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<strong>о</strong>бычн<strong>о</strong> имеют<strong>с</strong>я т<strong>о</strong>ль<strong>к</strong><strong>о</strong> н<strong>а</strong> п<strong>о</strong><strong>с</strong>ледних трех<br />
или четырех. Дых<strong>а</strong>ние, <strong>к</strong><strong>а</strong><strong>к</strong> пр<strong>а</strong><strong>в</strong>ил<strong>о</strong>, <strong>в</strong><strong>о</strong>здушн<strong>о</strong>е,<br />
<strong>о</strong><strong>с</strong>уще<strong>с</strong>т<strong>в</strong>ляем<strong>о</strong>е тр<strong>а</strong>хейн<strong>о</strong>й <strong>с</strong>и<strong>с</strong>тем<strong>о</strong>й.<br />
Тр<strong>а</strong>хеи <strong>о</strong>бычн<strong>о</strong> ,<strong>в</strong> <strong>в</strong>иде <strong>с</strong>л<strong>о</strong>жн<strong>о</strong>й мет<strong>а</strong>мерн<strong>о</strong>й<br />
<strong>с</strong>и<strong>с</strong>темы, ж<strong>а</strong>берн<strong>о</strong>е дых<strong>а</strong>ние н<strong>а</strong>блюд<strong>а</strong>ет<strong>с</strong>я у<br />
не<strong>к</strong><strong>о</strong>т<strong>о</strong>рых личин<strong>о</strong><strong>к</strong> и, <strong>в</strong>ер<strong>о</strong>ятн<strong>о</strong>, <strong>в</strong><strong>о</strong>зни<strong>к</strong>л<strong>о</strong> <strong>в</strong>т<strong>о</strong>ричн<strong>о</strong>.<br />
Нер<strong>в</strong>н<strong>а</strong>я <strong>с</strong>и<strong>с</strong>тем<strong>а</strong> <strong>в</strong> <strong>в</strong>иде брюшн<strong>о</strong>й цеп<strong>о</strong>ч<strong>к</strong>и;<br />
имеет<strong>с</strong>я д<strong>в</strong><strong>а</strong> <strong>с</strong>л<strong>о</strong>жных г<strong>а</strong>нглия <strong>в</strong> г<strong>о</strong>л<strong>о</strong><strong>в</strong>е,<br />
три <strong>в</strong> груди и д<strong>о</strong> 11 — <strong>в</strong> брюш<strong>к</strong>е. Брюшные<br />
г<strong>а</strong>нглии ч<strong>а</strong><strong>с</strong>т<strong>о</strong> <strong>с</strong>литы <strong>в</strong> <strong>с</strong>л<strong>о</strong>жные <strong>с</strong>инг<strong>а</strong>нглии.<br />
Пище<strong>в</strong><strong>а</strong>рительный тр<strong>а</strong><strong>к</strong>т <strong>с</strong><strong>о</strong><strong>с</strong>т<strong>о</strong>ит из трех<br />
<strong>о</strong>тдел<strong>о</strong><strong>в</strong>: передней, <strong>с</strong>редней и з<strong>а</strong>дней <strong>к</strong>иш<strong>о</strong><strong>к</strong>;<br />
<strong>о</strong>бычн<strong>о</strong> имеет<strong>с</strong>я не<strong>с</strong><strong>к</strong><strong>о</strong>ль<strong>к</strong><strong>о</strong> п<strong>а</strong>р <strong>с</strong>люнных же<br />
лез. Выделительные <strong>о</strong>рг<strong>а</strong>ны 1<br />
<strong>в</strong> <strong>в</strong>иде м<strong>а</strong>льпигие-<br />
<strong>в</strong>ых <strong>с</strong><strong>о</strong><strong>с</strong>уд<strong>о</strong><strong>в</strong>. Жен<strong>с</strong><strong>к</strong><strong>о</strong>е п<strong>о</strong>л<strong>о</strong><strong>в</strong><strong>о</strong>е <strong>о</strong>т<strong>в</strong>ер<strong>с</strong>тие лежит<br />
<strong>в</strong> <strong>о</strong>бл<strong>а</strong><strong>с</strong>ти <strong>в</strong><strong>о</strong><strong>с</strong>ьм<strong>о</strong>г<strong>о</strong>, муж<strong>с</strong><strong>к</strong><strong>о</strong>е — <strong>в</strong> <strong>о</strong>бл<strong>а</strong><strong>с</strong>ти<br />
де<strong>в</strong>ят<strong>о</strong>г<strong>о</strong> брюшных <strong>с</strong>егмент<strong>о</strong><strong>в</strong>. Н<strong>а</strong><strong>с</strong>е<strong>к</strong><strong>о</strong>мые<br />
р<strong>а</strong>здельн<strong>о</strong>п<strong>о</strong>лы; их п<strong>о</strong><strong>с</strong>тэмбри<strong>о</strong>н<strong>а</strong>льн<strong>о</strong>е р<strong>а</strong>з<strong>в</strong>итие<br />
<strong>в</strong> п<strong>о</strong>д<strong>а</strong><strong>в</strong>ляющем б<strong>о</strong>льшин<strong>с</strong>т<strong>в</strong>е <strong>с</strong>луч<strong>а</strong>е<strong>в</strong> <strong>с</strong><strong>о</strong>пр<strong>о</strong><strong>в</strong><strong>о</strong>жд<strong>а</strong>ет<strong>с</strong>я<br />
мет<strong>а</strong>м<strong>о</strong>рф<strong>о</strong>з<strong>о</strong>м, ч<strong>а</strong><strong>с</strong>т<strong>о</strong> <strong>в</strong>ыр<strong>а</strong>женным<br />
<strong>к</strong>р<strong>а</strong>йне рез<strong>к</strong><strong>о</strong>. В <strong>с</strong><strong>о</strong><strong>в</strong>ременн<strong>о</strong>й ф<strong>а</strong>уне <strong>о</strong>ни<br />
я<strong>в</strong>ляют<strong>с</strong>я <strong>с</strong><strong>а</strong>м<strong>о</strong>й б<strong>о</strong>льш<strong>о</strong>й п<strong>о</strong> чи<strong>с</strong>лу <strong>в</strong>ид<strong>о</strong><strong>в</strong> и п<strong>о</strong><br />
б<strong>о</strong>г<strong>а</strong>т<strong>с</strong>т<strong>в</strong>у ф<strong>о</strong>рм групп<strong>о</strong>й н<strong>а</strong>земных жи<strong>в</strong><strong>о</strong>тных.<br />
Лишь немн<strong>о</strong>гие ф<strong>о</strong>рмы, прит<strong>о</strong>м преимуще<strong>с</strong>т<strong>в</strong>енн<strong>о</strong><br />
личин<strong>о</strong>чные ф<strong>а</strong>зы, жи<strong>в</strong>ут <strong>в</strong> пре<strong>с</strong>н<strong>о</strong>й<br />
<strong>в</strong><strong>о</strong>де; <strong>в</strong> м<strong>о</strong>рях и <strong>о</strong><strong>к</strong>е<strong>а</strong>н<strong>а</strong>х н<strong>а</strong><strong>с</strong>е<strong>к</strong><strong>о</strong>мые пред<strong>с</strong>т<strong>а</strong><strong>в</strong>лены<br />
<strong>о</strong>чень немн<strong>о</strong>гими <strong>в</strong>ид<strong>а</strong>ми. В <strong>с</strong><strong>о</strong>л<strong>о</strong>н<strong>о</strong><strong>в</strong><strong>а</strong>тых<br />
<strong>в</strong><strong>о</strong>д<strong>а</strong>х <strong>в</strong>нутренних м<strong>о</strong>рей личин<strong>к</strong>и н<strong>а</strong><strong>с</strong>е<strong>к</strong><strong>о</strong>мых<br />
ч<strong>а</strong><strong>с</strong>т<strong>о</strong> <strong>в</strong><strong>с</strong>треч<strong>а</strong>ют<strong>с</strong>я <strong>в</strong> б<strong>о</strong>льш<strong>о</strong>м <strong>к</strong><strong>о</strong>личе<strong>с</strong>т<strong>в</strong>е.<br />
В <strong>с</strong><strong>о</strong><strong>в</strong>ременн<strong>о</strong>й ф<strong>а</strong>уне <strong>к</strong>л<strong>а</strong><strong>с</strong><strong>с</strong> н<strong>а</strong><strong>с</strong>е<strong>к</strong><strong>о</strong>мых я<strong>в</strong>ляет<strong>с</strong>я<br />
<strong>с</strong><strong>а</strong>мым <strong>о</strong>бширным и, п<strong>о</strong>чти н<strong>а</strong><strong>в</strong>ерн<strong>о</strong>е,<br />
пре<strong>в</strong><strong>о</strong><strong>с</strong>х<strong>о</strong>дит п<strong>о</strong> чи<strong>с</strong>лу <strong>в</strong>ид<strong>о</strong><strong>в</strong> <strong>в</strong><strong>с</strong>ех других жи<strong>в</strong><strong>о</strong>тных<br />
<strong>в</strong>ме<strong>с</strong>те <strong>в</strong>зятых. Чи<strong>с</strong>л<strong>о</strong> <strong>о</strong>пи<strong>с</strong><strong>а</strong>нных п<strong>о</strong><br />
н<strong>а</strong><strong>с</strong>т<strong>о</strong>ящее <strong>в</strong>ремя ф<strong>о</strong>рм н<strong>а</strong><strong>с</strong>е<strong>к</strong><strong>о</strong>мых приближ<strong>а</strong>ет<strong>с</strong>я<br />
<strong>к</strong> милли<strong>о</strong>ну <strong>в</strong>ид<strong>о</strong><strong>в</strong>, причем д<strong>о</strong> <strong>с</strong>их п<strong>о</strong>р, п<strong>о</strong><br />
мере изучения ф<strong>а</strong>ун не<strong>к</strong><strong>о</strong>т<strong>о</strong>рых р<strong>а</strong>й<strong>о</strong>н<strong>о</strong><strong>в</strong> Земли,<br />
<strong>о</strong><strong>с</strong><strong>о</strong>бенн<strong>о</strong> тр<strong>о</strong>пиче<strong>с</strong><strong>к</strong>их <strong>с</strong>тр<strong>а</strong>н, чи<strong>с</strong>л<strong>о</strong> <strong>о</strong>т<strong>к</strong>ры<strong>в</strong><strong>а</strong>емых<br />
<strong>в</strong>ид<strong>о</strong><strong>в</strong> н<strong>а</strong><strong>с</strong>е<strong>к</strong><strong>о</strong>мых пр<strong>о</strong>д<strong>о</strong>лж<strong>а</strong>ет <strong>в</strong><strong>о</strong>зр<strong>а</strong><strong>с</strong>т<strong>а</strong>ть.<br />
Кл<strong>а</strong><strong>с</strong><strong>с</strong> н<strong>а</strong><strong>с</strong>е<strong>к</strong><strong>о</strong>мых пред<strong>с</strong>т<strong>а</strong><strong>в</strong>ляет и<strong>с</strong><strong>к</strong>лючительный<br />
интере<strong>с</strong> не т<strong>о</strong>ль<strong>к</strong><strong>о</strong> п<strong>о</strong> би<strong>о</strong>л<strong>о</strong>гиче<strong>с</strong><strong>к</strong>им<br />
<strong>с</strong><strong>в</strong><strong>о</strong>й<strong>с</strong>т<strong>в</strong><strong>а</strong>м этих жи<strong>в</strong><strong>о</strong>тных, н<strong>о</strong> и п<strong>о</strong> п<strong>о</strong>льзе или<br />
<strong>в</strong>реду, прин<strong>о</strong><strong>с</strong>имым ими чел<strong>о</strong><strong>в</strong>е<strong>к</strong>у и ег<strong>о</strong> х<strong>о</strong>зяй<strong>с</strong>т<strong>в</strong>у.<br />
В <strong>с</strong>реде н<strong>а</strong><strong>с</strong>е<strong>к</strong><strong>о</strong>мых е<strong>с</strong>ть мн<strong>о</strong>же<strong>с</strong>т<strong>в</strong><strong>о</strong> ф<strong>о</strong>рм<br />
<strong>с</strong> <strong>в</strong>ы<strong>с</strong><strong>о</strong><strong>к</strong><strong>о</strong>р<strong>а</strong>з<strong>в</strong>ит<strong>о</strong>й нер<strong>в</strong>н<strong>о</strong>й деятельн<strong>о</strong><strong>с</strong>тью, <strong>в</strong>ыр<strong>а</strong>ж<strong>а</strong>ющей<strong>с</strong>я<br />
<strong>в</strong> <strong>с</strong>л<strong>о</strong>жных пр<strong>о</strong>я<strong>в</strong>лениях з<strong>а</strong>б<strong>о</strong>т<br />
<strong>о</strong> п<strong>о</strong>т<strong>о</strong>м<strong>с</strong>т<strong>в</strong>е и <strong>в</strong> н<strong>а</strong>личии <strong>о</strong>бще<strong>с</strong>т<strong>в</strong>енн<strong>о</strong>г<strong>о</strong> <strong>о</strong>бр<strong>а</strong>з<strong>а</strong><br />
жизни. И<strong>с</strong><strong>к</strong>лючительн<strong>о</strong> р<strong>а</strong>зн<strong>о</strong><strong>о</strong>бр<strong>а</strong>зны при<strong>с</strong>п<strong>о</strong><strong>с</strong><strong>о</strong>бления<br />
н<strong>а</strong><strong>с</strong>е<strong>к</strong><strong>о</strong>мых <strong>к</strong> <strong>о</strong><strong>к</strong>руж<strong>а</strong>ющей <strong>с</strong>реде.<br />
Величин<strong>а</strong> тел<strong>а</strong> н<strong>а</strong><strong>с</strong>е<strong>к</strong><strong>о</strong>м<strong>о</strong>г<strong>о</strong> <strong>о</strong>чень изменчи<strong>в</strong><strong>а</strong>:<br />
<strong>о</strong>н<strong>а</strong> <strong>к</strong><strong>о</strong>леблет<strong>с</strong>я <strong>о</strong>т 200—250 мм (у р<strong>а</strong>зличных<br />
тр<strong>о</strong>пиче<strong>с</strong><strong>к</strong>их п<strong>а</strong>л<strong>о</strong>чни<strong>к</strong><strong>о</strong><strong>в</strong>, Phasmatodea)<br />
д<strong>о</strong> 0,25 мм (у жуч<strong>к</strong><strong>о</strong><strong>в</strong> из <strong>с</strong>емей<strong>с</strong>т<strong>в</strong><strong>а</strong> Ptiliidae)<br />
и д<strong>а</strong>же д<strong>о</strong> еще меньших р<strong>а</strong>змер<strong>о</strong><strong>в</strong> (у переп<strong>о</strong>нч<strong>а</strong>т<strong>о</strong><strong>к</strong>рылых<br />
яйцеед<strong>о</strong><strong>в</strong> <strong>с</strong>емей<strong>с</strong>т<strong>в</strong><strong>а</strong> Mymaridae).<br />
Р<strong>а</strong>зличные <strong>о</strong>тряды н<strong>а</strong><strong>с</strong>е<strong>к</strong><strong>о</strong>мых <strong>о</strong>тлич<strong>а</strong>ют<strong>с</strong>я<br />
цруг <strong>о</strong>т друг<strong>а</strong> п<strong>о</strong> м<strong>о</strong>рф<strong>о</strong>л<strong>о</strong>гии, инди<strong>в</strong>иду<strong>а</strong>льн<strong>о</strong>му<br />
р<strong>а</strong>з<strong>в</strong>итию и э<strong>к</strong><strong>о</strong>л<strong>о</strong>гии. Орг<strong>а</strong>низ<strong>а</strong>ция и<br />
би<strong>о</strong>л<strong>о</strong>гия <strong>с</strong><strong>о</strong><strong>в</strong>ременных н<strong>а</strong><strong>с</strong>е<strong>к</strong><strong>о</strong>мых лег<strong>к</strong><strong>о</strong> м<strong>о</strong>гут<br />
быть изучены. С<strong>о</strong><strong>в</strong><strong>с</strong>ем ин<strong>о</strong>е н<strong>а</strong>блюд<strong>а</strong>ет<strong>с</strong>я <strong>в</strong><br />
пр<strong>а</strong><strong>к</strong>ти<strong>к</strong>е п<strong>а</strong>лэнт<strong>о</strong>м<strong>о</strong>л<strong>о</strong>гиче<strong>с</strong><strong>к</strong>их и<strong>с</strong><strong>с</strong>лед<strong>о</strong><strong>в</strong><strong>а</strong>ний:<br />
и<strong>с</strong><strong>к</strong><strong>о</strong>п<strong>а</strong>емые <strong>о</strong><strong>с</strong>т<strong>а</strong>т<strong>к</strong>и н<strong>а</strong><strong>с</strong>е<strong>к</strong><strong>о</strong>мых <strong>в</strong><strong>с</strong>егд<strong>а</strong> фр<strong>а</strong>гмент<strong>а</strong>рны,<br />
<strong>а</strong> е<strong>с</strong>ли и <strong>с</strong><strong>о</strong><strong>с</strong>т<strong>о</strong>ят из <strong>о</strong>тпеч<strong>а</strong>т<strong>к</strong><strong>о</strong><strong>в</strong> целых<br />
тел н<strong>а</strong><strong>с</strong>е<strong>к</strong><strong>о</strong>мых, т<strong>о</strong> <strong>с</strong><strong>о</strong>хр<strong>а</strong>няют<strong>с</strong>я <strong>в</strong><strong>с</strong>егд<strong>а</strong><br />
н<strong>а</strong><strong>с</strong>т<strong>о</strong>ль<strong>к</strong><strong>о</strong> не<strong>с</strong><strong>о</strong><strong>в</strong>ершенн<strong>о</strong>, чт<strong>о</strong> не д<strong>а</strong>ют <strong>в</strong><strong>о</strong>зм<strong>о</strong>жн<strong>о</strong><strong>с</strong>ти<br />
и<strong>с</strong><strong>с</strong>лед<strong>о</strong><strong>в</strong><strong>а</strong>ть гл<strong>а</strong><strong>в</strong>нейшие <strong>с</strong>и<strong>с</strong>темы <strong>о</strong>рг<strong>а</strong>н<strong>о</strong><strong>в</strong>,<br />
<strong>с</strong>тр<strong>о</strong>ение <strong>к</strong><strong>о</strong>т<strong>о</strong>рых н<strong>а</strong>иб<strong>о</strong>лее <strong>в</strong><strong>а</strong>жн<strong>о</strong> для<br />
р<strong>а</strong><strong>с</strong>п<strong>о</strong>зн<strong>а</strong><strong>в</strong><strong>а</strong>ния их <strong>с</strong>и<strong>с</strong>тем<strong>а</strong>тиче<strong>с</strong><strong>к</strong>их <strong>о</strong>тн<strong>о</strong>шений.<br />
П<strong>о</strong>эт<strong>о</strong>му <strong>к</strong>л<strong>а</strong><strong>с</strong><strong>с</strong>ифи<strong>к</strong><strong>а</strong>ция и <strong>с</strong>и<strong>с</strong>тем<strong>а</strong>ти<strong>к</strong><strong>а</strong> н<strong>а</strong><strong>с</strong>е<strong>к</strong><strong>о</strong>мых<br />
пр<strong>о</strong>шл<strong>о</strong>г<strong>о</strong> неизбежн<strong>о</strong> неп<strong>о</strong>лны и <strong>о</strong><strong>с</strong>н<strong>о</strong><strong>в</strong>ы<strong>в</strong><strong>а</strong>ют<strong>с</strong>я<br />
н<strong>а</strong> <strong>о</strong>пи<strong>с</strong><strong>а</strong>нии и изучении лишь немн<strong>о</strong>гих<br />
<strong>с</strong><strong>о</strong>хр<strong>а</strong>ни<strong>в</strong>ших<strong>с</strong>я <strong>о</strong>рг<strong>а</strong>н<strong>о</strong><strong>в</strong> тел<strong>а</strong>, ч<strong>а</strong><strong>с</strong>т<strong>о</strong><br />
именн<strong>о</strong> тех, <strong>к</strong><strong>о</strong>т<strong>о</strong>рые у <strong>с</strong><strong>о</strong><strong>в</strong>ременных ф<strong>о</strong>рм м<strong>а</strong>л<strong>о</strong><br />
и<strong>с</strong>п<strong>о</strong>льзуют<strong>с</strong>я <strong>в</strong> целях <strong>с</strong>и<strong>с</strong>тем<strong>а</strong>ти<strong>к</strong>и и п<strong>о</strong>эт<strong>о</strong>му<br />
нед<strong>о</strong><strong>с</strong>т<strong>а</strong>т<strong>о</strong>чн<strong>о</strong> из<strong>в</strong>е<strong>с</strong>тны. Не<strong>о</strong>быч<strong>а</strong>йн<strong>о</strong> <strong>с</strong>ч<strong>а</strong><strong>с</strong>тли<strong>в</strong>ым<br />
<strong>о</strong>б<strong>с</strong>т<strong>о</strong>ятель<strong>с</strong>т<strong>в</strong><strong>о</strong>м я<strong>в</strong>ляет<strong>с</strong>я т<strong>о</strong>, чт<strong>о</strong> <strong>в</strong> <strong>о</strong><strong>с</strong><strong>а</strong>д<strong>о</strong>чных<br />
п<strong>о</strong>р<strong>о</strong>д<strong>а</strong>х <strong>с</strong><strong>о</strong>хр<strong>а</strong>няют<strong>с</strong>я преимуще<strong>с</strong>т<strong>в</strong>енн<strong>о</strong><br />
<strong>о</strong><strong>с</strong>т<strong>а</strong>т<strong>к</strong>и <strong>к</strong>рылье<strong>в</strong> н<strong>а</strong><strong>с</strong>е<strong>к</strong><strong>о</strong>мых, т. е. тех <strong>о</strong>рг<strong>а</strong>н<strong>о</strong><strong>в</strong>,<br />
н<strong>а</strong> <strong>о</strong><strong>с</strong>н<strong>о</strong><strong>в</strong>е <strong>к</strong><strong>о</strong>т<strong>о</strong>рых мы р<strong>а</strong>злич<strong>а</strong>ем <strong>к</strong><strong>а</strong>тег<strong>о</strong>рии<br />
<strong>с</strong>и<strong>с</strong>темы <strong>с</strong><strong>о</strong><strong>в</strong>ременных н<strong>а</strong><strong>с</strong>е<strong>к</strong><strong>о</strong>мых. Неп<strong>о</strong>лн<strong>о</strong>т<strong>а</strong><br />
п<strong>а</strong>лэнт<strong>о</strong>м<strong>о</strong>л<strong>о</strong>гиче<strong>с</strong><strong>к</strong><strong>о</strong>г<strong>о</strong> м<strong>а</strong>тери<strong>а</strong>л<strong>а</strong> зн<strong>а</strong>чительн<strong>о</strong><br />
и<strong>с</strong><strong>к</strong>уп<strong>а</strong>ет<strong>с</strong>я тем, чт<strong>о</strong> <strong>с</strong><strong>о</strong>хр<strong>а</strong>няют<strong>с</strong>я именн<strong>о</strong><br />
<strong>к</strong>рылья — <strong>о</strong>дни из н<strong>а</strong>иб<strong>о</strong>лее <strong>в</strong><strong>а</strong>жных для<br />
<strong>с</strong>и<strong>с</strong>тем<strong>а</strong>ти<strong>к</strong>и <strong>о</strong>рг<strong>а</strong>н<strong>о</strong><strong>в</strong> тел<strong>а</strong> н<strong>а</strong><strong>с</strong>е<strong>к</strong><strong>о</strong>мых. Вме<strong>с</strong>те<br />
<strong>с</strong> тем эт<strong>о</strong> <strong>о</strong>пределяет <strong>с</strong><strong>в</strong><strong>о</strong>е<strong>о</strong>бр<strong>а</strong>зие изучения и<strong>с</strong><strong>к</strong><strong>о</strong>п<strong>а</strong>емых<br />
<strong>о</strong><strong>с</strong>т<strong>а</strong>т<strong>к</strong><strong>о</strong><strong>в</strong> н<strong>а</strong><strong>с</strong>е<strong>к</strong><strong>о</strong>мых, <strong>к</strong><strong>о</strong>т<strong>о</strong>р<strong>о</strong>е <strong>в</strong> зн<strong>а</strong>чительн<strong>о</strong>й<br />
мере <strong>с</strong><strong>в</strong><strong>о</strong>дит<strong>с</strong>я <strong>к</strong> изучению <strong>о</strong>дних<br />
<strong>к</strong>рылье<strong>в</strong>, <strong>к</strong> дет<strong>а</strong>льн<strong>о</strong>му <strong>о</strong><strong>с</strong><strong>в</strong>ещению р<strong>а</strong>зличных<br />
ч<strong>а</strong><strong>с</strong>тей этих <strong>о</strong>рг<strong>а</strong>н<strong>о</strong><strong>в</strong>. П<strong>о</strong>эт<strong>о</strong>му п<strong>а</strong>лэнт<strong>о</strong>м<strong>о</strong>л<strong>о</strong>г<br />
д<strong>о</strong>лжен уметь р<strong>а</strong>злич<strong>а</strong>ть группы н<strong>а</strong><strong>с</strong>е<strong>к</strong><strong>о</strong>мых<br />
ч<strong>а</strong><strong>с</strong>т<strong>о</strong> не п<strong>о</strong> <strong>с</strong><strong>а</strong>мым х<strong>а</strong>р<strong>а</strong><strong>к</strong>терным для них призн<strong>а</strong><strong>к</strong><strong>а</strong>м,<br />
н<strong>а</strong>пример, п<strong>о</strong> <strong>с</strong>тр<strong>о</strong>ению р<strong>о</strong>т<strong>о</strong><strong>в</strong>ых <strong>о</strong>рг<strong>а</strong>н<strong>о</strong><strong>в</strong><br />
или пре<strong>в</strong>р<strong>а</strong>щению, <strong>а</strong> <strong>о</strong>бяз<strong>а</strong>тельн<strong>о</strong> п<strong>о</strong> жил<strong>к</strong><strong>о</strong><strong>в</strong><strong>а</strong>нию<br />
<strong>к</strong>рылье<strong>в</strong>, их ф<strong>о</strong>рме и р<strong>а</strong>змер<strong>а</strong>м.<br />
Крылья н<strong>а</strong><strong>с</strong>е<strong>к</strong><strong>о</strong>мых п<strong>о</strong><strong>с</strong>тр<strong>о</strong>ены д<strong>о</strong><strong>в</strong><strong>о</strong>льн<strong>о</strong><br />
<strong>с</strong>л<strong>о</strong>жн<strong>о</strong> и,— чт<strong>о</strong> <strong>о</strong><strong>с</strong><strong>о</strong>бенн<strong>о</strong> <strong>в</strong><strong>а</strong>жн<strong>о</strong>,— <strong>в</strong>е<strong>с</strong>ьм<strong>а</strong> р<strong>а</strong>зличн<strong>о</strong><br />
у р<strong>а</strong>зных групп н<strong>а</strong><strong>с</strong>е<strong>к</strong><strong>о</strong>мых. Не т<strong>о</strong>ль<strong>к</strong><strong>о</strong><br />
<strong>о</strong>тряды н<strong>а</strong><strong>с</strong>е<strong>к</strong><strong>о</strong>мых лег<strong>к</strong><strong>о</strong> р<strong>а</strong>злич<strong>а</strong>ют<strong>с</strong>я п<strong>о</strong><strong>с</strong>тр<strong>о</strong>ению<br />
<strong>к</strong>рылье<strong>в</strong>, н<strong>о</strong> и б<strong>о</strong>лее низ<strong>к</strong>ие <strong>с</strong>и<strong>с</strong>тем<strong>а</strong>тиче<strong>с</strong><strong>к</strong>ие<br />
<strong>к</strong><strong>а</strong>тег<strong>о</strong>рии <strong>в</strong> гр<strong>о</strong>м<strong>а</strong>дн<strong>о</strong>м б<strong>о</strong>льшин<strong>с</strong>т<strong>в</strong>е <strong>с</strong>луч<strong>а</strong>е<strong>в</strong><br />
х<strong>а</strong>р<strong>а</strong><strong>к</strong>теризуют<strong>с</strong>я <strong>с</strong>тр<strong>о</strong>ением <strong>к</strong>рылье<strong>в</strong>.<br />
Эт<strong>о</strong> <strong>с</strong><strong>в</strong><strong>о</strong>ег<strong>о</strong> р<strong>о</strong>д<strong>а</strong> уни<strong>в</strong>ер<strong>с</strong><strong>а</strong>льн<strong>о</strong>е зн<strong>а</strong>чение <strong>к</strong>рылье<strong>в</strong><br />
н<strong>а</strong><strong>с</strong>е<strong>к</strong><strong>о</strong>мых для р<strong>а</strong>зличения <strong>с</strong>и<strong>с</strong>тем<strong>а</strong>тиче<strong>с</strong><strong>к</strong>их<br />
<strong>к</strong><strong>а</strong>тег<strong>о</strong>рий з<strong>а</strong><strong>с</strong>т<strong>а</strong><strong>в</strong>ляет <strong>о</strong>бр<strong>а</strong>тить <strong>о</strong><strong>с</strong><strong>о</strong>б<strong>о</strong>е<br />
<strong>в</strong>ним<strong>а</strong>ние при зн<strong>а</strong><strong>к</strong><strong>о</strong>м<strong>с</strong>т<strong>в</strong>е <strong>с</strong> гл<strong>а</strong><strong>в</strong>нейшими и<strong>с</strong><strong>к</strong><strong>о</strong>п<strong>а</strong>емыми<br />
групп<strong>а</strong>ми н<strong>а</strong><strong>с</strong>е<strong>к</strong><strong>о</strong>мых н<strong>а</strong> <strong>с</strong>тр<strong>о</strong>ение<br />
их <strong>к</strong>рылье<strong>в</strong>.<br />
Крылья н<strong>а</strong><strong>с</strong>е<strong>к</strong><strong>о</strong>мых я<strong>в</strong>ляют<strong>с</strong>я <strong>о</strong><strong>с</strong><strong>о</strong>быми<br />
пл<strong>а</strong><strong>с</strong>тин<strong>к</strong><strong>а</strong>ми, <strong>в</strong>ыр<strong>о</strong><strong>с</strong>т<strong>а</strong>ми б<strong>о</strong><strong>к</strong><strong>о</strong><strong>в</strong>ых уч<strong>а</strong><strong>с</strong>т<strong>к</strong><strong>о</strong><strong>в</strong><br />
<strong>с</strong>пин<strong>к</strong>и грудных <strong>с</strong>егмент<strong>о</strong><strong>в</strong>, <strong>к</strong><strong>о</strong>т<strong>о</strong>рые <strong>с</strong><strong>о</strong>единены<br />
<strong>с</strong> тел<strong>о</strong>м п<strong>о</strong><strong>с</strong>ред<strong>с</strong>т<strong>в</strong><strong>о</strong>м <strong>с</strong>л<strong>о</strong>жн<strong>о</strong>г<strong>о</strong> <strong>с</strong><strong>о</strong>членения,<br />
п<strong>о</strong>з<strong>в</strong><strong>о</strong>ляющег<strong>о</strong> <strong>с</strong><strong>о</strong><strong>в</strong>ерш<strong>а</strong>ть <strong>о</strong>пределенные д<strong>в</strong>ижения—<br />
<strong>в</strong>зм<strong>а</strong>хи (ри<strong>с</strong>. 17—19). Крылья р<strong>а</strong><strong>с</strong>п<strong>о</strong>л<strong>а</strong>г<strong>а</strong>ют<strong>с</strong>я<br />
лишь н<strong>а</strong> д<strong>в</strong>ух <strong>с</strong>егмент<strong>а</strong>х грудн<strong>о</strong>г<strong>о</strong><br />
<strong>о</strong>тдел<strong>а</strong>: н<strong>а</strong> <strong>с</strong>реднегруди и н<strong>а</strong> з<strong>а</strong>днегруди. Из<strong>в</strong>е<strong>с</strong>тны<br />
п<strong>а</strong>ле<strong>о</strong>з<strong>о</strong>й<strong>с</strong><strong>к</strong>ие н<strong>а</strong><strong>с</strong>е<strong>к</strong><strong>о</strong>мые (не<strong>к</strong><strong>о</strong>т<strong>о</strong>рые<br />
31<br />
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