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from the national government. This flow of financial resources must be dependable and
ongoing. It is emphasised that scientific analysis, natural resource monitoring, and impact
assessment play a crucial role in successful ICM.
(iv) International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Guidelines
Guidelines are provided for the development of a coasta l area plan that can be applied
at a national level, through a review of coastal problems and the need for Integrated Cross-
Sectoral Management (ICSM). The process by which ICSM can be achieved by seven steps
which include problem definition, assessment and analysis, issues and options, formulation,
adoption, implementation and monitoring and evaluation. Guidelines state that the starting
point of ICSM is sustainable development. Therefore, the guidelines endorse a long-term and
intra and inter-generational focus. To be effective, the effort should be holistic, that is,
interdisciplinary, combining social and natural sciences.
However, the guidelines provide no specific recommendations or suggestions for
setting up those legal and institutional arrangements; they only emphasise the need for
integration among the legal, administrative, socio-economic, and biogeophysical components
among the public, scientists, managers, and users, including some form of dispute resolution.
(v) World Bank
Guidelines are designed to “ensure that development and management plans for coastal
zones are integrated with environmental (including social) goals and are made with the
participation of those affected.” Included are sections on institutional roles and
responsibilities and on triggering of the need for ICZM. A three-stage process of plan
formulation, programme implementation, and monitoring, enforcement, and evaluation is
recommended. The principles are based on precautionary principle, “polluter pays” principle,
use of proper resource accounting, Transboudnary responsibility, and Inter-generational
equity. The management zone includes all of the coastal resources of interest and all
activities that are capable of affecting the resources and waters of the coastal zone (implies
from the watershed to the 200 nautical mile limit).Functions suggested are to strengthen and
harmonize sectoral management, to preserve and protect the productivity and biological
diversity of coastal ecosystems and to promote rational developme nt and sustainable
utilization of coastal resources. The goals set are Agreed-on goals and objectives by line
agencies and sub-national governments. Legislation for boundary setting and zoning of the
coastal area but not necessarily a comprehensive coastal zone act. Funding to put ICZM
programme in place can come from budgets of existing government agencies. New funding
for research needs and new institutional arrangements should come from the national
government, with assistance from international agenc ies. The guidelines also suggest to give
the value of natural coastal resources and the fact that the coastal zone is a “dynamic area
with frequently changing biological, chemical and geological attributes.”
(vi) World Coast Conference Report
Guidelines stress the urgent need for coastal states to strengthen their capabilities for
ICZM; and the need to develop strategies and programmes by the year 2000. ICZM is
described as the most appropriate process for anticipating and responding to long-term
concerns and needs while addressing the present day challenges. It is to be achieved through
a planning process involving data collection and analysis, monitoring and evaluation, and an
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