Communication 

contents, strategies and times during problem-solving process were recorded, and communication 

experiences were examined by a questionnaire at the end of the tasks. The results showed that 

distinct figures had disparate effects on cooperative problem-solving tasks. Different personality 

combinations had respective strategies and communication functions. The learning curve of 

cooperation could be gained. 

4162.5 Creativity research in China, Weihua Niu 1 , Jiannong Shi 2 , 1 Pace University, USA, 

2 


This project reviews theories of and research on creativity in China (including both Mainland and 

Hong Kong). Topics include definitions and theories of creativity in China across different 

historical times and geographical regions, ancient schools of thoughts related to creativity, 

contemporary research on creativity, as well as historical and current practices of giftedness 

identification and gifted education. The investigation also compares creativity theories and 

research in China with those in other countries. 

1120

4163 ORAL 


Chair: Arnaud Rey, France 

4163.1 Phonological conversion in reading operates at multiple levels, Arnaud Rey, Muriele 

Brand, Ronald Peereman, Lead - Cnrs, Universit?De Bourgogne, Dijon, France 

The dual route model propounded by Coltheart et al. (2001) assumes a grapheme-phoneme 

conversion process in which multi-letter graphemes are isolated sequentially through 

letter-by-letter concatenation. We report the results of a phoneme detection task showing that all 

letters of multi-letter graphemes cause phonemic activation. We also show that letter detection is 

harder when embedded in a two-letter than in a one-letter syllable onset (i.e., L in TABLIER or 

ECOLIER). Together the data suggest that print-to-sound conversion operates at multiple levels of 

word segmentation. 

4163.2 Orthographic and phonological effects in picture-word interference paradigm, Yanchao 

Bi 1 , Yaoda Xu 2 , Alfonso Caramazza 1 , 1 Department of Psychology, Harvard University, USA, 

2 

Yale University, USA 

It is well known that picture naming performance is facilitated by distractors relate to the picture 

name by formal properties. There is no consensus yet about the locus of the effect. With Mandarin 

Chinese, we found that both phonological and orthographic relation facilitate picture naming on 

their own, even when the effect of non-lexical grapheme-phoneme-correspondence was ruled out 

(Experiment 1&2). The phonological effect stays the same across three SOAs while the 

orthographic effect diminishes from negative to positive SOA (Experiment3). It shows that the 

formal facilitation effect in picture-word interference in the literature is a mixed effect with 

multiple loci. 

4163.3 Children’s use of phonological information in families of Chinese characters, Xi Chen 1 , 

Hong Li 2 , Hua Shu 2 , Richard Anderson 1 , 1 University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA, 

2 


This study examined children’s use of phonological information in phonetic families. A family is a 

group of semantic-phonetic compound characters with the same phonetic. 120 fourth and sixth 

graders learned to read characters from three types of families: consistent, semi-consistent, and 

inconsistent. Characters in a consistent family had the same pronunciation. Some but not all the 

characters in a semi-consistent family had the same pronunciation. Characters in an inconsistent 

family had different pronunciations. Children learned consistent families faster than the 

semi-consistent families, followed by inconsistent families. Children’s predictions of unfamiliar 

characters in a transfer task were affected by family consistency. 

4163.4 Dynamic mental representation in discourse processing, Chen Qu, Lei Mo, Shaozhen 

Tan, Department of Psychology, South China Normal University, China 

The role of Dynamic mental representation in language comprehension was examined. Total three 

experiments used a sentence-probe-recognition paradigm in which the relations between probe and 

1121

eference sentence are chronological related, reverse related and unrelated. The result found the 

dynamic mental representation existed in three fields, within scenario, inter-scenario and cross 

time and space. Comparing with the reverse items and unrelated items, the chronological items are 

more accessible, the temporal dimension appeared to be directional and reflected by the 

chronological distance between events. 

4163.5 Undergraduates student’s familiarity to Chinese surnames and forenames, Shaozheng 

Qin, Buxin Han, Tianyong Chen, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China 

840 undergraduates’ familiarities to 100-surname and 100-forename were rated with 5-point scale. 

Results showed that: (1) Familiarity of surname had negative skew distribution, while that of 

forename had approximate normal distribution. (2) Frequency and familiarity of surnames were 

more closely related in name pool than in word pool. (3) Compare with frequency of 

first-character, frequency of second-character in forename was more closely related with 

familiarity of forenames. (4) Familiarity of several surnames and forenames had significant gender, 

specialty, and grade differences, indicated that they are not suitable for memory experiments. 

Theoretical implication and potential application were discussed. 

4164 ORAL 


Chair: Lixia Yang, China 

4164.1 Critical thinking: A way to success, Mansoureh Zagheri Tafreshi 1 , Maryam Rasouli 2 , 

1 2 

Ministry of Health, Nursing Department, Iran, Iran, Faculty member of University of 

Rehabilitation.Iran 

CT is the active, organized, cognitive process used to carefully examine one’s thinking and the 

thinking of others. Critical thinking is the intellectually disciplined process of actively and 

skillfully conceptualizing, applying, analyzing, synthesizing, and/or evaluating information 

gathered from, or generated by, observation, experience, reflection, reasoning, or communication, 

as a guide to belief and action. The T.H.I.N.K model of CT, emphasizing five modes of thinking 

and the need for synergy among the modes. This model has proved to be a useful 

teaching/learning tool for nursing students and guidance for practicing nurses. 

4164.2 Circadian rhythms of automatic versus controlled retrieval in healthy elderly, Lixia 

Yang, Lynn Hasher, University of Toronto, Canada 

The events in memory can be retrieved with either a controlled (explicit) or an automatic (implicit) 

process. We assessed the circadian rhythms of these two retrieval systems. Morning-type older 

adults were tested at their optimal (i.e., morning) or non-optimal (i.e., evening) times on a speeded 

implicit task or a speeded explicit task. Results for the explicit task showed better performance at 

the optimal time of day. However, results for the implicit task did not demonstrate reliable time of 

day effect. This suggests that the underlying processes of the two retrieval systems are 

differentially affected by the circadian rhythm. 

1122

4164.3 Development of students' action memory from primary to high school Keywords: SPT 

effect, development, school students, Yanyan Li, Zhenyin Wang, Buxin Han, Institute of 


SPT effect, as one type of action memory, has been studied in detail and proved being a solid 

phenomenon in adults. However, its development and characteristics in children and juvenile was 

seldom studied. The development of students' action memory was explored. 120 students from 

primary, middle, and high school participated the study. Memory for digits, figures, action 

instruction (combine with 1 verbs and 1 nouns) with and without enactment were measured. The 

results showed that action memory, memory for digits, figures had different development tendency 

at different stages. Implications of the results were discussed. 

4164.4 Applying prospective memory in emergency treatment, Jinquan Zhao 1 , Zhou Ying 2 , 

1 2 

Shanghai University, China, East China Normal University, China 

The materials developed by ourselves were used to measure prospective memory under different 

conditions. Overall, main effect of distraction is marginal and main effect of speed is significant, 

which means stress had significantly impaired the performance of prospective memory. And 

particular reduction was observed in the stress and distracted condition. These findings can be well 

explained by the retrieval mechanism of prospective memory, which involves the strategic and 

automatic process. The present study provides new insights into prospective memory application 

in emergency. 

4165 ORAL 


Chair: Matthias Wille, Germany 

4165.1 Driver’s speed and time headway regulation in traffic data of simulator studies and 

models, Matthias Wille, Guenter Debus, Institute for Psychology, Technical-University Aachen, 

Germany 

The regulation behaviour of speed and time headway has been studied in several driving simulator 

experiments. Subjects drove under car-following conditions as well as alone. Various treatments 

were tested: default speed range, experience of fixed time headway in automated driving convoys 

and weather conditions (clear sight, foggy). The time course of speed and headway data has been 

analyzed by parameterization of period and amplitude of fluctuations. The fluctuation parameters 

show systematic effects of the various driving conditions which have not been noticed in real 

traffic yet. These findings have impact on models of driving behaviour (e.g. acceleration, 

deceleration). 

4165.2 Current methodologies for measuring cognitive interference with in-vehicle devices, 

Thierry Bouillot, Céline Lemercier, Jean-Marie Cellier, LTC UMR 5551 – University of 

Toulouse 2, LAB – PSA Peugeot Citroen Renault, France 

In recent years, the amount of in-vehicle devices has increased in new vehicles, devoted to 

enhance comfort and safety. However, these benefits are changing the nature of car driving and 

can generate distraction and overload of the driver if the design does not take care of the 

1123

attentional limits of the driver. Currents ergonomics studies assessed methodologies in order to 

measure and predict the workload, distracting effects or risk behaviours by resting on early 

psychological processing and models. Our aim is to draw methodologies from current cognitive 

assumptions of multiple-task situations revealing switch cost and multiple resources limitations. 

4165.3 Introspective methods in human-computer interaction research and practice, Torkil 

Clemmensen, Department of InformaticsCopenhagen Business School, Denmark 

The usability of interactive products is often ensured through empirical assessment. Thus the 

introspective methods of ‘thinking aloud’, ‘constructive interaction’ and others have shown their 

great practical value. However, the classical objections to the various uses of introspective 

methods in psychology need to be revisited, when applying introspection in new fields. A review 

of human-computer interaction studies shows that the theory most often referred to in the literature, 

Ericsson and Simon 1984, is incompatible with most of the techniques applied, and that we need 

to consider recent proposals for alternative theoretical frameworks for introspective methods in 

human-computer interaction. 

4165.4 Necessary dimensions to effective global supply chains: The role of national culture, 

Pamela Yeow, Sue Hornibrook, University of Kent, UK 

In order to manage perceptions of risk associated with food quality and safety, vertically 

co-ordinated supply chains have emerged in the UK (Hornibrook 2001, 2003). Given the 

importance of attitudes and beliefs in determining risk perception, and the emergence of global 

supply chains in food and other consumer products, interdisciplinary research is required to 

investigate the role of culture in determining perceived risk, and the consequent influence on 

organisational buying behaviour. With the aim to improve effectiveness in global supply chains, 

this paper hopes to provide a framework for analysing the role of national culture in the food 

industry. 

4165.5 Work design in the third millennium, Marwan Al-Zoubi, University of Surrey, UK 

Developments in job design theory have not kept pace with organisational landscape changes. 

Using data from 498 employees working in modern jobs, we proposed a job design model that 

consists of five hierarchal stages in which fulfilling the previous stage is a pre-requisite to 

achieving the one after. The first stage is a list of job characteristics that were developed using 

qualitative and quantitative data. The second and third stages are hypothetical framework for 

multi-level mechanisms. The fourth and fifth stages are work outcomes (performance and 

well-being). We argued that this hierarchical modelling gives a better understanding and deeper 

analysis. 

1124

Friday, 13 August 2004 


History of applied psychology in different countries 

Convener and Chair: H. Carpintero, Spain 

5001.1 Applied psychology and social issues. How has psychology contributed to the 

understanding and solving of Latin American social problems, R. Ardila, National University of 

Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia 

Psychology, in the developing world (or majority world) has emphasized social applications, more 

than theoretical issues and basic research. This is probably due to the influence of the context, the 

pressing problems that a large part of the population has to face. This is very clear in the case of 

Latin America. The main contributions of psychology for the understanding and solving of social 

problems will be presented, including the areas of education, work, health, community 

development, improving of quality of life, and others. Emphasis will be placed in the most original 

and relevant contributions carried out during the second part of the 20th century. 

5001.2 Pre-professional psychology in Argentina. psychology training projects within a 

socio-historical and political framework, L. Rossi, University of Buenos Aires, Ciudad de Buenos 

Aires, Argentina 

A systematic analysis of psychological training projects in Argentina is carried out to show the 

differences in interpreting social roles and the implicit conception of psychology. Attention is paid 

to the historical and political context (1920-1950). The analysis showed the existence of two 

dominant lines, one oriented toward “guidance” applied to work and education, the other toward 

therapeutic intervention and social medicine. Attention is also paid to various approaches 

(individual/ social, subjective/objective). Special consideration is given to the professional 

situation prior to the creation of Psychology degree in Argentina (1956) and the introduction of 

applied views in the first-approved curriculum. 

5001.3 Women in scientific psychological research, E. Quiñones, Maria Peñaranda, Juan 

José López, Francisco de Alba, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain 

A bibliometric analysis of the first thirty years (1965-1994) of the Journal of Personality and 

Social Psychology is presented. We analysed the structure of JPSP, an analysis based on the 

contents and other aspects related to productivity, such as the growth in the number of articles and 

authors, and invisible colleges. It shows the 23 most productive women authors; it should be 

remembered that women have played an important role in editing and reviewing for the journal. 

Why are there fewer women than men among the most productive authors? Perhaps, too, there 

were institutional barriers to women's progress that impeded their research. 

5001.4 History of applied psychology in Peru, R. Leon, A.M.C. de Preciado, Universidad 

Ricardo Palma, Lima, Peru 

1125

The present communication deals with the history of applied psychology in Peru. The Andean 

country has a large tradition in psychological thinking, with ideas about the relationships between 

body and soul and mental illness, which are present in old Inca oral traditions, and in the writings 

of philosophers and thinkers, but the application of psychological knowledge for practical 

purposes is relatively new in Peru. Significant contributions are here examined. They mainly deal 

with clinical and educational topics. Unfortunately, the most urgent problems of Peruvian society 

(such as racism, machism, social discrimination, multilinguism, terrorism, corruption, 

unemployment) are only tangentially studied by psychologists. 

5001.5 Psychology and Taylorism: Early interactions in Spain, H. Carpintero, Complutense 

University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain 

The introduction of Scientific psychology in contemporary Spain was largely facilitated by the 

interest in the ideas on scientific work organization developed by some small groups involved in 

the process of modernization of the country. Although taylorism is not a psychological theory, its 

implications strenghthened the interest for psychological techniques and methods, and both fields 

interacted, in a fruitful way, in the early decades of the century. The process clearly exemplifies 

the interdisciplinary nature of applied psychology when it is rooted in a historical scenary. 


Recent developments in item response theory for practical uses 

Convener and Chair: K. Shigemasu, Japan 

Co-convener: H. Ikda, Japan 

5002.1 Practical use of computerized adaptive testing in Japan: Development and operation of 

“CASEC”, N. Hayashi, Y. Nogami, K. Maeda, H. Ikeda, The Japan Institute for Educational 

Measurement, Tokyo, Japan 

CASEC, Computerized Assessment System for English Communication is, perhaps, the first 

computerized adaptive testing system, which succeeded in practical use for testing English 

abilities of Japanese test takers. More than eighty thousand people, ranged from junior high to 

college students and business workers, have taken CASEC, a test adapted at their level of English 

proficiency using IRT. We faced few problems in the developing, and the operating stages of this 

CAT system. Our experience on how we have overcome these problems, and completed the CAT 

system will be presented and discussed with some of our research data. 

5002.2 Computer-adaptive formative evaluation: Application of item response model for the 

web-based instruction, E. Muraki, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan 

B. Bloom’s mastery learning model is more suitable for the internet-based instruction system 

compared to the traditional classroom teaching. In his learning model, the effective application of 

formative evaluation is essential to produce desired learning outcomes. In this presentation, the 

desirable format of the computer-adaptive formative testing as a component of the instructional 

design is proposed and its features are discussed. 

5002.3 Multiple dimensions, levels, and steps: Recent innovations in item response theory, W.J. 

1126

van der Linden, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands 

In this presentation we will review recent innovations in IRT. In particular, we will show how IRT 

has developed from simple dichotomous models for item responses to models that measure 

abilities on multiple dimensions, have parameters with a multiple-level structure, and take into 

account the cognitive steps persons have to take to solve items. We will discuss the crucial role 

recent developments in Bayesian statistics have played in making these models statistically 

tractable and illustrate their use with the help of a few empirical examples. 

5002.4 Item response models as Bayesian hierarchical model, K. Shigemasu, The University of 

Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan 

In this paper, various Item Response Models are treated as Hierarchical Models and the inferences 

about the parameters and latent variables are done by the Bayesian approach. This approach has 

been used for some time and proven to be very useful and productive. In this paper, we propose a 

simpler and unified treatment of various models using normal random variables so that the 

straightforward application of Gibbs Sampler should be possible. By doing so, we demonstrate 

that the analysis of some complex models of the measurement models can be done easily as a kind 

of the hierarchical model proposed here. 

5002.5 Correspondence analysis of the person-misfit error responses in a Chinese vocabulary 

comprehension test, Y.W. Cao 1 , H.C. Zhang 2 , 1 Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China; 2 Beijing 


A study of Chinese vocabulary comprehension test with 38 common used items were conducted, 

the subjects of the study were 1255 first graders of different elementary schools. The error and 

person mis-fitted results in children’s responses were identified by the person-fit index derived 

from IRT, and those item distracters in responses and no answers were classified into eight types. 

Then the correlations were investigated by correspondence analysis. As the result, some 

characteristics of children’s learning of Chinese vocabularies were found and discussions made. 


Brain Mechanisms for Selective Attention 

Convener and Chair: R. Desimone, USA 

Co-convener: L. Chen, China 

5003.1 Wholes, holes, and objects in selective attention, L. Chen, K. Zhou, S.N. Lu, S.Y. Hu, 

Graduate School and Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China 

What is a perceptual object? The theory of early topological perception, which highlights that 

topological properties constitute a formal description of fundamental perceptual organizations 

(such as parsing visual scenes into potential objects, and other global, Gestalt-like operations), ties 

a formal definition of object to invariant properties over topological transformation. The validity 

of the topological definition of object was tested by using various paradigms in the study of visual 

selective attention, including pre-cueing, multiple object tracking (MOT), and capture attention. 

The results consistently demonstrate that topological constraints are vital to the forming of 

perceptual objects. 

1127

5003.2 Synchronized neural activity and selective attention in visual cortex, R. Desimone, Lab 

Neuropsychol, NIMH, Bethesda, MD, USA 

Multiple objects in a typical complex scene compete for visual processing and attention. 

Neurophysiological recording studies in primates indicate that the representations of these 

multiple stimuli compete within visual cortical areas of the ventral processing stream. Top-down 

inputs from a network that includes prefrontal and parietal cortex bias the competition, and the 

bias is expressed as an increase in baseline neural activity, an increase in neuronal sensitivity, and 

an increase in high-frequency (gamma) synchronization of neurons carrying the relevant 

information. 

5003.3 Neural mechanisms for categories, concepts, and cognitive control, E. Miller, 

Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA 

What controls your thoughts? How do you focus attention? This is cognitive control, the ability 

coordinate brain processing along a common theme, a predicted goal. Cognitive control depends 

on the prefrontal cortex (PFC). Results from our laboratory have shown that PFC neurons have 

properties commensurate with a role in "executive" brain function. They are involved in directing 

attention, in recalling stored memories, and they integrate the diverse information needed for a 

given goal. Perhaps most importantly, they transmit acquired knowledge. They seem to underlie 

our internal representations of the "rules of the game". 

5003.4 Cortical mechanisms of human attentional control, S. Yantis 1 , J. Serences 1 , J. 

Schwarzbach 2 , S. Shomstein 3 , T. Liu 4 , 1 Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; 

2 3 

Donders Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, The Netherlands; Carnegie Mellon University, 

USA; 4 New York University, USA 

We have investigated the time course of attentional control signals in human cortex using rapid 

event-related fMRI during tasks that require shifts of attention between locations, features, or 

objects, or between vision and audition. Within each domain, cortical activity in sensory regions is 

strongly modulated by attention. Furthermore, we observe consistent transient increases in activity 

in the superior parietal lobule and superior prefrontal cortex that is time-locked to shifts of 

attention. These temporal profiles suggest a consistent role for these attentional control structures 

in the initiation and maintenance of new attentive states within multiple sensory domains. 


Spatial schemas and abstract thought 

Convener and Chair: M. Gattis, UK 

5004.1 Mapping concepts to space, M. Gattis, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK 

Reasoning with spatial representations relies on mappings between abstract concepts and space. 

Unless these mappings have been established by prior learning, creating them is time consuming 

and computationally expensive. Why is it then that humans are able to reason with diagrams and 

other spatial representations so quickly and accurately, and expend seemingly little effort in 

1128

computing the mappings between conceptual and spatial dimensions? In this talk I will discuss 

three constraints on mapping concepts to space and describe how these constraints influence 

reasoning from spatial representations. 

5004.2 Spatial schemas in depictions, B. Tversky, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA 

Depictions, such as maps, charts, graphs, and diagrams have been produced by children and adults 

since antiquity in cultures across the world. These depictions use spatial elements and the spatial 

relations among them to convey not only spatial concepts and relations but also concepts and 

relations that are metaphorically spatial. They are readily understood because spatial metaphors 

are available and because the meanings of spatial elements are suggested by likeness, association, 

and geometric properties. Parallels to language and gesture suggest domain specific semantics, 

syntax, and pragmatics for each. 

5004.3 Children’s mathematics: Lost and found in space, P. Bryant, University of Oxford, 

Oxford, UK 

My intention is to show that quite young children think logically about spatial relations but also 

that the spatial context sets the scene for the kind of thinking that children do. To make these two 

points I shall describe several experiments (both ancient and modern) on children’s use of spatial 

frameworks, on transitivity, on sharing, and on division (in particular on children’s understanding 

of the relations between the divisor and the dividend). 

5004.4 Relational language and the development of relational mapping, D. Gentner, 

Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA 

Four studies test the claim that learning and using spatial language can foster children’s spatial 

representation and reasoning. Preschool children saw an object hidden in a three-tiered box and 

then had to search for the matching object in corresponding relative location in a virtually 

identical test box difficult task for preschool children. Spatial language greatly improved 

children’s performance on the task, and these benefits persisted over delays. These results suggest 

that spatial language induces more precise encoding of spatial relations. This relational 

representation facilitates children’s analogical mapping. 


Women’s career patterns in a lifespan perspective 

Convener and Chair: G. Johansson, Germany 

Co-convener: G. Mohr, Sweden 

5005.1 Timing of childbirth and education: A life-event approach to female career patterns, K. 

Isaksson, National Institute for Working Life, Stockholm, Sweden 

This presentation describes female career patterns in terms of shape, level, and stability with 

special attention to the timing of childbirth and other life events. Swedish women participating in 

a longitudinal study initiated at school age (n=109) were interviewed at the age of 43. Life events 

in three areas ‘education, family, and work’ were plotted. Results revealed relative stability of 

labor force participation, but not of work hours over the life course. Continous full-time was 

1129

highly unusual and limited to women without children. Upwards career moves were common, 

most often in more than one career step. 

5005.2 Women’s life-course trajectory patterns – An optimal matching analysis, Q. Huang, 

Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden 

In this study we attempted to find typologies of women’s life pathway patterns. Women’s 

life-course trajectories (n=549) from age 16 to 43 were coded as a sequence of seven main 

activities at 6-month intervals including study, full-time work, work and study, part-time work, 

parental leave, unemployment and a rest category of miscellaneous. Optimal matching techniques 

were applied to analyze the sequences. Nine distinctive life patterns were found. Individual’s life 

role values were cross-tabulated with the patterns and reasonable correspondences were found. 

Relationships between life-pathway patterns and socioeconomic status at age 43 were also 

examined. 

5005.3 Women’s middle age as related to their career patterns, G. Johansson, Stockholm 


On the basis of a longitudinal data base covering 568 Swedish women born in the 1950s, several 

typical patterns of career development were identified. These patterns were based on information 

on main activities recorded for each 6-month interval from adolescence until middle age and 

characterized by the amount of study, full-time or part-time work, parental leave, etc. In this 

presentation it is shown how such typical career patterns tend to be related to general well-being 

and the pattern of mental and somatic health and disease of the same women as they have reached 

middle age. 

5005.4 Life-span exposure to psycho-social work conditions related to well-being among 

middle-aged women, M. Sverke, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden 

Research has consistently linked unfavorable work conditions to impaired well-being, but little is 

known about the combined effects of exposure to psycho-social factors in a life-span perspective. 

Using a sample of Swedish women, occupational codes from each six-month period from the 

entry of working life until age 43 were matched with average levels (derived from a national 

survey) of demands, control, and support for each occupation held by the women. Relating the 

pooled effects over the course of the career to various indicators of well-being contribute to the 

understanding of the factors involved in women’s well-being at work. 


The neuropsychology of childhood epilepsy 

Convener and Chair: M. Lassonde, Canada 

5006.1 Cognitive effects of childhood epilepsy, M. Lassonde, Université de Montréal, 

Montréal, QC, Canada 

Because it disrupts brain maturation, childhood epilepsy has long been thought to produce 

non-specific consequences such as mental deficiency and behavioral problems. However, the 

neuropsychology of childhood epilepsy has evolved tremendously in the last decade. This 

1130

presentation will address the updated notions of specific cognitive deficits resulting from 

childhood epilepsy. From a conception in which epilepsy was seen as producing diffuse cognitive 

consequences, the most recent reports indicate that childhood epilepsy not only produces specific 

symptoms that are similar to those observed in adults but also that the nature of these symptoms 

may be related to the age at which cerebral maturation is being affected by the epileptic process. 

5006.2 Psychosocial adjustment of people with epilepsy, T.M.C. Lee 1,2 , V.C.N. Wong 1 , 1 The 

University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; 2 Institute of Clinical Neuropsychology and 

MacLehose Medical Rehabilitation Centre, Hong Kong SAR, China 

Children with epilepsy have a high incidence of psychological, behavioral and psychiatric 

problems that risk to adversely affect their quality of life. It appears that these problems persist in 

adulthood. This presentation addresses this issue within a Chinese cultural context. Fifty epileptic 

patients completed the Washington Psychosocial Inventory, the Coping Inventory for Stressful 

Situations, and a questionnaire that assessed their psychosocial difficulties and coping styles. 

Social factors, such as self-perception and coping strategies, were more powerful predictors of 

psychosocial adjustment in people with epilepsy than the medical factors associated with epilepsy. 

The findings showed that psychosocial maladjustment is a significant issue for people with 

epilepsy in Hong Kong. 

5006.3 Questioning the link between “genetic” autism and epilepsy, L. Mottron, Université de 

Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada 

Previous data indicate that around 1/4 of individuals with Autism, mostly with very low IQs, are 

affected by epilepsy and possibly two times more present with atypical EEG manifestations. This 

presentation reports an updated summary of the relationship between Autism and epilepsy, and 

new prevalence data of clinical epilepsy in a population of High functioning Autism (HFA) 

individuals. Results show that the prevalence of epilepsy in HFA individuals is considerably lower 

than previously reported. These results confirm that epilepsy in Autism is associated with low IQ 

and comorbid neurological diagnosis, and question the understanding of epilepsy as related to the 

phenotype of genetic Autism. 

5006.4 Long-term cognitive and psychosocial outcome of pediatric epilepsy surgery, M.L. 

Smith, University of Toronto at Missisauga, Missisauga, ON, Canada 

Surgery for intractable epilepsy is being increasingly used in children and decreases seizures in 

several cases. This presentation examines the long-term outcome of epilepsy surgery in children 

on cognitive and psychological function. Our longitudinal study indicates that cognitive function 

does not change after surgery, but that advantages in social behaviour appear by 2-4 years 

post-operatively. Although seizure-free young operated adults do not differ from controls with 

seizures in terms of social-demographic indicators, they do report higher levels of quality of life. 

These results suggest that change after surgery may take a considerable time to emerge when it 

occurs, and may be perceived in subjective rather than objective indicators. 


1131

Determinants of successful aging: Exploring the roles of resources, strategies, and beliefs 

Convener and Chair: D. Jopp, Germany 

Co-convener: C. de Frias, Sweden 

5007.1 On the roles of resources, self-referent beliefs, and attitudes towards life for successful 

aging: First results from the Heidelberg centenarian study, D. Jopp, C. Rott, V. d’Heureuse, 

German Centre for Research on Ageing, Heidelberg, German 

This study investigates how centenarians adapt to the negative age-associated conditions that 

strain quality of life in very old age. As determinants of positive adaptation, we examined personal 

resources (i.e., education, cognition, health, social network, and extraversion) as well as 

self-referent beliefs and attitudes towards one’s life (i.e., self-efficacy, optimism, will to live, and 

meaning in life) with respect to happiness as indicator of successful aging. Based on data from the 

Heidelberg Centenarian Study, path analyses revealed that personal resources explain a great 

proportion of the variance in happiness, but that their effects are mostly mediated through beliefs 

and attitudes. 

5007.2 Memory compensation in older adults: Change, variability, and correlates, C. de Frias, 


Recent research on the Memory Compensation Questionnaire (MCQ) has examined short-term 

longitudinal changes, and cross-sectional correlates of compensatory strategy use in older adults. 

The MCQ is a reliable and valid instrument for assessing aspects of memory resilience and 

cognitive adaptation. Two new characteristics of memory compensation were examined. Using 

3-wave (6-year) data from the Victoria Longitudinal Study (VLS), a sample of 521 adults (initially 

aged 55-85 years) was assembled. The first goal was to examine 6-year change and variability in 

change. The second goal was to investigate influences on variability, including personality, 

memory beliefs, health, memory performance, and executive functioning. 

5007.3 Marital satisfaction and health in older couples: The role of dyadic coping resources, M. 

Schmitt, German Centre for Research on Ageing, Heidelberg, German 

Although many studies show relations between marital satisfaction and health in old age, it 

remains unclear which role both spouses coping style plays to maintain high levels of dyadic 

satisfaction. The purpose of this paper is to answer this question with data on marital satisfaction, 

health, and dyadic coping from N = 85 married older couples (mean age: 69 years). Results 

showed significant relations between health and marital satisfaction and suggest a mediating effect 

of problem-focused dyadic coping strategies. Findings are discussed in the context of the 

mechanisms underlying the influence of coping on marital satisfaction and health. 

5007.4 Self-transcendence and coping in later life, J. Patricia 1 , M.R. Levenson 1 , C.M. 

Aldwin 1 , A. Spiro III 2 , D.K. Mroczek 3 , 1 University of California, Davis, CA, USA; 2 Boston 

University, Boston, MA, USA; 3 Fordham University, Bronx, NY, USA 

Self-transcendence has been hypothesized to be an important component of wisdom. The Adult 

Self-Transcendence Inventory (ASTI) is an assessment of the construct found to have two factors: 

self-transcendence and alienation. A mail survey sent to Normative Aging Study men and their 

wives included the ASTI, as well as personality, stress, coping and affect measures. 

1132

Self-transcendence was uncorrelated with age but was modestly correlated with female gender. 

Self-Transcendence was correlated with two coping variables: positive action and prayer. A 

regression analysis demonstrated that positive action and prayer were significant predictors of 

self-transcendence along with female gender, life satisfaction and extraversion. 


Culture and moral development 

Convener and Chair: H.K. Ma, Hong Kong 

5008.1 Paradigms for studying Chinese moral thinking: A meta-theoretical analysis, K.K. 

Hwang, National Taiwan University, Taipei, China 

This article examines various approaches for studying Chinese moral thinking. The imposed etic 

approach with a presumption of absolutism assumes that the theoretical models developed by 

Western psychologists (e.g., Kohlberg (1981) and Rest (1977)) are universal and can be used to 

study psychology of non-Western people. The derived etic approach with a presumption of 

universalism expects to construct culturally fair theories and instruments of measurement (e.g., 

Bloom (1979); Wilson (1974)). In order to overcome the difficulties of positivism, indigenous 

psychologists should follow the emic approach, but adopt the presumption of universalism, not 

relativism. Examples are Ma’s (1997) two-parameter model of moral development and Hwang’s 

(2001) analysis of Confucian cultural tradition. 

5008.2 Development of altruism towards significant others, H.K. Ma, Hong Kong Baptist 

University, Hong Kong, China 

A six-stage developmental theory of altruism towards significant others for the Chinese people is 

constructed based on contemporary psychological theories and Chinese perspectives. Significant 

others include parents, spouse, son or daughter, siblings and close relatives. The six stages are: (1) 

Authority-Induced Altruism, (2) Reciprocal Altruism, (3) Primary Group Altruism, (4) Social and 

Normative Altruism, (5) Utilitarian and Extended Altruism, and (6) Natural Altruism. Prototypic 

responses to questions related to hypothetical moral dilemmas were presented to substantiate the 

proposed structure of Stages 1 to 5. 

5008.3 Moral reasoning, empathetic response, and prosocial behavior: Their interrelations in the 

middle school students, D. Li, D. Zhu, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China 

The study focused on moral reasoning, empathy ability and prosocial behavior of Grade 6 to 8 

Chinese students in Shanghai. The results indicated that the majority of students were at Stage 3 of 

moral development. There were no significant differences between grades, but the differences 

were notable between boys and girls. The moral reasoning of middle school students did not 

correlate with their prosocial behavior, but emotional response correlated significantly with moral 

reasoning and prosocial behavior. The prosocial behavior in the laboratory were more than that 

from the students’ self-report. 

5008.4 Correlates of deviant behaviors among migrant and local-born adolescents in Hong 

Kong, R.S.Y. Lam, V.C.W. Tam, Department of Education Studies, Hong Kong Baptist 

1133


The study examines deviant behaviors among 243 adolescents migrated from Mainland China and 

750 Chinese adolescents born in Hong Kong. Preliminary analyses indicate that migrant 

adolescents had fewer deviant behaviors than local-born adolescents. Multiple regression analyses 

using the same set of independent variables across the two groups show that sex and locus of 

control contribute to the prediction of deviant behaviors of the migrants, whereas parents’ support, 

age, sex, and withdrawal coping affect the development of deviant behaviors of the local-born. 

Overall, results have implications for conceptual understanding of deviant behaviors among 

Chinese adolescents and shed light on youth service. 


Globalization and the emergence of supranational identities 

Convener and Chair: K. Boehnke, Germany 

5009.1 Identity and diversity: Beyond post-modern and multicultural approaches, A. 

Triandafyllidou, European University Institute, Italy 

Under which conditions is it possible to accommodate for cultural diversity within a given society? 

No new multiculturalism theory nor a new type of plural nationalism is proposed. Rather the paper 

argues that one needs to explore what it means to belong, what the nature of community is, 

whether it makes sense to talk about community in today’s global reality. It will argue that a sense 

of belonging to a community of memory and destiny can in principle co-exist with cultural 

diversity. The range of diversity possible to accommodate is, however, limited, which needs 

acknowledgment in multicultural theories and policies. 

5009.2 European identity and values: An integration of survey data and qualitative interviews, 

M. Ros, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain 

European identity and values were studied among youth from Austria, Germany, Czech and 

Slovak Republics, Spain, and the United Kingdom. In each country representatively selected plus 

purposively selected Europe oriented youth (18-24y, N~400/N~100) were surveyed. European 

identity was related to Schwartz theory of values. Youth show strong consensus in their profile of 

values but high diversity in the meaning that Europe as a value has for them. Survey results are 

compared data from 44 open interviews from each country. Survey and interview results are 

discussed in relation to different experiences that these countries made as members of the EU. 

5009.3 European identity: A safeguard against Xenophobia? K. Boehnke, D. Fuss, 

International University Bremen, Bremen, Germany 

Citizenship concepts, national/European identity, and xenophobia were studied among youth from 

Austria, Germany, Czech/Slovak Republics, Spain, and the United Kingdom. In each country 

representatively selected youth (18-24y, N~400) were surveyed. An ethnic citizenship concept was 

related to a strong sense of national identity which predicted high xenophobia. A civic citizenship 

concept was related to a strong sense of European identity which served as a safeguard against 

xenophobia. However, there were complex correlations both between the two citizenship and the 

two identity concepts. This will be discussed by addressing differences in what Europe and 

1134

citizenship mean in the cultures included. 

5009.4 Fear or enthusiasm concerning globalisation and its effects on identity among Hungarian 

young adults before joining the EU, M. Fülöp 1 , B. Terecskei 2 , 1 Institute for Psychology, 

Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary; 2 Job Centre of Csongrad County, Hungary 

Relatively little empirical research exists on the topic of globalization in relation to identity among 

young people living in societies that are just about to join the European Union. The aim of the 

present study was to reveal Hungarian university students’ views concerning globalization. We 

employed a questionnaire with open-ended questions. Qualitative analyses revealed the specific 

fears and joys, disadvantages and advantages young Hungarians attribute to globalization and its 

consequences in connection with European, national and individual identity. In terms of national, 

cultural identity fears dominated their views, while in general they attributed more positive values 

and consequences to globalization. 


Evolutionary psychology of family. 

Convener and Chair: T. Hasegawa, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan 

Co-convener: M. Hiraiwa-Hasegawa, Japan 

5010.1 Birth order, familial sentiment and personality: Data from Japan, T. Kobayashi, T. 

Hasegawa, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan 

The last decade of research from the evolutionary perspective have provided empirical and 

theoretical evidence about the impact of family on various psychological/behavioral aspects, in 

particular personality, friendship, and familial sentiments. Previous studies in samples from 

diverse countries showed substantial effects of birth order on familial sentiment, closeness to kin, 

or Big-five personality (e.g., Rohde, et al., 2003; Salmon & Daly, 1998). Similar results are also 

shown in the present study using Japanese sample (N= 777 undergraduates). Nevertheless, there 

are inconsistent or dissimilar findings in some aspects, which are discussed in light of 

evolutionary hypothesis or the difference of culture (Western vs. Asian cultures). 

5010.2 Filial and spousal homicide in Korea: Past and present, J.C. Choe, H. Hwang, S.H. 

Hong, D. Jang, H. Kim, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea 

We analyzed patterns and causes of filial and spousal homicide in Korea, using three data sets that 

are spread apart over the three centuries (years 1775-1794, 1895-1907, and 1994-1999). This is 

the first attempt to analyze Korean data from the viewpoints of evolutionary psychology. Although 

the data came from widely different types of societies, i.e. monarchical Confucian society vs. 

modern democratic society, the results were largely consistent with the prediction of Daly and 

Wilson’s (1988). Child’s reproductive value and male sexual proprietariness appeared the most 

important factors in filial and spousal homicide, respectively. 

5010.3 Differential parental investment towards sons and daughters: Universal patterns and a 

case study in Japan, M. Hiraiwa-Hasegawa, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan 

When a society discriminates women against men in various aspects of their social life, parents 

1135

often, consciously or subconsciously, discriminate daughters against sons. Female-biased 

infanticide is one of the extreme cases, but usually it shows as the excess-female mortality 

resulting from neglect. Although there is no evidence of excess-female mortality in current 

Japanese societies, it was evident during the period from about 1900 to 1935. I will summarize the 

patterns of differential parental investment towards sons and daughters published so far and will 

describe in detail the excess-female mortality in pre-war time Japan. 

5010.4 Reproductive variance and family decisions, X.T. Wang, University of South Dakota, 

Vermillion, SD, USA 

From an evolutionary perspective, risks should be viewed as reproductive uncertainties in terms of 

variations in reproductive fitness. In field studies conducted in the US and China, we found that 

families with higher perceived wealth invested more in daughters than sons whereas this pattern 

was reversed in the lower perceived-wealth families. In contrast, real-wealth affected the overall 

parental investment reflected by the rate of breastfeeding. In addition, children with a low 

paternity uncertainty, who were perceived as physically resembling the father, were more likely to 

be breastfed. These results are explained in the framework of Bounded Risk Distributions (Wang, 

2002). 


Suggestion and belief: Placebos, hypnosis, and false memories 

Convener and Chair: I. Kirsch, UK 

Co-convener: G. Mazzoni, UK 

5011.1 The effects of suggestion and belief on perception, memory, health, and cognition, I. 

Kirsch, G. Mazzoni, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK 

Suggestion is defined as the provision of information that is new to the recipient and that pertains 

to events within the experience of the individual. Types of suggestion include those produced by 

placebos, hypnosis, and misinformation about the past. Suggestions can produce profound changes 

perception, memory, health, and cognition. These changes are mediated by alteration of beliefs 

and typically involve changes response expectancy, which is a particular type of belief. The power 

of belief is illustrated by the placebo effect in the treatment depression, which has been found to 

account for almost all of the effects of antidepressant medication. 

5011.2 Theories of the placebo effect, S. Stewart-Williams, Massey University, Palmerston 

North, New Zealand 

A wide variety of placebo effects have been demonstrated, including placebo-induced analgesia, 

sedation, physiological arousal, and even relief from depression. The two main approaches to this 

fascinating phenomenon are expectancy theory and classical conditioning. Typically, these are 

pitted against one another. In this talk, I argue that this way of construing the issue does not 

adequately address the complex relationship between conditioning and expectancy. A review of 

the literature suggests that some conditioned placebo effects are mediated by expectancy; however, 

some placebo effects involve expectancy but not conditioning, and others involve conditioning but 

not expectancy. 

1136

5011.3 The use of the placebo response in clinical practice, M.E. Hyland, University of 

Plymouth, Plymouth, UK 

When patients are treated medically, the outcome is determined by a combination of the active 

pharmacological agent and the placebo response, and where the relative contribution depends on 

several factors including disease. It is helpful to manage patients in a way that maximizes this 

placebo response when treating with active agents. Two factors contribute to the placebo response 

via positive expectancies of treatment: the perceived expertise of the therapist, and the optimism 

portrayed by the therapist. Therapists of complementary medicine are sometimes more successful 

at promoting perceived expertise and optimism than conventional medical practitioners, and 

implications of this are discussed. 

5011.4 Expectancies, suggestion, and hypnosis, S.J. Lynn, State University of New York, 

Binghamton, NY, USA 

For more than 200 years, hypnosis has been associated with dramatic changes in hypnotized 

participants; appearance, experiences, and behaviors. Whereas some workers in the field contend 

that dissociation or an altered state of consciousness (i.e., "trance") is responsible for hypnotic 

phenomena including amnesia, hallucinations, and catalepsy, many, if not all, hypnotic phenomena 

can be explained in terms of participants¹ motivation, expectancies, and responsiveness to 

imaginative suggestions. This paper will review the literature on the link between expectancies 

and a variety of hypnotic responses, with a special focus on the experience of hypnotic 

involuntariness. 

5011.5 Creating false beliefs and memories for autobiographical events, G. Mazzoni, 

University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK 

False autobiographical beliefs have been created using a variety of techniques, ranging from 

hypnosis to dream interpretation and imagination. Most of these studies show that it is relatively 

easy to increase the participants’ belief that a certain event occurred to them and to implant a false 

memory of it, although the event did not in fact occur. The relationship between false beliefs and 

false memories will be reviewed, and some of the mechanisms that play a role in creating false 

beliefs and memories will be discussed in relation to the different ways in which false memories 

can be created. 


The role of independence and interdependence in adolescent-parent conflict and conflict 

resolution in diverse cultures 

Convener and Chair: J.S. Phinney, USA 

5012.1 Chinese adolescents’ conceptions of parental authority in relation to their personal 

justifications for conflicts with parents, J. Yau, Hong Kong Institute of Education, Hong Kong, 

China 

Findings from a previous study (Yau & Smetana, 2003) suggest that Chinese adolescents justified 

conflicts with parents by appealing to personal jurisdiction, and across contexts, personal 

1137

easoning increased with age. The boundaries and content of the personal domain among Chinese 

youth are further explored in a recent study. Chinese adolescents and their parents from 

upper-middle to lower-middle classes were individually interviewed on their conceptions of the 

legitimacy of parental authority, in relation to their justifications for their daily life conflicts and 

how the adolescents’ define the boundaries of the personal arena. The results add to our 

understanding of the development of autonomy among Chinese youth. 

5012.2 The role of cultural values in adolescents’ handling of disagreements with parents in 

four American ethnic groups, J.S. Phinney, California State University, Los Angeles, CA, USA 

This study examined the way in which cultural values influence responses of adolescents from 

diverse American ethnic groups to disagreements with parents. Adolescents (N = 240) aged 14 to 

22 years from 4 American ethnic groups (European American, Mexican American, Armenian 

American, and Korean American) reported their projected actions (compliance, negotiation, 

self-assertion) in response to 6 hypothetical adolescent-parent disagreements, and completed a 

scale of the value of family interdependence. Ethnic groups differed on compliance, but family 

interdependence predicted compliance (positively) better than did ethnic group membership. 

Family interdependence also negatively predicted self-assertion. 

5012.3 Differences between Korean and Korean American adolescents in response to 

disagreements with parents, T. Kim-Jo, University of California, Pasadena CA, USA 

This study examined the differences in conflict resolution between Korean (n=60) and Korean 

American (n=60) adolescents, aged 14 to 22 years. Adolescents reported their projected responses 

to hypothetical disagreements with parents. Responses were coded into three categories of conflict 

resolution: compliance, negotiation, and self-assertion. As hypothesized, Korean American 

adolescents were less self-assertive than Korean adolescents, suggesting that Korean American 

adolescents may be culturally encapsulated within the cultural norms of a more traditional era in 

the homeland, while values in Korea are becoming less traditional. Korean American adolescents 

also negotiated more with parents than did Koreans, indicating that they have adopted some 

behaviors from American culture. 

5012.4 Self-assertion as a means of resolving parent-adolescent disagreements among Japanese 

adolescents, K. Sugimura 1 , M. Yamazaki 2 , K. Takeo 3 , 1 Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan; 

2 3 

Waseda University, Yokohama, Japan; Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo, Japan 

This study examined the ways in which Japanese adolescents handle disagreements with parents, 

and the extent to which Japanese cultural values of family closeness predict adolescents' reported 

handling of disagreements. Adolescents (N = 1029) aged 12 to 25 years reported their projected 

actions in response to 6 hypothetical adolescent-parent disagreements, and completed a scale of 

values of family closeness. Contrary to the common assumption that Japanese children attune 

themselves to the wishes of their parents, self-assertion was the most common action, followed by 

negotiation and compliance. Structural equation modeling showed that the values of family 

closeness predicted adolescents' reported handling of disagreements. 


1138

Neuronal basis of behaviors, evoked potentials and brain oscillations 

Convener and Chair: Y.I. Alexandrov, Russia 

5013.1 Selective frequency of gamma oscillations and attention, N.N. Danilova, E.N. Sokolov, 

Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia 

Spectral analysis of averaged N100 reveals in 0-100 ms time window evoked gamma oscillations 

in 30-75 Hz frequency band. Fine (1 Hz) filtering of gamma oscillations shows their discrete 

frequency structure. Computation of equivalent dipoles for the discrete frequencies demonstrate 

their localizations in separate areas depended on direction of attention. Under active attention 

dipoles are found not only in the specific auditory cortex but also in the frontal area. In might be 

assumed that discrete gamma frequencies represent the activation of the separate pacemaker 

neurons phase-locked by regular sound stimulation. 

5013.2 The influence of the emotional meaning of schematic-faces on the N170 component, A. 

Krombholz, University of Wuppertal, Germany 

The present study investigated whether different emotional meanings of schematic faces may 

influence the N170-component. We used the N400 effect in a cross-modality-priming paradigm as 

an indicator for sementic processing with the task-relevant information embedded in different kind 

of modalities of stimuli, words and schematic-faces. The subjects had to decide whether a 

schematic-face shows the same expression or not. The N170 was detected from 140 ms through 

200 ms. There was a significant effect in the amplitudes of the N170 due to the emotional meaning 

of the schematic faces, in terms of larger amplitudes as a reaction to angry faces. 

5013.3 Large-scale mapping of neuronal substrates of behavior: Molecular imaging approaches, 

K.V. Anokhin, Institute of Normal Physiology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, 

Russia 

Behavior is a phenomenon that depends on coordinated activity of a great number of neurons 

distributed across multiple brain structures. We have developed a new approach to large-scale 

mapping of such functional systems in the animal brain. The approach is based on the use of 

molecular markers of neuronal plasticity and allows three-dimensional reconstruction of 

neuroanatomy of functional systems that subserve acquisition of new experience in the vertebrate 

central nervous system. Specific features of this approach, its potentials, relation to traditional 

electrophysiological techniques and lessons about the systems bases of behavior from this 

mapping experiments will be discussed in the talk. 

5013.4 Neural substrate underlying Chinese language processing, S. Wong, J.A. Spinks, L.H. 

Tan, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China 

Numerous studies have been done in investigating the neural substrate underlying language 

processing, however, a vast majority of these studies focused on the processing of alphabetic 

languages. It is still unclear whether languages with different linguistic features are represented by 

the same or distinct cortical substrate. The present study aims to examine the neural substrate 

underlying Chinese language processing using functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI). 

Chinese is a logographic language with unique phonological and orthographical systems, which 

are different from the alphabetic languages like English. The semantic and phonological 

1139

processing of Chinese was examined and compared to that of English. 

5013.5 Determination of brain activity by a goal and the solution to the “hard problem” of 

consciousness, Y.I. Alexandrov, Institute of Psychology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 

Russia 

“Hard Problem”: Why should physical processing give rise to a rich inner life at all? [D. Chalmers, 

1995]. Study of neuron activity points out that goal-directedness appears not only as a property of 

the whole multicellular organism but exists at the level of a single cell as well. The origin of life is 

linked to the appearance of an activity and goal-directedness instead of reactivity. It is this 

organization of physical processes, giving rise to inner life, that inevitably linked to 

goal-directedness and hence to the subjective good-bad dichotomy. 


Issues and development of psychology in the 21st Century: An Asian perspective on attitudes 

toward seeking professional psychological help 

Convener and Chair: T.Y. Yau, USA 

Co-convener: A.G. Tan, Singapore 

5014.1 The relation between perceived cultural behavior and help-seeking behavior of 

trainee-teachers in Singapore, A.G. Tan 1 , K.M. Lim 1 , R.P.H. Ang 1 , T.Y. Yau 2 , 1 Nanyang 

Technological University, Singapore; 2 University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA 

The influence of culture (collectivism versus individualism) on help-seeking behavior has 

attracted attention of researchers and psychologists. Studies have shown that people of the 

collectivist culture are less likely than their counterparts of the individualist culture to seek 

psychological or related professional help. This paper examines the relation perceived 

collectivist-individualist behavior and help-seeking behavior in a sample of trainee teachers in 

Singapore. Implications for the help-seeking behavior in the Asian context will be discussed. 

5014.2 A meta-analysis of attitudes toward seeking professional psychological help, M. Goh, S. 

Ghazi-Moghadam, K. Kato, Y.S. Seo, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA 

Since the Attitudes Toward Seeking Professional Psychological Help Scale (ATSPPHS; Fisher & 

Turner, 1970) was developed more than 30 years ago, the ATPPHS and other similar instruments 

have attempted to capture the essence of individuals’ help seeking attitudes across cultures and 

countries.’ However, other than a thorough literature review of help seeking (Leong, Wagner, & 

Tata, 1995), no effort has been made to systematically summarize research findings in this area. 

This is the first known study to synthesize the results from studies that investigate attitudes toward 

seeking professional psychological help. Remaining gaps in this area of research and implications 

for the delivery of psychological services will be discussed. 

5014.3 Attitudes toward seeking professional psychological help among Chinese college and 

high school students, M. Goh 1 , K.H. Wahl 1 , B.Z. Xie 1 , G.L. Zhong 2 , 1 University of Minnesota, 

Minneapolis, MN, USA; 2 Capital Normal University, Beijing, China 

The growth of psychology as an academic discipline in China has seen a concomitant emergence 

1140

of counseling and psychological services in various contexts, particularly in Chinese schools and 

universities. However, no research currently exists that captures Chinese students’ attitudes toward 

seeking professional psychological help. This study will present findings from 500 college and 

500 high school students who completed the Attitudes Toward Seeking Professional Psychological 

Help Scale (Fisher & Turner, 1970). Results from this study will contribute to our understanding 

of how Chinese perceive help-seeking and suggest implications for the delivery of culturally 

appropriate counseling and psychological services. 

5014.4 Influence of primary versus secondary control beliefs on help-seeking behavior of 

trainee-teachers in Singapore, K.M. Lim 1 , A.G. Tan 1 , R.P.H. Ang 1 , T.Y. Yau 2 , 1 Nanyang 

Technological University, Singapore; 2 University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA 

The influence of locus of control (internal versus external) on help-seeking behavior has been 

extensively examined. Previous studies have shown that internals are more likely to seek 

psychological help and are better at coping with stress. This study examined the influence of 

primary and secondary control beliefs on help-seeking behavior. Primary control belief is similar 

to internal locus of control belief: Individuals believe that they can improve or influence their 

situation. Secondary control belief is the idea that individuals improve their situation by changing 

oneself (cognition, affects or behaviors) to adapt to the situation. Implications for counseling and 

future research are discussed. 

5014.5 Impact of sex role type and gender on help-seeking behavior of trainee-teachers in 

Singapore, R. Ang 1 , K.M. Lim 1 , A.G. Tan 1 , T.Y. Yau 2 , 1 Nanyang Technological University, 

Singapore; 2 University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA 

The relationship between gender and help-seeking behavior has been extensively studied: 

generally, females have more positive attitudes towards help seeking than males. In related field, 

the concept of sex roles (masculinity and femininity) and in particular, psychological androgyny, 

have been posited to account for the major variance in indicators for psychological and social 

well-being. Research linking sex role type and help-seeking behavior is limited especially in the 

Asian context. This paper examines the relative influence of sex role type and gender on 

help-seeking behavior in a sample of trainee teachers in Singapore. Implications for the 

help-seeking behavior in the Asian context will be discussed. 

5014.6 A validation study of the attitudes toward professional psychological help scale with 

Koreans, S.K. Yoo, Ewha Woman’s University, Seoul, Korea 

The Attitudes Toward Seeking Professional Psychological Help Scale (ATSPPHS) has been 

widely used, however, it lack of cultural validity. Based on the studies using the ATSPPHS, we 

found consistently lower inter-items correlations of the scale and of its sub-scales and the 

appearance of a different factor structure with a Korean sample compared to an American sample. 

The present study is to validate the ATSPPHS with a Korean sample and to examine how different 

terminologies expressing professional psychological help. The result will enhance our 

understanding of potential cross-cultural differences in help-seeking behaviors between Koreans 

and Americans. 

1141


Culture and morality: The interaction of development, context and socialization 

Convener and Chair: M. Keller, Germany 

Co-convener: A. Niemczinski, Poland 

5016.1 The development of socio-moral reasoning in Asian and Western cultures: influences of 

context and historical time, M. Keller 1 , F.X. Fang 2 , G. Fang 2 , W. Edelstein 1 , 

1 2 

Max-Planck-Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany; Institute of Psychology, 

Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China 

We will present findings from cross-cultural studies on socio-moral reasoning and 

decision-making in close friendship and in the family. Our studies includes a longitudinal sample 

of Icelandic children, a cross-sectional /longitudinal sample from China and cross-sectional 

samples from other cultures (e.g. Russia, East Germany, US) of children and adolescents from 

ages 7 to 18 years. The results reveal a universal developmental sequence of reasoning but also a 

complex interaction between culture, development and context of reasoning. A comparison of the 

cross-sectional with the time-lagged same aged longitudinal Chinese study reveals differences that 

can be explained as effects of cultural change. 

5016.2 The interplay among morality, social regulation and personal prerogative in the 

construction of psychological integrity among children and adolescents, L. Nucci, University of 

Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA 

This paper discusses cross cultural work exploring the hypothesis that establishment of a zone of 

personal prerogative and privacy is a requirement for healthy psychological functioning. Studies 

with Chinese, Japanese, and Latin American children and adolescents are presented regarding the 

impact that adult constraint of children' and adolescents' zones of personal discretion has upon 

children's mental health and academic achievement. Research findings will be used to discuss the 

hypothesis that need for a zone of personal discretion and privacy transcends culture, and places 

moral constraints on the degree to which societies and families should attempt to exert control 

over children. 

5016.3 Morality, conventional regulation, and personal jurisdiction in adolescent-parent 

relationships: Developmental change and cultural variation, J. Smetana, University of Rochester, 

Rochester, NY, USA 

In this paper, I will draw on studies of European-American and African American adolescents and 

their parents and Chinese adolescents from Hong Kong to propose that adolescents and parents 

draw boundaries among moral obligations, conventional regulation, and areas of personal 

jurisdiction. The research to be discussed indicates that these distinctions are found 

cross-culturally but that there are cultural and ethnic group variations, differences between parents 

and adolescents, and age-related changes in how those boundaries are drawn and that these have 

implications for adolescent adjustment. 

5016.4 Law and Morality: Kohlberg's Heinz-Dilemma in an International Agreement on 

Intellectual Property Rights, R. Doebert, Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin fuer Sozialforschung, 

1142

Berlin, Germany 

The agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) in the WTO has 

given rise to much controversy between developed and developing countries. The agreement 

implies the duty of States to grant patents on "essential medicines". It will be shown that 

international law comes up with an answer to this question, which is very close to 

post-conventional's reasoning in Kohlbergs theory of moral development (Heinz-Dilemma): Do 

countries have the right to violate patents (that is, to steal intellectual property) and, if so, under 

what conditions? The implications of this diagnosis will be spelled out in terms of Piaget's theory. 


Cultural, policy, and research influences on child development and education. 

Convener and Chair: D. Bergen, USA 

Co-convener: A. Wang, USA 

5017.1 Learn and grow together: Developing early childhood profession through exchange 

practice between Japan and USA, M. Mori, Toyo Elwa University, Midori-Ku Yokohama, Japan 

The rapid progress of science and technology allows us to move from one place to other place 

easily. It makes early childhood educators need to expand their knowledge, skills and 

attitudes by exchanging ideas and practice from different countries. Teachers at independent 

day care centers in Hiroshima, Japan, and one-child care center in New York, US, have 

practiced the exchange over 8 years. They have not only learned about practice of others, 

but also reflected and reexamined their own practice and cultural differences. In future this 

type of learning opportunity would be beneficial for practitioners and children throughout 

the world. 

5017.2 The guidelines for kindergarten education and child development in China, W. Liu 1, 2 , Y. 

Li 1 , L. Li 1 , 1 Liaoning Normal University, Daliang, China; 2 Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 

China 

This presentation introduces the Guidelines for Kindergarten Education by Chinese Ministry of 

Education in 2001 and describes its impacts on child development in China. The guidelines made 

a breakthrough in the outlook toward preschool education in regard to children, education, and 

curriculum. Its main emphasis is to change both the perceptions of educators and their educational 

practice. How the guidelines will have an impact on children’ general development, individual 

differences, developmental continuity, and developmental patterns will also be discussed. 

5017.3 Impacts of culture and instrument on cross-cultural self-perception research – An 

example of cultural probe approach, A. Wang, Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA 

Chinese children’s self-perceptions, when studied using instruments translated from western 

countries, have been consistently reported as less positive in comparison to that of western 

children. The instrument developed by the present researcher using Cultural Probe Approach (CPA) 

revealed that Chinese children scored significantly higher than that of the US Children. Although 

this research is not unbiased because it measured areas that were considered more important in 

1143

China and therefore is in favor of Chinese children, it clearly implied that similar biases toward 

western children may very likely exist in previous comparative research using translated 

instruments. 

5017.4 Influences of technology on child development: Cultural, policy, and research 

implications, D. Bergen, Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA 

Throughout the world the technological revolution is affecting the toys, play, and education of 

children. Although some of the potential influences of television and computers on child 

development have been discussed and some research data are published, there has been little 

speculation about the effects of technology-enhanced (i.e., computer-chip embedded) toys, 

although these are increasingly pervasive in children’s lives. The existing research on effects of 

technology on child development, the differential cultural influences on the amount and type of 

technology that is available to children, and the policy implications of technology pervasiveness 

will be discussed. Suggestions for research on this topic will be given. 

5028 POSTER 

Industria / Organizational Psychology 

5028.1 A research to the non-rational economical action from mental accounting, Aimei Lee, 

China 

Professor Thaler pose the concept of mental Accounting and he hold that all organizations, from 

general motors down to single person households, have explicit and/or implicit mental accounting 

system. Mental accounting has two essential characters, one is non-fungibility, the other is the 

special mental arithmetic. We study three forms of non-fungibility and mental arithmetic about 

gains and losses. Furthermore, we analyse the psychological basis of non-rational economical 

action in human. 

5028.2 Construct research on work-motivation of Chinese employees, Jian Zhang 1 , Dejun 

Guo 2 , 1 School of Management, University of Science & Technology Beijing, China, China, 

2 

Department of Psychology, Capital Normal University, China 

The present study investigates the motivational construct of Chinese employees toward work. The 

results show that the work motivation of Chinese employees consists of five factors: out-reward, 

competence, self-determination, evaluation concerns and good relationship. And finds that the 

model of five factors is better than the traditional model of two factors-intrinsic and extrinsic 

motivation. Also finds the different relationship between the various components of intrinsic and 

extrinsic motivation. Lastly, we find sex and educational level correlated the preference of work 

motivation. This research gets “The Scale of Work Motivational Preference of Chinese 

Employees” with good construct validity and internal reliability. 

5028.3 Research on the organizational factors which influence the creativity of Chinese 

employees and their characteristics, Jinwu Xu, Jian Zhang, School of Management, University 

of Science & Technology Beijing, China 

The present study investigates the organizational contexts which influence the creativity of 

1144

Chinese employees. The results show that the main factors can be induced into four constructs: 

supports of leaders, encouragement of organizations, challenge of tasks, and plentifulness of 

resources. These factors can be found in the west studies, but in the different order. And gets “ The 

Scale of creative situation of Chinese enterprises" with good construct validity and internal 

reliability. Under the help of the scale, the study discusses the characteristics of different 

enterprises with different operation conditions. Lastly gives some advices on the improvement of 

creative contexts. 

5028.5 The development of the Japanese workplace victimization scale, Ken'ichiro Tanaka 1 , 

Yutaka Toshima 2 , 1 Graduate School of Social and Cultural Studies, Nihon University, Japan, 

2 


The Japanese Workplace Victimization (WV) Scale was constructed and its reliability was 

ascertained in this study. Twenty-four items were selected from workplace victimization scales 

that used in previous research. Japanese employees (n = 500), working in corporations in Japan, 

participated by answering a questionnaire on WV. The results of factor analysis indicated that WV 

in Japan consisted of three dimensions: “sinister harassment” (e.g., disturbing me in my work), 

“directive aggression” (e.g., threatening me with physical harm), and “outrage” (e.g., reiterating 

my past mistakes or failures). The alpha coefficients indicated that the reliability of the three WV’s 

sub-scales was high. 

5028.6 Job stress in the coal mining industry: The moderating effect of sense of coherence, 

Jaco Pienaar 1 , Hannelie Roets 2 , 1 North West University, Potchefstroom Campus, South Africa, 

2 

Xstrata Coal Mine, South Africa 

The objective of this research was to establish whether sense of coherence moderates the effects of 

job stress on burnout of employees in a coal mining industry. A cross-sectional survey design was 

used. The sample consisted of 163 employees coal mine employees. The Maslach Burnout 

Inventory, Job Stress Indicator and Orientation to Life Questionnaire were administered. 

Canonical analysis showed that a weak sense of coherence combined with job stress was 

associated with all three components of burnout. Structural equation modelling showed that sense 

of coherence moderated the effect of job stress on exhaustion. 

5028.7 Study on organizational learning construct of Chinese companies, Haibo Yu 1 , Liluo 

Fang 2 , Wenquan Ling 3 , 1 Doctor candidate, Center for Social & Economic Behavior, China, 

2 

Professor of Psychology Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, BOX 1603, Beijing, China, 

100101, 3 Professor of Institute of Human Resource Management, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 

China 

On the basis of literature, interview and pilot study, the authors developed an Organizational 

Learning Survey (OLS) to measure Chinese company’s organizational learning. Results from 614 

employees and managers of 33 Chinese companies indicated that Chinese company’s 

organizational learning contained 6 dimensions: individual improvement, collective cooperation 

and communication, organizational adjustment, feedback learning, feed forward learning and 

inter-organizational learning. And there were significant negative correlations between 

organizational learning and turnover intention, and significant positive correlations between 

organizational learning and finance performance. Theoretical and practical implications are 

1145

College, Zhejiang University, China 

As the development of the new economy, the employees are gradually becoming knowledge 

workers, so more extra-role behaviors are being emerged in organization. Extra-role behavior is a 

kind of positive and discretionary behavior; it has great effects on organization. Typical extra-role 

behaviors include OCB, contextual performance, voice behavior and prosocial organizational 

Behavior etc. This paper focus on the relationship between big five personality model and 

extra-role behavior, it continued our previous research on the antecedents of OCB. Some 

intervenors such as job satisfaction, organizational fairness and organizational commitment will 

also be discussed. 

5028.13 “Who am I?” A qualitative exploration of the organisation identity phenomenon, 

Christian Louis Van Tonder, Rand Afrikaans University, South Africa 

One popular approach to defining organisation identity equates it to the organisation’s response to 

the question ‘who am I?”. Using a modified 20 Statements Test, organisational responses to this 

question were obtained from 154 top executives of ten listed companies. Content analysis 

employing a codebook approach reveals consistent patterns in the descriptions provided by 

company executives and are illustrative of the distinctive identities of participating organisations. 

The results confirm the relevance of the organisation identity construct and call into question the 

entrenched tendency to employ methodologies in organisational research and practice that regard 

organisations as being essentially similar. 

5028.14 Organizational factors affected on organizational crime and it’s control, Michiko 

Homma 1 , Emi Oyamada 1 , Fumiaki Kazama 2 , 1 Japan Women's University and Japan, 2 Jumonji 


The purpose of research is to clarify the generation factors of the organizational crime and to 

clarify the collective guilt as the psychological mechanism. Up to now, many research used to 

focus individual factors. We assumed 5 organizational factors on the crime that is, in-group 

orientation, Justice norm, outside prospect, role taking and prospect in group. We conducted 

questionnaire on 300 workers in industrial organizations. The results showed the factor of the 

outside prospect was the strongest affected organizational crime, but collective guilt was not found 

as intervening factor one affect the crime. 

5028.15 The reaction-time technique in brand attributes testing, Li Lei, Chunlei Fan, Wang 

Yong, Mouchao Ma, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China 

From the angle of consumer behavior, brand attributes is the associations related with the brand 

name stored in consumer’s long-term memory as a network. Based on the theories of spreading 

activation and priming, we exploringly employ the reaction-time technique to test the brand 

attributes. The results show that the reaction-time is a valid measurement to find the distance 

between a certain brand association and the brand name. The differences of reaction-times 

containing closely related versus distantly related ideas enable researchers to make inferences 

about the precise nature of the brand structure in long-term memory. 

5028.16 Murky water to coral reefs and clear water: A multi method approach to study 

effectiveness of executive coaching, Ujvala Rajadhyaksha, Mahesh Deshmukh, School of 

1147

Management, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, India 

First part of this study proposes a survey design. The researcher has identified a close relationship 

between cognitive styles and learning. Coachee is involved in learning and behavioural change 

through the coaching process. The coach is involved in providing insights through constructive 

feedback. The conceptual model therefore proposes to study the interaction between cognitive 

styles of the coaches and the information processing modes of the coaches. A field experiment 

with one experimental & two control groups forms the second part. The study proposes to 

examine cognitive styles of coaches and information processing modes of coachees as 

independent variables. 

5028.17 Research on mindbugs of software process, Wan Jiangping 1 , Huang WenMin 2 , 

1 2 

School of Business Management of South China University of Technology, China, The Four 

Middle School of Chonghua, Guangzhou, China 

The software process is the set of tools, method, and practices we use to produce a software 

product. The Software Capability Maturity Model (SW-CMM) provides software organizations 

with guidance on how to gain control of their processes for developing and maintaining software 

and how to evolve toward a culture of software engineering and management excellence. Prof. 

J.N.Warfield have tried to identify and name each distinctive origin of one or more behaviorally 

related symptoms (as "mindbugs" to bring the language in line with contemporary computer 

languages). Mindsbugs according to SW-CMM are studied in this paper. 

5028.18 The organizational structure redesign for the informated enterprises, Jian An Zhong 1 , 

Ziguang Chen 2 , 1 Zhejiang University, China, 2 City University of Hong Kong, China 

Research on organizational structure redesign has documented that an organizational form should 

adapt to its internal and external environments. Recently, the influence of information technology 

on organizational structure has become a hotly debated topic, but few empirical studies have been 

carried out. The present study investigated the relationship between the informate and 

organizational forms, and tested the positive influence of the informate and organizational 

structure development on organizational performance. The results indicate that increasing the level 

of the informate is an effective way of adapting to changes, and improving organizational structure 

and performance. 

5028.19 An examination of antecedents and consequences of reporting sexual harassment among 

Hong Kong Chinese in the workplace, Shuk Yee Chow, Darius K-S. Chan, The Chinese 


This research aims at examining the antecedents and consequences of reporting sexual harassment 

among Hong Kong Chinese employees. These antecedents include perceived organizational 

climate, perceived threat of retaliation after reporting, perceived normative pressure of reporting 

from significant others, etc. All these antecedents are expected to be associated with reporting 

intentions and behavior, and reporting is expected to moderate the effects of harassment 

experience on its physical, psychological and job-related consequences. The results could be used 

to enhance the reporting mechanism of sexual harassment in Hong Kong. 

5028.20 The interactive effect of trait learning goal orientation and trait proving goal orientation 

1148

on self-set goal level, Hui Meng 1 , Jinyan Fan 2 , 1 Department of Psychology, East China Normal 

University, China, 2 Department of Psychology,The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, 

USA. 

This study represents an attempt to relate learning goal orientation (LGO) and proving goal 

orientation (PGO) to self-set goal, and examines the interactive effect of LGO and PGO on self-set 

goal. Data were collected from 260 college students enrolling in psychology and biochemistry 

courses at a large university in China. Significant interaction effects of LGO and PGO on self-set 

goal were found in the beginning and the middle of the course. The LGO-goal relationship was 

positive and much stronger when subjects’ PGO was low than when the subjects’ PGO was high. 

Implications for future research are discussed. 

5028.21 The structure of employee’s cooperative consciousness, Wang Lei, Yao Xiang, Wang 

Yan, Psychology Department, Peking University, China 

This study aimed to investigate the structure and measurement of employee’s cooperative 

consciousness. A checklist with 33 idiosyncrasies representing cooperative consciousness and 

behavior was developed to test 225 employees. The results indicated that the structure of 

cooperative consciousness had 4 dimensions: Aspiration for doing work well, Aspiration for 

caring others, Aspiration for working together, and Aspiration for intercommunication, explaining 

48.72% of the total variance. Finally, a questionnaire was developed to verify the validities of the 

dimensions of employee’s cooperative consciousness. The questionnaire can also be used for 

measuring cooperative consciousness for recruiting and selection and team work.. 

5028.22 Are core self-evaluations mediators or moderators of the relationship between 

organizational commitment and readiness for change? Kristina Potocnik, Blanka Tacer, 

University of Ljubljana, Slovenia 

Core self-evaluations is a broad, latent, higher-order trait indicated by four well established traits 

in the personality literature: self-esteem, self-efficacy, locus of control, and neuroticism. We 

suggest that core self-evaluations refer to a construct that provides an intuitively appealing, 

practical framework for understanding and investigating organizational outcomes, such as 

organizational commitment and readiness for change. We used exploratory approach to examine 

the relationships between these variables since we have not found any published studies dealing 

with this problem. The questionnaires were administrated on a sample of middle range managers. 

The results of our investigation will be discussed at the conference. 

5028.23 The role of locus of control in explaining the relationship between organizational justice 

and organizational commitment, Blanka Tacer, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia 

The perception of the organizational justice (procedural, distributive, interpersonal, informational) 

is used by employees to develop a general attitude towards the organization (organizational 

commitment). However, the relationship between the perception of organizational justice and 

organizational commitment is neither direct nor unconditional. The literature review has showed 

the neglect of personality variables in this relationship. Therefore, this study aims to examine the 

role of personality variable (locus of control) in the relationship between organizational justice 

perceptions and organizational commitment. The questionnaires were administrated on a sample 

of public sector employees. The results of the investigation will be discussed at the conference. 

1149

5028.24 Goal orientation and job experience on individual performance, Yanghua Jin, School of 

Management, Hangzhou University of Commerce, China 

This study tested the effects of goal orientation and job experience on individual performance 

under Chinese working settings. Results (N=326) demonstrated that learning goal orientation and 

qualitative job experience were effective predictors of individual performance. Hierarchical 

multiple regression analysis tested the interaction effects of learning goal orientation and 

qualitative job experience, controlling for demographic characteristics. The results indicated that 

the relationship between qualitative job experience and performance were stronger between 

employees low than high in learning goal orientation. Implications of the results and directions for 

future research are also discussed. 

5028.25 The dynamic relationship between organizational and professional commitment among 

Korean R & D professionals, Jae-Yoon Chang, Sungshin Women's University, Korea, Republic 

Of 

This study predicted that the relationship between organizational and professional commitment 

would be different over the stage of organizational socialization. Analysing the survey data from 

204 PhDs working at two Korean electronics companies, it was revealed that organizational 

commitement and tenure had a U-curve relationship. Furthermore, it was shown that professionals 

whose tenure was less than 6 months were more committed to their organization than their 

profession, but those whose tenure was more than 6 months and less than 1.5 year were less 

committed to their organization than their profession. These findings were interpreted by the 

compensation mechanism. 

5028.26 The buffering effect of employability on job insecurity outcomes, Katharina Naswall, 

Stockholm University, Sweden 

The demands of flexibility placed on organizations during the last decades have brought on 

unpredictable conditions and job insecurity for employees. The stressor job insecurity gives rise to 

stress experiences and has been linked to several different negative outcomes, such as negative 

work attitudes and adverse health symptoms. Data from white-collar workers were collected to 

investigate the hypothesis that those perceiving themselves as more attractive to other employers 

in the labor market react less negatively to job insecurity, by testing the buffering effect of 

employability on the relation between job insecurity and negative outcomes. 

5028.27 Differences in perceptions of justice in the wage settling process, Teresia 

Andersson-Straberg, Stockholm University, Department of Psychology, Sweden 

During the last decades the wage systems have become increasingly individualized and 

performance based in many countries. Although employers hope to reach outcomes such as higher 

employee efficiency and productivity, earlier research underscores that to achieve such desired 

outcomes, employees’ perceptions of the fairness of the wage settling process are crucial. Using 

questionnaire data (currently being collected among Swedish health care workers) this study 

investigates the way various demographic groups differ in their perceptions of four dimensions of 

justice -procedural, distributive, interpersonal and informative -concerning pay. The results could 

be of great interest for all organizations using individualized pay systems. 

1150

5028.28 Beliefs and apprehensions about individualized pay-systems among Swedish health-care 

workers, Johnny Hellgren, Stockholm University, Sweden 

During the last decades the implementation and utilization of individualized, performance-based 

pay systems has increased. This trend has affected many employees who now are in a situation 

where their work performance is evaluated and where they have to argue for potential pay raises. 

This study addresses the issue of attitudes, fears and apprehensions concerning individualized 

pay-for-performance systems among employees working in the health care sector. The data are 

currently being collected by means of a questionnaire survey. The results will increase the 

understanding of disadvantages and benefits associated with the growing use of more 

individualized pay systems. 

5028.29 Employee work climate perceptions during a decade of change in the Swedish health 

care sector, Helena Falkenberg, Stocholm University, Department of Psychology, Sweden 

The health care sector has in many countries been subject to market influences to reduce costs and 

increase efficiency. This study investigates how work climate changed for different occupational 

groups in a Swedish hospital going trough numerous changes, including transformation from 

public to private ownership as well as downsizing. Data was collected four times between 1994 

and 2002. The results indicate that downsizing had more negative consequences than change of 

ownership, and that physicians’ climate generally differed from other occupations. The results 

contribute to an increased understanding of how work climate may affect organizational 

effectiveness and service quality. 

5028.30 The burnout syndrome in relationship with type A behavior pattern and achievement 

motivation, Kristina Potocnik, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia 

It is commonly agreed that organizational and occupational characteristics are the prime correlates 

of the burnout syndrome. However, people do not simply respond to the work setting. In fact, 

people rather react to their work environment according to their personality characteristics. The 

aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between the burnout syndrome and two 

personality characteristics, namely type A behavior pattern and achievement motivation. The 

questionnaires were administrated on a sample of 200 employees, working in two different 

institutions for mentally retarded population. The results and implications for future research will 

be discussed at the congress. 

5028.31 Why do not we do what we should do?: Study on factors brought of gapbetween 

“understanding” and “practicing” on safety behavioral criteria., Kazuho Yamaura, Hisataka 

Furukawa, Kyushu University, Japan 

In these years, medical accidents/mishaps outbreaks and proper countermeasure for them have 

been growing concern in Japan. Analysis of the causes of medical accidents/mishaps shows the 

fact that medical person did not do what they should do. The purpose of this study was to figure 

out factors which generate the gap between “understanding” and “practicing.” And it was 

examined the conditions which would elevate the level of understandings and practicing, and 

those which would reduce the gap among them. Nurses in three different hospitals participated. 

From results, individual nurse’s autonomous-orientation and supervisor’s and colleague’s 

1151

safety-orientation were recognized as important. 

5028.32 Leadership and culture change: A approach of leader- culture fit, Changjiang Xu, Kan 

Shi, Center for Social & Economic Behavior, Institute of Psychology,Chinese Academy of 


Leadership plays an important role in the process of organizational culture change. Based on the 

theory of transformational leadership culture and the studies of Person-Culture fit, this research 

put forward a theory of Leader- Culture fit. The different match types between the values of 

leaders and organizational culture have different impact on the change of organizational culture. 

The high transformational leadership culture score and high transactional leadership culture score, 

and the high transformational leadership culture score might stimulate the change of 

organizational culture. 

5028.33 Antecedents of employee’s autonomous job behavior: The effects of sensitivity for the 

prestige of corporate brand to customer, Katsue Yoshihara, Hisataka Furukawa, Kyushu 


It is key issue to build a positive corporate brand image for many organizations today. Therefore, 

many employees are asked to act autonomously for the organization and customers. The purpose 

of this study is to examine antecedents of employee’s autonomous job behavior. This study 

distinguishes itself from previous study by focusing on the effects of sensitivity for the prestige of 

corporate brand to customer (SPCB). Results of this study using employees working at a Japanese 

company (N = 791) suggested that SPCB had a more positive effect than motivation for rewards, 

internalization of organizational value on employee’s autonomous behavior. 

5028.34 Organizational culture and leadership style: The impact factors for organizational 

learning, Hui Zeng 1 , Jinglun Han 2 , Qinghua Liu 3 , Xianliang Geng 4 , 1 1.International Business 

School, NanKai University; 2 Department of education, Hainan Normal University., China, 

2 3 

International Business School,NanKai University, Yanhua Group Tianjin Lubricant & Grease 

Co., Ltd, 4 Sinopec International Petroleum Exploration and Production Corporation, China 

Questionnaires consisting of Organizational Culture Index (Wallach), Leadership Behavior 

Description Questionnaire-12 (Stogdill) and Learning Organization Scales (Sinkula) were given to 

216 Chinese petroleum and chemical firms, expecting to find the impact factors for organizational 

learning. Results indicate that organizational culture and leadership style have significant effects 

on all factors of organizational learning. For organizational culture, the degree of professional 

orientation and task orientation affect shared vision and commitment on learning risk, the degree 

of closely system orientation affect team learning and open mind. Additionally, the levels of 

consideration and initiating-structure of leadership style had positive correlation on organizational 

learning. 

5028.35 The moment of betrayal: Change of organizational commitment after restructuring 

among Japanese employees, Koji Takahashi, Nanzan University, Japan 

To decrease labor costs, many organizations have taken downsizing and laying-off policies by 

directly firing employees. The purpose of this study was to investigate how these dismissal 

policies influenced the survived employees' organizational commitment by Meyer and Allen's 

1152

Three-Component Commitment Scale. Questionnaire survey was conducted among employees of 

company A (N=117; which had presented downsizing in the future) and company B (N=204; 

which did not have downsizing plan). Results showed that there found significant mean difference 

between companies A and B in affective, continuance, and normative commitment scores. 

5028.36 As the tide of time shows you: Change of psychological contract among Japanese 

employees in the era of downsizing for the first time, Koji Takahashi, Nanzan University, Japan 

Psychological contract is one of the key elements which represents the linkage between 

organization and employees. Breaking of the contract (e.g., downsizing) leads to the employees' 

low performance and commitment. To investigate what the break of psychological contract brings, 

interview survey was conducted among 24 Japanese employees, all of whom were under 

evaluation to be dismissed. Results revealed vast decrease of organizational commitment, negative 

emotional reaction (e.g., hostility, despair, fear of being abandoned), and the effort to 

"restructuring" of their career. 

5028.37 On-line helping relationship: The case of elefono azzurro? Vincenzo Russo 1 , Christian 

Colautti 1 , Massimo Bellotto 2 , 1 University IULM of Milano, Italy, 2 University of Verona, Italy 

A lot of organizational processes are becoming virtual. This changes the way of working and the 

competences needed. The aim of this research, conducted in Italian Telefono Azzurro, is to explore 

the representation of employees about what will occur in the passage from the present telephone 

helping relationship to the on-line helping relationship. The research is the first step for a broader 

European study. Data are collected by focus groups and questionnaire. The results underline 

difficulties and opportunities of the processes virtualization. Implications for training programms 

and people management are discussed. 

5028.38 Gender and influence strategies, Nachiketa Tripathi, Sudipa Nag, Indian Institute of 

Technology Guwahati, India 

The present study makes an attempt to investigate how gender and types of influence strategies 

(TIS) affect the success of managers in the organization. An experimental study was designed with 

two independent variables (gender: male/female vs. TIS: direct/indirect). The dependent variables 

were bases of power, leadership effectiveness, managerial attributes and influence outcomes. One 

of the four vignettes depicting a situation as per research design was presented to participants 

(N=128). Results indicated that there was no effect of either gender or TIS on dependent variables, 

except in the case of coercive power and resistance where significant interaction effects were 

evident. 

5028.39 The effect of a feeling of competence and self-determination to the key factors of 

turnover, Osato Daisuke 1 , Ogawa Norihiko 2 , 1 Japan, 2 Graduate School of Kobe University, 

Japan 

The purpose of this study is to explain the relationships between the intrinsic motivation (a feeling 

of competence and of self-determination) and the key factors of voluntary turnover (expectation to 

move and the job satisfaction). The result of the questionnaire survey (n= 146) conducted in the 

Japanese job placement office for a 29 or less-year-old young person showed that a feeling of 

competence and self-determination had a direct effect on the expectation to move and had an 

1153

This study is designed to examine the relationship between work centrality and work family 

conflict. 160 couples of full time employed husband and wife participate in the survey. It is found 

that 1) work centrality has significant influence on work family conflict. Particularly, highly work 

centered husband or wife seem to have more work family conflict of his/her own and therefore 

low satisfaction with work and life of both sides. 2) The congruence of work centrality between 

husband and wife plays an important role in improving the work-family relationship and 

satisfaction with work and life. 

5028.45 Scenarios of generational succession in small-medium sized enterprises in the 

North-East of Italy, Mauro Niero 1 , Enrico Fabris 2 , Colautti Christian 3 , Tagliapietra 

Francesco 4 , Bellotto Massimo 5 , 1 University of Verona, Italy, 2 Dept of Education, University of 

Verona, 3 IULM, Milan, Italy, 4 API (Small Industry Association), Veneto 

Lack of heirs or lack of their availability to the succession is endangering the development of 

small/medium sized(SME) firms in the North-East of Italy. In a 100 subjects three round Delphi 

process run over young & old entrepreneurs and experts, 4 vignette-cases of SMEs firms were 

scrutinized by evaluating competing conditions & actions in the actualization of scenarios 

including: current heirs or other individual actors succession; merging with other companies; firm 

sale; activity cessation. In a gamble-shaped evaluation the panel discussed gain/loss as to 

enterpreneurial values, know-how, organizational features, likely to happen in the adoption of each 

issue. First results are encouraging. 

5028.46 Development and validation of an instrument for measuring authentizotic organizations, 

Arménio Rego 1 , Solange Souto 2 , 1 University of Aveiro, Portugal, 2 Universidade Estadual do Rio 

de Janeiro, Brazil 

The paper aims to show how an instrument for measuring “authentizotic” organizations was 

developed and validated. Four samples, two in Portugal (n=233; n=219) and two in Brasil (n=183; 

n=232), were collected. Exploratory and factor confirmatory analyses were performed. A model 

comprising six dimensions (spirit of camaraderie; credibility of the leader; open and frank 

communication with the leader; opportunities for learning and self-development; equity; 

work-family conciliation) fits the data well. These dimensions explain between 26% (Brazil) and 

27% (Portugal) of the variance of the turnover intentions, and between 30% (Brazil) and 40% 

(Portugal) of the variance of the affective organizational commitment. 

5028.47 How authentizotic organizational climate explains five aspects of affective well-being at 

work and physical ill-health, Arménio Rego 1 , Solange Souto 2 , 1 University of Aveiro, Portugal, 

2 

Universidade Estadual do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 

The paper aims to show how six dimensions of the authentizotic organizational climate (spirit of 

camaraderie; credibility of the leader; open and frank communication with the leader; 

opportunities for learning and self-development; equity; work-family conciliation) explain five 

aspects of affective well-being at work and one dimension of physical ill-health. The sample 

comprises 428 organizational members. The findings show that the authentizotic organizations 

construct has satisfactory psychometric properties. The six authentizotic dimensions explain the 

following variances: 8% (anxiety-comfort), 25% (depression-pleasure), 32% (bored-enthusiastic), 

11% (tiredness-vigour), 19% (angry-placid), and 7% (physical ill-health). 

1155

5028.56 Female and male constructions of work stress, Eva Torkelson, Department of 

Psychology, Lund University, Sweden, Sweden 

In the study an alternative approach to consider gender related stress was used. Stress was 

regarded as a socially constructed and collective phenomenon and the focus was on the social 

context of work. The aim of the current study was to gain knowledge about the different 

discourses of stress for women and men at work. Group interview data from 15 groups of male 

employees at a male dominated department were compared to 15 groups of female employees at a 

female dominated department in a large Swedish telecom company. The results were compared 

concerning differences and similarities across gender. 

5028.57 Empirical research on team mental model in organizational context, Xiaojun Lv, Dept 

of Public Administration, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China 

The theory of learning organization has received much research scrutiny during recent decades. 

The way to construct a learning organization is gaining lots of concern from both theoretical and 

practical fields. The research explored team mental model in organizational context and its 

relations with organizational performance and outputs. The organizational difference of team 

mental model was found among the five samples. At last, the team mental model as a strategy to 

construct a learning organization was also discussed. 

5028.58 Leading organizational change through culture: A model of leader- culture fit, 

Changjiang Xu 1 , Kan Shi 2 , 1 School of Educational Science and Technology, Zhejiang Normal 

University, China, 2 Center for Social & Economic Behavior, Institute of Psychology, Chinese 


Although there was general recognition that leadership was important for organizational culture, 

little attention had been paid to interaction between leadership and culture in the existing research. 

The study presented a model of Leader-Culture fit and showed how a leader impacted 

organizational change through organizational culture. Unlike the common thought of interactional 

psychology, we suggested that there was an “optimal incongruence” of values between leader and 

organization, and it might promote organizational change and growth. The different types of 

leader- culture fit and their implications for future research and practice were also discussed. 

5028.59 The dimensionality of leader-member exchange: An empirical study in the People’s 

Republic of China, Xuefeng Liu, Hui Wang, Guanghua school of Management, Peking 


Leader-member Exchange (LMX) has been considered as a significant variable to predict work 

outcomes of employees, such as job performance, organizational citizenship behavior (OCB), and 

organizational commitment in the organizational behavior literature. However, its construct and 

dimensionality remain one of the unresolved problems related to this research line. Using an 

inductive approach, we investigated the dimensionality of LMX in the organizational context of 

the People’s Republic of China, which is embedded in a strong collectivistic culture. These items 

were subjected to a rigorous content analysis to identify major dimensions of LMX. Eleven 

dimensions of LMX were derived through a two-step. 

1158

5028.60 Perceptions of a change process in a foundry: The role of trust, Pedro Neves, António 

Caetano, ISCTE, Portugal 

Behavioral patterns in organizations are very difficult to change, although the need to change them 

is recognized. Collaborator perceptions towards change are seen as the cognitive precursor of the 

behaviors of support or resistance to change (Armenakis, Harris & Mossholder, 1993). Similarly, 

the importance of trust in the implementation of change programs has been recognized since long 

ago. In a study developed in a national foundry, after the implementation of a European Quality 

norm, we studied the relationship between perceptions of the change process, interpersonal trust in 

the supervisor and other organizational variables, such as relational justice and satisfaction. 

5028.61 A project of attribution training about employee’s self-efficacy, Fang Xuemei, 

Department of Psychology, East China Normal University, China 

Organizational psychologists have paid so much attention to the applications of self-efficacy in the 

field of Organizational Behavior. Many researches have proved that self-efficacy can best forecast 

work performance. In the same time, self-efficacy has positive correlation with work satisfactions 

and worker promises. Today, we maybe have many ways to improve workers’ self-efficacy, but we 

have not considered the way of attribution training. In this article, I will give an 

attribution-training project based on an experimental research, which will offer some advice to 

self-efficacy training. Attribution training should also be considered as an important element to 

workers’ well being. 

5028.62 Relationships between work- accident and personality, Esfandiar Azad-Marzabadi, 

Baghiyatallah University Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 

In this article the relationships between work-accident and personality individuals in a industrial 

factory have been concerned. Subjects included 186 workers which divided into two matched 

control and experimental groups. Instruments included Eysenk Personality Questionnaire and a 

teacher-made inventory. The range age of the subjects was from6 to 45. All subjects were 

examined on audio-vision and did not show physical problems. Results revealed that there were 

significant differences on stability-neuroticisim between two groups. In addition, the study failed 

to support the idea that the individuals with more work-accident background are more likely to be 

extrovert. 

5028.63 Laboral-educational project in the field of educational community, Dulce Sauaya, NO, 

Argentina 

We research in the areas of Work, Education and Health; taking into account the complexity of the 

laboral-educational project’ s expectations, in the field of Educational Community. We used a 

survey to explore the teenager’s ideals in relation with people they admire. We searched for their 

self-images in comparison with nowadays teenager’ characteristic features. The results remarks: 

“rebel”, “ability”. We take into account the positive value of relatives’ attributes: “affective 

contention”, “the struggle”. We also investigate, the teachers’ and relatives’ influence in the 

laboral-educational project, to increase the knowledge about the factors which determine the 

building up of this project. 

5028.64 The factorial validity of the Chinese job burnout inventory across three samples, Li 

1159

Yongxin, Zhao Guoxiang, Department of Psychology, Henan University, China 

Burnout has received more and more attention in recent years in China. On the basis of interview, 

the authors developed a Chinese Job Burnout Inventory (CJBI) consisting of three subscales, 

namely Emotional Exhaustion, Depersonalization and Reduced Personal Accomplishment. The fit 

of the three-factor model to the data was superior to alternative one- and two-factor model in all 

three samples (medical staffs, polices and teachers) under investigation. In addition, the 

three-factor structure of the CJBI proved invariant across all occupational groups. Theoretical 

implications for the use of the three-factor model in burnout research were discussed. 

5028.65 Cross-cultural validation of Holland’s vocational interest structure in Mainland China, 

Weiwei Yang 1 , Garnett S. Stokes 1 , Harry C. Hui 2 , Tess Pak 2 , 1 University of Georgia, USA; 

2 


This study evaluated the structural hypotheses of Holland's (1973,1985,1997) vocational interest 

theory-circular order and the circumplex-in Mainland China at both subtest (i.e., Activities, 

Competencies, Occupational Preferences, and Self-ratings on Abilities) and entire test levels of the 

Self-Directed Search (SDS, 1994). Confirmatory factor analysis suggested that the circumplex 

model was generally not supported. Randomization test of hypothesized order relations suggested 

that the circular order model fit male and female samples at different test levels of SDS. 

Randomization test of differences in fit indicated that the circular order model fit females slightly 

better than males. Theoretical and practical implications were discussed. 

5028.66 A survey on college students’ preparation for employment and job selection, Liang 

Shen, Houcan Zhang, School of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, China 

By using a self-made questionnaire to 266 students randomly chosen from a teacher-training 

college, some information about their preparation for employment and job selection was collected. 

The results indicated that: 1) with a better understanding of education, the most desirable 

occupation of these students is to be a teacher, 2) they are not yet well-prepared for employment, 3) 

the expectation of personal future development plays the most important role in their selection of 

job, and 4) They rely much more on learning by themselves than testing in getting information 

about jobs. Some discussions and suggestions are made. 

5028.67 Work-related personality and Holland’s vocational interests among the Chinese: 

Regional and gender invariance, Weiwei Yang 1 , Harry C. Hui 2 , Tess Pak 2 , 1 University of 

Georgia, USA; 2 University of Hong Kong, China 

This research examined relationships between work-related personality traits and Holland's 

vocational interests in Hong Kong and Mainland China. Correlation analyses indicated that 

compared to Big-five, a fine-grained personality assessment yielded better and more differential 

predictions of people's vocational interests, and that Dominance and Overall Managerial 

Readiness were related to a broader range of vocational interests. Fisher's Z tests suggested 

regional and gender invariance on interest-personality relationships. Multiple regression analyses 

resulted a mean multiple correlation of .36 between personality and each interest type, indicating 

that although vocational interests and personality are moderately related, they are not substitutes 

for each other. 

1160

5028.68 University graduates’ occupation expectation and its relevant factors, Yongjian Song, 

The Psychology Department, Jilin University, China 

This Research investigated into the structure of university graduates' occupation interest. Four 

components of occupation expectation were identified. They were occupationed motivation, 

self-consciousness, environment-consciousness and personal career development. 

5028.69 Optimism and Innovation in R&D processes, David Bush, Richard S. Andrulis, 

Villanova University, USA 

Product development projects in R&D include many processes that, when improved, rapidly 

increase corporate profits. The impact of optimism on innovation was investigated among 

pharmaceutical R&D managers. Managers were significantly more optimistic about implementing 

small, incremental process changes than large scale transformational changes. Those that were 

more optimistic about incremental changes also thought about innovation more frequently. Those 

that thought about innovation more frequently used cognitive processes, such as asking the 

purpose of their work and working backward from their goals. While the sample had not received 

training in innovation, the respondents valued innovations that would have long term value. 

5028.70 Vocational interests and work values in career counseling: Small but original 

contribution of values, Toni Babarovic, Iva Sverko, Institute of social sciences Ivo Pilar, Croatia 

Croatian version of Holland's SDS and VS-Value Scale was administered to a sample of 

high-school students (N=827), representative for educational programs for six different 

occupations. Using discriminant analysis, we tried to predict school membership on basis of 

students’ interests and values. Results show that efficiency of classification based on interests 

(56,7%) is better than the one based on values (42,5%), while joint classification (62,4%) just 

slightly improves prediction. However, classifications based on interests and values are 

structurally different, and in joint classification contribution of values is recognizable. Specific 

contribution of single value of creativity is further discussed. 

5028.71 Structure of vocational interest: Rational versus empirical conflicts, Changjiang Liu, 

Wengming Yu, Shuhua Zhang, Yu Shi, School of Human Resource Development and 

Management, Shenyang Normal University, China 

In 1996, Tracey and Rounds proposed a spherical structure of vocational interest. In this study, the 

plane structure of vocational interest intersected by People/Things and Data/Ideas was examined. 

The first 48 items of Personal Global Inventory were translated into Chinese and the equivalence 

of translation and back-translation was evaluated. 653 Chinese college students filled out the 

inventory. The analysis showed that the structure is fit quite well if ignoring the semantic 

characteristics of the measurement. Implications on the empirical and rational approaches were 

discussed. 

5028.72 Women’s career orientation: The factors influencing career orientation of women 

incumbents of public institutions of Korea, Wan-Seok Gim, Sun-Hee Kim, Department of 

psychology, Ajou University, Korea 

This study investigates factors that influence Korean women's career orientation, and the 

relationship among predicting variables and the outcome variable for 262 women incumbents of 

1161

public institutions of Korea. The variables investigated are self-efficacy, locus of control, the 

existence of mentor, vocational commitment, sex role attitude, sex stereotype, sex awareness, the 

support of important persons, and family environments. Demographic variables were age, the 

degree of education, marital status, the age of the youngest child, incumbent duration, and total 

income. According to the results of this study, the variables influencing career orientation were 

self-efficacy, vocational commitment, sex awareness, and family environments. 

5028.73 Holland’s congruence hypothesis: Is P-E fit crucial for study satisfaction? Iva Sverko 

Toni Babarovic, Institute of Social Sciences Ivo Pilar, Zagreb 

In spite of equivocal empirical findings, it is widely believed that congruence between one’s 

interests and work environment is positively associated with satisfaction, stability, and success in 

work. The aim of this study is to investigate the degree of interest-study congruence in Croatian 

student sample and to explore whether the greater congruence indicates better fulfillment with 

chosen educational profile. Croatian version of Holland's SDS and measure of study satisfaction 

were administered to a sample of Croatian students with different educational profiles (N=550). 

Interest-study congruence, calculated as Iachan index, was related to study satisfaction. Validity of 

Holland's congruence hypothesis is examined. 

5028.74 Effects of sleep deprivation on ERP, Guoping Song 1 , Miao Danmin 2 , Huangfu En 2 , 

1 2 

Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, Fourth Military Medical 


Sleep deprivation exists extensively in everyday life. It makes cognition functions lower. And 

vigilance level is affected significantly. In this research, we used discern task by Oddball to study 

ERPs of 32 young males in different sleep deprivation conditions (sleep deprived for 21 hours, 

sleep deprived for 45 hours, sleep deprived for 69 hours, normal subjects). Results proved that 

after sleep deprivation, amplitudes of ERP lowered, latencies prolonged, brain area affected 

enlarged. So ERP is the good index to indicate the lowered vigilance level after SD. 

5028.75 Career motivation, Protean careers & An adaptive career development model, Zhang 

Wei, Zhejiang University, China 

This paper introduces simply the structure of career motivation and the model of integrated career 

motivation, compares protean careers with traditional careers. It is pointed out that protean careers 

will turn into a growing trend as a new professional psychology contract. Simultaneously, the 

paper is based on the model of integrated career motivation, conceives an adaptive model of career 

development, and aims at meeting the need of protean careers in the 21th century. 

5028.76 The study of employees’ organizational trust and efficiency, Ke Xu, Ke Xe, Wei Fan, 

The college of psychology and behavior science, Zhejiang University, China 

High competition brought organizations to reform, structure reengineering, and downsizing. These 

actions broke the inherent psychological contract between employees and organizations. This 

study examined the construct of organizational trust, the variables contributing to organizational 

trust, and the relationship among organizational trust, organizational commitment and 

performance. The result showed that: (1) Organizational trust has three components: 

calculus-based, knowledge-based, and identification-based trust. (2) Organizational trust is a good 

1162

predictor for organizational commitment and performance. (3) Organizational trust has a 

mediation effect between organizational justice and organizational commitment, organizational 

justice and performance, Perceived organizational support (POS) and organizational commitment, 

POS and performance. 

5028.77 Studies on adaptation of signalmen’s vocational psychology, Xia Zhu 1 , Danmin Miao 1 , 

Zhihong Liu 2 , 1 Department of Psychology, Aerospace & Aviation Medicine Faculty, Fourth 

Military Medical University, China; 2 College of Naval Vessels, China 

469 signalmen worked for more than one year and 70 new telegraph operators are subjected to 

Raven’s Progress Matrices, Memory Span Test, Distribution of Attention Test, Action Stability 

Test, 16PF, Cornell Medical Index. Their performances were appraised by supervisors based on 

five grades from 5 to 1. There is a positive relationship between the intelligence of signalmen and 

their performance level, signalmen at different positions differ in other test. Meanwhile, there is a 

positive predictive validity of new telegraph operators. Psychological trait has an important impact 

on signalmen’s performance level that can be used to select and classify the signalmen. 

5028.78 As long as it’s good news: Moderators of feedback reactions, Frederik Anseel, Filip 

Lievens, Ghent University, Belgium 

In order to understand how feedback can improve performance in organizations, it is important to 

examine how employees react to feedback. Are people merely interested in hearing good news 

about themselves or are they more interested in confirming their self-concept? Drawing on 

self-verification theory, we expected that people would react more favorably to feedback that 

confirmed highly relevant skills. 129 participants performed a computerized in-basket and 

received feedback about managerial skills. We found that people reacted favorable to positive 

feedback, regardless of the relevance of the information. So, when employees receive feedback, it 

seems that they only accept good news. 

5028.79 The educational method of the skill in the traditional technical art of Japan, Keikichi 

Hayashibe, Masahiko Amenomiya, University of Shizuoka, Japan 

The study examined the educational process of the skill from master to apprentice in the 

traditional technical art of Japan. The gargoyle manufacturing called “onogawara” was taken up. 

The findings as follows were clarified: (1) There is a sense of the respect of apprentice for master 

(apprentice wants to also reach the level of master someday), (2) The initiative motivation of 

apprentice in the acquisition of the skill was important, (3) Master does not teach the skill by 

taking the hand of apprentice, (4) The mastery of the skill is all carried out in the imitation 

learning 

5028.80 A longitudinal quasi-experiment: Adaptive performance of competency-based mentoring 

of management, Shengqiao Wang 1 , Zhongming Wang 2 , 1 Shanghai Business College, China; 

2 

The College of Management, Zhejiang University, China 

A longitudinal quasi-experiment was conducted to test the relationship between the 

Competency-based mentoring model and junior managers' adaptive performance. It was 

confirmed that the Competency-based mentoring model could improve the adaptive performance. 

This includes: (1) the experiment group got higher adaptive performance; (2) the 

1163

Competency-based mentoring group had higher adaptive performance than 

others;(3)Characteristics of positions have no significant effect on the relationship between 

mentoring and adaptive performance. 

5028.81 Education requirements and human resource management: A Turkish case study, A. Ant 

Ozok 1 , Ahmet Fahri Ozok 2 , 1 Assistant Professor, Department of Information Systems, UMBC, 

USA, 2 President, Turkish Ergonomics Society, Professor, Istanbul Technical University, 

Department of Industrial Engineering, Turkey 

Continuous training education of company employees is an indispensable tool to achieve high 

quality products in services. In Turkey, yearly employee education has an average of 22 hours per 

year. However, this is not enough to result in significantly improved worker performance. The job 

requirements are classified in four main categories: Capabilities (Education, experience, creativity, 

etc.), responsibilities (technical devices, production, man power, etc.), efforts (muscular and 

mental) and work environment (working factors, physical and social factors, etc.). The paper 

discusses the differences between job requirements and present employee qualifications. Closing 

the gap between these factors is essential in human-resources management. 

5028.82 Organizational diversity assessment, Richard Andrulis, Villanova University, USA 

The study provided a description of organizational diversity efforts. The purpose was to determine 

if companies value diversity, discourage behavior inconsistent with principals of diversity as well 

as determine how well they promote diversity internally through education and externally in 

community outreach. Over 100 companies responded to a questionnaire including Human 

Resource and business managers. Results suggest that companies approach diversity more with an 

interest in compliance to United States law versus promoting diversity as an intrinsic value. 

Companies did initiate internal educational prgrams more so than community efforts. The Health 

care industry promoted initiatives significantly more than other industries. 

5028.83 Revision employee aptitude survey in China, Chongzeng BI, Jinfu Zhang, School of 

Psychology Southwest Normal University, China 

This study revises the Employee Aptitude Survey into Chinese. The “Verbal Comprehension” and 

“Word Fluency” are substituted by new tests, the other 8 test (Numerical Ability, Visual Pursuit, 

Visual Speed and Accuracy, Space Visualization, Numerical Reasoning, Verbal Reasoning, 

Manual Speed and Accuracy, Symbolic Reasoning) are all kept original format and content. 357 

subjects complete the revised tests. Psychometrics and conform factor analysis show that the 

revised survey has satisfied reliability and validity, and can be used for further study. 

5028.84 A research into the manager’s incentive mechanism in an enterprise, Lifang Pei, Yuzhi 

Wang, Management school, USTB, China 

High level managers are in a position of decisive role of the business operation, so the question of 

how to make the managers of the enterprise do their best to turn more profit for the share holders 

and for the good of future development of the enterprise should be taken into full consideration. 

The article do a systematical analysis and exploration of the establishment and perfection of 

enterprise managers’ incentive system. 

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5028.85 Managerial competence oriented situational judgment tests and construct validation, 

Yanghua Jin, Zhongming Wang, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China 

Using 2 different samples, this study tested the construct validity and criteria-related validity of 

construct-oriented situational judgment test. Confirmatory factor analysis results demonstrated 

that 3-dimension structure fitted the data significantly better than single-dimension solution. The 

Situational judgment test was a valid predicator in both samples. Concurrent validity was .43 to 

self-reported performance measures, and .18 to objective performance criteria. Research evidence 

suggested that situational judgment test was effective method to evaluate managerial competence. 

Construct-oriented situational judgment test development approach was also supported. 

5028.86 A empirically research on the taxonomy of job performance, Zhiyi Wen, Dejun Guo, 

Department of Psychology, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China 

The purpose of the present research was to explore and confirm a taxonomy of job performance. 

Two studies were conducted to address this issue. In Study 1, a job-performance-rating-scale was 

developed, and exploratory-factor-analysis (N=145) yielded a four-factor solution, named Task, 

Interpersonal, Adaptive and Dedicative Performance (the four factors’ Alphas were all above .91, 

and multiple linear regression’s R=.86). Study 2 compared the four-factor-model with the other 

four models derived from W. C. Borman & S. J. Motowidlo (1993), B. Allworth & E. Hesketh 

(1997), etc. Confirmatory-factor-analysis (N=327) indicated a best fit for the four-factor-model 

(X2/df=2.97, GFI=.95, AGFI=.90, CFI=.99). Results and implications for the taxonomy of job 

performance were also discussed. 

5028.87 The research of human resource strategies base on cluster theory, Li Jiang, Psychology 

Department of South China Normal University, China 

Clusters is an economic phenomenon whereby large numbers of companies in related industries 

together in a small area. It is not only an effective method to raise the area economy, but also one 

of the most important patterns of the world's economy development. This article studied the 

distinct Human Resource strategies that brought by the Clusters, including drawing up strategies, 

recruiting, learning, performance appraisal, culture of corporation. Then, We compared the 

differences in human Resource strategies of high level clusters with the low one and finally 

advanced some suggestion on the issue how to develop our own Clusters better. 

5028.88 Role stress, organisational commitment and turnover intention among Singapore’s social 

workers, David Wan, Tak Kee Hui, Eddie Lim, Business School, National University of 


This study examines the relationship between role stressors, organisational commitment and 

turnover intention among social workers in Singapore. Social support from their supervisors and 

optimism are introduced as potential moderators for the effects of stress on commitment. Using a 

sample of 132 social workers from randomly selected social service agencies, our results show 

that role stressors have a significant effect on the level of organisational commmitment. In turn, 

commitment mediates the relationship between stress and turnover intention. Finally, social 

support moderates the effects of role stress on commmitment while optimism does not. 

5028.89 A positivist research on the relationship between the three-dimensional feature structure 

1165

of learning team and team effectiveness, Yu Chun Xiao, Hang Zhou University of Commerce, 

China 

A learning team is a small number of employees with empowerment, member roles and learning 

who are committed to common effectiveness goals and responsibilities between organization and 

individual. The three-dimensional feature structure of learning team in this research that influences 

team effectiveness includes three factors such as: team learning, team member roles and team 

empowerment. Our positivist research shows that the influences on team effectiveness are the key 

factors. There is a great value to improve Chinese enterprises management with the 

three-dimensional feature structure of learning team that influences team effectiveness. 

5028.90 Factors on employees’ self-regulated learning, Guifeng Ding, Wenzhao Yu, Henan 


In order to confirm the factors influencing employees’ self-regulated learning (SRL), a 

questionnaire of SRL was created, in which there are 42 items. The reliability and validity of the 

questionnaire were acceptable with 408 subjects from 8 enterprises. 820 subjects sampled from 13 

enterprises completed three types of questionnaires, including SRL questionnaire; individual 

factor questionnaires that include self-learning efficacy, achievement motivation level, attribution 

of success and failure, goal orientation, individual career management; and organizational factor 

questionnaires that include organizational career management and learning atmosphere. The 

results of confirmatory analysis indicated that these individual and organizational factors 

positively influence SRL. 

5028.91 Predictive validity on competency model of cadets in military academy, Zhengxue Luo 1 , 

Danmin Miao 1 , Jingkuan Su 2 , Jianquan Tian 1 , 2 Tangdu Hospital,Fourth Military Medical 

University, China, 1 Department of Psychology, Aerospace & Aviation Medicine Faculty, Fourth 

Military Medical University, China 

114 cadets were evaluated with the competency model before graduation, their job performance in 

the military was appraised after 1.5 years. Relations were studied between the competency model 

and the job performance. The competency scores were compared between the best group and the 

average group of the job performance. Besides discipline and emotional stability, nine items of the 

competency model were correlated with the job performance. Besides discipline, emotional 

stability and influence, there was significant difference on the competency scores between two 

groups. It is suitable to predict the job performance with the competency model of cadets in 

military academy. 

5028.92 The impact of psychological contract fulfillment on organizational citizenship behaviors, 

Chen Yu, Hangzhou University of Commerce, China 

This research explores the dimensions of psychological contract. They are commending to outside, 

teaching and training, supporting the employees and job security. Then this research examines the 

relationships between psychological contract fulfillment and organizational citizenship behaviors, 

Using a sample of 159 Chinese employees. This study suggests that the psychological contract 

fulfillment has impact on the organizational citizenship behaviors. The results also indicate that 

different psychological contract dimensions fulfillment has different impact on the dimensions of 

OCBs. For example, commending to outside and teaching and training have more significant 

1166

impact on helping, one of dimensions of OCBs. 

5028.93 HRM practices, manufacturing strategy and organizational performance in China, 

Yunxia Fan 1 , Jianan Zhong 1 , Ziguang Chen 2 , 1 Psychology and Behavior Department of 

Zhejiang University, China, 2 City University of Hong Kong, China 

The research was about the relationships between HRM practices, manufacturing strategy, and 

organizational performance in China. There were three key propositions in recent SHRM research, 

e.g. universalistic, configurational and contingency hypothesis. These propositions should be 

addressed in the diversified manufacturing environment emerging in Mainland China. Over 100 

general managers of manufacturing firms in Mainland China were interviewed. The results found 

significant relationships between some HRM practices and the performance of the firms and 

between specific dimensions of HRM practices (training and development, compensation systems) 

and performance. 

5028.94 Determinants of successful administration of merit-based personnel treatment, Kiyoshi 

Takahashi, Kobe University, Japan 

Owing to the experience of long recession, Japanese companies have shifted their systems of 

personnel treatment from seniority-oriented procedure to merit-based procedure. Yet, employees 

are unwilling to accept the new system and observe it implemented poorly. This study investigates 

the determinants of successful administration of promotion and wage increase based on individual 

merit. Data were collected from 231 Japanese employees. Results found that decrease of wage 

gaps and increase of promotion speed differences in a cohort, improvement of individual and 

organizational motivation levels, and fairness in performance appraisals were the important factors 

for a successful administration of merit-based treatment. 

5028.95 Trainee reactions as predictors of transfer: The important difference between affective 

reactions and utility judgments, Jeannette Zempel, Klaus Moser, University of 

Erlangen-Nuernberg, Department of Organizational and Social Psychology, Germany 

Validity and determination of different training reaction criteria were examined. It was 

hypothesized that utility judgments can predict transfer better than affective reactions because of 

their stronger determination by transfer relevant factors. Transfer relevant factors (motivation to 

transfer, working conditions, learning outcome), affective reactions, utility judgments and transfer 

(applied behaviour on the job) were examined in a longitudinal study (N=203 trainees). Results 

revealed that utility judgments predicted transfer, whereas affective reactions exerted no influence 

on transfer. In addition, utility judgments mediated the relationship between transfer relevant 

factors and transfer as well as between transfer relevant factors and affective reactions. 

5028.96 Analysis on assessment indexes of senior middle school teacher’s job satisfaction in 

Henan province, Huoliang Gong, Huiying Zhang, Department of Education and Science,Henan 


Based on the review of current research situations about the teacher job satisfaction, the paper 

made a tentative study on assessment index of senior middle school teacher’s job satisfaction in 

Henan Province, according to the regionalism and timeliness of job satisfaction. The main result is 

as follows: There are eight kinds of assessment indexes of senior middle school teacher’s job 

1167

satisfaction: self-actualization and development, school condition, leadership and administration, 

social support, job intensity, colleague, teaching activity and treatment. 

5028.97 The structure of employee’s conscientiousness, Wang Lei, Yao Xiang, Huang Gang, 


This study aimed to determine the factors and the structure of employee’s conscientiousness. A 

survey with 23 items was developed to test 178 employees from different enterprises. The 

Exploratory Factor Analysis revealed two factors: Capability and Attitude, explaining 53.67% of 

the total variance. Finally, 50 managerial supervisors were tested with a newly designed 

situational questionnaire to examine the validity of the dimensions of employee’s 

conscientiousness. The results showed that the situational questionnaire designed in accordance 

with the respective dimensions can satisfactorily distinguish the employees with high or low 

conscientiousness. The implication to personnel recruitment and selection was also discussed. 

5028.98 Research into dispositional and situational factors determining organizational behavior, 

Alexander Erofeev, Raya Nechaeva, Anna Skatova, Moscow State University, Russia 

Today we can outline two equally well-grounded controversial approaches to prediction of a 

person’s behavior in different situations. These are situational and dispositional approaches. 

Within our research we tried to determine which characters, situational or personal, and to which 

degree influence the subjects’ behavior. Research, the result of which we are planning to present, 

was carried out at a large industrial enterprise in Russia and employed a sample of 170 people. We 

used a poll for the evaluation of the situational characters and Moscow Personality Inventory was 

employed for the estimation of the dispositional characters. 

5028.99 Situational behavior tests, Anna Skatova, Moscow State University, Russian Federation 

The foundation of the main problem of research was laid by Kurt Lewin in his formula, which 

states that behavior is a function of situation and personality. The main question is how to create 

an evaluation procedure which would take into account both dispositional and situational factors. 

One of the approaches makes use of Situational Behavior Tests and also employs a special method 

of registration of subjects’ behavior in group discussions. The results of the evaluation which 

studied samples of students employing this methodological system will be presented in a 

presentation. 

5028.100 Preventing effect of performance and learning goal on a decline of task motivation, 

Fumiko Fujise, Hisataka Furukawa, Kyushu University, Japan 

This study examined the preventing effect of “performance goal” and “learning goal” (Dweck & 

Leggett, 1988) on a decline of task motivation. Subjects, 232 undergraduates, were asked to 

imagine being a team leader, and respond to a questionnaire. The interpersonal relationship with 

peer (good or bad) and the level of task performance (good or bad) were manipulated into 4 

conditions. Results were followed as: Ss with the best conditions maintained initial motivation. Ss 

with the worst conditions, however, tended to decrease their motivation, but the decline was 

significantly smaller for Ss with clear performance goals and learning goals. 

5028.101 Job satisfaction in different kinds of corporations, Xiaowen Zeng, Zhejiang University, 

1168

Hangzhou, China 

The research has used questionnaire to investigate job satisfaction of different kind of corporations. 

162 participants took part in it. The study indicated that the job satisfaction of different kinds of 

corporations has subtle discrepancies, which are the employees worked in foreign-invested 

companies felt a bit satisfied than the those in non-foreign-invested companies. Women felt much 

satisfied than men; the older the employees were the more satisfaction they got. Moreover, the 

interaction was significant on the dimension between education and training and job per se with 

the factors of business property and sex; etc. 

5028.102 Life description interview scheme in assessment center LASPI, Elena Likurtseva, 

Lomonosov Moscow State University, Russian Federation 

Assessment Center LASPI technology includes such methods as self presentation, situational 

behaviour tests, questionaries, semistructured “Life Description” interview and structured 

interview. The purpose of our research consisted in developing one of them, namely “Life 

Description” interview scheme. This method is based on the Big Five model. “Life Description” 

interview scheme includes questions of Moscow Personality Inventory (MPI). Our research was 

carried on psychology and economy students of Lomonosov Moscow State University (MSU) and 

other universities. The results show that the validity of semistructured “Life Description” 

interview is higher than the validity of commonly used structured interviews. 

5028.103 Research on sources of senior middle school teacher’s work-family conflict, Huiying 

Zhang, Huoliang Gong, Henan University, China 

Despite public concern about kinds of pressures from work and family, which were experienced 

by senior middle school teachers, few scholars have examined the sources of work-family conflict 

(WFC). The authors developed a survey to test them. Data were gathered from 350 married senior 

middle school teachers, living with a partner, or had at least one child and worked normally. The 

results from factor analysis indicated that WFC included two aspects: work-to-family conflict and 

family-to-work conflict. Work-to-family conflict came from administrative system, work behavior 

spillover and resource conflicts. Sources of family-to-work conflict consisted of psychological 

factors and behavioral factors. 

5028.104 Research on relation between work-family conflict and social support conflict, 

Huoliang Gong, Huiying Zhang, Department of Education and Science,Henan University, China 

The relation between work-family conflict (WFC) and social support was examined using a 

two-dimensional measure of WFC (work-to-family conflict and family-to-work conflict) and both 

global and summed facet measures(objective support, subjective support and usage of support) of 

social support. Data came from 296 married senior middle school teachers. The results indicated 

that global social support negatively related to WFC significantly, but the relation was stronger to 

work-to-family conflict than to family-to-work conflict. Regression results revealed that objective 

support was the only form significantly related to family-to-work conflict and usage of support 

was the only form significantly related to work-to-family conflict. 

5028.105 The work characteristics and MBO systems, Akiko Okuno, Osaka University of 

Economics and Law, Japan 

1169

Organizational transformation is a practical theme in nowadays organizational management. And 

transformation leadership is considered as one of the best leadership models which is full of value 

and potential at present. An effective leader should be the man who can discover the need of 

organizational transformation firstly, the one who have a long head in planning and practice the 

organizational aim, the one who is creative and humanism. 

5028.110 The design and implementation of vocational psychology assessment model, Guicai 

Xian, Jinmei Yang, Yingzhe Zhang, Xin Zhao, Yuan Zhang, Tianjin University of Technology 

and Education, China 

In most organizations, candidates selection is a continuous process in which the vocational 

psychology assessment is an important step. On the basis of vocational psychology structure 

analysis, the authors of this paper designed a model which is used for accessing individual 

vocational psychology and put it into use in candidates selection and vocational guidance as 

segments of human resource management, which proved to be of good effect in improving work 

efficiency as well as the employees’ quality of work life. 

5028.111 The effect of test preparation programs on applicants` test performance and test-taking 

reactions, Eva Derous 1 , Hanne Exelmans 2 , 1 Erasmus University Rotterdam, Institute of 

Psychology, The Netherlands, 2 University of Leuven, Belgium 

A substantial body of literature shows practice and coaching effects on aptitude and achievement 

tests in educational settings. Yet, the effects of test preparation have not been extensively 

investigated within personnel selection. This is remarkable given the reported increase in test 

preparation programs. Two field experiments were set up to investigate the effect of practice, 

tutoring and coaching on applicants` performances on numeric/verbal/spatial ability tests. We 

additionally investigated whether applicants` test-taking reactions (anxiety, motivation, 

self-efficacy) mediated the effect of preparation. Results support the effect of coaching on numeric 

ability and test-taking reactions. The theoretical and practical relevance are then discussed. 

5028.112 Applicants` test-taking motivation: Is there a relationship with face validity, selection 

information, and applicants` test performance? Eva Derous, Erasmus University Rotterdam, 

Institute of Psychology, The Netherlands 

Recently, test motivation has attracted increasing attention because of its potential impact on test 

performance and test validity. Using a field experiment we examined how explaining the selection 

procedure and using face valid test, impact upon applicants’ test motivation and performance. 

Results revealed that giving ample information about the selection procedure, as well as using face 

valid tests, both motivate candidates to perform well on a cognitive ability test. Test results were 

also positively influenced. Given that test motivation relates to behavioral outcomes, among which 

performance, these results have implications for how recruiters attempt to influence applicants’ 

reactions towards selection. 

5028.113 Job burnout as a mediator between job stress and turnover intention, Lin Lin, Shi Kan, 

Hu Weipeng, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China 

The authors examined the relationship between job stress, job burnout and turnover intention. 

Based on 156 samples of Chinese teachers, using the Maslach Burnout Inventory(MBI) and Job 

1171

Stress Scale, Turnover Intention Inventory, we found that (1) three dimensions of job stress, role 

ambiguity, role conflict and job overload, influenced turnover intention; (2) emotional exhaustion 

and cynicism were partial mediators between role ambiguity, job overload and turnover intention, 

whereas reduced personal accomplishment fully mediated the relationship between role ambiguity, 

role conflict and turnover intention. Hence, authors held that job burnout was a mediate variable 

between job stress and turnover intention. 

5028.114 Construct dimension of the entrepreneurship preview, Nianman Ke, college of 

management,Zhejiang Univeristy, Hangzhou, China 

With the investigation of 300 staff at two samples by the Entrepreneurship Preview Questionnaire 

developed by researchers, the construct dimension of Entrepreneurship Preview has been 

discriminated. The results of exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis show 

that Entrepreneurship Preview contain five factor dimensions, including innovative realism, 

optimism and confidence, personal growth, risk taking, and role load. The construct content, 

meaning, and individual difference of Entrepreneurship Preview are discussed at the end. 

5028.115 Crossing the borders of culture: Relating national and organizational cultures in 

Indonesian and Dutch subsidiaries of a multinational company, Astrid Novianti, University of 

Indonesia, Indonesia 

Due to differences in national culture, employees in each subsidiary of multinational companies 

bring their ways of thinking, feeling, and acting into their organization, blend them with 

organizational aspects (e.g. structure, control system), and together form an organizational culture. 

Using Hofstede’s national and organizational culture dimensions in Indonesian and Dutch 

subsidiaries of a multinational company, this study revealed that differences in some dimensions 

of organizational culture are due to differences in some dimensions of national culture. Focus 

group discussion in each subsidiary showed that this organizational culture mapping gives insight 

about their organization and their position compared to other subsidiary. 

5028.116 Application of new assessment techniques in Chinese corporations, Yonghua Su 1 , 

Pinggen Peng 2 , 1 School of Management, Fudan University, China, 2 Department of Psychology, 


The research briefly reviews the spring-up and development of NAT in China. Result shows that 

The test and assessment center techniques tend to spread quickly, although they are not widely 

used in Chinese corporations now. It should be noted that some fast-growing corporations that 

have completed the reform of the ownership begin to use the all-round assessment center 

techniques more and more frequently. Half of the corporations have used one or more assessment 

center techniques, 29.6% of the corporations have used the structured interview. the author 

explores the application and development of NAT in Chinese corporations in the future. Two cases 

are offered. 

5028.117 A study of masses comments applied to choosing managers in enterprises, Tan Linfei, 

China 

With data obtained in the human resources assessment for choosing twenty-two 

mid-administrative level positions in one hundred and twelve staff inside the enterprise. The 

1172

domains and developmental trends of leadership behavior are also predicted. 

5028.122 The study that the enterprise manager’s communication competency influences the 

organized group cohesion, Yong Gang 1 , Shuhua Zhang 2 , Yu Cai 3 , 1 Department of Social 

Physical, Shenyang Institute of Physical Education, China, 2 College of Education, Shenyang 

Normal University, China, 3 Shenyang Siasun Robert & Automation Co., Ltd, China 

The manager’s communication competency is an important factor that influences the management 

performance. “Manager’s Communication Competency Questionnaire” and “Employee Group 

Cohesion Questionnaire” were adopted in this study. The results of multiple linear regression 

analysis at communication competency toward group cohesion revealed that it is communication 

competency that contains a higher predictive ability towards group cohesion, in while 

interpersonal communication competency has a strong say in explaining group cohesion. Thus we 

conclude that group cohesion can be viewed as an important criterion of testing communication 

competency, and language-expressing competency takes the largest part in the regression equation 

of group cohesion. 

5028.123 A study on leadership psychology thoughts in Lao Zi, Yan Liu, the Psychological 

Association of China, China 

Lao Zi, or Tao Te Ching, has been the masterpiece of Taoism and of great significance in the 

ideological development of ancient China. The expectations and requirements for leaders are 

conveyed in each chapter of this work. The present paper analyzes the main leadership psychology 

thoughts conveyed in Lao Zi i.e. the requirements for leaders’ competence, personality and leading 

strategies. 

5028.124 New directions in leadership research: Balancing strategy in organizational context, 

Pankaj Saran 1 , Neeti Rana 2 , Vipin Gupta 3 , 1 Vice President, India, 2 Asstt. Professor, EMPI 

University Business School,India, 3 Asstt. Professor, Grand Valley State University, USA 

The paper seeks to explore organizational behaviour effectiveness of successful leaders like chief 

executive officers (corporate heads), vice-chancellors (president of university), ambassadors (head 

of foreign mission), and non-profits (non-governmental organizations) in India. The study 

conducted as a part of Global Leadership and Organizational Behaviour Effectiveness Research 

Programme (GLOBE, the Wharton School), provides penetrating insights into the expected 

qualities of successful leaders in balancing strategy in the current high stake environment. The 

findings provide a lens on new directions for practitioners, existing and future leaders and for 

further research. 

5028.125 Effects of path-goal leader behaviors on stressor-strain relationships, Yujian Ye, 

Hangzhou Institute of Electronics Engineering, China 

The present study investigated 620 employees by self-reported, exploring 2-way and 3-way 

(demographic variables) moderating effects and mediating effects of Path-goal theory of leader 

behaviors on stressors-strain relationship. First, we only get 4/20 2-way interactions, but all 

directions are reverse. And they are included in 9 3-way interactions in which sex and education 

have systemic and unprecedented effects. Finally, the mediating effects of leader behaviors can not 

be gotten. Maybe the uncertainty is the mediator. And because of the opposite or reverse two-way 

1174

full of creative; and who is full of humanism. 

5028.130 The competency model of project managers, Yao Xiang 1 , Wang Lei 1 , Chen Jianhong 2 , 

1 2 

Peking University, China; IBM China Development Center, China 

This research aimed to establish the competency model of IT project managers. In-depth interview 

was used to develop a 23 competency items checklist that was then tested with 322 project 

managers and team members. The results suggested that the competency model of IT project 

managers have 5 factors: Charisma and learning ability, Ability of handling emergencies, 

Interpersonal skill, Penetrating view on the overall situation, and Personality and morals, 

explaining 55.96% of the total variance. The competency of a project manager required by team 

members varied at different levels in two team conditions: team size and with/without outside 

collaborators. 

5028.131 Sources of leader’s confidence in work organizations, Hiroshi Ikeda, Hisataka 

Furukawa, Kyushu University, Japan 

Leader's confidence would be a necessary condition for effective management. But in previous 

research a role for the confidence has been overlooked. The purpose of this study was to examine 

sources of behavioral confidence among leaders in work organization. A survey was conducted on 

170 managers in Japanese company. The results indicated that leader acquired behavioral 

confidence through gratification in self and others' expectation, consciousness of commonality on 

daily experiences, and reflection on good job experience. And any confidences had less relation 

with managerial work years. 

5028.132 Membership, leadership & conflicts: Mobbing in interpersonal and social relations, 

Trentini Giancarlo 1 , Massimo Bustreo 2 , Massimo Bellotto 3 , Maria Cristina Bolla 4 , Silvia 

Ferri 5 , 1 University of CA' Foscari – Venezia, Italy, 2 Iulm University – Feltre (Belluno) – Italy, 

3 4 

University of Verona – Italy, Sintagama Institute, Italy 

Mobbing is one of most destructive violence present at workplace. For too long, before being a 

"social issue", it was hidden or considered as a taboo in organizational life. This research studies 

Mobbing as an interpersonal dynamic: an aggressive behaviour (miscommunications, insults, 

offensive remarks, personal devaluation or abuse) among co-workers and between supervisors, 

leaders and subordinates, in which there is only one intention: the (psychological or physical) 

isolation and exclusion of the “victim”. According to a psycho-sociological method (45 “in-depth 

interviews” and 400 questionnaires), the survey had studied the organizational circumstances in 

which habitual conflicts could turn into a mobbing dynamic. 

5028.133 The research development of psychological empowerment, Xuefeng Chen, Chaoping 

Li, Kan Shi, The institute of psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China 

The concepts and scales of psychological empowerment had developed for many years but few 

articles were available to describe the research process and outcomes systematically. The article 

summarized the development of widely accepted four-dimension model of psychological 

empowerment and many other researches conducted to investigate the antecedent and subsequent 

variables, the influence on individual and organizations, and the relationship with other 

organizational variables. The outcomes and shortage of these researches and the needs to conduct 

1176

cross-culture research in other countries out of America are mentioned. Implications and 

directions for future research and for management practice are discussed. 

5028.134 Comparative studies on decision-making of expertise groups under 

multi-communication conditions, Quanquan Zheng, Nai Wen, Xingyan Tian, China 

Choosing randomly undergraduates and managers as subjects, this study investigated the effects of 

communicating conditions (computer-mediated, CM vs. Face-To-Face, FTF), group knowledge 

distribution (expertise group vs. general group) and decision phases (screening vs. choice) on the 

decision performance with simulated laboratory experiments of personnel selection. Several 

important results were obtained such as (1) expertise groups of undergraduates exchanged more 

correct information and less incorrect information than general groups; (2) FTF groups of 

managers exchanged much positive, negative and partially shared information than CM groups, 

etc. Comparison of the results of decision making between the two kinds of subjects was made. 

5028.135 Leadership behavior, economic performance and well-being, Yongwen Li, Zhongfu 

Yang, Xian Wang, Long Chen, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 

China 

This study explored the role of leadership behavior in moderating the relationship between 

economic performance and well-being. 1467 respondents from 33 stations out of 165 in a 

national-wide transportation firm accomplished Misumi’s PM Survey, Social Stressor 

Questionnaire, SCL-90 and GHQ. The level of stress was declined significantly from P, pm, M 

and PM; As for SCL-90, PM was significantly lower than that of pm. Mental health level of PM 

was significantly higher than those of P, pm, and M. Multiple regression analysis suggested that 

the level of total stress of a station made a significant contribution on economic performance. 

5028.136 Personality types and work performance under different corporate culture, Li Li, 

Danmin Miao, Fourth Military Medical University, China 

This work provides a personality profile of enterprises according to the Myers-Briggs Type 

Indicator (MBTI). 130 upper-level and middle-level managers (aged 27-62yrs) completed the 

MBTI and questionnaire measures of preferences for the four corporate culture(support, 

innovation, rules and goal). Results indicate that work performance and behavioral style are 

clearly related and it is also found that there is a remarkable difference of characters among the 

effective managers under different organizational cultures and among the noneffective managers. 

5028.137 Trust as a catalyst between goal orientation and team performance in virtual teams, 

Xiaoyun Xie, Zhongming Wang, Yuefeng Ding, Zhejiang University, China 

Simulated virtual team experiments were conducted to examine how trust moderated effects of 

goal orientation on team performance. Eighteen virtual teams were formed with 54 university 

students. They conducted new-product development assignments by computer simulation tasks. 

The results showed that (1) trust moderated effects of goal orientation on performance of virtual 

teams, and (2) under both individual-oriented and group-oriented conditions, once high level of 

trust was developed, team performance were significantly enhanced. However, when trust was 

manipulated from low- to high-level, virtual team performance was improved more significantly 

under individual-oriented condition than group-oriented condition. 

1177

5028.138 Middle and long term efficiency increase and implications of workshops on company 

internal processes and procedures, Joanna Lachtera-Walz, Ludwig-Maximillians University & 

Infineon Technologies AG / Munich, Germany 

This paper investigates the influence of Workshops on the quality and efficiency of 

implementation of the agreed measures. It focuses on the optimal combination of effectivity and 

efficiency hence soft factors and moral ethics are also considered. Soft facts, of which trust is an 

example, are the fundamental building blocks in organisational change. On the one hand trust in 

ones team and management plays a major role but on the other hand it is very hard to achieve, 

especially in times of increasing organisational complexity and globalisation. The empirical data 

comes mainly from internal merger workshops within Infineon-Technologies-AG. 

5028.139 How leaders’ competencies relate to organizational performance in the view of 

employees: An employee perception theory of leader’s influence, Xiaowei Lv, Lei Wang, Lihua 

Yan, Yi Chen, Peking University, Beijing, China 

This study explored the relationship between employee perception of their leader’s influence and 

organizational performance. Subordinate-rating method was used to collect data of leader’s 

influence and organizational performance from 363 employees. Factor analysis indicated that the 

leader’s competencies perceived by employees included four factors: moral charm, managing 

competence, team competence and goal efficiency. Further regression analysis showed there were 

different relationships between these factors and organizational appeal, creativity and productivity. 

The result pointed out that we must pay more attention to employees’ activities on the issues of 

leadership. The employee perception theory of leader’s influence was put forward. 

5028.140 Intercultural synergy a chance for international work groups, Hora Tjitra, Zhejiang 


International mobility and co-operation in multicultural and multidisciplinary teams are an ever 

more frequent necessity in the realm of international corporations and joint ventures. Culturally 

determined differences may either act as obstacles to productive co-operation in multicultural 

teams or become a source of creativity and higher achievement. Based on empirical data from 

German-Indonesian groups performing a computer simulated business simulation, the oral 

presentation will illustrate various problems and possibilities for their solution by complex 

problem solving in international work groups as well as showing that intercultural synergy does 

exist and how to promote it. 

5028.141 Competitive management team, Helen Fil, Ukrainian Psychology Institute, Ukraine 

Objective: definition of competitive management team; Research methods: modified focus-group, 

incomplete sentences, content-analysis of work results; Subjects: managers, psychologists. Results: 

Characteristics of the competitive management team: Each team-member is a competitive 

personality (that he strives for permanent self-development, adapts easily, is capable of favorable 

self-presentation, energetic, tolerant, creative, has a high level of aspiration, honest, has 

constructive thinking); considers competition as an incentive for self-improvement; All 

team-members are: comrades-in-arms’ dedicated to the common cause; work for permanent 

professional growth; maintain creative productivity; The team is capable of identification of new 

1178

trends in social and professional development to attract and lead people. 

5028.142 Calibration consultation: A model for international organizational consulting, Ann M 

O'Roark, Consulting Psychologist/Private Practice, USA 

The Calibration Consultation Model gives an overview of psychological issues important for 

planning organizational interventions when working in international or multicultural settings. 

Baseline calibration, called here guanxi, calls for beginning all organizational consultation with a 

phase of culture assessment, learning the values, priorities, customs, and expectations of the client 

group. With baseline data in hand, a consultant's calibration becomes realistic: current situation as 

compared with an ideal future situation. then, selection of beneficial interventions are planned at 

individual, group, or organizational levels as determined by consultant and client leadership. 

5028.143 Relationship between transformational leadership and leader effectiveness, Ruijian 

Zhang, Sun Yat-Sen University, China 

Transformational leadership is regarded as an effective leadership, which is postulated to be 

responsible for the followers’ performance and achievement beyond expectations. In the present 

research, leaders’ immediate supervisors and their subordinates were asked to appraise the 

leadership and effectiveness of leaders from various corporations in Shanghai. The results showed: 

Transformational leadership exists in every level of management; There is positive correlations 

between transformational leadership and the criterions of leader effectiveness such as extra effort, 

etc.; Charismatic Leadership and Intellectual Stimulation have positive effects on Leader 

Effectiveness. Finally, the inconsistence between the present research and previous ones were 

discussed. 

5028.144 Analysis and management of aviation maintenance errors, Jiazhong Yang, Kan Zhang, 


Maintenance error has been the most important causal factors in aviation accidents. Classification 

and analysis of maintenance errors are conductive to flight safety. This article analyzed the 

changes of aviation maintenance environment, and developed a maintenance error classification 

and analysis framework based on Reason’s model which includes unsafe acts, preconditions for 

unsafe acts, unsafe supervision, and organizational influences. The framework was further 

subdivided according to maintenance practice. The paper also briefly introduced several error 

management techniques applied in maintenance field, and addressed that it was necessary to code 

a detailed error classification and analysis system by means of the framework. 

5028.145Research on the psychological evaluation system of safe employee in coal mine, Jizu Li, 

Lixun Kang, Taiyuan University of Technology, China 

The relationship between the mining accidents and the practitioners’ psychological factors and the 

requirements of the safe psychological qualities for the mining practitioners are discussed. The 

relationship between the psychological factors of the mining practitioners and safety in production 

are analysised with points of view of job and duty. The psychological evaluation system that 

mainly consists of ability and non-ability factors is established, and it’s scientific value is tested 

and verified. It is clear that the system applied to Lu’an mine Group in China provides a new 

approach to the thorough solution of mining accidents. 

1179

5028.146 Psychological factors in internet advertising design, Ying hua Ye, Psychology 

Department, Zhejiang University, China 

Internet advertising is based on digital codes delivered by World Wide Web. During the complex 

interacting system which consists of users and internet, the speed of selecting information is swift. 

How can it become the selected one? This article intends to do psychology research to provide 

some useful suggestion for internet advertising design. For example, put the Ads on the left or top 

of the web, highlight the Ads, be care of the relativity between Ads and web, provide more 

information in anchor, and at last standardize your Ads design. 

5028.147 Selecting psychological qualified candidates of pilots for Chinese Air Force, Fu 

Shuangxi 1 , Zhang Kan 2 , Yang Qunhui 2 , Pang Xingguang 1 , Zhang Jie 3 , 1 Chinese Air Force, 

China, 2 Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China 

In order to select psychological qualified candidates of pilots for Chinese Air Force, a systematic 

assessment tests were designed with three computer-based platforms. Platform one is a group test 

tool providing the capacity to test candidates’ cognitive abilities, motivations, and personality 

aspects. Platform two is a set of interactive tests focusing on candidates’ cognitive aspects. 

Platform three is used for expert interview. A scaling method was created to integrate parameters 

from the three platforms. Results of 5 years follow up indicated that using of this system gave 

more than 10% successful training of the pilots. 

5028.148 Combining auditory icon and earcon to support navigation in mobile phone menus, Yin 

Zheng, Jie Li, Department of Psychology Sunyat-Sen University, China 

This paper provides both theoretical and practical insights about the design of auditory-ear icon to 

support navigation in complex menu structures. In the first part of this paper, principle of how to 

combine auditory icon and earcon is extracted from actual navigation problems, which are then 

applied in the second part. Through the design, implementation and evaluation of a set of sounds 

in the any call n628 mobile phone. The evaluation indicates that the auditory-ear icon improves 

the performance of navigation task a in terms of number of errors made and the number of key 

presses taken to complete the given tasks. 

5028.149 Personalized telecommunication design: Investigation of metaphor, Xiao Xu 1 , 

Jiangping Wan 2 , 1 Dept. Applied Physics, South China Univ. of Tech., Guangzhou, China, 

2 

College of Management Sci. & Eng., South China Univ. of Tech., Guangzhou, China 

Personalized Telecommunication is an important trend of telecommunication. The database for 

personalization combines the psychology and informational services based on the 

telecommunication network. Metaphor can be used in the design of the personalized database. In 

this article, metaphor is formulized and the structure or meta-model of the database is established. 

A investigation for metaphor has been done and the results has been analyzed according to the 

meta-model. Concerning the Model of Lakoff, the Model of Glucksburg, the experiments done by 

M. S. Mcglone, the investigation indicates that all the models are possible to the people. And a 

new phenomena has been observed. 

5028.150 Eyes at reading – toward an attentive web browser, Debin Huang, Luqi Xiao, Yaping 

1180

Ding, Department of Psychology, Sun Yat-Sen University, China 

While browsing webpage, readers have to interact with browser manually to bring the interested 

text into vision area. This operation not only interrupts the normal reading procedure, but makes 

reading task less efficiency. We present an Attentive Web Browser, which could roll webpage in 

according with the reading attention. An eye tracking system is used to register eye fixation of the 

reader. Whole screen is divided into Central Reading Area, Main Reading Area, and Displaying 

Area. While eye fixation reached the edges of Central Area, text rolls accordingly. This technique 

could eliminate manual involvement while reading, and improve reading efficiency. 

5028.151 An interactive battery of tests for pilot selection, Xingguang Pang 1 , Kan Zhang 2 , 

Qunhui Yang 2 , Jianguo Wu 1 , Ronggang Zhou 3 , 1 Chinese Air Force, China, 2 Institute of 


In order to evaluate pilot candidates’ cognitive abilities efficiently and dynamically, an interactive 

battery of tests, including 8 cognitive tasks were designed and formulated with a high speed PC as 

the platform of the testing battery. Multiple resources attentions theory and secondary task 

techniques were applied for the designing of the battery. Laboratory experiments, field 

investigations and longitudinal data collection were used to test the discriminality, reliability and 

validity of using of the battery with a large number of subjects. Some preliminary results of 

application of the using of the battery were discussed. 

5028.152 Color preference of Chinese college students, Li Zhang, Xiaolan Fu, Institute of 


Color block and color word were used, in two experiments, to investigate the color preference of 

Chinese College students. In experiment 1 participant’s preferences to color were examined by 

means of paired comparisons. In experiment 2, participants had to give an order to color based on 

their preference. The results showed that: 1, Blue, green and white were the more popular colors to 

Chinese College students at present. Blue is the most popular color in the three colors. 2, Color 

preference was influenced by the method of investigation and the representation form of color. 

5028.153 Cellular phone considering elderly people’s demands, Midori Mori, Sadao Horino, 

Kanagawa University, Japan 

80 million units of cellular phones prevailed in Japan are technically multi-functioned as well as 

high efficient. But this does not necessarily imply that they are easy to use for everybody. A 

questionnaire survey combined with interview for 221 elderly people (60-90 years old) revealed 

that 20% of them owned cellular phone and 30% of them did not, but wished to own it. They 

preferred a simple function of verbal communication, and demanded more legible letters for 

displays/controls, more usable input procedure and software. A field test on usability confirmed 

the above result and suggested more ergonomic improvement. 

5028.154 Optimizing pedestrian safety at night, D. Alfred Owens 1 , Joanne Wood 2 , 1 Franklin & 

Marshall College, USA, 2 Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia 

In much of the world, pedestrians share the roadway with motor vehicles. Accident data indicate 

that is extremely dangerous at night because drivers are unable to see a pedestrian in time to avoid 

collision. Reflective markings can provide an inexpensive solution, but the effectiveness of such 

1181

markings depends on their placement. Research from laboratory and road environments shows 

that optimal visibility is achieved through the perceptual phenomenon, “biological motion” which 

is created by marking the limb joints. This configuration allows drivers to recognize pedestrians at 

a long distance, whereas markings on the torso often are not perceived. 

5028.155 Color preference of the computer screen of Chinese youth, Yan Ge, Kan Zhang, 

Ronggang Zhou, Xi Liu, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China 

Three experiments, applying forced choice and subjective estimates, were designed to investigate 

the color preference of the computer screen of Chinese young subjects. Both the background color 

and foreground color, as well as their combinations were examined. The results showed that: 1, 

Blue, purple, gray-blue and cyan were the more popular colors among the 8 colors for the 

background color. 2, The foreground color preference was influenced by the background color, but 

white, yellow series and green series were all popular foreground colors for the background color 

of blue, purple and gray-blue. Some mechanism and implications were discussed. 

5028.156 Computer anxiety and the relationship between computer anxiety and performance on 

information processing tasks in undergraduate students, Junqing Wen, Han Buxin, Institute of 

Psychology, Chinese Academic of Science, China 

Computer anxiety (CA) of Chinese undergraduate students and the relationship between CA and 

performance of computer-based information processing tasks were investigated in this study. Four 

CA Scales and three experiments with computer trouble settings were administered. Results 

showed that: (1) 16.50-17.92% students are in high-level of CA, (2) high level of CA was 

significantly correlated with students of poor computer experience, from rural areas and have no 

personal computers, (3) for the tasks, performances were influenced by both CA and state anxiety 

jointly. Students with high-level of CA experienced more state anxiety during tests than those with 

low-level of CA. 

5028.157 Application of multiple resources theory in pilot selection, Kan Zhang, Xianghong 

Sun, Yanfang Liu, Qunhui Yang, Ronggang Zhou, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of 


Principle of the Multiple Resources Theory of Attention was implied to design a PC based pilot 

selection device to test candidates cognitive capacities, with a tracking task as the first task, a 

balancing task as secondary task, and 6 third tasks. It was found that only performance with three 

tasks simultaneously may predict candidates' cognitive abilities of being pilots. Based on data 

collected from more than 400 subjects, weights of the performance of combinations of the tasks as 

parameters of a formula were decided. 

5028.158 Inattention cued inhibition of return in slant perception, Guangqiang Zhang 1 , Mowei 

Shen 2 , Lu Guo 2 , Zhuanghua Shi 2 , 1 National key lab of Human Factors of Zhejiang University, 

China, 2 Department of Psychology and Behavioral Science, Zhejiang University, China 

In 3D space, participants were required to pay attention to a plane of a specific color, neglect 

another, then react to the orientation of target plane. Compared with the results in the baseline 

condition, reaction time was 72ms longer when its location was the same as the attended plane, 

only 49ms longer when same as the unattended plane. EEG analysis revealed unattended plane 

1182

approach for developing company culture. In a Turkish case, the elements of employee 

satisfaction are determined in metal and textile industries. The importance of blue-and-white collar 

employee satisfaction became more evident as the relation among participation, total quality 

management philosophy, continuous education and ergonomic work design concepts became more 

evident. 

5028.163 Effect of temporal and spatial factors on auditory apparent motion, Tong Zhang, Xining 

Zheng, Sengyuan Xu, Department of Psychology and Behavioral Science, Zhejiang University, 

China 

Three experiments were conducted to explore the effects of burst duration, interstimulus interval 

(ISI), source number and source location on auditory apparent motion (AAM). The results have 

showed that AAM was affected by burst duration, ISI and source number, but not by source 

location. Effect of source number on AAM varied with ISIs. At short ISIs (15 and 30ms) five 

sources produced continuous motion responses more than two sources did while at long ISI 

(300ms) five sources produced succession responses more than two sources did. In our opinion 

this phenomenon results from the static and dynamic aftereffects of sound. 

5028.164 Cognitive behavioural therapy for schizophrenia: An outcome study, Frendi W.S. Li, 

Peter W.H. Lee, Gregory K.L. Mak, The University of Hong Kong, China 

This study aimed to evaluate the outcome of a CBT treatment package for individuals with 

schizophrenia in Hong Kong. The treatment consisted of standard CBT modules as well as 

optional skills training modules. All participants were required to keep to their usual 

pharmacological treatment. Subjects were randomly assigned to either the CBT treatment group, 

or a waiting list control group. Outcome measures included positive and negative symptoms of 

schizophrenia, as well as depressive symptoms. Thirty-two patients completed treatment. Both 

groups showed significant improvement in the outcome measures. Their progress was maintained 

at the 15th month follow up. 

5028.165 Caree anchor among Chinese undergraduates and a new angle of Chinese education, 

Ying Sun, Kazuhiko Nojima, Kyuusyuu University, Japan 

This article presents the outcome of a questionnaire of career anchor about Chinese 

undergraduates. According to it, we also present a thorough study of the contemporary education 

in China. Some thoughts are introduced in this article and we think that career anchors are the 

engines when we educate undergraduates. So we should pay much attention on it in the future 

education. Namely, we hope that we can not only educate undergraduates according to their 

individual career anchor, but also find an effective means to bring their career anchors to a better 

level in the future education. 

5028.166 The comparative studies on the well-being, self-concept and life events of private and 

public college students, Ling Yu, Hunan Normal University, China 

The author tested 604 private and public college students to explore the statistical differences exist 

in well-being of private and public college students and to investigate the interaction among 

well-being, self-concept and life events of college students. The results are demonstrated as 

following: 1.Well-being and self-concept of public college students are significantly higher than 

1184

that of private ones; 2.Well-being of private and public college students is apparently correlate 

with self-concept, whereas negatively correlate with negative life events; 3.Well-being of private 

college students is greatly affected by personal self and social self; 4.Well-being of public college 

students is mainly affected by personal self and identity. 

5028.167 An experimental study of self-monitoring training, Mingli Liu 1 , Wei Yong 1 , Zeng 

Chuikai 2 , Peng Xinbo 1 , Fu Zaoxia 1 , 1 Hunan University of Science and Technology, China; 

2 

Shenyang Normal University, China 

The purpose of this study was to find a valid intervention method to promote children’s ability to 

cope with peer conflicts. This research took the 2¡Á2 factors experimental design and randomly 

sampled two classes of each grade (Grade Three and Grade Five) from Tongzipo primary school 

in Changsha as experimental groups and control groups. The experimental groups received 3 

months’s self-monitoring training and the control groups got the normal schooling’s teaching. The 

results are: (1) self-monitoring training can enhance the children’s ability to cope with peer 

conflicts. (2)There are age and gender differences in the effect of self-monitoring training. 

5028.168 Serum level of nitric oxide in anxiety disorder, Xiaolin Zhao, Yangwen Ying, Wang 

Yang, Chinese psychology assioation, China 

Objective: To measure serum level of Nitric Oxide in patients with anxiety disorder and in normal 

control Methods: The serum level of NO was measured by Oxidase Reduction in 48 patients with 

anxiety disorder and 35 normal control Results: The level of NO was significantly lower in 

anxiety group than in control. Conclusion: Serum level of NO may be a biological marker of 

anxiety disorder. 

5028.169 Shopping-on-line in virtual reality representatives: The relations between hierarchy 

depth and breadth, Jiangyu Li, Beijing Normal University, China 

In the purpose of finding the impact on users’ information behavior of hierarchy depth and breadth 

in virtual reality representatives of on-line shopping system, this article presents three hierarchy 

structures in lab environment (8+6+1, 16+3+1,4+4+3+1). The preliminary results of this research 

are found that the harmfulness of increased breadth on information searching speed of users is 

bigger than that of increased depth on information searching speed of users, which demonstrates 

the opposite results with most existing studies in two-dimensionality representative style, 

furthermore, users are likely lost in the structure model of 8+6+1 in virtual reality representatives. 

5028.170 Shan Gao, Chinese Institute of Electronics, China 

We study the possible connection between consciousness and quantum process. It is shown that 

the consciousness function can help to measure the collapse time of wave function under some 

condition, while the usual physical device without self-consciousness can not. Furthermore, we 

show that the observer with consciousness can distinguish the definite state and the superposition 

of definite states under some stronger condition. This provides a practical physical method to 

differentiate man and machine, and will also help to find the possible existence of consciousness 

in the animal kingdom. We finally give some further discussions about these new results. 

5028.171 A palliative care initiatives in a rural community, Jean Kubeck, Grace Young, Adams 

1185

State College, USA 

The Palliative Care Project (PCP) aimed to develop a system of coordinated care delivery in a 

small, rural community to assist in the improvement of quality of life for individuals who do not 

fall under the Hospice. Initially, the program goals focused on educating the community about 

palliative care before implementing services. Workshops on palliative care, pain management, and 

similar topics were conducted for providers. As PCP moved to direct client care, the grant program 

goals focused on a service model. Direct client care goals now include appropriate and timely 

service to the patient and on-going case management. 

5028.172 When is suicide justified? An analysis of the attitudes of Chinese people toward suicide, 

Marta Elliott, Mihaela Florea, University of Nevada, Reno, USA 

This study examines the attitudes of adult Chinese toward suicide. Suicide rates are alarmingly 

high among certain groups in China, such as young rural women, for reasons that are not clearly 

understood. Although this study does not explain who commits suicide and why, it does reveal 

why certain groups are more likely to accept suicide than others. These findings, in turn, suggest 

explanations of differences in suicide rates between demographic groups in China. The data 

analysis is of the World Values Survey, and includes measures of demographics, family, work, 

well-being, values, and religion as predictors of attitudes toward suicide. 

5028.173 Assertiveness, hostility direction and psychosexual state in eating disorders: A wartegg 

test study, Silvia Daini, Carlo Lai, Francesca Maiorino, Massimiliano Pertosa, Manuela 

Gaglione, Istituto di Psichiatria e Psicologia, UCSC, Italy 

Assertiveness, hostility and psychosexual state were studied in 37 women: 10 anorexics, 10 

bulimics and 17 controls by Wartegg projective Italian Institute Method. Evocative feature, 

affective and formal quality were coded on all 8 tables. ANOVAs show bulimics, vs. anorexic and 

control groups, dispose of few emotional and motivational resources, of a low level of future 

planning (Tab III, AQ: p< .05) and of an inadequate management of hostility control (Tab V, FQ: 

p< .05). Anorexics show difficulties on cognitive functions of truth examination (Tab VI, AQ, FQ: 

p< .05) and on psychosexual state (Tav II, FQ: p< .05). 

5028.174 The study of the relationship between reflection and introspection -based on the quality 

of ideal self, Noriko Takahashi, Kyushu University, Japan 

The purpose of this study was to clarify the relationship between reflection and introspection 

based on the quality of ideal self.¡¡ The data was collected from 280 undergraduates by using the 

questionnaire and analyzed the orientation level and balance of the quality of ideal self from the 

points of my style, other self style and social style. The results presented that the person with 

higher myself style expressed significantly lower resistance to reflection but with higher 

introspection. 

5028.175 An experimental study of framing effect in risk decision making, Yan Sun, Hunan 


In the study of framing effect, the losing-gaining backgrounds and probability levels of decision 

problem are always neglected, and the difference of subjects is scarcely paid attention in study. 

This study takes 600 university students of Changsha and 400 stock market investors as decision 

1186

makers, adopts stock markets as the decision problems’ background, and investigates the 

problem's losing-gaining backgrounds and probability levels in framing effect. This study insists 

that: The framing effect exits in students’ decision-makings, but not in investors’. Problem's 

losing-gaining backgrounds and probability levels can influence framing effect. 

5028.176 A case study on aesthetic assessment of Chinese calligraphy with psychological 

experimental approach, Jie Zhang, ZM Huang, Centre for Orient Calligraphy and Painting 

Research, China 

With aesthetic dimensional set designed based on classic Calligraphic theories and graphology, we 

measured the aesthetic assessment of college students on classic calligraphic works of clerical 

inscription of Han Dynasty (206BC-220AD). The bivariable correlation among aesthetic 

dimensions set results in fact that there are often significant correlations between aesthetic 

dimensions of subjective preference. The sense of beauty of calligraphic works needs not be 

correlated to the sense of preference, it could be more significant correlated to the sense of 

interesting or other aesthetic dimensions. 

5028.177 Study on measuring methods for mental attributes of fighter pilots, Guocheng Wu, 

Institute of Aviation Medicine, China 

Three hundreds and eight fighter pilots as subjects. Seven paper and pencil tests and four 

man-computer dialogue tests were adopted for evaluation of cognitive abilities. A questionnaire 

was used for testing personality. The flying performance was as comparison criterion of test 

validity. The data of 19 indices appeared to be normal distributions, also to have better distinguish 

degree, their reliabilities were over 0.80. The validaties of eight indices were significant 

(0.12~0.29, p

analysis was done by chi-square and ANOVA. The results revealed that there were both verbal 

abuse and physical violence against women and children, breaking up of the house furniture by 

men and having witnessed fathers violence in many families. Almost 50% of women do not seek 

help from any resource at the time of violence. 

5028.180 Are you innovative enough? interdependent self, independent self and team innovation, 

Min Wen Sophie Chang, Aston University, UK 

The cultural specific self: interdependent self and independent self have different influences on 

individuals’ psychological tendencies such as cognition and motivation. These different 

psychological tendencies are likely to have impacts on how individual work or interact within 

teams. When working in teams, individual members’ orientation toward different culture specific 

self may modify group processes including conflict, minority dissent and participation. 

Consequently, this may lead to differences in team innovation processes. This study proposes that 

teams composed of members with majority independent or interdependent self may carry out 

innovation processes such as creativity and implementation in a rather different manner. 

5028.181 An experimental study of elaborative inference generation in text comprehension, 

Xiaolan QU, Hunan Normal University, China 

Two experiments were performed to investigate age and instruction effects on elaborative 

inferences. The results are demonstrated as following: (1) The instruction that contains the 

sentence. Do the sentences accord with the previous passage? It is more suitable for studies of 

elaborative inferences; (2)When long exposition texts are employed as experiment materials, 

readers who are above 10 years old can generate broad inference online; however, there are 

significant differences between age groups on the response time they spend in verifying target 

sentences; (3) Though stricted inference is hardly generated online, the older the readers are, the 

less response time they spend. 

5028.182 Is off-channel faster than on-channel in the human visual system? Maria Michela Del 

Viva 1, 2 , Monica Gori 1 , 1 University of Florence, Italy; 2 Istituto di Neuroscienze CNR Pisa, Italy 

We measured direction discrimination thresholds in sequences of independent Glass patterns, 

where each dipole was made of a black and a white dot, as a function of signal to noise ratio and 

found that, in all subjects, there is always perception of motion in the direction from the black to 

the white dot of the dipole. If we anticipate the appearance of the black dot in the dipole, motion 

direction reverses from the white to the black dot. This is consistent with the hypothesis of 

different time processing in the on and off-channels of the human visual system. 

5028.183 Changes in the quality of life associated with participation in a 15-week tai chi program, 

Jacqueline Roller, Will Hass, Jacquelyn Wiersma, Debra Huntley, USA 

Changes in the general quality of life associated with participating in a 15-week Tai Chi program 

were investigated. An outcomes measure design was utilized. A paired t-test produced statistically 

significant change on the Outcome Questionnaire-45.2 (OQ-45.2) and the State-Trait Anxiety 

Inventory. Findings suggest that participation in Tai Chi can effectively (1) increase the overall 

quality of life (2) decrease symptom distress associated with anxiety, depression, somatic 

problems and stress (3) decrease interpersonal difficulties such as family relationships (4) decrease 

1188

experiment in order to compare the mental ruler model with other models by Prelec (1998), 

Karmarker (1978), and Tversky and Kahneman (1992). The subjects were three hundred citizens 

in Japan. Based on their choice of gambles, we computed parameters and goodness of fit test for 

of each model. Goodness of fit was estimated with the non-linear regression method and 

comparison method of Akaike Information Criterion (AIC). The mental ruler model provided the 

best fit among the four models. 

5028.192 The effects of double-dimensionality configural information change on face recognition, 

Jing Luo 1 , Liezhong Ge 2 , Kang Lee 3 , Huali Wang 1 , 1 Beijing Institute of Biomedicine, China; 

2 3 

Zhejiang University of Sciences, China; University of California, USA 

Previous research suggests that the face recognition may involve both configural and featural 

information processing and the configural information plays a critical role in face recognition. 

Two experiments have been designed to explore the effects of double-dimensionality configural 

information changes. The results of this research showed that: 1) There were no difference among 

recognition of faces of different dimensionality configural information changed: eye, nose, mouth. 

2) Participants seemed to be more sensitive to the changes of eye configural information, When 

we changed both eye and nose configural information; 3) There were no difference between 

recognition of faces of different dimensionality configural information changed: 

single-dimensionality or double-dimensionality. 

5028.193 Equality or propriety: A cultural models approach understanding power and social 

hierarchy, Annie Y. Tsai, Hazel R. Markus, Robert B. Zajonc, Stanford University, USA 

The right way a person should interact with another person, i.e., as equals or with vertical roles 

differs based on cultural context. Study 1used free associations to show systematic differences in 

the conception of social hierarchy. Study 2used a learning experiment to show cultural differences 

in the accessibility of hierarchy schemas for memorizing hierarchical relationships. Study 

3indicated that European-Americans preferred more than Asian-Americans friends who are more 

equality sensitive. Also, Asian-Americans preferred more than European-Americans 

hierarchy-oriented situations to solve social dilemmas. Study 4tested the hierarchy schema as 

revealed in an implicit word search, and content analyses of emailed responses. 

5028.194 Physiological responses to noise in pilots of a simulated flight, Michael Trimmel, 

Christoph Goger, Eva-Maria Vouk, Thomas Haderer, Elisabeth Groll-Knapp, Institute of 

Environmental Health, Unit of Public Health, Medical University of Vienna, Austria 

Physiological responses to environmental conditions during a simulated flight (3.5h) was 

investigated in 18 professional pilots. Humidity, air temperature and noise (SPL 70, 73, 76dBA; 

presented for 1h; varied as within factor) was varied (3x3x3 ANOVA design). High vs. low level 

of noise showed higher blood pressure. ERPs of a choice reaction time task showed a diminished 

N400-like late frontal negativity and a diminished P300-like late parietal component in the 

(significant 76dB vs. 70dB). Results indicate stress and less mental resources for 76dB, but higher 

impaiments can be expected by higher noise levels which normally appear. (EU-project-HEACE: 

www.heace.org; coordinater: Mellert). 

5028.195 The effect of exercise rehabilitation program on the psychological condition and 

1191

functional capacity of patients with congestive heart failure, Mehdi Kargarfard 1 , Shahram 

Ghahraki 2 , 1 Isfahan University, Iran; 2 Islamic Azad University, Khomeinishahr Branch, Iran 

This research aims to examine the effects of a period of rehabilitation exercises on the functional 

capacity and psychological chahracteristics of patients with CHF. The sample included 40 patients 

referred to ICRC assigned randomly into 2 groups of case and control. The results showed that the 

mean alteration of FC, Weight, BMI, HR in the group under experiment had significant 

differences, but the diastolic and systolic hypertension did not. The psychological condition of the 

examinees such as depression, anxiety and hostile attitude showed significant in the experimental 

group. The personality chahracteristics, though showing positive changes, did not show significant 

differences between the two groups. 

5028.196 Middle school students' learning subjecive well-being and its major influencing factors, 

Ma Ying, Liu Dianzhi, China 

This study is conducted with self-compiled Middle School Students’ Learning Subjective 

Well-Being Scale ± on 910 middle school students across six grades. Results show that: (1) 

Middle school students’ learning subjective well-being is low. Differences exist among schools 

and grades: Students from non-key-schools have lower. Grade-two students in both junior and 

senior high schools have the lowest. (2) Learning experience and present performance are direct 

factors influencing learning subjective well-being, and the former plays a major role. (3) Factors 

indirectly influencing learning subjective well-being include social pressure and expected 

performance, they influence learning subjective well-being through learning experience or present 

performance. 

5028.197 Secondary traumatization in wives of PTSD, Iraj Mardani, Sharekord Azad University, 

Iran 

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between the severity of the 

psychological problems of the disabled veterans (Iran-Iraq war)with and without PTSD and the 

severity of the psychological problems of their wives. The randomly select subjects for this study 

were 2 groups of 40 chaharmahalian disabled veterans with and without PTSD and their wives. 

The questionnaires consisted of: SCL-90-R questionnaire, demographic questionnaire, and 

checklist of PTSD. The results showed that the differences of the severity of symptoms between 

wives of veterans with and without PTSD were only significant on the somatization (p

psychological perspectives. Thus, phenomena (e.g. stereotypes) that have traditionally been the 

cast in individual centered analyses are being cast in a socially distributed framework. This means 

a theoretical shift that moves such phenomena out of the head and places them into the space 

between interacting agents, a space filled with meaningful conversation carried out by means of 

language along with its intra- and interpersonal implications. 


Chair: Ruben Ardila, Colombia 

The psychology of goals, Peter Gollwitzer, Fachgruppe Psychologie, Universität Konstanz, 

Germany 

A self-regulation perspective on the pursuit of goals is presented that focuses on making plans as a 

means to facilitate goal attainment. It is suggested that making if-then plans that link anticipated 

critical situations to goal-directed responses automate goal striving. As a consequence, getting 

started is facilitated and straying off course is prevented. I will discuss the different effects of 

if-then plans that focus on either the suppression of disturbances (e.g., bad habits, emotional 

reflexes) or the spelling out of the wanted goal pursuit thus preventing unwanted intrusions from 

inside (e.g., bad moods) or outside (e.g., competing goals). 



The neuropsychology of mathematical cognition, Carlo Umilta, Department of Psychology, 

University of Padova, Italy 

A popular metaphor for the representation of numbers in the brain is the"mental number line", in 

which numbers are represented in a continuous, quantity-based analogical format. This 

representation appears to be spatial in nature. Because the parietal cortex plays a crucial role in 

visuo-spatial cerebral circuits, it has been proposed that the (right) parietal cortex is the main area 

that contributes to the representation of the number line. For exact arithmetical knowledge, 

humans may use others, language-based representations, located in the language areas of the brain. 

The left parietal cortex may be important for the approximate representations of numbers. 


Chair: Michel Sabourin, Canada 

Cognitive aging: Some recent developments, Patrick Lemaire, LPC-CNRS & Université de 

Provence, France 

Three decades of research in cognitive aging have showed that mental declines are associated with 

increased age in a number of cognitive domains. To account for this age-related decrease, two 

families of cognitive hypotheses have been tested, namely quantitative and qualitative hypotheses. 

Processing resources (i.e., processing speed, working-memory and inhibition capacities) are one 

1194

type of quantitative factors that have been tested. Cognitive strategies are examples of qualitative 

factors that have been most recently explored. In this address, I will first briefly review evidence 

characterizing age-related changes in quantitative aspects of human cognition. Second, I will 

describe new empirical data exploring the role of cognitive strategies. Third, I will make a few 

proposals to reconcile quantitative and qualitative approaches of human cognitive aging. 

Examples of cognitive domains that I will consider include human memory, language processing, 

problem solving, reasoning, and decision making. 

5034 ORAL 


Chair: Philippe Byosiere, Japan 

5034.1 Occupational stress among executives: Its relationship with job satisfaction and coping 

strategy, Fatimah Omar, Asmawati bt. Desa, Lecturer, Malaysia 

This study examined the relationship between occupational stress with job satisfaction and coping 

strategy among executives in Malaysia. The study also examined the variables in terms of 

demographics differences. A total of 100 executives were chosen as subjects. Data was collected 

using survey method and the measurement used was OSI developed by Cooper et al. (1988). 

Results indicated that there were significant positive correlation between occupational stress and 

job satisfaction and coping strategy. Results also showed that there were significant differences in 

the stress experienced by the executives based on their demographic factors except for gender. 

5034.2 A factor stucture of the hassles assessment scale for students in college in and easter 

community, Namir Hassan, College of Education, Al-Mustansiriyah University, Iraq 

In a study of daily hassles among university students population, 282 male students and 238 

female students in Iraq responded to the Hassles Assessment Scale for Students in College 

(HASS/Col). The purpose of this paper was to report the factor analyses of the HASS/Col. An 

exploratory factor analysis principle component revealed that there are eleven factors in each 

subscales, and the items in the three subscales are independent of each other which suggested no 

possibility of clustering them in a certain factor. 

5034.3 Stress, mental and physical health and coping strategies among nurses in Malaysia, 

Zainah Ahmad-Zamani 1 , Fatimah Yusooff 2 , 1 Lecturer in Counseling Psychology, Malaysia, 

2 

Associate Professor/Lecturer, Malaysia 

Nursing profession plays an important role in taking care of health and well-being of society. 

Hence, nurses are subject to experience stress at work. It is the aim of this research to examine 

stress, mental and physical health and coping strategies in nursing profession based on age and 

marital status. 288 nurses from public and private hospitals were selected and Cooper 

Occupational Stress Indicator (OSI) was used. Results indicate there is relationships between these 

variables. However, there is no differences in mental and physical health and coping strategies 

between both sectors. Implications of this study area also discussed. 

5034.4 Stress in Organizations: Overview, reflection and evaluation of the Kahn-Byosiere 

1195

model, Philippe Byosiere 1 , Robert Kahn 2 , 1 Doshisha University/The University of Michigan, 

Japan, 2 The University of Michigan USA 

A decade has passed since the publication of the Kahn-Byosiere organizational stress model in the 

Handbook of Industrial and Organizational Psychology (Dunnette). Numerous empirical studies 

by stress researchers from all over the world have operationalized and applied this comprehensive 

model. The objective of the paper is to present an overview of the results of the many empirical 

studies using this model and derive conclusions pertaining to the study of organizational stress. 

Suggestions for improving, expanding and adjusting the model to the changes in the 21st century 

workplace environment and psychological contract are presented. 

5036 ORAL 


Chair: Aimin Wang, USA 

5036.1 A validation of the Chinese Version of University of Rhode Island Change Assessment 

Scale (C-URICA) for people with chronic diseases, Sam C.C. Chan, Chetwyn C.H. Chan, 

Andrew M.H. Siu, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, HKSAR, Hong Kong, China 

This study aimed to validate the University of Rhode Island Change Assessment Scale (URICA) 

for use in a Chinese population. The translated Chinese version was administered to 63 people 

with chronic diseases. A three-factor structure was obtained for the precontemplation, 

contemplation/action, and maintenance, which accounted for 44.6% of the total variance. The 

subscale internal consistencies ranged from .61 to .74. The three-factor profile scores were found 

to differentiate participants in different stages of change. The results show the relevance of 

C-URICA for use in Chinese people with chronic diseases. The uniqueness of the C-URICA and 

its potential utilities are discussed. 

5036.2 Cross-cultural validation of the Portrait Values Questionnaire: An application of 

confirmatory factor analysis, Arief Darmanegara Liem 1 , Elizabeth Nair 1 , Allan B. I. 

Bernardo 2 , Paulus Hidajat Prasetya 3 , 1 National University of Singapore, Singapore; 2 De La 

Salle University, Manila, the Philippines, 3 Maranatha Christian University, Bandung, Indonesia 

The Portrait Values Questionnaire or PVQ (Schwartz et al., 2001) is a measure designed to assess 

Schwartz’ theory of 10 universal values. This study performs an item-level analysis of the PVQ 

with samples from Singapore, Indonesia, the Philippines and Australia (N=230, respectively). A 

series of CFAs was computed to test each measurement model of the 10 values, 4 second-order 

models of the values, and the circular model of the 10 value simultaneously. The results are 

compared across the four cultures under study. The findings lend support to the PVQ so that it can 

be used cross-culturally with more confidence. 

5036.3 Using the cultural probe approach (CPA) to develop a focused rating scale to compare 

shame feelings of college students cross-culturally, Aimin Wang, Miami University, USA 

A focused rating scale for comparing shame feelings of college students cross-culturally was 

developed using Wang’s Cultural Probe Approach (CPA). Participant is given a set of stories and 

1196

is asked to evaluate how s/he will feel if s/he is the person in the story. Example stories and how 

the questions are asked will be introduced. How to evaluate this type of approach in terms of the 

validity and reliability is also discussed. 

5036.4 Taking educational research online: Developing an online educational research course, 

Yuliang Liu, Southern Illinois University, USA 

This paper describes how the author used the ADDIE model (Analysis, Design, Development, 

Implementation, and Evaluation) of instructional design to design and develop an online 

educational research course for the Master’s program in education in the USA. The chapter 

contents and activities were developed based on the constructivist approach. Each chapter 

included chapter objectives, structured chapter overview, Web sites, online quizzes, essay 

questions, and group projects. The author delivered the course to 22 students on WebCT in 2003. 

Students generally favored the design and delivery in the online course. Suggestions for designing 

and developing future online courses are proposed. 

5037 ORAL 


Chair: Kyoko Murakami, UK 

5037.1 Living with new freedom and apartheid: A discursive approach to remembering and 

reconciliation, Kyoko Murakami, Brunel University, UK 

In May 2004 South Africa will celebrate the 10th anniversary of new democracy, reflecting on its 

pasts and defining a new future. This is highly significant to black South Africans, who are still 

struggling with the legacy of apartheid. This paper concerns social organisation of remembering 

and reconciliation in South Africa, examining how individuals and society make sense of their 

traumatic pasts and move forward in building a new nation and identities. Drawing on an 

ethnographic research of an international school exchange, I will explore the social process of 

memory and reconciliation from a discourse analytic perspective. 

5037.3 The storage unit of visual working memory, Zhicheng Jin, Juan Liang, Wenchun Wu, 


It's not decisive whether the storage unit of visual working memory is based on objects or features 

because the experimental results were contradictory when some researchers compared the memory 

accuracies of single-color squares and double-color squares. The aim of these two experiments is 

to explore this issue further. In experiment 1, the number of objects is the same but the number of 

colors is different. While in experiment 2, the condition is opposite. The result shows the storage 

unit of visual working memory is based on features when remembering objects with the same kind 

of features. 

5037.4 Implicit experimental study of the sex information sensitivity in military personnel, 

Zeqing Wang 1 , Guocheng Wu 2 , Caiyi Liu 1 , Xiaoling Fu 3 , 1 Department of clinical psychology of 

the PLA General Hospital, China; 2 The 4th Research Institute of Airforce, China; 3 Department of 

clinical psychology of the PLA General Hospital, China 

1197

Implicit sexuality experiment was implemented to 448 soldiers from four different arms of 

services and 86 local people. 20 pairs of sex information sensitivity testing pictures were screened 

out in pre-experiment, and then exposed to the subjects with a 500 ms duration, in order to find 

out the subjects’ preference in selecting sexual and non-sexual information pictures. The results 

suggest that, implicit experiment with paired pictures can be one kind of reliable and effective 

method in studying sex information sensitivity. Besides, this study provides some new scientific 

materials to the research upon implicit social cognition. 

5038 ORAL 

Cognition 

Chair: Victoria Dmitrieva, Russian Federation 

5038.1 A criterion for the leader’s intuition, Victoria Dmitrieva, Slavs Ontopsychology 

Association (A.S.O.), Russian Federation 

The value of an idea is not sufficient to grant its exact realization. The complete actualization of a 

project also relies on the presence of the necessary means. Specific training on the context in 

which the leader must operate is necessary. If his choices are to be successful, the leader needs to 

choose according to an exact criterion. There are many possible paths; in the present exposition 

we will illustrate the path followed by Ontopsychology, which bases its scientific approach on the 

criterion of nature, the criterion that life uses in itself and in its individualities. 

5038.2 The role of sex and gender stereotypes in experimental assessment of creativity, Olga 

Razumnikova, State Research Institute of Physiology of SB RAMS, Russian Federation 

The verbal and figural creativity was measured by computer-assisted methods in 803 university 

students under control of IQ. The experimental results demonstrate that sex differences in figural 

creativity with higher originality in men can be reduced over by the changing of social roles: when 

women choose occupations, which have greater males features. The discriminate criterion of 

effective creative thinking was simultaneously higher scores both masculinity and femininity in 

persons. The results suggest that sex differences in creativity can be compensated by modification 

of the gender stereotypes: socially conditioned expansion of occupational choice in high-IQ 

women or the ratio of masculinity/femininity. 

5038.3 Adopting the TMTTRT to cultivate our creativity, Hongli Wang, Tongyu Yang, Yun 

Pan, Yan Liu, Department of Education, GuiZhou Normal University, China 

In order to improve the traditional problem-solving models, the author advocates a thought model 

of thinking thrice and rethinking thrice (TMTTRT) to cultivate people’s rethinking ability and 

their inspiration. This model requires us to think thrice before solving problems, monitor the 

whole solving process and rethink thrice after solving them. “Rethinking thrice” requires people to 

re-analyze the process, adopting method and its consequent result after solving a complex problem 

so as to get the best way of solving this kind of problems. In this way, the creativity, inspiration 

and self-exploitation of our both intelligence and non-intelligence potentials can be achieved. 

5038.4 Creativity and ego functions: Strengths for human development, Manuel Sosa Correa, 

1198

Efrain Duarte Briceno, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mexico 

This works states correlations between creativity and the Ego Functions (EF) in order to establish 

means for human growth. This study included a 144 bachelor’s total sample. Two instruments 

were used: Stimulus Sheet Form A (Duarte, 1994) and Ego Function Assessment Scale (Bellak & 

Goldsmith 1994). Outcomes show: Gender is a determinant factor on three of the EF; flexibility 

correlates with Adaptive Regression in the Service of the Ego; at low, medium low and the high 

levels of creativity and EF, both elements support each other with several indicators; and in the 

medium low level indicators correlate paradoxically. 

5039 ORAL 


Chair: Hua Shu, China 

5039.1 Comparing reading comprehension across Sinitic languages, Lina Wohlk Olsen, Inst. 

of Preventive Medicine, HS Copenhagen Hospital Corporation, University of Copenhagen, 

Denmark 

Investigates reading comprehension across linguistically distinct populations - Beijing, Xiamen, 

and Taiwan. The score on the reduced version of a test from which all biased items are excluded, 

is a sufficient estimator of individual reading comprehension. Utilizing individual student scores, 

we tested for interaction between home language and grade, main effect of home language, and 

main effect of grade. Interaction between home language and grade, and main effect of home 

language were not significant. Main effect of grade was significant. Conclusion: Reading 

comprehension does not vary significantly across the linguistic areas involved. 

5039.2 Developing a test for reading comprehension in Chinese children, Kresten Thor 

Nielsen, Dept of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Denmark 

For experimenters concerned with comprehension, one problem is to control for semantic 

multivalency in target characters. To zoom in for a close-up of semantic identity, our observational 

study was conducted at sentence level, automatically providing a contextual environment. The test 

had 96 items, each with one Chinese sentence and five pictures. As there are merely five options, 

each item is a multiple-choice test, although not open-ended. The reduced version of the test 

produced the practical technology for assessing reading comprehension in two independent 

samples of primary school students in Beijing. 

5039.3 The parsing of disyllabic words with syntactic category ambiguities in Chinese sentence 

reading: Evidences from moving window reading and eye tracking, Youyi Liu 1 , Yaxu Zhang 2 , 

Hua Shu 1 , Maosong Sun 3 , An Hong 3 , 1 Beijing Normal University, China, 2 Peking University, 

Beijing, China, 3 Tsinghua University, Beijing, China 

Self-paced moving window reading and eye tracking paradigms were used in three experiments 

for investigating the role of both lexical bias and parsing principle in the processing of Chinese 

disyllabic words with syntactic category ambiguity. The results suggested that the lexical bias 

information influences syntactic processing immediately. And the parsing principle (i.e., minimal 

attachment) can guide the syntactic processing when the lexical bias is weak. These results were 

1199

2 

Taichung Teachers College, Taiwan, China 

The main purpose of this study is to explore the relevant variables influencing the addiction of 

playing video games. The study sample consists of 1,228 adolescents in Taiwan. The major 

findings showed that there are significant differences of variables of sex, family function, 

sensation seeking, and boredom on video game addiction. There are significant differences of 

variable of video game addiction on hostility, and the group of high video game addiction has 

more hostility than others. And, video game addiction path model does not conform to the study of 

the previously proposed theoretical framework. 

5040.4 Ecological predictors of antisocial behaviour amongst Malaysian school-going 

adolescents, Rozumah Baharudin, Rumaya Juhari, Malaysia 

The study examines self, family, school, peers, community and media factors that influence 

antisocial behaviour amongst adolescents in Malaysia. A total of 2041 students from both rural 

and urban areas in Malaysia participated in the study. Students aged 13-18 years old who have at 

least one disciplinary record were selected for the study. Findings showed that gender, age, 

academic orientation, party orientation, peer orientation, relationship with school, school climate, 

family functioning and family happiness are predictive of conduct problems amongst the 

respondents. Therefore, the ecological factors must be considered as a whole in addressing 

behavioural problems amongst the school-going adolescents. 

5041 ORAL 


Chair: Yahaya Mahamood, Malaysia 

5041.1 HIV/AIDS in Indonesia and the contribution of psychology, Simon Simon 1 , Susan 

Paxton 2 , 1 Widya Mandala University (Indonesia) & University of Melbourne (Australia), 

Australia, 2 School of Psychological Science, La Trobe University, Australia 

Young people in Indonesia are not generally considered at high risk of contracting HIV/AIDS, but 

new evidence indicates that many young people are now engaging in high-risk behaviours 

including more frequent sex before marriage, drug injection and becoming or using a sex worker. 

This paper will report and summarize three empirical studies of HIV/AIDS in Indonesia and the 

contribution of psychology -in particular the Theory of Planned Behaviour (Ajzen & Madden, 

1986)- in explaining and predicting safe sex behaviours. Apart from the results, the potential 

intervention programs based on psychology and social theories will also be discussed. 

5041.2 Gender differences in motives for the adoption of protective health behaviours, Robert 

Ho, Graham Davidson, Vanessa Ghea, School of Psychology and Sociology, Central 

Queensland University, Australia 

Why do men die earlier than women? Two models - the social psychological model and the 

cognitive appraisal model - are posited to account for the observed mortality gender gap. This 

study employed multi-group/multi-model analyses to evaluate and to compare the structural 

relationships hypothesised in these two models for males and females. The results support the 

proposal that effective health promotion must employ multi-level interventions that focus not only 

1201

on the individual, but also on the social, economic, psychological, and cognitive processes that 

influence a wide range of health related behaviours. 

5041.3 The relationship between stress, hardiness (challenge, commitment, control) and 

immune system, Najmeh Hamid, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Iran 

The aim of this research was to investigate the relationship between stress,hardiness and immune 

system. Two groups of male and female students(n=170 per group) were randomly selected. One 

group had a stressful examination, but the other did not. The level of hardiness was measured by a 

personal view survey. The results revealed that there was a positive relationship between hardiness 

and T-helper cells(CD4),T-helper/suppressor cells ratio (CD4/CD8),CH50, IgM and neutrophil. 

Hardiness showed a negative relationship with CD16 cells and eosinophil. There was a significant 

difference between stressful and non stressful groups in CD16 cells, C4,IgG and cortizol. 

5041.4 The place of origin and ethnic as determinant of stress and coping skills amongst 

students studying at East Malaysia: A survey study, Nor Ba'yah Abdul Kadir, Yahaya 

Mahamood, University Kebangsaan Malaysia, Malaysia 

This survey study attempted to examine stress associates with ethnic and place of birth amongst 

students at public university in East Malaysia. A group of 260 respondents have been selected in 

this study using purposive and stratified sampling techniques. A statistical analysis of t-test, 

correlations, and PCA were used to examine the differences and relationships of the variables. The 

findings showed that ethnic and birth of place correlates with stressor factors significantly. Beliefs 

were found correlates with coping skills among students. The study also found that there were 

differences in stress among students based on ethnic and birth of place. 

5042 ORAL 


Chair: Shulamith Kreitler, Israel 

5042.1 Cognitive orientation and the prediction of personal growth in patients with Crohn’s 

disease, Shulamith Kreitler, Sigalit Warshavsky, Tel-Aviv University, Israel 

This study aimed at characterize patients whose personal growth has increased in order to be 

better able to promote this positive development in an increasing number of patients. 50 patients 

suffering from Crohn's disease were administered a CO questionnaire of personal growth (by 

Kreitler), a questionnaire of coping (by Endler), and a standard questionnaire of quality of life 

which included also items assessing personal growth. The results of multiple regression analyses 

showed that the CO questionnaire predicted significantly the extent of personal growth in the 

patients as well as their quality of life. Theoretical and practical implications were discussed. 

5042.2 Efficacy of computer-assisted memory rehabilitation programme for Chinese persons 

with traumatic brain injury: An errorless learning approach, Zu Lin Dou, David Wai Kwong 

Man, Sing Fai Tam, Chrstina W.Y. Hui-Chan, The The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, 


The present randomised clinical trial examined a new CACR strategy as compared with a 

1202

non-CACR and a control group in treating Chinese persons with persistent short-term memory 

(working memory) deficits. The strategy adopted an eclectic approach that integrating errorless 

learning and multi-sensory environment enrichment concepts. Initial findings indicated that both 

CACR and non-CACR had significant improvement in memory following treatment and 1-month 

follow-up. Though the results did not support differential efficacy between CACR and 

conventional programme in augmenting the memory process, feasibility of the CACR was 

evidenced. Methodological considerations of cognitive remediation paradigms was also discussed. 

5042.3 Efficacy of tele-analogy-based problem solving programme for people with traumatic 

brain injury, Sing Fai Tam, Y L Wallace Soong, W K David Man, Dept. of Rehab. Sci. The 

Hong Kong Poly. Univ., Hong Kong, China 

Effectiveness of a 20-session on-line interactive analogy problem solving skill training 

programme was evaluated. Fifteen Hong Kong Chinese with brain injury participated in this study. 

They were randomly assigned to an on-line programme, a computer-assisted programme, and a 

therapist-administered programme respectively. The three programmes shared similar structure 

and contents including basic component problem solving skill, reflective sessions and functional 

problem solving. Subjects of the three programmes generally demonstrated higher post-training 

self-efficacy and basic problem solving skills. The on-line programme, produced better and 

quicker improvement in problem-solving performance, and demonstrated a general trend toward 

less error-making in complex problem solving task. 

5042.4 How can the quality and cost-effectiveness of a work rehabilitation process be improved? 

Gunvor Gard, Agneta Larsson, Dept of Health Sciences, Lule University of Technology, 

Sweden 

The aim of this study is to describe social insurance officers experiences of how quality and 

cost-effectiveness of work rehabilitation processes can be improved. Qualitative interviews were 

done with ten social insurance officers in Sweden. Their experiences could be described in six 

categories; 1) early identification of problems, needs and interventions, 2) clear goal formulations, 

3)a focus on psychosocial factors,4)a greater variety of possible interventions 5)by activating 

employers to a greater extent in work rehabilitation and 6) by a closer cooperation and information 

exchange with other rehabilitation actors. To activate employers to a higher extent may also 

improve work rehabilitation processes. 

5043 ORAL 


Chair: Kadi Liik, Estonia 

5043.1 Crimevictims in the work world, Ali Mahdad, academic member, Iran 

This article argues work crimevictims that people are under inhuman work conditions behaviors 

and they represent reactions as crimevictims that these reactions as counterproductive behaviors 

that such places diagnosed by such characteristics as the lack of: task variety, identity, significance, 

autonomy, feedback, respecting, gratitude and justice behavior. The existence of such negative 

characteristics can form the employees negative attitudes and can be the cause of 

1203

depersonalization. The most widespread emotional status of crimevictims in the work place is the 

"alienation" that can produce counterproductive behaviors. The results of widespread studies by 

author all indicate the high relationship between counterproductive behaviors and alienation. 

Finally we suggest applicable alternatives. 

5043.2 A process centred three-factor framework for analysing and prescribing organisational 

climates, John C. Munene, Florence Nansubuga, Makerere University Institute of Psychology, 

Uganda 

This study presents and utilises a process-centred three factor model of climate suitable for 

understanding how climates influence individual behaviour in Northern Non-Government 

Organisations (NNGO) operating in Africa. Using a quasi grounded theory and Participatory 

Learning and Analysis methodologies, the study identifies elements of underlying climate, coping 

climate and wanted climate. The underlying climate is outside the manipulation of individuals. 

The coping climate develops to respond to the pervasive underlying climate. The study outlines 

the preferred climate which if implemented could reduce or remove the counterproductive 

behaviours that are associated with the underlying climate. 

5043.3 Work locus of control anf syle of leadership, Kadi Liik, Tallinn Pedagogical University, 

Estonia 

The aim of this study is to identify the relationships between the locus of control, leadership style 

and intrinsic and extrinsic job satisfaction. About 1500 employees were interviewed using the 

Work Locus of Control Scale and Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire, including about 250 

managers, who answered to the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire. The survey results 

supported the hypothesis that the transformational leadership style is more related with internal 

locus of control and the transactional leadership style is more related with external locus of control. 

The internal locus of control and transformational leadership style is more strongly related with 

the intrinsic job satisfaction. 

5043.4 Relationship between organizational characteristic and individual characteristic, Heru 

Hariyanto, Faculty of Psychology, University of Surabaya (UBAYA), Indonesia, Indonesia 

Organization looks like organism, it could be change, growth, decline, and death. Bridges (1992) 

say that organization has character, using Jungian Type in Organizational Character. Individual 

Character in MBTI (Myers Briggs Type Indicator) also use Jung’s theory. If someone become 

organization member, he is more interest, or safe, when the organization is congruence. Cable and 

Judge (1996) say it with subjective Person-Organization fit perception. This paper and research 

want to discuss how status congruence between individual character and organization character 

could influence organizational commitment. 

5044 ORAL 


Chair: Anna-Karin Andershed, Sweden 

5044.1 The experimental study on age difference, Jin-liang Qin, China 

1204

Chair: Eliza Ahmed, Australia 

5045.1 A study on the personality of 532 heavy criminals using project measure of drawing tree, 

Qinghua Zhang 1 , Wenying Wang 1 , Wei Wu 2 , Quanhu Xue 2 , Yongchang Pan 2 , 1 Applied 

Psychological Institute of Soochow University, China, China, 2 Suzhou Prison of Jiangsu Provice, 

China 

The authors used the project measure of drawing tree to test 532 heavy criminals with 215 normal 

persons for contrasting. The following conclusion is drawn by statistic: Every part of the trees 

drawn by the heavy criminals is different from that of the trees drawn by normal persons. 80 

percent of them are not well being in mentality according to the trees drawn by them. 12.59 

percent of them are looking forward to the future, which is lower than that (66.98) of the normal 

persons. From the trees we also conclude that they are always dysthymia. 

5045.2 Forgiveness, reconciliation and shame: Three key variables in reducing school bullying, 

Eliza Ahmed, Australian national University, Australia 

This study examines the relationships between forgiveness, reconciliation, shame and school 

bullying. The sample consists of 1875 adolescents (60% girls) in grades 7 to 10. Both perceived 

forgiveness and reconciliation were related to adaptive shame management skills (high shame 

acknowledgment but low shame displacement) and lesser bullying activities. Adaptive shame 

management was also related to lesser bullying activities. Perceived forgiveness buffered the 

adverse impact of insufficient reconciliation on bullying. The path analysis indicated that shame 

management partially mediated the effects of forgiveness and reconciliation on bullying. The 

implications of all these findings for creating a safer school environment are discussed. 

5045.3 The path of the law in psychiatry, Akand Ad wilia 1 , Jee Osagie 2 , Majiba Tosam 3 , 

Tserere Mag 4 , 1 inst of research, UK; 2 Famu, USA, 3 Telekom, 4 Soca - NPA, SA 

In Africa and most of the developing world, psychological research have been hindered by the 

lack of a major theory to guide the choice of topics and themes for scientific investigations. For a 

better marriage between social reality and upholding of human dignity, psychiatric findings and 

judicial decision making must work together to ensure fundamental human rights and respect. 

Suggestions are made how psychological research could provide the necessary data to map the 

phenomenology of law in Africa. This will create a place for legal and psychiatric positivism. 

5045.4 A study of tax perceptions, attitudes and behaviour in China, Hong Mao, University of 

Exeter, UK 

Different tax knowledge influences tax attitudes differently. Tax attitudes are related to perception 

of the fairness of the system, the work and probity of tax authorities and estimations of others’ tax 

behaviour. This survey of two Chinese cities, Beijing and Shenzhen founds most people are quite 

ignorant about specific tax issues. Generally the system is thought to be unfair; most people think 

others are evading, most tax officials are perceived to be corrupt and general attitudes toward tax 

are negative. All these together with education and income levels influence directly or indirectly 

on the reluctance to report others’ evasion behaviour. 

1206

Time 1 to Time 4, academic stress is the most frequently reported stressor, followed by 

employment-related stressor at Time 1 to Time 3. 

5047 ORAL 


Chair: Jason Miller, USA 

5047.1 Psychological disorders in industrial managers & workers: Future directives for 

managing stress, Abhilasha Singh, Asst. Professor, India 

The path to meaningful & satisfying way of life have become increasingly difficult in modern 

times. It is startling to note that psychiatrists are paying too little attention on the psychopathology 

of industrial/organizational workers. The present research has special significance in solving 

various operational problems of organizations by estimating prevelance of work psychopathology 

through CAQ, MPQ, Mental-Health Symptom Checklist, thus replacing intuitive decisions by 

more scientific decisions. Statistical Analysis of results highlights the need for better utilization of 

human capacities through a comprehensive program of effective stress management techniques of 

Deep Muscle Relaxation, Stress Inoculation Training & Cognitive Intervention Strategies. 

5047.2 Resource allocation & strategic planning in community mental health, Jason Miller 1 , 

Meloney Roy 2 , 1 California State University, Northridge & Moorpark College, USA; 2 Ventura 

County Behavioral Health; USA 

Many community mental health agencies do not utilize human resource planning, resulting in staff 

allocation decisions subjectively made without empirical analyses of factors such as community 

risks, projected growth, and changing funding streams. Utilizing a local community mental health 

agency, this study proposed and explored several models for employing community and revenue 

data in human resource plan development. The goal of such a plan was threefold: 1)improve 

delivery of services to those communities most in need and 2) offer creative solutions for 

counteracting programmatic cuts with untapped revenue streams; 3) provide a better record of 

agency accountability to the public. 

5047.3 A research on the coherence of competency model ratings, Zhengxue Luo, Danmin 

Miao, Jing Chen, Wei Wang, Department of Psychology, Aerospace & Aviation Medicine 

Faculty, Fourth Military Medical University, China 

To investigate the coherence of competency model ratings, the present study analyzed the 

interrater coherence and intrarater coherence using the competency model of cadets in military 

academy. The results were as follows: a. Significant correlations were showed between supervisor 

ratings and supervisor ratings, peer ratings and peer ratings, supervisor ratings and peer ratings. b. 

The correlations between peer ratings and peer ratings were more significant than that between 

supervisor ratings and supervisor ratings. c. Higher intrarater coherence did not appear to improve 

interrater coherence in the competency model. d. The stability of competency model ratings was 

good. 

5047.4 How do workers cope with sexual harassment at workplace: A Malaysian experience, 

1208

Sabitha Marican 1 , Shariffah Ali 2 , 1 Nothern Universitiy of Malaysian, Malaysia, 2 University i 

Tehnology MARA, Shah Alam 

Sexual harassment is any unwanted conduct of a sexual nature having the effect of verbal, 

non-verbal, visual or physical harassment. The findings based on a study carried out among 286 

workers from a large organization, indicated that the victims used both emotion and problem 

focused coping mechanism to overcome such incidences. Details of victims’ feelings due to 

harassment obtained through interview will also be included in the paper. Finally the paper 

outlines the strategies that could help to ameliorate sexual harassment at the workplace as the 

impact extends beyond a particular victim but also the organization generally. 

5048 ORAL 


Chair: Ingegerd M. Carlsson, Sweden 

5048.1 Personality trait assessment in selected and non-selected astronaut applicants, Gro M. 

Sandal 1 , Dave Musson 2 , Robert Helmreich 2 , 1 University of Bergen, Norway, 2 Dept. of 

Psychology, University of Texas at Austin, USA 

Between 1989 and 1995, applicants to the NASA astronaut program completed Personal 

Characteristics Inventory and NEO-FFI as part of a long-term study. This paper compares the 

personality testing results of selected astronauts (N=63) and non-selected applicants (N=267) to 

gain an understanding of whether personality traits were determining factors in the final stage of 

the selection. No significant differences across these groups were found on any of the 34 scales 

that comprise the testing battery. Compared with students (N=343), the selected astronauts scored 

significantly higher on achievement-oriented scales and lower on negative interpersonal oriented 

scales. Implications of the findings are discussed. 

5048.2 Relationship between emotional intelligence, personality type and leadership style, 

Mohit Kumar 1 , Vaishali Dkk 2 , 1 National Institute of Bank Management, India, 2 NIBM, India 

Recently, emotional intelligence (EI) has received much fervor as well as skepticism and 

researchers made systematic efforts in defining and measuring it. Several serious efforts are 

visible in the literature to study its relationship with other variables of behavioural significance. 

Against this background, present study examined the relationship between emotional intelligence, 

personality type and leadership behavior. To test the hypotheses a detailed investigation of 190 

middle and top level executives from Indian banks was done. The study revealed that high 

emotional intelligence related to extrovert, sensitive individuals who adopted a balanced 

leadership style (transfromational & transactional). 

5048.3 The study on relationship between the traits of leaders and the performance of the 

leaders under different organizational cultures, He-yi Song, Dan Zhu, The School of Management 

of Xi’an Jiaotong University, China 

Aimed to match the leader’s traits with the context, this paper attempts to study the leader’s traits 

influencing his performance under different types of organizational culture. Regarded leader’s 

traits as independent variables, performance as dependent variables, organizational culture as 

1209

control (or context) variables, this paper suggests that there are different traits significantly 

correlated with the performance under different types of organizational culture. Thus, the 

hypothesis proposed in this paper is validated, that is the leader’s traits theories based on context. 

5048.4 Factors influencing sense of coherence in a human service organisation, Ingegerd M. 

Carlsson 1 , Virpi Gullsten 2 , Caroline Lindahl 2 , 1 National Institute for Working Life in Sweden, 

Sweden, 2 Department of Psychology, Lund University, Sweden 

Salutogenic factors (Antonovsky, 1987) at rehabilitation sections in Swedish Social Insurance 

offices were investigated. Study 1 (N=158) surveyed creative/stagnated climate (Ekvall, 1988), 

leadership of immediate superior (Ekvall&Arvonen, 1991), and sense of coherence (Antonovsky, 

1993), here modified to suit the workplace (W-SOC). A multiple regression analysis (p< .001) 

showed that creative climate, employee-centred leadership, and position as co-ordinator of a 

reahab case, were positive for W-SOC. Change-centred leadership, and position as initial 

investigator, were negative. In study 2 (N=10), interviews revealed heavy workload and scarce 

feedback from the superiors. Conclusion: High strain accentuates the need for democratic and 

supportive leadership. 

5049 ORAL 


Chair: Andreas Maercker, Switzerland 

5049.1 Interapy: A treatment trial of cognitive-behavioral therapy of posttraumatic stress 

through the internet, Andreas Maercker 1 , Christine Knaevelsrud 1 , Birgit Wagner 1 , Alfred 

Lange 2 , 1 University of Zurich, Dept. of Psychology, Switzerland, 2 University of Amsterdam, The 

Netherlands 

Online therapy offers many advantages over face-to-face therapy. Interapy includes 

psychoeducation, screening, and a protocol-driven treatment via the Internet for people suffering 

from posttraumatic stress. We present results of a controlled randomized treatment trial of 

posttraumatic stress in people who manifested mild to relatively severe trauma symptoms. 

Participants of treatment condition (n = 45) improved significantly more than participants in the 

wait-list control condition (n = 42) on trauma-related symptoms and general psychopathology. The 

study is the first one outside the Netherlands where this method was invented. It shows 

comparable large effect sizes and a good applicability of the method. 

5049.2 A randomized trial of psychological treatments for postnatal depression, Jeannette 

Milgrom 1 , Lisa Negri 2 , Margaret McNeil 3 , Paul Martin 2 , 1 University of Melbourne, Australia, 

2 3 

RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia, Department of Human Services, Melbourne, Australia 

This study aimed to compare the efficacy of specialized psychological interventions (cognitive 

behavioural therapy or counselling) versus routine primary care for postnatal depression. 4,148 

women were screened by community nurses with the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. 533 

women met further diagnostic criteria and were randomized to 12 week manualized treatment. 

Women who received individual counselling and group CBT treatment did best at 12 weeks and at 

12 month follow-up on measures of depression, anxiety and social support. Parenting stress, 

1210

however, remained elevated and we conclude that specific treatment of the parent-infant 

interaction is additionally indicated following postnatal depression. 

5049.3 Talking story: Narrative therapy in the pacific, Iain Twaddle, University of Guam, 

Guam 

Narrative approaches to therapy provide a model for talking with people about problems they may 

be experiencing in their lives through storytelling. Narrative therapists focus on people’s personal 

stories as well as the broader cultural narratives that shape these stories, helping them to 

deconstruct and re-author their stories in empowering ways. This approach to therapy is 

particularly appropriate in the Pacific Islands of Micronesia where oral traditions and talking story 

are a part of everyday life. This paper discusses the integration of oral traditions and narrative 

ideas in the development of a culturally informed model for psychological practice in Micronesia. 

5049.4 Practice of family therapy in China, Dan Liu 1 , Xiangyi Chen 2 , 1 Student Counseling 

Center, Tsinghua University, China, 2 Department of Social Work, The Chinese University of Hong 

Kong, China 

120 questionnaires were given to the psychotherapists in China. Those psychotherapists have been 

trained in different continuous training programs on family therapy. The investigation found that 

most of the therapists use family therapy as an assistant method in the clinical practice though they 

consider it as a useful tool for some kind of problems. Most of the people and some directors of 

hospitals do not accept this new kind of therapy. Lack of advanced training and supervision are the 

two main factors affecting the applying of family therapy in China. The way to promote family 

therapy in China is discussed. 

5050 ORAL 


Chair: Gian Piero Turchi, Italy 

5050.1 Analysis of discursive accounts of subjects in psychotherapy: Comparison of therapeutic 

models, Gian Piero Turchi, Stefano Azzolini, Luisa Orrù, Barbara Laliscia, Dipartment of 

General Psicology, Faculty of Psicology, University of Padua, Italy 

The aim of the research is to describe the discursive repertories of subject in psychotherapeutic 

treatment, classified according to the therapist theoretical orientation of reference (psychodynamic, 

cognitive-behavioral, systemic-relational and gestaltic orientation). Two questionnaire have been 

used, one after one year of distance, submitted to 51 subjects. The results showed difference that 

are not related to the theoretical orientation of reference: on the contrary, transversal and "common 

sense" narrative modalities were identified. 

5050.2 Empowering low-income parents: An innovative brazilian preventive program, 

Cristiana Berthoud, Adriana Oliveira, Eleonora Silva, University of Taubaté, Brazil 

The program has been conducted at the Psychological School Clinic and is target to low-income 

parents. With very low level of formal education and no access to professional help and learning 

opportunities on parenting skills, most parents perpetuate education patterns that have been used 

1211

on them such as spanking as the only disciplinary way of setting limits. Over the past 3 years 

around 180 parents participated of the 10 session Program and the majority of them reported to 

feel more confident as parents and being able to use new ways of disciplining their children 

applying communication skills they have learned. 

5050.3 Treatment models for torture victims in Nepal and the USA, William Gorman 1 , 

Bhogendra Sharma 2 , Wietse Tol 2, 3 , 1 University of Illinois at Chicage/Fulbright Senior 

Scholar-Nepal, Nepal; 2 Centre for Vicims of Tortue, Nepal, 3 Transcultural Psychosocial 

Organisation, The Netherlands 

Torture is a worldwide atrocity and challenge to psychology, and in response preventative and 

rehabilitative efforts have been a critically needed development in many centers across the world. 

In the US, refugees from many countries have been receiving cross-cultural treatment for more 

than 20 years. In Nepal, "Western" strategies of reconstruction have been adapted for torture 

victims in a more traditional society since 1990, and provided since 1996 under conditions of 

violent conflict. This presentation compares the approaches to treatment between these settings 

and their implications for clinical services in other countries in terms of commonalities and 

culturally specific differences. 

5050.4 Effects of cognitive behavior therapy on panic disorder with agoraphobia, Yuji Sakano, 

School of Psychological Science, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Japan 

Purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of cognitive behavior therapy to panic disorder 

with agoraphobia. Participants were 14 outpatients who suffered from panic disorder with 

agoraphobia. They were treated through the standardized cognitive behavior therapy program, 

which includes cognitive and behavioral techniques like psycho-education, in vivo exposure, 

cognitive restructuring, and anxiety management training etc. in ten sessions. The effectiveness of 

the program was evaluated through behavioral, cognitive, and physiological measures and results 

indicated the effectiveness of the program to eliminate symptoms of panic disorder. Theoretical 

issues and clinical implications of the cognitive behavior therapy will be discussed. 

5051 ORAL 


Chair: Paul Probst, Germany 

5051.1 Growing personality during therapy of forgiveness, Danguole Beresneviciene, Vilnius 

Pedagogical University, Lithuania 

The effectiveness of Therapy of Forgiveness was measured using HTP test before and after 

therapy. In the research participated 48 students of psychology. Research revealed, that during the 

process of forgiveness the personality is growing: increases students’ understanding of self: t 

(36)=-3,444, p=0,001, social accessibility: t (20)=-2,930, p=0,008, increases emotional 

intelligence: t (40) = -2,012, p=0,05. Research also revealed that after therapy of forgiveness 

decreased students’ anxiety: t (36) = 2,044, p = 0,048) and increased personal adaptivity, 

self-esteem, other parametres of well-being but statistical differences were not find. 

1212

5051.2 Outcomes of psychological group trainings in parents and teachers of children with 

autism and hyperactive disorder, Paul Probst, Department of Psychology at the University of 

Hamburg, Germany 

The effects of three group trainings with parents and teachers of autistic and hyperactive children 

were evaluated. The trainings focused on teaching child management skills. A total of 24 parents 

of 23 autistic children, 10 teachers of 10 autistic children, and 6 consulting teachers of 11 

hyperactive children participated in the 3-full day training programs. The outcomes were 

measured by parent and teacher questionnaires. The group trainings resulted in significant positive 

effects on child behaviours as well as parent and teacher stress reactions, with pre-post-effect sizes 

being in the range of 0.60-0.80. These findings indicate some evidence for clinical validity. 

5051.3 Psychological intervention for parents of paediatric cancer patients: A controlled 

follow-up study, Krister K Boman, Childhood Cancer Research Unit, Karolinska Institutet, 

Sweden 

Parents are base-line assessed (T1) for disease-related stress with measures of illness-specific 

stress, and psychological symptomatology. They are randomised to project-specific intervention 

(PSI) or standard care/control. Intervention model is structured, problem-focussed, and 

time-limited. Re-assessment at 12 (T2), and 30 (T3) months post-diagnosis. Theoretically, the PSI 

complies with crisis-intervention, working through, and integration of a psychological trauma. 

Preliminary findings: PSI increased parents’ ability to cope with life-situation, 83% found 

intervention fulfilling expectations, 81% found it corresponding with their specific needs, 83% 

reported overall satisfaction. Follow-up data shows that for certain symptoms the decrease in 

intervention group exceeds the decrease among controls. 

5051.4 Cross-cultural counseling and psychotherapy in Brazil: Acknowledgment of a plural 

society, Sylvia Duarte Dantas DeBiaggi, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil 

The present study explores theoretical and technical issues in cross-cultural counseling and 

psychotherapy based on a recent program with immigrants and their descents at Universidade de S 

Paulo. Brazil is a country known for its immigration history. In spite of its recent emigration 

phenomenon, with Brazilians leaving the country for better opportunities abroad, immigrants 

continue to arrive in Brazil, nowadays mostly from other Latin American countries, Korea and 

China. Theoretical as well as technical challenges emerge in cross-cultural counseling and 

psychotherapy indicating its important implications for the therapeutic work and the of 

acknowledging our plural societies cultural and ethnic diversity. 

5052 ORAL 


Chair: Juan Daniel Gómez, Colombia 

5052.1 The model of body-mind-spirit approach for human health, Fumin Fan 1 , Guan 

Ruiyuan 2 , 1 Tsinghua University, China; 2 Nursing School, Peking University, China 

Body-Mind-Spirit health Approach of Group Counseling is a type of model giving guidance in 

study or training which utilizes the method of keeping health and philosophy of live, both come 

1213

from traditional Chinese culture. The Body-Mind-Spirit Health Approach of Group Counseling 

purposed on the entire health of human beings, including body and spirit. For this purpose, we get 

involved client by the mutual affect among physiology, psychology and spirit from three aspects, 

which are body, mind and concept. The approach integrated traditional Chinese culture, traditional 

medicine, health-preserving theory and philosophy etc, combining the handwriting, acupuncture, 

QiGong, Taiji, Yoga and meditation. 

5052.2 The examination of life skills training’s effect in preventing students from drug misuse, 

Maryam Ramesht, Seyed Ali Asghar Beheshti Shirazi, Iran University of Science and 

Technology, Iran 

To examine the effect of Life Skills Training on prevention of drugs misusing among a sample of 

Iran University of Science and Technology students, 500 undergraduates were included in this 

study. All Subjects were asked to complete the Life Skills Questionnaire (LSQ) following a 

training course of life skills. Results showed that the course increased students' psychological and 

physical health, and prevented their psychological and social problems, as well as drug misuse 

behaviors. 

5052.3 The role of family factors in the development of substance use disorders, Mariam 

Ramesht 1 , Mohammad Ali Besharat 2 , 1 Iran University of Science and Technology, Iran, 2 Tehran 


To examine the impact of family factors on substance use disorders. 24 young males suffering 

from substance use disorders and their families consisted of 22 mothers, 10 fathers, and 3 wives 

were included in this study. Patients were asked to complete the Substance Use Disorders 

Questionnaire and all subjects were interviewed using the Clinical Family Interview. Substance 

use disorders were shown to be highly related to maternal overprotection as well as family 

socioeconomic status. Maternal overprotection was also related to younger age at onset of the 

disorders. Parental conflicts were not found to be related to the substance use disorders. 

5052.4 Ethnobotanic of addictive behavior, Juan Daniel Gómez, Colombia 

This abstract stresses the importance of the key problem "democratic culture" and the discussion 

about the conceptual polarity inclusion\exclusion for the current interpretation of differences and 

ethnic and inter cultural conflicts related to the use of substances which have been used for 

thousands of years by indigenous communities and have application in the resolution of health 

problems related to the so-called western society. In that context, a completely new utility is 

proposed for the “mambe” substance used in Colombia by the Uioto indigenous community, as 

safe and effective relief of withdrawal symptoms from addiction to chemicals from the coca leaf. 

5053 ORAL 


Chair: Jalal Younesi, Iran 

5053.1 10 factors in measuring of adolescents attitudes toward addiction, Jalal Younesi, clinical 

psychologist- assistant Professor, Iran 

1214

An instrument was developed for measuring of adolescents’ attitudes toward addiction in different 

situations, which included 87 items. Some psychologists who were qualified in this field, 

considered the content validity and to admit the validity of it. The reliability of inventory was 

measured among students aged 16-17 years with one-week interval. The results showed 

significant reliability (r= .72). Results of factor analysis indicated that the inventory is able to 

measure the attitudes in 10 factors: i.e. social relationship with drug abusers, using drugs as a fun, 

reaction of community for drug abusers, quality of life among drug abusers. 

5053.2 The diagnosis of internet addiction disorder and its epidemiological study, Lin Yu, 

Zhang Dajun, Ou Juhu, China 

With the rapid invading of internet in people’s daily life, some negative effects evoke the 

researchers interests, and the internet addiction disorder (IAD) is one of the most among them. 

Use the interview and other resources of behavior data, the factor analysis shows a three 

dimensional model of IAD. Using this refined questionnaire, a large scale of epidemiological 

investigation about IAD was conducted. The results shows a relatively high percentage of IAD 

symptom, some special results obtained according to the students’ gender/family social statuses/ 

age and other factors. 

5053.3 Psychosocial factors associated with cross-border deviance of Hong Kong marginal 

youths, So-kum Catherine Tang 1 , Yuet Wah Cheung 1 , Francis Wing-lin Lee 2 , 1 Department of 

Psychology, CUHK, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China, 2 Department of Social Work, The University 

of Hong Kong, China 

Five-hundred marginal adolescents in Hong Kong were individually interviewed to determine 

factors associated with their cross-border deviance. Results showed that 52% of the participants 

used illicit drugs and 14% engaged in commercial sex when they traveled across the border to 

Shenzhen. Lower cost was cited as the major pull factor. Psychosocial factors related to these 

cross-border deviance included: need for excitement, susceptibility to peer pressure, association 

with drug-using peers, educational disadvantage, trouble with the law, and presence of deviant 

behaviors in Hong Kong. Participants also indicated that engagement in cross-border deviance did 

not decrease similar deviant behaviors in Hong Kong. 

5053.4 Everday memory impairments in teenager excessive alcohol users, Thomas Heffernan 1 , 

Jonathon Ling 2 , Janice Bartholomew 1 , 1 Northumbria University, UK, 2 Teesside University, UK 

Chronic alcohol abuse has a detrimental effect on retrospective memory in teenagers. Less is know 

about the putative effects on everyday memory. This study looked at self-ratings of prospective 

memory (PM) (memory for future events). After controlling for strategy use and other drug use, 

chronic heavy alcohol users reported more PM deficits than a group of matched controls. The 

underlying mechanisms involved will be discussed at conference. 

5054 ORAL 


Chair: Jie Wu Weiss, USA 

1215

5054.1 Decision making in smoking initiation: Comparisons between Chinese and American 

adolescents, Jie Wu Weiss, C. Anderson Johnson, Donna Spruijt-Metz, Paula Palmer, 

Lourdes Baezconde-Garbanati, Institute for Prevention Research, Keck School of Medicine, 

University of Southern California, USA 

Surveys conducted in California (N = 3190) and in China (N = 4724) have identified perceived 

positive and negative consequences of starting to smoke. A behavioral decision making model was 

proposed that localizes individual differences associated with these perceived consequences in 

three distinct places (subjective probability, subjective utility, and the importance attached to each 

consequence) to predict who is more likely to start smoking. Those who make quick, automatic 

decisions (“System 1”), considering fewer consequences, especially those that occur in the distant 

future, are more likely to take up smoking than those using more deliberative decision making 

(“System 2”). 

5054.2 Psychiatric comorbidity and suicide attempts among pure alcoholics and poly-substance 

misusers, Anne Landheim 1 , Kjell Bakken 1 , Per Vaglum 2 , 1 Centre for Addiction Issues, Norway, 

2 

University of Oslo, Faculty of medicine. 

Objective: Frequency and risk for suicide attempts among poly substance abusers (PS) and pure 

alcoholics (PA) are explored. Method: A consecutive sample (n= 260) of in- and out patients from 

two Norwegian counties were assessed by CIDI and MCMI-II. Results: 46% reported to have 

attempted suicide, PS more frequently than PA, and females more often than males. All Axis I 

disorders, except generalised anxiety disorders, were at least moderately associated with suicide 

attempts. Anxiety disorders was the strongest predictor. Among PS, agoraphobia was strongly 

associated with suicide attempts. Among PA, bipolar disorder and major depression were main 

predictors. 

5054.3 Substance misusers with and without social anxiety disorder, Kjell Bakken 1 , Anne 

Landheim 2 , Per Vaglum 3 , 1 Cwentre for Addiction Issues Sykehuset InnlandetHF Sanderud, 

Norway, 2 Centre for Addiction Isues Norway, 3 University of Oslo, Faculty of medicine 

Objective: To identify clinical differences in pure alcoholics(PA)and poly-substance misusers 

(PS)with and without social anxiety disorder(SAD). Metod: A consecutive sample of in-and 

outpatients PA (n=156) and PS (n=131) misusers in two counties in Norway were assessed by 

Composite International Diagnostic Interview and Millons Clinical Multiaxiale Inventory. Results: 

The prevalence of current SAD was 41%. We found no differences in gender or substance use 

variables, only a tendency to more SAD in PS patients. Affective disorders, anxiety disorders and 

personality disorders were more present in SAD patients in both substance groups. Clinical 

differences were extensive. SAD ought to be assessed and treated in substance misusers. 

5054.4 Perceptions about alcohol abuse among residential students at a Black South African 

university, Mthetho C. Tshemese 1 , Leickness C. Simbayi 2 , 1 Department of Psychology, 

University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa, 2 Human Sciences Research Council, Cape Town, 

South Africa 

This study investigated perceptions about alcohol abuse among residential students at a Black 

South African university. Three focus groups were conducted and data analysed using thematic 

content analysis. The results showed that excessive drinking and neglecting academic 

1216

esponsibilities were considered to show alcohol abuse. Alcohol abuse was also seen as causing 

physiological and psychological problems as well as getting into trouble with the law. Male 

students were considered more vulnerable than females. The participants were not aware of any 

intervention programmes on campus but recommended several useful strategies that could be 

implemented to prevent or reduce alcohol abuse among students. 

5055 ORAL 


Chair: Xuqun You, China 

5055.1 Internet addiction, social anxiety, and preference attribution of the virtual world, 

Sue-Huei Chen, Jing-Fong Yang, National Taiwan University, Department of Psychology, 

Taiwan, China 

This study aims to explore plausible predictors for Internet addiction embedded in real/Internet 

interactions and virtual environments. We assess Internet addiction with the Chinese Internet 

Addiction Scale (Chen, et al., 2003), face-to-face social anxiety with the scales developed by 

Mattick and Clarke (1998), as well as Internet social anxiety with the Internet Social Anxiety 

Scale and preference attributions with the Comparison of Internet/Real Interaction Survey 

developed for this study in 237 young adults. The study results in intriguingly positive. 

Suggestions for broader understanding of the psychopathology of Internet addiction, plausible 

intervention, and further research will be discussed accordingly. 

5055.2 Differences in types of cognitive distortions between pathological gamblers and 

non-gamblers, Francisco Javier Labrador Encinas, Vanessa Manoso Alfaro, Ana 

Frenandez-Alba Luengo, Tanit Grande Linares, Complutense University of Madrid, Spain 

Differences in types of cognitive distortions between 80 pathological gamblers and 80 

non-gamblers were analysed during a slot-machine gambling situation. Using the “think aloud 

method” it is observed that pathological gamblers show higher percentages of verbalizations 

referring predictions, considering chance as a self-corrective process and personification of the 

gambling machine. Non-gamblers show higher percentages of illusion of control, belief in luck 

and attention to absolute frequencies. At post-treatment, differences in referring predictions, 

considering chance as a self-corrective process and personification are disappeared. It is 

concluded that this types of cognitive distortions are the most important in the maintenance of 

gambling. 

5055.3 Cognitive distortions changes in pathological gamblers after psychological treatment, 

Francisco Javier Labrador Encinas, Vanessa Manoso Alfaro, Ana Frenandez-Alba Luengo, 

Tanit Grande Linares, Complutense University of Madrid, Spain 

Changes in types of cognitive distortions were analyzed with the “Think aloud method” in 80 

pathological gamblers receiving psychological treatment. There is a significant reduction at the 

post-treatment in three cognitive distortions types: referring predictions, considering chance as a 

self-corrective process and attention to absolute frequencies. This changes are independents of 

type of treatment received and independent of the result (success versus failure) of this. 

1217

Conclusions about the importance of the predictions (including considering chance as a self 

corrective process) and other types of cognitive distortions in the maintenance of gambling 


5055.4 Internet dependence, usage, and interpersonal interaction among undergraduates, Ying 

Li, Xuqun You, Shaanxi Normal University, China 

The Internet is becoming more and more influential in China, especially for young people. It 

impacts on users’ life style, mental health and manner of interpersonal interaction. This study 

explores Internet dependence, usage and feature of interpersonal interaction among 576 Chinese 

undergraduates. Different motives, Internet usages, manners of online interaction were analyzed 

and different patterns of relationships with Internet dependence was showed. Motive of making 

new friends and acting roles, playing games and interacting with strangers online was positively 

related to Internet dependence. Implications for the study of the psychological influences of the 

Internet are discussed. 


Behaviorism then and now 

Convener and Chair: N.K. Innis, Canada 

5056.2 Edward C. Tolman’s purposive behaviorism, N.K. Innis, University of Western Ontario, 

London, ON, Canada 

In 1922, Edward Tolman proposed ‘A new formula for behaviorisn’. Tolman always considered 

himself a behaviorist even though his behaviorism, with its purposive and cognitive elements, 

differed substantially from the classical Watsonian brand. In this paper I outline how Tolman’s 

purposive behaviorism developed and evolved; how it was received; and how it is related to more 

recent behaviorist theories. 

5056.3 Biological behaviorism, W. Timberlake, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, 

USA 

The goal of biological behaviorism is an animal-centered evolutionary approach to behavior that 

incorporates the behavior systems approach of ethology and developmental psychbiology, the 

experimental approach of manipulation-centered behaviorism, the hypothesis testing of behavioral 

ecology, and the mechanisms of neuroscience and development. The current focus of biological 

behaviorism is on the viewpoint of the organism (in contrast to the viewpoint of the experimenter), 

the development of its perceptual-motor and motivational organization, and the interaction of this 

organization with evolutionary and laboratory niches. 

5056.5 Emergents and rational behaviorism: The processes of learning, conditioning, and 

reinforcement in creativity, D. Rumbaugh, D.A. Washburn, M.J. Beran, Georgia State 

University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA 

Rational Behaviorism relates cognitive operations to respondents and operants and introduces the 

concept of emergents. Brains have been selected to be acutely sensitive to the detection and 

storage of predictive relationships. Our analysis of learning heavily weights stimulus contiguity 

1218

and stimulus salience. We conclude that reinforcement does not operate directly to select and/or 

increase responses to stimuli or contexts but that it operates by the same mechanisms of salience 

that impact most stimuli that are reliably paired in time. Subjects learn generally about salient 

stimuli and events and the resources thereby availed to them as they strive for adaptation. (e.g. 

paid) to do so. 


Advances in structural equation modeling 

Convener and Chair: K.T. Hau, China 

Co-convener: K.H. Yuan, USA 

5057.1 Application of structural equation models in longitudinal study, C.P. Chou 1 , Y.I. Hser 2 , 

M.A. Pentz 1 , 1 University of Southern California, Alhambra, CA, USA; 2 University of California, 

Los Angeles, CA, USA 

Recently, SEM has been applied on multiple repeated measures in longitudinal studies. The 

introduction of growth curve model and the utilization of SEM in parameter estimation make the 

application of SEM in longitudinal study very appealing. The similarity of parameter estimates 

between SEM and more commonly used statistical approaches for growth curve modeling, such as 

hierarchical linear model, has demonstrated the equivalence of these two approaches in estimating 

growth parameters. The SEM approach may, however, provide more information on model fitting 

and more flexible model specification. A variety of structural equation models with empirical 

results will be demonstrated. 

5057.2 Comparing the statistical power of latent growth modeling analysis with other analytical 

approaches, X. Fan, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA 

This paper examines the issue of statistical power in latent growth modeling (LGM) within the 

framework of structural equation modeling in two kinds of situations: (a) in a one-group situation, 

for detecting linear growth over repeated measurements, and (b) in a two-group situation, for 

detecting group differences in latent growth trajectory parameters within the context of 

quasi-experimental design with the assumption that the group difference may potentially occur in 

both growth trajectory intercept and slope. Through the use of Monte Carlo simulation, the 

statistical power of LGM described above is systematically and empirically compared with other 

analytical approaches. 

5057.3 Latent growth curve and interaction modeling: The case of travel mode choice, F. Yang 

Wallentin 1 , P. Schmidt 2 , E. Davidov 3 , 1 Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; 2 Institut für 

Politikwissenschaften, Gießen, Germany; 3 Eldad Davidov, Cologne, Germany 

In recent years, more scholars have tested interaction and non-linear effects in their models 

including interaction effects between perceived-behavioral-control (PBC) and intention in the 

theory of planned behavior. However, only a few applied structural equation modeling, and the 

utility of latent growth modeling has largely remained unexplored. We compare 

Maximum-Likelihood and Robustified ML to estimate the effect of the interaction of the slopes of 

PBC and intention in the theory of planned behavior on the slope of the changing behavior over 

1219

three time-points. We apply travel-mode choice data collected in Stuttgart of people moving to 

live in the town. 

5057.4 Structural equation modeling with ordinal variables, F. Yang-Wallentin, K. Joreskog, 

Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden 

We consider the case when all observed variables are ordinal (polytomous) and a general 

structural equation model. The parameters of the model are estimated jointly with the thresholds 

for all variables. We discuss several approaches to estimate such a model using the data in all 

univariate and bivariate margins of the ordinal variables and illustrate how these approaches can 

be used with cross-sectional, longitudinal, and multiple group data. We also consider the case 

when the ordinal variables are observed jointly with a number of covariates which are used as 

explanatory variables in the structural equation model. 

5057.5 Fit indices and overparameterized model misspecification in covariance structure 

analysis, L.T. Hu, Performance Research & Design, Inc., Santa Cruz, CA, USA 

This study addresses the long-standing controversial issue regarding whether an 

overparameterized model is a misspecified model. Using Monte Carlo simulation, Li-Tze Hu 

discusses sensitivity of fit indices derived from various estimation methods to overparameterized 

model misspecification in covariance structure analysis. Conditions in which inadequate 

parameter estimates for misspecified models are likely to be obtained when their corresponding 

population values are fixed at zero are also discussed. Results suggest that fit indices are 

insensitive to overparameterized model misspecification. Three steps are recommended for 

evaluating goodness-of-fit of models. 

5057.6 Eight test statistics for multilevel structural equation models, K.H. Yuan 1 , P.M. 

Bentler 2 , 1 University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA; 2 University of California, Los 

Angeles, CA, USA 

Social data are often hierarchically organized but non-normally distributed so that the normal 

theory based likelihood ratio statistic is not reliable. We extend six statistics used in the 

conventional context to the multilevel SEM models. All of them are asymptotically distribution 

free. Monte Carlo studies indicate that these statistics are insensitive to underlying sampling 

distributions even with finite sample sizes. However, they perform quite differently at smaller 

sample sizes. These six statistics are also compared with two existing ones. Two of the new 

statistics are recommended for model evaluation in practice. 

5057.7 Goodness of fit measures in structural equation modeling, K.T. Hau 1 , H.W. Marsh 2 , Z. 

Wen 3 , 1 The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; 2 University of Western 

Sydney, Bankstown Campus, Australia; 3 South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China 

We summarize recent research covering a selection of theoretical, philosophical, substantive, and 

pragmatic issues related to goodness of fit while still holding skepticism for the use and misuse of 

goodness of fit. We seem to have placed too much emphasis on goodness of fit indices treating 

them as pseudo-tests of statistical significance, pseudo-objectifying interpretations by specifying 

cut-off values, trying to establish absolute pseudo-criteria of fit that are appropriate under all 

circumstances, misinterpreting them as pseudo-tests of underlying theory, focusing on global 

1220

measures of fit when our focus should be on specific components of the model. 


Time perception in humans 

Convener and Chair: A.D. Eisler, Sweden 

5058.1 Preparing attention for discriminating temporal intervals, S. Grondin, Université Laval, 

Laval, Québec, Canada 

It is well known that time estimates are closely related to the involvement of attentional 

mechanisms. It is mostly attention to time during a given interval that has been shown to influence 

temporal estimates. Even distracting events occurring just after the interval to be judged influence 

time perception. In the series of experiments presented here, it is the period preceding the interval 

to be judged, rather than the one following it, that is shown to affect time perception: longer 

foreperiods result in longer perceived duration. Furthermore, it is argued that foreperiods modulate 

attention mechanisms necessary for processing temporal information. 

5058.2 Comparison and discrimination of short and long durations, Å. Hellström, Stockholm 


When two successive durations, or other stimuli, are compared, they exert differential impacts on 

the comparison outcome, as is shown by discrimination measures and time-order error patterns. 

The perceived difference can be modelled as occurring between two weighted compounds, each 

formed by one stimulus and its reference level. This mechanism seems to serve to maximize 

discriminability. The weighting pattern then mirrors the amount of available information about 

each stimulus, and thereby how this information is processed. In comparisons of short durations, 

stimulus interference dominates. For longer durations, forgetting is more important; weight sizes 

and discriminability are affected by cognitive deterioration. 

5058.3 Distance and location processes in memory for time: An update, C. Bastin 1 , W.J. 

Friedman 2 , 1 University of Liège, Belgium; 2 Oberlin College, Ohio, USA 

Memory for times of past events depends on direct impressions of the temporal distances of the 

events in the past and the reconstruction of temporal locations. Two studies shed light on the 

possible neurological basis of location-based processes. In an ERP study, adults performed tasks 

thought to bias subjects to use distance or location processes. Late frontal activity was specifically 

linked to location-based processes. In another study using the same tasks, aging was found to 

disrupt location-based processes more than distance-based processes. Age-related differences in 

the use of location-based processes were mediated by speed of processing and by 

working-memory capacities. 

5058.4 Effects of music generalized complexity, hedonic value and tonal modulation on 

subjective time estimation, J. L. Bueno, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil 

More generalized complexity (information, familiarity, violations of expectancy) and more 

hedonic value (ionian mode) of music excerpts generate greater subjective duration estimations 

(measured by the method of reproduction) than less ones. Tonal changes occurring only in the 

1221

very end of a music excerpt did not show effects on the subjective time estimation. But the 

increase of the distance between origin and destiny keys elicits systematically smaller temporal 

estimations, with major impact of sudden tonal modulations, as proposed in the Expected 

Development Fraction Model (Firmino & Bueno, 2003). 


Response regulation: From brain to behavior 

Convener and Chair: T.M.C. Lee, Hong Kong SAR, China 

Co-convener: M.M. Saling, Australia 

5060.1 Neurodevelopmental aspects of response regulation, M.L. Smith, University of Toronto 

at Mississauga, Mississauga, Canada 

This presentation will address developmental aspects of response regulation, including a brief 

review of the time-course of normal development and studies of impairments in response 

regulation after early neurological insults. Two studies of response regulation in children with 

intractable epilepsy will be described. In one, three aspects of response regulation, the ability to 

self-pace, the ability to remain vigilant, and the ability to withhold responding until complete 

information is available, will be examined within a sustained attention paradigm. The second 

study will examine response regulation and other executive functions as manifest in the everyday 

lives of children with seizure foci in the frontal lobes. 

5060.2 Age-related differences in response regulation as revealed by functional MRI, T.M.C. 

Lee 1 , H.L. Liu 2 , J.H. Gao 3 , 1 The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; 2 Chang 

Gung University, Taiwan; 3 University of Texas, San Antonio, Texas, USA 

Age-related differences in response regulation were studied with functional magnetic resonance 

imaging. Twenty-six subjects belonging to two groups, specifically a younger group and a 

middle-aged group (the mean ages of which were 22.62 and 47.68 years respectively), were 

administered an experimental task measuring response regulation. The imaging data indicated that 

frontal activation was more bilaterally represented in younger subjects, compared with the 

middle-aged subjects, when performing the same experimental task of response regulation. The 

findings suggested that there seemed to be age-related differences in neural activation associated 

with response regulation between the middle-aged and younger adults. 

5060.3 Inhibition of different kinds in the study of selective attention, J.X. Zhang 1 , X. Weng 2 , 

W. Yu 3 , L. Tan 4 , 1 The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; 2 Institute of 

Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China; 3 Beijing Anzhen hospital, Beijing, China; 

4 

Hong Kong University, Hong Kong SAR, China 

Inhibition is considered a key mechanism serving the control and regulation of goal-oriented 

behaviors. Cognitive studies of inhibition have been closely associated with attention, selection of 

information from objects in the perceptual world and selection among representations within 

working memory. In this paper, I will describe the different ways researchers have used to 

conceptualize inhibition, arising from different fields of cognitive psychology. Evidence with 

imaging research methods will also be presented to review what we have learned about the neural 

1222

implementations of inhibitory processes, particularly in the prefrontal cortex. 

5060.4 The role of medial frontal cortex in making decisions and changing tasks, M. 

Rushworth, M. Walton, S. Kennerley, D. Bannerman, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK 

The medial frontal cortex contains a number of areas but it has proved difficult to differentiate 

their roles. Human neuroimaging and transcranial magnetic stimulation studies suggest that the 

pre-SMA has a role in the selection of response sets even though it may not be important for the 

selection of individual responses. The function may underlie its role during action sequences and 

task switching. Neuroimaging studies show the cingulate cortex activated when subjects switch 

tasks. Lesion studies, however, emphasize a cingulate role in coding response-outcome 

associations and deciding whether it is worth responding at all given the expected outcome. 

5060.5 Response regulation in neurological disorders: Are the frontal lobes enough? M.M. 

Saling 1 , T. Waites 2 , D. Abbott 2 , G. Jackson 2 , 1 The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; 

2 

Brain Research Institute, Australia 

A model of behavioural regulation, derived from neuroimaging and neuropsychological case data, 

will be described. It is suggested that the regulation of behaviour is dependent on a balance 

between anterior and posterior structures in the brain. The anteroposterior dimension can be 

conceptualized in terms of two major systems: (1) a medial component, represented primarily by 

cingulate cortex and closely related systems, (2) a lateral component represented primarily by 

anterior and posterior association neocortex. The model will be illustrated with functional 

neuroimaging data, as well as neuropsychological information derived from common clinical 

conditions such as dementia and stroke. 


Resilience promotion in children at risk 

Convener and Chair: M.C. Richaud, Argentina 

5061.1 Family factors predicting for post traumatic stress disorder, L. Hernández-Guzmán, 

Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico, Mexico 

Only about 30% of those children exposed to the disaster develop PTSD. The aim of this study 

was to identify the factors associated with the presence of psychopathology in such children. 263 

children, living in a rural community, destroyed by flooding, were administered a structured 

interview assessing PTSD symptoms in school-aged children, and one scale of the children 

version of an inventory exploring family interaction, emotional and physical abuse, family 

violence, peer relations, and adverse life events. Results show an influence of family relations on 

the ability of the child to cope with adverse situations, such as natural disasters. 

5061.2 Children at risk in Latin-American countries: innovative educational psychology 

practices, M.R. Maluf, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil 

Latin-American countries face problems derived from the extremely unequal wealth distribution 

and the majority of their population are living in poverty. In this social context government 

schools become a risk factor for children from underpriviledged families which do not succeed. 

1223

The modernist hierarchical distinction between pure and applied psychology discourages 

alternative forms of school professional practices that might better serve those children. In a 

postmodern perspective educational psychologists see psychology as a cultural practice. Their 

greatest challenges lie in having new conceptual resources, being innovative and creating more 

effective practices in favor of teams made up of teachers, family and community. 

5061.3 Attachment, parents perception and friendship in children at risk, J.E. Moreno, 

Conicet–Argentina, Buenos Aires, Argentina 

In this study, the effect of an intervention program for children at risk is assessed. Argentine 

versions (Richaud, Sacchi, Moreno, 1999) of Children Report of Parental Behavior (Schaefer, 

1965), Friendship Scale (Bukowski, 1994) and Kerns Security Scale (1996) were administered 

before and after the intervention program to 100 children, 7 years old, both sexes, that assisted. to 

an elementary school from the city of Parana, Argentina. Comparisons between before and after 

scores in the three scales (Manova for repeated measures) are presented. The results provide 

evidence of the effect of the intervention program. 

5061.4 Attribution and coping processes in children environmentally at risk, M.C. Richaud, 

Conicet–Argentina, Buenos Aires, Argentina 

The objective is to compare attributional style and coping strategies in children environmentally at 

risk with those of middle class children. An Argentine version of Seligman Attributional Style 

Questionnaire and the Argentine Coping Questionnaire for children (Richaud, Sacchi, Moreno, 

2003) were administered to 200 Argentine children, seven years old, both sexes, from second year 

of elementary school, 100 at risk and 100 not at risk. The results were compared through 

MANOVA. It was also studied by means of a before and after design, the intervention program 

effect in attributional style and coping in the children at risk. 

5061.5 Child development and sociocultural diversity in Peru: Challenges for intervention 

programs, C. Thorne, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, Casilla, Peru 

Peru is a complex country with a diverse geography, dramatic socio-economic and cultural 

differences, several ethnic and linguistic groups. In the poorest areas most children live in an 

environment characterized by lack of healthiness, malnutrition, marginality, violence, illiteracy 

and family instability that influence negatively their development. An overview of the most 

important research studies carried out with Peruvian children and intervention programs is 

presented and analyzed. New paradigms are suggested to understand child development in 

developing countries, as well as the application of alternative models that will allow appropriate 

interventions that will smooth the progress of those children at risk. 

5061.6 Understanding coping processes in children under stress situation, M. Audet-Lapointe, 

University of Montreal, Canada 

The aim of the present study is to explore the relations between negative life event, coping process 

and psychological adjustment for children under stress. Participants were 676 children, 8 to 16 

years. Scales included Negative Life Events Scale for Children (Sandler,1986), Threat Appraisal 

Scale (Sheets,1996), Children’s Coping Strategies Checklist V2 (Ayers, 2003), Efficacy Scale 

(Sandler, 2000), Revised Child Manifest Anxiety Scale (Reynold, 1978) and Children Depression 

1224

Inventory (Kovacs, 1981).The impact of coping process on psychological adjustment will be 

analysed through path analysis. Results will be discussed and a model of coping process for 

children facing stress be presented. 


Universal and language -specific factors influencing early verb learning 

Convener and Chair: M. Imai, Japan 

5062.1 First words in English and Chinese: Results from norming studies of the MacArthur 

Communicative Development Inventories, T. Tardif 1 , P. Fletcher 2 , W. Liang 3 , 1 University of 

Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; 2 University College, Cork, Ireland; 3 Peking University Number 

One Hospital, Beijing, China 

Evidence for a noun-bias in children’s early vocabularies is striking, as observed by Gentner 

(1982). However, the lack of such a bias in Mandarin and Cantonese is equally striking. This talk 

will present data on the acquisition of nouns and verbs on the MacArthur Communicative 

Development Inventories in English, Mandarin, and Cantonese with over 1,500 8- to 

30-month-old children in each sample. Discussion of the most common early words in each 

sample will form the basis for a new hypothesis about why verbs are easy to learn in Mandarin 

and Cantonese, but not other languages. 

5062.2 Is verb learning easier for Mandarin-speaking children than Japanese-speaking children? 

E. Haryu 1 , M. Imai 2 , L.J. Li 3 , H. Okada 4 , J. Shigematsu 2 , 1 University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; 

2 3 4 

Keio University at SFC, Kanagawa, Japan; Peking University, Beijing, China; Tokai University, 

Kanagawa, Japan 

Mandarin has been thought to be a language to foster children’s verb acquisition. Verbs are as 

morphologically simple as nouns in Mandarin, which contrasts with Japanese in which verbs are 

inflected and morphologically more complex than nouns. We compared the ease of verb learning 

in Mandarin- and Japanese-speaking children, examining experimentally whether they could 

fast-map a novel verb to its meaning. The results unexpectedly show that Mandarin-speaking 

children have more difficulty with inferring a meaning of a novel verb than Japanese-speaking 

children. We propose that morphological simplicity of verbs in Mandarin exaggerates an 

universally shared object-naming bias in young children. 

5062.3 Understanding the paradox of verb learning, R. Golinkoff 1 , K. Hirsh-Pasek 2 , M. 

Mayer 2 , D. Adde 1 , M. Maguire 2 , 1 University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA; 2 Temple 

University, Philadelphia, PA, USA 

Although verbs are present in children’s earliest vocabularies, they are difficult to learn. Children 

are more likely to construe a novel verb as a noun than as a verb (Meyer et al, 2003; Kersten & 

Smith, 2002; Imai et al., 2003), Here we first present data to document the existence of the 

paradox. We review our own data in English and data from Japanese. We next evaluate various 

hypotheses about the source of the difficulty in verb learning. We conclude with an argument 

similar to one made by Gentner (2003): Young children have difficultly mapping complex 

relations, just what verb learning requires. 

1225

5062.4 Foundations for verb learning: Infants detect and categorize “paths” and “manners”, K. 

Hirsh-Pasek 1 , R. Golinkoff 2 , R. Pulverman 2 , S. Pruden 1 , 1 Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 

USA; 2 University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA 

To learn motion verbs children must first discover actions within events, detect components of 

actions labeled in the world’s languages, and form categories of these action components. Thus, 

once children find components of action, they must attach labels to categories of actions in events. 

This paper reviews a program of research designed to investigate infants’ abilities to abstract 

manner and path from the ambient and categorize these action components. Preliminary results 

suggest that infants can parse events into actions (Baldwin et al., 2001), discriminate components 

of actions (Casasola, et al., 2003; Pulverman et al., 2003), and find invariant action components in 

ever changing arrays (Prudent et al., 2003). 

5062.5 What helps children to extract relational commonality for learning novel verbs? Role of 

object similarity and familiarity, M. Imai 1 , E. Haryu 2 , H. Okada 3 , 1 Keio University at SFC, 

Kanagawa, Japan; 2 University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; 3 Tokai University, Kanagawa, Japan 

What is crucial for verb meaning is the similarity of the relation between the two objects involved 

in the event. However, previous research (Imai et al., 2002) has shown that children younger than 

5-year-olds have difficulty in extending novel verbs based on this relational commonality. 

Gentner’s theory of analogical reasoning predicts that first-order object level similarity helps 

children pay attention to relational, higher-order similarity, by fostering structural alignment 

(Gentner & Kotovsky, 1996). Borrowing this idea, we examined a possibility that similarity and 

familiarity in the first order object may bootstrap children to the representation in which the object 

is segregated from the action. 


Research on the light and dark sides of intimate relationships 

Convener and Chair: R. Diaz-Loving, Mexico 

5063.1 The Yin and Yang of marriage in the USA: Good news, bad news, T. Huston 1 , M.P. 

Johnson 2 , 1 University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA; 2 The Pennsylvania State University, 

Pennsylvania, USA 

Marriages offer a blend of affection and antagonism, with each couple creating its own brew of the 

sweet and the sour. Huston will consider the sweet, and Johnson the sour side of marriage. The 

speakers will consider the significance of moderate and extraordinarily high levels of both 

affection (warmth vs. passion) and antagonism (mild conflict vs. intimate terrorism) for marriage 

and the psychological well-being of the spouses. Thus we need interventions on both sides of the 

marriage equation: programs to help couples maintain the positive aspects of long-term, 

committed relationships, and programs to help spouses to deal with violence. 

5063.2 Violence in couples, P. Noller, University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia 

This paper focuses on a study of affect and behavior in couples. Violent and nonviolent couples 

engaged in four interactions: a conflict nominated by the husband, a conflict nominated by the 

1226

wife, a trivial conflict and a recent sadness or disappointment. Couples reported on their affect and 

arousal during the interactions, and their physiological responses (skin-conductance and heart-rate) 

were monitored using a physiograph. The couples' behavior during the interaction was coded from 

the videotapes. Violent and nonviolent couples differed in terms of their self-reported affect, their 

physiological arousal and their conflict behavior, although violence sometimes interacted with 

satisfaction or topic. Females' affect and arousal tended to be more clearly associated with 

violence than was that of males. 

5063.3 Effects of social support on passion, power and marital satisfaction, S. Rivera-Aragón, 

R. Sanchez-Aragón, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico 

Social Support type and quality of the relationship are crucial processes in couple relationships. In 

the present study, the effect of love, power, passion, and marital satisfaction on perception and 

offering of support was studied. In order to assess the relationship between these variables, 301 

heterosexual couples answered the Behavioral Styles Inventory, the Love Styles Inventory, the 

power Styles Scale and the Multiphase Marital Satisfaction Inventory. Results show that higher 

levels of support are related to Marital Satisfaction, Positive Love and Power Styles and Passion. 

Results are discussed in relationship to the culture and the importance of close relationships. 

5063.4 The duration of non-kin relationships: Adding a qualitative perspective, D. Perlman, 

University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada 

De Jong Gierveld and Perlman (2003) reported large-scale quantitative studies on the duration of 

non-kin relationships in the U.S. and the Netherlands in which they found many factors contribute 

to the duration of nonkin relationships (e.g., he age of the respondents and the years since they 

have last moved). Using a qualitative, unstructured interview approach, the present study extends 

de Jong Gierveld and Perlman's work to consider what people believe leads to the longevity of 

their social ties and whether their perceptions correspond with survey findings. A comparison of 

the factors will be made and reasons for similarities and differences discussed. 

5063.5 The role of bio-psycho-socio-cultural variables on couples well being and individuals 

health, R. Diaz-Loving, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico, Mexico 

Measures of testosterone, personality attributes, behavioral styles and couple interaction and 

conflict were used to predict emotional reactions of anger, depression, anxiety and hope, which in 

turn served as mediators for couple interactive behaviors of support or violence, and finally were 

introduced as predictors of mental health, psychosomatic reactions, blood pressure and marital 

satisfaction in a sample of 200 Mexican married couples. Multiple regressions and structural 

equations modeling show significant and robust patterns of relationship, which will be discussed 

in terms of future applied work with Mexican families. 


Violence, terrorism and mental health 

Convener and Chair: W. Khan, India 

Co-convener: M. Wessells, USA 

1227

5064.1 Terrorism and mental health: A study of Kashmir valley, W. Khan, Jamia Millia Islamia 

University, Jamia Nagar, India 

Since 1988, terrorism and violence have taken its toll in the ever-beautiful valley of Kashmir. 

Whatever may be the reasons, it has resulted in emotional distortion, feelings of insecurity, 

uncertainty, economic instability and unpredictable future for younger generation. No doubt 

terrorism creates a psychological state of extreme fear and anxiety totally out of proportion to the 

physical damage in terms of loss of life and property, not only for the intended victim and his 

family but also for the entire community. People are tired of unending violence, which has ruined 

everything, including their psychological health. This paper highlights the impact of terrorism and 

violence on mental health and coping mechanisms adopted by people of Kashmir. 

5064.2 The impact of U.S. anti-terrorism efforts in Iraq: A qualitative study of terrorist 

motivation in Afghanistan and Iraq, M. Wessells, Randolph-Macon College, Ashland, Virginia, 

USA 

Two studies conducted July-September, 2003 in Kabul and Baghdad analyzed how the war and 

occupation had increased terrorist motivations among the general population. Pro-Taliban and 

anti-Taliban Afghans saw the war as unjustified, the occupation as mishandled, and the war and 

occupation motivated by U. S. desire for oil or to dominate Muslim people. Because of 

lawlessness and lack of electricity, Iraqis said their lives had worsened, and significant numbers of 

youth said they now supported violence against the U. S. These studies point out the limits of 

current U. S. approaches to preventing terrorism in Iraq. 

5064.3 The impact of violence on children: Community-based strategies for psycho-social 

intervention, K. Kathleen, Erikson Institute, Chicago, IL, USA 

Increasing numbers of children worldwide are exposed to violence on a large scale. Research 

findings on the social and emotional impact of violence on young children -- including child abuse, 

family violence, and community violence, will be presented from a recent U.S. study. In addition, 

the mediating role of protective and risk factors in the family and community on children’ 

reactions to violence will be presented. Finally, findings from an innovative community-based 

program-- Safe from the Start -- to prevent and mitigate the effects of violence on young children 

by providing a wide range of community and mental health services will be discussed. 

5064.4 Societies in transition – Including the perspective of psychological repair in transitional 

processes, N. Sveaass, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway 

This paper discusses the challenge that societies in transition are facing when dealing with the 

human rights violations of the past. During the last decades there has been a growing emphasis on 

justice, accountability, documentation and reporting with regard to human rights abuses in the 

wake of war and conflict. The transitional processes represent important challenges not only to 

international law but also to psychology. Impunity to perpetrators of HRV has been criticized from 

a perspective both of human rights and psychological repair. The paper explores the relation 

between transitional responses and repair, and whether some strategies are more beneficial than 

others. 

5064.5 The language of terrorism, D. Bretherton, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia 

1228

Language can be used as a tool for understanding and resolving conflict. How a conflict is 

represented, analyzed and reported upon impacts on the possibilities for peace. Or language can be 

used as a weapon. Insults and taunts can damage and de-humanize others. Further, language itself 

can be the subject of the dispute, the thing that is fought over. This paper will explore some of the 

roles that language plays in the current war on terrorism and examine the impact of the use, and 

abuse, of language on the course of the conflict. 

5064.6 Islamophobia in North America: Confronting the menace, A. Haque, International 

Islamic University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 

This paper introduces the reader to the Muslims of America; their population, socioeconomic 

status, geographical distribution and belief systems. It covers a brief background on the concept of 

Islamic fundamentalism, jihad, and the roots of Islam and the West conflict. The trend of 

anti-Muslim and anti-Islamic sentiments over the last couple of decades is then examined by 

identifying their possible causes as well as the sources responsible for creating such fears. Short 

and long-term consequences of Islamophobia are discussed together with specific role of Muslims 

and non-Muslims in confronting Islamophobia with an increasing spirit of multi-cultural harmony 

and common well-being. 


Children’s emotions 

Convener and Chair: V. del Barrio, Spain 

5065.1 Feelings and behavior associated to violence in school. Main results of a study of 

adolescents in Uruguay, N. Cajigas-Segredo, E. Kahan, M. Luzardo, S. Najson, G. Zamalvide, 

M. del Carmen Ugo, University of Uruguay, Montevideo, Uruguay 

Six hundred four middle school students from low socio economic status, attending a suburban 

school of Montevideo, were administered scales of anger, depression and bullying behavior. Data 

resulting from this evaluation were related with the findings of a survey that inquired about family 

composition, academic performance, social relations, out of school activities, alcohol and drug 

consumption and stressful vital events of students. Findings of the negative feelings and behavior 

measured as well as their relation with gender, age, grade and survey variables are described in 

this presentation. 

5065.2 Self-efficacy, coping, and anger in Spanish children, M.A. Carrasco, V. del Barrio, 

Universidad Nacional de Educacióna Distancia, Spain 

The present paper studied the relationships between the capacity of perception of self-efficacy and 

the expression and the coping of anger in children and adolescents. The sample consisted of 543 

subjects, 52% were boys and 48% were girls. As far as age is concerned the age were between 8 

and 15 years old. The self-efficacy showed significant relationships with the expression anger and 

the coping anger. We found out that those children with higher scores in self-efficacy showed 

lower scores in anger and higher scores in positives coping strategies. The anger was predicted by 

self-efficacy especially academic self-efficacy. 

1229

5065.3 Rearing styles and Big Five personality in adolescent’s mothers and fathers, V. Del 

Barrio 1 , A. Aluja 2 , A. Blanch 2 , 1 Universidad Nacional de Educacióna Distancia, Spain; 

1 

Universitat de Lleida, Lleida, Spain 

Relationship between educational styles and personality of fathers and mothers of a group of 

adolescents were studied. Results indicate that differences exist between fathers' and mothers' 

educational styles. Mothers score higher in emotional warmth and control, while fathers are higher 

than mothers in Favouring subject. In regard to personality mothers scored higher in Friendliness. 

Mothers present positive relationship among Extraversion and Responsability with Control, and 

also between Consciousness and Emotional Warmth. Correlations are negative between Emotional 

Stability with Rejection and also with Control. Fathers Friendliness and Emotional Stability 

correlate negatively with Rejection; correlation is positive between Conscientiousness and 

Emotional Warmth. 

5065.4 Life events and coping in adolescence: Differential aspects, M. Forns, Universidad de 

Barcelona, Spain 

They are analysed the life events related by adolescents (from 12 to 16) as causing them distress, 

in the last 12 month. The appraisal of problems and the strategies used to face the stress are also 

analysed. Some differences in the use of strategies can be connected to the age, sexes, 

psychopathological behaviour and personality factors. The weight of psychopathological 

syndromes and personality factor on the use of strategies and, the opposite, the role of strategies 

on psychopathology and personality factor, are discussed. The increase of emotional discharge, 

between the avoidance strategies, is specially studied due to the relation of such strategy with 

psychopathologic syndromes. 

5065.5 Evaluation of the empathy and related variables, V. Mestre 1 , P. Samper 1 , M.J. Nácher 1 , 

A. Tur 1 , V. del Barrio 2 , 1 Universidad de Valencia, Spain; 2 Universidad Nacional de Educacióna 

Distancia, Spain 

The main objective of the present study is to evaluate the empathy like source of the prosocial 

behavior and like inhibiting of the aggressive behavior. The evaluation is focused in the childhood 

and the adolescence and tries to conclude the gender differences at both phases of the lifespan, as 

well as the function of the empathy throughout the development. The instruments used are: the IRI, 

(Davis, 1983); the PROM (Carlo et al., 1992); the PBS (Caprara & Pastorelli, 1993); the AS 

(Caprara & Pastorelli, 1993), and the EIS (Caprara & Pastorelli, 1993). 

5065.6 The effect of mood induction on the symbolic play behaviour of 3-to-5-year old 

depressed and non deressed children, E.E.J. de Bruyn, A.M. Lous, C.A.M. de Wit, J.M. 

Riksen-Walraven, University of Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands 

The study examined whether introduction of a negative mood condition would affect the narrative 

play behaviour of depressed young children more than a positive or neutral mood. To test this 

hypothesis, 30 depressed, 30 non-depressed clinical and 30 non-depressed non-clinical children 

were asked to complete four standardised story beginnings, while playing with dolls representing 

the child’s family. Narratives were coded using exclusive categories for manipulative play, 

symbolic play, and various categories of non-play behaviour. Particularly when a sad mood was 

introduced, depressed children were found to show less symbolic play and more fragmentation of 

1230

the play behaviour than non-depressed children. 


Cross-cultural risk perception and communication 

Convener and Chair: B. Rohrmann, Australia 

5066.1 Comparing organisational risk perceptions in Australia and Hong Kong, I. Glendon, 

Griffith University, Queensland, Australia 

Findings from a survey of managers from three large organizations --two in rail transport and one 

in electricity-- into risk perception and risk management are described. Two organizations are 

Hong Kong based and one is Australian. English and Chinese language versions of the survey 

were distributed within the Hong Kong based organizations. Respondents’ views of risk culture 

were explored. While most items showed equivalence between the two language versions of the 

questionnaire, some items showed significant differences. In one organization, strategy, leadership 

and benchmarking were the three most important aspects of risk management. Results from the 

three organizations enable intra-organizational, inter-organizational, intra-sectoral and 

cross-national comparisons. 

5066.2 A tentative exploration on the risk perception of public in SARS, X.F. Xie 1 , D.M. Xie 1 , 

R. Zheng 1 , L.S. Zhang 2 , 1 Peking University, Beijing, China; 2 Chongqing Business University, 


This research made a tentative exploration on public psychological status in the crisis of SARS. 

Based on our questionnaire survey, we found that both the characteristics of the risk event and 

individual would influence the cognition of the subject which would further affect his or her 

psychological status and behavior. Individual’s knowledge about SARS, his or her ratings on risk 

dimensions of SARS, his or her citizenship motivation and conformity behavior and social 

reliance could predict his or her psychological status to some extent. This research also made a 

discussion on the construction of public rationality. 

5066.3 Ethnic differences in speeding and related beliefs and attitudes, J. Hatfield 1 , R.F.S. Job 2 , 

1 2 

University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; Roads and Traffic Authority of NSW, Australia 

Like other road-safety-relevant behaviours, speeding may be influenced by culture. In a survey of 

362 randomly-selected drivers, English-speakers did not differ from non-English-speakers in 

terms of self-reported likelihood of speeding, involvement in speed-related incidents or attitudes 

toward speeding drivers, nor perceived risk of crashing or being booked while speeding, driving 

skill and safety, or appropriateness of speed limits and penalties. However, non-English-speakers 

agreed more strongly that penalties for speeding are just revenue raising, and less strongly that 

demerit points for speeding should be doubled during holiday periods. Thus misfeasance toward 

local authority may contribute to cultural differences related to speeding. 

5066.4 Understanding amplification of complex risk issues, a cross-cultural study in three 

countries, P. Wiedemann, S. Holger, Forschungszentrum Juelich, Juelich, Germany 

A new concept for studying risk amplification processes will be proposed, the "risk story" model. 

1231

The starting point is the conflict between risk perception and evaluation by experts and laypersons. 

To address this conflict, a typology of risk issues can be developed, based on the different risk 

communication challenges. Laypersons may perceive each risk type as a different risk story. Then 

the relationship between risk stories and social risk amplification will be explored. Examples of 

EMF (electro-magnetic fields) issues are used to illustrate the approach. Furthermore, empirical 

data collected in three different countries will be presented that support the basic assumption of a 

risk story model. Finally, the implications for the EMF debate and risk communication in general 


5066.5 National comparisons of bicyclist helmet wearing, R.F.S. Job 1 , J. Hatfield 2 , 1 Roads and 

Traffic Authority of NSW, Australia; 2 University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia 

Helmets are one of the few protection methods available to bicyclists (who represent a significant 

number of road fatalities), but are often not used. Data from direct observation of helmet-wearing 

in Europe, Asia, Americas, and Oceana, indicate that helmet-wearing is related to national 

economic strength. Other differences are identifiable. A lower wearing rate in Australia than New 

Zealand, but a near zero wearing rate in The Netherlands (a country renowned for bicycle 

transport) reflects lack effective mandatory helmet laws in Australia and New Zealand, but not 

The Netherlands. Such regulation is likely to improve safety. Demographic factors are also 

addressed. 

5066.6 A comparison of risk attitudes of Chinese, Swiss and Australian students, B. Rohrmann, 

University of Melbourne/Australia, Victoria, Australia 

While risk behavior has been studied intensely and many risk perception studies are available, far 

less research exists regarding people's mind-sets towards risk-taking, i.e., risk attitudes. 

Furthermore, measurement tools for risk propensity and risk aversion are rare. In this presentation, 

the conceptualization of risk attitudes as personality features will be outlined, four new 

questionnaires presented and empirical findings about their characteristics examined. To enable 

cross-cultural comparisons, data were collected in Australia, Switzerland, & Hongkong/China. 

The results indicate that risk attitudes are multi-dimensional and not necessarily consistent across 

hazard domains, and that the structure of risk orientations is similar across cultures. 

5066.7 Factors affecting the communication and understanding of health risks in northern 

aboriginal Communities in Canada, C. Jardine 1 , C. Furgal 2 , T. Garvin 1 , T. McGee 1 , 1 University 

of Alberta, Alberta, Australia; 2 Unité de recherche en santé publique, Québec, Canada 

Canada’s northern Aboriginal communities are a notable cultural group facing distinctive health 

risks. In addition to the known risks of living off the land in a harsh environment, these 

communities have in recent years been faced with other less well understood risks, such as PCB 

contamination of traditional foods and exposure to uranium through mining. We conducted studies 

in two communities to develop better insights into the factors affecting the communication and 

understanding of potential health risks. Improved understanding of cultural risk perspectives will 

allow for a better dialogue on new and emerging health risk issues in the north. 


1232

Studies on cognitive disorders in schizophrenia in Asia 

Convener and Chair: M. Yokota, Japan 

Co-convener: Y. Tanno, Japan 

5067.1 The cognitive and behavioral therapy for positive symptoms of schizophrenia, T. 

Ishigaki 1 , E. Michimata 2 , Y. Okubo 2 , N. Koike 2 , S. Hirayama 1 , 1 Yokohama National University, 

Japan; 2 Tanzawa Hospital, Japan 

Nowadays, many researchers are greater interested in the cognitive and behavioral therapy (CBT) 

directly for positive symptoms of schizophrenia. We practice the group CBT for inpatients of 

schizophrenia, and analyze the effects for positive symptoms. The therapy included 20 sessions 

(once a week, for about 2 hours). The results were Ùtotal scores of BPRS were better, Úconviction 

and uncontrollability of delusion, and behavioral disturbance by delusion were decreased, Ûonset 

situations of delusion became clear. The group CBT is effective for some dimensions of positive 

symptoms. From now on, the methods of this therapy have to be more sophisticated. 

5067.2 Delusional thoughts in schizophrenic patients and college students, Y. Tanno, S. 

Morimoto, S. Yamasaki, Y. Arakawa, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan 

Recent studies reported that normal people have delusional thoughts. In Study 1 we compared the 

delusional thoughts of schizophrenic patients with that of college students. While schizophrenic 

group showed significantly higher resistance and discomfort, there was no difference in frequency, 

preoccupation and conviction between groups. The results suggest that ordinary college students 

have delusional thoughts. In Study 2 we tried to predict the development of delusional thoughts. 

The prospective research design predicted that students who have high scores for 4 variables will 

show increased delusional thoughts when they encounter stressors; 1) Anger, 2) Resentment, 3) 

Auditory Illusion, and 4) Hearing Negative Voices. 

5067.3 Social cognition of patients with schizophrenia, O. Imura, University of the Ryukyus, 

Okinawa, Japan 

Social malfunction is a serious problem for schizophrenia patients. Their degraded ability to infer 

what other persons are thinking and feeling can be assumed the cause. Three experiments were 

conducted on it. Expt. 1 concluded that the problem of “theory of mind” in schizophrenia is 

temporal, which is not a deficit but a dysfunction. Expt. 2 suggested that schizophrenic patients 

have difficulty in controlling their own emotions. Expt. 3 investigated the relationship between the 

ability to infer others’ mental state and social functioning and showed the social cognition of 

patients with schizophrenia plays an important role in reducing such difficulties. 

5067.4 Unmasking schizophrenic impairments and dysfunctions: The role of neurocognitive 

assessments, P.W.H. Lee, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China 

It is not clear whether the neurocognitive tests performance-functional deficits relationship holds 

over time in schizophrenic patients. We assessed 157 schizophrenic subjects on dichotic 

listening/shadowing, span of apprehension, reaction time, masking and critical stimulus duration 

and recorded their clinical status. All measures were repeated after one year. Shadowing accuracy 

and reaction time were significantly related to quality of life, social adjustment and positive 

symptoms. The relationship remains consistent after one year. We concluded that neurocognitive 

1233

deficits in schizophrenic patients reflect an enduring trait-like status. With factor analytic analysis, 

the neurocognitive measures can be simplified without losing their clinical predictiveness. 

5067.5 Cognitive disorder in drawings by schizophrenic patients, M. Yokota, Nihon University, 

Tokyo, Japan 

Drawings by schizophrenic patients were examined to show their cognitive disorder symptoms. 

The patients’ drawings showed various pathological constructive patterns including a parallel 

arrangement of objects, a double exposure of objects, a difficulty of a viewpoint change, and 

inability to transform. Normal participants evaluated those drawings as static, disintegrate, and 

no-perspective. Pathological symptoms seemed to be represented in the disintegration in the 

drawings. A follow-up study indicated that the drawings by the schizophrenic patients regressed 

from those drawn by the same patients when they were admitted to hospital 2 years before. These 

results showed that drawings of schizophrenic patients reflected the state of their cognitive 

disorder related to the schizophrenic deteriorative process. 


Psychosocial factors and SARS: An empirical examination 

Convener and Chair: E.R. Greenglass, Canada 

5068.1 The longitudinal study of Chinese 17 cities’ risk perceptions of SARS, K. Shi, H. Fan, J. 

Lu, W. Hu, J. Gao, W. Li, X. Chen, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 


The study compared peoples’ risk perception and evaluation of the SARS-related information 

between the period of SARS and after SRAS by surveying a stratified sample of 4231 people at 

the first time and 2770 people at the second time. The results showed that information of personal 

interest was the primary factor to arouse peoples’ risk perception of high level. The SARS 

pathogens and infectivity after recovering from SARS, which people felt dangerous during the 

period of SARS, decreased significantly after SRAS. The physical health condition after 

recovering from SARS aroused peoples’ sense of unfamiliarity, consequently to let people feel 

danger. 

5068.2 Public understanding of SARS, B. George, The SARS Psychosocial Research 

Consortium, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore 

Responses to an internet-based survey of individuals in areas affected by SARS and areas 

unaffected indicated that respondents in both areas had realistic concepts of what SARS is and its 

symptoms but tended to underestimate its mortality rate. Greater worry about SARS was reported 

by respondents in affected areas. Further, they took appropriate precautions and reported 

monitoring specific symptoms, particularly fever, to determine if they might have SARS. 

Respondents also reported avoiding specific people due to SARS. Worry about SARS played a 

key role in motivating precautionary behavior as well avoidance of individuals associated with 

SARS. Theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed. 

5068.3 A follow up study of mental health of SARS Patients in recovery, W. Gao, Z. Chen, J. 

1234

Zhang, Z. Shi, J. Zhang, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China 

This study is aimed at assessing psychologically the recovering process of a group of SARS 

patients after leaving hospital. A total of 141 recovering SARS patients were asked to take part in 

a counseling program and to complete questionnaires on psychological adjustment in July 2003. It 

was found that among these patients, the females tended to recall the terrified SARS experience 

more frequently than the males. The unmarried tended to have more psychological problems than 

the married. And the patients who knew the channels leading up to their infection of SARS, seem 

to have more psychological problems than those who did not know. Implications of the findings 

were discussed. 

5068.4 SARS and its effects: Coping with the threat, E.R. Greenglass 1 , A. DeLongis 2 , D. 

Lee-Baggley 2 , P. Voorhoeve 2 , The SARS Psychosocial Research Consortium, 1 York University, 

Toronto, ON, Canada; 2 University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada 

With the sudden appearance of SARS, reactions included perceived threat, fear, and anxiety. This 

paper examines the stressful effects of SARS and the way individuals deal with it. To the extent 

that individuals perceived that SARS represented a threat to them, their anxiety and depression 

should increase. In coping with the threat of SARS, individuals could engage in behaviours such 

as avoidance, preventive coping, instrumental support seeking and interpersonal coping. It was 

hypothesized that avoidance coping would be associated with greater perceived threat, anxiety and 

depression, while preventive coping, instrumental support seeking and interpersonal coping would 

be associated with lower distress. Theoretical and practical implications of the results are 

discussed. 

5068.5 The emotional and depressive differences between doctors and nurses in SARS, Q. 

Hua 1 , J. Zhang 1 , Z. Liu 1 , J. Gao 2 , K. Shi 2 , 1 Xuanwu Hospital, Capital University of Medical 

Sciences, Beijing, China; 2 Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China 

Data of 1532 doctors and nurses who were working in SARS-related hospitals were collected to 

investigate emotional & depressive difference. Doctors got higher score than nurses on general 

health, got lower on SDS. Both got higher than normal people on SDS. SDS score correlated with 

“being short of the support from the social”, “bed treating and living condition”, “being short of 

the support from relatives”, and so on, but reversely correlated with the degree of the exercise and 

educational level. Compared with the nurses, doctors have better mutation. The psychological 

intervention should be based on the different causes. 


Changing employment relations: Consequences for employee attitudes and well-being 

Convener and Chair: M. Sverke, Sweden 

5069.1 Hospital privatization: Its impact on employees’ work climate, attitudes and health, J. 

Hellgren, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden 

During the last decades reorganizations in terms of corporatization and privatization of public 

organizations have been frequent. This trend has also affected the Swedish health care sector and 

there are now acute care hospitals with different types of ownership. This study is based on data 

1235

collected 2001/ 2002 in three Swedish hospitals with different ownership. Using analysis of 

variance (MANCOVA) the employees of the three hospitals are compared with respect to their 

work climate perceptions, attitudes and health. Practical implications for policy-makers and 

hospital managers of the effects of different ownership on employees’ work experiences, attitudes, 

and health are discussed. 

5069.2 Implications of contingent employment contracts for worker well-being, D.G. 

Gallagher 1 , C.E. Connelly 2 , 1 James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA, USA; 2 Queen’s 

University, Kingston, ON, Canada 

In Europe, North America, and many Asian countries, there has been a recent increase in the 

employment of workers on fixed, short-term, temporary, or contingent contracts. These contracts 

benefit employers by allowing them more flexibility when scheduling workers, who may in turn 

also benefit from having more options for entering and leaving the workforce. However, 

depending upon the employment-related objectives of these contingent workers, this flexibility 

may also increase stress levels related to a number of factors including employment, job tasks, and 

work-family balance. This proposed paper presentation will address both theoretical and empirical 

evidence on the topic. 

5069.3 Uncertainty in the workplace: Indications from swedish research, K. Näswall, 


Job insecurity has severe consequences, such as strain reactions, dissatisfaction, and turnover 

intention, but not for all individuals who experience it. Also, the experience of job insecurity 

varies among individuals in similar objective situations. There is no clear answer to the questions: 

Who is more likely to experience job insecurity, and who suffers the consequences? Data from 

several studies attempting to answer these questions is used to shed light on an issue of increasing 

importance in modern working life. 

5069.4 The consequences of employment uncertainty for the individual, the organization, and 

the union: The role of union support, M. Sverke, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden 

Job insecurity has received growing recognition in connection with the transformation of working 

life, but little is known about how unionization affects its consequences. Using data from four 

European countries, this study investigates the consequences of job insecurity and tests for a 

potential moderator effect of perceived union support. The results replicate previous findings of 

adverse effects on employee well-being and work attitudes, and also indicate that job insecurity 

may have detrimental consequences for unions. Although the findings are less consistent across 

countries with respect to the role of union support, a supportive union may reduce the effects of 

insecurity. 

5069.5 Predicting protest: Unintended consequences of environmental change, V. Catano, E.K. 

Kelloway, L. Francis, Saint Mary’s University, Halifax, NS, Canada 

In an environment characterized by environmental uncertainty and rapid change, individuals 

frequently respond by engaging in protest activities. Strikes, days of action, and various forms of 

public protest increasingly emerge as reactions to organizational decision-making. In a series of 

studies we have been evaluating a model examining the individual predictors (identification, 

1236

instrumentality, and injustice) and consequences of engaging in protest activities. The model holds 

up across a variety of settings and has implications for both organizations and individuals. This 

presentation outlines the model, the empirical evidence on which it is based, and implications for 

changing employment relationships. 


Social relationships and adolescent development in cultural contexts 

Convener and Chair: C. Chen, USA 

5070.1 Parenting and adolescent adjustment: Evidence of similarity in developmental processes 

across cultures, A.T. Vazsonyi, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA 

The current investigation examined potential similarities and differences in developmental 

processes. More specifically, it tested the relations between multiple parenting dimensions 

(closeness, support, monitoring, communication, conflict, and peer approval) and measures of 

adjustment (internalizing and externalizing behaviors) in samples of adolescents from Hungary, 

the Netherlands, Switzerland, and the United States. Results provide evidence that parenting is 

multidimensional across these cultures and that the relations between measures of parenting and 

diverse measures of adolescent adjustment were very similar. These findings have implications for 

the conceptualization of parenting and for the importance of parenting in adolescent development 

across different cultures. 

5070.2 Predictors of parent-adolescent conflict among mainland Chinese, Russian, and U.S. 

families, K. Bush, S.B. Lash, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA 

The purpose of this study was to examine potential predictors of conflict in parent-adolescent 

relationship within and across gender dyads (e.g., boys and mothers) and cultural groups (i.e., 

Mainland Chinese, Russian, and US families) within a sample of 1610 adolescents. Findings 

suggest that adolescents’ perceptions of parental influences on conflict differ across gender and 

cultural groups. Perceptions of support, punitiveness, monitoring, conformity to parents and 

autonomy from parents were significant predictors of conflict. However, there were few consistent 

predictors across gender and cultural groups. In fact, only punitive parenting was a consistent 

significant predictor of parent-adolescent conflict across all cultural groups and gender dyads. 

5070.3 Adolescents and their important non-parental adults (VIPs): A cross-cultural perspective, 

C. Chen, E. Greenberger, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA 

Most of the developmental research on social relationships has focused on parents and peers. 

Little emphasis has been placed on other social relationships. We (Beam et al., 2002; Chen et al., 

2003; Greenberger et al., 1998) have recently shown that many adolescents report having a 

non-parental adult who plays the role of VIP non-parental adult who has had a significant 

influence on the adolescent and on whom the adolescent can rely on for support. This paper will 

discuss this line of research and present data from about 1500 adolescents from five countries 

(China, Korea, Czech Republic, Bulgaria, and the U.S.). 

5070.4 The youth psychology in cyber world: The emergence of cyber communities and their 

1237

social interaction in Japan & Korea’s socio-cultural context, L.S.M. Whang 1 , K. Ikeda 2 , 1 Yonsei 

University, Seoul, Korea; 2 The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan 

Cyberspace has become a main part of Korean youth daily life. We investigated social interaction 

and their consequences in a cyberworld, so-called Online game. The MMORPG (Massive 

Multiplayer Online Role Playing Game) function as a simulated societies by itself. We explored 

the evolution of cyber communities by Korean & Japanese users. Community activities, such as 

clan activities were compared for youth in each culture. Social communities were emerged by the 

difference of social context in real world. We also explored the degree of game addiction of youth 

in both societies, depending upon their image of the cyberworld. 


Social axioms: Current status as a general framework for cross-cultural research 

Convener and Chair: K. Leung, Hong Kong SAR, China 

5071.1 Social axioms: Current status as a general framework for cross-cultural research, K. 

Leung, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China 

Social axioms are general beliefs that people hold about their material, personal, social, and 

spiritual realities. Leung, Bond and their colleagues have developed a comprehensive list of social 

axioms, which were assessed in Hong Kong, Venezuela, the United States, Germany, and Japan. 

An equivalent five-factor structure was identified: Social Cynicism, Reward for Application, 

Social Complexity, Fate Control, and Spirituality, which was subsequently replicated in a global 

study of social axioms. Ecological correlations between social axiom dimensions and a wide range 

of country-level indexes reveal an interesting pattern of results and support the usefulness and 

validity of these dimensions. 

5071.2 Cross-sectional and longitudinal confirmatory factor models for the italian social axioms: 

A construct validation, A.L. Comunian, University of Padua Italy, Padova, Italy 

Construct validity of the Italian Social Axioms Survey (SAS-I) was tested in two respects. Firstly, 

the purported five dimensional structure of the SAS-I were tested. Secondly, the relations of the 

axioms dimensions to coping style were analysed. The SAS-I was given to an adult sample (N= 

181) in three occasions along with a time interval of 2 years with a study-specific coping scale in 

occasion 2 and 3. Dimensionality assumptions were tested using cross-sectional second order 

confirmatory factor analysis. Results were supportive of both the purported five-dimensions 

structure and hypothesized relationships to coping. Implications for further validation studies are 

discussed. 

5071.3 Intergenerational transmission of social axioms, K. Boehnke, International University 

Bremen, Bremen, Germany 

Presumably for the first time, this paper reports data on intergenerational transmission of social 

axioms. Using Bierbauer and Klinger's 60-item version of the social axioms questionnaire of 

Leung and Bond, 160 East German triads of university students, their mothers and fathers were 

surveyed. The paper presents intergenerational correlations both on the item and the subscale level 

of the social axioms scale. Analyses make it obvious that there is substantial correlation between 

1238

parents (32 out of 60 significant correlations), lesser correlation between mothers and offspring 

(24/60), and little correlation between fathers and offspring (12/60). Intergenerational correlations 

vary between -.09 and .44. 

5071.4 Directions for future research on social axioms, M.H. Bond, The Chinese University of 

Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China 

In previous work on social axioms, we have established a cross-culturally equivalent, five-factor 

structure, scored citizens in 40 nations on these beliefs, and related these beliefs to societal 

indicators. An ecological factor analysis has also been run across these 40 nations, and results 

integrated with the classic studies in our discipline using this approach. Future work involves 

ensuring that the five dimensions of belief have been adequately tapped, and discovering how 

these five dimensions function to guide individual behavior and whether these functions are 

cross-culturally invariant. 

5083 POSTER 

5083.1 Evaluation of the sexual attitude on the patients with spinal cord injury, Fan Feng 1 , 

Ding-jun Hao 2 , Lun Ou Yang 3 , 1 Western Xiao-fan Psychological Consulting Center, 

China, 2 Xi'an Red Cross Hospital Xi'an China, 3 Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China 

To study whether the spinal cord injury patients (SCI) have the sexual problems in China? How 

about the sexual altitude of the SCI patients in China? Results: 672 complete reply letters were 

received. The result shows that 83% of them have the sexual will, 75% of them have sexual 

dreams, 40% have sexual activities, 90% could not get satisfy sexual activities. Only 2.8% of them 

have normal sexual functions, 36% have erectility dysfunction. The marriage situations: 52% have 

no changes, 9% promoted, 32% deterioration, 7% devoted on the follow-up. Conclusion There 

were sexual problems in the SCI patients. 

5083.2 Psychological disorders and rehabilitation in the patients with traumatic paraplegia, 

Ding-jun Hao 1 , Fan Feng 2 , Lun Ou Yang 3 , 1 Xi'an Red Cross Hospital, China, 2 Western 

Psychological Consulting Center, 3 Shaanxi Normal University, China 

The patients with paraplegia could return to home and the society by rehabilitation including 

psychological help and regulation. The problem in these patients includes psychological trauma, 

feeling dysfunction, abnormal federate, over protecting, personality dysfunction. The 

rehabilitation principle includes making a good relationship with them, symposium, pay attention, 

warm care, make truth, middle, realizing the value of the rehabilitation training, and 

self-regulation of the patients. 

5083.3 Fragile mental accounting: Social comparison information influences mental accounts, 

Jiangqun Liao, Lei Wang, Peking University, China 

Mental accounts by individuals has been hypothesized that spending money from one account 

does not affect others in certain decision-making scenarios. In this study, social comparison 

information is provided in scenarios which indicate partners’ influence to consumer decision and 

mental accounting. The result showed that under different budgeting situation, participants prefer 

1239

irrational behavior when they are accompanied. Participants with given budget intend to spend 

more in similar consuming properties than those without budget. Thus the mental accounts are 

actually redistributed. This study also examines the impact of social comparison information on 

consuming types which are influenced by partners. 

5083.4 Age-of-acquisition effects in picture naming in Turkish using Snodgrass and Vanderwart 

pictures, Ilahan Raman, Psychology, Middlesex University, UK 

The arbitrary mapping hypothesis (Ellis & Lambon-Ralph, 2000) predicts that AoA effects should 

be stronger for tasks that involve arbitrary mappings between representations than for tasks that 

involve consistent mappings. The role of AoA was explored in transparent Turkish orthography in 

a picture and a word naming task in order to test these claims. Independent ratings were obtained 

for Snodgrass and Vanderwart (1980) line drawings and presented for naming. Evidence from 

Turkish and other orthographies with a varying degree of transparency between print and sound 

suggest that AoA effects are perhaps universal irrespective of orthographic transparency. 

Implications are discussed. 

5083.5 A research on high school student’s subjective well-being and relationship, Yingchun 

Wang, Li Wen, Jianzhong Wo, Beijing Normal University, China 

1372 high school students were investigated to exploring the factors influencing the subjective 

well-being (SWB)of high school students. The result showed the SWB level of the juniors is the 

highest, but the changes are not magnificent. The main effect of sex is not magnificent too, 

excluding the seniors in which the SWB level of the boys is higher than the girls. The results of 

regression showed that relationship with teachers are also important to the high school students’ 

SWB, as well as the skill of relationship. For the junior students, the relationship has the smallest 

influence to their SWB. 

5083.6 Why can we hardly recall personal events experienced before around age 4? 

Longitudinal case studies, Izumi Uehara, Seisen Jogakuin College, Japan 

We can hardly recall personal events experienced before Age3-4 (infantile amnesia). To 

investigate this phenomenon, I examined the critical developmental period for episodic memory 

and its relationship to children's recallable ages in later days by longitudinal case studies. First, 

three critical ages were identified for each child: First Episodic Report at 2-3 years, First 

Recognition at 3-4 years and Memory-Verb Acquisition at 4-4.5 years. Second, when they were at 

5-6 years, children hardly recalled the events they had experienced before Age 3-4. It is discussed 

that the age of First Recognition is presumably the most important for the infantile amnesia. 

5083.7 The study on relations among achievement goal orientation, achievement motive, 

self-regulation tactics and performance, Xia Liu, Beijing Institute of Graphic Communication, 

China 

Performance is the behavior carrying out for finishing a certain task or upping to a certain goal. It 

is discovered that there is function of predicting on performance in achievement goal orientation. 

The author probes into relations between achievement goal orientation and performance in the 

educational field in this research. The author measures 282 undergraduates and postgraduates by 

achievement goal orientation questionnaire, achievement motive questionnaire, self-regulation 

1240

5083.16 The exploration to construct content system of Chinese educational psychology, 

Cuiping Wang 1 , Dajun Zhang 2 , Jingjin Shao 2 , 1 Chinese Psychological Society, China; 

2 


The need of times, characteristic of objects who use teaching material of Educational Psychology 

and the tenet of compliers, decide the distinctness of Educational Psychology content system. We 

think that the foundation of Educational Psychology content system in the future should consider 

educational object; all--around sides, educational institution; enlarge and the educational content; 

change. At the same time, the foundation of content system should comply with the following 

principles: according to educational goal to select the framework of content system, consider the 

characteristic of users and regard the stability and flexibility when you select content. 

5083.17 Reaching and standing via the inertia tensor, Brice Isableu, Delphine Bernardin, Paul 

Fourcade, Benoît Bardy, Center for Research in Sport Sciences, University Paris 11, France 

Reaching requires the control of arm orientation with respect to the object. We suggest that the 

inertia tensor, I, of the arm, a invariant that quantifies the arm's resistance to rotation, is a relevant 

variable used to achieve successful reaching. A model of I will be presented, allowing predictions 

about its role in the control of the hand. Results of experiments that alter relations between the 

inertial eigenvector and the axis of the arm confirm an important role for I. We suggest that the 

importance of I may generalize to the control of the lower limbs in upright stance. 

5083.19 Effects of cue reliability on eye movements in visual search task, Takayuki Sakagami 1 , 

Reiko Matsumoto 2 , Taku Ishii 2 , 1 Dept. of Psychology, Keio University, Japan, 2 Keio University, 

Japan 

One alphabetical lowercase letter (a target) and seven uppercase letters (distracters) were 

presented at even intervals on a circumference on a computer screen. Participants wore an 

eye-movement detector and were required to point the target with a mouse cursor as quickly as 

possible. Inside the circumference, there was a cue that signaled a direction of the target with 

certain reliability. The reliability was changed across conditions. Results showed that the 

participants frequently moved their eyes to the direction signaled by the cue when the cue was 

highly reliable, but the order of the conditions affected the size of this effect. 

5083.20 Effects of different pressure coping styles on middle school students’ academic 

adaptation, Jing Zhang, Jianzhong Wo, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China 

This research investigated the effects of different pressure coping styles on academic adaptation of 

320 middle school students’ by questionnaires. Results indicated: (1) positive coping styles, such 

as asking for help, rationalization and problem solving had positive predicting effect on academic 

adaptation while negative ones, such as retreat, illusion and self-abuse had negative predicting 

effect on academic adaptation. (2) Problem solving was the most effective style for improving 

students’ self-regulated academic motivation while retreat was the most ineffective style. Students 

with retreat had lower levels of academic performance and self-efficiency, compared with those 

who adopted positive pressure coping styles. 

5083.21 A study on distance consult devices utilized for Chinese adult mental hygiene, Shiming 

Tang, China 

1243

A survey was used to examine the functions of the distance consult devices delivered in the format 

of post mail, phone, Web and E-mail. The results indicated that all four formats of distance consult 

devices facilitated modern adults in China to adapt the dramatic changes of adulthood and 

maintain a pattern of stability, to complete the tasks of adult life; to solve the issues brought by the 

variation in adult lives; and to understand the process of development in adulthood. Further, this 

study found that Web based service on mental hygiene had become the preference psychotherapy 

for modern adults. 

5083.22 Clinical Psychology in Hong Kong, Tatia Lee, Depart ment of Psychology Hong Kong 


Established in 1971, the Clinical Psychology Programme of the University of Hong Kong offers 

postgraduate studies leading to the degrees of Master of Social Science and Doctor of Philosophy 

in Clinical Psychology, and aims to train competent and professional clinical psychologists who 

serve in Chinese societies and beyond. Emphasis is placed on science-based practice, individual, 

group, and community psychology. The basic components of training include academic courses, 

clinical skills, and research. Clinical psychologists enjoy a high level of professional prestige in 

HK. Growth of demand for clinical psychology services in HK and beyond is expected to continue 

in the future. 

5083.23 Protection for educational psychological environment of sports team & research on 

optimization construction, Tang YueYing, Long Yi, Luo HuiRan, Wang Jiang, Shanghai 

Research Institute of Spoers Science of China, China 

Introduction: Olympic spirit stresses on higher, faster and better sports game spirit. It is a fact that 

most athletes live, study, receive trainings and matches in a team from their later childhood to 

youth, so they really need the protection of collective psychological environment and optimization 

construction of psychological environment to promote the healthy physical and psychological 

growth of individuals, the trainer also need a healthy psychological environment to influence the 

athletes. Methods: Chinese fencing teams-Chinese foil team, et al; 308 personsin total. Results: 

The research here lays stress on the "protection for educational psychological environment and 

optimized combination" of the sports team still needs practice and recognition. 

5083.24 The impact of divided attention on prospective memory, He Li, Wei Guo, China 

In this experiment, all participants were required to write down the numbers they heard while 

watching a cartoon film. The prospective memory targets were embedded in the cartoon film, but 

the participants should perform the prospective memory tasks on the ongoing working task. In the 

embedded group, better prospective memory performance is associated with lower ongoing task 

performance. There is significant difference between the two groups in term of ongoing task 

performance, but there is no significant difference in term of retrospective memory performance. 

Besides, the participants overestimated their prospective memory levels. 

5083.25 Homogeneity and gradual extension: Two components of induction, Li Fuhong, Li 

Hong, South-West Normal University, Chongqing, China 

Both arguments of the premise (P) and the conclusion (C) of induction consist of two parts, object 

and property. The course of induction is in fact the gradual extension of the object or property of 

1244

premise, with some kind of homogeneity. Therefore, inductive reasoning is defined as the 

homogeneity-and-gradual-extension of property or object of the premise. The 

Homogeneity-And-Gradual-Extension-Based induction model account for not only the process of 

specific induction but also the developmental ability of inductive reasoning. It can explain 

phenomena of induction studied previously. Finally, This model shows close quantitative fits to 

several sets of inductive tasks. 

5083.26 Chinese speakers learning English: A psycholinguistic perspective, Gisela Jia 1 , Doris 

Aaronson 2 , Winifred Strange 3 , Yanhong Wu 4 , Qi Quan 4 , 1 Lehman College, City University of 

New York, USA, 2 New York University, the USA, 3 Graduate Center, City University of New York, 

the USA, 4 Peking University, China 

Psycholinguistic research in the acquisition of English by Chinese speakers addresses both 

theoretical issues related to the human language learning mechanism, as well as practical issues 

related to second or foreign language learning and teaching. We will summarize the major 

research designs, methodologies of and findings from recent psycholinguistic studies that describe 

the growth trajectories of English proficiency in different linguistic components (e.g., morphology, 

syntax and phonology), and explain how various learning variables (e.g., age of learning English 

and language environment) influence the proficiency of English acquisition. Suggestions for 

future research in this area will also be proposed. 

5083.27 Self-assertion among Japanese adolescents as a solution for disagreements with their 

parents (1): Developmental differences, Yamazaki Mizuki 1 , Kazumi Sugimura 2 , Kazuko 

Takeo 3 , 1 Faculty of Literature, Waseda University, Japan, 2 Center for Student Counseling, Nagoya 

University, Japan, 3 Science faculty, Tokyo University of Science, Japan 

Japanese adolescents (N = 1029) ages from 12 to 25 reported their projected actions in response to 

six hypothetical adolescent-parent disagreements, and completed the scale of their values of 

family closeness. Contrary to the prevailing notion that Japanese children attune themselves as 

their parents' desire, self-assertion was the most common action, followed by negotiation and 

compliance. The results of a multiple-groups structural equation modeling analysis showed 

interesting developmental changes in the impacts that the values of family closeness gave on 

self-assertion. 

5083.28 Self-assertion among Japanese adolescents as a solution for disagreements with their 

parents (2): Situational differences, Kazuko Takeo 1 , Mizuki Yamazaki 2 , Kazumi Sugimura 3 , 

1 2 

Science faculty, Tokyo University of Science, Japan, Faculty of Literature, Waseda University, 

Japan, 3 Center for Student Counseling, Nagoya University, Japan 

Japanese adolescents (N = 1029) ages from 12 to 25 reported their projected actions in response to 

six hypothetical adolescent-parent disagreements, and completed the scale of their values of 

family closeness. The results showed that self-assertion was the most common action, followed by 

negotiation and compliance. We also found that the impacts given by the values of family 

closeness to self-assertion differed, depending on the situations, and that such differences varied 

by age, when multiple-groups structural equation modeling analyses were conducted separately on 

the less serious situations and the more serious situations. 

1245

5083.31 Depression prevalence among health care providers, Azizullah Arbabi Sarjou, 

Noormohammad Bakhshani, AbdulQani Abdullahi Mohammad, Zahedan University Of 

Medical sciences, Iran 

Depression is common mental health problem which it will be second in line to I.H.D and lead to 

ill health, disability and mortality. Health care personnel are at risk for depression because they 

have not social support and have stressful life and duty. Sample size was 169 (physician, nurse, 

midwife, health professional). Beck questionnaire for data collecting. There was significant 

relation between depression and age (r=0.16, p=0.04), experience (r=0.18, p=0.04), crisis history 

during past two weeks (t=2.96, p=0.004), job satisfaction( p=0.001). 

5083.33 On paradigm of fusion of subject and object in psychology, Peng Yunshi 1 , Chongde 

Lin 2 , 1 Department of Psychology, Hunan Normal University, China, 2 Institute of Developmental 

Psychology, Psychology School, Beijing normal University, China 

Two paradigms have already appeared in the history of western psychology, which are paradigm 

of fusion of subject and object and paradigm of polarity of subject and object. This article 

discusses the connotation, the development venation, the historic position of the first paradigm, 

and points out that the first paradigm is different from the paradigm of polarity of subject and 

object and that it plays important roles in forming the full image of human being in psychology. 

5083.34 Confucian thought on legal psychology, Zou Da-yan, China 

Confucius is a great thinker and educationist in the world. Confucian thought on legal psychology 

is to be reflected in the following three aspects. Confucian theoretical basis of thought on legal 

psychology is “The benevolent man loves others”. Man is good and honest by nature in the world. 

He who exercises government by means of his virtue. “To govern means rectify”. Confucius 

attached importance to moral education very much. By nature, men are nearly alike; by practice, 

they get to be wide apart. Confucius highly values questions of Prevent crime. 

5083.35 The development and enlightenment of Robert. J. Sternberg’s Intellectual Theory, Li Bo, 

Jin Shenghua, School of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, China, 

There has been many introduction about the intellectual theories of Robert. J. Sternberg in China, 

but the studies on the interrelationship among the intellectual theories he advanced were rather 

feeble. After introduced the four intellectual theories briefly, this text explored the 

interrelationship among the four intellectual theories and their illuminative implication to our 

current education. 

5083.36 Review on the structure model of personality traits and the trend of integration, Wang 

Qin, Tianjin Normal University, China 

" Big Five " model is a new traits theory of personality psychology. Since FFM was put forward, 

more and more signs had been showed that traits models began to draw close toward it gradually. 

This study carried on the survey to several kinds of representative personality traits structure 

model theories, probed into its integration trend, and made brief comments on the problem of 

FFM. 

5083.37 Comments on the constructivism idea of learning, You Yang, Yongfeng Tong, College 

1246

of Education & Science, Shenyang Normal University, China 

As a new learning theory, the constructivism idea of learning, which has many different 

characteristics from other theories, has significantly enriched the theory of learning. However, it 

has certain drawbacks. This article not only retrospects, from philosophical and psychological 

views, the history of constructivism, but also explicates its unique argument of learning and some 

opinions which are different from other learning theories. At last it makes a brief comment on the 

Constructivism Idea of Learning. 

5083.38 New development of interdependence theory, Zhao Ju, Central China Normal 


Interdependence theory as a conceptual framework for analyzing the structure of interpersonal 

situations is articulated by a group of prominent researchers in a variety of new directions. These 

developments find parallels both in the Social Relations Model (SRM) and in the emerging field 

of relation cognition. Via these expressive advances, an interdependence situation model (SABI) is 

formed, in which the interaction (I) between person A and person B is a function of their needs, 

thoughts, and motives in relation to each other (A and B) in the particular social situation (S) in 

which the interaction occurs. 

5083.39 Exploration on the evaluation of contemporary evolutionary psychology, Xu Bo, Zhong 

An hua, Department of Psychology, Henan University 

Evolutionary psychology is a new research approach emerged in the Western psychology in recent 

years. The development of evolutionary psychology has some significance and it also has some 

limitations. The significance is: its development consist with the development of the contemporary 

science; its research stimulate the thinking about the human mind and human nature; it sets up 

some new research field; its research has important enlightenments to other discipline. The 

limitations is: it has the tendency of hereditary determinism; its viewpoint about the modularity of 

mental mechanisms has some limitations; its methodology has some defects too. 

5083.40 The Zero Qualia, Cao Bingli, Interdisciplinary Laboratory, Department of Physics, 


Nowadays most scientists agree that the mind is one function of the brain, with a great 

philosophical gulf called qualia, the subjective experience of the objective world, hardly 

sidestepping. We think “qualia” is still entangled in the dualism, which takes the soul as an 

independent thing contrasting with the body. Human’s consciousness is merely the property of the 

extraordinarily evolved nervous system of human organism on the earth, entailed by interactions 

on its level, equal to the property manifested by interactions between atoms or galaxies in a 

universe view. The day we know how the brain works the “qualia” vanishes. 

5083.41 Apperception and content-based psychology, Saariluoma Pertti, Cognitive Science, 

Univversity of Jyvaumlsky, Finland 

It is commonplace to think that the information contents mental representations are ground on 

perception. Nevertheless, this conception entails problems, because we obviously have 

non-perceivable kinds such as electron, possible, infinity, eternal, etc. For this reason, it can be 

argued that we must postulate apperceptive processes in investigating the construction of mental 

1247

contains a powerful Lie Scale, and utilises within-subject standardisation. Giotto makes use of an 

AI (neural network) approach to analysing ipsative data. 

5083.46 A study of the size of pen-input character boxes for PDAs, Ren Xiangshi, Kong Jing, 

Kato Taishi, Kochi University of Technology, Japan 

We try to determine the optimal size of pen-input boxes for inputting characters into handheld 

devices such as PDA. We define the optimal size as including the following characteristics: high 

performance and high subjective ratings. Two experiments on character kinds and character shapes 

were carried out. The results, which were assessed by the character recognition rate, strokes 

protruding outside the character box, and subjective ratings, show that the optimal box size for 

inputting alphanumeric characters is approximately 1.09 x 1.66 - 1.44 x 1.44 cm, and for Hiragana 

& Katakana and Kanji & Kana is 1.44 x 1.44 cm. 

5083.47 Reorganization of the motor system in patients with brain tumors as revealed by fMRI, 

Xiang Huadong 1 , Han Tong 2 , Weng Xuchu 3 , 1 Research Center of Psychology and Behavior in 

Tianjin Normal University, China; 2 Tianjin Huanhu Hospital, China; 3 the Institute of Psychology 

in Chinese Academy of Sciences, China 

Reorganization of the motor system was evaluated with fMRI in six patients suffering from focal 

cerebral tumors. During scanning, the patients performed a finger-tap task with the hand 

contralateral to the damaged hemisphere. As compared to the control subject, the patients showed 

overactivation in ispilateral primary motor area (M1), bilateral supplementary motor area, 

premotor cortex, and cerebellum. In contrast, contrallateral M1 was only modestly activated. This 

study provides preliminary evidence for brain reorganization following focal brain lesions. 

5083.48 Subliminal perception as automatic processing preceding recognition, Tin-cheung 

Chan, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, China 

Automatic processing in subliminal perception was investigated. Participants identified 

two-character Chinese words as old (presented before the experiment) or new. Some new words 

were preceded with a subliminal presentation of the same word (NN condition), and some with a 

different new word (NN2 condition). Familiar and unfamiliar words were used. Errors were 

measured. Results showed that more errors were committed in NN than in NN2 condition with 

familiar word. Such effect was at maximum with SOA at 40 msec and disappeared at supraliminal 

presentation of the prime. Results suggest that subliminal perception is the result of automatic 

processing preceding recognition. 

5083.49 Who will be benefited from the training of meditation? Hu Yueh-Luen, Karla Ding, 

Guang-chu Hung, Taiwan, China 

Purposes of this study is to learn the effect of meditation on child’s attention. The study would be 

2*2 mixed design. Subjects are 44 4-grade students, which are divided evenly into meditator 

group and non-meditator group. After meditation training, the meditation group shows no 

difference in attention test from control group. However, the further analysis that separated all 

subjects into high-attention group and low-attention group by their pre-test scores in the attention 

test, shows that, after meditation practice, the meditator-group in high-attention group has 

significant improvement in their attention ability than the control-group, but no significant 

1249

difference in low-attention group. 

5083.50 Global precedence effect of moving object, Sun Chen, Gui fang Zhang, Zhong qi Bai, 

Xueming Zhang, Ke Li, Department of psychology, Beijing Normal University, China 

The present study was intended to research global precedence effect of moving object by using 

multiple-object tracking paradigm. The experiment included three factors: (1) change of target 

level (global, local, and both); (2) target color (with change and no change); (3) stimulus number 

(single and five). The results showed that: (1) Individuals performed better on global perception 

than partial conditions, the response latencies of partial perception could fasten the global 

perception. (2) Color Changed target was performed better except the stimulus was 5 in both 

global and local level. (3) The response latencies increased as the number of stimulus decreased. 

5083.51 The perception of musical phrasing, Thomas R. Knosche 1 , Christiane Neuhaus 1 , Yun 

Nan 2 , Angela D. Friederici 1 , 1 Max-Planck-Institute of Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, 

Germany; 2 Key Lab of Mental Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China 

We present neural correlates and possible neural substrates for the perception of phrase structure 

in music. Effects of local and global structure of music, musical experience, and cultural 

background are explored. EEG and MEG measurements revealed a brain’s reaction to the 

perception of phrase boundaries similar to the one that had been found before for intonational 

phrase boundaries in speech. The underlying neuronal network seems to comprise of limbic 

structures normally known for their involvement in memory and attention processes. Different 

structural traits of the music influenced the observed EEG and MEG components. Musicians and 

non-musicians showed a substantials differences. 

5083.52 The experiment research on influence of hearing experience imperfection to estimation 

of time, Zhang Fengqin, East China Normal University, China 

Compared with deaf and hearing on time estimation by using the reproduction method, the results 

found that hearing experience imperfection has a certain influence on estimation of time. Different 

cognitive strategies were used by deaf and hearing; Hearing could be more accurately estimate 

time than deaf at least at the experiment conditions of 10000ms. 

5083.53 Temporal discrimination of intervals marked by symmetrical structure of events, 

Cercel-Mihaita Laura 1 , Robert Rousseau 2 , 1 Alberta University, Saint-Jean Faculty, Edmonton, 

Canada, 2 Laval University, Quebec, Canada 

The purpose of this research is to study the role of the symmetry-asymmetry of events on the 

discrimination of auditory intervals. Two experiments are presented in which temporal intervals 

have to be categorized as short or long. The single stimulus method was used. During the 

experiments, 24 subjects discriminated three types of filled auditory intervals: On-Off 

(asymmetrical), On-On, Off-Off (symmetrical). The auditory stimuli were presented around one of 

four target durations: 250ms, 500ms, 1000ms, 1500ms. The analysis of the results shows that the 

symmetry-asymmetry of events is more important than the nature of events (On, Off) marking a 

temporal interval. 

5083.54 Study on relationships between English learning strategies and academic achievement of 

1250

middle school students, Ge Minggui, Yu Jin, Educational Scientific Research Institute, Anhui 


The questionnaire of students learning strategies was group administered to 239 students in Anhui 

province to examine the relationship between English learning strategies and academic 

achievement of middle school students. The results revealed: the learning strategies which 

students often use are centrally embodied by regulated strategies and cognitive strategies; the 

students of different degrees were different in strategies using, however, the gender difference in 

learning strategies using was not found; there existed significant relationship among learning 

strategies, cognitive strategies, regulated strategies and English academic achievement, and no 

significant relationship was found among communicative strategies, resource strategies and 

English academic achievement. 

5083.55 How the spacial position information influences the memory of English - Chinese word 

pairs: Evidence from an on-line experiment, Yan Ming, Aiping Wang, Beijing Normal University, 

China 

In this experiment we mainly concern how Chinese people learn English words, using the DMDX 

experimental system, to test whether spacial position information influences the memory of the 

word pairs. The results shows an interaction between Position and Interval, which indicates that in 

immediate test no difference is found, but in delayed test the error rate is reliable higher for Fixed 

position than Random position. To some extent, this result verifies the pothesis that we take some 

cognition resource to remember the spacial position information automatically when we 

processing the English - Chinese word pairs. 

5083.56 Cued prospective memory retrieval, Gao Jie, Peter Graf, University of British 

Columbia, Canada 

Prospective memory (ProM) retrieval is the ability to recollect plans and intentions in the presence 

of appropriate cues. In the present study, we compared ProM retrieval with word cues that were 

either primed or unprimed. Cues were presented as part of a long series of lexical decision trials. 

The results showed a facilitation effect for primed cues on the speed of ProM retrieval. 

5083.57 A review on theoretical explanations on relatedness effect in memory illusions, Wang 

Hongchun, Ming Liu, Bo Lu, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China 

With the deep development of the false memory, researchers have investigate some factors which 

influences the changes of memory illusion, researches also have tried to give theoretical 

explanations to the researches on relatedness effect in memory illusion, which can be generalized 

and commented from four aspects: partial coding theory including Whittlesea's SCAPE model and 

Arndt's global--matching model and et al, signal detection theory, fazzy-trace theory and 

constructive memory. This article also put forward some suggestions for further research in future. 

5083.58 The cognitive essential of Freud’ psychoanalysis, Ma Ying, Hainan University, China 

Psychoanalysis was always regarded as the theory parallel the behaviorism and cognitive 

psychology, and had no relationship with cognition. The author indicated that the psychoanalysis 

technology directed the client to pay attention to the unconsciousness, and helped the client to 

recognized the conflict between the consciousness and the unconsciousness, in order to get rid of 

1251

the syndrom. Psychoanalysis was just the technology to resolve the problem, the change of the 

cognitive structure was the essential of the treatment. 

5083.59 The experimental study of the categories syllogism reasoning, Cui Jifang, Department 

of Psychology, Sun Yat-sen University, China 

This paper discusses how people do the categories syllogism reasoning by using paper-pencil test. 

Subjects were 128 freshmen in Qufu Normal University. The results indicated: People usually use 

some figures to reason and given figures are helpful to improve the performance; the incorrect 

reasoning partly lie in misunderstanding the premises; numbers of the models constructed by 

premises, contents of the premises, figures of syllogism and individual factors effect reason; 

human reasoning is a logical process to a certain extent, but it’s also affected by some alogical 

factors, such as the capacity of working memory, the knowledge and faith people hold. 

5083.60 Relationship between cognitive styles and thinking ability of individuals in solving daily 

problems, Wan Shahrazad Wan Sulaiman, Rozainee Khairudin, Khairul Anwar Mastor, 

Zainah Ahmad Zamani, National University Malaysia, Malaysia 

This research was done to explore cognitive styles among individuals in two different settings; 

educational and occupational settings and its relationship to thinking ability in solving daily 

problems. Four hundred eighty eight subjects were taken from secondary schools, universities and 

various occupational settings in Malaysia. The research instrument used were Group Embedded 

Figures Test (GEFT) (Oltman, Raskin & Witkin 1974) to measure cognitive styles and a set of 

daily problems to measure thinking ability taken and adapted from Fong, Krantz and Nisbett 

(1986). Results showed that there was significant correlation between cognitive styles and 

thinking ability of subjects. 

5083.61 Testifing of componential theory of information processing in insight by insight 

problems of verbal form, Chen Shangheng, Jiangxi Normal University, China 

Study about insight capacity is a good starting point for making a breakthrough in intellectual 

giftedness. Nowdays, correlational studies about it was still at a standstill at the level of primary 

mathmatic insight problems. The experiment treats parable and puzzle as verbal form of insight 

problem. Subject's performances was evaluated by group of experts who came from different 

fields. The conclusion indicated that the operations on these insight problems of verbal form 

showed convergent of identification validity in predict model, which provides the evidence to 

componential theory of information processing in insight. 

5083.62 Attributional analysis of creativity: A comparison between eminent-level creativity and 

everyday creativity, Ikuma Johji 1 , Risheng Zhang 2 , Risako Degawa 3 , 1 Shonan Institute of 

Technology, Japan, 2 Beijing Normal University: China, 3 Kumamoto Gakuen University, Japan 

Kelley’s covariation theory says that lower values for a behavior’s consensus and distinctiveness 

lead to more internal attributions, while higher vales for its consistency lead to more stable 

attributions. Based on this theory it was hypothesized that eminent-level creative behaviors are 

attributed more internally and less stably than everyday creative behaviors. This hypothesis was 

tested by administering a questionnaire to a sample of 124 students. Subjects were required to rate 

a set of 4 possible reasons for 5 eminent-level and 5 everyday cases. Consistent with the 

1252

5083.74 The Influence of Learning-Memory for the Rats and DA Concentration in Rat’s Brain by 

Swimming, Xu Bo, Ji Liu, Nongnian Lin, Fang Xu, East China Normal University, China 

28 SD rats do the labyrinth experiment once every week for 10 weeks. Half of them swim 4 times 

each week and each time for 60 minutes, others no swim. From the seventh week, the number of 

mistakes made by the trained rats is significantly lower than that of untrained rats. This indicates 

that swim training can improve the rats’ ability to learn and memorize. After the exercise, the 

dopamine concentration of trained rats in striatum, prefrontal cortex and hippocampus are 

significantly higher than that of untrained rats. Dopamine regulates the improvement of the rat’s 

learning and memory. 

5083.75 Phonologic, orthographic and semantic: The fMRI experiment of the brain functional 

area, Zhai Hongchang 1 , Shufan Cui 2 , Xueping Guo 3 , Zongwang Dong 3 , Yihong Zhu 4 , 

1 2 

Department of Psychology, Guangzhou University, China, Hebei Midical 

University,Shijiazhuang, China, 3 Hebei normal University, Shijiazhuang, China, 4 Zhejiang 

University, Hangzhou, China 

Materials and method: The brain area for Phonologic processing is studied by using phonetic 

letters which have not four tones in dictionary, so these phonetic letters have no semantic. The 

brain area for Phonologic, orthographic and semantic processing is studied by using some familiar 

words. The experiment method on the new words is the task of distinguishing new or familiar, and 

the experiment method on the phonetic letters is reading silently. Result: Phonologic, orthographic 

and semantic processing of Chinese characters exist in different brain functional areas. 

5083.76 Posttraumatic stress disorder in intensive care, estáková Blanka, Václav Fessl, Ivan 

Chytra, Hana Skalková, Eduard Kasal, Clinical psychologist, Czech Republic 

The aim of our work was to specify in detail mental trauma experienced by the critically ill 

patients during the treatment in intensive care unit. We analyzed the group of 26 patients who had 

returned from the intensive care unit to everyday life. The traumatic emotional experiences and 

emotional memory can be visible for the whole future life of patients. The consequences of the 

primary disease are complicated by PTSD which decrease their quality of life. These patients need 

psychotherapy and pharmacological treatment. 

5083.78 The research on child’s cognition of death, Sun Hongmei, Yousui Li, Yinghong Han, 

Psychology and Behavior Research Center, Tianjin Normal University, China 

As a stressor, death may give rise to insensly stressful response in mind. Foreign and domestic 

psychologists found child’s cognition of death would increase with the development of age. The 

cognition not only depends on maturation, but also depends on learning. This study mostly 

described psychologists’ researches on child’s cognition of death, the child’s cognitive ability of 

death and some factors influencing child’s cognition of death. Cognition of death is so important 

to social development of child that we developed some ways that child deal with death. 

5083.79 Taiwanese perspectives on young children’s early schooling experiences, Chen 

Chin-Hsiu, Margie Mayfield, Univeristy of Victoria, Canada 

Early Childhood Education has been proliferating in Taiwan for the past decade due to the drastic 

changes in the society, and the public and professional conception of child development. The 

1256

current trend of “the earlier the better” raises issues on the effects of early formal schooling 

experiences on children’s optimal development. However, very little is known about young 

children’s early schooling experiences in Taiwan. This study takes a phenomenological approach 

to explore the perspectives and experiences of Taiwanese mothers and others regarding young 

children’s early schooling involvement. The results of this pioneering study provide new light for 

future research. 

5083.80 Study on non-intellectual development of minorities’ children in SW China, Zhang 

Weiwen 1 , Janet Horn 1 , Jinzhi Fu 1 , Ringo Wong 2 , 1 School of Educational Science, Yunnan 

Normal University, China., 2 Dept.of Educational Science, Chinese University of Hong Kong, 

China 

With the help of Questionaire on the investigation of non-intellectual factors among minorities' 

students in middle schools and elementary schools in SW China, researches are done to 398 

students: Nu nationality; Lisu Nationality and Jinpo nationality. Researchers discussed and 

analyzed the divergences among these minorities' children's non-intellectual development based 

on differences of their ages, developmental phases and sexes. And researchers discovered that 

there are obvious differences of non-intellectual factors exist in these minorities' children, which 

quite different with most common Chinese people. Thus, researchers try to offer some effective 

references for minorities' elementary education in SW China. 

5083.81 Strategies for family in the development of environmental conservation behaviors in 

Thai children, Boonprakob Pannee, Wiladlak Chuawanlee, Manat Boonprakob, The 

Behavioral Science Research Institute, Srinakharinwirot University, Thailand 

The objectives of this research are to survey formats of family activities that encourage 

development of environmental conservation behaviors in childhood years; to study effects of 

factors in aspects of bio-social, psycho-social, and development in family on environmental 

conservation behaviors; and to develop manual for parent in the development on environmental 

conservation behaviors in children. The subjects are 157 2nd year primarily level students. The 

results were found that some independent bio-social, psycho-social variables have relationship to 

environmental conservation behaviors in children on development of environmental conservation 

behaviors in children. 

5083.82 Anxiety and depression among young adults presenting with chest pain, Shahid 

Muhammad 1 , Rifat Rehmani 2 , Murad Moosa Khan 3 , 1 Section of Emergency Medicine, Aga 

Khan University Hospital Karachi Pakistan, Pakistan, 2 Assistant Professor Section of Emergency 

Medicine Aga Khan University Hospital Karachi Pakistan, 3 Professor of Psychiatry Aga Khan 

University Hospital Karachi Pakistan 

The objective of the study was to estimate the frequency of anxiety and depression in patients less 

than 40 years of age reporting with chest pain in Emergency Department (ED).Conducted at ED of 

Aga Khan University Hospital Karachi. Fifty young patients with chest pain in whom an ECG was 

normal were included. The Aga Khan University Anxiety and Depression Scale (AKUADS) were 

used as the assessment to out of 50 patients, 29 (58%) patients had a score of 19 or above. 16 were 

females and 13 were males. Anxiety and depression should be looked in young patients presenting 

to ED with chest pain after evaluation and is negative for cardiac disease. 

1257

anxiety and mental health. 

5083.87 The development process of encoding characteristics in children drawings, Li Wenfu 1 , 

Zhenlin Wang 2 , Ping Liang 3 , Su Li 4 , 1 Insititute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 

China, 2 Graduate School of Education, University of Pennsylvania, USA, 3 China Hewlett Packard 

co., ltd., Beijing, China, 4 Insititute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China 

The present study explored children's cognitive development through their drawings. One hundred 

and fifty-two children aged from 4- to 7-years old participated the study. The participants were 

asked to copy familiar models-- a tea-pot and a flat wooden animal. Differed from the past studies, 

we present the models' canonical orientation to children directly when they were drawing. The 

results indicated that there are three kinds of encoding forms in children’s drawings: separate 

representation, canonical representation and visual realistic representation. Different aged children 

have different dominant representation forms. The changing of the encoding forms is a dynamic 

development process. 

5083.88 Development of Chinese children’s oral proficiency in English, Lou Chunfang 1 , Qi 

Dong 2 , Jintao Zhang 2 , 1 Institute of Brain and Cognitive Science, Psychology College,Beijing 

Normal University, China, 2 Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China 

Using an interaction task and a monologue task, this study investigated into second, forth and 

sixth grade students’ English oral proficiency. The results showed: (1) fluency, accuracy and 

complexity followed different developmental pattern. There was no grade difference in Fluency 

and accuracy. But the complexity was increased with the increase of grade. (2) The task contexts 

have a great impact on the oral performance. The fluency and accuracy in the interaction task were 

better than that of narrative task. But the complexity in the narrative task was better than that of 

interaction task. 

5083.89 The psychological research on youngster justness value, Xu Youyun, Guozhen Cen, 

China 

Justness, as one of core values, has been the stress of psychological research. By questionnaire and 

experimentation, we found that youngster justness value included seven factor, namely intimity, 

equity, learning, life attitude, managing method, personality, moral character. There was no gender 

difference in the factors of justness value. Learning and life attitude varied significantly from 

junior high school to university. In imitation experimentation, there were few undergraduate who 

has absolute unjust behavior, but many who had relative unjust behavior. 

5083.90 On the influences of fear information in the psychological development of children and 

adolescences, Fu Li-ping, Psychology Department, East China Normal University, China 

In information society, fear information which children and adolescences are faced are getting 

more and more. Over-exposure the children and adolescences to fear information is a potential 

danger for their mental health. The paper discusses the properties and the onset of fear information, 

and explores its effects on the psychological development of children and adolescences. The 

discussion is necessary and significant to the education for children and adolescences, and more 

educators are expected to pay much attention to this issue. 

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5083.91 The relationship between early school-age children’s social behaviors, peer acceptance 

and social adaptability, Zhao Jia, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China 

Children's social behaviors in games, peer acceptance and social adaptability are measured by 

experiments, observation and investigation. Analyses found that children's behaviors in games 

reflected the development of social ability. Significant correlation exists between behavior in 

games and that in reality. Children's social behaviors in games, peer acceptance and social 

adaptability have interaction with each other. Therefore, parents and teachers should make full use 

of games in the education to the early school-age children. 

5083.92 A cross-national study of the effects of exposure to terrorism on parents and their 

children, Dolev Rona 1 , Suzanne Zeedyk 2 , Scott Plunkett 3 , Vicki Harris-Wyatt 4 , Ofra Ayalon 5 , 

1 2 3 

University of Dundee, UK, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK, California State University, Los 

Angeles, USA, 4 The Wyatt group, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA, 5 Nord International Trauma 

Consultancy, Tivon, Israel 

This study compared the effects of exposure to terrorism on 1471 parents and their primary school 

aged children in Israel, America, N. Ireland and Scotland. Parents were asked to rate their level of 

restrictiveness, stress and communication with their children. It was found that the most important 

predictor for parents’ behaviour under the threat of terrorism is the way they perceive the threat of 

terrorism rather than the actual risk. Parents who perceived the threat to be greater tended to be 

more stressed, more restrictive and communicate more with their child about terrorism related 

issues. 

5083.93 The influence of category concept on false memory of pupils, Xuanwen Liu, Xiaoyan 

Ju, Psychological Association of Zhejiang, China 

To observe the influence of category concept on false memory phenomenon of pupils, forty-eight 

3th,6th graders are involved in the experiment. Results show that there are false memory 

phenomenon of category concept by pupils. While there are some effects on false memory because 

of frequency of output dominance on category concept, the higher frequency of output dominance 

of key words, the more false memory phenomenon. It is not remarkable for false memory in 

different ages by pupils. 

5083.94 Aggressive verbal behavior of teachers in the high school in Cyprus, Koutsoulis 

Michalis, Intercollege,Nicosia, Cyprus 

The objectives of the research focuses on the aggressive verbal behavior of the teaches in the high 

school classroom. Aggressive verbal behavior is studied for possible differences between groups 

and in relation to the level of optimism of the students. The study was conducted with 

questionnaires. A stratified random selection of 25 classrooms of 608 students within five high 

schools in Cyprus was selected. Students refer to aggressive verbal behavior in 6 basic categories, 

messages of authority, authority through grading, irony, low expectations, discrimination, and luck 

of interest from the teacher. Those categories are analyzed in relation to students’ characteristics. 

5083.95 On adaptation of deaf students, Tong Yongfeng, Yang You, College of Education & 

Science, Shenyang Normal University, China 

For a long time deaf students, as one of a minor special groups, have been seldom studied by most 

1260

mathematics achievement test and provides a subsidiary test for the evaluation of the performance 

of mathematics of grade 3rd. The data fit Three-Parameter Logistic Model by ANOTE software. 

To convert all parameters to the same scale, the research adopts Anchor-test design, and finish the 

item parameter equating. The cut-off score was determined by the bookmark method, 52 items are 

selected to constitute the formal test. The formal test information is 31.1548,SE=0.1267,which is 

accorded with the requirements of the item response theory. 

5083.100 A protocol study: Cognitive process of word-problem solving of elementary students 

with mathematics disabilities, Lee Xinyu, Lee Weijian, China 

The word-problem solving process was examined by protocol study with 45 different types of 

students selected from grades 2-4 of an elementary school. The results showed: (1) not all MD 

students experienced all the four stages advocated by Mayer (1992). (2) most of the MD students 

did not base their plans on the situation described in the problem, but on some improper strategies. 

(3) in grade 2, MD students did worse than general students in combine, change and compare 

problems, but in grade 4, they did worse only in compare problems. (4) general students used 

more meta-cognitive strategies than MD students. 

5083.101 Studies in the personality type for leadership in China, Ao Xiaolan, China 

This article is in terms of positive research, with MBTI, the revised Chinese edition, as a tool. 

Collecting the information of leadership, amounts to 745, from east, west and middle part of China, 

as the research object, the researcher draws of the personality types for different leadership in 

distribution situation, men and women's, different ages, service grade, unit's nature, job possession, 

academic credentials. What has been drawn in conclusion for leadership in China is the inclination 

to the type ESFJ and to the dimensions Sensing, Feeling and Judging. 

5083.102 Self concept features of students major in art management, Ma Huawei, Yanhong Yang, 

China, Tianjin Conservatory of Music, China 

Adopting a question ‘Who I Am?’, responses in 20 statements were collected from a sample of 

150 art management students. According to the data, emphasis is usually laid on their mental- as 

well as social -self. cognition and evaluation. When it comes to ideal self concept, more found in 

female subjects, individualistic and imaginary tendency is apparent, which is correlated with their 

art major. Moreover, students from urban area value sincere and friendly atmosphere more, while 

those from rural area tends to be ambitious and esteem-seeking. The above founding is of value 

for better students orientation and socialization. 

5083.103 Physiological reactions to stress by individuals with high and low state anxiety levels, 

Ivakhnenko Pavel, Evgenija Baturina, Moscow State University, Dep. of Psychology, Russia 

The present research has been done into the relationship between reactions to stress evoked by 

cognitive tasks and emotional status by the methods of evoked potentials, spectral and coherent 

analysis of raw EEG and psychodiagnostical testing. Forty healthy individuals were tested during 

the study. In the course of the experiment, the functional state was varied by difficulty of cognitive 

and sensomotorical tasks and time pressure. The following parameters were recorded: EEG, SCR, 

EKG, Respiration Frequency and blood vessels response. The analysis of the data has revealed 

correlations between physiological data and psychological testing results. 

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5083.104 The related factors of the development of social creative personality, Gu Chuanhua, 

Huichang Chen, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China 

In this historiometric study, the related factors of the development of social creative personality of 

30 Chinese celebrities who died after 1840 were investigated using the revised Personality 

Adjective Checklist (Huang, et al., 1992) and self-designed coding scheme of related factors 

according to related historical materials. The results indicated that the development of personality 

throughout the life was influenced by the family background, educational experience, career 

experience and social participation. Regression Analysis showed that the factors could predict the 

social creative personality at different degree during childhood and adolescence, early adulthood, 

middle adulthood and late adulthood respectively. 

5083.105 On characteristics of feelings of academic success in youths, Yang Xiujun, Keqin 

Kong, Jinghai Liu, No.8 Middle School, Zhabei, Shanghai, China 

The current research studied the correlations of feelings of academic success (FOAS) with 

personality, self-esteem, psychological heath and positive behavior and analyzed the importance 

of FOAS. The results reveal: there is close relation of FOAS with above variables. The person 

with high FOAS exhibit extroversion with stable emotion and little anxiety, and they are hardly 

bigoted, rough or hardhearted, while with high self-esteem, little psychological symptoms, 

positive behavior; the person with low FOAS show these characteristics by contraries. There were 

no significant differences in grade on FOAS, but females reported significantly higher FOAS than 

male. 

5083.106 Personality development al poverty levels: Study with Peruvian women community 

leaders, Ráez Matilde, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, Peru 

Our study is an attempt to understand personality development within Poverty context and how 

personality can maintain consistency and coherence within underprivileged systems. Specific 

objectives focused on: Studying stability and change in groups from Adolescence to Late 

Adulthood. Studying cognition, affect, self perception, interpersonal relationships, control and 

stress tolerance processes. The methodology utilised allowed us to compare samples from a dual 

perspective: longitudinal based and cross-sectional on developmental psychology guidelines. 

Results will be presented regarding gender aspects, love and sexual relationships, work and 

motherhood, as well as regarding structural and personality traits and psychological significance. 

5083.107 Study on college students’ values system and tendency, Wang Yanping, Xu Yan, 


Objective: This study was supposed to investigate college students’ values system and tendency. 

Method: 296 college students were investigated by Questionnaire of College Students’ Values. 

Results: Firstly, the five major elements of college students’ values system were feeling, study and 

career, self, healthy, and wealth; It showed apparent characteristic of levels. Secondly, college 

students’ special values system major consisted of feeling, self, money and healthy. Thirdly, 

whatever at present or in the future, college students all emphasized their characteristic, self 

shaping and achievement. But study were more important at present and in the future was career. 

Lots of students hoped they would have successful career, prosperous family. In order to achieve 

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ecome significantly less fair in their actions when the identity of the recipient is unknown, and 

when outcomes are uncertain. Implications for genuine altruism and justification of selfish 


5083.112 Counseling multiracial/multi-heritage individuals, Oliver Lisa, San Jose State 


What society perceives to be a person's race/ethnicity may have a very powerful influence on the 

individual's racial/ethnic self-identification and identity formation. With the growing population of 

multiracial/multi-heritage individuals in the world, counselors and educators need to be prepared 

to help multiraical/multi-heritage individuals to meet this daily challenge. 

5083.113 The pursuit of self-constructed goals in Chinese societies, Wei Chih-Fen, Taiwan, 

China 

In Chinese societies, people are expected to put priority on role responsibility over personal goals. 

Thus, the pursuit of self-constructed goals is encouraged only after individuals fulfill those 

social-constructed goals first. In this study, the main purpose was to examine the relationship 

between self-constructed and social-constructed goals above. Subjects had to respond to three 

scenarios. In each scenario, the self-constructed goal might be compatible or incompatible with 

social-constructed goal. When these two kinds of goals were compatible, it enhanced more 

positive emotions, and made the actor get more face and social support from family members. As 

the actor chose self-constructed goals instead of social-constructed ones, he might lose face and 

family’s support. 

5083.114 A study on psychological qualities of art managers, Li Shaodong, Huawei Ma, China, 

Tianjin Conservatory of Music, China 

The study is conducted in three parts: 1.Interviewing 36 experienced art managers on ‘What 

qualities are significant towards successful art management?’ 2. Questionnaire conducted amongst 

art workers concerning ‘What qualities mark a good art manager?’ 3. Testing the above 36 

experienced art managers with Cattell 16PF Questionnaire. Two conclusions can be made: first, 

findings from part one and two are highly correlated with that from part 3; second, qualities 

including extraversion, independence, openness to change, sensitivity and vigilance usually mark 

a good art manager. 

5083.115 Research on the leave-or-stay choice of college students in the time of SARS, Hong An, 

Qinhua He, Lang Chen, Shuyue Zhang, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China 

This research investigates the college students' choice of leaving their campus or staying when 

SARS broke out in Beijing in 2003. We used a questionnaire to get the general information. The 

results show that the fear of the disease is the most crucial factor of leaving. We find differences 

on temporal feelings, decision-making style, the influences of SARS on life and study, attitudes 

towards colleges, and effects of social support between the students of opposite choices. The 

results also show that social support plays an important part in their feelings. The causes of 

differences are discussed in each section. 

5083.116 Belief revision in communication, Henst Jean-Baptiste Van der, Hugo Mercier, 

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Institut des Sciences Cognitives, France 

What do we do with information received from communication? Clearly, a great deal of our 

knowledge comes from communication and one is likely to be trustful towards communicated 

information. However, communication can be used to manipulate others. Hence, being cautious 

with communicated information reduces the risk of acquiring false beliefs. Results from two 

experiments show that people are less likely to revise an initial set of beliefs obtained on their own 

when it is contradicted by communicated information, than to revise an initial set of beliefs 

obtained by communication when it is contradicted by information obtained on their own. 

5083.117 A follow-up study to examine the current state, causes, and effects of school violence, 

violence prevention programs in Ontario secondary schools, Peter Yee-Han Joong, Nipissing 

University, Ontario, Canada 

This study examines current state of violence and prevention in Ontario schools. Questionnaire 

surveys (principals, teachers and students) at 24 sample schools. Preliminary results: 1) 40% felt 

“moderate amount” of violence. 2) Causes were put-downs, peer-pressure, frustrations, bullying, 

drugs and gang. 3) 60% of students experienced verbal harassment and physical threats. 15% were 

sexually harassed, 40% claimed that gangs were involved. 4) Suggestions for prevention: Students 

avoid incidents and encourage others to stop. Teachers teach students to stop. Implement programs: 

peer mediation, anger management, assembly to promote safe schools and use curricular materials 

to promote violence prevention. 

5083.118 Help from the neighborhood gods: A pilot project to reduce religious prejudice, Silva 

Anthony Da, De Nobili College, India 

Tensions and occasional violence between Hindus, Moslems and Christians in India point to 

prejudices in inter-group relations. Religious identities and negative stereotypes of out-groups are 

vital. A pilot project was designed based on Allport’s contact hypothesis. Christian students (N= 

65) attended religious services of Hindus and Moslems in neighborhood temples and mosques and 

interacted with the worshippers. Self-report data indicate that negative stereotypes and perceptions 

of the Christian students vis-à-vis these outgroups change in a positive direction. Contact and 

exposure seem to contribute to prejudice reduction. 

5083.119 The psychology of volunteerism: Kapwa and nation- building, Aguiling-Dalisay Grace, 

Jay Yacat, National Association of Philippine Psychology/University of the Philippines Diliman 

Formal volunteering is a growing means for nation-building in the Philippines. Individual 

volunteering is motivated by altruism and self-development, mediated by circumstancial factors of 

time, family and the environment. Sustainability of service through volunteers organizations is 

dependent of the ability of volunteer managers to provide an environment where volunteers can 

fulfill their individual mission of serving the underpriviledged and empowering disadvantaged 

communities on a sustainable basis. The concept of kapwa, the self in relation to others, provides 

an understanding of the dynamics operative in the sustainability of individual volunteering in 

organizations. 

5083.120Educational level: An estimator variable in eyewitness free recall performance, Gao Wu, 


1266

There are many studies about eyewitness identification and several system variables and estimator 

variables were found. A free recall test was conducted in the first experiment and educational level 

was found to be a new estimator variable in eyewitness free recall performance. A FFD design 

about 6 system variables was conducted in the second experiment. Result was examined using 

hierarchical regression. Target presentation, delay and the interaction between instructions and 

simultaneous vs sequential lineups significantly influenced choosing performance. Target 

presentation and the interaction between instructions and delay show significant level of 

influences in testimony reliability. Low educational subjects showed more biased confidence when 

testified. 

5083.121 Chinese psychologists in criminal modification: Functions and ethic conflicts, Wang 

Enjie, Guoan Yue, Department of Social psychology, Nankai University, China 

Along with the attitude towards criminal transiting from punishment to modification, since 1980s 

Chinese psychologist gradually entered the field of criminal remedy. They functions concerning 

the following aspects: inmate classification management, parole evaluation in the psychological 

sense, psychological prediction of inmate deviance, inmate psychological assessment, and inmate 

psychological modification. Two difficulties facing Chinese psychologists in this field are: how to 

assess their work performance and how to deal with inmate rights related-issues. Due to various 

factors, ethic conflicts arise from the following dillema Chinese psychologists encountered: which 

role they should take societal agent or inmate speaker. 

5083.122 Reason in the jury box: An investigation of jurors’ conception of the reasonable person 

standard and effects on judgments, Taylor Tanya, Harmon Hosch, The University of Texas at El 

Paso, USA 

The reasonable person standard requires jurors to render verdicts about liability based on how a 

reasonable person of ordinary prudence who acts with due regard for the safety of others would 

behave in similar situations. This study explored juror rationale of the reasonable person standard 

based on three theoretical perspectives: prospect theory, evolutionary psychology, and 

philosophy-of-mind models. Mock jurors rendered verdicts in a negligence case after which the 

rationale for their decision was assessed. Analyses revealed jurors differentially interpret the 

reasonable person standard. Jurors’ decisions were also examined with respect to their personal 

evaluations of the plaintiff and defendant. 

5083.123 Culture and affective processes: Some Indian perspectives, Misra Girishwar, 


The eco-cultural context of India offers unique scenario of continuity and change in the life 

experiences at physical, mental and spiritual levels. At the same time the traditional wisdom 

enshrined in texts presents a rich discursive account of affective processes. With this in view an 

appraisal of the state of theoretical-empirical work dealing with different facets of affect, 

particularly those pertaining to emotional and motivational processes in India is presented. It is 

concluded that the Indian world view engaging self processes as well contextual factors emerge 

central to the shaping of affective life and well-being of the people. 

5083.124 The conceptualization of mental illness in Ethiopia: A survey of attitudes, beliefs and 

1267

practices, Monteiro Nicole, Howard University, USA 

This study examines the attitudes, beliefs and practices regarding mental illness in Ethiopia. 

One-hundred and fifteen urban and rural Ethiopian participants were surveyed in the Amharic 

language about their perceptions of mental illness. They fell into three occupational categories: 

laypersons, healthcare workers and traditional healers. The research questionnaire was comprised 

of open-ended questions about the definition and symptoms of mental illness, beliefs about its 

causes and treatment preferences. The hypotheses that there would be a significant association 

between occupational classification, place of residence and education and the use of spiritual, 

psycho-cultural and socio-economic explanations of illness were partially supported. 

5083.125 The national approbation mentality and the national origin approbation, Piao Tai-zhu, 

Communist, China 

Through making the social investigation on the six Korean villages surnamed Piao in Hebei and 

Liaoning province of China and analysing correlative historic literature, beginning with the 

relation between the national approbation mentality and the national origin, the thesis discusses 

the national approbation mentality, which has not only much close contact with his own national 

origin and the ancestral approbation but also the aggregate, long-term and obstinate qualities. 

After more than 350 years, it is a typical instance that more than 1800 villagers in the 

above-mentioned six villages requested to renew their Korean ethnic people. 

5083.126 The significance of Dhyana for psychological therapy, Xinjian Wang, Shufen Xu, 

Nankai University, Tianjin, China 

Dhyana is crystallization of Indian rationalism, meditation and Chinese characters. It is a practical 

method about humanity, in which people could fulfill their ideal personalities. Dhyana emphasizes 

the following elements or stages: the establishment of belief, profund insight and psychological 

experience, acquirement of the 'self', practices in daily life, from self to non-self and going 

towards the beyond. Dhyana has some points same as psychoanalysis, but it stresses satori, 

experience in daily practice and self-dependence. These make Dhyana different from such west 

concepts as rational inference, arguemental form and external help, and be an important 

complement of psychological therapy system. 

5083.127 The analysis of mental state in career choice of China college graduates, Sun Li, 

Guochun Shi, Huairong Mu, Shenyang Normal University, China 

The crux to taking up a career lies in whether China college graduates can succeed in 

accomplishing the career choice. During college graduates choose the career,there are many 

unhealthy mental states, including contradictory, self-abased, self-conceited and setback mental 

etc. Especially in female college graduates, they are influenced by Chinese tradition culture, hence, 

there are more unhealthy mental state graduates in them. The paper attempted to analyse and study 

their psychological factors in the career choice and what lead to it, which aimed at being able to 

assist them to choose career successfully and healthily. 

5083.130 The relationships between face and self-esteem in Japanese culture, Lin Chunchi, Eri 

Shigemasu, The University of Tokyo 

In cross-cultural literature, why and how Asians show inconsistent self-esteem and self-evaluation, 

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at least apparently, remains unanswered. The present study proposes that the concept of face is a 

key to understand the relationship between self-esteem and the presentation of self in cultural 

contexts. It is hypothesized that (a) perceived self-efficacy in managing face in everyday life 

affects individuals’ self-esteem; (b) cultural values determine the aspects of face that are 

emphasized in the interpersonal relationships. This study attempted to test the hypotheses by using 

snowballing sampling among the Japanese undergraduates. The results will be discussed from the 

perspective of indigenous psychology. 

5083.131 Asheke, a life walker: An etnopsychological approach, Cordova Alberto, Universidad 

Ricardo Palma, Peru 

It is proposed a model in order to analyze a cultural background of people across time and the 

making of their personality. It is pointed out the ancient Peruvian belief named KUTEQ (back to 

nature) to make feasible an analysis of whatever have came in contact during one's lifetime: 

neighborhoods, tows, places. An special emphasis is made with people because it is attempted a 

warm and delicate evaluation. Asheke, the one who could make possible the Kuteq experience, as 

old Peruvian belief state, helps bring to memory parents, friends. It is proposed Kuteq construct as 

an etnopsychological tool. 

5083.132 A study on the mental health lever and its influencing factors of female teachers in 

universities in Liaoning Province of China, Mu Huairong 1 , Li Xu 2 , Sun Li 2 , 1 Shenyang Normal 

University, China, 2 Education department Shenyang Normal University, China 

The SCL-90 is used to examine the mental health situation of over 150 female teachers in 

universities in Liaoning Province. And an additional personal interview questionnaire uniquely 

designed in regard to the factors affecting their mental health also be used. The results indicates 

that female teachers have more problems than average in mental health. These mental health 

problems are essentially focused on somatization, interpersonal sensitivity, anxiety, depression. 

And the problems become more and more serious with age, especially among the teachers with 

higher academic records and lecturers. The major influencing factors of female teachers also be 

investigated. 

5083.133 Study on entrepreneur’s mental health, Yu Wenhong, Shenyang Normal University, 

China 

Study on entrepreneur’s mental health Wenhong YU (Shenyang normal university Shenyang 

110034) Abstract entrepreneur’s mental health is an important aspect of their quality. There are 

common and unique characteristics of mental health between entrepreneur and others. 

Entrepreneur’s mental problems typically present symptoms of physical- mental health, 

interpersonal relationship, professional behavior problems and so on. The reasons for these 

problems include social, professional and individual factors. The study suggests that mental health 

should be maintained and improved from the level of social system, family and individuals based 

on the results of assessment and treatment. Key words entrepreneur, mental health, mental quality. 

5083.134 A study of mental health on military people at high altitude and its correlative factors, 

Liu Bo, China 

Objective: To understand mental health and its related factors in soldiers. Methods: A total of 267 

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adaptive behaviors and incapacitate the individual. The objective was: To know the common 

psychosocial risk factors of suicidal attempt in Pakistani population. Used structured interview, 

Suicide Probability Scale (SPS), and a socio/societal scale were administered on 144 subjects. 

Sample comprised of 72 psychologically disturbed patients who made attempt(s) before one year 

and non-suicidal group. Result revealed that suicidal subjects tend to experience a higher level of 

stress; hopelessness; negative self evaluation; hostility; suicidal ideation; more family problems; 

low peer relationships and higher societal pressures. 

5083.139 The correlates of personality trait and anxious level, Qu Wei, Yuan-Yuan Qing, 

Clinical Psychological Counseling Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, 

China 

To study the personality traits of Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) patients, 100 GAD patients 

meeting the criteria of CCMD-3 were administrated with Cattell 16 Personality Factor 

Questionnaire (16PF) and Self-rating Anxiety Scale (SAS). Comparing with norm, the score of all 

factors excepting factor N was significantly higher in GAD patients. There were significantly 

negative correlations between SAS score and factor C, E, and F, and positive correlation with 

factor Q4. The results suggested that low emotional stability, low dominance, low liveliness, and 

high tension are typical characteristics in anxiety patients. 

5083.140Unusual mentality of graduating student, Wang Xin, Psychology And Behavioral Center, 


Facing the choice of life in going on studying or looking for job, the graduating students are 

exciting or worry too much. This essay applies the theory of psychology and the experience of 

myself. It begins to analyze the unusual mentality in exam and concludes six aspects about 

unusual mentalities that the graduating students usual meet. It also finds three causes of unusual 

mentality and draws a conclusion of four ways in forming the excellent diathesis. This essay gives 

the benefit help to form the excellent diathesis and offer the useful help so as to develop the 

graduating student’s potential. 

5083.141 Job burnout in psychological counselors, Chen Lang, Shuyue Zhang, Jiang Jiang, 

Yan Xu, Qinghua He, Beijing Normal University, China 

171 psychological counselors were tested by MBI-HSS. The Result were as follows:(1) In the 

aspects of demographic variables, male experienced higher cynicism and greater personal 

accomplishment; Younger counselor experienced higher emotional exhaustion; Counselors whose 

job experience in one year experienced higher cynicism and lower accomplishment; Marital status 

and education had no effect on the job burnout significantly.(2) As their hours of counseling per 

week increased, they scored higher in cynicism. (3) Counselors working in the hospital reported 

greater cynicism than the counselors in the school. 

5083.142 Cognitive-behavioral-emotional expression: Group training for student’s social anxiety, 

Yang Mei, Capital University of Economics and Business, China 

8 students who suffer from social anxiety were treated with Brief 

Cognitive-Behavioural-Emotioinal Expression Group Therapy(CBEGT). CBEGT is comprised of 

four components: 1)Teaching students to analysis and identify irrational thinking and 

1271

econstructing rational thinking. 2)Emotion expression training. 3) Practicing problem-solving 

skills. 4)Behavior-training in reality or imaging situation. Time: 10 times, once a week, about 8 

persons per time, 1.5hours per time. Before and after the treatment, all the group members are 

required to carry on SCL-90, SAD, BDI, ATQ etc., tests. The result indicated that: 1). CBEGT for 

correction social anxiety can achieve satisfactory result; 2).The western’s psychotherapy theory 

and techniques are suitable to Chinese student as well. 

5083.143 The application of solution-focused brief counseling in school settings, Zhang 

Yingping, graduate association, China 

Solution-focused brief counseling is a brief counseling model developed in recent years and 

spreading rapidly all over the world. This paper explores the powerful applicability of the 

application of solution-focused brief counseling in school settings and the combinability of its 

theory with other theories on the basis of wide research on the outcome research in and abroad. 

Besides, this paper is intend to define a model combining family counseling, systemic approaches, 

and educational practice to serve our school counseling, and put forward some problems and 

proposal about it. 

5083.144 Making questionnaire of mental guidance idea for, Sun Binghai, Department of 

Psychology, Zhejiang Normal University, China 

This article first defined the construct of mental guidance idea, based upon previous literature and 

interview of primary and middle school teachers. This questionnaire was composed of ultimate 

idea of mental guidance and instrumental idea of mental guidance. It was used to analyze idea of 

134 primary teachers and 81 middle school teachers. Items were conducted by factor analysis, and 

forty-four items were identified. This questionnaire was tested to be reliable and valid enough to 

be applicable to measure Primary and middle school teacher’s idea of mental guidance. 

5083.145 Anxiety about war and terrorism in Australian schoolchildren, Grau Juliet, Helen 

Winefield, University of Adelaide, Australia 

High-school students living in South Australia (N=92, mean age = 15.2 years) responded to a 

self-report questionnaire about their anxiety regarding current world issues of war and terrorism. 

Participants also provided information about their social support from family and teachers, and 

about their levels of psychological distress. Occasional or more frequent anxiety about war and 

terrorism was reported by 90% of respondents, and was correlated with female sex, general 

anxiety level, low satisfaction with social support from both family and teachers, and low 

satisfaction with opportunities to discuss the issues. Schoolteachers could reduce anxieties by 

fostering informed discussion. 

5083.146 Improving the mental state of the freshman through the exploration of self-growth, Xie 

Nianxiang, Psychology Department, Heilongjiang University, China 

This study carried on the training of self-growth to the freshman through the group counseling. 

This training included self-cognition, feeling others, establishing relation, sympathy, 

self-expression, life value exploration, role playing and helping each other. Before and after the 

training, the tested group and the contrasted group did the SCL - 90, Self- Harmony Scale, Life 

Adaptation Scale, Acceptance of Others respectively. The result showed that the tested group 

1272

improved obviously. Group counseling was an effective method for shortening the time of 

adaptation and improving the mental state of the freshman. 

5083.147 Counselors’ implicit theory: How does the implicit beliefs affect their the counseling 

process, Liu Yiling, Xiaoming Jia, Counseling Center, Beijing Institute of Technology, China 

Objective: To explore the role of implicit beliefs in clinical practice among Chinese counselors. 

Method: Using Qualitative method, homogeneity sampling and convenient sampling methods, 

four counselors who work in the university counseling center in Beijing were interviewed. The 

NVIVO software was used for the transcript coding. Result: Counselors’ implicit private beliefs 

did influence their counseling process. They can easily accept their clients unconditionally if they 

can accept themselves deeply. It’s easier to be empathy if the counselor has the same personal 

experience with the clients. 

5083.148 The I Ching and psyche-body connection, Ma Shirley See-yan, International 

Association of Analytical Psychology, Diplomate, Carl G. Jung Institute, Zurich, Switzerland, 

Canada 

This paper will present a Jungian psychoanalytic interpretation of the I Ching, Traditional Chinese 

Medicine and Chinese Alchemy to show an integrated form of psychotherapy inherent in Chinese 

culture. This paper highlights the advantages of psycho-somatic integration in Chinese medicine 

and the role emotion plays in psychological healing. The contribution of Taoism and in particular 

the Inner Elixir tradition in the development of the subtle body for ego consciousness will be 

explored. The analytical approach toward the psyche and the unconscious as developed by Swiss 

Psychiatrist, Dr. Carl G. Jung will be illustrated by dream work. Includes clinical case 

presentations. 

5083.149 Psychotherapy treatment of torture survivors, Bovbjerg Anne, Peter Berliner, Anne 

Bovbjerg, Malin Wiking, Elisabeth naima Mikkelsen, MA student in Psychology, Denmark 

A model of brief-therapy to the rehabilitation of survivors of torture and organised political 

violence will be presented. The model includes both narrative and body oriented therapeutic 

approaches to the treatment of trauma. In addition, the article contains an evaluation of the 

brief-therapy project, exposing the tendencies of the treatment effectiveness. The tendencies are 

that despite the fact that the treatment did not notably reduce the symptom experienced by the 

clients, many had, due to the treatment found new and better ways of dealing with their pain and 

experienced a increased sense of managability and meaningfulenss in daily life. 

5083.150 Sleep transition process analysis, Guimao Lin, Zhongle Yang, Brain Cognitive Science 

Lab. of South-Central University for Nationalities, China 

There is ample evidence to suggest manipulation of pre-sleep cognitive activity can change sleep 

onset latency. But strategies to maintain occupying cognitive space and reduce pre-sleep unwanted 

thoughts by positively imaging always lead to imagery either too exciting to create autonomic 

arousal, or not interesting enough to suppress unwanted pre-sleep thoughts. The present research 

demand participants react to a series of tones to blank the cognitive space, and stop the thoughts. 

The tone intervals are adjusted by embedded system on wrist. The result indicates the method can 

shorten sleep onset latency clearly, and replication and durability of efficacy are better. 

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5083.151 Psychological therapy reconciling the East and the West, Yu Ronglin, Department of 

Social psychology, Nankai University, China 

Tracing Jung’s dialogue with the I Ching, thanks to Jung’s unique interpretation, this paper 

highlights the psyche-mending aspect of it with Jung’s key concepts: Union of Yin and Yang, 

archetype at the core, indicates man’s primordial inner drive; sychronicity, the acausal rule, clears 

man’s cognitive mist by expanding beyond western causal limitation; individuation, a process of 

self exploring, is made possible as the hexagram texts tend to expose man’s psychological 

blindspots, leads to better coping, examples testifying which are given. To sum up, interactions 

between Jung and the I Ching reconcile both eastern and western efforts towards better 

soul-caring. 

5083.152 On mental health of college teachers, Mu Huairong 1 , Xu Li 2 , Li Sun 2 , 1 Education 

Department of Shenyang Normal University, China, 2 Shenyang Normal University, Liaoning, 

China 

Mental health of college teachers is concerned directly with the development of high education. 

Mental health problems of college teachers are essentially focused on physical-psychological 

symptoms, interpersonal sensitivity, professional problems and burnout. The major factors which 

influenced the mental health of college teachers are social factors, professional factors which 

include the occupational stress, interpersonal relation in college, management in college, and 

personal factors especially personality aspect such as self-assessment, negative life events, coping 

style, knowledge about mental health. Some approaches dealing with these questions also be put 

forward to improve teachers’ mental health. 

5083.153 Role of spirituality in health: East-west comparision, Sehgal Meena, Panjab University, 

Chandigarh, India 

The quest for health, harmony and happiness is universal. The Indian culture has given rise to 

practices that have relevance for stress reduction, health promotion and self development. Indian 

psychology is different from what we know in western psychology. Indian psychology may be 

interpreted as psychology of transcendence which implies overcoming the existential constraints 

of one's body-mind complex (Rao,2003).The author interviewed spiritual leaders to gain access to 

Indian cognitions of health and disease. The model of health thus generated was compared to 

western model of health. The complementary and different aspects of the two systems have been 

reviewed to generate a comprehensive intergrated model of health. 

5083.154 Coping and survival in “homeless children” of metropolitan Lima, Wosan Aurea 

Carmela Alcalde, Sociedad Interamericana de Psicología, Asociación Psicológica Americana, 

Peru 

To achieve to identify resources and processes that homeless children of metropolitan Lima (Peru) 

must allocate daily in order to cope with survival situations, we compared the coping profiles of 

two groups of children: Homeless Children (30) and Home Children (30) through the 

Rorschach-Exner Comprehensive System. Data were collected among 60 male children, aged 11, 

12 and 13 years. Findings report significant differences in the Coping Style and in the Coping 

Deficit Index (CDI). Coping style presents a very peculiar characteristics of pseudo-control, 

1274

elated to personal fragility associated to an overload of expectations and demands among their 

needs. 

5083.155 The role of cultural practices in employees’ stress in Nigeria, Ekore John, Department 

of Psychology, University of Ibadan, Nigeria 

The contemporary organisation involved in continuous improvement makes much demands on 

employees than ever (Ekore, 2001). There are however, cultural practices that are perculiar to the 

Nigerian society which cannot be separated from the employee as he or she comes to work. Some 

of them are the "extended family practice and being ones brother's keeper", Significant as they are, 

they could play significant role(s) in the stress a worker experience. The roles are presented in the 

study. 

5083.156 Women’s stress: A study of factors contributing to women’s well-Being, Michailidis 

Maria 1 , Michael Koutsoulis 1 , Evi Parpa 2 , 1 Intercollege (University College) Cyprus, 2 Elpida 

Foundation, Cyprus 

This study attempted to bridge the research gap that exists in the women’s stress literature, by 

examining through survey research methodology the degree to which Cypriot women experience 

stress, given the multiple stressors that surround them. It explored what factors including family 

structure, work requirements, economic conditions, family support, and socio-political changes, 

are related to stress as measured by: “Stress Scale for Women. Randomly, 800 women were 

surveyed. A statistical design utilizing statistical correlations, analysis of variance, factor analysis 

was utilized. Preliminary results have high-lighted factors that increase stress in women’s lives 

which impact negatively their health and effective functioning. 

5083.157 Abdominal breathing is helpful for mental calmness and health recovery, Tang Yiyuan 1 , 

Kele Yan 2 , Yuejuan Zhang 2 , 1 Institute of Neuroinformatics, Dalian University of Technology & 

Lab for Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, 2 Lab for 

Psychophysiology, Educational College of Hebei Normal University, China 

Based on our research for years, we found that abdominal breathing could reduce heart rate, 

increase T-wave and finger temperature, improve microcirculation. Abdominal breathing could 

also reduce cardiovascular reactivity for anxiety patients. Abdominal breathing can massage 

organs in abdomen and accelerate gastroentero-creepage and enhance bile secretion. In conclusion, 

abdominal breathing can reduce the activity of sympathetic nerve system while increase 

parasympathetic nerve system activity. As a result, we use the abdominal breathing technique in 

our research for treating several psychosomatic disorders effectively. 

5083.158 Depression status and related factors in people at high altitude, Zhang Li, China 

Objective: To explore depression and its related factors in people at high altitude. Methods: A total 

of 267 people at high altitude were investigated with the self-rating depression scale, the 

automatic thoughts questionnaire, simplified coping style questionnaire, adolescent self-rating life 

events, social support evaluation scale and EPQ. Results: The rate of depression was 

51.56%.Multiple regression showed that automatic thoughts, positive coping, negative coping, life 

events, social support, psychoticism, extrovision and neuroticism had predictive value for 

depression. life events, neuroticism, positive coping and extrovision affected the level of 

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depression directly while automatic thoughts, psychoticism, social support and negative coping 

aggravated depression. 

5083.159 Conceptualizing curriculum design of death education from constructivist perspectives, 

Chen Shih-Fen 1 , Su-Ching Yang 2 , 1 National Chengchi University, Taiwan, China, 2 National Sun 

Yat-sen University, Taiwan, China 

The purpose of this paper is to conceptualize the curriculum design of death education from 

constructivist perspectives. The outline of this study is as follows: 1. review constructivism’s 

rationale, principles, pedagogy, explore its implications for curriculum work; 2. explore the 

meaning and objectives of death education; 3. develop curriculum model of death education based 

on constructivist framework. The paper will be useful in providing recommendation for related 

research regarding curriculum design and instruction of death education. It also provides a basis 

for further development of a series of training programs in life and death instruction. 

5083.160 A comparative study on the educating model of professional athletes between China and 

American, Zheng Jiuhua 1 , Xinghong Jiang 2 , Yuying Wang 3 , Shuhua Zhang 4 , 1 School of 

Educational Science, Shenyang Normal University, China, 2 sports Research Department of Basic 

Educational Center, Liaoning, 3 Shenyang Normal University; 4 School of Human Resource 

Development And Management, Shenyang Normal University, China 

As an unfavorable group in job searching, Athlete’s career plan has received a great deal of 

attention. As we all know, educating model plays an important role in career development of 

professional athletes. This research makes some comparative studies on educating model of 

professional athletes, including the educating goal, the training system, the structure of curriculum, 

the methods of teaching, the system of management etc, between China and American. Based on 

the analyzing about the different characteristics of educating model between China and American, 

we proposed a new educating model in which authorities can use to assist the professional athletes 

to plan their career. 

5083.161 The study on the relationship between the enterprise managers’ communication 

competence and the organizational commitment, Shi Guochun 1 , Shuhua Zhang 2 , Xiaoli Zhang 3 , 

Xinghong Jiang 4 , 1 Educational Science College, Shenyang Normal University, China, 2 School Of 

Human Resource Development And Management, Shenyang Normal University, 3 Shenyang 

Normal University, 4 shenyang Normal University, China 

The managers' communication competence is a very important factor that influences the enterprise 

management performance. This study, applying self-constructed “Questionnaire of manager’s 

communication competence” and “Questionnaire of employee Organizational commitment”, 

involving 429 enterprise managers and employee from the following cities: Shanghai, Shenyang, 

Guangzhou, Beijing, and Ningxia. The spss11.0 was used in the statistic. According to multiple 

stepwise linear regression analysis between communication competence and organizational 

commitment, the result revealed that communication competence has a positive prediction towards 

Organizational commitment. That is to say, Language-expressing competence of junior managers 

takes a positive role in Organizational commitment, so does management communication 

competence 

1276

5083.162 Study on the relationship between the ex-service athelets’ educated level and social 

adaptation, Zhang Xiaoli 1 , Xinghong Jiang 2 , guochun Shi 3 , Shuhua Zhang 4 , 1 school of 

educational science,Shenyang Normal University,liaoning, China, China, 2 Sports research 

department of basic educational center, Liaoning, China; 3 Shenyang Normal University,Liaoning, 

China; 4 School of human resource development and management, Shenyang Normal University, 

Liaoning, China 

Social adaptation is an essential psychological quality of human beings as well as an important 

phenomenon of social mind in their life, This article, aimed to find out whether the educated level 

influence the social adaptation, studied the relationship between the educated level and social 

adaptation of the ex-service athletes in Liaoning Province based upon a packet of questionnaires 

and theoretical analysis. The results indicated that there are significant differences on their social 

adaptation among the ex-service athletes on different educated level. That is to say, athletes with 

high educated level have higher social adaptation. 

5083.163 Research on the mechanism of 360-degree performance feedback, Feng Ming 1 , Jian 

Guo 2 , 1 Economic and Management of Chongqing University, China, 2 Sichuan International 

Studies University, China 

In this paper, using 264 student cadres in a university as subjects, the mechanism of 360-degree 

performance feedback was analyzed by a field experiment. The results showed: (1) The subject 

reduced their self-efficacy, value of the feedback-seeking behavior, the appraisal satisfaction and 

the improvement value of this feedback, and increased the cost of the feedback-seeking, when 

they received only the negative feedback;(2) 360-degree performance feedback could increase 

self-efficacy, induced the cost of feedback-seeking, and led to seeking more negative feedback and 

less positive feedback; (3) There was an interaction among the purpose of feedback, feedback sign 

and feedback sources in self-efface and cost of feedback-seeking. 

5083.164 Burnout and work engagement of engineers in South Africa, Malan Marna, Sebastiaan 

Rothmann, WorkWell Research Unit, North West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa 

The objective of this study was to test a casual model of burnout, of burnout and work engagement 

of engineers in South Africa. A cross-sectional survey design was used. A random sample of 

registered engineers in South Africa (N=369) was taken. The Maslach Burnout Inventory ?General 

Survey, Utrecht Work Engagement Scale, Life Orientation Test-Revised, and Job Characteristics 

Scale were administered. The results showed that job demands and a lack of job resources are 

related to burnout, while job resources are related to work engagement. Optimism moderated the 

effects of job demands and job resources on burnout and work engagement of engineers. 

5083.165 A study of the relationship between organizational communication status and 

employee’s tacit knowledge level, Wang Yuying 1 , Hua Fang 1 , Jiuhua Zheng 1 , Shuhua Zhang 2 , 

1 2 

College of Educational Science, Shenyang Normal University, China, School of Human 

Resource Development and Management, Shenyang Normal University, China 

The research focuses on the questions of the relationship between organizational communication 

status and employee’s tacit knowledge level in enterprises. Our research investigated 463 

employees from 8 enterprises in Liaoning province. This study conducted correlation and 

regression analyses to examine how communication influenced employee’s tacit knowledge level 

1277

«Standardized Nordic questionnaire » was used. 400 blue and white collar 

employees were recruited. Results: First multiple regression analyses showed that the PMP could 

be positively predicted by burnout and the job demands and negatively predicted by job 

satisfaction, self-esteem, and quality of working life. 

5083.179 The mediofrontal cortex in action regulation, Phan Luu 1, 2 , Don Tucker 1 , 1 Electrical 

Geodesics, Inc, USA; 2 University of Oregon, USA 

During the past several decades, identifying the role of the anterior cinuglate cortex (ACC) in 

executive functions has been an important goal for cognitive neuroscience researchers. Recent 

theories suggest that the role played by the ACC in executive functions is action monitoring, such 

as error or conflict monitoring. However, these theories neglect important observations 

implicating the involvement of the ACC in affective processing. Based upon our own work and 

accumulated evidence, we propose that the ACC is involved in affective evaluation of action 

outcomes, a view of ACC function that is consistent not only with data from human studies but 

also with data from animal learning studies. 

5083.180 Investigation on sleep status of college and high school students, Wei Chen 1 , Yuedi 

Shen 2, Guoxian Ding 3 , 1 Zhejiang University, China; 2 The Hangzhou Teachers College, China; 

3 

The Hangzhou Senior School, China 

Objective: To investigate the sleep status of college and high schools students. Methods: 

Pittsburgh sleep quality index were used as tools. Three groups of students from medical 

college(MC),senior school(SS) and junior school(JS) were surveyed. Result: In the group MC, SS 

and JS, the occurrence rates of sleep disorders were 27%, 62% and 54%,respectively,and in which 

the appearance rates of insomnia were 17%, 19% and 19%,longing for sleep were 10%,43% and 

35%. Conclusion: the students in high school showed higher rate of longing for sleep, and this 

implicated they fall short of sleep time greatly and siesta could improve their sleepy signs. 

5083.181 Cross-cultural cooperation between China and America in research, therapy and training 

using new methods and technologies, Yuhong He 1 , Judy Kuriansky 2 , Lena Verdeli 3 , Bill 

Tucker 2 , Fujan Liu 4 , 1 University of Delaware, USA; 2 Columbia University, USA; 3 Graduate of 

Deree College, Greece; 4 China Association of Mental Health, Beijing Branch, China 

The present study examines the psychological impact of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) 

by exploring the cognitive, emotional, behavioral responses and the interpersonal relationship 

changes due to the SARS epidemic among 187 Chinese health care workers from Shenzhen, Hong 

Kong, Hangzhou, Shanghai, and Beijing. The results indicates the positive effect of SARS on 

participants' intimate relationship and friendship, such as more communication and more value on 

interpersonal relationship. In addition, the study shows that health care workers received a lot of 

pressure due to their professions according to their self-report. Implications for further crisis 

intervention techniques in China are discussed. 

5083.182 From candlelight to starlight: (re-)discovering the gifted disadvantaged in South Africa, 

Jacobus Gideon Maree 1 , Jacobus Maree 2 , Maisha Molepo 2 , 1 University of Pretoria, South 

Africa; 2 University of Pretoria, South Africa 

One decade after the demise of the apartheid system in South Africa, there is still a vast gap 

1281

etween the learning experiences and achievements of black and white learners; the ratio 

achieving gifted: non-achieving gifted still unacceptable. Although the gifted disadvantaged in 

rural areas in South Africa are particularly hard hit, discourses about the gifted disadvantaged in 

rural areas are curiously absent from mainstream discussions in educational-psychological circles. 

In this paper, the possible value of a 'narrative' approach in identifying and facilitating career 

copunselling among the disadvantaged in the SA context will be highlighted. 

5083.183 Taoist methods of dissolving the self, Yiqi Zhou, Nankai University, China 

The self is the cornerstone of humanistic psychology, but from Taoist perspective, high-level of 

self-awareness can cause too much tension and broken mental balance. How to dissolving the self 

is the key of solving mental problem. Taoist methods include: mediation, purifying consciousness, 

halting concept-forming activities of the mind, identification with Oneness, dissolving the mind to. 

While Taoist thought emphasizing the value of the negative, the humanistic positive methods of 

actualizing the self must be complemented by Taoist negative methods of dissolving the self. 

5083.184 The needs for gender mainstreaming in Iranian organizations, Nasrin Jazani, Shahid 

Beheshti University, Iran 

Evaluating Gender Mainstreaming and Gender Equality knowledge of executive. Inclusion gender 

training in management training. Abolish sex Harassment and personal judgment toward working 

women. Hypotheses: -Gender discrimination stems from lack of management knowledge about 

Gender Mainstreaming and Gender Equality. -Hidden sex harassment exists. -Organizational 

culture rooted in tradition used against women. Methods: -Field research, using factor analysis 

technique. -Testing assumptions by general linear model technique. Conclusions: -Most male 

executives know nothing about Gender mainstreaming. -To promote role of women in sustainable 

development process, gender mainstreaming is needed. -Gender training can reduce Sex 

Harassment.. 

5083.185 Solution strategies for arithmetic problems in a Dutch national survey at the end of 

primary school, Cornelis M. Van Putten, Gabrielle Rademakers, Meindert Beishuizen, Jan 

Janssen, Leiden University, Netherlands 

A secondary analysis was carried out on a national survey of arthmetic at the end of primary 

education to found out which strategies were used by pupils to solve written arithmetic problems 

in the division domain. Two types of strategies prevailed: the traditional algorithm versus a new 

procedure based on repeated subtraction of divisor multiples, with the traditional approach 

resulting in more correct answers than the new approach. A significant minority of pupils only 

reported answers, often incorrect, without showing any workings, or just skipped a lot of problems, 

thus contributing to the rather modest pupil achievements in this survey. 

5083.186 Constructions of therapeutic bond in migrant patients and their therapists, Birsen 

Kahraman, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitaet Muenchen, Germany 

Therapeutic bond is known to be a crucial factor for psychotherapeutic success. Migrant patients 

in Germany are reported to be less suited for psychotherapeutic treatment and receive less therapy 

than Germans. This might be partially due to therapeutic bond since migrants are also more often 

ill for psychosomatic reasons, seek for repeated investigations at different experts (doctor 

1282

shopping) and are treated more often under unclear diagnoses with little outcome. By using 

Repertory-grid technique in our study we analyse contents of the psychotherapeutic bond 

construed by patients and their therapists. Case studies of migrant Turkish patients and their 

therapists are reported. 

5083.187 Study on the suitability of fighter aircraft oxygen mask, Xingwei Wang, Huajun Xiao, 

Baoshan Liu, Wei Zheng, Mingzhao Sun, Engineer Institute of Aviation Medicine, Air Force, 

China 

The performance of oxygen masks is crucial for pilot to manipulate aircrafts normally and 

efficiently. It is significantly influenced by the suitability to pilot. In order to improve the 

performance, the suitability of fighter aircraft oxygen masks was studied. 213 pilots were 

investigated, a new sellion-pogonion-zygion plane face locating and measuring method was 

founded, and 62 pilots were measured. A new 3-dimensional face figure analysis approach was put 

forward, and a new compartmentalizing method of mask types was set up. The mask-shape 

designing problem that directly influenced suitability was then discussed. 

5083.188 Skills development for long-life training, an experience of blended learning with 

pre-professionals, Virginia Arranz, Dolores Munoz, Marta Colomina, David Aguado, 

Almudena Rodriguez, Institute of Knowledge Engineering, Autonomous University of Madrid, 

Spain 

University students learn with the help of a teacher. Because of this, students lack the abilities to 

control their learning and to handle information. These skills are essential for the long-life training. 

40 students participated in an online training program. Participants were finishing their university 

studies and beginning to work. Training program was supported by a tutor in the classroom. 85 per 

cent of the students attended the lessons in the classroom whereas 68 % finished the online 

training program. This study explores the results on participation and student satisfaction. Also, 

the results obtained by the students are discussed. 

5083.189 Cross-cultural cooperation between China and America in research, therapy and training 

using new methods and technologies, Judy Kuriansky 1 , Helena Verdeli 2 , Kathleen Clougherty 2 , 

William Tucker 3 , David Kahn 4 , 1 Columbia University, USA; 2 Division of Clinical and Genetic 

Epidemiology College of Physicians and Surgeons, USA; 3 New York State Department of Mental 

Hygiene, USA; 4 Columbia College of Physicians and Surgeons, USA 

This session describes pioneer projects of cooperation between mental health professionals in 

China and America, including details of these projects and research methodologies to evaluate 

their effectiveness. The projects include (1) training in techniques of sex therapy, marital 

counseling, and Interpersonal Psychotherapy (IPT), (2) assessments in the face of emergency 

crisis, including SARS, WTC attacks in New York, and others, (3) techniques and assessment 

tools determining the needs of the geriatric population in Beijing and New York, (4) AIDS training 

and education with adolescents, and (5) the use of new technology in mental health training with 

specific emphasis on teleconferencing. 

5083.190 Interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT) for depression: introduction to principles and 

techniques, Helena Verdeli 1 , Kathleen Clougherty 2 , 1 New York State Psychiatric Institute, 

1283

Columbia University, USA; 2 Division of Clinical and Genetic Epidemiology College of 

Physicians and Surgeons, USA 

IPT is one of the most widely used evidence-based treatments for depression in the U.S. Basic 

principles and techniques of IPT for depression will be presented, together with evidence from 

randomized clinical trials for its efficacy with a number of patient populations and settings. 

5083.191New directions in the psychopharmacology of mood, David Kahn, Columbia University, 

USA 

The treatment of depression has benefited greatly from new generations of antidepressants 

introduced in the last 2 decades. We can categorize antidepressant medications based on several 

known mechanisms of action related to key neurotransmitter systems, primarily reuptake blockade 

of serotonin, norepinephrine, or both. Treatment response and safety can be optimized by 

knowledge of hepatic enzyme systems involved in the metabolism of antidepressants which vary 

among ethnic groups. Understanding these systems can help avoid untoward interactions with 

other medications, as well as assist the clinician in optimizing the dosage of the antidepressant. 

5083.192 Psychological monitoring of elementary education, Svetlana Kostromina, 

Saint-Petersburg University, Russian Federation 

The main aim of psychological monitoring is preservation of psychological health of children and 

insurance of favorable conditions for there personality development during education. Common 

theoretical principles of such working are (Elkonin D.B. 1981; Konovalova L.V.2000): - Early 

interference, when desadoptation mechanisms do not form yet; - Successions and cooperation in 

the system “teacher-psychologist”; - Conformity between the Program and stages of child’s mental 

development; - Prophylactic measures for children with minimum development disorders. 

Contents of the psychological monitoring Program must follow: - The children of “risk group” 

(diagnostic of mental capacities, which ensure successfulness of education); - Problems of school 

unsuccessful and indiscipline. 

5083.193 Chester 21st century skills and assessment center: A community-based intervention and 

student training experience, Jenette Mack-Allen, Claire Wolan-O'Connor, Krista Barbera, 

Robin Ward, Widener University, USA 

The Chester 21st Century Skills & Assessment Center was a collaborative community-based 

initiative designed to counter Chester’s underemployment dilemma. The clients engaged in a 

twelve-week intervention including psychological assessment, emotional competence mentoring, 

computer training, and job development and placement. Under supervison, students from Widener 

University’s Institute for Graduate Clinical Psychology (IGCP) administered the psychological 

assessments and developed, delivered, and evaluated the efficacy of the emotional competence 

portion of the intervention. Data collected from both the clients and the IGCP students suggests 

that there was mutual benefit gained from the interaction. 

5083.194 Postmodern perspective of psychotherapy and its implications, Shufen Xu, Xinjian 

Wang, Nankai University, China 

Postmodern psychotherapy paradigm which has developed since 8’s of the 20th century, is a form 

of postmodernism. It’s opposed to modern psychotherapy’s objectivism and put forward some 

1284

specific viewpoints about the knowledge’s nature; the criterion of knowledge; the knowledge’s 

structure and the function of language. Although there are much controversy over them in the 

psychotherapy circle, those viewpoints enable us to deeply think about some very important 

psychotherapy issues which include: promoting naturalization of psychotherapy; removing the 

unhuman trend of psychotherapy; thinking highly of the significance of culture in psychotherapy; 

improving the practical value of psychotherapy and so on. 

5083.195 Introduction of universal design in an international ancient city kamakura-accessibility 

improvement on the main road to a symbolic shrine from a railway station, Sadao Horino, 

Midori Mori, Kanagawa University, Japan 

Kamakura is not an easy city to access, although it is a famous historical city where the 3rd 

ancient capital was located at 13C.. This study deals with universal design practice in renaissance 

of an ancient city in modern age. A field study including observation of mass control against 2 

million visitors at the New Year days revealed that some 10% among 331 stores along the visiting 

road were ready to accept wheel-chaired visitors. Further suggestion by the study showed high 

necessity of friendly arrangement; smoothing a road surface gap, installing legible guide signs and 

multi-purpose toilet facility. 

5083.196 The symbol formats of airspeed, altitude and heading for military aircraft, Mingzhao 

Sun, Xiaochao Guo, Duanqin Xiong, Xuesong Ma, Li Yi, Air Force Institute of Aviation 

Medicine, China 

Airspeed, altitude and heading are of the critical flight data that a PFR shall provide for military 

aircraft. Three symbol formats of the data on HUD, i.e. analog scale, digital window and analog 

scale with digital window were dynamically designed and presented with computer program 

simulating military aircraft HUD in an aviation psychology experiment to select the favored 

format. 151 male pilots participated in the experiment and give their opinions about the formats. 

The results were found that the symbol format of the analog scale with digital window had the 

best performance and was approved by the pilots. 

5083.197 Is subjective contour perception preattentive? Xingshan Li, Kyle Cave, Univ. of 

Massachusetts Amherst, USA 

Whether subjective contour perception requires attention or not is a hot research topic for several 

years. Though a lot of works have been done on this topic, the discussion to this problem is still 

open. We approach this problem using a visual search paradigm. Unlike the usual visual search 

experiments that approach this problem, we compare the difference between performance of visual 

search task with subjective contour and that with real contour. The results of our experiment show 

that subjective contour perception requires attention. 

5083.198 Coping and defense mechanisms resources in young adults with cleft lif and/or palate, 

Martin Persson 1 , Henry Svensson 2 , Magnus Becker 2 , Olof Ryden 3 , 1 University of 

Lund/Folkuniversitetet, Sweden; 2 University Hospital, Sweden; 3 University of Lund, Sweden 

Examine if individuals with cleft lip and/or palate (CLP) have an altered coping resources and 

defense mechanisms secondary to their esthetic and functional handicap. A CLP group of 54 

young adults (m= 22 years) and a control group of 39 young adults (m=23 years) were examined. 

1285

The CRI and Bonds defense mechanism test were used to compare the groups self perceived 

coping and defense mechanism resources. The study revealed significant differences between the 

CLP and the control when the groups were divided by gender. The implication of the result is 

addressed with thoughts about future studies in this realm. 

5083.199 The development of cognitive and social verbal expression among children aged from 

3.5 to 6.5 years old and their correlations, Zheng Zhang, Chuanhua Gu, Huichang Chen, 

Beijing Normal School for Preschool Education, China 

The development of cognitive and social verbal expression and their correlations of randomly 

selected 107 young children aged from 3.5 to 6.5 years old from Fuzhou city of Fujian Province 

were investigated by the Cognitive Verbal Expression Test and the Social Verbal Expression Test. 

The results indicated that: 1. Most young children tended to describe an object from the exterior 

characteristic rather than from the interior characteristic; 2. Both the cognitive verbal expressive 

ability and social verbal expressive ability increased with age generally, however remarkable 

growth of them happened at different age. 3. They correlated positively with each other. 

5083.200 The trait anxiety of the national handball referees, Alexandro Andrade, Caroline Di 

Bernardi Luft, Fabiano Souza Pereira, University of the Santa Catarina State, Brazil 

This study investigated the trait anxiety of the national handball Brasilian referees (n=36), age= 33 

years old (-21, +51), arbitration experience= 12 years (-3+25). The trait anxiety was evaluated by 

the Trait Anxiety Inventory of Spielberger et al. (1979). The referees have an active lifestyle (30 

actives; 6 sedentary). The actives showed a level of anxiety about 43,6 (s=3,95) and the sedentary 

42 (s=5,02). The majority of actives (23/ 76,6%) scored middle to high anxiety. The sedentary 

ones scored in the same way. We concluded that the national handball referees has a low level of 

anxiety. 

5084 ORAL 


Chair: Lajos Izso, Hungary 

5084.1 Combining reduced dimension with BP Neural Network of estimating parameters in 

3PLM, Shuliang Ding, Yunlan Tan, Ruiming Xin, Fen Luo, Xijuan Wang, JiangXi Normal 

Unversity, China 

The reduced dimension method (RDM) is an important statistical technique. For estimating the 

parameters in 3-parameter Logistic model (3PLM) RDM is combined with BP Neural Network. 

Monte Carlo study shows that the item parameters estimation is more precise than the current 

prevailing software. The well-trained Neural Network can output the estimate value in field test 

and needs less number of examinees and items. The errors between estimate values and true 

values are very small. The experiment shows that the behavior of the simulation data drawn from 

normal distribution is better than those drawn from uniform distribution. 

1286

5084.2 INTERFACE: A computer-based methodology for monitoring mental effort during 

Human-Computer Interaction, Lajos Izso, Karoly Hercegfi, Budapest University of Technology 

and Economics, Department of Ergonomics and Psychology, Hungary 

Elementary steps of Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) like keystrokes, mouse-clicks, changes of 

screen content etc. are basic components of using information technological systems. Therefore 

examination methods capable of assessing users' mental effort corresponding to these elementary 

steps have great importance as make possible identifying weak points of interaction. A 

sophisticated methodology and related infrastructure was developed for monitoring mental effort 

during HCI based on recording and processing Heart Period Variability (HPV). The presentation 

will give an overview of psychophysiological fundamentals and several case studies will also be 

provided from telecom and software manufacturing companies, air traffic control and multimedia 

use. 

5084.3 Game based simulation: Using commercial game software in a military command and 

control exercise, Per Wikberg, Hakan Hasewinkel, Jenny Lindoff, Johan Stjernberger, Lars 

Eriksson, National Defence Research Agency, Sweden 

An exercise was conducted at a Ranger Regiment to evaluate the use of commercial PC-games as 

an environment to study military command and control (C2). The Regiment’s command post 

controlled three ranger units with the ordinary C2 systems. The ranger units completed their 

missions in virtual environments using commercial software. From one of the units the staff had 

access to real time information. The results indicate that real time information at higher levels of 

command does not necessarily lead to detailed command guidance. The study also indicates that 

commercial PC-games have great potential for exercises, tests and tactical applications. 

5084.4 Approaching toward the objects in computer simulation as a measure of implicit attitude, 

Aleksandra Fila-Jankowska, Konrad Jankowski, University of Gdańsk, Poland 

Background: The concept of implicit attitude and biological approach and avoidance system. Aims: 

measuring the behavioral tendency as result of implicit attitude. Methods: the moving figure on 

computer screen represents the participant. At bottom appear the visual or textual representations 

of tested objects. The task is moving immediately with computer mouse from the middle of screen 

toward chosen place. The extent of deliberation is limited with time pressure. The final distance 

from objects, time of movement and length of way are measured. Results: Indicator build of three 

measured parameters correlates with measures of explicit attitudes. 

5085 ORAL 


Chair: Song Yan, Germany 

5085.1 Effects of working memory load in word stem completion and cued recall, Josep 

Baqués 1 , Jeffrey S. Bowers 2 , 1 Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain, 2 University of Bristol, 

UK 

In three experiments the role of each of the components of the WM system (PL, VSSP and CE), in 

supporting priming for words was assessed. The effects of a verbal or a visual WM load at 

1287

encoding on both an implicit and an explicit test were compared. The results show no effect of 

memory load in any of the word stem completion tasks, suggesting that priming does not rely on 

working memory resources. By contrast, loading WM at encoding causes a significant disruptive 

effect on the cued recall test for words when the load is verbal but not visual. 

5085.2 An fMRI study of brain activity during short-term storage of learned and unlearned item 

pairs, Steven Phillips, Kazuhisa Niki, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and 

Technology (AIST), Japan 

We investigate the changes in brain activity associated with storing (for short intervals) learned 

and unlearned pairs of items. Subjects were scanned (fMRI) in four sessions spanning four months 

before, during and after learning to recognize pairs of novel figures. Between-session contrasts of 

learned pairs after minus before learning, and within-session contrasts of learned minus unlearned 

pairs revealed superior and middle temporal gyral activity. Contrasting unlearned minus learned 

pairs revealed activity in frontal and parietal lobes. These results suggest, "chunking" (learned 

representations for complex stimuli) in the temporal lobe releases short-term memory resources in 

the fronto-parietal lobes. 

5085.3 Binding in Visual-spatial Working Memory, Song Yan, Institute of Psychology, 

University of Goettingen, Germany 

Neuropsychological research has provided evidence that there is separate processing of object and 

spatial information by anatomically distinct subsystems. A change-detection paradigm with simple 

shapes at different locations was used to investigate the binding of visual and spatial information 

in working memory. The same-different judgments could be based on either one feature ‘location 

or identity’ or both features including binding information. The results indicate that spatial 

information is automatically involved in perceptual object recognition, whereas maintaining 

binding of objects with their locations in an allocentric coordinate system in working memory 

requires additional resources, perhaps at the expense of feature capacity. 

5085.4 The role of central executive and slavery systems in the working memory updating task, 

Zhenzhu Yue 1 , Ming Zhang 2 , Xiaolin Zhou 1 , 1 Department of Psychology, Peking University, 

China, 2 Department of Psychology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China 

This study examined the role of Central executive (CE) and slave systems using verbal and 

visuo-spatial WM updating tasks, by changing the number of items updated simultaneously to 

manipulate the load on CE. The results validated the efficiency of the paradigm and suggested that 

CE played an important role in the updating component of verbal WM while the phonological 

loop was responsible for the serial recall component. In spatial WM the visuo-spatial sketchpad 

and CE together dealt with the updating component, and the visuo-spatial sketchpad took charge 

of the serial recall component by itself. 

5086 ORAL 

Cognition 

Chair: Elias Mpofu, USA 

1288

5086.1 Conceptualization of creativity: Cross-cultural comparison between Polish and Chinese 

samples, Elisabeth Rudowicz 1 , Aleksandra Tokarz 2 , Andrzej Beauvale 2 , Katarzyna Zyla 2 , 

1 

Department of Applied Social Studies, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China, 

2 

Institute of Psychology Jagiellonian University Poland 

The formation and transmission of implicit concepts of creativity occurs through social and 

cultural contexts. This paper examines views on creativity and values attached to personal 

characteristics associated with the creative personality across two cultures. Polish (N = 609), Hong 

Kong, Taiwanese, and Mainland Chinese (N = 451) undergraduates were rated on 60 and 68 

adjectives, respectively for creativity and desirability. The results indicated that the Chinese 

perceived creativity in more pragmatic categories, whereas the Poles identified creativity with 

artistic and scientific activities. Poles focused more on the cognitive aspects of creativity, whereas 

the Chinese on the motivational aspects. 

5086.2 The relationship between inquiry study and creativity, Lifang Zhou, China 

Most studies on the inquire study in the past based on the view of pedagogy. This paper 

investigates the relationship between inquiry study and creativity from the psychological point of 

views. Torrance Test of Creative Thinking and Creativity Assessment packet were applied to 

compare Chinese language creative thinking ability as well as the creative aptitude between senior 

high school students with inquire study leaning. The results indicates: There were significant 

differences in Chinese language creativity thinking ability between students with inquiry study 

leaning and without inquiry study leaning, but differences in the creativity aptitude do not appear 

between the two groups. 

5086.3 Survey of the views on implicit intelligence of elementary and middle school teachers, 

Lin Yang, Xuejun Bai, Center for psychology and behavior studies of Tianjin Normal University, 

China 

The views on implicit intelligence of 223 teachers of were investigated. They were asked to list 

the characters of clever student of pupils and middle school students. Results indicated middle 

school teachers considered the most important character of clever elementary students are 

expressivity, inquisitively, tittup et al, and the most important character of clever middle school 

students are broad interesting, expressivity, inquisitive et al. The elementary teacher considered 

the most important character of clever elementary students are expressivity, tittup, inquisitively et 

al, and the most important character of clever middle school students are independence, 

self-confidence et al. 

5086.4 Creativity in African cultural settings, Elias Mpofu 1 , Kathleen Myambo 2 , Teresa 

Mashengo 3 , 1 The Pennsylvania State University, USA, 2 American University in Cairo, Egypt, 

3 

University of the North, South Africa 

The study used ethnographic methods to investigate conceptions of creativity among Africans. 

One hundred and thirteen participants from 6 African countries participated in the study. The 

sample comprised mainly college students (60%), and females (75%) (Age range 18-62 years; 

median age= 28 years). Participants regarded creativity as primarily adaptive in nature, and likely 

in individuals with who are open to experiences. Participants from a North African regarded 

artistic expression a key indicator of creativity whereas those from Central and Southern Africa 

1289

considered adaptive problem-solving primary. 

5087 ORAL 


Chair: Him Cheung, Hong Kong, China 

5087.1 The role of Pinyin in the Chinese children’s reading, Jin Zhu, Xinchun Wu, Hong Li, 

Jie Zhang, Zhenhong Liu, School of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, China 

Using instructional experiment and simulating the situation of independent reading in class, this 

study investigated the role of Pinyin in the Chinese children's shared-book reading, independent 

reading and traditional reading instruction. 379 students of first grade in Beijing read stories under 

three Pinyin layout conditions: Full Pinyin, No Pinyin, and Partial Pinyin. The results indicated 

that: Children relied more on Pinyin when less support was provided. The effect of character 

learning was best under Full Pinyin condition in independent reading. Partial Pinyin was 

disadvantageous to children's learning. Pinyin layout conditions influenced children's incidental 

learning in shared-book reading and independent reading. 

5087.2 Phonological awareness mediates between listening and reading, Him Cheung, Chinese 


In this paper, I argue that phonological awareness mediates between spoken language processing 

and the print-to-sound recoding component of reading. In English-speaking adults, I demonstrated 

that: (1) spoken language predicted reading comprehension; (2) spoken language predicted the 

print-to-sound recoding component of reading comprehension; (3) phonological awareness 

mediated (2) but not (1). The implication is that phonological awareness provides an informational 

space for the binding of listening and reading at the level of deriving a phonological code. The 

findings are also consistent with many previous conclusions about the unique role of phonological 

awareness in young children's alphabetic reading. 

5087.3 The role of causal structures on levels of representation for Chinese narratives 

comprehension, Yuhtsuen Tzeng, Peilan Chen, National Chung Cheng University, Taiwan, 

China 

This study tested whether causal structures of texts benefited 4th & 6th grade students’ 

comprehension and at what levels of representation. Experiment 1 revealed that students 

comprehended better after reading stories with both local and global causal coherence than those 

with only local coherence for text based but not for situation model representations. Experiment 2, 

using more authentic stories which carried clear moral, showed that stories with global causal 

coherence indeed benefited students for both levels of representation. Causal structures of texts are 

important for Chinese students and their impacts depend on richness and authenticity of texts. 

5087.4 The development of morphological awareness by Chinese preschool children, Meiling 

Hao 1 , Hua Shu 2 , 1 Beijing Language and Culture University, China, 2 Beijing Normal University, 

China 

Two kinds of morphological awareness were found to be important for 3-5 years old children in 

1290

this study. Morphological construction skill (MCS) is the ability to parse an unfamiliar word into 

its morphemes and recombine the parts for the word meaning. Morpheme identification skill (MIS) 

refers to the ability to distinguish unique meaning among homophones. The results showed that 

the two kinds of awareness developed as early as 3 years old. MCS contributed to children’s oral 

vocabulary, while MIS was related to listening comprehension. The development of two kinds of 

awareness is related to the characteristics of Chinese language. 

5088 ORAL 


Chair: Vladimir Skorikov, USA 

5088.1 From identity to health: A qualitative study on adolescent’s health, Soroor Parvizy 1 , 

Fazlollah Ahmadi 2 , Alireza Nikbahkt 1 , 1 Nursing and Midwifery Faculty,Tehran University of 

Medical Sciences, Tehran,Iran, Iran, 2 Tarbiat Modarres University, Nursing Department,Iran 

This study has been conducted on Iranian adolescents’ perspective on health in a qualitative 

approach (with 52 interviews). Identity as core variable and these seven categories have emerged: 

Social welfare and recreational facilities, Clear future, Healthy Community, Friendship and 

communication, Education, Family and Lack of limitation. Sub themes are emerged and discussed. 

Adolescence is the time of Idealism and Identity formation regarding to the social health. 

Interdisciplinary approaches and evidence based approach on adolescents’ health will be more 

useful. Exploring adolescents’ perspectives will be useful in healthy future foundation with 

understanding them in a real world. 

5088.2 A research on the self-identity of undergraduates in China, Xu Zhu, Central China 


This article gives us a picture on the self identity of the undergraduates at present in China. As it 

shows, the identity crisis is remarkable among these students. They do not know themselves 

clearly and do not know how to plan their future. When the graduation is near, they feel anxious, 

We explored the reasons from the students, the education system and the society development. 

The self identity is a painful process. We hope to give some advice. Through the study we have a 

deeper understanding about the developmental crisis of the adolescence. 

5088.3 Self and its relations with individual adjustment toward social life in 21st century (the 

study of the student of Padjadjaran University social life adjustment West Java, Indonesia), Juke 

Siregar, Faculty of Psychology of Padjadjaran University, Indonesia 

For individuals, to be able to face demands in 21st century, the existence of self and individual 

adjustment are become important factors. Self as independent variable of four components: self 

concept, self esteem, self confidence, and self regulation. Individual adjustment as dependent 

variable describe the individual effort to deal with the social situations in the century. Subject of 

the research were 3041 students of Padjadjaran University. Hypothesis of the research was tested 

by using Structural Equation Model (SEM). The result has shown that self is affecting individual’s 

individual adjustment in social life in the 21st century. 

1291

5088.4 Identity as a mediator of the relationships between adolescent well-being and career 

development, Vladimir Skorikov, University of Hawaii at Hilo, USA 

Adolescence is the time of active identity formation and increasing involvement in normative 

career development processes. Identity theory predicts that a newly formed sense of identity 

serves as an integrating mechanism, which mediates the effects of developmental successes and 

failures on adolescents. Thus, we hypothesized that identity mediates the relationship between 

progress in career development and psychological well-being. In a series of studies, we found that, 

indeed, there was a strong, positive association between various career development and 

well-being measures in identity-achieved adolescents and no association in those who have not yet 

established a sense of identity. 

5089 ORAL 


Chair: Hartmut Blank, Germany 

5089.2 Material and sensory modalities effects on false recognition in aging, Sabine Langevin, 

Hélène Sauzeon, Bernard Claverie, Bernard N'kaoua, Laboratoire de Sciences Cognitives, 

France 

Picture induces less false recognition than word, especially for old people. According to the source 

monitoring framework, false recognition reduction results from a specific or elaborate encoding 

which underline two main memory errors: Reality monitoring, related to the associative strength 

(weak associated item versus strong), and the External source, related to a low perceptual 

discrimination of information (unimodal versus multimodal approach). Using misleading 

information paradigm, the aim of this study was to determine if the differences between words and 

pictures across sensory modalities are due to the reduction of one kind of memory error or both. 

5089.3 How many hindsight biases are there? Hartmut Blank, Institut fuer Allgemeine 

Psychologie, University of Leipzig, Germany 

Often, the hindsight bias is characterized as (1) increased foreseeability perceptions 

("I-knew-it-all-along effect") or (2) distorted recollections of prior predictions of an event 

outcome, implicitly assuming that these characterizations are equivalent and reflect a unitary 

phenomenon. Contrary to this assumption, data from three studies on the hindsight bias in political 

elections show that foreseeability perceptions are uncorrelated with memory distortions, although 

both components are themselves reliably assessed. Further, two independent variables had 

opposite effects on the two components. An important implication of these results is that 

theoretical explanations of the hindsight bias may be actually limited to but one component. 

5089.4 The false recognition of human faces, Haiyan Geng, Yaqiong Qi, Wenjing Cai, Zijing 

He, Liang Li, Department of Psychology, Peking University, China 

A common experience is that similarity in human faces can give rise to memory illusion. How 

similar to a face you know will lead to false recognition? This study explored false recognition of 

human faces by using morphing technique. The experimental results showed that 50% old-old 

morphed faces were more frequently false recognized than 50% old-new morphed faces, and the 

1292

latter more frequently false recognized than new faces. But there were no significant differences in 

false recognition rates between 50% old-old morphed faces and old faces. Discussion focuses on 

psychological mechanism of false recognition of the morphed facial stimuli. 

5090 ORAL 


Chair: Pierre Van Elslande, France 

5090.1 Interaction between location and frequency information in auditory inhibition of return 

(IOR), Qi Chen 1 , Ming Zhang 2 , Xiaolin Zhou 3 , 1 Department of Psychology, Peking University, 

China, 2 Department of Psychology, Northeast Normal University, Chang Chun, China, 

3 

Department of Psychology and Center for Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Peking University, 

China 

In a cue-target paradigm, this study investigated the interaction between location and 

frequency-based auditory inhibition of return (IOR).Participants were asked to perform detection, 

localization or frequency discrimination tasks. The results showed that in detection tasks, there 

was a IOR based on one feature dimension only if the cue and the target were identical on the 

other feature dimension. While in the discrimination task, IOR effects were evident for the 

task-relevant feature only if the cue and the target differed on the task-irrelevant features. 

Implications of these findings for information processing along the “where” and “what”pathways 

in the brain were discussed. 

5090.2 The executive inhibition of neutral and emotional interference, Xiang Zhou 1, 2 , 

Theodore Cope 3 , Xuejun Bai 1 , Deli Shen 1 , 1 .Research Center For Psychology and Behavior, 

Tianjin Normal University. 2 .Department of education, Hainan Normal University., China, 

3 

Shaoxing University, China 

The study examined inhibitory processes of neutral and emotional interference by conducting a 

pictorial emotional Stroop paradigm. 24 participants (aged 18-23 yrs) were required to name the 

colors of filtered images consisting of a series of pleasant, neutral, or unpleasant pictures. All the 

pictures were chosen from the International Affective Picture System (IAPS, Lang, P.J., 2001) and 

rated by a pilot group of undergraduate students. Results indicated that inhibitions of neutral and 

emotional interference are significantly different. And the related paradigm shows promise as a 

nonlexical, ecologically valid approach to evaluating the selective processing of emotional 

distracters. 

5090.3 Subjective time density, Yury Druzhinin, Andrey Yegorov, IITP RAS, Russian 

Federation 

Subjective experience of time span duration was evaluated by comparing the durations of 

evaluated past time span and the current time, estimated from the start point marker. The model of 

transition between physical and subjective time span duration scales will be discussed. The 

subjects were asked to evaluate the reading duration for various texts. The differences in 

subjective time density may be interpreted as cognitive complexity measure of the information 

density. 

1293

5090.4 Vigilance and attention, which distinction? Evidences from the road safety field, Pierre 

Van Elslande, French National Institute for Transport and Safety Research, France 

The notions of Vigilance and Attention are subjects to variations in their definition, depending on 

the field in which they are used. These questions are recognized to play an important role in 

accident occurring. Nevertheless, in this field, problems tend to be analyzed in a very global way, 

following a too generic problematic which does not allow a clear comprehension of the process 

involved. The present paper is aimed at apprehending the different aspects of the problems in hand 

by means of an analysis of multidisciplinary accident data following a model of human function 

failures inscribed inside typical accident-generating scenarios. 

5091 ORAL 


Chair: Seyed Reza Mazloum, Iran 

5091.1 A study of the relationship between identity style (informative, normative, deffusive/ 

avoident), mentall healthand responsibility in undergraduate students in universities in Tehran, 

Abootaleb Abootaleb seadatee 1 , Abootaleb Seadatee 2 , Mahrnaz Shahraray 2 , Valiollah 

Farzad 2 , 1 psychology, Iran, 2 psychology in teacher training University of Tehran Iran 

In this study,320(164 male and 156 female)student were selected randomly by using multi stage 

sampling. They completed the identity style Questionnaire (berzonskey,1987), GhQ28 (Goldberg, 

1972) and the responsibility Questionnaire(CPI-R).Data were analyzed by Pearson Corelation 

Coefficient, t test, and multivariable Regression. Results indicated a significant relationship 

between Identity style (informative, normative, diffuse/avoident), mental health and responsibility. 

Also significant relationship was found between mental health and responsibility. Significant 

relationship was found between Identity style and sub measures of mental health (depression, 

anxiety, social interaction, physical health)no significant relationship was found between male and 

female in using identity style. The findings encompass important educational implications which 

are discussed in detail. 

5091.2 Impact of worry on health-related quality of life in native Iranian elders, Seyed Reza 

Mazloum, Faculty Member, Iran 

In this study the relationship between worry and quality of life was examined in 1548 elders. They 

completed questionnaires worry domains (WDQ) and Rand-36 Health Survey (HRQOL). The 

results showed that 75% of subjects have high worry scores, 64% poor HRQOL scores, with a 

significant negative correlation between two scores. Despite statistical controlling of 

sociodemographic factors, high WDQ scores was associated with increased odds of poor 

emotional status (OR=1.84), physical functioning (OR=2.56), general health perceptions 

(OR=1.65), emotional well-being (OR=2.5) and mental health (OR=2.8). Results suggest that high 

worry levels may increase the risk of poor quality of life in elders. 

5091.3 Job content and professional identity of rehabilitation psychologists, Fritz A. Muthny, 

Andigoni Mariolakou, Dept. of Medical Psychology, Germany 

1294

An anonymous questionnaire study was carried out investigating work spectrum, identity and 

work satisfaction among 191 clinical psychologists working in the field of medical rehabilitation 

(return rate 21%). Both sexes were represented in approx. equal numbers, average age 42 years 

(range 25 - 63 years), 74% were psychotherapists. Professional identity was primarily defined in 

terms of providing counselling and psychotherapy (94%), followed by the implementation of 

relaxation methods, on-the-job-training, health education, and patient training. The highest degree 

of work satisfaction resulted from work with patients (92% satisfied), followed by the relationship 

with other psychologists (63%), nurses (53%) and doctors (51%). 

5091.4 Organizational stress: Determinants & consequences, Mohammad Israil Khan, 

University of Magadh, Bihar, India 

The present study attempts itself at bringing forward some empirical evidence in regard to the 

relationship between job stress and coping strategy. In order to realize this objective, four 

stressors-role ambiguity, role conflict, work overload, and underload- have been examined. The 

proposed model suggests that job related stressors create frustration, which, inturn leads to the 

experience of physical and mental strain. Strain relevant to intent to leave and job politics. Upon 

experiencing strains resulting from job stressors, an individual is likely to exhibit either aggressive 

or withdrawal from of behavior. 

5092 ORAL 


Chair: Kenneth Campbell, USA 

5092.1 Using tacit knowledge as an onset predictor of aggressive leader behaviour, Kenneth 

Campbell, North Central College, USA 

It is difficult to measure the use of survival instincts by leaders due to subjective appraisal 

attributions and degree of variance of responsiveness during a threatening or non-threatening 

situation. Benevolent aggressiveness is often used as a defence mechanism or as an overt strategy 

or tactic precluding a situation. Much of that behavioural and survival knowledge, however, is not 

codified or verbalised. The paper posits that tacit knowledge could be observed through a variety 

of physical and non-physical characteristics, such as composure, savior-faire, eye movements, or 

posture, exhibited by a leader prior to the explicit use of aggressive behaviour. 

5092.2 Mythology as the original framework in the development of leadership principles, 

Kenneth Campbell, North Central College, USA 

The field and study of leadership have exploded with theory and popularity over the last two 

decades. Major contributions have come from management, psychology, sociology, and 

philosophy. Subsequent theoretical and formulaic principles then predict leader effectiveness. 

Those traits, behaviours, and leader styles encompass an archetypal persona that has lived 

throughout historical legend and universal myth. The field of mythology embraces the aspects and 

transcendental characteristics of the heroic leader. The heroic journey (Campbell, 1949) typifies 

the traits leaders aspire to achieve. That heroic and universal archetype became the mechanism 

and original framework for the subsequent development of modern leadership principles. 

1295

5092.3 Psycho-physiological usability evaluation techniques, Guido Kempter, Pascale Roux, 

Philipp Von Hellberg, User Centered Technologies Research Institute at University of Applied 

Sciences Vorarlberg, Austria 

Quickly detectable human physiology has been used as a usability metric since the mid of 1980’s. 

Although psycho-physiological usability evaluation were successfully applied in several reviews 

this method is yet not broadly established in usability labs. The consideration of fairly low 

reliability and moderate validity as well as the description as most difficult, time-consuming and 

expensive evaluation method may give an explanation of this estimation. Following three case 

studies in website evaluation we will give a further interpretation of this technique by taking into 

account the matter of context information, the accuracy of stimulus-response relation, and the 

representativity of judgements. 

5092.4 Comparison of processing requirements of spatial and non-spatial orientation aids for 

information search tasks in hypertext systems, Jacqueline Waniek 1 , Karolin Ewald 2 , Tadahiko 

Fukuda 1 , 1 Keio University, Japan, Japan, 2 Chemnitz University of Technology, Germany 

The development of easily comprehensible navigation facilities is essential for reducing 

navigation problems in hypertext. This experiment investigates processing requirements of 

different orientation aids (spatial/non-spatial) in information search tasks. Participants could 

navigate either through the provided orientation aid or only through embedded text-links. 

Eye-movement data reveal higher processing requirements for spatial than for non-spatial 

orientation aids. Embedded-link navigation increased number of fixations, and gaze duration on 

navigation facilities. Information density of non-spatial orientation aids is higher and therefore 

might reduce processing requirements. Cognitive demands on the user are reduced when 

orientation aids can also be used for navigation. 

5093 ORAL 


Chair: Oi Ling Siu, Hong Kong, China 

5093.1 Adult age differences in short-term memory: An experimental study, Xiaoli Wang, 

Guopeng Chen, Dept. of Psychology, East China Normal University, China 

Memory span task and Sternberg task were used to study short-term memory aging. Three types of 

material were presented to participants in both two tasks. The similar result pattern was found in 

older adult and their younger correspondents. It suggests the same processing in older adults as 

that in younger adults. Memory span and scanning rate decrease in older adults. But it seems that a 

cognitive limit, suggested by Cavanagh, does not vary across ages. Further discussions are given 

in the article. 

5093.2 Housing environment, feelings of control and psychological well-being of older persons 

in Hong Kong, Oi Ling Siu 1 , David R. Phillips 1 , Anthony G.O. Yeh 2 , Kevin H.C. Cheng 1 , 

1 2 

Lingnan University, Hong Kong, China, The University of Hong Kong, China 

This study examined the effects of housing environment (environmental stressors) on 

1296

psychological well-being among a sample of 518 (224 males, 294 females) low income Hong 

Kong residents aged 60 or above and living in densely populated new towns and old urban areas. 

Participants who scored highly in their personal feelings of control and satisfaction of housing 

environment (inner environment, outer environment, and security concerns) tended to report better 

psychological well-being. Furthermore, the study demonstrated the moderating role of feelings of 

control on the effects of environmental stressors (specifically inner rather than outer housing 

environment) on psychological well-being. 

5093.3 Reciprocity as related to well-being among the aged, Sangatala Ushasree, Dept.of 

Psychology,S.V.University, India 

Assurance of social support is supposed to boost peoples sense of well being at any age and more 

so in old age as documented in gerontological literature. However, there are theories raising 

doubts regarding the level of satisfaction older persons derive from being recipients of help. 

Perhaps they accomplish more satisfaction if there is reciprocity in their social relations. The 

present paper explores this dimension on a sample of 100 male and 100 female subjects aged 

60-80 years. Structured interview method is used in collecting data regarding available supports, 

reciprocity behaviour, self-esteem, sense of competence, physical and psychological well-being. 

5093.4 The effect of aging and tennis playing on collision avoidance abilities, Régis Lobjois 1 , 

Nicolas Dr Benguigui 2 , Jean Pr Bertsch 2 , 1 National Institute for Transport and Safety Research 

(Laboratory of Driving Psychology), France, 2 Center of Research for Sport Sciences - University 

of Paris-Sud, Orsay, France 

Our study examined whether a sport practice (such as tennis) allows older adults to adapt their 

behavior as efficiently as younger in a simulated avoidance task. Participants had to respond 

(throw a cart against a stimulus moving at different velocities and for different arrival times) under 

the condition that the cart arrives before the stimulus to the point of contact. Results revealed age 

and practice-related differences on the average time gap used to respond, the size of the 

Response-No Response transition zone, the number and types of errors as well as on the reaction 

and movement times. 

5094 ORAL 



5094.1 Comparing predictors of employee satisfaction across charitable and commercial 

organisations, Peter Langford, Macquarie University, Australia 

The current study used standardized employee survey data collected from over 7500 employees in 

over 300 organizations to examine differences in the predictors of employee satisfaction across 

charitable and commercial organizations. Results suggest that employees in charitable 

organizations report higher workload, poorer pay, more problems with harassment, poorer 

handling of organizational change, and higher overall satisfaction. The primary predictors of 

employee satisfaction in charities were the extent to which the charities operated in accordance 

with their organizational values, the quality of care being provided, the perceived success of the 

1297

5096.1 Night vision systems in cars: Principles and recommendations, Wenchen Li 1 , Bo 

Schenkman 2 , Kjell Brunnstromc 3 , 1 Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, Canada, 

2 3 

Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm University, Sweden, Department of Optical Engineering, Acreo 

AB, Sweden 

Driving a car at night and the effects of using a vision enhancement system, especially those based 

on infrared image information are reviewed. Principles and a short technical background are given 

for night vision systems in cars, primarily when using an infrared camera. The following issues 

are discussed: Human vision at night, infrared image information and human factors of night 

vision systems. These are eye movements, reaction time, and lateral position, workload of the 

driver. Recommendations, based on visual ergonomics, for where to put the image are given, for 

which suitable image distances, locations and sizes are discussed. 

5096.2 Sensory anticipations in the control of voluntary behavior, Joachim Hoffmann, 

University of Wuerzburg, Germany 

Anticipations of sensory consequences of actions have been shown to be effective in perception 

(re-afference principle) as well as in the control of actions (ideo-motor principle). The talk 

presents recent evidence for the impact sensory anticipations have on the selection, the initiation, 

and the execution of voluntary acts. The mechanisms which may mediate these influences are 

discussed and an elaborated version of the ideo-motor principle is presented. 

5096.3 Effect of structuring the workspace on cognitive and sensorimotor distance estimation: 

No dissociation between perception and action, Yann Coello, Orianne Iwanow, University of 

Lille, France 

Independent processing for perception and action is supported by visual illusions studies showing 

that illusory configuration influence verbal but not reaching performance. This study aims at 

quantifying the influence of a textured background on the cognitive-sensorimotor processing of 

egocentric distance. Subjective area comprising reachable objects (cognitive task) decreased 

whereas the amplitude of pointing movement (sensorimotor task) increased with the textured 

background. The opposite effect, confirmed by the percentage of background influence, which 

highly correlated in the cognitive and sensorimotor tasks suggested that targets were perceived 

closer in darkness. Visual processing for perception and action cannot be dissociated from context 

influence. 

5096.4 Cue-weighting in the processing of egocentric distance, Jennifer Campos, Bonnie 

Chiong, George Chan, Hong-Jin Sun, McMaster University, Canada 

During navigation, humans recruit many different sources of information to monitor distance, 

including: static visual cues, dynamic visual cues (optic flow), and nonvisual cues 

(proprioceptive/efferent and vestibular). In a series of studies conducted in a large-scale, outdoor 

environment, subjects were presented with a distance via various cue combinations and were 

required to match this distance using the same or different cue combinations. Probe trials were 

also used to assess performance after learning two distances that were supposedly identical, but in 

fact differed in magnitude. The results were fitted to a linear model involving a weighted average 

of various cues. 

1300

5097 ORAL 


Chair: Youngran Tak, Korea 

5097.1 The family resiliency for the psychosocial adaptation of childhood cancer survivors and 

the adaptation of their family, E-Hwa Yun 1 , Young-Ran Tak 2 , 1 Kongju National University, 

Korea, Republic Of, 2 The Department of Nursing, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, 

Seoul, Korea 

The purpose of this study is to identify the relationship of family stress, family resiliency, family 

adaptation and psychosocial adaptation of cancer survivor children. The participants consisted of 

113 cancer survivors and their parents. The participant child had been diagnosed with pediatric 

malignancy and now off therapy. Family stress had an indirect effect on the psychosocial 

adaptation of the child. Family adaptation had a direct effect on the psychosocial adaptation of the 

child, and family resiliency had a direct effect on family adaptation. Family resiliency and family 

adaptation had a mediating effect of family stress for survivor child’s psychosocial adaptation. 

5097.2 Family stress, perceived social support, coping of mothers who have a child with 

congenital heart disease, Youngran Tak, Hanyang University, College of Medicine, Department 

of Nursing, Korea, Republic Of 

The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship among family stress, perceived social 

support, coping of mother who has a child with Congenital heart disease. The subject was 92 

mothers who have child under age 12 who has newly diagnosed with CHD. Correlational and 

regression analysis revealed that perceived social support operated as a resiliency factor between 

family stress and coping of mothers. Child and family characteristics appeared to be important 

predictors of perceived social support and coping of mothers. The findings provide an explanation 

of effects of perceived social support as a resiliency factor under family stress. 

5097.3 Peer and family factors influencing on adolescent smoking in Korea, Eunyoung Lee 1 , 

Youngran Tak 2 , 1 Department of Nursing, Jinju Health College, Korea, Republic Of, 2 Department 

of Nursing, College of Medicine, Hanyang University 

The aims were to determine whether peer and family factors are associated with adolescent 

smoking and its difference by gender. A stratified and random cluster sampling design was used to 

obtain a cross-sectional sample through high school. Sample is 512 adolescent aged 15 to 18. 

Multiple logistic regression analysis showed peer smoking was the most significant predictor on 

adolescent smoking. Among boys, father attachment and perceived social support from family 

were negatively associated with smoking. However, peer attachment was positively associated 

with smoking. Among girls, non-smoking parent, father attachment and perceived social support 

from family were negatively associated with smoking. 

5097.4 Self esteem of the children in Poverty, Hee-kyeung Kang 1 , Young-Ran Tak 2 , E-Wha 

Yun 3 , Young-A Kim 2 , 1 Cheju Halla College, Department of Nursing, Korea, Republic Of, 

2 Hanyang University, Korea, 3 Kongju University, Korea 

1301

The Purpose of this study is to identify factors that influence the self-esteem of the school aged 

child in poverty. The subject was consisted of 167 children who live in jeju island in Korea. 

Overall, self esteem of the children who are in poor families was relatively low. In stepwise 

regression analysis, self-esteem was significantly influenced by emotional domain of home 

environment, duration of poverty and frequency of parent child conflicts, and explained 26.8% of 

the variance of self esteem. The contextual factors, economic status and emotional home 

environment, are significant predictors of children’s psychosocial development. 

5098 ORAL 


Chair: Krister K Boman, Sweden 

5098.1 Coping of parents who have a child with developmental disability, Soo Yeon Koo, 

Young Ran Tak, Hanyang University, Korea, Republic Of 

This study of study is to investigated to explore the relationship between parenting stress, social 

support, marital satisfaction, and coping of parents who have a child with developmental disability 

(DD). The subject was 129 parents who have a school-aged child diagnosed with developmentally 

disabled and attending Special education program in Korea. It was revealed that there were 

significant correlations between monthly income and stress, mothers' occupation and marital 

relationships, and parents' age and parents' coping. Also the results indicated that social support is 

a resiliency factor for the parents of children with developmental disabilities under stress. 

5098.2 Impact of medical factors on outcome of parents’ psychological coping with the disease 

in paediatric central nervous system tumours and leukaemia, Krister K Boman, Annika Lindahl 

Norberg, Childhood Cancer Research Unit, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden 

Although parents of children with leukaemia (n=174) and CNS-tumours (n=59) presented equal 

amounts of stress symptoms, differences regarding the distress-reducing efficiency of strategies 

were found, when anxiety and depression were assessed as outcome measures. Findings are 

interpreted as resulting from the unique symbolic significance for parents of these diagnoses, 

differing in how the disease-specific psychological threat is experienced. Additional explanations 

concern the diagnosis-specific differences regarding the risks of immediate and long-term medical 

sequelae; a reality which, additionally, may explain why certain coping strategies are unequally 

functional for handling the disease-related stressors experienced by parents of leukaemia and 

CNS-tumour patients. 

5098.3 Psychological mechanisms of post-stress addictions formation, Nikolay Shatunovsky, 

IEAP, Russian Federation 

Longitude study of cognitive and personal features of 830 post-stress-experience patients trying to 

cope with the consequences by psychoactive stimulators showed non-specific dynamics in their 

psychological state. The studied group consisted of patients with evident addictions but without 

registered organic or psychotic disorders, serious traumas etc. Affective shock disintegration of 

cognitive and sensomotoric coordination and early asthenic compensation may be indicators of 

future self rehabilitation attempts by active addiction strategy. 

1302

5098.4 Experience of functional post-treatment symptoms and uncertainty, fear of recurrence, 

and psychological suffering in European American and African American breast cancer survivors, 

Lotte Thomsen, Saskia Subramanian, Rosemary Jean Cadigan, Georgia Amalia Scheele, 

University of California, Los Angeles, USA 

Initial intake interviews with standard clinical measures and subsequent in-depth qualitative were 

conducted with 75 European American and African American breast cancer survivors who 

experience functional post-treatment symptoms such as fatigue, cognitive problems and pain. 

Qualitative analysis demonstrates that the women worry profoundly that symptoms are signs of 

recurrence which cause them great distress. Quantitative analysis of standard clinical tests 

demonstrates that the process may be a vicious circle in that Fear of Recurrence and Uncertainty 

in Illness predict PTSD, depression, anxiety, and stress scores, which in turn predict experience of 

the major post-treatment symptom of fatigue. 

5099 ORAL 


Chair: Irasema Del Pilar Castell Ruiz, Mexico 

5099.1 Self-reported anxiety symptoms and their correlates in recruits during the basic military 

training, Zhongyuan Yu, China 

Objective: To investigate the characteristic of anxiety symptoms and their correlates in land army 

recruits. Methods: BAI and Adult EPQ were administrated to 1432 recruits during the basic 

military training. Self-compiled biographical variables of recruits were collected before the 

training. Results: The BAI score before the training was the highest, then that at the 1st month 

training and the 2nd month training respectively. Conclusion: Anxiety symptoms before the 

training were obvious, a small number of recruits suffered from anxiety symptoms, anxiety 

symptoms were affected mainly by such factors as mental stress before the training and 

personality trait. 

5099.2 Evaluation of the effectiveness of a lifeskills curriculum in enhancing HIV/AIDS 

risk-reduction behaviour among high school learners, Beverley Bell 1 , Karl Heslop 2 , 1 Western 

Cape Department of Education, South Africa, 2 University of the Western Cape, South Africa 

This study determined and described knowledge regarding AIDS/HIV, attitudes towards AIDS and 

people with AIDS among a convenience sample of learners in the Cape Metropolitan area. 

Secondly, a Life Skills Training Intervention was implemented to evaluate the relative 

effectiveness of the Health Wise Life Skills curriculum on the sample of learners’ knowledge, 

attitudes and behaviour regarding AIDS/ HIV. Results indicate that the intervention significantly 

increased knowledge regarding HIV/AIDS and other risky sexual behaviour, improved attitudes 

towards AIDS and People with AIDS and reduced HIV - risky behaviour and enhanced risk - 

reduction behaviour. Implications for practice are addressed. 

5099.3 Some representations on health from a focus group study: Some observtions from India 

(Bihar), Jyoti Verma, Patna University, India 

1303

Observations are from international project whose objective was to study culture specific 

representations of health. Sample comprised of 35 Bihari adults who participated in Focus group 

discussions in camera. According to the common sense understanding, health enabled individuals 

to perform all duties. Alternatively, healthy persons presented clinically normative picture of 

mental and physical fitness. Health a holistic concept referred to harmonious functioning of mind 

and body. Vegetarian food was good for mind and body, balanced non-vegetarian food had to be 

consumed conditionally toxic, rotten food was unhealthy. Foods had hot, cold, heavy and light 

potentials having implications for health. 

5099.4 Nurses and nursing students social skills perception: A training propouse, Irasema Del 

Pilar Castell Ruiz, Rubi Vargas, Margarita Munoz, Rosa Maria Tinajero, Maria Reyes, 

Universidad De Sonora, Mexico 

The general objective is to explore in proffesional nurses the social skills that consider that nurse 

should posses and to compare with the nursing students abilities of the Sonora Univeristy in 

México that consider that they posses. The instrument is a former crated quetionnarie was used, 

based in Goldstein (1997) questionnarie. he/ she was requested the proffesional nurse and the 

nursing student that marked of a total of 20 abilities the 10 more important skills that proffesional 

nurse should posses and the nursing students have according to their perception. The results shows 

that there its not significative diferences in both. 

5100 ORAL 


Chair: Cody Ding, USA 

5100.1 Profiles of health risk behavior and their correlates among adolescents, Cody Ding, 

University of Missouri--St. Louis, USA 

During adolescence, young people begin to reach physical and sexual maturity, develop more 

sophisticated reasoning abilities, and make important educational and occupational decisions that 

will shape their adult careers. Such psychosocial changes provide an abundant opportunities for 

young people to engage in health-risking behaviors that may negatively impact their health and 

lives. This study sought to describe profiles of health risk behaviors among adolescents across US 

and to describe how the individual differences in profiles are related to young people’s report on 

family make-up, depression, and violence. The study’s findings are of crucial importance for the 

development of intervention/prevention. 

5100.2 Factors affecting employee propensity to utilise Employee Assistance Programmes: A 

case study in a developing country, Rukhsana Jano, University of the Western Cape, South 

Africa 

Research indicates several factors govern the likelihood of employees supporting and utilising 

Employee Assistance Programmes. This research compares two groups’ usage and / or non-usage 

of an EAP facility in a service-orientated organisation. A survey design in which a 

self-administered questionnaire was developed, was completed by 98 non-users and 50 users of 

the EAP and the results compared. Preliminary findings indicate that confidentiality, trust and 

1304

location could contribute to utilisation rates. However, while the findings of this exploratory study 

are tenuous due to restrictions in terms of the sample size, therapeutic implications for EAP’s are 

nevertheless indicated. 

5100.3 The effect of psycho-behavioral training on promoting oral health behavior of primary 

schoolchildren, Matinee Kupitayanant, National Research Council of Thailand, Thailand 

In order to examine the effectiveness of psychological training and to find out the main causes of 

oral-health behavior, 410 primary schoolchildren were randomly assigned to experimental and 

control conditions. Immediately after training, the trained students got higher scores on belief in 

internal locus of control, and one year later they were higher on attitude towards oral health 

behavior (ATO), future orientation self control (FOSC) and need for achievement (nAch). 

Psychological-traits could account for 32.0% of the variance of oral-health behaviors. The 

important predictors were ATO, FOSC and nAch. This holistic training should be integrated into 

the learning curriculum. 

5100.4 The effect of psychological and skill training on peer assisting AIDS, Pismai 

Wibulswasdi, National Research Council of Thailand, Thailand 

Experimental study investigates differential amounts of training effects (i.e) psychology/ Skill 

(100%), three psychological traits (50%) skill training (50%), control (0%) on peer assisting AIDS 

risk prevention in 267 male students The psychological trained students obtained higher scores 

than the control students on all three traits (Self-control, achievement motivation and attitudes 

towards peer assistance) both immediately after, and two-month-delayed period. Students in the 

three experiment conditions were high on both intention and behavior for peer assistance. The 

variance of this behavior was accounted for 78.8% by 3 predictors, intention to assist, self-control 

and believe in internal locus of control. 

5101 ORAL 


Chair: Stephen Chow, USA 

5101.1 School health education: Primary school teachers’ representations and practices, 

Dominique Berger 1 , Didier Jourdan 2 , Isabelle Piec 2 , Anne Laquet-Riffaud 3 , 1 Institut 

Universitaire de Formation des Maîtres de LyonPôle de Recherche en Sciences 

Humaines, France, 2 MCF HDR, Laboratoire Processus d’Action des Enseignants Déterminant et 

Impacts; IUFM d’Auvergne; France, 3 Medecin de santé publique, Ecole nationale de Santé 

Publique; Rennes; France 

A better understanding of primary school teachers’ representations toward health education(HE) 

and identification of individual or structural resistances constitute important goals in HE research. 

A quantitative study was conducted on the population of primary school teachers (n=673). The 

results demonstrate that the majority of teachers declare practicing and implementing HE. 

Parameters which influence the teacher’s practices and representations are prioritizing work with 

an educational network and receiving initial or in-service training. This results suggest that a 

policy aiming to generate the inclusion of HE in primary schools must develop teacher training 

1305

and support and accompany the collective dynamics within school. 

5101.2 Relationship between well-being and life events of yong servicemen and servicewomen 

of PLA, Xiangqian Han, Weiling Weng, Mei Xiong, Fengguo Wang, Ying Sun, Department of 

basic course, PLA Nanjing Institute of Politics, China 

Objectives: To explore the relationship between Well-being and life events in young servicemen. 

Method: 677 young servicemen were administered by Servicemen Life Event Scale and Multiple 

Happiness Questionnaire (MHQ, constructed by Dr. Miao Yuanjiang, 2003). Result: (1) the mean 

score of most aspects in MHQ was above average; (2) There were significant differences in 

auto-value of happiness (AVH) and some aspects in MHQ among different kinds of servicemen; 

(3) The score of AVH of young servicemen was positively related to the Influence of life 

events;(4)Stepwise regression analysis revealed that there were three significant predictors for 

AVH of servicemen, i.e. overburdened mental stress and so on. 

5101.3 The impact of the severe acute respiratory syndrome on Hong Kong adolescents: 

Relationships among prior experience, personal characteristics and preparedness, Stephen Chow 1 , 

Ho-tat Chu 2 , 1 Harvard Graduate School of Education, USA, 2 The University of Hong Kong, 

China 

Hong Kong was the most severely hit city in the world by the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome 

(SARS). Our study aims at identifying individual and social factors that can enhance students’ 

preparedness against SARS. In this study, 474 participants completed a questionnaire assessing 

their prior experience with SARS, degree of preparation, perceived threat, and anxiety about the 

possible resurgence of SARS. Results revealed that prior experience, hope, health locus of control, 

and anxiety accounted for a significant portion of preparation variance. Implications of the 

findings are discussed, with particular reference to the strategies for promoting health education 

against SARS. 

5101.4 A comparison of effects of tailored social-cognitive interventions on nutrition in obese 

or overweight individuals, Aleksandra Luszczynska, Warsaw University; Faculty of Psychology, 

Poland 

The study investigates effects of interventions enhancing (1) self-efficacy, (2) self-efficacy and 

planning, (3) self-efficacy and support seeking. The tailored interventions were expected to 

influence nutrition behavior. Respondents (N = 233) were obese and overweight individuals, aged 

18-66. The interventions were applied 2 months after Wave 1 data collection. Wave 2 data were 

collected 8 months after Wave 1. Regarding effects on consumption of fat and meat, all 

intervention groups differed significantly from the control group and no differences between the 

intervention groups were found. Only the intervention on enhancing self-efficacy led to the 

increase of fruit and vegetables consumption. 

5102 ORAL 


Chair: Fong Lee Yiu, Hong Kong, China 

1306

5102.1 Chinese Frost Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale: A validation and prediction of 

depression, anxiety, and shyness, Fei Zi 1 , Xu Zhou 2 , 1 Dept. of Psychology, Peking University, 

China, 2 Anhui Agricultural University, China 

Perfectionism has been viewed as being associated with a variety of psychological distresses and 

disorders. Frost’s Multidimensional Scale (FMPS) is one of the major instruments for measuring 

this trait. This study evaluated the factor structure and psychometric properties of a Chinese 

version of FMPS with 364 graduates and 510 undergraduates as participants. Predictive powers of 

the Chinese FMPS on measures of depression, anxiety, and shyness were also examined. This 

study found that the factor structure of the Chinese version of FMPS was similar to its original 

version and most of its dimensions were good predictors of depression, anxiety, and shyness. 

5102.2 The role of developmental challenges of adolescence in predicting treatment adherence 

and compliance in adolescents with Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus, Catherine Louise 

Williams, Louise Sharpe, University of Sydney, Australia 

To examine predictive validity of eating attitudes, fear of negative evaluation and family 

environment to responses of adolescents with Type I Diabetes to hyper and hypoglycaemic attacks. 

Fifty adolescents (ages 13-17) completed questionnaires and monitored blood sugar levels for 

7-days. Three and six months following the pre-assessment measures adolescents had long-term 

blood glucose levels reassessed as part of their normal treatment regimen. Multiple regression 

analyses were performed. The relationships between eating attitudes, fear of negative evaluation, 

family environment, adolescent behaviour and glycemic control will be presented. The 

implications of these results for clinical management of adolescents will be discussed. 

5102.3 Relational connectedness & resilience in trauma & wellness: Implications for 

patient-care, disaster mental health, prevention & clinician self-care, Diane Bridgeman, Private 

Practice, Vol. Am. Red Cross Disaster Mental Health Coordintor & Instructor, Past President 

Monterey Bay Psychological Association, USA 

What common component provides support across patient care, trauma, wellness and clinician 

self-care? Often it is termed resilience, an ability to adapt well when confronted with adversity and 

significant levels of stress. Resilience and its ability to enhance coping or promote prevention 

were studied with a small survey & disaster mental health fieldwork with the result supporting the 

specific need for meaningful and relational connectedness to others among other unique factors. 

Applications for maintaining wellness, use in critical incidents or disaster mental health work and 

in combating compassion fatigue among practitioners will also be addressed. 

5102.4 Influences of cultural values and public stigma on help-seeking for mental illness, Fong 

Lee Yiu, Winnie W.S. Mak, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China 

In the Chinese communities, many deep-rooted cultural values and stigma may have contributed 

to the under-utilization of professional mental health services in the general public. The present 

study examined the relationships between face concern, machismo attitudes, and mental illness 

stigma with help-seeking behaviors and attitudes. 300 adults in the community are sampled in 

Hong Kong and Guangzhou, China. Differences in cultural values and mental illness stigma are 

compared along with patterns of help seeking behaviors and attitudes. The findings shed light on 

designing culturally relevant community programs to enhance public’s willingness to seek help for 

1307

mental health concerns. 

5103 ORAL 


Chair: Marise Philippine Born, Netherlands 

5103.1 Cultural interaction and human resource & knowledge development, Jianzhong Hong 1 , 

Lehua Cheng 2 , 1 Lappeenranta University of Technology, Finland, 2 Zhongshan University, China 

In the light of the cultural-historical activity theory, based on our empirical studies of a Chinese 

industrial corporation and several Sino-foreign joint ventures, this paper explores the role of 

cultural interaction in human resource and knowledge development in China's new economic 

order. The analytical focuses of the paper will be on 1) the formation of work motivation; 2) new 

ways of workplace learning and problem solving; and 3) changing principles and patterns of 

communication. Both theoretical and practical implications of this analysis on the concerned topic 

will be discussed and suggested. 

5103.2 Expatriate jobs: Perceived importance and universal relevance of required competencies, 

Marise Philippine Born 1 , Stefan Thomas Mol 1 , Tamar Kaduri-Zijlstra 2 , Madde Elisabeth 

Willemsen 3 , 1 Institute of Psychology, FSW, Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands, 

2 3 

The Dutch Ministry of Social Affairs and Employment, GITP International BV, Nijmegen, The 

Netherlands 

This study examines the perceived importance of 58 required competencies for expatriate jobs by 

52 expatriate job incumbents. Evidence was found for agreement on the relative importance of 

different competencies. Among the most important were Communication, Stress Tolerance, and 

Integrity. It is remarkable that explicitly interculturally labeled competencies, e.g., Dealing with 

Intercultural Differences, were not among the most important. The relationship between universal 

relevance and perceived importance overall was found to be only weak. Results are compared to 

domestic ratings of importance of managerial competencies, and to Schwartz and Badi's (2001) 

universal value hierarchy. 

5103.3 Overseas exchange experience: Its impact on tertiary students, Wing Sze Yuen, The 

Chinese Univeristy of Hong Kong (Dept of Psychology, Graduate School), China 

A common practice for undergraduates in Hong Kong is going abroad for up to a year on either a 

study exchange or on an international internship before entering the workforce. The present study 

aims at exploring the pre- and post- program change of student over four outcomes, namely, 

Cultural Cosmopolitanism, General Efficacy, Social Efficacy and Language Proficiency. 

Meanwhile, fresh graduates who have gone for an overseas exchange program before were asked 

retrospectively about their change after the program; their earlier career development was also 

compared with a control group. Data analysis's in progress and complete results available in 

March. 

5103.4 Normative professional model of a civil servant, Alexey Yupitov, Oleg Bekasov, 

Institute of governmental and municipal management at Higher School of Economics, Russian 

1308

Federation 

The content of a public servants job in Russia is essentially changing. A new professional model 

of a civil servant: provides the integrated approach to selection and development of governmental 

managers, psychologically describes all-level administrative activities, is a societal normative and 

an inventory for changing the public service culture. It’s developed for exemplary key positions 

(Section Head, Division Head, Department Head, Vice-Minister, and Minister) and consists of: 

judgment, reliability, behavioral flexibility, initiative, insistency, relation to power, relation to time, 

leadership, understanding, organizational scope, interpersonal relations, communication, 

administrative skills, knowledge. The model has been tested in competitive recruitments done 

during 2003. 

5104 ORAL 


Chair: Judith Blanton, USA 

5104.1 Comparative studies on decision-making of groups using multi-method under 

multi-communication conditions, Quanquan Zheng, Nai Wen, Bo Zheng, Department of 

psychology, Zhejiang University, China 

The relative effects of computer-mediated (CM) vs Face-To-Face (FTF) and methods of 

discussion (devil’s advocacy, DA; dialectical inquiry, DI; expertise, E; unstructured discussion 

(control group, C)) on decision making of groups with simulated laboratory experiments of 

personnel selection were investigated. The results showed: (1) There were significant effects of 

communication conditions and methods of discussion on information exchanging. (2) There were 

major effects of methods of discussion on difficulty of decision-making felt by members. (3) 

There were significant effects of methods of discussion on the number of turns of votes which 

indicated the total time of decision-making of groups. 

5104.2 Work values and generational transition in family firms, Massimo Bellotto 1 , Vincenzo 

Russo 2 , Christian Colautti 2 , Massimo Bustreo 3 , 1 University of Verona, Italy, 2 University IULM 

of Milano, Italy, Italy, 3 University IULM of Feltre, Italy 

A lot of studies were carried out, also in Italy, on the psycho-social aspects of generational 

transition in family firms. The present research explore the influence of work values of senior 

(outcoming) and junior (incoming) head/leader/owner on interpersonal and inter-roles dynamics. 

The auto and etero-perception of work values is studied and analyzed. The methodology is both 

quantitative (using WIS test as psychometric instrument) and qualitative (using depth interviews). 

The results show the importance of reciprocal knowledge and acceptance of work values 

differences between junior and senior for the governance of transition. The implications for the 

implementation of psychological consulting practices. 

5104.3 Employees as part of successful leadership, Soili Keskinen, University of Turku Dept. 

of Teacher Education, Finland 

During the leadership development program the local government staff (about 1300) of a 

middle-size Finnish town was asked "What can an employee do to become well supervised?" 820 

1309

employees answered. Qualitative analysis of the answers revealed that the possibilities to 

influence are experienced limited. In addition to analysing the same data (1619 items) experienced 

possibilities to affect leadership contained 18 different themes. The most typical theme was to tell 

the superior about the employee's personal need, goals and wishes. The second most typical theme 

was to communicate well and be active in meetings. 

5104.4 Leaders as coaches: Motorola’s cascading model, Judith Blanton, RHR International, 

USA 

In order to create a more performance oriented culture, Motorola University revised its learning 

and development model to focus on integrating three strategies: experience, feedback and 

education. A major global initiative was created to train master coaches in 9 countries on 4 

continents. This presentation describes the overarching conceptual framework of the Global 

Coaching Project. The model combines training workships with on-site and phone coaching by 

outside psychologists to develop internal coaches who, in turn, coach other employees. Case 

examples illustrate the training process and recommendations are provided for other companies 

that might want to implement such a program. 

5105 ORAL 


Chair: Winnie W. S. Mak, Hong Kong, China 

5105.1 A study on the adaptive problems of freshmen, Fucai Zhao, Shouying Zhao, Xianfeng 

Li, China 

A questionnaire was used to investigate 569 freshmen’s adaptive conditions on their learning, 

everyday life and interpersonal relationships. The adaptive problems of the freshmen are present 

in the negative learning attitude, lack of learning interests and ability of taking care of themselves, 

being inadaptable to the teaching and learning methods and the interpersonal relationships in 

universities, Among them the problems in the interpersonal relationships occupy the first, learning 

problems comes second. The adaptation time in the interpersonal relationships is the longest. And 

the effects of sex, majors, town and country and characters to the adaptation were studied. 

5105.2 A study on the relationship among comparisons, desire and satisfaction, Hongfei Yang, 

Jing Chen, China 

Three studies were done to explore the casual influences of comparisons, desire on satisfaction 

and verify that desire functions as a mediator between comparisons and satisfaction. Study 1 

showed that the correlation between desires and satisfaction was significant. Study 2 showed that 

the correlations among social comparisons, comparisons with the past, desire and satisfaction were 

significant. Study 3 showed that social comparisons, comparisons with the past and desire have 

causal influences on satisfaction. Desire, however, has a greater effect on satisfaction. 

Comparisons especially social comparisons influence satisfaction indirectly through desire. 

5105.3 Cross-cultural examination of help-seeking: The role of causal attribution of mental 

illness, face concern, and stigma, Winnie W. S. Mak, Sylvia Xiaohua Chen, The Chinese 

1310


Stigma is a primary barrier to help-seeking for mental health services in the public. The way 

individuals attribute causes of mental illness may affect stigma and help-seeking. Furthermore, 

face concern as an important interpersonal dynamic among Chinese may predispose individuals to 

stigmatize mental illness and deter care utilization. The present study explored relationships 

among attributions of mental illness, stigma, and patterns of help-seeking across four cultural 

groups (Mainland Chinese, Hong Kong Chinese, Chinese Americans, European Americans). 

Cultural differences in face, stigma, and help-seeking attitudes and behaviors were found. 

Implications in design of culturally appropriate stigma reduction programs will be discussed. 

5105.4 The two platforms, Shahbaz Ahmad, Department of Forests, India 

For more than two centuries the so-called economic development has towed the theory proposed 

by Adam Smith and others, which is based on false assumptions of human nature. The false 

assumption is that man is solely a selfish being and it is by pursuing individual self-interests that 

social welfare is possible. However, the fact is that every human being has a dual personality with 

different perceptions. Economics has gradually almost forced individuals, organisations and 

governments to come on a platform of stakeholders or self-interest. The other platform from where 

persons and organisations can have a holistic, disinterested perception is quickly being deserted. 

5106 ORAL 


Chair: Randall Mesler, USA 

5106.1 Cultural practices and HIV/AIDS in southern Africa, Debo Akande, International 

institute of research, South Africa 

I observe that, mortality rates and economic problems that result from AIDS epidemic may prove 

less serious than social devastation in the long run. I examine responses from questionnaire items 

to discover means to curtail new HIV infections in societies where the subject of sex is still 

partially a taboo topic, this study investigates the relationship between sexual risk taking and 

attitudes to AIDS precautions in South Africa. Participants respond to the 40 item HIV-Related 

knowledge, attitudes and behaviors. Data indicate that young women showed more positive 

attitudes to AIDS precautions than young men. 

5106.2 Stress in a medium and awaiting trial correctional environment, Karl Heslop 1 , Chris 

Steenkamp 2 , 1 University Of Western Cape, South Africa, 2 Department of Correctional Services, 

South Africa 

While the pervasiveness and severity of correctional officer stress are open to question, many 

officers experience considerable work-related stress. The aim of this study was to investigate 

levels and the sources of stress experienced amongst correctional officers responsible for custodial 

services in a medium and awaiting trial correctional environment in the Western Cape region. A 

biographical questionnaire and the Experience of Work and Life Circumstances questionnaire was 

administered to 300 respondents. Results indicate there are significant differences between the two 

groups of correctional officers’ stress levels. Those working in unsentenced correctional 

1311

environments experienced significantly higher levels of stress. 

5106.3 Stressful life events, personality and asthma: An inquiry into health, Narendra Pawar, 

K.M.C. College, Khopoli, Maharashtra, India 

Personality was studied as a conditioner of the effects of stressful life events on illness onset of 

Asthma patients. Two gps (patients/normals) of middle socioeconomic status were compared on 

three measures of stress (+ve life events, -ve life events & LCU's) and five personality factors 

(anxiety, rationality, locus of control, field-dependence & repression-sensitization). Differences on 

three levels of stress and personality variables as measured by 't' value's have been reported by the 

patients compared to normals. Point biserial correlation indicated stress and personality as 

moderators of Asthma. Multiple regression coefficients, Standardised canonical discriminant 

function coefficients and Wilk's lamda confirmed the differences between patients and normals. 

5106.4 Psychosocial factors assocated with job stress and diagnosis of high blood pressure in 

self-employed women versus women in upper levels of management within the corporate context, 

Randall Mesler 1 , Marc Capobianco 2 , 1Occupational Stress Research Institute UCSD 

Department of Psychiatry, USA, 2 USA 

Psychological Stress research has significantly added to the medical literature over the past fifty 

years. We know that work can be an exciting source of challenge where potentials and capabilities 

of the individual are discovered and utilised. We also know that `job strain' plays a critical role in 

the development of heart disease and hypertension in men. Now research conducted at The 

University of California in San Diego will show that `work structure' may be harmful for many 

women who work in executives positions within the corporate context as well. 

5107 ORAL 


Chair: Amy Ai, USA 

5107.1 Construction and validation of Payame Nour University students stressors inventory, 

Bahman Najarianb 1 , Mahnaz Aliakbari 2 , 1 shahid Chamran University, Ahvaz, Iran, Iran, 

2 

Ahvaz Payame Nour University, Iran 

A 28-item scale entitled PNU-SSI comprising two factors was constructed to measure various 

psychological and academic stressors of students of Payame Nour University (PNU). The first 

factor with 17 items was entitled “academic stressors”, while the second factor with seven items 

was entitled “non-academic stressors”. The internal consistency and test-retest reliability 

coefficients of PNU-SSI were found to be satisfactory. To examine the validity of PNU-SSI, it was 

administered concurrently with Anxiety Questionnaire (ANQ) and a short version of SCL-90R. 

All derived validity coefficients were statistically significant. PNU-SSI could be extensively used 

in both counseling, clinical and research settings. 

5107.2 Social contexts of positive attitudes of patients coping with major cardiac operation, 

Amy Ai 1 , Christopher Peterson 1 , Terrence Tice 1 , Horald Koenig 2 , Steven Bolling 2 , 1 University 

1312

of Michgan, USA, 2 Duke University, USA 

This study was designed to fill gaps in the new field of positive psychology. Positive psychologists 

have demonstrated various beneficial effects of optimism, especially in the face of life crises. Yet, 

researchers have neither vigorously investigated the faith-based and secular contexts of positive 

attitudes nor examined the subconstructs of hope and optimism simultaneously. Using data from 

two sequential interviews, we examined the effect of faith-based and secular pathways among 226 

middle-aged and older patients facing a major medical crisis--cardiac surgery. A structural 

equation model showed differential effects of sociodemographic and faith-based factors on 

subconstracts of hope and dispositional optimism. 

5107.3 Comparing the effects of two types of communication methods on anxiety and 

satisfaction in incubated patients after cardiac surgery, Zohreh Parsa Yekta 1 , Nahid Sharifi 2 , 

1 2 

Nursing research centre nursing and midwifery school, Iran, nursing research centre Tehran 

University of medical sciens 

90 patients divided into two groups.Researcher met all patients preoperative and described their 

speaking status in incubation period, also explained the picture board for the experimental group 

and routine communication methods for the control group. Tool of data collection was a 

questionnaire consists of: Demographic specification and clinical history, State section of 

spielburger's questionnaire Visual analogue scale for patient satisfaction evaluation. The results of 

the Chi-Square test and the Fisher's exact test showed significant difference between two groups in 

the amount of patient's anxiety and satisfaction. 

5107.4 Managing job stress and strains through inhibition-confrontation intervention, Abhai 

Srivastava, Dept. of Psychology, Banaras Hindu University, India 

The study examined the effectiveness of "Inhibition-Confrontation" intervention in moderating the 

degree of job stress and severity of consequent job (disssatisfaction) and health strains(symptoms 

of anxiety, depression and somatisation)in a sample of 60 industrial employees. The participants 

used "confrontational writing" technique to release their inhibited feeling and reactions to stressful 

situations, twice a week for 12 weeks. The analysis of the obtained data indicated significant 

decline in participants' job stress and severity of the symptoms of distress, and increase in job 

satisfaction as compared to that noted before the intervention. 

5108 ORAL 


Chair: Ali-Reza Moradi, Iran 

5108.1 School-based development and evaluation of stress management capabilities, Marcus 

Stueck, Institute of Applied Psychology University of Leipzig, Germany 

In Germany, teachers belong to a high risk for illness group. A 10-week stress management 

training program for teachers was developed and evaluated at the University of Leipzig. With the 

use of external and internal stress management techniques teachers learned methods of stress 

reduction. A process and effect evaluation was carried out in an accompanying EG-CG study 

1313

(n=69) (3 points of measurement, Pre, Post 1, Post 2). Results showed effects in various 

psychological (e.g. self-efficacy, optimism, life satisfaction, work-related behavior and experience 

patterns), as well as in physiological (blood pressure, skin response) and immunological 

(Immunglobulin A in saliva)parameters. 

5108.2 Life events stressful, coping with stress and locus of control in multiple sclerosis, 

Ali-Reza Moradi, Hassan Shoa, Iran 

45 MS patients who were matched by sex, age ... with 45 norma subjects participated in this study. 

Psychological measures included Life Events Stressful (Paykel etal. 1973), Coping Styles with 

Stress Inventory (Andler & parker, 1990) and Locus of Control Scale (Lewinson, 1975). The 

results indicated no significant differences in number of stressful events between two groups. But 

the results showed a significant difference in the rate of stress between MS patients and normal 

subjects. The results also revealed that MS patients emotionally cope with the stress comparing 

with other coping strategies. 

5108.3 Determining the effect of relaxation guided imagery method on environmental stress in 

nurses, Kaghani-zadeh, Masoud Sirati-Nir, Behavioral sciences Research Center, Baghyatollah 

Medical Sciences University, Iran 

This is a quasi-experimental of clinical trial study that performed to determine the effect of 

relaxation guided imagery method on environmental stress in nurses. The subjects were selected 

from a hospital in Tehran. Subjects included 26 and 16 nurses for the experimental and control 

groups, respectively. The results showed that were no significant relation between environmental 

stress and personal characteristics. Significant differences were found between male and female 

nurse. Results revealed that environmental stress was decreased after the intervention for the post 

phase. 

5108.4 The preliminary on the changes of heart rate, T-wave amplitude between the introvers 

and the extroverts under different intensities of pain stimuli, Xiu Qiao Shao, Psychology and 

behavior research center, Tianjin Normal University, China 

The purpose of this paper is to discuss the changes of heart rate, T-wave amplitude between the 

introverts and the extroverts when they receive different intensities of pain. 15 introverts and 15 

extroverts screened according to the Eysenck Personality Qustionaire and made up of two groups 

of subjects. The sense of pain produced of 8mA, 12mA, 16mA electric current. The results of this 

experiment show that the different of the two groups’ heart rate is significant under 12mA pain 

stimuli. The T-wave amplitude of the two groups is not sensitive to pain stimuli. 

5109 ORAL 


Chair: Mohd Dahlan A-Malek, UK 

5109.1 Sex differences in endocrine responcese to examination stress, Fariba Taleghani 1 , 

Mohammad Khaksari 2 , Hidar Ali Abedi 3 , Hammid Reza Jafari Neveh 4 , 1 school of Nursing 

1314

and Midwifery Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Iran, 2 Kerman University of Medical 

Sciences, 3 Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, 4 Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences 

Purpose of this study examine sex differences in endocrine response to examination stress in 

young adult. Stress of physiology examination was studied in 28 young female and 21 young male 

student volunteer, 0.5hr before examination (stress condition), and 45day after examination stress 

(control condition). Cortisol, ACTH, testostrone, estradiol, progestrone were measured at control 

and stress condition. Examination stress produced increases in cortisol, ACTH, in both sexes, but 

to consistently greater extent in the male group.plasma ACTH and cortisol responses to stress 

were higher in the luteal than in follicular phase. In male stress induced a significant decrease in 

plasma testestron. plasma progestrone in responsing to stress showed a significant decrease in the 

luteal phase. We come in to this conclusion, that there are some differences among sexes in the 

responses to stress and these responses changes during the mentrual cycle. 

5109.2 Mothers? Psychological adjustment following disaster affecting their children, S. 

Mahmoud Mirzamani Bafeghi, Iran 

Investigated the psychological adjustment of 37 women whose adolescent children survived the 

"Jupiter" sinking in 1988 about six years previously. Comparison was made with a group of 

widows (N=18), and a group of women who had suffered no major negative life-event (N=15). 

Psychological adjustment was assessed using the Schedule for Affective Disorders and 

Schizophrenia, lifetime version (SADS-L), and various standard questionnaires. The women 

whose children had been involved in the disaster were found to have had more psychopathology in 

the period since the disaster than the women who had suffered no major negative life events, but 

less than the widows. 

5109.3 Stress and well-being in fire fighters: A review of the literature, Mohd Dahlan A-Malek, 

Kathryn Mearns, Rhona Flin, UK 

This paper reviews the research on empirical studies, which systematically examined the causes 

and effects of stress in fire fighters’ work. Although there are studies done on fire fighters, there 

are only a few which examine fire fighters’ work and its impact on their psychological well-being. 

Furthermore, most of them have tended to concentrate on certain factors only. It is argued that it is 

also necessary to establish the role of several other psychological factors which may influence 

psychological well being such as work motivation and the coping strategies. 

5109.4 Burnout, job stress and coping in the South African Police Service, Karina Mostert 1 , 

Jaco Klopper 2 , 1 WorkWell Research Unit, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 

Potchefstroom, South Africa, 2 South African Police Service, South Africa 

The objectives of this research were to determine the validity and reliability of the Maslach 

Burnout Inventory-General Survey (MBI-GS) and to test a causal model of burnout in the South 

African Police Service (SAPS). A cross-sectional survey design was used. Stratified random 

samples (n=332) were taken of police members in the SAPS. The MBI-GS, Police Stress 

Inventory and COPE questionnaires were administered. Structural equation modelling confirmed a 

3-factor model of burnout. All three factors showed acceptable internal consistencies. The results 

showed that job stress influence exhaustion and professional efficacy. Active coping and seeking 

emotional support moderate the relationship between job. 

1315

Educational Psychology, Faculty of Letters, Kansai University, Japan 

This study explored age-related changes in prospective memory complaints. The prospective 

retrospective memory questionnaire (Smith et al., 2000) was presented for elderly and young 

participants. In addition, the participants were instructed to rate frequencies at which they 

experienced three types of prospective memory failures (intention lapse failure, action lapse 

failure, and target lapse failure). Results showed that the frequencies of the prospective memory 

failures reported by the elderly participants were fewer than those by the young participants 

regardless of the failure types. The results are discussed in terms of environmental support and 

age-related changes in involuntary prospective memory. 

5111.6 Researches on the effects of forgetting on false memory, Zhiliang Yang, Chu Zhou, 

Rui Xie, Lulu Wan, Department of psychology, East China Normal University, China 

Two experiments were conducted to investigate the trends of false memory with time under the 

Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) paradigm. In within-subject design, false-alarm rate 

increased with time (immediate, 1/2 hour, and one hour). However, in between-subject design, 

false-alarm rate did not change with time. The results reveal that false memory could be steady if 

only forgetting takes place, but variable if some other disturbing processes like repeating false 

recognition in within-subject experiment are mixed with forgetting. Furthermore, some results on 

interactions of forgetting and association between studied and nonstudied words were obtained, 

which supported the double outcomes of false memory under forgetting. 

5111.7 Differential activation of premotor and ventral prefrontal areas between the spatial and 

object working memory tasks- A money PET activation study, Masataka Watanabe 1 , Takashi 

Kojima 1 , Kazuo Hikosaka 1 , Hideo Tsukada 2 , Hirotaka Onoe 1 , 1 Tokyo Metropolitan Institute 

for Neuroscience, Tokyo, Japan, 2 Central Research Laboratory, Hamamatsu Photonics K. K., 

Japan 

The dorsal and ventral parts of the lateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC) of both the human and primate 

are proposed to be functionally differentiated in relation to the domain (space vs. object) in 

working memory (WM). To determine whether there would be any differential activation between 

the ventral and dorsal parts of the monkey LPFC in relation to the domain in WM, we conducted a 

monkey PET activation study. Comparing the spatial and object WM tasks, premotor areas were 

more active during the spatial, while the ventral LPFC and visual association areas were more 

active during the object WM task. 

5111.8 Memory for fact, fiction, and misinformation: The Iraq War 2003, Stephan 

Lewandowsky 1 , Werner Stritzke 1 , Klaus Oberauer 2 , Michael Morales 3 , 1 University of Western 

Australia, Australia, 2 University of Potsdam, Germany, 3 Sunny Plattsburgh, New York, USA 

Media coverage of the Iraq War often involved corrections and qualifications of earlier 

information. Similarly, initial reports about the discovery of WMD’s were all later disconfirmed. 

We investigated the effects of retractions and disconfirmations on memory and beliefs for 

war-related events in two coalition countries (Australia & U.S.A.) and one that opposed the war 

(Germany). Participants were queried about (1) true events, (2) events initially presented as fact 

but subsequently retracted, and (3) fictional events. Unlike participants in Australia and Germany, 

U.S. respondents did not show sensitivity to retraction of misinformation. 

1317

5112 ORAL 

Cognition 

Chair: Jiannong Shi, China 

5112.1 Perceived parental rearing and different instructions on children’s artistic creativity: A 

cross-cultural examination, Weihua Niu 1 , Davide Antognazza 2 , Dan Liu 3 , Silvia Ceresa 4 , Maria 

Komolova 4 , Gang Liu 5 , 1 Pace University, USA, 2 Rally Program, Harvard University, USA., 

3 4 5 

Tsinghua University, China, Council of Allodola, Onlus, Italy, Panjin Vocational and Tecnology 


A total of 120 elementary students (9-10-year olds) from three metropolitan areas in three different 

countries: Beijing (China), Milan (Italy), and New York City (United States) were asked to 

complete two art projects (collage design and picture drawing) and one self-report measure 

(children's perceived parental rearing, Castro et al., 1993). Students received two different 

instructions (creative focus vs. no focus) to do the art projects, which were then evaluated 

independently by raters from the three countries using consensus measurement of creativity 

(Amabile, 1996). Cultural differences in parental rearing and the effect of instructions on 

creativity were found and discussed. 

5112.2 An investigation of the relationship between creativity and public examination results, 

Irene N. Y. Au Yeung, Anna H. Y. Ho, Joyce L. T. Leong, Catherine A. Mcbride-chang, The 


Twenty-nine male Hong Kong twelfth graders were administered two tasks of creativity, picture 

analysis from the Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking (Torrance, 1974), and a lyrics composition 

exercise. Students' public examination (HKCEE) results were also obtained. Although there was 

no association of the HKCEE with the lyrics composition task, its association with the Torrance 

Test was significant and negative (r=-.40). Results are interpreted as suggesting that Hong Kong's 

strict examination system may reward convergent thinking and discourage divergent thinking (as 

measured by the Torrance Test) such that students may find it difficult to excel in both thinking 

styles simultaneously. 

5112.3 Some higher order needs as a predictors of creative capacity of greduate artists, 

Kanopporn Wonggarasin, Thailand 

Creative artists related to higher order needs, lead to think: a) Amount of need achievement and 

creative abilities of subjects are likely to be equal. b) Degree of self actualization and creative 

abilities of subjects are likely to be of some magnitude. c) There exists likelihood of close 

correspondence needs of creative graduate artists. Need achievement measured by Mehta’s 

projective test, Sharma’s self actualization, Sharma’s Battery of creativity tests. 200 graduate 

students of Drawing and Painting Department, 2X2 factorial design was mentioned. 

5112.4 A experimental study of metaphor generation, Keiga Abe, Masanori Nakagawa, Tokyo 

Institute of Technology, Japan 

1318

with high creativity. 1047 middle school students were repeatedly administered a batter measuring, 

including Thinking Style Inventory (based on Sternberg’s theory and inventory, revised by Wu and 

Zhang, China) and Torrance’s Creative Test (revised by Ye, China). SEM (Structural Equation 

Modeling) analysis approved that it was partially true. But the things were a little complex. The 

authors investigated the influential factors and advanced a model. 

5113 ORAL 


Chair: Fuxi Fang, China 

5113.1 The effects of life cycle temporal order on biological text comprehension for fifth grade 

students, Yuhtsuen Tzeng, Autumn Chen, National Chung Cheng University, Taiwan, China 

Readers rely on time information to construct mental models during comprehension. This study 

examined whether different orders of describing animal life cycles in biological texts would affect 

comprehension. Participants either read normal biological texts which describes animals in the 

typical order from birth to adulthood or read atypical versions which describes them in a 

non-typical order starting from adulthood back to birth. The results showed that fifth grade 

students comprehended better for reading normal life cycle sequences texts than for atypical 

versions. This pattern validated the importance of temporal dimension for comprehension and 

carried clear implications for science text writings. 

5113.2 To reinforce self-confidence of the Chinese school children in learning English through 

the creative use of mother tongue, Han De Liu, Xiao Yun Wu, Foreign Language Dept. Gannan 

Teachers' College, China 

In China, primary school children have limited exposure to English and their anxiety of losing 

native language ego accelerates when forced to speak in English. This has been making English 

learning very frightening to those young learners. This research focused on attending to the 

children’s self-confidence by providing them with carefully-tuned “sandwiched” teaching contents 

which contain some combinations of both the target and native language. This approach can not 

only arouse more motivation, facilitate memory, but also assure young beginners more safety as 

they are challenging to speak a new language. 

5113.3 Development of lexical and conceptual representation in second language acquisition of 

Chinese-English bilingual children, Shaoying Gong 1 , Fuxi Fang 2 , 1 Hunan Normal University, 

China, 2 Institute of Psychology Chinese Academy of Sciences, China 

The lexical and conceptual representation in bilingual memory was investigated with a translation 

recognition task. The Chinese-English bilingual children and undergraduates with different 

proficiency in English participated in the experiment. Response times in orthographically and 

semantically related words were significantly longer than those unrelated words for all groups. 

The results indicate that both conceptual and lexical links are formed in the second language (L2) 

words, even for children beginners of L2. The less proficient bilingual children can conceptually 

mediate L2 words. Part of the results did not support the hypothesis of hierarchical model of 

1320

ilingual memory. 

5113.4 Investigating the transfer of phonological processing skills in Mandarin/English 

bilingual children vs. Cantonese/English bilingual children, Yan Gu, Alexandra Gottardo, 

Wilfrid Laurier University, Canada 

Chinese, including Mandarin and Cantonese dialects, is a morphosyllabic writing system. 

Mandarin is associated with an alphabetic phonetic system. This study explored the development 

of reading and phonological processing skills in Mandarin/English and Cantonese/English 

bilingual children. The performance of reading, phonological processing, and orthographic 

processing were examined in Chinese and English in 33 elementary Mandarin-native speakers and 

32 Cantonese-native speakers in Canada. A transfer of phonological skills was found in both 

language groups. Chinese phonological processing correlated with English reading in both 

language groups. Factors such as level of Chinese instruction and integration in the English 

community are examined. 

5113.5 Effect of L2 proficiency and semantic commonality of Japanese-Chinese cognate on 

semantic processing in bilinguals, Misato Oi, Hirofumi Saito, Nagoya University, Japan 

Across Japanese and Chinese dictionaries two-kanji words (cognates) differ in the semantic 

commonality (shared, Japanese-specific, Chinese-specific). We examined semantic processing of 

cognate in L2-Japanese in two learner proficiency-groups (high-proficiency, low-proficiency) with 

L1-Chinese on word-sentence-congruency-task. To examine whether the learners know a pair of 

cognate and sentence as Japanese, we measured the known response rates and RTs. The 

high-group showed lower known-rates but longer RTs in the negative set (Chinese-specific). 

Further, both learners showed less L1 interference effect in RTs and known-rates under the 

Japanese inclusive conditions. These results suggest both learners are interfered by L1, but 

high-learners resist the interference. 

5113.6 How is emergent writing based on drawing? Iris Levin 1 , Adriana Bus 2 , 1 School of 

Education, Tel Aviv University, Israel, 2 Leiden University, The Netherlands 

The development of writing and drawing, their interconnection and differentiation was studied in 

Israeli and Dutch children, 28-35 months old. They drew and wrote (e.g., 'sun'), classified their 

products as drawing and writing, and decided what they had drawn or written. Scores on a writing 

scale composed of graphic, "written-like", and symbolic schemes showed improvement with age. 

Scores on writing and drawing were intercorrelated suggesting that when children start drawing 

objects referentially, they write by drawing "print". Children unable to communicate by writing, 

spontaneously resort to drawing-like devices, indicating the primacy of drawing as a 

representational-communicative system. 

5113.7 Reading without speaking, Janna Ferreira, Jerker Rönnberg, The Swedish Institute 

for Disability Research (SIDR), Sweden 

This is a presentation of an intervention study with computer-based training of phonological 

awareness. Thirteen speech-impaired children aged 8 to 14 years have trained with the program 

for a semester. Pre- and post- testing data will be presented. The results are discussed in relation to 

speech-impaired children and: a) the effect of computer-based training of phonological awareness. 

1321

) how phonological awareness and literacy are related. c) how articulation and literacy are related. 

d) the importance of general language skills for literacy. 

5113.8 Effects of delayed auditory feedback on representative and beat gestures, Hirofumi 

Saito 1 , Ayumu Arakawa 2 , Naoko Kawano 1 , Yoko Mano 1 , Toyotomi Tanaka 1 , 1 Cognitive 

Informatics, Graduate School of Information Science, Nagoya University, Japan, 2 Department of 

Psychology, Doshisha University, Japan 

Delayed auditory feedback (DAF) is known to disturb fluent speech, and it has been suggested 

that it boosts the use of gestures. The present research examines the effects of DAF on gestures 

with Japanese. Twenty-one students explained fragments of a cartoon under both DAF and NAF 

conditions. Half the subjects were encouraged to perform gestures, and the results suggest that the 

rates of representative gestures decreasing while the beat gesture rate increased under the DAF 

condition. We discuss why the subjects had to shift their attention from a story event to a 

meta-narrative level of lexical repair to speak smoothly. 

5114 ORAL 


Chair: Renu Narchal, Australia 

5114.1 Social habitus and the impact of socio-cultural factors on vocational behavior of 

adolescent, Michael Motola, Oranim College, Israel 

The study set out to examine the impact of contextual factors on the adolescents' vocational 

behaviour. A comprehensive questionnaire was conceived to study the impact of education and 

social background on students' future plans. The questionnaire included questions about future 

projects, representations of occupations, aesthetic values, work values, and background features. 

308 French and 191 Finnish students in thirteen schools completed the questionnaire. The results 

showed that there are cultural differences between the Finnish subjects and the French subjects in 

planning their futures. The main factors that contributed to the variance were gender, 

socio-economic background, and educational streams. 

5114.2 Peer relations and their impact on adolescent development, Renu Narchal, University 

of Western Sydney, Australia 

Present study explores effect of peer acceptance on overt aggression, emotional intelligence, 

delaying gratification and academic achievement of 91 adolescent boys. Nomination and rating 

measures were obtained. 10 least and 10 most accepted boys were sociometrically determined. 

Both groups were exposed to pre-selected assessing dimensions- Rosenweig Picture Frustration 

Test (1948), Blocks Ego Resilience Scale (1995) and personal data questionnaire to assess ability 

to delay gratification. School grades were considered. Hypothesis that less accepted boys would 

indicate higher levels of aggression, be low on emotional intelligence and academic performance 

and have a significantly lesser ability to delay gratification was not found. 

5114.3 Strategies of interpersonal problem solving in Chinese adults, Bo Chen, Department of 

1322

Sociology, Nanchang University, China 

On the basis of a life span theory of control, five hypothetical situations involving interpersonal 

conflicts were presented to 252 Chinese participants from 25 to 75 years old. They expressed their 

coping strategies. The results indicated that most of adults held secondary control, but the ratio of 

young adults holding primary control is significantly more than that of older adults holding 

primary control. Context and cohort effects were the noticeable factors led to age differences on 

orientation of strategy. It also implied that the cultural background influenced individual's 

interpersonal problem solving. 

5114.4 Structural and functional characteristics of speech in young adults in a problem-solving 

context, Maria Stylianou 1 , Maria Damianova 2 , 1 University of Liverpool, UK, 2 Monash. South 

Africa 

The prevalence, structure and function of speech in a problem-solving situation in young adults 

was investigated. The participants used social, private and inner speech, with social speech 

featuring most prominently. The predicative structure and the self-regulatory function of private 

speech were confirmed. Social speech manifested both complete and fragmented constituency. It 

displayed a multifaceted function of communication, other and self- regulation. The commonality 

between social and private speech was found to lie in their predicativity and self- regulatory 

function. It is argued that the outcome of cognitive maturation in adults resides in the 

interchangeable use of all speech types. 

5114.5 Effective factors of the strategies selection of distributing working memory, Jianzhong 

Wo, Huijuan Liu, Institute of Developmental Psychology, Beijing Normal University, China 

This study focused on effective factors of the strategies selection of distributing working memory 

in 449 students from 9 to18 years old. Results indicated that the processing of the problems speeds 

up with the digit span increasing in all kinds of interval step problems. In the period of primary 

school, the most powerful effect is age, then the interval step, digit span, sequence practice, the 

last is strategy. Compared to the primary school students, the most powerful effect is the interval 

step, the second one is strategy, then the sequence practice, the digit span and the last one is age. 

5114.6 A comparative study of attachment styles among twins and singletons, Mojtaba Habibi, 

Mohammad Ali Besharat, Hamid Shamsipour, The University of Tehran, Iran 

The aim of this study was to examine the effect of co-twin presence in the development of 

attachment style. The subjects were 30 twin pairs (n= 60) and 60 singletons. All subjects were 

asked to complete the Adult Attachment Inventory. Twins presented secure attachment style more 

than did singletons, and identical twins showed secure attachment style more than did fraternal 

twins; none of the results were statistically significant. However, the higher frequency of twins' 

secure attachment style comparing to the lower frequency of singletons' secure attachment style 

could be explained by the proximity of a familiar person (the co-twin). 

5114.7 Analysis on students’ homosex intimate behavior in Chinese universities, Youwei Yan, 

Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China 

In order to know the characteristics and rule of university students’ homosex intimate behavior, 

homosexual love and development, we make self-report questionnaires to be filled separately by 

1323

situation by within-subject design. The control variables were two categories, one is under job 

seeking and the other is under lottery choosing. The subjects were divided into two groups, which 

consisted of undergraduates and postgraduates. We used Risk Preference Index (RPI) to measure 

risk-taking tendency. The results indicated that the categories in risk situation influences on risk 

taking tendency in a way and presented the interaction between the control variable and the 

subject variable. 

5115.4 Theory and experiments of problem representation, Zhu Deng, Department of 

Psychology,Nanjing Normal University, China 

To test the assumptions of Representation-State Theory (RST) mentioned in my article(Zhu,2003), 

713 senior high school students have been studied by means of protocol, cognitive task and 

questionnaire in our experiments. It has been examined that the cognitive mechanism of the 

physics problem-solving and the related subjective variables. The results showed that changes of 

problem representation-state are mainly influenced by the special knowledge, and that they are 

also relevant to the subjects’ cognitive structure. Our research also found that the 

state-metacognition of problem-solving consists of three components: the problem solvers’ 

monitoring consciousness, self-efficacy feeling and the strategies of problem representation. 

5115.5 An experimental study on undergraduates’ analogical transfer of disciplinary problems, 

Baoguo Shi 1 , Qinglin Zhang 2 , 1 Institute of Developmental Psychology, Beijing Normal 

University, China, 2 School of Psychology, Southwest Normal University, Chongqing, China 

Two experiments had been designed to investigate analogical transfer of disciplinary problems of 

214 undergraduates. The first one examined effects of surface similarity on transfer and subjects’ 

strategies. The second one examined effects of different relationships between two source 

problems on transfer. The results:(1) Surface similarity has a significant impact on analogical 

transfer. Transfer occurs more easily between problems in the same disciplinary field.(2) Effective 

strategies used to activate source analog can be based on surface as well as on structure. There is 

no significant relationship between learning time and transfer effects.(3) Solution method 

induction has a significant impact on transfer. 

5115.6 Evaluation of social skills and problem solving on interned children and their parents, 

Rebeca Andrea Betancourt Reyes, Irasema Del Pilar Castell Ruiz, Maria De Lourdes 

Samayoua MIranda, Otila Maria Caballero Quevedo Universidad De Sonora, Mexico 

The availability of trainings to families that need it, will have a significative impact there has been 

little interest on the systematic study of such skills same on parents and their children (Shapiro, 

1997; Gelb, 1999). Therefore the objective of this study it to evaluate social skills and problem 

solving on interned children and their parents with the goal of compare them. The utilized 

instrument where a series of structured situations that matched the families context. The results 

where analyzed on percentages and showed that on the compared skills no correspondence 

between the sons and parents skills. 

5115.7 Decision making for time management: Protective factor for tutorship, Otila Maria 

Caballero Quevedo, Maria De Lourdes Samayoua MIranda, Irasema Del Pilar Castell Ruiz, 

Rebeca Andrea Betancourt Reyes, Universidad De Sonora, Mexico 

1325

5116.3 Relationship between mental representations of arithmetic word problems and working 

memory capacities, Catherine Thevenot, Jane Oakhill, University of Sussex, UK 

The structure of the representation constructed to solve an arithmetic word problem can be 

inferred from the strategies used by participants to solve it, and more precisely from the order of 

completion of the calculations. In two experiments, we used a new paradigm that allows us to 

determine whether numbers have been involved in a calculation or not. We showed that the 

structure of the representation depends both on the working memory capacity demands of the task 

(that was manipulated by using either three-digit numbers or two-digit numbers in the text of the 

problem) and the participants’ working memory capacities. 

5116.4 Investigation on the thinking pattern difference between the people in developed regions 

and those in underdeveloped regions, Lianzhen Zhang 1 , Jiayuan Yu 2 , Weixin Zhang 1 , Zhiqiang 

Yao 2 , Xian Li 2 , 1 Jiangsu Provincial Committee of CPC, China, 2 Nanjing Normal University, 

China 

The region's economic develop level is closely related to the people's thinking pattern. This 

investigation explored the differences of people's thinking pattern between developed regions and 

those in underdeveloped regions. The Thinking Pattern Questionnaire was developed and applied 

in different areas of Jiangsu province in China. Subjects were government officers, corporation 

managers and school teachers. The results showed that people in developed regions were inclined 

to run a risk, to be more open-minded, and market oriented, et al. Finally, the training program and 

suggestions for changing the people's thinking pattern to accelerate economic development were 

provided. 

5116.5 Choice of cognitive strategies for coping with decisional uncertainty, Shyhnan Liou 1 , 

Cheng Chung-Ping 2 , 1 National Chung Cheng University, Department of Labor Relation, Taiwan, 

China, 2 National Taiwan University, China 

This study investigated three questions: the uncertainty coping strategies in naturalistic decision 

making, the role of conceptualization of uncertainty and the need and ability to achieve certainty 

(NCS and AACS) on adoption of coping tactics. Drawn on analysis of 480 decision incidents, the 

result showed that decision makers distinguished three types of uncertainty: incomplete 

information, inadequate understanding and undifferentiated alternatives. To these they applied five 

strategies: reducing uncertainty, assumption-based reasoning, acknowledging uncertainty, and 

suppression. The result also indicated that cognitive styles delineated by NCS and AACS under 

different conceptualized of uncertainty are systematic correspondence to those tactics. 

5116.6 Development and validation of an instrument measuring planning competence, Viktoria 

Arling, Will Spijkers, Institute of Psychology, Technical University, Aachen, Germany 

Measurement of planning competence is an important field of psychological aptitude testing for 

occupational purposes. We developed a planning competence tool (Tour-Planer) which demands 

planning a day trip in a virtual town under restrictive conditions. The tool was validated by an 

intelligence test as well as by a self- and external assessment questionnaire for planning 

competence and intelligence (N=54). Additionally, a parallel instrument (Party-Planer) was 

developed and tested demanding the planning of a company party (N=24). The results confirmed 

1327

decisions. Damasio (1994) introduces a distinction between emotions and feelings. While 

emotions are considered to be unconscious, Damasio defines feelings as the process of 'feeling an 

emotion', i.e. experiencing an emotion by becoming consciously aware of the bodily reactions. 

Damasio's concepts promote a new perspective regarding how drivers perceive and assess risk. 

Emotions and feelings are the very instruments that enable the organism to evaluate and choose 

between alternative causes of action. The implications of Damasio's theory regarding elaboration 

of road safety measures will be discussed. 

5117.3 Performance of primates in a revised concurrent variable interval (VI) task, Ken-Ichiro 

Tsutsui, Istvan Hernadi, Wolfram Schultz, Department of Anatomy, University of Cambridge, 

UK 

Two male macaque monkeys were trained to perform a visual two-cue oculomotor choice task, in 

which they had to choose either stimulus A or B by a saccadic eye movement. The task is a revised 

version of the concurrent variable interval (VI) task, in which the probability of reward 

availability for both stimuli in each trial was independently defined by a simple mathematical 

equation. Both monkeys appeared to be optimizing their behavior in order to get the maximum 

amount of reward from the task. Intensive analysis of the behavior suggests several possible 

strategies in their choice behavior. 

5117.4 Daytime Parahypnagogia: A newly identified state of consciousness that interferes with 

attentiveness, Emile Gurstelle, William Paterson University, USA 

The author reports on a newly identified and previously undescribed state of consciousness, 

Daytime Parahypnagogia (DPH). A DPH episode consists of a flash image, dream, thought and/or 

creative insight. The content of the experience is often quickly forgotten. The dissociative state is 

momentary, spontaneous and unnerving, to some extent akin to almost falling asleep. Of 164 

clinical psychologists and 247 college students surveyed, 46 to 54 percent reported experiencing 

signs consistent with DPH; of those, approximately half reported that such events interfere with 

tasks requiring attentiveness. The paper details the experiential nature of DPH and its impact on 

daytime functioning. 

5117.5 Unconscious knowledge of an artificial grammar, Zoltan Dienes, University of Sussex, 

UK 

People who have been exposed to exemplars of an artificial grammar can later classify new 

exemplars as obeying the grammar or not. Unconscious knowledge would be involved in 

classification if people were in concurrent states of knowing without being aware of being in such 

states. Confidence ratings can be used to determine whether subjects know when they knew *that* 

a test exemplar was grammatical. I will explore the case left out by this methodology of when the 

person has conscious knowledge that an exemplar is grammatical but not of the knowledge that 

enabled this judgement. 

5117.6 Psychology of ecological consciousness, Irina Schmeleva, Saint Petersburg State 

University, Russian Federation 

Psychology of ecological consciousness, a new trend in Russian psychology based on 

methodology of system approach, holistic thinking, psycho-semantic approach and other 

1329

interaction among familiarity, context of words and grades was also significant. The results can 

help us improve idiom teaching theoretically and practically. 

5118.6 Topological properties in Chinese character processing, Dingguo Gao 1 , Henry Kao 2 , 

Hengyi Rao 1 , Xiaoyun Xiao 1 , 1 Department of Psychology, Sun Yat-Sen University, China, 

2 

Department of Psychology, The University of Hong Kong, China 

Chen (2001) proposed topological properties are the functional primitives for visual perception. 

This study was designed to examine whether topological properties (i.e., connectedness, 

containment and holes) affect Chinese character processing in two experiments. In Experiment 1, 

the data revealed that topologically equivalent Chinese characters with high frequency were more 

difficult to discriminate in a visual matching task, whereas characters with low frequency showed 

no this effect. In Experiment 2, there was a priming effect for topological related characters with 

low frequency characters but not for high frequency characters. The findings show a role of 

topological properties in identifying Chinese characters. 

5118.7 The preference effect in short-term priming of Chinese word, Liandi Wei, Xiaodong Li, 

China 

By using two-alternative forced-choice task (2-AFC), this study examined the preference effect in 

short-term priming of Chinese word. The result showed that the preference effect did exist in 

short-term priming of Chinese words. The frequency of words had significant influence on 

preference. Preference effect was larger when the words were high frequency. The result also 

demonstrated that preference occurred on the condition of pure implicit memory, which did not 

depend on processing level. 

5118.8 The number of syllable effect in Chinese word production: Testing MacKay’s node 

structure theory, Jenn-Yeu Chen, Ching-Hui Tsai, National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan, 

China 

MacKay's (1987) Node Structure Theory predicts that the onset latency in producing a word 

increases with the number of syllables in the word. However, the prediction only distinguishes 

between mono- and polysyllabic words. The word onset latency does not increase when the 

number of syllables increases from two to more than two. Evidence obtained by Santiago, 

MacKay, Palma and Rho (2000) was limited to one- and two-syllable words. The present study 

extended the test of the Theory by including three-syllable words. Results showed an increase of 

word onset latency beyond the length of two syllables, inconsistent with the Theory's prediction. 

5119 ORAL 


Chair: Yong Wang, China 

5119.1 Shifts in cognitive performance during pregnancy and early motherhood, Renate De 

Groot, Eric Vuurman, Gerard Hornstra, Jelle Jolles, Maastricht University, The Netherlands, 

Maastricht University, The Netherlands 

Scientific evidence for pregnancy-associated cognitive deficits is scarce. Therefore, we compared 

1332

performance of 57 pregnant and 50 matched non-pregnant women on a cognitive test battery at 

weeks 14, 17, 29, and 36 of pregnancy and at 32 weeks postpartum. Early pregnancy (week 14) 

was characterized by impairments in all memory functions measured, while none of the speed 

functions were affected. During the second and third trimesters of pregnancy (weeks 17-36) 

encoding and semantic memory remained worse in the pregnant group than in the control group. 

Unexpectedly "early motherhood" was characterized by worse performance on tasks of speed of 


5119.2 Consumption value and behavior of freshman, Yijie Guan 1 , Yong Wang 2 , 1 School of 

Psychology, Beijing Normal University, China, 2 Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of 


Young adult’s consumption value is broadly concerned in China. Parents are worrying about their 

children’s squandering in universities. This survey study investigated 330 freshmen’s consumption 

value, including their quality and price awareness, coupon proneness, sale proneness, price-quality 

schema, prestige sensitivity, impulsive purchase, and their actual consuming behavior. More than 

95% of them get family financial support and less than one fourth get school financial aid 

meanwhile. However, only one third or even less of them got detailed instructions about 

consumption from their parents. And, about half of these fresh undergraduates are also lack of 

control on their own consumption. 

5119.3 Sending memorable health messages to the old: Preference, memory and persuasiveness 

of emotionally meaningful health messages among young and old adults, Boby Ho-hong Ching, 

Helene Hoi-lam Fung, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, China 

Socioemotional selectivity theory postulates that emotionally-meaningful goals gain in importance 

for older adults as they perceive time as increasingly limited. Because goals affect cognition and 

behaviors, this study investigated the influence of health messages emphasizing different goals on 

adults’ memory and preference of the messages. Younger (N=112) and older adults (N=104) (age 

range 18-86) were randomly assigned to read pamphlets with identical factual information 

emphasizing different goals. Findings showed that emotionally-meaningful health messages, but 

not for knowledge-related and neutral messages, were more persuasive, evaluated more positively 

and better remembered by older adults, whereas younger adults did not show this bias. 

5119.4 The dance of Life: A non-linear theory of adult development, T.L. Brink, Crafton Hills 

College, USA 

Erikson's lock-step developmental model may fit the first third of life, but fails to comprehend the 

complexities of modern adult development. An optimal theory of adult development must account 

for cultural differences, cohort variations, individual idiosyncracies, and free will. Adult 

development should focus on individual decisions made about social roles which may be 

overlapping, competing, and inconsistent. The clinical relevance of this is the identification of 

points in life in which the individual is at maximum susceptibility to mental disorders, due to rapid 

role transition, role overload, and role underload. 

5119.5 Personality change for the life span, Jianhua Zhu, University of Pittsburgh, China 

Does personality change or does it remain stable over the lifetime? The answer depends on how 

1333


Dual-task control and strategic attentional management in the face of changing task demands are 

examined across three age groups. The degree of successful time-sharing is influenced by a host of 

task, procedural, and instructional factors. The results are examined in the context of two 

theoretical accounts of attention. To account for the age-related dual-task decrement or 

nonoptimality, the bottleneck theory posits a larger bottleneck whereas the resource theory posits 

reduced processing efficiency of the attentional resources. Implications of the nature of the 

age-related changes for predicting complex real-world performance such as driving and piloting 


5120.2 Depression and quality of life in older adults, Ana Luisa GonzaLez-celis, Juan Jose 

Sanchez-sosa, National University of Mexico, Mexico 

Quality-of-life (QoL) is especially pertinent as a principal component of well-being of older adults. 

The purpose of the study included examining the effects of depression on QoL measures of a 

sample of older adults in Mexico City. A preliminary study assessed the psychometrical properties 

of the WHOQoL-100. Four groups was constitute (n=120) with different level of depression. 

Results revealed highly acceptable reliability (Cronbach’s Alpha=0.87) and validity. QoL showed 

statistically significant (p

This study analyses the relationship between speed of processing and working memory (WM) 

performance in different tasks that involve each one of the WM components (phonological loop, 

visuo-spatial sketchpad and central executive). The sample consists of different age-group 

participants, age 20 to 75, with similar level of practice in cognitive activity. The results show that, 

in spite of the level of practice in cognitive activity, the decline in WM performance is found for 

the three components of the WM system as the age increases. The contribution of processing 

speed in WM performance is discussed. 

5120.6 Effect of goal management training in older adults: A randomized controlled trial, Susan 

Van Hooren 1 , Susanne Valentijn 2 , Hans Bosma 3 , Martin Van Boxtel 2 , Jelle Jolles 2 , 1 European 

Graduate School of Neuroscience (EURON), Maastricht University, NL, Department of 

2 

Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, The Netherlands, Department of Psychiatry and 

Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, 3 Department of Health Care Studies, Maastricht 

University, The Netherlands 

The objective of this study was to examine the effect of a training procedure in older adults that 

addressed executive functioning, called Goal Management Training. The aim of this intervention 

was to teach individuals a strategy to improve planning activities and to structure intentions. The 

design was a randomized controlled trail that included 70 community dwelling older individuals. 

Compared with controls, participants in the intervention group were less annoyed by their 

cognitive failures after the intervention. Furthermore, complaints about executive functioning 

decreased after the intervention. These effects were also present at 7 weeks follow-up. 

5120.7 The effect of perceived spatial separation on informational and energetic masking of 

speech in younger and older adults, Bruce Schneider 1 , Meredyth Daneman 1 , James Qi 1 , Liang 

Li 2 , 1 Department of Psychology, Centre for Research on Biological Communication Systems, 

University of Toronto at Mississauga, Canada, 2 Department of Psychology, Speech and Hearing 

Research Center, Peking University, Beijing, China 

Younger and older adults listened to and repeated meaningless sentences in the presence of a 

masker (either speech-spectrum noise or two competing talkers) when target and masker were 

perceived as originating at the same or different positions in space. Perceived spatial separation of 

the masker from the target speech produced a much larger improvement in performance when the 

masker was “informational” (talking) than when the masker was “energetic” (noise). However, the 

size of this improvement was the same for younger and older adults. Thus perceived spatial 

separation reduces cognitive level interference to the same extent in younger and older adults. 

5120.8 The age-orientaton paradox: Psychophysiological studies, István Czigler, Institute for 

Psychology of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Hungary 

In comparison to younger participants, novel, unexpected stimuli elicit longer effects in elderly. 

This eduring effect is reflected in decreased habituation of both the autonomous activity and in the 

event-related potentials (ERPs) of the brain. On the other hand, novel, unexpected stimuli elicit 

stronger ERP effects in younger participants. This latter effect is demonstrated in a study where 

younger and older participants performed a letter-matching task. In some trials pictures of visual 

objects (novels) were presented. In the younger group novel stimuli elicited a large negative ERP 

component maximal over the central location. No such activity emerged in the elderly. 

1336

Angeles, California, USA 

One of the factors that limit the effectiveness of current clinical behavioral medicine treatment is 

the modality specific approach. The UCLA Behavioral Medicine Clinic has developed an 

integrated protocol that combines a comprehensive, psychophysiological assessment, with a 

behavioral change focus, outcome and time limited based treatment plan, and clinical application 

of physiological, behavioral, affective and cognitive interventions. The presentation will 

demonstrate the effectiveness of the protocol as well as how it serves as a training model of 

psychology interns and psychiatric residents, in addition to possessing many critical criteria for 

conducting research. 

5121.7 Who benefits from what: A systematic review of writing interventions, Qian Lu, 

Annette Stanton, University of California at Los Angeleds, USA 

Recently, it has been reported that written emotional disclosure confers a variety of benefits, 

including increased physical and psychological well-being. However, some studies reveal that it 

has mixed or even detrimental effects. The finding of variable effects suggests the possibility that 

outcomes may vary systematically as a function of specific parameters of the experimental design. 

Three factors, including the participant population, specific writing instructions, and individual 

differences, are demonstrated to be critical moderators enhancing, attenuating, or even reversing 

the effects of writing intervention. Implications of the findings, methodological problems and 

recommendations in the research on writing interventions are addressed. 

5121.8 Perception of clinical psychologists of the import of the formal evaluation of adaptive 

functioning in the diagnosis of AIDS, Will Aande, South Africa 

This research reports the perceptions of clinical psychologists in Southern Africa who reported 

offering STD protective services, adaptive functioning received a mean ranking as the fourth most 

important of 12 areas of functioning, (cf. Dammers et al, 1995). A notable majority of respondents 

reported using these criteria, which concurs with the stipulation of DSM-IV-R (APA, 1994). Taken 

together, however, it was observed that there is a dearth of material for the assessment of adaptive 

functioning in many STDs/HIV/AIDS evaluation batteries used by public health Clinicians in 

Africa. Alternative cultural interpretations are suggested coupled with informed debate among 

scientists, politicians, community leaders and clinicians. 

5122 ORAL 


Chair: Barbara Adamson 

5122.1 The effect of psychosocial variables on diurnal cortisol rhythm, Yayoi Oda, Tsuneyuki 

Abe, Minoru Nakamura, Amane Tatsuta, Takeyoshi Kurihara, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 

Japan; Shiseido Co., Ltd., Japan 

We examined the relationship between psychosocial variables and diurnal cortisol rhythm in 166 

workers (85 men, 81 women) using questionnaires relating to recent stressors, emotional states 

and life habits. Salivary cortisol levels were assessed by HPLC from samples collected on 

1338

workdays upon awakening, at 10:00, 11:40, 14:00 and 16:00. Unlike participants with habitual 

long sleep duration on workdays, those with habitual short sleep duration on workdays did not 

show typical diurnal rhythm by ANOVA. The slope of diurnal cortisol variation of each participant 

was calculated and covariance structure analysis performed. Results indicated that sleep habits 

affected dysregulation of cortisol rhythm. 

5122.2 Challenges in researching occupational stress: Methodological considerations, Barbara 

Adamson 1 , Cary Cooper 2 , 1 University of Sydney, Australia, 2 School of Management, University 

of Lancaster, UK 

The focus of the present paper is to discuss the challenges faced by researchers in studying 

occupational stress. Primarily it draws upon methodological considerations encountered in firstly 

designing a longitudinal study to track occupational stress over time (a two year period) and 

secondly, decisions related to the analysis of data from key occupational groups (n=177) in one of 

Australia’s largest insurance companies. The study design and the decisions related to data 

analysis have important implications for researchers in the area of occupational stress. In many 

published studies these considerations are not made explicit in the reporting of findings. 

5122.3 Understanding coping process among child under stress event, Marika Audet-Lapointe, 

Jean-Claude Lasry, University of Montreal, Canada 

The aim of the present study is to explore the relations between negative life event, coping process 

and psychological adjustment for children under stress. Participants were 582 children, 8 to 16 

years. Scales included Negative Life Events Scale for Children (Sandler,1986), Threat Appraisal 

Scale (Sheets,1996), Children’ Coping Strategies Checklist V2 (Ayers, 2003), Efficacy Scale 

(Sandler, 2000), Revised Child Manifest Anxiety Scale (Reynold, 1978) and Children Depression 

Inventory (Kovacs, 1981).The impact of coping process on psychological adjustment will be 

analysed through hierarchical regression. Results will be discussed and a model of coping process 

for children facing stress be presented. 

5122.5 Psychological adaptation to the stressful conditions of a 3-months bed-rest experiment, 

Elisabeth Rosnet, Gregory Decamps, Bruno Deswaene, Laboratory of Applied Psychology 

"Stress and Society", EA 2073, University of Reims, France, France 

Understanding biological and psychological adaptation during space flights is a major issue for 

future long-term space missions. Bed-rest experiments are planned to determine the physiological 

effects of weightlessness. A three-months experiment, promoted by the French Spatial Agency 

CNES, has been organised for 25 volunteers in Toulouse by MEDES with the support of the 

European, French, and Japan Agencies. Volunteers were not allowed to stand or sit during three 

months. They have to face stress conditions related to isolation and confinement. Results will 

describe the diachrony of psychological adaptation and the influence of the individual 

psychological characteristics on adaptation. 

5122.6 The effects of assertiveness training and relaxation on disease-prone personality types, 

coping, mood and cortisol in a community sample, Justine Gatt, Julie Hatfield, School of 

Psychology, University of Sydney, Australia 

Grossarth-Maticek & Eysenck(1988) demonstrated that personality type predicts mortality with 

1339

emarkable accuracy. Our research (Gatt & Hatfield, in preparation) has demonstrated that 

assertiveness training/relaxation can significantly improve mood and cortisol responses in 200 

students. The present study evaluated the same intervention on 75 community participants 

(comparing treatment vs controls) in terms of cortisol responses, personality, stress appraisal, 

mood and coping styles at pre-treatment, 2 weeks post-treatment, 3 months post-treatment, and 6 

months post-treatment. The effects of the intervention in both groups will be discussed. Also, 

group differences in cortisol responses to a stressful general knowledge task will also be 

considered. 

5122.7 Effect of social support and coping style on physicians and nurses’s maladjustment, 

Zhanbiao Shi, Jianxin Zhang, Wenbin Gao, Yiniu Wang, Institute of Psychology, Chinese 


This study investigated the effect of social support and coping style on nurses and physicians’ 

maladjustment during treating SARS patients. 159 individuals completed questionnaire involved 

in maladjustment, support and coping. Results indicated that (1) compared with physicians, nurses 

have more depression, somatization and anxiety, (2) nurses have lower social supports, lower 

confront coping and avoid coping, higher resignation coping, and(3) regression analysis shows 

that internal support experience, marriage and resignation coping can express 75.5% variances of 

nurses’ maladjustment, but for physicians’ maladjustment, internal support experience, resignation 

coping and age can express 59.1%. 

5122.8 Stress and health: An evaluation of the job stress survey, John Jansson, Bo Molander, 

Stefan Holmström, Department of Psychology, Umeå; University, Centre for musculosketal 

research, Gävle University, Sweden 

A wide variety of measures have been used to assess the effects of occupational stress. Most 

instruments evaluate the degree of agreement or disagreement with statements describing sources 

of work-related stress. The Job Stress Survey (Speilberger & Vagg, 1999) inquires about the 

severity of specific stressor events as perceived by a person, and how often each stressor was 

experienced during the past 6 months. The purpose of this project was to study the relationship 

between the stressor events of JSS and perceived stress-related health problems. The JSS and an 

instrument of perceived health were distributed to 800 Swedish workers. 

5123 ORAL 



5123.1 Difference in creativity among Grade six and university students, Chi Hang Wu, Yim 

Cheng, Hoi Man Ip, Catherine McBride-Chang, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, China 

This study explored performances on three types of creativity tasks (real-world-problem, figural, 

and verbal; Torrance, 1966) in 22 grade 6 students and 22 university students from Hong Kong. As 

compared to grade 6 students' scores, university students' scores (both quality and quantity) were 

significantly higher on the real world problem and significantly lower on the figural task. On the 

1340

from the children at three minutes and the number of disfluency was counted. Results indicated 

that a marked declination over time in the mean frequency of disfluency in the first group. 

5123.6 Developmental changes in young children’s picture-elicited narratives, Su Li, Wenfu Li, 

Yufang Yang, Division of Cognitive Psychology, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of 


The present study explored the developmental process of young children’s Picture-Elicited 

narratives. 120 children aged from 3 to 6 years old participated the study. Six single pictures were 

chosen and randomly presented to children one by one. The narratives were recorded and coded. 

The results indicate that the development of young children’s picture-elicited narratives is a 

process from separated coding through relation coding to integrated coding. There is significant 

difference in different age children’s narrative. It is at about 4 to 5 years of age that the narrative 

development process begins to change. The picture’s features affect children’s narratives. 

5123.7 Relations between the conception of respect and peer relationships in childhood, 

Chunmei Zhang 1 , Zongkui Zhou 2 , Hsueh Yeh 3 , Meng Li 4 , 1 Developmental Psychology Institute, 

Beijing Normal University, China, 2 Psychology Department, Central China Normal University, 

China, 3 College of Education, University of Memphis, Unites States of American, 4 Hubei 

Children’s Press, China 

The study investigated the relation between children’s conception of respect and peer relationships. 

502 children from Grade 3 through 6 completed peer nominations, sociometric nominations, 

friendship quality questionnaire and opened questionnaire on the conception of respect. Results 

showed children of mutual respect had more friends and better friendship quality than children of 

unilateral respect. Popular children had not more mutual respect conception than other children 

and rejected children had more unilateral respect conception (self-directed conception of respect 

toward friends). The different relations between respect conception and different aspects of peer 

relationships (friend relationships and social status) were discussed. 

5123.8 How do children play dictator and ultimatum game? The influence of psychological 

variables on the behavior of individuals and groups, Michaela Gummerum, Monika Keller, 

Masanori Takezawa, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Germany 

This study connects the two research traditions of developmental psychology of fair distribution 

and game theory. Children from grades 6 and 8 played two economic games (Ultimatum and 

Dictator Game). They stated their individual preferences and negotiated the final resource sharing 

in a group of three. The results reveal significant effects for the type of game and age. Children act 

strategically and offer less in Dictator than in Ultimatum Game. However, participants in this 

study offer more in both games than what was expected from research with adults. Videotaped 

group discussions will be analyzed for fairness reasons and perspective-taking. 

5123.9 The development of children’s arithmetic computational estimation competence during 

primary school stage, Ji Wei Si 1 , Qing Lin Zhang 2 , 1 School of Educational Science, Shandong 

Normal University, China, 2 School of Psychology, Soutwest China Normal University, China 

This research investigated the status quo of children’s arithmetic computational estimation 

competence during primary school stage. 1026 children participated this investigation. The 

1342

Malaysian’s boarding school participated in the study. 

5124.4 Antecedents and consequences of Ahvaz high school students’ use of academic 

self-handicapping sterategies, Sayyed Esmaeil Hashemi Sheikhshabani, Hossein Shokrkon, 

Bahman Najjarian, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Iran 

This study examined the relationships of some relevant antecedents and consequences with 

academic self-handicapping. Results indicated that all of the performance goals, only parents' 

performance goal (positively),and of the mastery goals only student's mastry goal (negatively) 

predicted academic self-handicapping. Median splits used to examine multiple goal profiles 

revealed that student's performance approach and avoidance goals have no effect on using 

self-handicapping strategies with or without student's mastery goals. Moreover, negative attitudes 

toward school (positively), and academic efficacy and prior academic performance (negatively) 

predicted academic self-handicapping. Other findings indicated that academic self-handicapping 

was negatively correlated with subsequent academic performance and positively with cheating 

attitudes and behaviors. 

5124.5 English self-concept of Chinese college English majors, Lin Qiu 1 , Dongmei Ma 2 , Xue 

Zheng 1 , 1 Psychology Department of South China Normal University, China, 2 Faculty of English 

language and culture, Guangdong University of Foreign Studies, China 

Using the self-reported questionnaire, this study examined the structure and characteristics of 

English self-concept of Chinese college English majors. A confirmatory factor analysis identified 

six distinct specific self-concept constructs and a higher order factor equivalent to global English 

self-concept, demonstrating the multidimensional and hierarchical nature of English self-concept. 

Among the specific components, speaking self-concept was found to be the most powerful 

predictor of the global measure. Furthermore, MANOVA lent support to the gender effects on 

self-concepts relating to listening, speaking and overall academic ability in English learning. 

Grade differences were also found in vocabulary and global English self-concept. 

5124.6 Research on the relationship between head teacher’s interactional style and pupil’s 

self-concept, Limin Han 1 , Xiefeng Lu 2 , 1 School of Politics, National University of Defense 

Technology, China, 2 Psychological College of Beijing Normal Univeisity, China 

This study makes use of one 2-level hieratical linear model to detect the relation between two 

dimensions of head teacher’s interactional style and eight aspects of pupil’s self-concept at both 

individual and class level. Results show that there is strong correlation between head teacher’s 

interactional style and pupil’s self-concept, except for self-concept of physical ability. Of course, 

there are differences between two dimensions as far as the foregoing correlation is concerned. 

Especially, at the class level, the relation between head teacher’s interactional style and pupil’s 

self-concept is stronger than at the individual level. 

5124.7 Special education teachers’ attitudes: The structure, valence and an impact on the 

pedagogical interaction, Jonas Ruskus, Siauliai University, Lithuania 

The research problem was the attitude influence on behavior in the classroom. The survey of 

Lithuanian special education teachers (N=423) revealed three factors of the attitude: professional 

motivation, pedagogical authoritarianism, disability representation. Teachers with positive or 

1344

negative attitudes were observed in the special school classroom in order to assess how they 

construe their pedagogical interaction. A teacher with favourable attitudes bases his/her 

pedagogical interaction on individualised activity. Depersonalised style and negative evaluations 

of the child reflect an authoritarian character of pedagogical interaction which is characteristic to 

the teacher with unfavourable attitudes. Students’ behavior is adequate to that of the teacher’s. 

5124.8 Personal resilience of kindergarten teachers in communities experiencing acts of terror, 

Shimshon Neikrug, College of Judea & Samaria, Israel 

This paper presents the results of a study of 20 kindergarten teachers of children that have been 

exposed to acts of terror and violence in Israel. The study focuses on the relationship between 

personal resilience of teachers in communities that have been exposed to terror and violence and 

the way the sensitive topics of terror and violence are dealt with in the classroom. The findings 

indicate that, in conditions of exposure to the threat of repeated violence in the community, 

kindergarten teachers’ personal resilience is a significant variable in classroom management and 

teachers dealing with children’s feelings. 

5125 ORAL 


Chair: Huichang Chen, China 

5125.1 Relationship between religious attitude and depression, anxiety and aggression, Mahnaz 

Mehrabizadeh Honarmand, Tayyebeh Sharify, Shahid Chamran University, Ahvaz, Iran 

This study examined the relationship between religious attitude and, depression, anxiety and 

aggression. Sample consisted of 400 university students randomly selected by a stratified random 

sampling method. Subjects completed a religiosity questionnaire (tapping fours dimensions of 

religiosity), short form of Beck Depression Inventory, Ahvaz Anxiety Questionnaire, and Ahvaz 

Aggression Inventory. Data analysis showed that religious attitude correlates negatively with 

depression, anxiety and aggression. Regression analysis revealed that ceremonial dimension 

predicts anxiety, emotional and faithfulness dimensions predict depression, and ceremonial and 

emotional dimensions predict aggression. 

5125.2 The effect of cognitive styles and learned helplessness on cognitive problems solving, 

Mohammad Naghy Farahani, Omid Shokri, Iran 

90 Ss with analytic, intermediate and wholist cognitive style were selected by using Riding’s 

Cognitive Styles Analysis test (CSA). Ss was exposed to cognitive problems to induce 

helplessness and compare groups. Results indicated that performance of individual with different 

cognitive styles differed in helplessness situation. In other words, the effect of helplessness was 

moderated in Ss with analytic cognitive style as compared with wholists and intermediates. In 

addition, the results show that cognitive exhaustion status for analytics in comparison with 

wholists has less effect. So, in helplessness situation, considering wholist cognitive style is critical 

and very important. 

1345

5125.3 Characteristics of self-disclosure among college students, Linying Li, Huichang Chen, 

China 

Characteristics of self-disclosure were studied among college students. 424 college students 

received JSDQ assessment. There are significant differences between gender and grade in 

self-disclosure to different targets and different topics. (1) Girls show more than boys on different 

topics of self-disclosure; (2) There is the most self-disclosure within those of the female, the 

middle self-disclosure within those of the male, and the least self-disclosure within those of 

opposite sex; (3) There is more self-disclosure of senior undergraduates than of junior 

undergraduates; (4) Graduate students’ self-disclosure to their male and female friends is more 

than that to their parents. 

5125.4 A research on individual differences of self-confidence among college students, Li 

Zhang, Bu Wei, Psychology Department, LiaoNing Normal University,Dalian, China 

This research is to explore the characteristics of self-confidence among 197 college students using 

questionnaire. The results indicate: the self-confidence of college students has significant 

differences in grade, sex,, only and non-only children. However, no significant differences show 

between the town students and countryside ones. From this research, we could see self-confidence 

of the senior students is lower than freshman; the female is lower than male. Examine the sexual 

difference between the liberal arts and science, the female is lower than male in science 

departments with no significant sexual difference in liberal arts departments. Self-confidence of 

only children is lower than non-only children. 

5125.5 Effects of wholist-analytic cognitive style on basic processing unit of Chinese character 

recognition, Lihong Li 1 , Hongyan Liu 2 , Li Liu 1 , 1 Department of Psychology, Northeast Normal 

University, Changchun, China, 2 Department of Psychology, Bejing Normal University, China 

With 55 undergraduates as participants, the study examined whether people of different cognitive 

style differed in the basic processing unit of Chinese character recognition. The results showed 

that stroke number have significant effects on both different wholist-analytic cognitive style and 

different character frequency condition.. A further analysis indicated individuals of analysis have 

more effect than wholist and intermediate subjects, but the wholist have the least influence. 

Individual stroke number has more effect in low frequency than in high frequency. It suggested 

that both cognitive style and character frequency have sure effect on subjects’ basic processing 

unit of Chinese character recognition. 

5125.6 Effect of cognitive style on dual task performance of pilots in flight simulation, Ge 

Yidan, Psychology Department, Institute of Educational Science, Northeast Normal University, 

Changchun city, Jilin Province, China 

Cognitive style analyses (CSA) and Flight simulation program (FSP) were used to study the effect 

of cognitive style on dual task performance of pilots in flight simulation. Sixty aviators and sixty 

college students participated in the study. The results showed significant differences of dual task 

performance in pilots with different cognitive style inclinations. Dual task performance positively 

correlated with analytic inclination, and negatively correlated with wholist inclination. The 

percents of analytic inclination were more among pilots than college students. Cognitive style thus 

affects dual task performance of pilots significantly; analytic inclination provides a cognitive style 

1346

two-dimensional self-esteem. A number of experimental researches confirmed neglect model or 

relevance model, suggesting that memory selectivity occurred at encoding stage. Authors at last 

propose that memory selectivity fashion should have cultural specificity. 

5126.2 The influence of impression management to implicit attitude, Qishan Chen, Chengtao 

Nian, Department of Psychology South China Normal University, China 

The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of impression management to implicit 

attitude. 70 subjects were selected with 35 as a high self-monitoring group and 35 as a low 

self-monitoring group by self-monitoring scale. Then they all accepted Likert-type attitude scale 

and IAT. The result showed that the 2 groups exhibited different explicit attitude but same implicit 

attitude that verified the model of dual attitudes. This indicated the attitude changing of high 

self-monitoring subjects after forced compliance was makeshift. This result enriched the content 

of the theory of social cognition. 

5126.3 The longitudinal study of Chinese 17 cities’ risk perceptions of SARS, Hongxia Fan, 

Kan Shi, Jiafang Lu, Weipeng Hu, Jing Gao, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of 


The study compared peoples’ risk perception and evaluation of the SARS-related information 

between the period of SARS and after SRAS by surveying a stratified sample of 4231 people at 

the first time and 2770 people at the second time. The results showed that information of personal 

interest was the primary factor to arouse peoples’ risk perception of high level. The SARS 

pathogens and infectivity after recovering from SARS, which people felt dangerous during the 

period of SARS, decreased significantly after SRAS. The physical health condition after 

recovering from SARS aroused peoples’ sense of unfamiliarity, consequently to let people feel 

danger. 

5126.4 Social information processing of children with learning disabilities, Rong Yan 1 , 

Guoliang Yu 2 , Panpan Zeng 3 , Zhiqiang Xin 4 , 1 Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of 

Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, China, 2 Department of Educational Psychology, 

China National Institute of Education Research, China, 3 Department of Educational Psychology, 

China National Institute of Education Research, China, 4 Institute of Developmental Psychology, 


In this study, 25 learning disabled children and 26 children without learning disabilities were 

placed into three different interactive scenes with peers and adults, each of which composed of 

two sub-situations: the blurry situation and the clear one. Significant differences were found 

between children with and without learning disabilities in coding the information of authoritative 

scenes in both blurry and clear situations. Learning disabled children demonstrated significantly 

lower performance in coding accuracy and completeness. Under blurry peer situations, the number 

of reactions from learning disabled children and their negative and aggressive reactions were more 

than those of non-learning-disabled children. 

5126.5 A study of the structure of self-esteem with the approach of implicit social cognition, 

Xiaowei Geng, Quanquan Zheng, Department of psychology, Zhejiang University, China 

Two explicit self-report scales and two implicit tests (one is the Implicit Association Test and the 

1348

other is the Go/no-go Association Task) are used to measure the structure of self-esteem in a 

laboratory experiment involved 40 subjects. The results show: (1) the Implicit Association Test 

and the Go/no-go Association Task are valid, sensitive to the implicit self-esteem. (2) self-esteem 

is a model of dual components which involves an implicit component and an explicit component. 

(3) self-esteem shows no significant gender difference in both implicit and explicit components. 

5126.6 Reducing positive biases for the self, Sabine Pahl 1 , J Richard Eiser 2 , 1 University of 

Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany, 2 University of Sheffield, UK 

In studies conducted mostly in the Western hemisphere, "positive biases for the self" are 

frequently found: People rate themselves more positively than others, e.g., "I'm more responsible 

than others". However, these findings are based on comparisons of "self to others" rather than 

"others to self" and the comparison target tends to be an aggregate such as "the average person". 

The present experiment manipulated comparison direction and comparison target to test both their 

joint effects and the generality of positive biases. Reversing the comparison direction and 

comparing the self and an individual (such as "a friend") reduced positive biases. 

5126.7 Biased estimates of others behavior, Lars Aberg, Dalarna University, Sweden 

Road traffic and road user interaction provides an interesting area for studies of social behaviour. 

In a number of studies drivers; estimates of others behavior have been investigated. Different 

measurements including questionnaires, road-side interviews, observed speed - point speed 

measurements as well as long time speed measurements of the drivers interviewed - have been 

performed. A general result is that drivers strongly overestimated other drivers, violations. In the 

present paper results from different analyses of data from the different investigations are 

summarized. Biased estimates are discussed with respect to false consensus and other possible 

explanations. 

5127 ORAL 


Chair: Temuri Iosebadze, Georgia 

5127.1 A complementary model of group psychotherapy for schizophrenic patients, Temuri 

Iosebadze, Association of Psychotherapists and Clinical Psychologists of Georgia, Georgia 

1.In my opinion existing approaches in treatment and rehabilitation patients with schizophrenia 

have both merits and demerits. Therefore I have tried to overcome the one-sidednes, limitations of 

separate approaches by creating a partly structured complementary model of group psychotherapy. 

2.The complementary group psychotherapy model for schizophrenic patients has been elaborated 

basically at the Day Center of Psycho-social Rehabilitation in Tbilisi,Georgia. It has already been 

applied for about 3 years to 360 patients (215 men, 145 women) aged from 18 to 65, with 

diagnosis of schizophrenia(220 out-patients, 140 in-patients). 

5127.2 Comparative study of suicide potential among Pakistani and American psychiatric 

patients, Yasmin Farooqi, University of the Punjab, Pakistan 

1349

5127.7 The effects of relaxation and imagery training on the emotional and physical functioning 

of Chinese cancer patients, Jianping Wang 1 , Huilin Wang 1 , Wenjuan Lin 2 , Hongwei Sun 3 , 

Freedom Leung 3 , 1 School of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China, 2 Institute of 

Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China, 3 Shandong Weifang Medical College, 

China 

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of relaxation and imagery training on the 

emotional and physical functioning of Chinese cancer patients. 389 cancer patients undergoing 

chemotherapy or radiotherapy were randomly assigned to two groups measured with the 

QLQ-C30 and the POMS. Patients in the intervention group exercised relaxation and imagery 

skills everyday, and reported significantly less distress and higher global quality of life. Most 

scores of scales in the QLQ-C30 were better, especially some emotional scales in the POMS. 

These findings suggest that relaxation and imagery training are effective and beneficial for 

Chinese cancer patients. 

5127.8 The effectiveness of short-term psychodynamic and solution-focused therapy on 

intrapsychic and interpersonal functioning, Raimo Raitasalo 1 , Paul Knekt 2 , Olavi Lindfors 3 , 

Tommi Harkanen 4, The Helsinki Psychotherapy Study Group 5 , 1 The Social Insurance 

Institution, Finland, 2 The Social Insurance Institution and National Public Health Institute, Finland, 

3 4 

Biomedicum-Helsinki Foundation, Finland, National Public Health Institute, Finland, 

5 

Department of Psychology, Chinese University of Hong Kong, China 

This randomized trial compares the effectiveness of short-term psychodynamic and 

solution-focused therapy during a one-year follow-up from start of treatment. A total of 198 

Finnish psychiatric outpatients from the Helsinki region, 20-46 years of age, with depressive (82%) 

or anxiety disorders (48%) were randomly assigned to the two treatment groups. Outcome 

measures were SASB,DSQ and IIP. During the follow-up, patients on both groups of therapy 

showed improvement in intrapsychic and interpersonal functioning. The result was similar in both 

forms of therapy. In conclusion, short-term psychodynamic psychothreapy and solution-focused 

therapy showed similar benefits for treatment of depressive and anxiety disorders. 

5127.9 Hemispheric asymmetry in autokinetic psychodiagnostics, Nikolay Shatunovsky, 

Marina Shatunovskaya, IEAP, Russian Federation 

More than 1000 autokinetic movement records (AKLgrams) accompanied by various audial 

stimulation (musical fragments, verbal constructions in native and foreign familiar and unfamiliar 

languages for the subject etc.) showed relation between AKLgrams geometry and hemispheric 

asymmetry. Left- and right-dominating subjects differ by AKLgrams geometrical parameters. 

Variations in AKLgrams geometrical features caused by external non-visual stimulation may be 

the indicator of dynamical hemispheric asymmetry. 

5128 ORAL 


Chair: Emile Gurstelle, USA 

1351

5128.1 Transactional analysis psychotherapy in drug abuse treatment, Thomas Ohlsson, IFL, 

Institute for Life Therapy, Malm, Sweden 

Transactional Analysis (TA) group psychotherapy combined with milieu therapy is used in 

Sweden as a treatment method for abusers of heavy drugs. To evaluate the outcomes 10 

therapeutic communities were studied over a nine-year period. The results show that TA therapy 

was a central treatment factor, and that clients with more than 80 group therapy sessions improved 

more (p

even in counseling. 

5128.6 Measuring change in psychic structure, Dorothea Huber, Guenther Klug, Outpatient 

Clinic of Psychosomatic Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, TUMuenchen, Germany 

The Scales of Psychological Capacities are introduced as a measure of structural change as the 

mode-specific effect of psychoanalytic psychotherapy. Design and results of an interrater 

reliability study, a convergent and discriminant validity study and studies on stability and 

sensitivity to change are presented. The results yielded substantial evidence that the instrument is 

a reliable and valid measure of psychic structure. The test-retest study demonstrated stability of 

the instrument and the sensitivity to change was very satisfactory. This result was also statistically 

reliable for 81% of the patients. These studies recommend the scales as a suitable instrument for 

outcome research. 

5128.7 Self related cognitions and experiences as sources of psychic health and 

psychopathology, Gert-Walter Speierer, Head of Dep. Med. Psychology University of 

Regensburg, Germany 

Client-Centred-Therapy (CCT) assumes congruent-("C") and incongruent self related cognitions 

and experiences ("I") as sources of psychic health and psychopathology. These assumptions were 

tested by z-scaled data of 503 patients. Performed by SPSS multivariate analysis results were 

significant influences for both "C-" and "I" on all psychopathologic features. As to their impact on 

psychopathology "C" showed highly significant negative correlations "I" showed highly 

significant however positive correlations with all psychopathology-variables. The most intense 

healthy and psychopathogenic experiences and the strongest symptoms in the 

psychopathology-scales were identified. Implications for CCT and other forms of psychotherapy 


5128.8 Sexual abuse and the confusional state-psychoanalytic psychotherapy with a 3-year-old, 

Yu-hua-Clare Lin, Department of Clinical Psychology, Fu-Jen Catholic University, Taiwan, 

China 

This Paper describes the psychoanalytic treatment of a sexually abused Chinese girl from the age 

of three to six. The girl was treated three times weekly for two years, and then once a week for a 

year. This paper demonstrates how the girl's loss of speech was associated with a confusional 

mental state linked with her abusive experience. The analysis of the psychotherapeutic process 

shows that the girl's reclamation of her verbal ability was linked to her increasing ability to 

differentiate between the external experience and her internal Oedipal situation/phantasy. 

5128.9 The study of heroin users ’ attentional characteristics in different healing time, Mowei 

Shen, Haiyan Zhu, Haijie Ding, Feng Zhang, Qing Xu, Department of Psychology and 

Behavioral Science, Zhejiang University, China 

This paper assessed the space inhibition of return and attention bias of heroin users in different 

healing time with detection tasks in two experiments. In Exp 1, with the location-clue, significant 

space inhibition of return and attentional bias appeared. Their degree turned to normal with the 

treating process. In Exp2, with the word meaning as the interior-clue, significant attentional bias 

still appeared, but there was no significant space inhibition of return. The results indicated that (1) 

1353

heroin users had significant attentional bias and weaker diversion of attention, (2) these 

characteristics can be changed with the treating process. 

5129 ORAL 


Chair: Lauren J. Shapiro, USA 

5129.1 San Miguelito and Talokan: A dual syncretism, María Eugenia Sánchez, Universidad 

Iberoamericana Puebla, Mexico 

Research carried out since 1973 has led to the hypothesis that the hard nucleus of the Nahuat 

indigenous culture of San Miguel Tzinacapan (Mexico) consists of a dual syncretism shaped by 

two subsystems relatively independent but complementary, one from the pre-hispanic tradition, 

the other from the contemporary colonial catholicism. It permits the inclusion of new collective 

identities. It has fostered community resistance and survival in spite of excluding globalization 

threats. The reinforcement of the nucleus and the diversification of everyday life have been the 

outcomes of an intercultural process between the community and an interdisciplinary team of 

professional outsiders. 

5129.2 Emergence of autobiographical memory by the reflected bioscopy method, 

F.H.Eduardo Almeida, Universidad Iberoamericana Puebla, Mexico 

This is the communication of a methodological experience carried out by four urban and six native 

researchers that met during five years in an indigenous rural village of the state of Puebla 

(Mexico). The purpose was to facilitate the emergence of autobiographical memory of the 

participants. The method was the reflected bioscopy, which is a Socratic technique that helps the 

subject to remember the most salient events of his life to shed light on his practical and cultural 

potential; to make out of his lived experience a registered experience. The outcome was a 

monograph of the life of the community. 

5129.3 The adaptation style of foreign students in China, Hui Chen 1 , Hongsheng Che 2 , 

1 Management & Economic School, Beijing University of Posts & Telecommunications, China, 

2 

Psychological school, Beijing Normal University, China 

With the foreign students in China to be subjects, researched their adaptation style. First, 

investigated 88 foreign students with open-ended questionnaires developed the “Questionnaires of 

foreign students’ adaptation”. Second, explored the dimensions of adaptation with 382 foreign 

students’ subjects. The research found six dimensions of adaptation: Environment, 

Communication, Bargaining, Intimacy, Social support and Language. Cumulative percent is 

49.802%. Third, using 321 subjects, confirmed the adaptation dimensions with CFA. The result 

showed the model had acceptable Goodness of Fit The research also found: Asian students had 

different adaptation style with Euramerican students. 

5129.4 ERP signs of intercultural differences in language-processing phonological abilities of 

dyslexic and normal reading children in Germany and Bulgaria, Petra Georgiewa 1, 2 , Andrey 

1354

Popatanasov 1, 2 , Bozhidar Dimitrov 1, 2 , B.F. Klapp 1 , 1 Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany, 

2 

Institute of Psychology of Bulgarian, Academy of Science, Bulgaria 

The aim was to investigate ERP - correlates of language associated differences in phonological 

reading and to verify the hypothesis of deficit in assembled strategies in dyslexic children. 

Methods: The phonological abilities of 80 Bulgarian and 113 German children are tested for word, 

nonword reading and in a transformation task. Results: Main effects of reading resulted for 

nationality, age and dyslexia, additionally an interaction of nation and age, accompanied by 

different N400 and positive slow wave -component in the ERP. Conclusion: Germans use more 

whole-word reading strategies as the Bulgarians. Dyslexic impairment of assembled phonology is 

language independent. 

5129.5 How mothers use language to guide preschoolers’ play in Japan and the USA, Lauren J. 

Shapiro 1 , Anne Fernald 2 , 1 Williams College, USA, 2 Stanford University, USA 

This study investigated how American and Japanese mothers guide the play of preschool-aged 

children. Twelve dyads in each country were videotaped playing with toys. Maternal speech 

guiding play was coded for how mothers framed their suggestions. Preliminary coding was 

conducted solely on Japanese speech, leading to several categories not typically used by American 

researchers. Americans produced more guiding utterances than Japanese. Japanese were more 

likely than Americans to frame activities as child-motivated, rather than the mother's idea. This 

suggests that American mothers may favor a more assertive role in relaxed interaction, whereas 

Japanese mothers may prefer to downplay their authority. 

5129.7 Behavior towards and Ethnotheories about three-month-old babies: A comparison 

between Chinese and US American mothers, Monika Abels 1 , Joscha Kaertner 1 , Heidi Keller 1 , 

Wingshan Lo 2 , Verena Haas 2 , 1 University of Osnabrueck, Germany, 2 University of California, 

Los Angeles, USA 

This paper is on mothers’ ideas on parenting and their actual behavior in a free play session with 

their three-month-old infant. Participants were mothers from cities in mainland China and the 

USA. The mothers’ ethnotheories were assessed with an ethnographic interview based on pictures 

of mothers from the participant’s cultural background with their babies. The free play interaction 

was videotaped and analyzed on the basis of the component model of parenting (Keller, H., 2002). 

In this presentation the relation between ideas and behaviors and the differences between Chinese 

and US American participants on ideas and behaviors will be illuminated. 

5129.8 Communication pattern with SMS and MMS as a trend of conduct of modern teenagers, 

Sylvia Kurniawati Ngonde 1 , Paulus Hady Sutris Winarlim 2 , 1 IAIR, lecturer & researcher in 

faculty of psychology, Indonesia, 2 IAIR, lecturer and researcher in faculty of psychology and 

Surabaya, Indonesia 

This study discusses the communication pattern using of the SMS and MMS among both early 

and late teenagers. The writer purposely select the age range of the respondents due to the 

consideration that teenagers in this transitional period are very responsive in absorbing and 

following the development technology. As a result, users feel more at ease in expressing their 

emotion. This paper also proposes the possibility of employing the technology of SMS and MMS, 

which is popular and accessible, to enhance the conception and comprehension of teenagers of the 

1355

manner of communication as a conduct.(S-H). 

5130 ORAL 


Chair: Tanya Davison, Australia 

5130.1 The cognitive processes of depressive adolescents from information-processing 

perspective, Gin-Hong Lee 1 , Shin-Yi Cheng 2 , 1 Department of Clinical Psychology, College of 

Medicine, Fu-Jen Catholic University, Taiwan, Taiwan, China, 2 Chang-Gung Children’s Hospital, 

Taiwan, China 

The purpose of this research was to explore the phenomenon of cognitive processes in depressive 

adolescents from information-processing perspective. By utilizing a semi-structured assessment 

emphasizing on cognitive processes, the researchers conducted in-depth interviews with ten 

depressive adolescents and twenty normal controls. In the interview, their current worrying events 

were targeted and cognitive processes were followed-up. The results indicated divergent cognitive 

process deficits reflected in attention, perception, evaluation, belief, attribution, coping, and 

meta-worry, which contain developmental as well as indigenous implications. The outcome 

suggested a heuristic understanding of psychopathology and advanced development of treatment 

for depressive adolescents in the future. 

5130.2 Experimental study of the effects of mood on performance, Majied Mahmood Aliloo, 

Ameneh Maleky, Tabriz University, Iran 

In this study the effects of mood on cognitive and perceptual-motor performance were examined 

in the framework of mood induction design. It was hypothesized that dominant mood state causes 

specific effects on subjects performance. For this purpose 39 college students were randomly 

selected and allocated to three groups(two experimental and one control).Then related experiments 

were carried out on each group. the results were congruent with predictions. Theoretical and 

clinical implications of the results have been discussed. 

5130.3 Psychological vulnerability: Theoretical and therapeutic implications, Bob 

Montgomery, Laurel Morris, School of Health Sciences, University of Canberra, Australia 

Etiological models of the development of psychological disorders typically propose psychological 

vulnerability as a key risk factor but often do not identify the nature of that vulnerability. This 

paper reports the outcome of an on-going series of studies investigating the possibility that early 

maladaptive schemas (EMSs), as proposed by Young (2003) may be at least an important 

component of psychological vulnerability. This has been confirmed to date for sexual offending, 

problem gambling, and post-traumatic stress disorder following a motor vehicle accident. 

Currently studies are investigating the role of EMSs in eating disorders, excessively adverse 

reactions to pain and excessively adverse 

5130.4 Personality predispositions to depression: A multi-wave longitudinal study, Christian 

Webb, Clara Wagner, John Abela, Randy P Auerbach, Department of Psychology, McGill 

1356

activities, and the finding was tested cross-culturally in Korea, Japan and India. 

5130.8 Psychoeducational approaches to managing behavioural symptoms of dementia, Tanya 

Davison, Marita McCabe, School of Psychology, Deakin University, Australia 

Behavioural symptoms of dementia, such as wandering, aggression, and restlessness, are 

commonly manifested by residents of long-term residential facilities, and are associated with a 

range of negative outcomes. This paper reviews the literature on the efficacy of psychoeducation 

programs to improve the skills of residential care staff in managing these symptoms. The benefits 

and limitations of this approach are illustrated through presentation of case studies from clinical 

practice, with a focus on organisational and motivational factors. Preliminary data from a 

psychoeducation program delivered by an Aged Persons Mental Health Team are presented. 

Recommendations are made for future research and practice. 

5130.9 Changes in self-esteem and self-acceptance among heroin addicts undergoing 

non-institutional rehabilitation program in Malaysia, Nazar Mohamed Mahmood, Universiti 

Utara Malaysia, Malaysia 

Drug addiction is a social and security problem in Malaysia. Since 1988, more than 400,000 has 

been identified, most of them depends on the government rehabilitation program. Institutional 

rehabilitation is limited, therefore most drug addicts are placed in non-institutional programs. This 

study looks at the efficacy of this program, with focus on self-esteem and self-acceptance as the 

main psychological changes that indicate their progress. Results showed that both measures 

increased within 12 months but with several reservations due to the management and clinical 

limitations. Discussions focused on if these measures can indicate progress in drug rehabilitation. 

5131 ORAL 


Chair: Ya Hsing Yeh, Taiwan, China 

5131.1 A follow up study of mental health of SARS patients in recovering, Wenbin Gao, 

Zhiyan Chen, Junyan Zhang, Zhanbiao Shi, Jianxin Zhang, The Key Laboratory of Mental 

Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China 

This study is aimed at assessing psychologically the recovering process of SARS patients after 

their leaving hospitals. A total number of 141 recovering SARS patients were asked to take part in 

a counseling program and to finish the questionnaires in July 2003. It was found that the female 

tend to recall the terrified SARS experience more frequently than the male. The unmarried tend to 

have more psychological problems than the married. And the patients, who knew the channels 

leading to their infection of SARS, have more psychological problems than those who did not 

know. The implication of the findings was discussed. 

5131.2 The reseach on the difference of the self-schema between anxiety and depression, Rong 

Hua 1 , Wengen Deng 2 , 1 Jiangxi Normal University, China, 2 Jiangxi Medical College, China 

This research explored whether three were passive distinguished self-schema between anxious 

1358

objects and depressive objects. Used SAS and SDS to classify anxious and depressive objects 

which came from university into four specimen. Then, began the experiment by revised Doson 

and Methews’ model. Three conclusions were drawn from the experiment, the first was that 

depressive persons had a special depressive self-schema; the second was that three were no 

anxious self-schema in anxious persons; the third is that high-anxious and high-depressive persons 

had more negative cognitive beliefs than low-anxious and low-depressive persons, but they did not 

form some kind of self-schema still. 

5131.3 The mood state of paid blood donors with HIV and its relation with stress and cognitive 

appraisal, Hao Wu 1 , Xiuyun Lin 2 , Shanshan Wang 2 , Wenling Su 2 , Jianping Wang 2 , 1 Beijing 

Youan Hospital, China, 2 Beijing Normal University, China 

This study investigated the mood state of Paid Blood Donors with HIV and its influential factors. 

185 subjects between the age of 18 and 60, who were infected by selling plasma, were measured 

with HIV/AIDS Stress Scale, AQ, BDI and SAS. Results indicated that 92% subjects showed 

severe depression and 85% severe anxiety; stress of economic status, bringing up children, 

bereavement and HIV-related symptoms affected their mood state significantly; threat and 

challenge appraisals functioned as moderators between stress and mood state. Findings suggested 

that the stress of economic status and threat appraisal primarily led to the subjects’ severe mood 

disorders. 

5131.4 The study of the relationship between depression and medical care seeking behavior in 

Taiwan, Ya Hsing Yeh 1 , Ching Chuan Yeh 1 Ben-sheng Chang 2 , 1 John Tung Foundation, Taiwan, 

China 2 Soochow University, Taiwan, China 

The purpose of the study was to investigate and discuss the relationship between depression and 

medical care seeking behavior in Taiwan. Among 7888 subjects of the study, over 70% recognized 

sleeping, eating, and physical problems of depressive disorders. Some other beliefs of depressive 

disorder among them are as follows: “depressive disorder is able to recover completely (68.2%)”; 

“depressive disorders can be cured without medicine (31.2%)”. In addition, only 7.6% subjects 

would like to seek medical care for reducing depressive symptoms. On the other hand, exercise, 

reading health magazines, and relaxation (e.g., massage) were usually used to reduce depressive 

symptoms. 

5131.5 Reliability and validity of the Observer Alexithymia Scale: Chinese translation, Mark 

G. Haviland 1 , Shuqiao Yao 2 , Jinyao Yi 2 , Xiongzhao Zhu 2 , 1 Loma Linda University, USA, 

2 

Central South University, China 

The purpose of the present study was to develop a Chinese translation of the Observer 

Alexithymia Scale (OAS-C) and evaluate its reliability and validity. 468 Chinese undergraduate 

students finished the OAS-C. We evaluated internal consistency, test-retest and inter-rater 

reliability, and factorial validity. The OAS-C showed adequate internal consistency (Cronbach’s 

alpha coefficient was 0.84, and the mean inter-item correlation coefficient was 0.14), good 

stability (test-retest reliability with a two-week interval was 0.90), and inter-rater reliability 

(intra-class correlation coefficient was 0.78). Moreover, the OAS five-factor model was 

confirmed¡£ The OAS-C appears to be a reliable and valid observer-rated alexithymia measure. 

1359

5131.6 The effect of taking or dropping addictive drugs on Intelligence, Jin-zhi Fu, Yun Tao, 

Ming-hong Fu, China 

The paper studies cognition and IQ of 101 drug addicts. After analyzing the data of their ages, the 

time of taking and dropping addictive drugs, we have the findings: 1) The intelligence of drug 

addict is obviously lower than average person; 2) The intelligence of a person who has just begun 

to dropping addictive drugs is lower than a person who has being off the habit for over half a year. 

3) Obviously, the intelligence of a drug addict who has the repeated experiences of taking and 

dropping addictive drugs is lower than a person who has just begun to dropping it. 

5131.7 Story psychotherapy: A natural way, Hongjuan Rong, China 

Listening to stories, telling stories, reading stories and creating stories are part of our lives. In 

psychotherapy, we can use "story" as a mediating language which almost all of us might easily 

understand. Story psychotherapy as a natural way has some wonderful uses, such as it can be 

easily understood to the client, it can give the client new ideas, it can eliminate the conflict 

between the therapist and the client, last but not the least story psychotherapy really has powerful 

effect in clinical psychotherapy. 

5131.8 Psychological consequences of deportation into the Soviet Union after 55 years, Ewa 

Jackowska, University of Szczecin, Poland 

The study deals with PTSD symptoms, that persist in active form today, in Poles who had been 

deported in childhood to CU during the World War II. The results of psychological, clinical 

examination of 100 people are presented. The investigation has pointed that 30% subjects have 

suffered from psychopathological symptoms following the exposure to traumatic stressors 

(including anxiety and depression). Furthermore, a correlation is presented between the intensity 

of emotional disorders and such variables as: gender, somatic and psychological conditions just 

after deportation, a current family and financial status and others. 

5132 ORAL 


Chair: Alison Bowman, Australia 

5132.1 Anxiety and depression among Indonesian women immigrants in Malaysia: An 

exploratory study, Beddu Salam Baco, Adi Fahrudin, Mohammad Haji-Yusuf, Universiti 

Malaysia Sabah, Malaysia 

This study examines anxiety and depression state among Indonesian women immigrants living in 

Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia. One hundred and seventy-one women immigrants in Kota 

Kinabalu were surveyed. A set of questionnaire was administered. Result shows that immigrants 

experience high anxiety and moderate depression state. This study revealed six psychosocial 

resources namely assimilation to local environment, relationship with employee, having business 

with police and immigration, and responsibility to the family, which significantly contributed to 

the anxiety and depression state among immigrants. Emotional coping was found as the most 

frequently used as coping strategy. 

1360

5132.2 The role of mental effort in modulating sustained attention in prolonged information 

processing, Ada Wing-Sze Leung 1 , Chetwyn Chan 1 , Tatia Lee 2 , Jufang He 1 , 1 Applied 

Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong 

Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China, 2 Institute of Clinical Neuropsychology, The 


This study examined the extent to which depletion of mental effort modulated the change in 

sustained attention during a prolonged information processing task. Twenty subjects participated 

in an 8-hour proofreading task during which mental effort (heart rate variability), sustained 

attention (SART), task performance and subjective fatigue were measured. The results showed 

significant increases in subjects' mental effort and decreases in task performance later in the task. 

There were also significant decreases in sustained attention by the end of the task. Sustained 

attention was found to only correlate with subjective fatigue but not mental effort. The 

implications of findings are discussed. 

5132.3 The association between mental health and physical health and health behaviours in 

adolescence, Charlotte Clark 1 , Emily Klineberg 1 , Stephen Stansfeld 1 , Mary Haines 1 , 

Stephanie Taylor 2 , 1 Queen Mary's School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of London, UK, 

2 

PricewaterhouseCoopers, Sydney, Australia 

This paper will report on the Research with East London Adolescents’ Community Health Survey 

(RELACHS) which is a longitudinal, representative, school based study of adolescents’ mental 

and physical health. The baseline data surveyed adolescents in Year 7 (11-12yrs) and Year 9 

(13-14yrs) and the follow-up data was collected two years later. This paper will report on the 

relationships between mental health and past and present health behaviours and physical health. 

The paper will discuss whether physical health and health behaviours predict future psychological 

distress in adolescence, and identify risk and protective factors for adolescents’ mental health. 

5132.4 On psychological health status of migrant and local high school students in Beijing, 

Hongmei Tao, Yan Xu, Beijing Normal University, China 

Using the Psychological Health Scale of High School Students, the high school students’ 

psychological health status among 415 migrant students and 230 local students in Beijing was 

investigated and a comparison was made between them. The result indicated that 1) migrant 

students had slight psychological problems on all dimensions, with obsession, imbalance in 

emotion, disadaptation and sensitivity in interpersonal relationship listed the most. 2) the scores of 

the 9th grade were significantly higher than other grades on anxiety, study stress and imbalance in 

emotion, with no gender difference. 3) migrant students scored significantly higher than local 

students on all dimensions. 

5132.5 Research on mental health of middle school instructors, Yan Ma, Fu Genyue, 

Department of Psychology, Zhejiang Univerisyt, China 

This research was to investigate mental health of middle-school-instructors (N=110) with a 

SCL-90 survey. Distinct from previous studies, a special concern was given to class-directors, as 

they were more likely to bear stress and take responsibilities. Shown from results, among 

junior-school-instructors, the depression rate of class-directors was significantly higher than that 

1361

of non-director-instructors, while among senior-school-instructors, the difference on paranoid 

ideation was significant. Furthermore, differences were found in phobic anxiety and paranoid 

ideation among class-directors, but none among the non-director-instructors. In addition, age was 

found to be the chief factor for somatization and phobic anxiety among female instructors and for 

aggression among male instructors. 

5132.6 Psychological impact of prediction and prevention of type diabetes, Roswith Roth, 

University of Graz, Austria 

Screening refers to assessments aimed at detecting illness at an asymptomatic stage of 

development so that its progression can be halted or delayed. The few studies dealing with type 1 

diabetes show clinical high anxiety before blood sampling and after notification of high risk. After 

a few months anxiety uses to drop to normal levels, but family functioning, life style and health 

behavior seem to be changed and in several individuals anxiety remains high, even if there is no 

risk. Data of DENIS and BAYDIAB study are presented and problems of screening procedures 

and risk communication are discussed. 

5132.7 Gender difference in a profile of psychological correlates in obese and normal weight 

adolescents: A Canadian population-based study, Bo Nancy Yu 1 , Brian Cox 2 , Thomas Czyczko 3 , 

Carmina Ng 3 , Murray Enns 3 , 1 Manitoba Health & University of Manitoba, Canada, Canada, 

2 3 

Dept. of Psychiatry, University of Manitoba, Canada, Department of Health, Government of 

Manitoba, Canada 

The Canadian Community Health Survey (2000) adolescent data (N=15654 age 12-18) was 

analyzed for the association of a profile of psychological correlates with obesity by using adjusted 

logistic regression (Bootstrap for appropriate variance estimation). Results: Compared with 

normal weight girls, obese girls, but not boys, are more likely to have low mastery, low 

self-esteem, depression, and suicide ideation. Obese adolescents are also more likely to be the 

only child than their counterparts. Conclusion: A profile of psychological correlates was found in 

female but not male obese adolescents. Implications: Appropriate psychological counseling and 

public health intervention strategies for obese adolescent girls. 

5132.8 Can personality explain poor physical recovery following vestibular disfunction? Alison 

Bowman, University of Sydney, Australia 

Approximately 20% of patients report ongoing sensations of vertigo and postural stability 

following Unilateral Vestibular Loss (UVL), despite practitioners’ expectations of near normal 

recovery 6-months post disease-onset. In an attempt to explain poor recovery, patients recovering 

‘well’ and ‘poorly’ were assessed using a prospective research design. Predictions of ‘future 

symptom frequency’ were not as reliable as predictions of ‘future disability’. ‘Hypochondriacal 

beliefs’ facilitated predictions of ‘future disability’ in leisure and sporting pursuits, whilst 

‘self-efficacy’ best predicted ‘future disability’ in occupational and household tasks. These 

relationships imply that practitioner interventions should be specifically matched to particular 

disabilities experienced by UVL patients. 

1362

impediments. The aim of the study was to test the relationship between these variables and 

creative organizational climate. Data were collected from 101 employees at a global company. The 

result showed that the team climate and leadership style explained 63 per cent of the variance in 

organizational climate. Further, it was found that academics perceived higher levels of creative 

climate, as well as higher levels of change and employee oriented leader style. 

5134.6 Preferred leadership behaviour: Demographic differences among some nigerian workers, 

Andrew Mogaji, University of Lagos, Nigeria 

This study was aimed at finding the demographic differences in the preferred leadership behaviour 

among some Nigerian workers. Data were collected from 138 subjects including 98 males (71 

Yorubas and 27 Ibos) and 31 females (21 Yorubas and 10 Ibos). Analysing data with t-statistics, 

the results revealed significant sex and ethnic differences in autocratic leadership orientation. 

There was a significant difference in democratic leadership orientation due to marital status. There 

were also significant religious differences in both leadership orientations. The analysis with 

One-way ANOVA revealed significant differences in both leadership orientations due to age but 

none due to educational qualification. 

5134.9 Operant competence management framework for enhancing competence management 

and development in organisations in Africa, John C. Munene, Ronald Bbosa, Francis Eboyu, 

Makerere University Institute of Psychology, Uganda 

We present a competence management framework which differs from existing models of 

competence by defining a competence as a relation between an employee and his/her job or work 

environment. The model referred to as Operant Competence Analysis and Profiling assumes that 

most elements of this relation remain tacit to employees at all levels and, faced with western 

management theory and practice that are fundamentally ambiguous, competence management in 

Africa should start with uncovering and making available to role incumbents the tacit elements in 

this relation. This increases role clarity and opportunities for reflective learning. Supporting 

evidence is provided. 

5135 ORAL 


Chair: José Luis Rodríguez Sánchez, Mexico 

5135.1 The paths of the identity: Scholastic success and failure as a career, Gian Piero Turchi, 

Alessia Appolonia, Luisa Orrù, Barbara Laliscia, Department of General Psychology, Faculty 

of Psychology, University of Padua, Italy 

The aim of the research is to identify some discursive elements of the process of career 

construction of students defined as successful. A protocol has been submitted to 164 students with 

high scholastic output, coming from any level and type of school, as well as to 50 teachers with 

which they interact. The analysis shows that the scholastic success (and failure) is a "career" and 

not a phenomenon independent from the interactive matrix in which it is generated. The attention 

is focused to the narrative processes of auto (students) and etero-attribution (teachers), 

1366

alternatively to characteristics of personality or natural predisposition. 

5135.2 Research on influencing factors of well-being for junior students in middle-scale city, 

Chunfang Tan, Yanbin Yang, Liaoning Career Technical College, Liaoning, China 

1244 junior students were taken by talking, opening inventory, mental questionnaire and explore 

factor analysis to explore influencing factors of well-being for secondary school students. Results 

were followed: (1) 84.13% students were happy and there was no gender difference, but difference 

in grades and family income. (2)There were 8 factors influencing well-being: companion 

relationship, free school environment, self-respect satisfaction, obtaining knowledge, good 

looking, better living conditions and playing, while there were some difference in gender, grade, 

and living condition. 

5135.3 Academic choice and the Big Five Questionnaire: Empiric evidences in an Italian 

sample of student of last years high school, Annamaria Di Fabio, Chiara Batistini, Vincenzo 

Majer, Department of Psychology, University of Florence, Italy 

The hypothesis is the existence of a correlation between Big Five’s personality traits and the 

behavioural intention to attend different universities in a Italian student sample. Another 

hypothesis reagarding the difference between possible university choice of fifth year school 

students and forth one. A Behavioral Intention Questionnaire and the Big Five Questionnaire were 

given to the sample. The results indicate similar correlations regarding the behavioral intentions 

both in the whole sample and in the considered sub-groups The results furthermore may get bigger 

the reflection about the Italian context and they open new research routes. 

5135.4 Comparision between effectivness of Lazarus multimodal therapy, Alice rational 

emotional therapy and rilaxation on decreasing test anxiety of tehran high school students, 

Esmaeil Biabangard, Allameh tabatabai, Iran 

For Comparing of effectiveness of Lazarus multimodal therapy, Alice rational emotional therapy 

and relaxation and placeboo on decreasing test anxiety 92 students with test anxiety were selected 

by simple random. Subjects substitude in five therapy groups: Multimodal treatment(n=20), 

rational emotional (n=18), relaxation(n=19), placebo (n=17), and control group(n=17). After ten 

treatment session on each of groups, scale of test anxiety conducted to subjects. comparing scores 

of pre test and post test show that whole five treatment methods on decreasing test anxiety was 

more effective than control group. There was not show significant difference between Lazarus 

multimodal and Alice rational therapy. 

5135.5 Patients coaching behaviours, transference testing and the corrective emotional 

experience: Transcending the self in psychotherapy, Zelda Knight, Rhodes University, South 

Africa 

This paper is based within a psychodynamic approach to psychotherapy. It explores the notion that 

because attachment to the object is central to the development of a sense of identity and belonging, 

individuals will seek to preserve the relationship at the expense of the development of their 

authentic self. Transferring this concept to the therapeutic relationship means that the therapeutic 

relationship may echo patients problematic modes of being and relating. The article makes links 

between three therapeutic phenomena in which problematic patterns of relating are embedded, a) 

1367

patients coaching behaviours, b) transference testing, and c) the corrective emotional experience. 

5135.6 New alternatives in humanist and existential psychoterapy, José Luis Rodríguez 

Sánchez, Universidad Iberoamericana Puebla, Mexico 

The man creates the world and its attitude takes it to obtain certain answers of the same one. The 

therapeutic activity must take to the person to experience a new world that is faced with a different 

attitude. Different from which frightens it and frustrates. A new model that creates projects of 

being, based on a new conception of the world, leaving the projects of being inherited, which 

suddenly they seem immobiles. Each being must structure his new project. One that takes to 

develop its potentialities to him, to feel better with himself and to establish satisfactory 

interpersonal relations. 

5135.8 Evaluation of the psychological effect- of a new method of intervention: BIODANZA, 

Marcus Stueck 1 , Alejandra Villegas 1 , Raul Terren 2 , Veronica Toro 2 , Rolando Toro 2 , 1 Institute 

of Applied Psychology University of Leipzig, Germany, Institute of Applied Psychology, Leipzig 

University, 2 B.Aires; Escuela de BD 

Biodanza, a form of intervention intended to further health and well-being, originated in South 

American and encourages self-expression and self-management through music, dance and 

interaction. Since 1998, we have been investigating the influence of a 10-session Biodanza 

program on 150 subjects. Initial results from the experimental-control-group study in Argentina 

and Germany reveal significant changes in psychological health and personality variables after 3 

Months (Post 1). After a further 3 months without Biodanza, the effect could be seen to have 

stabilized. It could be shown that regular, long-term participation in Biodanza had positive effects 

on subjects’ experience and behavior. 

5136 ORAL 


Chair: Danit Einan, Israel 

5136.1 From impulsiveness to procrastination: Testing the four components of self-control, 

Danit Einan, Lilach Sagiv, School of Business and Administration, The Hebrew University, 

Israel 

Past literature failed to agree as to the nature of self-control as a stable individual difference and 

the way to conceptualize it. We postulate that self-control consists of four distinct components: 

Conscientiousness, Impulsiveness, Temptation Resistance and Procrastination. In three empirical 

studies we showed that these four components are positively correlated yet distinguishable. In 

Study 1 we validated the four components against other individual difference measures. Study 2 

was a replication of Study 1 with a revised measurement. In Study 3 we pointed out differential 

behavioral implications for each of the four components. We discuss theoretical and practical 

implications. 

5136.2 Preliminary research on procrastination of college students, Yuan Li, Liu Hui, College 

1368

of Humanities and Social Science, University of Electronic science and Technology of China, 

China 

Procrastination was prevalent and pernicious but not entirely understood. This study (N=351) was 

to investigate the procrastination phenomenon. Four scales (ordinary procrastination, EPQ, UPI, 

Campbell well-being) had been used. The result showed (1) 70% of college students engaged in 

procrastination, 20%students reported procrastination was considerable, representing their 

activities, 2%students considered themselves procrastinators. (2) After regression and correlation 

analysis showed the personal character and mental health had influence on the procrastination 

behavior to some extent. Further investigation had been demanded on other factors. 

5136.3 The drawing of the children in the refugee camps, Wilis Srisayekti, Padjadjaran 

University, Bandung, Indonesia 

The social conflicts between religion communities, Moslems and Christians, in Moluccas the 

north, Indonesia, give some traumatic experiences to the children, as come up during the 

counseling sessions. The presentation will describe the drawing of the children with traumatic 

experiences because of those conflicts, age 9-12 years, in the refugee camps in Ternate, 

Moluccas,as shown on the Draw-a-Person test. The characteristics of the drawing will be 

examined, by comparing the results to the drawing of the children in the same ages in another city 

in Indonesia, where such conflicts have never been happened. 

5136.4 Relationships between global health profiles and subjective wellbeing in women and 

men: Comparisons between rural and urban people. Preliminary results, Maria Pilar 

Sanchez-Lopez, Juan Francisco Díaz-Morales, Violeta Cardenal-Harnaiz, Complutense 

University, Madrid, Spain 

This paper analyses some of the factors related with the global health of the individuals; the results 

are preliminary and the information belongs to a broader research. Differential profiles between 

man and women of rural an urban populations are evaluated, taking into account the relationships 

between health and well-being of the subjects. With data from 1501 subjects, representative 

samples of each category are established. Results point out that differences between sexes are 

diminished when men and women of the same work condition are compared. The subjective 

well-being shows a higher relation with psychological health than with the physic one. 

5136.5 An experimental study of dynamic human interactions: Measurement of individual traits 

through dynamic human relations, Tamayu Fukamachi, Masanori Nakagawa, Shin'ichi 

Mauelawa, Graduate School of Decision Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 

Japan 

We attempted to measure dynamic individual traits using a computerized interaction script. In our 

experiment, the subjects were asked to achieve home energy savings in a virtual family setup 

presented on a computer display, and the computerized counterparts (family members) verbally 

interacted, either demandingly or non-demandingly. We measured both interpersonal cooperative 

actions and interpersonal amicability ratings as a time-series during the experiment. As a result, 

we showed that the time-series trends of interpersonal amicability ratings were affected both by 

the counterpart's ways of speaking and the cognitive coherence between counterpart's speaking 

manners and actions. 

1369

5136.6 Self-descriptions: Comparison to gifted young students, excellent students and normal 

students in China, Yan Kong 1 , Willy Peters 2 , Theo Bergen 2 , Jan van Leeuwe 2 , Franz J Monks 2 , 

1 2 

China, University of Nijmegen, The Netherlands 

Spontaneous self-descriptions reveal dimensions in terms of which people tend spontaneously to 

think of themselves. This study examines whether three groups of 490 samples including 164 

gifted young students, 156 excellent students and 170 normal students distinguish in self-concept. 

Who Am I Scale, a familiar open-ended test was taken. The statistical results clarify those three 

groups of students have their common attributes as well as their self-concept, which indicates they 

concern the growth of inner self and inherent traits more than their social and interpersonal 

relationship, and there is an increase on the scale of self-criticism, especially gifted young 

students. 

5136.7 Predicting stability of personal goals: An one-year longitudinal study with Chinese 

college students, Natalie H. H. Hui, Ling K.L. Hang, Michael Harris Bond, The Chinese 


Personal goals have been well-studied in the past decade (e.g. Emmons, 1986, 1989; Little, 1989; 

Omodei & Wearing, 1990), however very few studies up-to-date have addressed the issue of their 

stabilities. The present longitudinal study aimed at filling this research gap by examining the 

variability of five different types of personal goals (i.e., personal growth, academic achievement, 

affiliation, intimacy and power) among Chinese college students. Beliefs, values and personality 

were shown as significant predictors of the stability of personal goals, especially for academic 

achievement and affiliation goals. Patterns of variations in personal goals across the SARS period 

were also studied. 

5136.8 Implicit theories, temperament and risk taking, Kinga Lachowicz-Tabaczek, 

Magorzata Gamian,University of Wrocow, Poland 

Present study tested mechanism of behavior regulation by implicit theories about fixedness versus 

malleability of human attributes. This function of both theories is portrayed in two models of 

behavior regulation in which naive theories are treated as factor, which allows fulfilling 

temperamental resources. Therefore it was assumed that incremental theorists are more likely to 

take risk than entity theorists do. A sample of 108 students played a game in which they could win 

or loose money. Results showed that entity theorists risk less money or even resigned from the 

game, while incremental theorists were much more engaged in taking risk. 

5137 ORAL 



5137.1 The microgroup conception of small group, Andrey Sidorenkov, Rostov State 

University, psychology faculty, Russian Federation 

The idea of the conception consists in the investigation of group social-psychological processes by 

1370

emember disasters collectively. Second, it proposes how we collectively remember the calamities. 

The present study pursued these two goals by focusing on the functions of Kobe Earthquake 

museums as well as other natural and man-made disasters. It revealed that the museums served as 

a place to collectively remember the disasters. The research indicated, however, that additional 

disaster-related activities following the visit would be critical for visitors further collective 

remembering. Practical implications for transferring experiences of the Kobe Earthquake to the 

next generation are discussed. 

5137.6 Toward collaborative practice through interview method: A case of the Chi-Chi great 

earthquake in Taiwan, 1999, Kensuke Kato, Tomohide Atsumi, Graduate school of Human 

Sciences, Osaka University, Japan 

We investigated the interview method as a tool of "collaborative practice" (Sugiman, 2000) 

between practitioners and researchers. We conducted interviews with the victims of the Chi-Chi 

great earthquake (1999, Taiwan), and examined (1) narratives of interviewees during the interview, 

(2) reflections of interviewers following the interview. As a result of these interviews, not only 

victims but also researchers reconsidered their own tacit premises (collectivity: Sugiman, 2001). 

Namely, both collectivities were transfigured through the interview process. We considered that 

the field of the interview is the occasion of encounter for practitioners' and researchers' collectivity, 

and the researchers can conduct "collaborative practice". 

5137.7 Computer simulations of relations between three or more persons based on a balance 

theory, Satohide Mizutani, Research Center of Socionetwork Strategies, Kansai University, Japan 

The changes of liking-disliking relations have been simulated by a computational model based on 

Heider's balance theory. The features of the model are asymmetric relations and signed relations, 

in comparison with ordinary social network's models. First of all, it is showed whether patterns of 

signed relations at three or more persons converge on specific patterns and become patterns with 

states of balance. Secondly, it is showed how each length of times to converge is related to the 

initial pattern and the rules of changes. 

5137.8 A case study of a school trip to Hiroshima, Koichi Suwa, Tomohide Atsumi, Osaka 


Many elementary schools in Osaka, Japan, have a two-day school trip to Hiroshima, the first city 

to suffer from an atomic bomb attack, as a part of peace education. One particular school in Osaka 

has had a stream of practices for 25 years and it consists mainly of listening to arratives of 

Hibakusha, the survivors of the atomic bomb attack. We focused on this school's activities, and 

examined them from the perspective of group dynamics, especially communication. We concluded 

that the examined case is an alternative peace education, which abandons specific collective 

behaviors and communications to the ignored region. 

5138 POSTER 

1372

5138.1 Japanese psychology before Americanization, Yasuhiro Igarashi, Yamano College of 

Aesthetics, Japan 

After WW¢ò, Japanese psychology was wholly Americanized with the indoctrination of 

neo-behaviorism and operationism. S-O-R type experimental psychology has dominated academia 

since 1950s. Recently, clinical psychology is getting popular and has been institutionalized as a 

major actor on mental health problems with the new qualification, the Certified Clinical 

Psychologist. But before WW¢ò, there existed diverse psychological perspectives. Since the first 

introduction of western psychology in 1870s, Japanese psychologists had developed various 

research interests in their social cultural context by 1930. Some neglected aspects of history of 

Japanese psychology and their implications will be discussed. 

5138.2 Resarch of Guiguzi’s lie psychological, Liangshi Yan, Hunan Normal University, 

Changsha, China 

Guiguzi considers ¡ Yin and Yang as the law of the universe change, and on the basis of Yin and 

Yang, we would know the basical principle of opening people’s inner life. The rule follows as 

below: knowing the enemy and knowing yourself, grasping the opportunity, concealment. There 

are several practical skills such as, opening and concealing, watching a persons every mood, 

encouraging and praising, conjecturing and studying. 

5138.3 What is “mental module”? -evaluating several constitutional standards in J. Fodor 's 

classic concept of module, Zhehong Xiong, China 

Based on evaluating several constitutional standards in J. Fodor's classic concept of module, this 

paper casts light on mental module concept understood by the author. The author argues that a 

rational module concept should include three presuppositions: module as function (other than 

brain-location in terms of physiological base), as mechanism (mechanism of information 

processing), and as computation (computational device or unit). Fodor's concept of Modularity of 

Mind implies a paradox: Mind is essentially non-modular. The author tries to eliminate Fodorian 

paradox by arguing that cognitive central system or higher module system is modular. Finally, the 

author thinks that the current Chomskian module and Darwinian module are irrational. 

5138.4 Activity psychology, Hoang Anh, Pham Minh Hac, Ha Noi Teacher Training College, 

Vietnam 

Since the late 20s and 30s of 20th century, A.N.Leontiev, an outstanding Russian psychologist has 

together with A.K.Luria and others developed the historico-social culture theory in psychology of 

L.S.Vygotski and created the activity theory in psychology or in other words called Activity 

psychology. This psychology considers human as historico-social culture being, activity is 

human's means of being as the subject, it includes two process of "extorization" and "intorization". 

Activity is always attached to the communication; it is both the substance of the mind and the 

consciousness; which is psychological tools taking part in the impact on the object of activity and 

communication. 

5138.5 Innovation is man's sixth level need, Changhai Liu, Hunghe S & T University, 

Zhengzhou, China 

1373

American psychologist Abraham Maslow set up "Maslow need level theory", which summaries 

man's need into five levels. In order they are: physiological need; safety need; belonging to need, 

love need; self-respect need; self-realizing need. The author holds that the sixth need is innovation, 

which is the top among all needs. 

5138.6 Quality of life of the man- strategy of personology of the XXTst century, Valentin 

Yakovlevich Semke, Mental Health Research Institute, Russian Federation 

Contemporary psychological and psychiatric science and practice find out a distinct trend toward 

switching of attention of researchers from narrowly clinical aspects of psychology and 

psychopathology to detailed study of mental patient from positions of the assessment of his 

personality and social peculiarities influencing the dynamics of the illness, its outcomes and 

prognostic conclusions. Quality of life reflects the assessment by the proband of his position in the 

surrounding world, degree of satisfaction with social functioning. Quality of life is achievability of 

the wanted and satisfaction with the achieved. 

5138.7 Practice and the human sciences, Donald Polkinghorne, University of Southern 


There is controversy in psychology about what should be the source for the therapeutic actions 

chosen by practitioners. For some, the source should be experimental studies which provide 

support for the use of sets of techniques for the treatment of specific diagnostic mental disorders. 

For others, the source should be the judgment of practitions based on experience and sensitivity to 

the issues salient to a particular therapeutic situation. The case for practitioner judgment is made 

based on Gadamer's idea of understanding through conversation and Gendlin's idea of embodied 

meaning. 

5138.8 Neural basis of verbal fluency in patients of schizophrenia, Siew-eng Chua, Charlton 

Cheung, Isabel Lam, Vinci Cheung, Teresa Wong, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, 


The purpose of the study was to investigate how patients with Schizophrenia recruited speech and 

language areas on a paced verbal fluency task. During fMRI, individual categories of words were 

presented visually every 3 seconds (e.g. animals, fruits, occupations) and a microphone recorded 

subject’s responses of words belonging to each category. Patients and healthy normal did not differ 

on age, gender, handedness, education, nor verbal fluency performance. Neuroleptic dosage did 

not correlate with task performance. SPM-99 analysis showed that bilateral speech and language 

areas are preferentially activated in acutely psychotic patients which may have implications for 

pathophysiology of the disorder. 

5138.9 Presymptomatic verbal fluency deficit in Huntington’s disease, Tarja-Brita Robins 

Wahlin 1, 2, 3 , Maria Larsson 2, 3 , 1 Competence Center for Elderly Care, 2 Neurotec Department, 

Karolinska Institutet, 3 Aging Research Center (ARC), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden 

This study examines presymptomatic neuropsychological impairment in Huntington Disease (HD). 

A broad neuropsychological assessment battery was administered to 24 gene carriers and 30 

non-carriers, without any neurological or psychiatric signs of HD. All subjects were tested 

individually. The cognitive domains assessed included general intelligence (WAIS-R), verbal- and 

1374

design fluency tasks. Gene carriers showed deficits on both Verbal and Performance IQ, and all 

subtasks except semantic memory. Significant group differences were also found in verbal fluency. 

The results support the view that there is a preclinical phase in HD with subtle cognitive 

impairment before neurological signs and symptoms are evident. 

5138.10 Processing of facial emotions: Pilot EEG and fMRI data, Teresa Ka Wai Wong, 

Charlton Cheung, Vinci Cheung, Peter Chin Wan Fung, Grainne McAlonan, The University 

of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China 

We present preliminary results of healthy volunteers who underwent EEG and fMRI experiments 

in which they performed an implicit (gender discrimination) task and an explicit (emotional or 

neutral expression) task. The same stimuli from a standardized set of pictures (JACEE 1988) were 

used in a block design paradigm in both sessions. Combined analysis of the electrophysiological 

and haemodynamic data was done to integrate the early temporal EEG components with the fMRI 

spatial activations. This work demonstrates a multimodal approach to understanding the temporal 

and spatial neurological bases of social developmental disorders such as autism and childhood 

depression. 

5138.11 Processing of facial emotions: An EEG study of healthy teenage boys, Teresa Ka Wai 

Wong, Peter Chin Wan Fung, Siew-Eng Chua, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong 

Kong, China 

128-channel EEG was recorded from ten healthy teenage males (13-15 years) while they 

performed an implicit (gender discrimination) task and an explicit (expression discrimination) task 

of facial processing. Both tasks consisted of the same pseudorandomised stimuli sequence 

(pictures from JACEE 1988), and subjects responded by pressing buttons corresponding to 

male/female in the first task and happiness/ anger/sadness/neutral in the second task. Event-related 

potentials (ERPs), EEG spectral power, and EEG coherence in the delta, theta, alpha-1, alpha-2, 

beta-1, beta-2 and gamma frequency bands were analysed. Significant differences in EEG 

coherence were found during explicit discrimination of the different emotional facial expressions. 

5138.12 The effects of pretreatment of metyrapone and 6-OHDA on the immune function of 

mice exposed in emotional stress, Jian Xiao, Juan Huang, Peking University, Beijing, China 

This study examined the effects of chemical adrenalectomy with metyrapone and sympathectomy 

with 6-hydroxydopomine (6-OHDA) on immune modulation of mice exposured in emotional 

stress. The results showed that the emotional stress significantly inhibits the function of immune 

system of mice. It was further proved that to block the HPA axis and to do sympathectomy at the 

same time enhanced the stress-induced suppression on cell-mediated immunity. The findings 

indicated that the HPA axis and sympathetic neurons system (SNS) are important in the emotional 

stress-induced effects on the immune system. 

5138.13 Motivation for drug-seeking in morphine-trained mice in Morris maze performance, 

Jing Chen, Nan Sui, Institute of Psychology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, China 

This research investigated motivation for drug-seeking in morphine-trained mice in specific water 

maze performance and the effects of naloxone on it. Based on survival instinct of mouse in water, 

a negative-survival goal performance (avoid platform) reinforced by morphine was designed to 

1375

5138.17 A voxel-based MRI study of brain in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, Vinci 

Cheung 1 , Charlton Cheung 1 , TP Ho 1 , Siew-eng Chua 1 , Patrick Leung 2 , 1 The University of 

Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China, 2 Chinese University of Hong Kong, China 

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a disorder of early development resulting in 

impaired attention and overactivity. Using fully-automated voxel-based MRI analysis we found 

that, conmpared to age and IQ matched healthy controls, stringently diagnosed children with 

ADHD had on average a 4% reduction in white matter volume which was significant (p

5138.20 The retention effects of an adult’s emotional displays on infant behavior, Matthew 

Hertenstein 1 , Joseph Campos 2 , 1 DePauw University, USA, 2 University of California, USA 

The carry-over effects of adults’ emotional displays on infants’ instrumental behaviors were 

examined. Sixty-four 11- and 14-month-old infants were tested in a social referencing paradigm in 

which a one hour delay was imposed between the exposure trials (when infants were exposed to 

an adult’s emotional displays) and the test trial (when the effects of the adult’s emotional displays 

on infants’ behavior toward ambiguous objects were examined). Fourteen-, but not 11-month-olds, 

demonstrated behavior regulatory effects linked to the emotional displays over the delay period 

and 14-month-olds did so in a referentially specific manner. Data from a follow-up study are also 

presented. 

5138.21 The relation between pretense understanding and theory of mind, Weiying Jing 1 , 

Huichang Chen 2 , 1 Xuzhou Normal University, China; 2 Beijing Normal University, China 

The aim of the research is to explore the pretense understanding and its relationship with theory of 

mind. 70 children aged from 3 to 5 years old received self-designed tasks to test their pretense 

understanding, including pretense representation, understanding of pretend intention and 

distinguishing of pretend knowledge, and false-belief tasks and appearance-reality tasks to test 

their theory of mind. The result indicated that: (1) 5 year olds passed all of the pretense 

understanding tasks and 3 year olds failed all of these tasks. (2)There existed significant 

correlation between distinguishing pretend knowledge and appearance-reality scores. 

5138.22 A study of understanding on plants’ reproduction among children 4-7, Lijin Zhang, 

Fuxi Fang, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China 

The present studies investigated 32 4-, 5-, 6-, and 7-year-olds’ conceptualization of plants’ 

reproduction by examining understanding about plant origin. The results indicate that by age 7 

children had a firm grasp of the plant growth cycle. And at all ages, children showed better 

understanding to the cyclical nature of plants with obvious seeds and fruits than without them. 

Furthermore, only half of subjects ranging from age 5 through 7 comprehended that plant can use 

own somewhat (seed) to reproduce themselves by comparing to nonliving things. These findings 

suggest that by age 7 children honor a grasp of plants’ reproduction. 

5138.23 Developmental characteristics of pupils’ mental quality, Lan Tian 1 , Dajun Zhang 2 , 

1 2 

Hubei Normal University, China; Southwest China Normal University, China 

Method: 249 pupils of grade 1, 2 and 4 were applied “questionnaire of mental quality for pupils”, 

the gender significance were examined with t and F test. Results: Boys’ average level of 

classification was significantly higher than girls’, but girls’ average level of self-control, 

responsibility and learning adaptability were significantly higher than boys’. Not adaptability but 

cognition and personality showed significant differences between grades. Conclusion: 

Development of pupils’ mental quality showed no gender but grade differences on significant level. 

Mental quality of grade 4 pupils is significantly higher than that of grade 1. 

5138.24 Research on self-concept of pupils in urban or rural areas, Wen Zhang, China 

The Self-concept Dimension Questionnaire was used to study the characteristics of self-concept of 

1378

pupils in urban or rural areas. 481 pupils of primary school in grade 3-5 in Shandong province 

were investigated. Results: (1) Self-concept of the pupils in economic developed areas was higher 

than undeveloped areas. (2) Self-concept of the urban pupils was higher than that of rural pupils in 

economic developed areas, while there was no remarkable difference about it between urban or 

rural pupils in undeveloped area. (3) The main effects and interactions of grade and gender were 

unremarkable at total. 

5138.25 Study on target values of college students in Shanxi province of China, Yunyun Zhang, 


Objective: This study was supposed to investigate the target values of college students in Shanxi 

province. Method: 85 seniors and freshmen in Shanxi province were investigated by 

Questionnaire of target values for Chinese college students. Results: The overall characteristics of 

college students in Shanxi are as follows: In the individual target aspect, to develop their 

capabilities is the main orientation; in the social target aspect, to be qualified citizens is the main 

orientation; in the transcendent aspect, to devote to our nation is the main orientation. In the same 

time, different grades, genders and faculties were explored toward their targets. 

5138.26 Old age and communication, Carlo Cristini 1 , Giovanni Cesa-Bianchi 2 , Marcello 

Cesa-Bianchi 2 , 1 University of Brescia, Italy; 2 University of Milan, Italy 

Sample and Methods: more than 1000 over 65 aged, classified according to age, sex, living at 

home or institution, territorial area, educational level, health status have been examined by: a) 

semi-structured interview; b) Communication Questionnaire; c) IPAT anxiety scale; d) 

Aggressiveness I-R Test; e) Geriatric Depression Scale. Results: communication appears as a 

fundamental process for adjustment in old age. According to our data it is positively related to 

female sex, educational level, health status, negatively to age, institutionalization, metropolitan 

areas. Communication makes easier to control aggressiveness, express emotions, to be 

memorizing and creative. 

5138.27 A genetically oriented lifespan study, Ulrich Geppert 1 , Ernst A Hany 2 , 1 Max Planck 

Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Germany, 2 University of Erfurt, Germany 

The Genetically Oriented Lifespan Study of Differential Development in Munich continues a 

longitudinal twin study started in 1937 with 90 pairs of monozygotic and dizygotic same sex twins 

(about 11 years old). During wave 5 (1995-1999) the sample was expanded from 20 remaining 

pairs to 191 pairs of twins of the same age range and older (63-85 years) who were retested 

between 2000 and 2003. Research questions: Do individual differences remain stable beyond 

childhood in adult and old people? To what extent are inherited and early individual conditions 

responsible for the observed stability in individual differences? Exemplary results will be 

reported. 

5138.28 The economic and social aftermath of the Chinese aging problem and its relevant policy 

chosen, Cunren Fan, China 

We have stepped into the period of aging society and will experience the continous aging process 

in the future decades. It is a practical and pressing task to recognize its influence on our economic 

and social development and bring forward the relevant policies. Based on the forecast of its trend 

1379

and the living situation analysis of the aged, this report analyzes its possible impact on our 

economic and social development in various aspects of the laborforce supply, the method of 

providing for the aged, the pressure of the social security, the relation between accomondation and 

consumption and the structure of social requirement. 

5138.29 Analysis of the capacity of control and emotion-realted variables to predict well-beijing 

in different age groups, Maria Izal, Ignacio Montorio, Andres Losada, Maria Marquez, Gema 

Perez, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain 

The capacity of several control and emotion-related variables to predict subjective well-being in 

different age groups is analyzed. Measures of positive and negative affect, life satisfaction, 

perceived control, control strategies, emotional control, affect intensity and emotion-regulation 

strategies, were administered 50 young, 50 middle-aged and 50 elderly subjects. A factor analysis 

was performed with some variables, identifying four factors: internality, exerted control, 

emotional regulation and helplessness. A step-wise regression analysis was performed with the 

factorial scores as independent variables and subjective well-being as the dependent one, finding 

differences between age groups in the relative capacity of the variables to predict well-being. 

5138.30 Neurocognitive and socio-emotional development at five years of age in high-risk 

infants after early intervention, Nina Sajaniemi, Liisa Hakamies-Blomqvist, University of 

Helsinki, Finland 

This is a follow-up study concerning effects of attachment-based intervention in 60 high-risk 

infants. The intervention was given weekly during the first year of life. It was aimed to adapt 

parent & acute interaction and environment to the infant & acute needs Children’s neurocognitive 

and socio-emotional development was assessed at the age of five years. Parent & acute were 

assessed with the working model of a child interview and a relationship scales questionnaire. 

Parents in the intervention group did promote optimal development in children. Intervention 

enhanced significantly self-regulative skills in children. Self-regulative skills had effect on 

development and they were associated with parent & acute internal representations. 

5138.31 A longitudial study of cognitive development among IGBO (Nigerian) children, Viktor 

Chinagorom Nwachuku 1 , Elsie Umeano 2 , Iyke Ifelunni 2 , Ifeyinwa Ihumoma 1 , Abia State 

University, Nigeria; 2 University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria 

Knowledge about the process of cognitive development among Igbo (Nigerian)children is a 

psychological imperative. However, it remains diverse and fragmentary. This paper presents 

preliminary findings from a study whose objective is to provide a systematic, culturally-based 

formulation of how subjects function, in addition to assuming responsibility for the regulation of 

their lives. The process of becoming in technologically backward Nigeria needs to be laid bare 

against the background and assumptions of piagetian psychology,6 groups of 5 children aged 

3,5,7,9,11 and 12 years are followed for a period of 4 years. Tests are designed of tap the cognitive 

process. 

5138.32 Comparison of development between temporal and spatial concepts, Fumiko Matsuda, 

Fukuyama University, Japan 

Representations of time and space may be the base of world recognition. The question whether 

1380

temporal and spatial cognition, concepts, and knowledge develop in the same way was 

investigated by using the Piagetian paradigm, where two cars traveled in the same direction for 

particular duration, distances, and speeds. The findings suggested that both of them developed 

nearly in the same way, if the temporal tasks and spatial tasks were made in an equivalent fashion. 

5138.33 The development of social cognition in relation to the environmental factors-In case of 

China and Japan, Ryoko Morinaga 1 , Jin Jing 2 , Yu Jin 2 , Miki Kakinuma 3 , Michiko Konno 4 , 

1 2 3 

Shirayuri College, Japan; Sun Yat-Sen University,China; Nippon Veterinary and Animal 

Science University, Japan; 4 Shirayuri College, Japan 

A theory of mind screening test is developed and standardized in Japan and then in China 

(Morinage et al., 2003; Jing-Jin et al. 2003).This screening test is useful not only for children with 

autism but also for those with learning disabilities or ADHD.In the process of standardization, we 

have realized that cultural factors have some influences on the development of social cognition. 

The influence of the rearing environment on the development of social cognition is discussed both 

for normal children and those with developmental disorders. 

5138.34 The effect of mirroring on communicative behavior of children with autistic disorder, 

Ryoko Ito, Miyako Huruki, Tokyo Gakugei University, Japan 

The present research examined the effect of adults’ mirroring on communicative behavior of 

children with autistic disorder and typical children. It appeared that children with autistic disorder 

as well as typical children showed more increase in eye contact with an experimenter and positive 

facial expression, and more frequency of emotion sharing in mirroring sessions than in control 

sessions. These results suggest that mirroring has effect on increase of social responsiveness of 

children with autistic disorder. 

5138.35 A research on the 3 to 5 aged children’s self-imposed delay of gratification development, 

Jiangyang Wang 1 , Lizhu Yang 1 , Wen Liu 2 , 1 Liaoning Normal University, China, 2 Beijing 


Self-imposed delay of gratification, using waiting tasks developed by Mischel, was investigated in 

118 3 to 5 aged Chinese children. The results show that the 3 to 5 aged Chinese children’s 

self-imposed delay of gratification develops with age increasing; key period is 4 and 5 year old. 3 

year old children used monotony delay strategies, 4-year-old children’s central delay strategies are 

the pursuant strategies of level ¢ò, 5-year-old children’s central delay strategies are the pursuant 

strategies of level ¢ò and self-distraction and problem solving strategies of level ¢ó, and the 

self-verbal-control strategies have not showed the significant advantage role. 

5138.36 Research on the mechanism of empathy in morel behavior, Meiping Xia, Beijing 


Purpose: The relationship between empathy and moral development has always been the concern 

of psychologists, especially moral psychologists. However, what makes empathy work on moral 

developing and how does it work? This is the mechanism of empathy. Method: This study applies 

the lab experiment, lab observation and training techniques to find out the relationship between 

empathy and moral development. Participants: 20 4-year-old children. 

1381

5138.37 Interrelationship between parent’s potential problem and child’s mental health, P. 

Tommy Y. S. Suyasa, Tarumanagara University, Indonesia 

The aim of this study is to identify which of the parent’s problem that could be interconnected 

with the child’s mental health. The parent’s potential problem areas are feeling of depression, role 

restriction, feeling of incompetence, feeling of isolation, conflict with spouse & perception of 

self-health condition. Those parent’s potential problem areas will be tested with child’s mental 

health aspect that include aspect of adaptability, acceptability, stability of mood, independence, 

and child’s self controlling. The subjects of this study are 100 young mothers who have children 

(< 12 years old). 

5138.38 Maternal sensitivity to infant signals: A signal detection analysis, Wilberta Donovan, 

Nicole Taylor, Lewis Leavitt, University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA 

Our laboratory employs simulations of child-care tasks to study the effects of maternal 

self-efficacy on sensitivity to infant signals. Self-efficacy is measured by mothers’ perception of 

control over the termination of infant cries. Signal Detection analysis is used to measure sensory 

sensitivity (i.e., the ability to differentiate small differences in fundamental frequencies) 

independent of response bias. We experimentally manipulate aspects of infant crying thought to be 

particularly problematic for parenting. The data suggest that greatly overestimating control in 

these simulated child-care tasks is a maladaptive coping strategy and is associated with negative 

developmental outcome for the infant. 

5138.39 Personal immaturity and suicidal intentions of teenagers from full families and 

teenagers-orphans, Valentina N Shashok Belarus, Belarusian State Pedagogical University M. 

Tank, BY 

In our research took part 40 teenagers-orphans and 40 teenagers from full families (14-16 years 

old). The method of research: The Inquirer Of Suicidal Risk (based on MMPI). Teenagers from 

full families show low level of self-control, domination of emotional component in critical 

situation (80%). Children are inclined to resort to the help of other people (70%), have negative 

personal conception, infantile maximalism of intentions and affective fixation on failures (80%), 

can not plan their future constructively (95%). Teenagers-orphans overemphasize hardship (60%), 

feel themselves unique and, at the same time, useless. They are absorbed in present situation that 

promotes anxiety. 

5138.40 Comparisons of the parenting patterns structures of healthy children with that of 

unhealthy children, Juzhe Xi, Zhihong Zuo, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China 

Employing perspectives of ecosystems theories, using methods of means comparison, explorative 

factor analysis (EFA) and confirmative factor analysis (CFA), the authors made comparisons of 

the parenting patterns structures of healthy children with that of unhealthy children, finding that 

there are significant differences in many factors between the two groups with different structural 

models. 

5138.41 A research of study strategies’ development in primary school children, Dongquan Kou, 

Guangxi Psychological Society, China 

Objective: To survey the study strategies’ development in primary school children. Methods: 

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Using primary school children’s study strategies scale, 1122 primary school children (from Grade 

Two to Grade Six) in Guangxi province were surveyed. Results: 1) As far as primary school 

children’s study strategies’ general development, there was not significant differences between 

Grades. But existed apparent differences in specific study strategies. 2) Grade Four is a turning 

point of study strategies’ development in primary school. That’s to say, Grade Four is the 

beginning of Children’s producing study strategies from their learning experience. 3) There 

existed apparent differences between Genders. 

5138.42 A study on affects of transfer of learning by mean of paired-associate test of different 

degrees of meaning material, Zhining Li, South China Normal University, China 

Based on two paired-associate experiments, the research aims to investigate how the meaning of 

material affects two kinds of paired-associate learning (i.e. old stimuli and new responses, new 

stimuli and old responses). In our case, fifty-six students from lower grades of South China 

Normal University were chosen randomly to finish three degrees of meaning of material, 

including nonsense syllable materials, abstract materials and concrete materials. Results indicated 

that while the paradigm is old stimuli and new responses, negative transfer increases with 

increasing material meaning; while the paradigm is new stimuli and old responses, effect of 

meaning of material of transfer of learning is zero. 

5138.43 How to scaffold Chinese children’s English vocabulary learning in multimedia context, 

Yanqing Sun, Qi Dong, Beijing Normal University, China 

Contextulized learning is an important approach of L2 vocabulary teaching and learning. However, 

young children who are lack of English experience may encounter difficulties in dealing with the 

context. The present study explored possible ways to scaffold Chinese children’s English 

vocabulary learning in multimedia context through experimental and case studies. The results 

indicated that learning L2 vocabulary in an animation-based context without any support was 

inefficient for the young beginners. The learning supports of focusing learner’s attention and 

activating learners’ prior knowledge could help the learners infer the target words’ meanings from 

context more effectively. 

5138.44 The theory and application in personal solution of study problem, Gai Ying 1 , Shijing 

Sun 2 , Xiaolei Wang 1 , 1 Qidao Education Academe, Qingdao, China; 2 Fudan University, Shanghai, 

China 

Our investigation is associated with the experience of education and mental consulting in order to 

distinguish various conditions in each of them. In order to aim at each individual weakness, we 

depended on our developing orderliness to construct the model, which called “Study Genome”. 

For juvenile, it is convenient supply nutrition to keep body and mentality healthy. To improve our 

psychologic education, we try our best to contribute a substantial result to cultivate the successor 

in near future. It is interested and affirmed by more and more famous experts in either psychology 

or pedagogic field. 

5138.45 A study on the test anxiety influenced by learning strategies and trait coping styles in 

adolescents, Wanli Zhang, Shaanxi Normal University, China 

This research was designed to aim at exploring the test anxiety influenced by learning strategies 

1383

and coping styles using 3 measurements in random sample of 501 student subjects from two 

schools in Xi’an. The results obtained were as follows: (1) The test anxiety generally existed in 

adolescents. The number of the high level anxiety reached 35% of the total. (2) There were 

significant correlations between the test anxiety and the learning strategies as well as the coping 

styles. (3) The coping styles and search-applying strategy have the function in estimating test 

anxiety. 

5138.46 A study on the effects of students’ cognitive styles on the CAI based foreign language 

learning, Kun Hui, South China Normal University, China 

With the development of multimedia and network technology, more and more CAI 

(computer-assisted instruction) based methodologies appear in the foreign language teaching. CAI 

provides a variety of visual and audio resources for the students. While, they would receive fewer 

guidance and instruction from their teacher. In order to check the effect of students’ cognitive style 

and the effectiveness of the CAI based teaching, the experiment is carried out. 100 subjects’ 

performance is monitored during six months. Then, they take “Passive Active Learning Scale” test 

by Lee. The statistical analysis reveals that CAI is much more effective for the active learners. 

5138.47 A study on the primary school teachers’ class instructional design, Jinghuan Zhang 1 , 

Shenghua Jin 1 , Xuzhen Chen 2 , 1 Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China; 2 Zibo Teachers’ 

School, Zibo, China 

The authors used several methods such as work--analysis, investigation, and depth interview in the 

primary teacher groups selected with random sample method. The results showed that: (1) within 

the six abilities the abilities of instructional media selection, instructional objectives compiling 

and students analysis were lower than abilities of instructional method selected and using, 

instructional task analysis and assessing of learning outcomes; (2) school type, teachers’ education 

and teaching experience were the main influential factors that affect the abilities of class 

instructional design; (3) there were five stages in the process of primary teachers instructional 

abilities development. 

5138.48 Students’ opinions on quality of teaching at the state university of Moldova, Carolina 

Platon, State University of Moldova, Moldova, Republic Of, MD 

Over last decades the interest for quality of teaching significantly increased due to reconsideration 

of its role and importance in the academic activities structure. For the purpose of identification of 

quality of teaching a group of about 1000 students were given a questionnaire including course’s 

quality factors (organization, intellectual stimulation, presentation abilities, evaluation, 

retroaction). Results demonstrate that positively evaluated aspects are related to objectives, 

structure, content of the course, interaction with the teacher; while the negatively evaluated 

aspects to lack of supporting materials and teaching methods. Thus, the teaching staff should pay a 

special attention to above-mentioned problems. 

5138.49 Students’ attitudes towards academic evaluation at the State University of Moldova, 

Repida Tatiana, Carolina Platon, State University of Moldova, Moldova, Republic Of, MD 

The goal of the research included student’s attitudes towards university evaluation. A 

questionnaire compromising opened and closed questions has been applied on a sample of 300 

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students from different departments of the State University of Moldova. The obtained results 

showed that students manifest positive and negative attitudes. Positive attitudes refer to: 

relationship between teacher-student and the personal qualities, of the evaluator. Negative attitudes 

refer to: ways and procedures of organizing the exams, which students consider to be 

superannuated and evaluator’s subjectivity. In students’ opinion, it is necessary to introduce some 

modifications in university evaluation. 

5138.50 The simple discussion about scales of development educational goal and main function 

of our school, Ren Qing Dang Zhi, Qinghai Normal University, China 

The gap between a developed nation and an undeveloped one is the one of development level of 

science and technology the school education in China is responsible for meeting the challenge of 

the development and integrity of the global economy. Developing people’s intelligence and 

training their ability to be creative, wise and resourceful, enabling them to be perfect in moral, 

intelligence and health are the functions of school education in China. 

5138.51 A case study of learning difficultied among immigrant children from Mainland China in 

Hong Kong, Jimmy Chan, Felicia Lau, Ivy Yeung, University of Hong Kong, China 

Six representative immigrant children from Mainland China were interviewed regarding their 

psychosocial adaptation to the education system in Hong Kong. An in-depth investigation was also 

carried out to unveil the underlying causes as regards their learning difficulties. In addition, their 

teachers and parents were also involved in supplying relevant information. It was identified that 

specific aspects in learning English and in social integration with their fellow pupils are among the 

major causes. Significance was shown in needs for schools and parents to join force, so as to aid 

these immigrant children to achieve better psychological adaptation and learning in English. 

5138.52 Causes of transition from institution to group home for the persons with intellectual 

disability, analyzed with the ICF, Atsushi Tanaka 1 , Toru Hosokawa 2 , Masumi Inagaki 3 , 1 Univ. 

of the Ryukyus, Japan; 2 Tohoku Univ., Japan; 3 National Institute of Mental 

The Japan Ministry of Health and Welfare has formed a scientific research study group to clarify 

factors inhibiting social participation of the intellectually disabled, and develop methods to 

improve such participation. The group conducted the present survey with the aim of identifying 

the causes preventing such participation at present. To enable future international comparisons 

with some of the results, they were rated using the common international language in the ICF. 

Surveys were sent to 506 institutions, and valid responses were received from 224. The factors 

producing differences in the career path treatments for group home and institutional residence 

were analyzed. 

5138.53 An experimental study on reciprocal teaching of seven-grade students’ reading 

comprehension, Jingjing Yao, Weijian Li, China 

Reciprocal teaching is an instructional procedure with training method that the tutor and students 

take turns leading a dialogue, using cognitive strategies such as questioning, summarizing, 

clarifying and predicting. The subjects comprised 28 excellent comprehension students and 24 

poor comprehension students of seven-grade. This study conducted for six weeks. We adopted a 

mixed-design of three factoral experiment with two between-subject factors and one 

1385

within-subject factor to assess the effects of reciprocal teaching on reading comprehension, 

comprehension monitoring and reading attitude of junior middle school students. As a result, we 

got significant differences in data between routine group and experimental groups. 

5138.54 Chinese managers’ moral judgment: The model and the measurement, Lin Li, Lei Wang, 


This study developed a moral judgment model and questionnaire for Chinese manager. Forty 

Chinese managers were asked to make moral analysis for 12 ethical dilemmas of managerial 

situations and state their reasons. Six experts separately decided if these reasons reflected the 

different moral stages of Kohlberg’s moral development model. Based on the analysis, a moral 

reasoning questionnaire was developed that contains 6 ethical dilemmas and a list of possible 

considerations reflecting different moral stages. Then, 163 managers and 187 workers were tested. 

The results suggest that managers were more morally mature than workers. 

5138.55 The Chinese version of wallace self-concept scale: Psychometrics and application, 

Xiaoyan Yang 1 , Jian Zhang 1 , Caikang Wang 2 , Lei Mo 2 , 1 Shenzhen HuaQiang Vocational 

Technical School, Shenzhen, China; 2 South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China 

The Wallace Self-Concept Scale (WSCS) was developed by Canadian psychologist Wallace G. R. 

in 1980.The WSCS is 15-item bipolar adjective scale. We translated it and evaluated the 

psychometrics of its Chinese version; explored the relationship between self-concept, coping 

styles and academic achievements of senior middle school students. The Chinese version of 

WSCS had good reliability and validity but no significant sex and grade difference were found; 

self-concept of the students was positively related with Problem-solving, Withdrawal and 

Help-seeking of the CSSMSS. The correlations between the self-concept of the students and their 

academic achievements were not significant. 

5138.56 The revised NEO personality inventory to reseach samples in Vietnam, Pham minh 

Hac, Institute for Human Studies, Hanoi, Vietnam 

The NEOPI-R was translated into Vietnamese language with some additional items to adapt the 

Vietnamese context for studying personality characteristics in two samples: upper secondary 

students Vietnamese (N=837) & University students (N=655). The results show: gender 

differences in some scale, large differences among schools, the parent’ career significantly impact 

on the development of these pupil’ personality. The familiar results were found in university 

student sample. These findings are discussed in light of methodological issue regarding the 

adaptation of scales of NEOPI_R, the interpretation of scores on scales, the meaning of 

discrepancies and the implication for future research. 

5138.57 The value approach to the definition of personality, Pham Minh Hac, Institute for 

Human Studies, Hanoi, Vietnam 

Vietnam started its completely new development era "Renovation" since 1986.Since that time 

Vietnam government put forward three Scientific Research programs: (1) Human is objective and 

drivings forces of the socio-economic development (1991-1995); Building Culture, Developing 

Human (1996-2000); Culture, Human, Human resources in the process of industrialization & 

modernization (2001-2005). In these programs there were the value surveys. The results of the 

1386

surveys let to have a definition of personality: "Personality is the relationship & compatibility 

between one's value standards, value scale, value orientation and those of the community and 

society. If this relationship is positive, we have a personality development, On the contrary, this 

relationship is negative-we have a personality degradation. 

5138.58 Correlation between personal behaviour and lying teenager’s behaviour: Gender 

distinctions, Alesia Kankova, Belarusian State Pedagogical University,Belarus 

Lying by children is considered a serious problem for parents and educators. The aim of research 

is to study the stability of consistent lying from 13 to 15 yeas of age, and its correlation with 

personal behaviour. Methods: the method of self-estimation of motivation of approval (scale of 

falsity) (D.Krawn), the study of personal behavior (T.V.Senko). The results show that there are 

correlations between personal and lying behaviour. Teenagers with a high level of falsity show 

dominative behavioral forms: the girls demonstrate the positive domination in relation to the 

parents, and boys demonstrate the negative domination in relation to the teachers. 

5138.59 Why are men more likely to support group-based dominance than women? Michael 

Dambrun, Sandra Duarte, Serge Guimond, Lapsco Cnrs Umr 6024, France 

The main objective of this study was to test the validity of social dominance theory (SDT) by 

contrasting it with a model derived from social identity theory (SIT). More specifically, while SIT 

predicts that gender identification mediates the effect of gender on SDO, SDT predicts the reverse. 

According to SDT, the degree to which men and women endorse status legitimizing ideology 

should determine to what extent they identify with their gender group. Using structural equation 

modelling, the results provide strong support for the SIT model and no support for SDT 

predictions. Implications of these results are discussed. 

5138.60 Gender difference in the relationship between self-construals and psychological 

well-being, Hyun-Mi Kim, Hee-Jeong Bang, Ewha Womans University, Korea, Republic Of 

The object of this study was to examine the gender difference in the relationship between 

self-construal types and psychological well-beings in a sample of Korean undergraduates. We 

assumed the Self-Construal model that the relational-interdependent and independent 

self-construals are determinants of psychological well-being and the effect of an independent 

self-construal on psychological well-being is mediated through self-esteem. By conducting 

multi-sample analysis based on the structural equation modeling, it was found that the 

Self-Construal model was general-structure across sexual groups. However, both self-construals 

were differently influenced on psychological well-being according to gender. The direct effect of 

independent self-construal on psychological well-being was significant in males, whereas the 

direct effect of relational-independent self-construal on psychological well-being was significant 

in females. 

5138.62 What’s the relation between thinking styles and five personality traits among Chinese 

middle school students? Fengxun Lin, Qingmao Meng, Beijing Normal University, China 

Many researchers have great interesting in exploring the relationships between thinking styles and 

personality since Sternberg proposed the concept of thinking style. But the results of numerous 

studies differed. The present study was designed to explore the role of thinking styles in mental 

1387

system by investigating the relationship between thinking styles and personality. 197 middle 

school students were asked to answer Thinking Styles Inventory and Five-factor Personality 

Questionnaire for Middle School Students. Following results were established by several 

statistical methods: (1) There exist consistent patterns of relationships between thinking styles and 

five personality traits;(2) The predicted effect size of thinking styles to personality is more power 

than reveres. 

5138.63 A qualitative research on the happiness course scheme, Lingfeng He, Weixue Hao, 

Nanjing Political Institute, China 

200 subjects were requested to complete a projective test about happiness story, and the author 

took a qualitative analysis to these happiness stories. The result shows that happiness scheme 

represents such a course as that the doer wants to attain the target state but sinks into the 

predicament, because of some helpers’ joining, the relationship between the doer and the 

environment has changed, the doer attains the target state and gets the happiness experiences. The 

result means the objective welfare and the subjective well-being dispels each other, happiness 

becomes the transformation over the existence and nothingness. 

5138.64 Irrational beliefs as a source of prejudice towards stigmatized groups, Dambrun Michel, 

UFR de Psychologie, France 

In previous theory and research dealing with prejudice, the role of belief in an irrational 

determinism of human personality and behavior has been relatively overlooked. Two studies 

(N=371) tested the impact of belief in astrology on prejudice toward significant stigmatized 

groups in France (i.e. Arabs, women, overweight people). Results of the first study reveal that 

belief in astrology is a significant predictor of prejudice toward stigmatized groups. In addition, 

results of the second study suggest that attribution of ethnic outgroups disadvantages to internal 

causes mediates the effect of belief in astrology on ethnic prejudice. Implications of these results 


5138.65 The studied about attribution model in Chinese cultural context, Linzhi Du 1 , Guo’an 

Yue 2 , 1 Hohai University, China; 2 Nankai University, China 

By means of cultural analysis, this study designs two questionnaires: The Attribution Cultural 

Tendency Questionnaire, and The Achievement Attribution Questionnaire, and tests 456 senior 

middle students and 317 parents to study the relation between the people’s cultural context and 

their attribution model about success and failure. The results are: the subjects who show Chinese 

cultural tendency, have particular attribution character: they do not brag nor do they debase 

themselves when they attribute their success, and have self-protection conscious but do not 

runaround their responsibility when they attribute their failure; especially, they always have 

optimistic attitude and keep struggling for success whenever they face up with failure. Finally, the 

paper explains these results in terms of Chinese culture. 

5138.66 A research on the correction of philosophy-oriented life event towards belief, 

Xingchuan Song 1 , Shenghua Jin 2 , 1 Tianjin University of Technology and Education, China; 

2 


The paper explores the correction of philosophy-oriented-life event towards belief by the method 

1388

of quantity. The result are as follow: (1) Philosophical orientation has a negative impact on super 

natural beliefs and pragmatistic beliefs but a positive one on social beliefs. Philosophy orientation 

has a negative impact on religion, deity, money, family and familism but a positive one on 

racialism, nationalism, and political belief. (2) Life event could not predict on super natural belief 

and pragmatistis belief. Life event has a negative impact on social belief by the interaction with 

philosophy orientation. 

5138.67 A survey on the impression and time of continuing-studying of the teachers in 

elementary and junior high schools, Keli Yin, Dehong College of Education, China 

This study confines the continuing-study of elementary and junior high school teachers to the 

following two aspects: training for an account of education and continuing educational training. 

The result of a survey shows that (1) During teaching, the teachers spend less time on 

continuing-study than preparing lessons and teaching classes. (2) 74.5% of the teachers think that 

they presently spend too much time on continuing-study, and 57.5% of the teachers think that 

continuing-study affects the quality of teaching. (3) Too much continuing-study is an important 

reason for the teachers’ negative impressions. These teachers have more negative impressions than 

neutral and positive impressions, and female teachers have remarkably different impressions about 

their work from the male teachers. 

5138.68 Effect of graduates’ love self-concept on behavior of communicating with heterosexual 

friend, Qisheng Zhan, Tianjin University, China 

This study focuses on the effect of love self-concept of 72 postgraduates who are still single on 

behavior of communicating with heterosexual friends. The 72 subjects are assigned to two groups 

for field experiment. Measuring the number of friends whom postgraduates in different groups 

make with. And the chi-square(¦Ö2) contingency test is used in the analysis. The result reveals that 

it’s the same important locating love standard and mastering the related methods. Especially, the 

former is more important as far as the female is concerned. Meanwhile, personality and sex has 

significant influence on behavior of communicating with heterosexual friends. 

5138.69 The Yin-Yang self-schema and it effect on self-related information processing, 

Shengdong Lin, Zhongfang Yang, Sun Yat-Sen University, China 

In Markus (1977)’s seminal study and many other studies following her paradigm, people are 

considered to have a clear self-schema if they describe themselves as “Either X or X”, X being an 

adjective, like independent, and X an adjective carrying the opposite meaning to X, like dependent. 

People who identify themselves as “both X and X” or check at middle of a bipolar scale with X 

and X as the extremities, are considered as having an “ambivalent” or “confused” self-schema. In 

this paper, we argue that the Chinese who are accustom to a “yin-yang” world-view, often describe 

themselves as “both X and X”. 

5138.70 An experimental study on dialectical thinking in social judgment, Feixue Wang 1 , 

Toshio Yamagishi 2 , 1 Sun Yat-Sen University, China; 2 Hokkaido University, Japan 

Nisbett et al. (2001) proposed that Eastern culture and Western culture are greatly different in 

cognitive styles. Asians showed Holistic cognition while westerners showed Analytic cognition. 

Peng and Nisbett (1999) proposed experimental evidence about their Holistic / Analytic 

1389

framework. They investigated the pattern of judgment to two statements contradicting each other, 

and found that Chinese judged both statements equally plausible, whereas Americans judged one 

was right and the other was wrong, Chinese took the “Middle Way.” In order to investigate 

whether the thinking style peculiar to Asians actually exists, Suzzuki et al (2003) conducted a 

similar experiment both in Japan and Hong Kong. 

5138.71 An investigation on the impression of the Chinese people in 5-12 year old Chinese urban 

children, Bin Zuo 1 , Jing Chen 2 , Li Sun 2 , Central China University, China; 2 Central China 


Using interview and questionnaire, the study investigated the Impression of Chinese in 383 

Chinese urban children ranging from 5 to 12 years and the main source of information about the 

Chinese. Results indicated that the most of children were positive towards the impression of 

Chinese that the Chinese is happy, clean, peaceful, clever, hardworking, kind and nice. However, 

the urban Children’s positive impression of the Chinese people was less with their growing up. 

The study also found that children’s information on the Chinese was mainly from television, 

newspapers, book and cartoon, parents, classmates, friends, teachers and radio. 

5138.72 Empathy: A New Model, Kristin Zethren, UCLA, Los Angeles, USA 

The client’s perception of counselor empathy is essential to positive counseling outcomes. This 

model derives from the fact that there are two kinds of empathy, often unrelated when measured: 

emotional, the capacity to feel another’s affect; and cognitive, the ability to adopt another’s 

perspective. Accordingly, emotional empathy is hypothesized to be hardwired, an endogenous 

capacity for affective resonance that occurs outside awareness. Cognitive empathy is 

conceptualized as a combination of two independent constructs: Altruism, the ability to see 

similarities between oneself and another; and Cognitive Complexity, the capacity to understand 

differences. Research validating the model is presented. 

5138.73 Gender stereotypes and self-perception in Korean college students, Jung Oak, 

Hee-Jeong Bang, Hye-ja Cho, Hyun-Jeong Kim, Ewha Womans University, Korea, Republic 

Of 

This study was intended to investigate the difference of gender stereotypes between male and 

female college students in Korea, and to examine the effects of gender stereotypes on 

self-perception. Four hundred and forty six college students were asked to complete a 

questionnaire which we developed to measure stereotypes of male and female and self-perception. 

All measures consisted of 34 items which assessed five contents such as personality, role, ability, 

behavior and appearances, and the items were written in prescriptive, positively descriptive, and 

negatively descriptive ways. Confirmatory factor analysis confirmed a model of gender 

stereotypes containing such five contents. 

5138.74 Group identification and social uncertainty in an artificial social simulation, Kazuhiko 

Shibuya, Japan 

In this paper, I attempt to explore group identification and social uncertainty using artificial social 

simulation. In particular, I weight on investigating considerable principles that are based on an 

emergence of group identification and structural clustering. Moreover I clarify theoretical models 

1390

member of an outgroup. It was assumed that the joint effect of legitimacy and stability could 

influence the perception of legitimacy of the society. As predicted, when the society was perceived 

as legitimate (high legitimate-stable and low legitimate-unstable), members of high status group 

attributed the rejection to the discrimination more than when the society was perceived as 

illegitimate(high legitimate-unstable and low legitimate-stable). The responses for the members of 

low status group was reversed. 

5138.79 Adolescent-parent conflict in Chinese families, Xuemei Zhou 1 , Yu Guoliang 2 , 1 BeiJing 

Normal University, China; 2 National Institute of Education Research, China 

Adolescent-parent conflict was examined in 96 Chinese preadolescents and early adolescents in 

ZheJiang province. The incidence, frequency, and intensity of conflicts were assessed using Issues 

Checklist, Individually interviewed adolescents described actual family conflicts, rated the content, 

resolution strategies, and management styles. Conflicts were occurred over issues such as school 

performance, be compared with others, and respect for parent. Early adolescents rated conflicts as 

more intense than did preadolescents. Nearly all conflicts were resolved by adolescents’ giving in, 

but adolescent concession declined with age, and use of avoidance strategies increased. When 

managing conflict, most parents can take adolescents’ reaction into account. 

5138.80 Socio-sanitary programs and homeless people characteristics in 10 European capitals, 

Manuel Munoz, Sonia Panadero, Eloisa Perez-Santos, Complutense University of Madrid, 

Spain 

This project set out to identify good practice in the delivery of health and social care to homeless 

people in: Athens, Berlin, Brussels, Copenhagen, Helsinki, Lisbon, London, Madrid, Paris and 

Rome. Distinct evaluation methodologies were used: Program evaluation (57 programs) through 

the opinions of the professionals who work in them, to identify the main strategies used by each 

project. Evaluation on the main characteristics of their users (323 users): quality of life, general 

and mental health status and satisfaction with the attention they had received. Instruments, 

evaluated areas, main found results and conclusions will be exposed. 

5138.81 On training group work with the unemployed, Tatyana Chuikova, Bashkirian 

StatePedagogical University, Russian Federation 

Training group work with the unemployed is carried out by ourselves according to the following 

major statements. 1. The basic means used in rendering psychological assistance is addressing to a 

trainee’s individual experience of life hardships, to self regulation habits formed in this experience, 

as well as to behavior strategies in them, i.e. to a person’s inner resources. 2. In our training we 

help our participants to find out new meanings of life, which are not necessarily connected with 

work. 3. The participants are trained to learn the stages of work search.. 4. We teach them to 

employ their old experience in new situations of work search. 

5138.82 Expectations affecting macro economic moving and consuming activities by consumers 

in China, Yuanming Sun, Chonging Acaemy of Social Sciences, China 

Expectation is the foreseeable estimation by economic body on future economic changes, a key 

aspect affecting Macro Economic moving and consuming activities. This thesis is illustrating in 

three parts. Part One: a) types; b) structure; c) formation; d) impact on Macro economic moving; e) 

1392

impact on Micro economic activities; f) aspects of civil consumption; g) variance of consumers 

with different expectation levels. Part Two: conducting process. Individua Expectation Social 

Expectation economic Body (Micro Decision) Moving of Macro Economy National Macro 

Economic Policy. Part three: proposed policies. 

5138.83 A research on customer satisfaction with travel agency, Xiaoyong Xu, Yiwen Chen, 


This research explored the factor structure of customer satisfaction with domestic travel agency, 

examined the influences of different factors on consumer behavior. The results indicate: 1. The 

evaluation structure of customer satisfaction with domestic travel agency include 7 factors as 

follow: Food and Drink, Capability of tourist guide, Assistant Service, Accommodation, Comfort, 

Vehicle, and Sightseeing. 2. The Satisfaction scale based on this evaluation structure has a high 

credibility. 3. The order of the influence of different factors on general customer satisfactory and 

behavioral loyalty are not the same. “Comfort” is the factor with the most different influence on 

those two. 

5138.84 A survey and appraise research on the personal dangerousness of persons released upon 

completion of a sentence, Qing-xiang Wu, China 

We have made a detailed investigation to all, about 14,000 native Shanghainese, persons released 

upon completion of a sentence from 1994 till 1999, from which we sorted out fifteen factors are 

correlation ship to a repeated crime and formed A survey and appraise research on the personal 

dangerousness of persons released upon completion of a sentence ¬we forecast a person released 

will commit a new crime in two years with the way of plurality regression. After testing, the ratio 

of veracity we got is 86%. 

5138.85 Research on the relations of every level of juvenile offenders’ self-esteem, Youzhen 

Chen, National HuaQiao Uinivercity, China 

Objective: We conduct a research on the relations of every level of juvenile offenders’ self-esteem 

in order to explore how to cultivate healthy self-esteem in them. Method: 263 juvenile offenders 

was measured with the revised scale’ juvenile self-esteem scale. Results: In the total structure of 

self-esteem, the main factors which affect juvenile offenders’ total self-esteem are individual 

self-esteem, vocational self-esteem and physical self-esteem. Vocational self-esteem, social 

self-esteem and family self-esteem also have an indirect influence on total self-esteem through 

individual. self-esteem. Conclusion: There’s close relations among every level of juvenile 

offenders’ self-esteem, which provides psychological basis for how to cultivate healthy 

self-esteem in juvenile offenders. 

5138.86 Cultural differences on understanding Chinese, parent-toddler interactions during dinner 

time, Yan Wang, Xiaobin Zhou, Angela Wiley, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, 

USA 

This study used mixed methodologies to investigate how and why coders’ ethnicity affects their 

coding of observational data from different cultural groups. Two Chinese coders and two 

American coders watched videotapes of 22 Chinese families’ dinnertime and coded toddler-parent 

interactions in terms of parental sensitivity, detachment, intrusiveness, positive/negative affect, 

1393

and confidence. Coders were also required to write down detailed qualitative rationales for their 

coding. Qualitative rationales provided by coders from both cultures were categorized and 

compared. Both quantitative and qualitative differences were found. We will discuss the important 

implications of these differences for cross-cultural research theory and methodology. 

5138.87 The Sws-survey of occupational and mental health: A cross-cultural questionnaire 

available for worldwide adaptation, Robert F Ostermann 1 , Rodolfo E Gutierrez 2 , 1 Fairleigh 

Dickinson University and C.O.P.E. Services Council, USA; 2 Universidad Nacional Autonoma de 

Mexico, Mexico 

Cross-cultural research is limited because there are few native language instruments for local and 

comparative research especially in developing countries where some aspects of Western 

psychology do not directly apply. The SWS-Study of Occupational and Mental Health, sponsored 

by the World Federation for Mental Health with cooperation of the W.H.O. Collaborating Centers 

for Occupational Health has been translated and adapted so far in 21 distinct country-groups 

world-wide. Content validation identified stress, support and mental health items unique to each 

country-group and 150 universal, cross-cultural items. This interactive session presents the global 

SWS-Theory and research methodology developed for replication in other countries. 

5138.88 On making a psycological diagnosis of children’s comprehension of folklore, Svetlana 

Galyautdinova, Bashkir Institute of Education Development, Russian Federation 

Researches of psychological mechanisms of children’s comprehension of folklore should be 

determined by the following major trends in psychological diagnosis making. The first trend is 

connected with diagnosis making of cognitive and emotional components of comprehension 

process. The second trend presupposes diagnosis making of verbal expression of folklore image 

contents. The third trend is aimed at revealing of a child’s readiness to folklore understanding 

which depends on knowledge level concerning the culture of his / her own people. 

5138.89 How thinking styles affect managers’ interpersonal behavior among Chinese people? 

Yubo Hou 1 , Ying Zhu 1 , Kaiping Peng 2 , 1 Peking University, China; 2 Department of U. C. 

Berkeley 

Chinese people put emphases on change, contradiction, relation, compromise and Harmony, Those 

five dimensions of Thinking Styles not only are results of traditional Confucianism and Taoism, 

but also the edification of Marxism brought into China at the beginning of the 20th century. We 

have developed a measurement to survey Thinking Styles. Based on investigations of more than 

two hundred managers from Taiwan, Hong Kong and Mainland, we found there is difference on 

relation belief between managers from three Chinese areas. The result also indicate that Thinking 

Styles have significant relationship with managers’ interpersonal behavior and conflict resolving 

styles. 

5138.90 The examination of academic regulation in children’s school behavior: An intercultural 

approach, Inna A. Padmawidjaja, University of California, Riverside, USA 

Previous research indicated that children’s academic regulation predicts school outcomes related 

behavior. To test this model cross culturally, I examined 329 fifth and sixth graders in Indonesia, 

129 fifth and sixth graders in South Korea, and 200 fifth and sixth graders in the U.S. Results 

1394

using confirmatory analysis and structural equation modeling suggested that the constructs in the 

model were equivalent across three countries and that the confirmatory analysis and the structural 

model fit the data set equivalently. 

5138.91 The effects of individualism-collectivism cultural tendency on perception of school 

bullying victims, Heekyung Lee, The Catholic University, Korea, Republic Of 

This study investigated the effect of individualism-collectivism cultural tendency, empathy and 

conformity on perception of victims in school bullying phenomena. We had junior high school 

students imagine a school bullying situation and asked them to rate the impression appraisal and 

attractiveness of the victim, and willingness to help the victim. The results of this study were as 

follows: Collectivism cultural tendency and empathy significantly influenced on impression 

appraisal and attractiveness of the victim and willingness to help him. And individualism cultural 

tendency and conformity significantly influenced on attractiveness of the school bullying victims 

and willingness to help. 

5138.92 Emotion and aesthetics in Indian indigenous psychology: East west perspectives, 

Durgadas Mukhopadhyay, Sparta Institute of Social Studies, India 

The concepts of rasa and Bhava are basic to the understanding of natya or “theatre” as presented 

by Bharata, which has influenced the dramatic literature and performing arts in India for centuries. 

According to Bharata, “Natya is a descriptive or representational statement of the emotional states 

(Bahvas) of the three worlds” (N.S.1.107). Rasa is the emotional content which is produced by the 

fusion of the different element of constructions of a piece of creative work. Rasa is the essence of 

literary and dramatic art for conveying an intense emotional experience. The art presentation 

evokes from us an appropriate emotional response. 

5138.93 An event-related potential technique by imitating natural reading, Ying Xie 1 , Zhongle 

Yang 2 , 1 Laboratory of Cognitive Science, China, 2 South-central University for Nationalities, 

China 

Different from traditional way of presenting stimuli with abrupt onset in most ERP studies, 

symbol strings were translated relative to sightline to imitate natural reading. It was found that the 

head and the end symbol of the strings evoked exogenous components but the symbols in the 

middle of the strings did not. Based on such findings an imitated natural reading ERP(INRP) 

technique was developed, by which the endogenous components related to cognitive processing 

can be extracted directly. Being able to overcome some shortcomings of conventional transient 

ERP techniques, INRP seems to be a useful tool to study cognitive processes. 

5138.94 Analysis of correlations between 2 tolls of personological diagnosis: inventory of 

personality and graphology, Bernard Gangloff, University of Rouen, France 

Personality is probably the main domain of investigation concerning staff's selection. This 

personality is frequently measured using jointly several tools, the objective of this conjunction 

being to compensate the bias inherent to each of the tools used separately. We wanted to study 

here the efficiency of this procedure. For that, we analyzed the possible correlation between the 

results of graphological analysis and the results of one Big Five family's test. The exam of the 

results puts in evidence that this conjoined use only provides an illusory efficiency. 

1395

5138.95 Analyzing and probing into compulsory symptom of university students, Lijun Zheng, 

Hangzhou Teachers College, Hangzhou, China 

This paper analyzes the educational and cultural reasons to the high compulsory symptom scores 

in the mental health investigations of Chinese university students in the past 20 years. It pays more 

attention to probe into the diseased reasons and the typical psychological features of compulsory 

symptom and puts forward how to treat compulsory symptom through psychological consultant 

and education of mental health. To some extent, it is meaningful for active prevention to the 

intensive social psychological stress stimulus and defending university students’ mental health. 

5138.96 Complex approach toward research of eating disorder, Alexey Alexandrovich Markov, 

Valentin Yakovlevich Semke, Irina Evgenyevna Kupriyanova, A.V. Rotov, Mental Health 

Research Institute, Russian Federation 

The objective of our work was to study some social and psychological parameters in persons with 

eating disorders as well as to reveal the role of etiological and pathogenetic factors participating in 

formation of eating disorder. We have examined 98 women under short-term group psychotherapy 

for excessive weight at the age of 16-63 years with various social-professional statuses. Complex 

approach in investigation of eating disorder will allow giving many-vector information a bout 

mental, psychological, physical and social comfort, will allow optimizing and personifying the 

system of readaptation and improving the quality of life of the population in question. 

5138.97 Attention for college adjustment, Yongjun Zhao, China 

Based on related researches and practices about “college adjustment”, the article presents the way 

to enhance freshman’s level of adjustment, including supporting system provided by university 

and freshman’s psychological adaptation. The supporting system includes advisory system, 

personal development counseling for students, and various activities. The factors such as 

freshmen’s independence, self-confidence, and active copying style are of vital importance for 

students’ psychological adaptation. The article also addresses attention for college adjustment as a 

research topic in China. 

5138.98 Effectiveness of sandplay therapy in school counseling, Tomoko Ajima 1,2 , 1 psychology 

association; 2 Japan clinical psychology association, Japan 

In this presentation, I will discuss the effectiveness of sandplay therapy through my practice in 

school counseling in Japan. Three cases of school-refusal, ADHD and abuse in a junior high 

school will be reported. The sandplay technique was applied to all of them. It is clearly shown that 

those problems could be solved by sand play. Although it was difficult for the clients to express 

their inner worlds verbally, sandplay method was very helpful for their self expression and heeling. 

The case of ADHD was managed in a group therapy. 

5138.99 A study on the relationship between subjective well-being and personality traits of 

Chinese middle school students, Xinhua Ding 1 , Jisheng Wang 2 , 1 Beijing Forestry University, 

China; 2 Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China 

To explore the relationship between subjective well-being and personality traits of middle school 

students, a total of 469 Chinese adolescents were administered Middle School Students’ Global 

1396

Subjective Well-Being Scale and Eysenck’s Personality Questionnaire for adolescents. The results 

showed that middle school students’ subjective well-being were strongly related to their 

personality traits, that is, subjective well-being was significantly negatively related to neuroticism, 

while it was significantly positively correlated to extraversion. Stepwise regression analysis 

revealed that neuroticism and extraversion were significant predictors of the score of subjective 

well-being. 

5138.100 A research on internet addiction disorder for college students in Shanghai, Haigen Gu, 

Jiang Nannan, China 

In order to study internet addiction disorder for college students, Internet Addiction Disorder Scale 

(IADS)was worked out and 370 valid surveys from 6 universities were investigated by used IADS 

and other 8 questionnaires. The result showed as following: (1) The scale has good reliability and 

validity.(2) About 8.1% college students in Shanghai meet the criteria of IAD.(3) Higher IAD 

scale scores were found in males, science academic majors and sophomores. (4)Internet usage 

degree was found to be associated with on-line time per week, on-line motivation, and number of 

Internet tool used. (5) Significant difference was found in Internet usage behavior between addicts 

and non-addicts. (6) Some personality traits of addicts was significantly different with that of 

non-addicts. 

5138.101 The effects of trait factors on smoking cessation process, Seongho Cho, Heekyung Lee, 

Mihye Kim, The Catholic University of Korea, Korea, Republic Of 

This study investigated what trait factors were involved in the smoking cessation process. Based 

on the surveys of 367 smokers, the results were as follow: The number of smoking cessation and 

the longest period of quitting smoking were significantly related with smoking cessation intention. 

Only the number of smoking cessation was related with smoking cessation maintenance. There 

was a significant difference between low intentional smoking cessation group and high intentional 

smoking cessation group, comparing medians of the longest period of quitting smoking, identify 

that smoking cessation intention influence smoking cessation maintenance significantly. 

5138.102 Research on the combining of mental health education and school subject teaching, Yun 

Dong, Tianjin Experiment High School, China 

The following article introduces our success achieved by researching into the combining of mental 

education and school subject teaching. In the process of implementing mental education, we’ve 

been carrying out the research by means of combining teaching aims and mental education, 

optimizing teaching procedure, enriching teaching content, diversifying teaching methodologies 

and so on. 

5138.103 Cultural trend and expectation about counseling of Korean middle aged teachers, 

Myoung-Ja Keum, Member of KPA and Psychology International, APA, Korea, Republic Of 

This paper identified the cultural trend of Korean middle aged teacher’s, their expectation about 

counseling, willingness, and recommendation for it. 269 teachers ranged age of 40-65 completed 

the Expectation about Counseling, Individualism-Collectivism Scale, and the Questionnaire about 

Willingness and Recommendation for Counseling. They had high vertical-collectivism level and 

low vertical-individualism. Their expectation about the outcome of counseling is high and that 

1397

about the role of a client is low. Both their willingness and recommendation for counseling are low. 

But the level of recommendation for counseling and expectation about it positively related to their 

collectivism level. 

5138.104 Research and experiments on all-round mental health education to middle school 

students, Hong Zhang, Tianjin Experiment High School, Tianjin, China 

Tianjin Experiment High School is a nationwide advanced unit in popularizing applied psychology. 

The following article introduces achievement of our ten years’ efforts: The education mode of 

“All-round Mental Health Education to Middle School Students” --- an education pattern of 

all-round arousing, all-round organizing and all-round serving 

5138.105 A new exploration of mental health education to middle school students - the start and 

practice of mental health training club, Chunyuan Zhang, Tianjin Experiment High School, 

Tianjin, China 

We started our Mental Health Training Club for Middle School Students by attempting to combine 

the theory of group counseling and advisory practice, opening up a new way to implementing 

mental health education and having achieved good results. The training activities designed by 

ourselves, such as “Co-putting Up a Tower”, “Clicking Happiness”, etc. play an important role in 

the aspects of promoting the optimizing of students’ characteristic quality, improving personal 

psychological coping, improving students’ abilities of cooperating and communicating with others, 

cultivating innovation spirits and so on. 

5138.106 The development of sandplay in China, Huichun Zhao 1 , Risheng Zhang 1 , Liuna 

Geng 1 , Yan Kou 2 , Shunsen Chen 2 , 1 Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China; 2 Hebei 


Sandplay is a potential therapeutics developed in Japan, which share deeply sameness with orient 

culture. Sandplay emphasizes mother-children’s syncretism and psychological healing. Clients use 

toy express sensation in sandboxes which provide a free-safe space, then the counselor dig 

indicated meaning of the toy mode, make communication with clients to improve the client’s 

personality combination. In 1997, Risheng Zhang introduced Sandplay to several universities in 

China, and developed theory and clinical study. The objects included learning hindrance, autism, 

hyperkinetic syndrome from university, middle school and kindergarten. Results show that 

Sandplay have a super healing effect under the background of Chinese culture. 

5138.107 The effect of coping style and social support on the psychologic status of SARS 

rehabilitation patients, Min Li, Houyuan Hu, Hao Zhang, Lin Zhou, China 

Objective To study the effect of coping style and social support on the psychologic status of SARS 

rehabilitation patients. Methods 35 SARS rehabilitation patients were assessed with Symtom 

Checklist(SCl-90), Self Rating Anxiety Scale(SAS), Self Rating Depressive Scale(SDS), Medical 

Coping Modes Questionnaires(MCMQ) and Social Support Rating Scale. Results SARS 

rehabilitation patients had higher scores in SAS, SDS, Somatic, Depressive, Anxiety and Paranoid 

factors, Coping Styles of SARS rehabilitation patients were Confronce. There were significant 

correlation between objective social support and Resignation(R=-0.68), Usage of social support 

and Confronce (R=0.55). Conclusion Increasing social support and usage of social support can 

1398

improve mental health. 

5138.108 Subjectivity and objectivity analysis psychotherapy-a psychotherapy trying to integrate 

the east and west cultures, Huatang Deng, Peking University, Beijing, China 

Psychological phenomena can be divided into subjective and objective groups: Objective 

psychological phenomena such as humanity, instinct, basic emotion, conditional and unconditional 

thought model, behavioral reflecting model and some of basic rules of psychological activity etc, 

can not be controlled by subjective will, subjective psychological phenomena such as human 

subjective will, voluntary thought and behavior, voluntary attention, can be controlled by 

subjective will, the springhead of human pathological pain lies in being unable to distinguish 

between the subjectivity and objectivity of individual and group psychological phenomena, the 

subjectivity can be controlled by will. 

5138.109 Disorders of affective area in epilepsy, Tatyana Valentinovna Kazennykh, Mental 

Health Research Institute, Russian Federation 

We conducted analysis of mental disorders in epileptic patients. In 102 patients with epilepsy 

among revealed mental disorders of affective area predominated (59.4%) in the kind of irritability, 

decreased mood, emotional liability, proneness of the patients to anxiety reactions. 18.2% 

constituted cases of decreased mood with dysphory and anxiety, patients were characterized by 

explosiveness, sensitivity, cryness. In 7 patients (5.9%) the cause of depression was psychogenic 

trigger. This requires, beyond correct antiepileptic therapy, joining to the scheme of the treatment 

of antidepressants, “correctors of the behavior”, tranquillizers. Purposefulness of their 

administration and doses are considered by the epileptologist individually. 

5138.110 Psychoeducational interventions efficacy on dementia caregivers' distress: Different 

outcomes for different contents, Andres Losada, Ignacio Montorio, Maria Izal, Maria 

Marquez, Gema Perez, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain 

Objective: to compare the effectiveness of a cognitive-behavior intervention aimed at the 

modification of maladaptive beliefs about caregiving (CB;n=28) to a problem-solving program 

(PS;n=28), and control group(CG;n=13). Measures: Dysfunctional Thoughts about Caregiving 

Questionnaire (DTCQ), frequency of care-receiver behavioral problems (MBCL-A), stress 

associated with behavioral problems (MBCL-B), Perceived stress (PSS) and depression (CES-D). 

In PS, PSS mean score is significantly higher at post-intervention. In MB, a significant reduction 

was found for all the measures except for MBCL-A. The results show that the CB intervention is 

more effective than the PS program for reducing caregivers’ distress. 

5138.111 The influence of culture on sexual disturbances of women after hysterectomy, Jinglan 

Wang, Catholic University of Lublin, Poland 

Hysterectomy is the removal of the uterus. According to psychoanalysis, the uterus is the symbol 

of womanhood and the reactions of women under surgery result from maintaining the physical 

attitude of claiming to be a woman. The aim of this work is to answer the question- what are the 

differences of the sexuality of women living in eastern and western cultures? The population 

research concerns people under surgery both in China and in Poland. The results show that 

cultural differences have a great influence on this subject. 

1399

5138.112 The correlation analysis of drug user’s social support and addictive behavior, Bin Yao, 

Wei Han, Xi’an Jiaotong University, China 

Objective: To reveal the relationship of drug user’s social support and addictive behavior. Method: 

143 drug users in detoxification have been investigated with drug use behavior questionnaire and 

social support rating scale, the data has been treated by correlation analysis. Results: The drug 

users’ social support are worse than people who do not use drugs, there are no significant 

deference in social support total score between males and females, live alone and not live alone. 

Drug users’ social support score are negative correlation with the quantity and frequency of drug 

use. There are positive correlation between social support score and control power of drug use will. 

Conclusion: Drug users’ addictive behavior are correlated with social support. 

5138.113 Alcoholism and hypertension comorbidity: Possibilities of experimental- psychological 

identification, Galina Panteleyevna Lyashenko, Mental Health Research Institute, Russian 

Federation 

Experimental-psychological examination was conducted in 43 persons suffering from alcoholism 

in combination with arterial hypertension. Obtained data testify to high level of anxiety in the 

structure of the personality of the patient. Factorial components of anxiety describe emotional 

experiences of a negative character-feeling of tension, depression, frustration, restlessness, 

insatisfaction. This state is associated with great number of needs without satisfaction, proneness 

to feeling of guilt, preoccupation with the state of his health. Study of psychological typology of 

the patient allows achieving individuality of the treatment strategy and increase of efficacious 

psychotherapeutic help in co morbid with alcoholism diseases. 

5138.114 Individual-psychological peculiarities of substance addictive personality, Anna 

Isayevna Mandel, Mental Health Research Institute, Russian Federation 

It was revealed that experience the feeling of guilt, anxiety, depressive trends, and self-punitive 

type of the reaction is the most typical for alcoholic patients as compared with drug addicts. The 

latter are characterized by impulsiveness, immorality, affect rigidity, formal communicability and 

indifference toward the nearest not involved into the area of “addictive” interests. Emotional 

tension associated with the intensity of the syndrome of pathological bent for the drug is realized 

in aggressive antisocial behavior. As a whole, drug addicts may be qualified as more 

“psychopathisiezed” in clinical assessment as compared with alcoholic patients. 

5138.115 Study on students’ mental health, factors and self-treatment methods, Wenli Chen, 

Guangzhu Liu, China 

700 University Students were investigated with 4 Questionnaires about mental health, personality, 

living events and social supports. The result showed that students’ personalities and their 

surroundings were important factors for their mental health. So if the students be kept in good 

health, they should have good personalities and have good surroundings. If the personalities and 

surroundings were not good for their mental health, the social supports should be important for 

their psychological disease to occur. Because of traditional view and other causes, in universities 

it’s a good way to let students master some self-treatment methods to keep their mental health. 

1400

psychological intervention play an important role in post-surgery recovery. 

5138.120 Emotional-psychological level of health of women, L.A. Agarkova, Mental Health 

Research Institute, Russian Federation 

During investigation of quality of life in female patients, with various gynecological pathology, 

the statistically reliable difference was not revealed with one and the same categories of quality of 

life having maximum and minimum values. The highest indices were identified on such indices as 

communication, family, and nutrition. Low ones-on indices: health, housing. Thus, 

psychoemotional state of women with gynecological pathology significantly differs from the level 

of mental health of healthy women. In addition, differences of psychoemotional state in women 

with various gynecological pathology were not revealed. 

5138.121 Organising forms of psychiatric help to patients of somatic network, Valentina 

Fyodorovna Lebedeva, Nadezhda Michailovna Popova, Mental Health Research Institute, 


Psychiatric counseling is an important element of medical care in every primary care unit or 

general hospital. Treatment of patients under conditions of general health care unit was complex 

combining application of pharmacological agents with psychotherapeutic measures and was 

conducted at three stages. So after rendering specialized psychiatric assistance to patients, number 

of not founded visits by patients the physicians of general primary care unit and referrals to the 

admission in somatic hospitals of patients with mental disorders decreased by 75%, significantly 

more seldom there were conflict situations between physicians of a general care unit and patients. 

5138.122 The psychological impact of psoriasis among South Africans, Naseema Vawda 1,2 , 

Wilesh Morar 1,3 , 1 King Edward VIII Hospital & Nelson R; 2 University of Kwazulu-Natal, South 

Africa; 3 University of Natal, Durban, South Africa 

This prospective study aimed to assess psychological morbidity in psoriatic patients. Clinical 

presentation of psoriasis (rated by a dermatologist) was correlated with demographic 

characteristics and psychometric test results. Mean age of patients was 36, with 32% reporting 

severe psychological distress, while 27.5% were moderately depressed. Patients with joint pain, 

scalp involvement, pruritus, who smoked and drank alcohol had greater psychological distress. 

Alcohol intake was associated with depression (p

suicidal ideation, the relative risk being 8.5 in patients with pruritus. Optimum management of 

psoriatic patients requires active liaison between psychologists and dermatologists. 

5138.124 On the rumors of sars, Hengqing Li, Zheng Xiaodong, Fujian Normal University, 

China 

Based on the cognitive dissonance theory and demonstrated by two figures, this thesis analyzes 

the public base for the rumor’s emerging, spreading and removing in the event of SARS. It 

outlines the public’s cognitive process that involving the changing from coordinated to dissonant, 

then from dissonant to coordinated. We can find out the high-profile impact of information over 

the public’s cognition. 

5138.125 Positive emotion and healthy personality, Bin Wang, China 

Psychological study on negative emotion has been the predominant mode over the past century. 

People paid more attention to the diagnosis and treatment of varieties of psychological illnesses. 

However, this article gives some new ideas on strengthening human’s immunity from 

psychological illnesses, developing teenagers’ healthy personality and perfecting the theory 

system of positive psychology. With the scientific method of psychological survey and statistic, 

such problems are explored by researches and experiments as what factors can affect teenagers’ 

positive emotion. How the positive emotion can be cultivated and in what way the negative 

attitude can be transformed into positive emotion. This article lays more emphasis on the positive 

emotion. 

5138.126 Distressed personality (type D), cognitive appraisal and coping with stress, Zygfryd 

Juczynski, Nina Oginska-Bulik, University of Lodz, Poland 

The study was designed to analyze the relationship between type D personality, cognitive 

appraisal and coping with stress. The sample consists of 120 subjects both gender, included 

cardiovascular and cancer patients and healthy subjects. The following techniques were used: 

Type D-scale, Cognitive Appraisal Questionnaire and COPE. The results, obtained from structural 

modeling, revealed that type D personality have direct impact on cognitive appraisal and also on 

coping with stress. Cognitive appraisal does not have direct impact on coping strategies. 

5138.127 A study of the evaluations military pilot’s post-traumatic stress and the psychological 

intervention, Yuhui Wang, Zhang Peng, Yao Liping, Shun Wei, Dalian Sanatorium of Air 

Force, China 

Objective To explore the effect of the Psychological intervention for post-traumatic stress reaction. 

Methods The mental health inventory for Chinese pilots, Scl-90 and MMPI were used to assess 

the mental status of 71 pilots of two fight units having the fatal accident nearly one month 

ago(intervention group) and 64 pilots of other units (control group).Objective Psychological 

intervention, including cognitive therapy, biofeed back therapy and collective education consulting 

were given in pilots with various stress disorders and the effects were observed. Results The 

scores in intervention group were significantly lower than those of control group, while scores in 

intervention group were significantly higher than those of control group. Conclusion The effect of 

psychological intervention, especially cognitive therapy is promising. 

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5138.128 Impact of stressful life events on a group of homeless: Self-reported, cognitive and 

immunological measures, Manuel Munoz, Aida De Vicente, Monica De la Fuente, Lorena 

Arranz, Complutense University of Madrid, Spain 

Stressful life events are prevalent among homeless but few studies have investigated their impact 

on psychological distress, cognitive performance and immunological functions. This study 

examines the effects of stress on a group of homeless using multiple methods. The first, 

self-reported measures: the Impact of Event Scale, the Beck Depression Inventory, the Beck 

Anxiety Inventory, the Perceived Stress Scale and the Quality of Life Scale. The second, cognitive 

tests: Digit Span Test and Reading Span Test. The third, immunological parameters: adherence, 

chemotaxis and proliferation of phagocytes and lymphocytes and NK activity. The results show a 

significant stress effect on these variables. 

5138.129 The comparing research of stress of SARS and after SARS, Tone Huge, Wang 

Chengkui, Soochow University, China 

The present study investigated stress of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) for 1016 

samples in 17 provinces in China. A year later, 600 samples were investigated for stress of 

after-SARS. The results showed that: (1)Noticeable difference was found in panic, defense and 

cognition between group of high incidence of a disease, low incidence of a disease and 

after-SARS. (2)Mood disorder influenced on acute stress. (3)The constructed mode of social 

support and stress of SARS confirmed that social support had different effect on different factor to 

stress of SARS. (4)General efficacy and coping efficacy had important impact on stress of SARS. 

5138.130 Gender differences in social desirability bias in self-reported physical activity among 

Japanese adolescents, Koji Yamatsu 1 , Yukio Yamaguchi 2 , 1 Kyushu University, Japan; 2 Fukuoka 


This study examined gender differences in social desirability bias on self-reported Physical 

Activity (PA). Total of 168 men and 98 women adolescents engaged in 1-hour-exercise while 

wearing a accelerometer. Immediately after exercise, they completed self-administered 

questionnaires of 1-hour PA version that modified from 7-day PA recall. As a result of multiple 

regression analysis, Japanese version Marlowe-Crowne’s social desirability score was negatively 

related to self-reported PA (beta=-0.24) in women, adjusted with BMI, present habitual-exercise, 

previous sports-experience, and actual PA. But its relationship was not found in men. Therefore, 

social desirability bias may influence self-reported PA in women but not in men. 

5138.131 Japanese psychiatric patients’ self-efficacy and their performance and adaptive functions 

in occupational therapy, Emi Atsumi 1 , Ken-ichi Ohbuchi 2 , Atsuko Iwatani 3 , Noriyuki Abe 3 , 

1 2 3 

Tohoku Bunka Gakuen University, Japan; Tohoku University, Japan; Asaka Hospital, Japan 

We examined a hypothesis that the effects of occupational therapy on adaptive functions of 

psychiatric patients would depend on their self-efficacy. We measured self-efficacy of 60 Japanese 

psychiatric inpatients, and a week later we had therapists rate the patients’ performance, adaptive 

functions, and problem behaviors in the settings of occupational therapy. It was found that the 

level of self-efficacy positively correlated with several dimensions of the rated performance 

(motivation and interpersonal relationship) and several dimensions of the rated adaptive functions 

1404

(ADL and interpersonal relationship), but negatively correlated with the rated problem behaviors, 

supporting the hypothesis regarding self-efficacy. 

5138.132 Mental representation and processing pattern of the motor information during badminton 

competition, Yong-min Cheng, Cheng-mou Liang, Hua Jin, Guangzhou Research institute of 

sports science, China 

The aim of this paper is to discuss the representation form of motor information and the proportion 

& function of two processing patterns in badminton game. Experiment 1 implied that the image is 

the main representation forms; experiment 2 compared the rate of correct judgment of shuttlecock 

location under the conditions with various number of information across athletes with different 

performance. It is suggested that the processing patterns of bottom-up is prevalent whereas the 

competition results largely depends on the processing patterns of up-bottom. 

5138.133 Consumers’ motivation profiles at a sports center in spain: The motivation in sports 

scale and consumer satisfaction, Roberto Luna-Arocas 1 , Thomas Li-Ping Tang 2 , Linzhi Du 3 , 

1 2 3 

University of Valencia, Spain; Middle Tennessee State University, USA; Hohai University, 

China 

This research examines the motivation profiles of 218 consumers at a Sports Center in Valencia, 

Spain. We employed the Motivation in Sports Scale (MISS-Sports Center) (Positive Affect, Social 

Contact, Physical Exercise, Coping Strategy, Challenge, Body Image, Competition, and 

Entertainment) and found significant differences in the MISS-Sports Center regarding sex, age, 

and marital status. We identified five motivation profiles using the MISS: Non-Competitive 

Leisure-Oriented Exercisers, Practical Social Entertainers, Affective Users, Enthusiastic 

Sportspersons, and Passive Participants. There were differences in demographic variables and 

satisfaction among five motivation profiles. Results were discussed in light of marketing strategies 

for sports centers and the satisfaction of sports consumers. 

5138.134 Success and failure in organizational change processes, Siegfried Greif, University of 

Osnabrueck, Work and Organizational Psychology Unit, Germany 

In our study, we applied a combined interview questionnaire instrument called Change Explorer to 

a sample of 346 subjects (executives, project managers, team members, consultants, and 

employees) in diverse organizations of eight different countries (Germany, Great Britain, Greece, 

the Netherlands, Spain, South Korea and the USA). The results support our person oriented theory. 

A linear equation model predicting the overall rate of success (R²= 0.69) by questionnaire 

scales shows good fit values, confirmed also by robust statistical methods. Between countries 

mean scale profile differences can be found, but as assumed general profile similarities are high. 

5138.135 The empirical research about the relationship among organizational commitment, job 

satisfaction and voluntary turnover intention, Weipeng Hu, Kan Shi, Institute of psychology, 


The purpose of this study is to discuss the relationships among organizational commitment, job 

satisfaction and voluntary turnover intention explicitly, firstly, according to our initial study, we 

revise Meyer & Allen’s 3-Compenent Organizational Commitment questionnaire. The revised 

questionnaire has desirable reliability and convergent validity, then We find that affective 

1405

commitment and continuous commitment can significantly influence employee’s voluntary 

turnover intention. Furthermore, affective commitment serves as the mediator between normative 

commitment, satisfaction to supervisor, satisfaction to job and turnover intention. Continuous 

commitment also fully mediates the relationship between pay satisfaction and turnover intention. 

5138.136 Psychology contribution in managing change, Wustari Mangundjaya 1, 2 , 1 Indonesian 

Psychological Assocition; 2 Association of Industrial & Organizational Psychologist, Indonesia 

Every one and every organization has to face changes. There are four types of attitude toward 

changes (Judson, 2000), namely: Active Acceptance, Passive Acceptance, Passive Resistance and 

Active Resistance, and three factors that influence attitude towards change, namely: know, able 

and will. (Galpin, 1999) Research was done in many organizations mostly state owned 

organization that has conducted restructuring organization. Result shows that most of the 

employee was passive and active acceptance, and knowing factor is the most important factor in 

managing change. The result is important for management as well as change agent, as they have to 

plan changes providing time for socialization. 

5138.137 The research of China’s intellectual females worker pressure affecting factors --based on 

the basis sampling investigation of intellectual females in partial cities of China, Xinhua Tian, 

Mu LI, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China 

The social economical transformation makes market competition fiercer. China’s intellectual 

females face new problems in this transformation. The apparent and potential pressures, from 

worker place and psychology of individual groups and social family etc, bring direct influence to 

China’s intellectual females’ health. It is a fact that menopause come in advance. With sampling 

investigation of intellectual females in partial cities of China, using systemic analysis method. We 

want to find factors causing the pressure, and build effective model and tactic to mitigate and 

dispel the Worker pressure affecting China’s intellectual females. 

5138.138 A causal model of burnout in a south african insurance company, Wilma Coetzer, 

Sebastiaan Rothmann, North West University, South Africa 

The objective of this study was to test a casual model of burnout of employees in an insurance 

company in South Africa. A cross-sectional survey design was used. An accidental sample (N=613) 

was taken from employees in an insurance company. The Maslach Burnout Inventory General 

Survey, Life Orientation Test-Revised, ASSET and Job Characteristics Scale were administered. 

The results showed that stress due to a lack of resources, work overload, lack of control and 

insecurity predicted Exhaustion, which leads to Cynicism. Occupational Stress also predicted 

Cynicism and lower optimism of employees. Professional Efficacy is predicted by both Optimism 

and Cynicism. 

5138.139 A study of the relationship between tacit knowledge sharing and organization climate in 

industry enterprises in liaoning province, Fang Hua, Shuhua Zhang, Shenyang Normal 


This research focuses on the questions of if organization climate is related to tacit knowledge 

sharing and can organization climate predict the degree of sharing tacit knowledge in Enterprises. 

Our research used a questionnaire to investigate 463 employees of 54 departments/task groups 

1406

USA, 2 Hohai University, Nanjing, China, 3 National University of Mexico, Mexico, 4 International 

Institute of Research, South Africa, 5 Griffith University, Australia 

This study investigates measurement invariance of the Love of Money Scale (LOMS) across 24 

geopolitical entities (countries) around the world. We have achieved configural (factor structures) 

invariance for all but four geopolitical entities. These four countries were eliminated. We have also 

achieved metric (factor loadings) invariance using multi-group confirmatory factor analysis 

(MGCFA) based on CFI change. Results of this study suggest that the Love of Money Scale, 

developed in the US, has achieved both configural invariance and metric invariance across 20 

cultures. Researchers will have confidence in using the Love of Money Scale in future research. 

5138.144 Practices and discourses working places: A case study, Liliana Vargas 1 , Katherina 

Bernhard 2 , Carolina Trevissi 2 , Diana Aragon 2 , 1 Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Colombia; 

2 

Colombia 

The work presented here was aimed to describe the discourses circulating in two flower 

plantations in Bogot, Colombia, and the work practices associated to them. A qualitative approach 

with an ethnographic methodology was used including participant and non-participant observation, 

in-depth interviews and documental analysis. Discourse analysis with the methodology developed 

by Potter & Wetherell (1996) was applied aimed to identify the interpretive repertoires and 

associated practices inside daily work life at the organization. The analytical exercise about the 

repertoires was centered in exposing subject’s positioning and the social function of the 

repertoires. 

5138.145 The research of teacher performance construction, Yonghong Cai, Chongde Lin, China 

The research aimed to explore the construction of teacher performance. At first, by literature 

review, open-ended survey, critical incident interview and theoretical analysis, the authors advance 

a theorist construction of teacher performance. Then they test the construction of students, 

colleagues, supervisor and teacher self’s appraisal results by confirmative factor analysis. They 

find that teacher performance includes six dimensions: professional ethics, job conscientiousness, 

assisting and cooperation, teaching efficiency, teaching value and teacher-student interaction. The 

first three dimensions constitute contextual performance, and the others constitute task 

performance. Contextual performance has high relation with task performance. Constructions of 

different rating methods have difference. Self’s rating has evidently different construction with 

other methods. 

5138.146 Structural components of knowledge-worker’s job stressor and its relationship with job 

strain, Zhixia Chen, Hongtao Li, Sociology Department, Huazhong University of Science and 


This study analyzed the knowledge-worker’s job stressor and its relationship with job strain by 

two questionnaires. 596 knowledge-workers from 17 enterprises in Wuhan city participated in the 

investigation. Principle components factor analysis reveals six dimensions in the structure of job 

stressor: the task of work, career development, organizational management, individual relationship 

and ability, time pressure and environment of work. Further analysis indicates that job stressor is 

middling related to knowledge-worker’s job strain. 

1408

5138.147 Pros and Cons of professional success in the students opinion, Zbigniew Zaleski 1 , 

Joanna Mesjasz 2 , Stanisoaw Witkowski 2 , 1 Catholic University of Lublin, Poland; 2 University of 

Wroclaw 

The students evaluate highly the managers’ success and they relate it to the feeling of satisfaction 

arising from providing for the family and offering children a wide range of development 

opportunities. The costs attributed to the managers` activities by students are higher than those 

declared by the managers. The thesis that satisfaction from success affects and alleviates the costs 

experience as well as raises the frustration threshold is hereby confirmed. One of essential factors 

in “anti-cost” prevention is shaping and developing managing competence. It may be assumed that 

manager who is well prepared to fulfill his role shall incur substantially lower costs than a 

manager whose scope of knowledge, practical social skills and abilities is deficient. 

5138.148 Effects of memory load and signal probability on performance in cognitive vigilance 

tasks, Yuanyuan Luo, Baihua Xu, Zhejiang University, China 

The present study investigated the effects of memory load and signal probability on performance 

in cognitive vigilance tasks. Six tasks differing in memory load and signal probability were 

compared on the basis of measurements of hit rate and reaction times for hits. The date showed 

that both vigilance level and vigilance decrement were affected by memory load significantly, and 

there was an interaction between memory load and signal probability. In the task with high 

memory, the increase in signal probability produced a obvious decrease in vigilance level, and it 

also had a significant effect on vigilance decrement. 

5138.149 The effect of the number of signal sources on the reaction time for signal detection in a 

visual monitoring task, Baihua Xu, Ling Xu, Zhejiang University, China 

A simulation experiment was designed to examine the relationship between the number of signal 

sources and the reaction time for signal detection in a visual monitoring task. 2-8 instruments were 

used as signal sources and these instruments were presented simultaneously on a CRT-screen. The 

monitoring task lasted for 80 minutes in each experimental condition, and each experiment was 

divided into 4 blocks. The results showed that the reaction time for signal detection was 

significantly affected by the number of signal sources, and there was an interaction between the 

number of signal sources and the duration of monitoring task. 

5138.150 The effect of target size on color coding on a LCD under higher ambient illumination, 

Baihua Xu, Ling Xu, Wuheng Zuo, Zhejiang University, China 

The relationship between the range of selected colors for color coding and the target size was 

investigated on a LCD under higher ambient illumination with 5100K color temperature. The 

results showed that the increase in target size served to improve the performance of color 

discrimination on an absolute basis. 7 colors could be used for color coding on a LCD when the 

target size was above the level of 4 acute; 4mm2 and viewing distance was kept at 70cm, however, 

no more than 4 colors should be used for this purpose when the target size ranged from 1´ 

1mm2 to 2 acute; 2mm2. 

5138.151 An experimental study of human reliability in cognitive vigilance tasks, Wuheng Zuo, 

Baihua Xu, Zhejiang University, China 

1409

A simulation experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of task complexity and 

individual experience on the reliability of operators of a hydrogen-making system in cognitive 

vigilance tasks. 20 operators were selected as subjects from a large oil-plant, and they were 

requested to perform four vigilance tasks with different levels of complexity in the experiment. 

The results showed that there was a significant influence of task complexity on the reliability of 

operators. The more complex the task, the lower the reliability. In a more complex vigilance task, 

the individual experience also exerted a significant impact on the reliability of operators. 

5138.152 Self-regulation of employees at work: Theoretical construct and scale development, Yu 

chuan Luo 1 , Jin fu Zhang 2 , 1 Civil Aviation Flight University Of China; 2 Southwest-China 


This paper first defined the construct of self-regulation of employees at work, based upon previous 

literature and experimental research work and compiled a preliminary questionnaire to measure 

self-regulation of employees at work. After pilot testing and a series of revisions, a questionnaire 

on the self-regulation of employees at work was formed. Exploratory and confirmatory factor 

analysis found that that self-regulation of employees at work was a multi-hierarchical and 

multi-dimensional construct which had two hierarchies and nine dimensions. The new scale was 

tested to be reliable and valid enough to be applicable to measure self-regulation of employees at 

work. 

5138.153 Psychological correlates of environmental sensitivity, Maaris Raudsepp, Tallinn 

Pedagogical University, Estonia, EE 

Environmental sensitivity (ES) characterizes person’s general pro-environmental orientation 

(Chawla, 1998). Our aim was to analyze relations of ES with some psychological characteristics. 

The data is based on a national representative survey (N=987). ES was operationalized through 

various indicators (e.g. environmental concern, ecological behavior intention). Several 

psychological measures (incl. short version of Schwartz’s value scale) were used. Individual 

characteristics that differentiated more and less environmentally sensitive persons were value 

preferences (altruistic, traditional, biocentric values), self-efficacy, optimism, generalized trust, 

collectivism, collective and individual self-esteem, internal control belief. Neuroticism and 

anomie had negative associations with ES. Theoretical implications of the results are discussed. 

5138.154 Reducing sales of environmentally harmful products: Effects of uncertain subsidies on 

price settings, Lars E. Olsson 1 , Manabu Akiyama 2 , Tommy Garling 1 , Mathias Gustafsson 1 , 

Peter Loukopoulos 1 , 1 Goteborg University, Sweden; 2 Osaka Kyoiku University, Japan 

Increasing trends in production and consumption create adverse environmental impacts. Therefore, 

policies targeting producer and consumer behaviour need to be developed and implemented. A 

multi-trial duopoly price-setting game was devised to investigate effects on sales of governmental 

subsidies compensating producers for any unsold quantities. Two experiments investigated effects 

of uncertain non-fixed subsidy levels compared to known fixed subsidy levels. The results showed 

that conditions with known and unknown subsidies led to higher prices and reduced sales 

compared to conditions without subsidies. It is suggested that a subsidy system may be 

implemented to reduce production of environmentally harmful products. 

1410

5138.155 Investigation of Xiaoyang Villagers' cognition and mental state after the Chongqing’s 

gas blowout accident, Lin Yuan, China 

Using the self-made questionaire on the Chongqing’s gas blowout accident, we investigated 500 

Xiaoyang’s villagers’s cognition and mental state towards the accident from six aspects: physical 

symptom and organ’s functions, the functions of daily life, mental symptom and emotion, 

cognitive functions, social support and social responsibility. The survey is useful to psychological 

help for the victims in the accident. 

5138.156 Study of kinesthetic training of the skill of sawing in metal processing, Xin Zhao, 

Guicai Xian, Xingchuan Song, Qiang Huang, Xiangdong Li, Tianjin University of Technology 

and Education, Tianjin, China 

Through a comparative study of the test group and control group, this research finds that 

kinesthetic training can accelerate the forming of operational skills of the sawing motion in mental 

processing. Based on this, the kinesthetic training mode of operation skill is put forward. 

5138.157 Ability-performance relations in endoscopic simulation training, Leif hedman 1 , Pehr 

Andersson 2 , Po R. Strom 3 , Li Fellander-Tsai 3 , 1 Skill Acquisition Lab, Sweden; 2 Umeå 

University, Sweden; 3 Karolinska Institutet at Huddinge University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden 

Visual-spatial ability may influence the acquisition of specific technical skills in endoscopic 

simulator training. To test this hypothesis, 54 medical students performed two different endoscopic 

simulator training tasks: in Procedicus KSA and Procedicus MIST, and completed previously 

validated and objective psychometric tests of visual-spatial ability correlated as well as 

uncorrelated with general intelligence: MRT and BasIQ, respectively. Hence, ability-performance 

correlations across phases of skill acquisition depend on specific surgical training task 

characteristics. Our results suggest that the simulator training of surgical tasks, the educational 

curriculum and the selection of surgical candidates for complex surgery could be improved 

substantially. 

5138.158 Perception of partially presented point-light-walker, Ko Nakamura, Hokusei Gakuen 

University Junior College, Japan 

Perception of partial point-light-walkers with two to four point lights selected from the side view 

of non-locomotory walker on a treadmill was compared with those from locomotory walker. 

Results showed that the identification of walking was easier for the locomotory walker than for 

the non-locomotory walker, and that the dynamic symmetry, which means the alternate and cyclic 

movements of two symmetrical parts of the human body, such as both right and left ankles, is 

important for the perception of human walking in the partial point-light-walkers. 

5138.159 Experiments on binocular stereopsis with an inverting stereoscope, Masao Ohta, 

Kanazawa University, Japan 

The purpose of these experiments were to prove the hypothesis that when both eyes are turned 180 

degrees at the center of the distance between both eyes, the visual fields of both eyes would be 

turned over, but the normal stereoscopic vision of reversed image would be obtained. The 

inverting stereoscope was designed to make reversed figures by the rotation of two video cameras 

and to reflect the figure on each of two liquid crystal screens. The hypothesis was proved and the 

1411

supposition was supported from the result of theses experiments. 

5138.160 Establishment of the long-term spatial memory of rat with short consolidating training 

model, Li Zhang, Wei Yu, Taizhen Han, Mali Jiang, Xi’an Jiaotong University, China 

The Rat Morris water maze model was established with short consolidating training in order to 

test the long-term memory. Experimental rats were divided into two groups: classical long training 

(LT) group and short-consolidating training (ST) group. The rats of LT received 50 times of 

training in 5 days including 10 training sessions, and the rats of ST received 50 times of training in 

one day including 2 training sessions. The long-term memory was tested in the 7th day after the 

training sessions. The results show that short consolidating training could establish long-term 

spatial memory. The mechanisms are under further investigation. 

5138.161 The foreground-background segmentation and the implicit learning of the background, 

Woo Hyun Jung, Jin Sun Lee, Eun Jung Kim, Yonsei University, Korea, Republic Of 

Two experiments were conducted to investigate the implicit learning of background stimuli in 

visual search displays using the “contextual cueing” paradigm(Chun & Jiang, 1998). The result of 

the first experiment showed that as increasing the similarity of feature between the background 

and foreground, the background is more engraved on implicit memory. In the second experiment, 

the effect of the difficulty of visual search on the implicit learning of background varied 

depending on the feature similarity between foreground and background. These results imply that 

(1) the foreground-background segmentation affects the implicit learning of background and (2) 

implicit memory is strongly related to attention. 

5138.162 The effect of early isolated stress on the visual discrimination learning and reversal 

learning in rats, Feng Shao, Liang Li, Xiao Feng Geng, PeKing University, Beijing, China 

Using rotating T-maze, the effect of early isolated stress on the visual discrimination learning in 

rats was explored. Early isolated stress was preformed from weaning (21 days of age) to adulthood, 

then rats were trained in normal and reversal visual discrimination task. Results showed that for 

normal visual discrimination task, there was no significant difference between rats in control and 

isolation group, for reversal learning, the number of trials of rats in isolation group was 

significantly increased. It was suggested that early isolated stress had no effect on normal visual 

discrimination learning, but disrupted the acquisition of reversal learning. 

5138.163 The phonological similarity effect in visual and auditory lists with articulatory 

suppression, Janet Larsen 1 , Alan Baddeley 2 , 1 John Carroll University, USA, 2 University of York, 

UK 

Articulatory suppression eliminates the phonological similarity effect in STM with visual but not 

auditory presentation. While this supports the phonological loop component of working memory, 

Jones has argued that the effect is limited to recency and is attributable to sensory memory, not 

STM. We argue that his result stems from use of letter sequences beyond span, leading to 

abandonment of phonological coding. Using lists of six similar or dissimilar consonants presented 

either visually or auditorily while participants engaged in articulatory suppression, we found a 

similarity effect throughout the list for auditory but not visual presentation, supporting the 

phonological loop model. 

1412


This study examined the role of retrieval context in implicit word-stem completion by 

manipulating the numbers of word-stem index during word-stem completion task under the 

control of level of processing during encoding to explore the relationship between involuntary 

awareness and implicit priming. The result showed that: (1) many previously studied items were 

retrieved with the increase of retrieval index during word-stem completion; (2) the level of 

awareness to previously studied items enhanced with the increase of retried previously studied 

items. This kind of awareness was involuntary or passive. 

5138.173 Visualization and Fuzzy segmentation of cognitive process, Shu Zhou 1 , Nan Zhou 2 , 

1 2 

First Military Medical University, China; China Agricultural University, China 

It is assumed the cognitive process underlying a mental chronometric task consists of processing 

stages serially and non-overlappingly. To illustrate this assumption is erroneous, fuzzy clustering 

analysis was applied to spatiotemporal patterns of event-related potentials recorded during a 

Chinese idiom comprehension task. A set of typical spatial patterns (microstates) represents and 

visualizes each processing stage as a result of clustering, which organizes in parallel and 

overlapping style suggested by the time series of membership. Both the reappearence of certain 

microstates and the existence of some unique ones reveal the complexity of cognitive process. 

5138.174 Item exchanging effect of psychological representation in Chinese causational clause 

comprehension of Chinese reader, Jinqiao Zhang, Jinan University, China 

This paper describe one experiment designed to examine the item exchanging effect of 

psychological representation in Chinese causational clause comprehension. It is easy to Chinese 

reader to form a “cause¡úeffect” constant psychological representation, while the items order of 

Chinese causational clause are “effect¡úcause” the items of psychological representation will 

exchange. This result explores that Chinese reader probably have a series cognitive processing 

according inherent directionality of “cause¡úeffect”, when they read Chinese causational clause. 

5138.175 Extraversion, neuroticism and emotion regulation, Miner Huang, Yanhua Hu, Sun 

Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China 

Our previous research demonstrated that extraversion is a trait of positive emotions, it is related to 

more rumination and reveal in positive emotion and also feel more positive emotions in life. 

Neuroticism is a trait of negative emotions, it is related to more rumination and reveal in negative 

emotions and feel more negative emotions in life. In experimental research, it was found that high 

of extraversion will led to less parasympathetic arousal (R-R interval) and high of neuroticism will 

led to more sympathetic arousal (FT) when exposure disgust stimuli. Further research will collect 

data about how these two traits led to difference consequences in subjective report, expressive 

behavior and physiological response when disgust is re-evaluating or suppression. 

5138.176 Touch: Evidence for a new signaling system for emotion, Matthew Hertenstein 1 , 

Dacher Keltner 2 , Betsy App 1 , Andrew Yoder 1 , 1 DePauw University, USA; 2 University of 


The study of emotional signaling has focused almost exclusively on the face and voice with little 

attention given to touch. Drawing upon well established methods in emotion research, we present 

1415

data from two studies suggesting that touch communicates three discrete emotions with signals in 

the face and voice - anger, fear, and disgust - and three emotions that, heretofore, had no identified 

signal - love, gratitude, and sympathy. The data from study 1 were collected in America and those 

from study 2 were collected in Spain. Findings are discussed in terms of discrete emotions theory 

and the evolution of altruism. 

5138.177 The construct of the mathematics self-efficacy scale for junior high school students, 

Yongmei Zhang, Qingmao Meng, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China 

Bandura (1986,1997) proposed that strict adherence to both content and context specificity in 

self-efficacy research is necessary to yield valid results. As one of the key topics in the research of 

special efficacy, mathematics self-efficacy is structured of multi-dimensions and multi-levels 

structure. In this research, a mathematic self-efficacy scale consisting of three subscales was 

developed based on the students' mathematics learning content and their background in junior high 

schools in China. The results reveal that this scale has clear factors structure and high reliability 

and validity. Therefore, it can be used as a valid instrument to assess the mathematics self-efficacy 

for the junior high students in China. 

5138.178 Computer anxiety among students of kerman azad university, Mohamad reza Amini 1 , 

Feriborz Dortaj 2 , 1 Azad University of Kerman, Iran; 2 Tehran University, Iran 

The purpose of the study was to estimate the prevalence and severity of computer anxietyin b/s 

degree students and determine the effect of hands-on computer experience on computer 

anxiety.the sample consisted of 460 subjects from five faculty of azad university. computer 

anxiety Was measured using the computer anxiety index by symenson inventory. The results 

indicats fifty percents of the subjects were found to have high computer anxiety. Significants 

difference in computer anxiety was demonstrated between associate faculty. However subjects 

with more hand-on computer experience had significantly less computer anxiety. Further the 

results imply that the personality characters related to computer anxiety. 

5138.179 Startle response in spontaneously hypertensive rat: Comparison between two methods 

for detection of bodily movements, Toshihiko Sato, Tohoku Bunka Gakuen University, Japan 

Characteristics of the startle response in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) were examined by 

using two methods to detect the bodily movements when startle stimulus was presented: a) a 

load-cell platform which only responds to perpendicular vibration to the bottom surface of the rat 

holder, b) a vibration pickup attached to the side wall of the holder in order to detect the bodily 

movements to various directions. Total output and peak amplitude recorded by the platform in the 

SHRs were greater than their normotensive controls, WKYs, while any strain difference was not 

observed in all indices of the pickup. 

5138.180 Verbal suffixes and null anaphors in orean: A case for the resonance model, Sook Whan 

Cho 1, 2 , 1 Sogang University, Korea, Republic Of; 2 Harvard University, USA 

This paper reports on an experimental study concerning the accessibility of morpho-syntactic and 

discourse-pragmatic entities for anaphoric reference. We are interested in examining whether or 

not the accessibility of null anaphors is strengthened if presented in the contrastive condition 

evoked singly or jointly by morpho-syntax and discourse-internal topicality. Main findings 

1416

indicate that a resonance model is supported in the context of the “memory-based text processing” 

view (O’Brien & Myers, 1999) as opposed to the strong version of the constructionist views 

(Singer et al., 1994). 

5138.181 The new technology in psychiatry: The use of teleconferencing for international 

collaboration, William Tucker, New York State Psychiatric Institute, USA 

Videoconferencing technology has finally matured to the point that psychiatric interviews 

conducted at a distance through this medium compare favorably to in-person interviews. Systems 

are reliable and start-up costs are modest. The New York State Psychiatric Institute and faculty of 

Columbia College of Physicians & Surgeons have been conducting case-consultations to rural 

mental health clinics across NY State through this medium for the past 4 years. Some populations, 

such as children, appear to respond to this medium even better than to in-person interviews, 

perhaps because of their familiarity and comfort with television. Segments of actual interviews 

will illustrate this system. 

5138.182 A “stagnation” model for depression: Apply TCM concept in treating depression, Yue 

Mao, Siu Man Ng, Cecilia, L. W. Chan, David, Yaufai Ho, HKU, HK, China 

Depression literally in English means "depressed mood". In Traditional Chinese Medicine, the 

diagnosis "stagnation syndrome" has been used for about 2000 years. When western medicine 

came to China, the word "depression" was translated into Chinese with reference to the TCM term 

"stagnation syndrome". Our clinical experience suggests that the concept of "stagnation" is more 

central to depression. Depressed mood is a consequence. Now we are trying to use the concept of 

"stagnation" to built a new clinical model for depression, and trying to exam it in some clinical 

trial. Scales and treatment manul is under developing. 

5138.183 Processing traumatic experiences in working with holocaust survivors by creating an 

album of memories, Tova Yedidia, Noga Levine-Keini, Bar-Ilan University, Israel 

Holocaust survivors tend to use denial and repression mechanisms in an attempt to silence the 

difficult visions and memories from their experience in the Holocaust. Particulary in old age, 

people are busy trying to bring closure to their life circles. In order to accompany them in their 

excruciating internal journey, a therapeutic means was developed, an album of memories, 

comprised of a collage, which enables restoration, accompaniment and connecting the split in 

childhood and adolescent memories to a more whole and processed life story. Clinical examples of 

the use of this means will be presented in the lecture. 

5138.184 A new simulation-based test in ATCS selection, Xueqin Hao, Institute of Aviation 

medicine, China 

Simulation-based ATC job-sample test have become an important constitute in the Air traffic 

controller’s selection. In contrast to the Aptitude test, the simulation-based test measure the 

comprehensive performance of all kind of relevant ATC core cognitive ability. In the past few 

years, we have developed a simulation-based test known as the controller command test (CCT) in 

order to select the Air traffic controller’s applicant. The CCT is a computer-based simulation test, 

It mainly measure the applicant’s comprehensive performance of some ATCS core ability 

including attention-share, work memory, decision making, and response speed. 

1417

5138.185 The integration of cultural diversity and mental health in psychotherapy, Shuohan Liu, 

Nankai University, China 

Adopting an integrative approach to mental health is especially important when understanding the 

people from diverse cultural backgrounds. Thus, we take a transdisciplinary approach to provide a 

framework for comprehending and improving mental health in the context of cultural diversity. 

The framework draws on anthropology, philosophy, political science and religious studies to 

analyse the social, culture, moral and religious domains. We divide the framework into four parts, 

viz. philosophical considerations, contextual considerations, experiential considerations and 

pragmatic considerations, so that we can evaluate the cultural group more completely and exactly. 

5138.186 Negative effective, Donghong Zhang, Xianyou He, China 

There is perceptual-symbol explanation that the negative conditions require comprehender the 

equivalent two steps, from the mental simulation of the embedded situation to focus attention 

away from the representation toward the representation of actual situation. So we display different 

versions of complexity sentences within 500ms or 1500ms, following matched pictures or not. 

The result is, within 500ms delay, participants responded significantly more quickly to 

mismatched pictures than they did to matched pictures. On the contrary, within 1500ms delay, 

participants responded more quicker to matched pictures than mismatched pictures. 

5138.187 About the psychological diathesis of Chinese police officers, Xiao ping Gao, Political 

Department of Public Security in Chongqing, China 

Because of the characteristics of the profession of police officer, such as transnormality, 

complexity, great risk, great pressure and strict restriction, a police officer must have 

psychological ability and traits adapted to the practice of police besides the standard health of 

ordinary people. Since the people’s police are founded in China. the psychological diathesis of 

police officers has not been attached enough importance to all the while, which is still in need of 

improvement. Therefore he author brings forward a set of projects, which include five parts: 

psychological selection, psychological training, psychography, psychological consultation and 

psychological self-help. 

5138.188 On life education of adolescent and the curriculum design, Xiaoyan Ju, Department of 

psychology of Zhejiang Normal University, China 

Life is the soul of education. However, the school education lacks the spirit of respecting life duo 

to the emphasis on examination for a long time. Based on the reflection of a variety of life-hurting 

phenomena of adolescent, this paper points out the importance and urgency of life education, 

summarizes its development in some countries in America and Europe and other region, discusses 

its meanings “proposes and curriculum design including instruction objectives” cell contents 

“performance principles” teaching methods and so on.. The paper also puts forward some 

proposals for construction of the life education system. 

5138.189 What do university students need to be empowered? Duan Niu, Sun Yat-Sen University, 

China 

Two recent homicide cases occurred in China which were conducted by university students arouse 

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people’s attention to university students’ empowerment. The results of an investigation done in 

2003 indicate that university students do need to be empowered, especially in interpersonal 

relationships, learning skills, and future development planning. The author brings up a 

three-dimension program which include Creative Thinking Skills; Lecture and Debate Skills; and 

Humorous Skills. Only when the youth can look at things creatively, express their thinking 

eloquently, and communicate with others humorously, could they have the chance of change from 

the “unhealthy” into the “healthy”. 

5138.190 Research on the psychological structure of values, Shengjiang Liu, Southwest Normal 


Research on the structure of values is an important problem. Most of the existing researches are 

about view’s transverse category, but is lack of its’ longitudinal structure analysis. According to 

the turn of forming process, and the acceptance standard of values, we predict the structure of 

values into 4 facets--need, value experience, value consciousness and value trait and 14 

dimensionalities--individual development, interpersonal relationship, social reputation, state safety, 

world peace, and green environment need; individual value experience and social value 

experience; self, object, subject-object relationship and social rules consciousness; individual 

value trait and group value trait. 

5138.191 The comparation of the schools of family therapy, Peilian Chi, Jilin Normal University, 

China 

Family therapy as a new force in the field of psychotherapy and counseling renders a new frame 

which focus on the critical role of the interaction in family system in understanding and treating 

people's symptoms or problems rather than individual's inner conflict or personality. There are 

several schools in this field, six of them are representative. This article compares them in such 

three aspects: theoretical hypothesis; therapy; and the style of the therapist. At last it points out the 

integrational trend of the schools and its development in China. 

5138.192 Difference of English learning strategies of good and non-good university students, 

Xingrong Xiao 1 , Yinghe Chen 1 , Meifu Yan 2 , 1 Beijing Normal University, China; 2 Hubei 


The purpose of this article is to study the difference of English learning strategies of good and 

non-good university students whose major is not English. 185 university students are selected to 

be measured by Questionnaire of English Learning Strategies. The results demonstrate that, (1) 

Good students use metacognitive strategies, vocabulary strategies and spoken strategies more 

often than non-good students; (2) Interests, motivation, capability of cognition, self-efficacy and 

the style of attribution are the deep-seated reasons of the differences in students English learning 

strategies. 

5138.193 Fitting design of helmets based on three-dimensional anthropometric head data, 

Zhizhong Li 1 , Hong Liu 1 , Li Zheng 1 , Hong Zhou 2 , Xiancong Huang 2 , 1 Tsinghua University, 

China; 2 Quartermaster Institute of the General Logistics Department of PLA, China 

Critical fitting with human surface is required for the design of products such as personal 

protection equipments. Three-dimensional (3D) anthropometric data can provide rich information 

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of human body shape and thus are helpful for ergonomic design of these products. In this paper, a 

normalized 3D head model resulted from 3D anthropometric measurement of more than 2000 

warriors is treated as helmet design reference. A design toolkit handling complicated surface 

modeling is developed under CAD environment. Design examples by the proposed method and 

traditional method are presented and compared on ergonomics measurements to demonstrate the 

effectiveness of the proposed method. 

5138.194 Thirty years of social identity theory: Retrospect and prospect, Zhiwen Deng, The 

institute of applied psychology in Changsha University of Science and Technology, China 

There is thirty years since Henri Tajfel began to study social identity in 1974.In this article, four 

topics will be argued. First, the main contents of social identity theory (SIT), SIT’s rapid 

developing reason, such as powerful complement to the other major theoretical orientation. 

Second, SIT’s contributions, For instance, better explaining ingroup bias, stereotyping and 

perception of homogeneity. Third, a number of questions that induced by SIT-inspired research 

over the past thirty years, Like the rationality of self-esteem hypothesis. Last, the future prospect 

of SIT, like the function of implicit identity processes, the management of identity in multicultural 

context. 

5138.195 A study of children’s emotional expression development and relational factors, Wang 

Yuqing, Chen Yinghe, Yao Duanwei, Beijing Normal University, China 

29 children (ages =3 years) and their mothers participated the nature test and questionnaire test. 

The study attested that there has a strong relation among self expression of mothers, emotional 

expression of children and the nursing and educational attitude. The relation between the 

children’s intelligence and the total time of emotional expression is not apparent. However, the 

relation between the intelligence of children and the total times is strong negative. Finally, the 

children’s action negative effected both the total time and times of emotional expression. 

5138.196 The experimental study on the training 3-4 years –old children’s theory of mind, Li 

Xiaoming, Anhui Medical University, China 

Theory of mind was children’s understanding of the mental states of the self and the other. This 

study was to find the ways to train children to understand theory of mind. It was made up of three 

phases: pretest, training, posttest. There were 129 subjects taken from three kindergartens in 

Changsha City. After pretest, 54 subjects were randomly assigned to 3 training groups: belief 

group, perception group, control group, 18 subjects per group. After training, subjects received 

five posttest tasks. Results showed that belief group and perception group had training effect, but 

had a few transfer effect. 

5138.197 Impulsiveness neurobiological substrate in borderline personality disorder, Carlo Lai, 

Silvia Daini, Maria Lucia Calcagni, Fiammetta Cirillo, Sergio De Risio, Istituto di Psichiatria 

e Psicologia UCSC, Italy 

Tendency to answer to frustrations with "acting out" in Borderline personality disorder suggests a 

difficult symbolising process. Neurobiological studies evidence a malfunctioning of frontal, 

prefrontal and limbic areas probably neurobiological substrate of impulsiveness. After complete 

psychological screening and SCIDII interview, by a video emotional activation paradigm, 

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standard-SPECT analysis recorded cerebral activity of 3 borderline personality disorder patients 

and of a control subject. In borderline patients, but not in control subject, limbic areas, frontal and 

prefrontal cortex activation was present perhaps to show a cognitive activity put in action in order 

to manage the strong emotion triggered by video. 

5138.198 Mental health and sexual orientation of females –the study of Japan and Taiwan, 

Mei-Fun Kuang, Kazuhiko Nojima, Kyushu Univeristy, Japan 

The study obtained the sample of the heterosexual and sexual minority females via the internet to 

study the relationship between the mental health and sexual orientation of females in Japan and 

Taiwan. Relative to heterosexuals, sexual minorities were siginificantly more likely to report the 

experiences of depression, stress and thoughts of suicide but taking less counselling services. In 

the substance uses, the results expressed the differences between the two cultures. The gender role 

of the sexual minorities were also discussed. 

5138.199 Predictive utility of protective factors in victims of child sexual abuse, Ginny Fullerton, 

John Vincent, Gerald Harris, University of Houston, USA 

Child victims of sexual assault experience a variety of short- and long-term psychological effects. 

Heterogeneity of symptom presentations complicates treatment outcome studies, particularly when 

asymptomatic children are included in the evaluation of pre-post gains. The child maltreatment 

research has found three domains of factors thought to protect individuals from great distress 

following victimization: child attributes, familial support, and community support (Garmezy, 

1993). The aim of this study is to evaluate the utility of a composite of protective factors, 

including, self-esteem, social competence, parental support, and demographic variables, for 

predicting pretreatment symptomatology using structural equation modeling. Results and 

implications are discussed. 

5138.200 Recovering the 3D structure of a Necker cube defined by motion, Chak Pui Terence 

Lee, Anthony Hayes, Sieu Khuu, HKU, Hong Kong, China 

Motion as a cue for recovering depth from 2D images was investigated using 

structure-from-motion stimuli, wherein randomly positioned dots move so as to simulate the 

appearance of a revolving 3D cylinder. While the perceived direction of rotation of the cylinder is 

ambiguous, and reverses spontaneously and intermittently, observers often miss physical reversals 

of the stimulus. We investigate whether this behaviour generalises to a Necker cube defined by the 

motion of randomly positioned dots. Observers always detected physical reversals; spontaneous 

reversals occurred less frequently; the perceived configuration of the cube always changed with a 

change in the perceived direction of motion. 

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28th International Congress of Psychology August 8 ... - U-netSURF

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