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sediment for dunes is derived fr om marine sand delivered to the beach by waves. Dunes range from well vegetated, coast parallel ridges to non-vegetated irregular topography. Fore dunes are in a pioneer stage of dune formation and are susceptible to removal by storms or high tides. They will be still receiving a significant wind-blown sand-input. Rear dunes are in an intermediate or mature stage and are stable. The embryo dune, which occurs within 200 mts from the shore should not be altered/disturbed. Man’s impact on coastal dunes has caused extensive ecological and geomorphological changes. Increasing pressures place the dune communities under immense physiological stress, both from direct damage (trampling, grazing) and indirect damage through alterations in climate, soil and moisture regimes. Many dune systems around the world are in advanced stages of despoliation as a result of man's activities. In some cases the dunes have been completely removed. Functions � Acts as sand reserve for coastal protection and stability � Provide protection and shelter for supply and recharge of fresh water aquifer in coastal areas. � Habitat for several plants and animals � Constitute important agricultural, industrial and recreational resource � Protects the coast and the coastal communities living behind the dunes from tidal surges, large waves such as the tsunami waves. Major uses Dune-based activities include agriculture, mineral extraction, active and passive recreation. Over the last century the impact of recreation has been considerable, many dune systems having suffered badly from an uncontrolled influx of visitors. In some countries the coastal dunes are an essential part of integrated shore protection measures (as in Netherlands, UK, USA). Threats � Sand mining for minerals and construction � Dressing of sand dunes � Leveling for construction of beach resorts � Leveling for industries. � Road, rail and other infrastructure development included unplanned tourism facilities. Management approach � Conservation of fore dunes � Preservation of rear dunes in the intermediate stage � Restriction of sand mining � Promote usage of alternative materials for construction activities � Develop setback lines for beach resorts � Develop setback lines for siting industries � Develop artificial dunes and stimulate dune growth 49
� Identify multiple uses like coastal protection, water recharge, recreation, agriculture and urban/industrial use and zonate for different uses. 2.5.1.4 Earth Cliffs The most important characteristic of ‘earth cliffs’ is their tendency to instability and rapid change, unlike ‘rock’ cliffs where change is infrequent and particularly localized. The form of earth cliffs and the process by which they are changed depend primarily upon rock cohesion, groundwater conditions, the effectiveness of marine erosion of the foreshore, the cliff foot, and the debris derived from the cliff, the amount and effectiveness of cliff-foot protection, both natural and man-made, offshore relief, sea level change; Marine cliffs are usually considered to be special case of slope development in which the removal of weathered material from the base is especially efficient. The type and structure of the rock in which the cliffs are cut affect to a considerable extent not only the cliff form but also the dominant processes modifying it. Usage Cliffs and the immediate cliff-top are used mainly for the establishment of resorts, all forms of agriculture and recreation. Earth cliffs in coastal areas act as barriers against strong winds, cyclonic storms thereby protecting the life and property at the area. The urban use of cliff-top land poses most problems for the management of cliffs. 2.5.1.5 Rocky Cliffs The principal value of rocky cliffs does not lie in agriculture, forestry, or any other commercial development, but in their exhilarating scenery and wildlife. Rocky cliffs are usually composed of hard materials such as sandstone, limestone, slate, basalt, serpentine, or granite. They are rarely smooth: the action of wind and sand, waves and spray, picks out the softer materials to form a complex pattern of ledges, flats, cracks, and gullies. This provides some flatter surfaces on which vegetation can establish with lichens nearest the sea, salttolerant flowering plants higher up and more normal, inland vegetation towards the cliff-tops. Rocky cliffs are distinctive in terms of their habitat and vegetation. The rocky cliffs are natural barriers to strong winds especially during the cyclonic conditions. Hence, the rocky cliffs should be protected. Uses & threats The economic uses of rocky cliffs are extremely limited. The rock itself is sometimes used for the extraction of valuable minerals, e.g. chromium from serpentine, or as a road stone as with granite and basalt, limestone for cement factories. These activities usually produce serious scars but are localized. A few industrial plants may be located on cliff -tops and whilst these are generally considered visual intrusions in the landscape, their effects are again fairly local. 50
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REPORT OF THE EXPERT COMMITTEE ON C
Page 4 and 5: 3.1.0 Background 73 3.1.1 Prohibite
Page 6 and 7: PREFACE 1. Experts on the origin of
Page 8 and 9: Introduction Coastal environment pl
Page 10 and 11: No.15(8)/2004-IA.III Government of
Page 12 and 13: CHAPTER 1 1.0 COASTAL ZONE MANAGEME
Page 14 and 15: patches of mangroves are also obser
Page 16 and 17: Pollution Control Board Coastal Pol
Page 18 and 19: The Committee has also examined the
Page 20 and 21: 1.2.8. Prof. M. S. Swaminathan Comm
Page 22 and 23: protected. • Landward side of exi
Page 24 and 25: 1.3 Coastal Zone Management - Inter
Page 26 and 27: (v) Australia About 75% of the popu
Page 28 and 29: projected use of coastal areas and
Page 30 and 31: implementation process. The Princip
Page 32 and 33: COUNTRIES SETBACK ZONE Brazil 33 m
Page 34 and 35: USA � � � � � � Croatia
Page 36 and 37: Earth Minerals and few private sect
Page 38 and 39: systems desalination schemes needs
Page 40 and 41: 2.3.0 Living Resources in coastal a
Page 42 and 43: a Mechanised bottom trawling within
Page 44 and 45: continent, harbour high concentrati
Page 46 and 47: patches, lying shoreward of offshor
Page 48 and 49: Sea grass ecosystems provid e a she
Page 50 and 51: Rushikulya in Ganjam district in So
Page 52 and 53: These ecosystems are important for
Page 56 and 57: 2.5.1.6 Rocky Foreshores Rocky fore
Page 58 and 59: � Filtration ponds � Salt produ
Page 60 and 61: The CRZ notification is silent abou
Page 62 and 63: Threats Sand mining, pollution from
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Page 66 and 67: popular farmed species in India, mo
Page 68 and 69: • Shrimp hatcheries (and also hat
Page 70 and 71: suitable control measures are to be
Page 72 and 73: of erosion and accretion can be due
Page 74 and 75: contamination are also part of stor
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Page 78 and 79: CHAPTER -3 3.0 COASTAL REGULATION Z
Page 80 and 81: � S.O.730(E), dated 4th August, 2
Page 82 and 83: development agencies complaint that
Page 84 and 85: 26. Horticulture X � � � �
Page 86 and 87: 3.4.3 Ports and Harbours and other
Page 88 and 89: 3.4.11 Land Reclamation The Notific
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Page 94 and 95: has been no concrete effort in addr
Page 96 and 97: Panchayati Raj institutions in coas
Page 98 and 99: 4.1 Recommendations with regard to
Page 100 and 101: dependent on coastal resources such
Page 102 and 103: and it is necessary to ensure propa
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proactive action-reaction analysis
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institutions under the various Mini
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(xvii) Vacant plots within municipa
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c. Litigations, violations and othe
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CHAPTER-6 6.0 A NATIONAL COASTAL ZO
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6.5 ORGANOGRAM INDICATING THE INSTI
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Annexure -II CMZ-I: INDICATIVE LIST
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113 Annexure-IV GUIDELINES FOR PREP
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APC - Areas of Particular Concern C
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