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institutions under the various Ministries may be approached to prepare the GIS based sitemaps, which should be notified and legalized by the MOEF for future developmental and conservational activities. The issue of demarcating the High Tide Marks perhaps could be done away with and a more distinct natural boundary may be adopted. Coastal people particularly fishermen and women are severely affected by some of the existing provisions of the CRZ regulations and are targeted by local authorities by denial of traditional and essential activities on the coasts. (x) Sustainable livelihood strategy should be based on the principles of social inclusion and gender equity. It must cover fisher and land-based farming communities as well as landless labour families. Male fishers who are unemployed for about half of the year and the women who are under employed shall be brought under the sustainable livelihood strategy by introducing agrarian reforms, integrated capture and culture fisheries, seawater farming, coastal biovillages, a coastal grid of farm schools and demonstration centers, etc. A Network of Rural Knowledge Centres should be established all along the coast, as soon as possible, with good connectivity, a digital gateway and capacity building for care and management. (xi) Enforcement is the weakest dimension of most of the environmental legislation. Unless strict penal measures are instituted, policies will remain on paper. Fixing of responsibility on the bureaucrat /state official as well as elected representatives, as per the ‘public trust doctrine’, will be necessary to create a higher level of political will and commitment. The implementation of the provisions of notification should be rigorously enforced. Placing within the public domain full details of projects proposed within the Zone can generate the necessary public and media attention and involvement. (xii) At present, the extent of the coastal zone is defined in various ways and is managed by a multiple set of agencies. Various Government departments such as the Public Works Department, Port Department, Department of Mines and Geology, Forest Department, Fisheries Department, Department of Ocean Development, Coast Guard etc. control various features and activities on the coast. In the presentations made by the various Departments of the Government before this Committee, it was clear that there an urgent need for greater interdepartmental interaction and cooperation when it comes to the conservation of the coastline. Data sharing as well as sharing of plans and procedures are important. Furthermore, it is critical that there is an awareness related to national security, biodiversity conservation, livelihood and related issues simultaneously in all these Departments. (xiii) All activities that are permissible within the coastal zone need to be allowed only after a comprehensive EIA and safety/disaster planning analysis that takes into account climate change implications and extreme events. All aquaculture projects should be reviewed so as to ensure that these projects are not destroying mangroves, corals, etc. or polluting the ground water. No new roads should be permitted within the CRZ unless EIAs are conducted and ICZM Plans are put in place, except for providing fisher communities access to the sea. 101
(xiv) The construction of sea walls has been proposed by some States as one of the solutions for preventing damage by tidal waves. However, the construction of sea walls alters long-shore currents and modifies coastal geomorphology. In many places it also causes loss and fragmentation of coastal habitats. As a result it also prevents the access to the beach and estuaries which marine organisms need for breeding and rearing their young. Estuaries, which serve as habitats of mangrove species will be affected. Structures for preventing coastal erosion should be located beyond the High Tide Line. Instead of building concrete seawalls, it will be advisable to initiate a programme of raising bio-shields and coastal green belts. Construction of concrete sea walls can be restricted to areas, which are very vulnerable to sea erosion. (xv) Sand mining is the foremost factor leading to erosion of beaches. There are studies to indicate that at least 21 beaches have been lost in the Nicobar to sand mining in a period of ten years. It is critical that alternate and environment friendly technologies for controlling erosion are employed. These include replanting sand dune vegetation and mangroves where they existed earlier. All natural barriers – such as coral reefs, mangroves and sand dunes must be protected at al costs. No activities that affect these natural assets should be permitted. Earthen bunds can also be encouraged wherever possible. These activities can be built into coastal zone management plans and can be monitored by the CZMAs. Any structure (hard measure) should be considered only if soft measures are not possible. The agency considering the hard measure particularly groins or breakwaters should be responsible for protecting the shoreline at least 500 mts on either side of the shoreline from erosion. In case of breakwaters for harbours, the stretch of the shoreline to be considered for protection should be at least 1.5 km on either side of the structure. The agency undertaking the construction of the said structures should be responsible for the monitoring of the shoreline for a minimum period of one year so as to cover the seasonal variation in the wave climate, which dictates its dynamics. Here again, the agency responsible for the construction of the said structures should be responsible for the monitoring of the shoreline for a minimum period of one year. (xvi) At locations, where, shoreline advances towards the ocean, due to shore defense measures undertaken by the Government, construction of huts and houses should be totally banned. The local Panchayat could monitor and report to the District Collector or enforcing department. The construction sequence as per the season is extremely important. This should be spelt out clearly in consultation with an expert in the field of specialization prior to obtaining the necessary clearance/sanction from the appropriate authority/body. The sizes of the stones usually adopted for the construction of seawalls, groins or breakwaters are arrived at using empirical formulae. If the weight of the individual stones used for construction is underestimated, this would result in the scattering of such stones all over the seafloor resulting in several other problems. (Typical examples are the seawalls along Royapuram in Tamilnadu, North of Paradeep port, a long stretch of the coast of Karnataka and a few other locations). Verification of the stability of the cover layer of these structures through physical modeling in Laboratories is absolutely essential prior to the commencement of such projects. 102
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REPORT OF THE EXPERT COMMITTEE ON C
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3.1.0 Background 73 3.1.1 Prohibite
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PREFACE 1. Experts on the origin of
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Introduction Coastal environment pl
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No.15(8)/2004-IA.III Government of
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CHAPTER 1 1.0 COASTAL ZONE MANAGEME
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patches of mangroves are also obser
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Pollution Control Board Coastal Pol
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The Committee has also examined the
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1.2.8. Prof. M. S. Swaminathan Comm
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protected. • Landward side of exi
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1.3 Coastal Zone Management - Inter
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(v) Australia About 75% of the popu
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projected use of coastal areas and
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implementation process. The Princip
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COUNTRIES SETBACK ZONE Brazil 33 m
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USA � � � � � � Croatia
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Earth Minerals and few private sect
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systems desalination schemes needs
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2.3.0 Living Resources in coastal a
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a Mechanised bottom trawling within
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continent, harbour high concentrati
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patches, lying shoreward of offshor
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Sea grass ecosystems provid e a she
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Rushikulya in Ganjam district in So
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These ecosystems are important for
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sediment for dunes is derived fr om
Page 56 and 57: 2.5.1.6 Rocky Foreshores Rocky fore
Page 58 and 59: � Filtration ponds � Salt produ
Page 60 and 61: The CRZ notification is silent abou
Page 62 and 63: Threats Sand mining, pollution from
Page 64 and 65: 2.6.1 Livelihood and Social Dimensi
Page 66 and 67: popular farmed species in India, mo
Page 68 and 69: • Shrimp hatcheries (and also hat
Page 70 and 71: suitable control measures are to be
Page 72 and 73: of erosion and accretion can be due
Page 74 and 75: contamination are also part of stor
Page 76 and 77: In the context of CRZ provisions, d
Page 78 and 79: CHAPTER -3 3.0 COASTAL REGULATION Z
Page 80 and 81: � S.O.730(E), dated 4th August, 2
Page 82 and 83: development agencies complaint that
Page 84 and 85: 26. Horticulture X � � � �
Page 86 and 87: 3.4.3 Ports and Harbours and other
Page 88 and 89: 3.4.11 Land Reclamation The Notific
Page 90 and 91: 3.4.22 Projects of Department of At
Page 92 and 93: 3.5.0 Enforcement and monitoring of
Page 94 and 95: has been no concrete effort in addr
Page 96 and 97: Panchayati Raj institutions in coas
Page 98 and 99: 4.1 Recommendations with regard to
Page 100 and 101: dependent on coastal resources such
Page 102 and 103: and it is necessary to ensure propa
Page 104 and 105: proactive action-reaction analysis
Page 108 and 109: (xvii) Vacant plots within municipa
Page 110 and 111: c. Litigations, violations and othe
Page 112 and 113: CHAPTER-6 6.0 A NATIONAL COASTAL ZO
Page 114 and 115: 6.5 ORGANOGRAM INDICATING THE INSTI
Page 116 and 117: Annexure -II CMZ-I: INDICATIVE LIST
Page 118 and 119: 113 Annexure-IV GUIDELINES FOR PREP
Page 120 and 121: APC - Areas of Particular Concern C
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