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(v) Australia About 75% of the population is known to be living along the coast. The marine zone includes 12 nautical miles of territorial sea and 200 nautical miles of EEZ. The main problems faced by the Australian coast are habitat destruction, resource depletion, stakeholder conflict, and Government fragmentation due to sectoral approach, offshore development programmes, and excessive coastal fisheries. The primary level of coastal management is mainly the responsibility of the State and the national and local levels. Various laws have been enacted which include State level and Federal level legislations/policies suc h as Western Australia State Coastal Review of 1994 and 1995, Queensland Coastal Management Bill, 1995, Victoria Coastal and Bay Management Act, 1995, New South Wales, Revised Coastal Policy, 1996, Tasmanian Draft State Coastal Policy. The Commonwealth Coastal Policy, 1997 and the National Ocean Policy of 1996. The Australian Government is moving towards Integrated Coastal Policy. (vi) Spain About 35% of the population are living along the coastal areas of Spain. Coastal erosion, tourism development, general urbanisation, sedimentation, loss of productive ecosystems, inter-governmental duplication, marine pollution, competition for fishery resources. The coastal management programmes are mainly initiated at the national level but the regional and local levels government play a role. Some of the legislations include Shore Act, 1988, Regional Guidelines for Coastal Zone, 1992 have been put in place. The Coastal Management Programmes are mainly regulatory in nature having top down and bottom up approach. There has been very little move towards integrated coastal policy. 1.3.2 Developing Countries (i) Brazil About 38% of the population is living along the coastal areas of the country. The major coastal and ocean issues include destruction of mangroves, coastal erosion, large scale tourism, urbanisation, shipyard development, non-point source of pollution, multiple use competitions, excessive offshore fisheries. The primary level of implementing coastal zone management programmes are at national level. Various legislations have been enacted by the Brazilian Government, which included Ocean Planning of 1974, Environmental Laws of 1980, Coastal Programme, 1983. The approach for coastal zone management is top up especially for protecting coastal ecosystem. Very little effort has been taken for integrating coastal zone management issues. (ii) Thailand About 70% of the population is residing in the coastal stretches of the country. The main issues of coastal and marine areas are destruction of coral reefs, mangrove deforestation, decline in fishery stocks and pollution from agricultural areas. The primary enforcement of coastal management programmes is from the national level. Various national initiatives have been taken up which includes National Coral Reef Management Strategy, 1991, Integrated Coastal Management Plan in Ban Don Bay and Phangaga Bay. The coastal zone management has been moderately effective and some initiatives have been taken up for integrated management of the coastal area. 21
(iii) Malaysia About 70% of the population is living along the coastal areas of Malaysia. The main coastal and marine issues are erosion, mangrove destruction, coral reef destruction, and pollution from tourism and industries. The initiatives taken for coastal zone management are mostly at national level, which includes National Coastal Erosion Study, 1984, National and Coastal Resource Management Policy, 1992, South Johore Coastal Plan, 1992. The approach is mostly regulatory for preventing erosion and conservation of mangrove forest. Few initiatives have been taken for integrated coastal zone policy. (iv) China About 40% of the population is living along the coastal areas of China. The major environmental issues include large scale economic development, pollution, reclamation, mangrove loss, coral, sand mining and fishery depletion. The initiative taken for coastal management is generally by the Provincial Governments. There is no comprehensive regulatory framework for managing the coastal activities. Pilot studies of integrated coastal zone management programmes have been initiated in Xiamin Province. Very little initiatives have been taken for the protection of the coastal environment. (v) Sri Lanka About 34% of the population lives in coastal areas in the country. The coastal stretches are thickly populated. The provincial level has autonomy to implement coastal programmes. The initiatives taken for coastal protection is mainly national. The various coastal and management programmes and legislations inc lude Coast Conservation Division, 1978, Coast Conservation Act, 1983, Coast Permit System, 1988, Coastal Zone Management Plan, 1980, Marine Pollution Prevention Authority, 1990 and Special Area Management Plan, 1996. The setback line on the landward side is 300 mts based on coastal erosion rate, exposure to cyclones, geomorphological characteristics, vulnerability to coastal habitats, cultural sites, etc. The seaward reference line is mean sea level. Developmental activities are regulated in the zone. The coastal zone management plans are prepared for each of the identified sites and enforced by the local bodies. Sri Lanka has taken initiatives for integration of coastal zone management programmes and has been relatively effective. 1.3.3. International agencies The coastal zone management approach suggested by various multilateral and bilateral agencies such as: (i) United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) (AGENDA 21) Chapter 17 deals with Protection of the Oceans, all kinds of Seas, including Enclosed and Semi-enclosed Seas, and Coastal Areas and the protection, Rational use and Development of their living resources. This chapter recommends Integrated Management and Sustainable Development including EEZ, with emphasis on marine environment protection, sustainable use & conservation of living resources and climate change. It also recommends integrated policy and decision making process for all sectors, identification of existing and 22
Page 2 and 3: REPORT OF THE EXPERT COMMITTEE ON C
Page 4 and 5: 3.1.0 Background 73 3.1.1 Prohibite
Page 6 and 7: PREFACE 1. Experts on the origin of
Page 8 and 9: Introduction Coastal environment pl
Page 10 and 11: No.15(8)/2004-IA.III Government of
Page 12 and 13: CHAPTER 1 1.0 COASTAL ZONE MANAGEME
Page 14 and 15: patches of mangroves are also obser
Page 16 and 17: Pollution Control Board Coastal Pol
Page 18 and 19: The Committee has also examined the
Page 20 and 21: 1.2.8. Prof. M. S. Swaminathan Comm
Page 22 and 23: protected. • Landward side of exi
Page 24 and 25: 1.3 Coastal Zone Management - Inter
Page 28 and 29: projected use of coastal areas and
Page 30 and 31: implementation process. The Princip
Page 32 and 33: COUNTRIES SETBACK ZONE Brazil 33 m
Page 34 and 35: USA � � � � � � Croatia
Page 36 and 37: Earth Minerals and few private sect
Page 38 and 39: systems desalination schemes needs
Page 40 and 41: 2.3.0 Living Resources in coastal a
Page 42 and 43: a Mechanised bottom trawling within
Page 44 and 45: continent, harbour high concentrati
Page 46 and 47: patches, lying shoreward of offshor
Page 48 and 49: Sea grass ecosystems provid e a she
Page 50 and 51: Rushikulya in Ganjam district in So
Page 52 and 53: These ecosystems are important for
Page 54 and 55: sediment for dunes is derived fr om
Page 56 and 57: 2.5.1.6 Rocky Foreshores Rocky fore
Page 58 and 59: � Filtration ponds � Salt produ
Page 60 and 61: The CRZ notification is silent abou
Page 62 and 63: Threats Sand mining, pollution from
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Page 66 and 67: popular farmed species in India, mo
Page 68 and 69: • Shrimp hatcheries (and also hat
Page 70 and 71: suitable control measures are to be
Page 72 and 73: of erosion and accretion can be due
Page 74 and 75: contamination are also part of stor
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In the context of CRZ provisions, d
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CHAPTER -3 3.0 COASTAL REGULATION Z
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� S.O.730(E), dated 4th August, 2
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development agencies complaint that
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26. Horticulture X � � � �
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3.4.3 Ports and Harbours and other
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3.4.11 Land Reclamation The Notific
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3.4.22 Projects of Department of At
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3.5.0 Enforcement and monitoring of
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has been no concrete effort in addr
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Panchayati Raj institutions in coas
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4.1 Recommendations with regard to
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dependent on coastal resources such
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and it is necessary to ensure propa
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proactive action-reaction analysis
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institutions under the various Mini
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(xvii) Vacant plots within municipa
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c. Litigations, violations and othe
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CHAPTER-6 6.0 A NATIONAL COASTAL ZO
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6.5 ORGANOGRAM INDICATING THE INSTI
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Annexure -II CMZ-I: INDICATIVE LIST
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113 Annexure-IV GUIDELINES FOR PREP
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APC - Areas of Particular Concern C
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