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Ри<strong>с</strong>. 27. Схем<strong>а</strong> фил<strong>о</strong>генетиче<strong>с</strong><strong>к</strong>их <strong>о</strong>тн<strong>о</strong>шений <strong>о</strong>тряд<strong>о</strong><strong>в</strong> п<strong>о</strong>д<strong>к</strong>л<strong>а</strong><strong>с</strong><strong>с</strong><strong>а</strong> Apterygota, инфр<strong>а</strong><strong>к</strong>л<strong>а</strong><strong>с</strong><strong>с</strong><strong>а</strong> Palaeoptera и <strong>к</strong><strong>о</strong>г<strong>о</strong>рты<br />
Polyneoptera.<br />
Об<strong>о</strong>зн<strong>а</strong>чения; Ар — Apterygota, Bl — Blattodea, С — Col- Pal — Palaeoptera, Par — Paraneoptera, Ph — Phasmatodea,<br />
lembola, CG — Caloneurodea и Glosselytrodea, D — Diplura, PI — Plecoptera, Ppl — Paraplecoptera, Pr — Protelytroptera,<br />
Der — Dermaptera, Em — Embioptera, Eph — Ephemeroptera, Prb — Protoblattodea, Sal — Saltatoria, Thy — Thysanura<br />
Is — Isoptera, M —Monura, Man —Manteodea, Meg —Megase- (Р<strong>о</strong>денд<strong>о</strong>рф и др., 1961).<br />
coptera, Od — Odonata, Olig — Oligoneoptera, P — Protura,<br />
либ<strong>о</strong> т<strong>о</strong>чные д<strong>о</strong><strong>к</strong>умент<strong>а</strong>льные п<strong>а</strong>ле<strong>о</strong>нт<strong>о</strong>л<strong>о</strong>гиче<strong>с</strong><strong>к</strong>ие<br />
<strong>с</strong><strong>в</strong>идетель<strong>с</strong>т<strong>в</strong><strong>а</strong> д<strong>о</strong> <strong>с</strong>их п<strong>о</strong>р <strong>о</strong>т<strong>с</strong>ут<strong>с</strong>т<strong>в</strong>уют и<br />
не <strong>о</strong><strong>с</strong><strong>в</strong>ещ<strong>а</strong>ют эти <strong>в</strong><strong>а</strong>жные м<strong>о</strong>менты э<strong>в</strong><strong>о</strong>люции.<br />
Г<strong>о</strong>р<strong>а</strong>зд<strong>о</strong> б<strong>о</strong>лее д<strong>о</strong><strong>с</strong>т<strong>о</strong><strong>в</strong>ерны <strong>с</strong><strong>в</strong>едения <strong>о</strong>тн<strong>о</strong><strong>с</strong>ительн<strong>о</strong><br />
<strong>в</strong><strong>о</strong>зни<strong>к</strong>н<strong>о</strong><strong>в</strong>ения д<strong>в</strong>ух и<strong>в</strong>фр<strong>а</strong><strong>к</strong>л<strong>а</strong><strong>с</strong><strong>с</strong><strong>о</strong><strong>в</strong><br />
<strong>к</strong>рыл<strong>а</strong>тых н<strong>а</strong><strong>с</strong>е<strong>к</strong><strong>о</strong>мых: н<strong>о</strong><strong>в</strong><strong>о</strong><strong>к</strong>рылых и дре<strong>в</strong>не<strong>к</strong>рылых.<br />
П<strong>о</strong>-<strong>в</strong>идим<strong>о</strong>му, н<strong>а</strong>иб<strong>о</strong>лее пр<strong>о</strong><strong>с</strong>т<strong>о</strong> п<strong>о</strong><strong>с</strong>тр<strong>о</strong>енными<br />
и близ<strong>к</strong>ими <strong>к</strong> пер<strong>в</strong>ичным и<strong>с</strong>х<strong>о</strong>дным<br />
ф<strong>о</strong>рм<strong>а</strong>м <strong>к</strong>рыл<strong>а</strong>тых н<strong>а</strong><strong>с</strong>е<strong>к</strong><strong>о</strong>мых были пред<strong>с</strong>т<strong>а</strong><strong>в</strong>ители<br />
инфр<strong>а</strong><strong>к</strong>л<strong>а</strong><strong>с</strong><strong>с</strong><strong>а</strong> Neoptera, <strong>а</strong> именн<strong>о</strong>,<br />
нед<strong>а</strong><strong>в</strong>н<strong>о</strong> <strong>о</strong>бн<strong>а</strong>руженный <strong>в</strong> де<strong>в</strong><strong>о</strong>н<strong>с</strong><strong>к</strong><strong>о</strong>й ф<strong>а</strong>уне<br />
<strong>о</strong>тряд Archaeoptera, <strong>о</strong>бр<strong>а</strong>зующий <strong>о</strong><strong>с</strong><strong>о</strong>бую <strong>к</strong><strong>о</strong>г<strong>о</strong>рту<br />
н<strong>о</strong><strong>в</strong><strong>о</strong><strong>к</strong>рылых — Archaeoneoptera. Б<strong>о</strong>льш<strong>а</strong>я<br />
пл<strong>о</strong>тн<strong>о</strong><strong>с</strong>ть <strong>к</strong>рылье<strong>в</strong> этих н<strong>а</strong><strong>с</strong>е<strong>к</strong><strong>о</strong>мых пред<strong>с</strong>т<strong>а</strong><strong>в</strong>ляет<br />
<strong>с</strong><strong>о</strong>б<strong>о</strong>й <strong>с</strong><strong>о</strong>хр<strong>а</strong>ни<strong>в</strong>шую<strong>с</strong>я <strong>о</strong><strong>с</strong><strong>о</strong>бенн<strong>о</strong><strong>с</strong>ть их<br />
и<strong>с</strong>х<strong>о</strong>дных <strong>о</strong>рг<strong>а</strong>н<strong>о</strong><strong>в</strong>, <strong>в</strong>ыр<strong>о</strong><strong>с</strong>т<strong>о</strong><strong>в</strong> <strong>с</strong>пин<strong>к</strong>и грудн<strong>о</strong>г<strong>о</strong><br />
<strong>с</strong>егмент<strong>а</strong> — п<strong>а</strong>р<strong>а</strong>н<strong>о</strong>т<strong>а</strong>лий. Жил<strong>к</strong><strong>о</strong><strong>в</strong><strong>а</strong>ние у них<br />
р<strong>а</strong>з<strong>в</strong>ит<strong>о</strong> еще <strong>с</strong>л<strong>а</strong>б<strong>о</strong>, х<strong>о</strong>тя ф<strong>о</strong>рм<strong>а</strong> <strong>к</strong>рыл<strong>а</strong> уже<br />
при<strong>о</strong>брел<strong>а</strong> <strong>а</strong>эр<strong>о</strong>дин<strong>а</strong>миче<strong>с</strong><strong>к</strong>ие при<strong>с</strong>п<strong>о</strong><strong>с</strong><strong>о</strong>бления.<br />
Эти де<strong>в</strong><strong>о</strong>н<strong>с</strong><strong>к</strong>ие н<strong>а</strong><strong>с</strong>е<strong>к</strong><strong>о</strong>мые уже были «н<strong>о</strong><strong>в</strong><strong>о</strong><strong>к</strong>рылыми»,<br />
т<strong>а</strong><strong>к</strong> <strong>к</strong><strong>а</strong><strong>к</strong> м<strong>о</strong>гли <strong>с</strong><strong>к</strong>л<strong>а</strong>ды<strong>в</strong><strong>а</strong>ть <strong>к</strong>рылья<br />
<strong>в</strong>д<strong>о</strong>ль тел<strong>а</strong>; п<strong>о</strong>эт<strong>о</strong>му <strong>с</strong>ледует предп<strong>о</strong>л<strong>а</strong>г<strong>а</strong>ть, чт<strong>о</strong><br />
пер<strong>в</strong>ичные дре<strong>в</strong>не<strong>к</strong>рылые <strong>в</strong><strong>о</strong>зни<strong>к</strong>ли именн<strong>о</strong> н<strong>а</strong><br />
их <strong>о</strong><strong>с</strong>н<strong>о</strong><strong>в</strong>е, путем <strong>о</strong>чень р<strong>а</strong>нней <strong>в</strong>ыр<strong>а</strong>б<strong>о</strong>т<strong>к</strong>и<br />
б<strong>о</strong>льших переп<strong>о</strong>нч<strong>а</strong>тых <strong>к</strong>рылье<strong>в</strong>, п<strong>о</strong>з<strong>в</strong><strong>о</strong>ли<strong>в</strong>ших<br />
н<strong>а</strong><strong>с</strong>е<strong>к</strong><strong>о</strong>мым, <strong>о</strong>бит<strong>а</strong>телям <strong>о</strong>т<strong>к</strong>рытых пр<strong>о</strong><strong>с</strong>тр<strong>а</strong>н<strong>с</strong>т<strong>в</strong>,<br />
<strong>о</strong>чень р<strong>а</strong>н<strong>о</strong> д<strong>о</strong><strong>с</strong>тичь <strong>в</strong>ы<strong>с</strong><strong>о</strong><strong>к</strong><strong>о</strong>г<strong>о</strong> <strong>с</strong><strong>о</strong><strong>в</strong>ершен<strong>с</strong>т<strong>в</strong><strong>а</strong><br />
лет<strong>а</strong>тельных при<strong>с</strong>п<strong>о</strong><strong>с</strong><strong>о</strong>блений.<br />
Друг<strong>о</strong>й путь — д<strong>а</strong>льнейшее <strong>с</strong><strong>о</strong><strong>в</strong>ершен<strong>с</strong>т<strong>в</strong><strong>о</strong><strong>в</strong><strong>а</strong>ние<br />
<strong>к</strong>рыл<strong>о</strong><strong>в</strong>ых <strong>о</strong>рг<strong>а</strong>н<strong>о</strong><strong>в</strong> н<strong>а</strong><strong>с</strong>е<strong>к</strong><strong>о</strong>мых — <strong>о</strong>бит<strong>а</strong>телей<br />
<strong>с</strong><strong>к</strong>рытых пр<strong>о</strong><strong>с</strong>тр<strong>а</strong>н<strong>с</strong>т<strong>в</strong> — з<strong>а</strong><strong>к</strong>люч<strong>а</strong>л<strong>с</strong>я <strong>в</strong><br />
р<strong>а</strong>з<strong>в</strong>итии жил<strong>к</strong><strong>о</strong><strong>в</strong><strong>а</strong>ния и при<strong>о</strong>бретении передними<br />
<strong>к</strong>рыльями х<strong>а</strong>р<strong>а</strong><strong>к</strong>тер<strong>а</strong> н<strong>а</strong>д<strong>к</strong>рылье<strong>в</strong> <strong>о</strong>дн<strong>о</strong><strong>в</strong>ременн<strong>о</strong><br />
<strong>с</strong> р<strong>а</strong>з<strong>в</strong>итием гетер<strong>о</strong>н<strong>о</strong>мии <strong>к</strong>рылье<strong>в</strong>.<br />
В эт<strong>о</strong>м <strong>с</strong>луч<strong>а</strong>е т<strong>о</strong>ль<strong>к</strong><strong>о</strong> з<strong>а</strong>дние <strong>к</strong>рылья <strong>с</strong>т<strong>а</strong>ли<br />
лег<strong>к</strong>ими и эл<strong>а</strong><strong>с</strong>тичными лет<strong>а</strong>тельными <strong>о</strong>рг<strong>а</strong>н<strong>а</strong>ми,<br />
<strong>с</strong>п<strong>о</strong><strong>с</strong><strong>о</strong>бными <strong>с</strong><strong>к</strong>л<strong>а</strong>ды<strong>в</strong><strong>а</strong>ть<strong>с</strong>я и <strong>о</strong><strong>с</strong>уще<strong>с</strong>т<strong>в</strong>лять<br />
бы<strong>с</strong>трые <strong>в</strong>зм<strong>а</strong>хи. Т<strong>а</strong><strong>к</strong><strong>о</strong><strong>в</strong>ы <strong>к</strong><strong>о</strong>г<strong>о</strong>рт<strong>а</strong> Polyneoptera<br />
и прежде <strong>в</strong><strong>с</strong>ег<strong>о</strong> <strong>о</strong>тряд т<strong>а</strong>р<strong>а</strong><strong>к</strong><strong>а</strong>н<strong>о</strong><strong>в</strong>ых (Blattodea).<br />
Д<strong>а</strong>льнейш<strong>а</strong>я и<strong>с</strong>т<strong>о</strong>рия этих инфр<strong>а</strong><strong>к</strong>л<strong>а</strong><strong>с</strong><strong>с</strong><strong>о</strong><strong>в</strong><br />
<strong>о</strong>чень р<strong>а</strong>зличн<strong>а</strong>. Дре<strong>в</strong>не<strong>к</strong>рылые <strong>о</strong>чень <strong>с</strong><strong>к</strong><strong>о</strong>р<strong>о</strong>,<br />
еще <strong>в</strong> п<strong>а</strong>ле<strong>о</strong>з<strong>о</strong>е, дифференцир<strong>о</strong><strong>в</strong><strong>а</strong>ли<strong>с</strong>ь н<strong>а</strong> ряд<br />
<strong>в</strong>т<strong>о</strong>ричных группир<strong>о</strong><strong>в</strong><strong>о</strong><strong>к</strong>: не менее чем н<strong>а</strong> три<br />
н<strong>а</strong>д<strong>о</strong>тряд<strong>а</strong>, мн<strong>о</strong>г<strong>о</strong> <strong>о</strong>тряд<strong>о</strong><strong>в</strong> и п<strong>о</strong>д<strong>о</strong>тряд<strong>о</strong><strong>в</strong>. Н<strong>о</strong><br />
еще б<strong>о</strong>лее <strong>с</strong>л<strong>о</strong>жн<strong>о</strong>е р<strong>а</strong>з<strong>в</strong>итие пр<strong>о</strong>х<strong>о</strong>дил<strong>о</strong> <strong>в</strong><br />
37<br />
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