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Н<strong>а</strong> <strong>с</strong>реднегрудн<strong>о</strong>м и з<strong>а</strong>днегрудн<strong>о</strong>м <strong>с</strong>егмент<strong>а</strong>х<br />
имеет<strong>с</strong>я п<strong>о</strong> п<strong>а</strong>ре <strong>к</strong>рылье<strong>в</strong>, <strong>о</strong>т<strong>с</strong>ут<strong>с</strong>т<strong>в</strong>ующих<br />
у неп<strong>о</strong>л<strong>о</strong><strong>в</strong><strong>о</strong>зрелых <strong>с</strong>т<strong>а</strong>дий р<strong>а</strong>з<strong>в</strong>ития и у не<strong>к</strong><strong>о</strong>т<strong>о</strong>рых<br />
ф<strong>о</strong>рм, утр<strong>а</strong>ти<strong>в</strong>ших их <strong>в</strong>т<strong>о</strong>ричн<strong>о</strong>. Р<strong>о</strong>т<strong>о</strong><strong>в</strong>ые<br />
<strong>о</strong>рг<strong>а</strong>ны не <strong>в</strong>тянуты <strong>в</strong> г<strong>о</strong>л<strong>о</strong><strong>в</strong>ную <strong>к</strong><strong>а</strong>п<strong>с</strong>улу,<br />
<strong>с</strong><strong>в</strong><strong>о</strong>б<strong>о</strong>дные, не <strong>с</strong>чит<strong>а</strong>я ред<strong>к</strong>их <strong>с</strong>луч<strong>а</strong>е<strong>в</strong> их п<strong>о</strong>лн<strong>о</strong>й<br />
реду<strong>к</strong>ции при <strong>а</strong>ф<strong>а</strong>гии. Р<strong>а</strong>з<strong>в</strong>итие <strong>в</strong><strong>с</strong>егд<strong>а</strong> <strong>с</strong><br />
пре<strong>в</strong>р<strong>а</strong>щением. Де<strong>в</strong><strong>о</strong>н — ныне. Д<strong>в</strong><strong>а</strong> инфр<strong>а</strong><strong>к</strong>л<strong>а</strong><strong>с</strong><strong>с</strong><strong>а</strong>:<br />
Palaeoptera, или дре<strong>в</strong>не<strong>к</strong>рылые, и<br />
ПОДКЛАСС PTERYGOTA<br />
КРЫЛАТЫЕ НАСЕКОМЫЕ<br />
(В. 'Б. Р<strong>о</strong>денд<strong>о</strong>рф)<br />
Neoptera, или н<strong>о</strong><strong>в</strong><strong>о</strong><strong>к</strong>рылые. Об<strong>о</strong><strong>с</strong><strong>о</strong>бление и<br />
ф<strong>о</strong>рмир<strong>о</strong><strong>в</strong><strong>а</strong>ние инфр<strong>а</strong><strong>к</strong>л<strong>а</strong><strong>с</strong><strong>с</strong><strong>о</strong><strong>в</strong> пр<strong>о</strong>х<strong>о</strong>дил<strong>о</strong>, <strong>в</strong>ер<strong>о</strong>ятн<strong>о</strong>,<br />
<strong>в</strong> де<strong>в</strong><strong>о</strong>н<strong>с</strong><strong>к</strong><strong>о</strong>м пери<strong>о</strong>де: <strong>с</strong>уще<strong>с</strong>т<strong>в</strong>ующие<br />
п<strong>а</strong>ле<strong>о</strong>нт<strong>о</strong>л<strong>о</strong>гиче<strong>с</strong><strong>к</strong>ие <strong>с</strong><strong>в</strong>идетель<strong>с</strong>т<strong>в</strong><strong>а</strong> <strong>о</strong><strong>с</strong><strong>в</strong>ещ<strong>а</strong>ют<br />
лишь б<strong>о</strong>лее п<strong>о</strong>здние эт<strong>а</strong>пы и<strong>с</strong>т<strong>о</strong>риче<strong>с</strong><strong>к</strong><strong>о</strong>г<strong>о</strong> р<strong>а</strong>з<strong>в</strong>ития<br />
<strong>к</strong>рыл<strong>а</strong>тых н<strong>а</strong><strong>с</strong>е<strong>к</strong><strong>о</strong>мых. Пред<strong>с</strong>т<strong>а</strong><strong>в</strong>ители<br />
<strong>о</strong>б<strong>о</strong>их инфр<strong>а</strong><strong>к</strong>л<strong>а</strong><strong>с</strong><strong>с</strong><strong>о</strong><strong>в</strong> <strong>о</strong>бн<strong>а</strong>ружены <strong>в</strong> <strong>с</strong><strong>о</strong><strong>с</strong>т<strong>а</strong><strong>в</strong>е<br />
ф<strong>а</strong>уны <strong>в</strong>ерх<strong>о</strong><strong>в</strong> нижнег<strong>о</strong> <strong>к</strong><strong>а</strong>рб<strong>о</strong>н<strong>а</strong> (н<strong>а</strong>мюр<strong>а</strong>).<br />
ИНФРАКЛАСС PALAEOPTERA. ДРЕВНЕКРЫЛЫЕ<br />
Крылья удлиненные, лишенные р<strong>а</strong>з<strong>в</strong>ит<strong>о</strong>й<br />
юг<strong>а</strong>льн<strong>о</strong>й <strong>о</strong>бл<strong>а</strong><strong>с</strong>ти, не <strong>с</strong>п<strong>о</strong><strong>с</strong><strong>о</strong>бные, <strong>к</strong><strong>а</strong><strong>к</strong> пр<strong>а</strong><strong>в</strong>ил<strong>о</strong>,<br />
<strong>о</strong>т<strong>в</strong><strong>о</strong>дить<strong>с</strong>я н<strong>а</strong>з<strong>а</strong>д и <strong>с</strong><strong>к</strong>л<strong>а</strong>ды<strong>в</strong><strong>а</strong>ть<strong>с</strong>я <strong>в</strong>д<strong>о</strong>ль тел<strong>а</strong>,<br />
п<strong>о</strong><strong>к</strong>ры<strong>в</strong><strong>а</strong>я брюш<strong>к</strong><strong>о</strong>. Крылья <strong>в</strong> п<strong>о</strong><strong>к</strong><strong>о</strong>е р<strong>а</strong><strong>с</strong>пр<strong>о</strong><strong>с</strong>терты<br />
<strong>в</strong> <strong>с</strong>т<strong>о</strong>р<strong>о</strong>ны. Лишь <strong>с</strong>пеци<strong>а</strong>лизир<strong>о</strong><strong>в</strong><strong>а</strong>нные<br />
пред<strong>с</strong>т<strong>а</strong><strong>в</strong>ители <strong>о</strong>дн<strong>о</strong>г<strong>о</strong> <strong>о</strong>тряд<strong>а</strong> из мег<strong>а</strong><strong>с</strong>е<strong>к</strong><strong>о</strong>птер<strong>о</strong>ид<strong>о</strong><strong>в</strong><br />
(Diaphanopterodea) <strong>в</strong>ыр<strong>а</strong>б<strong>о</strong>т<strong>а</strong>ли <strong>с</strong>п<strong>о</strong><strong>с</strong><strong>о</strong>бн<strong>о</strong><strong>с</strong>ть<br />
<strong>с</strong><strong>к</strong>л<strong>а</strong>ды<strong>в</strong><strong>а</strong>ть <strong>к</strong>рылья <strong>в</strong>д<strong>о</strong>ль тел<strong>а</strong>. Р<strong>о</strong>т<strong>о</strong><strong>в</strong>ые<br />
<strong>о</strong>рг<strong>а</strong>ны грызущие или <strong>в</strong> <strong>в</strong>иде длинн<strong>о</strong>г<strong>о</strong> х<strong>о</strong>б<strong>о</strong>т<strong>к</strong><strong>а</strong>,<br />
<strong>о</strong>бр<strong>а</strong>з<strong>о</strong><strong>в</strong><strong>а</strong>нн<strong>о</strong>г<strong>о</strong> <strong>в</strong><strong>с</strong>еми р<strong>о</strong>т<strong>о</strong><strong>в</strong>ыми ч<strong>а</strong><strong>с</strong>тями.<br />
Р<strong>а</strong>з<strong>в</strong>итие из<strong>в</strong>е<strong>с</strong>тн<strong>о</strong> лишь для д<strong>в</strong>ух <strong>о</strong>тряд<strong>о</strong><strong>в</strong>,<br />
р<strong>а</strong><strong>с</strong>пр<strong>о</strong><strong>с</strong>тр<strong>а</strong>ненных <strong>в</strong> <strong>с</strong><strong>о</strong><strong>в</strong>ременн<strong>о</strong>й ф<strong>а</strong>уне; <strong>о</strong>н<strong>о</strong><br />
пр<strong>о</strong>х<strong>о</strong>дит <strong>в</strong> <strong>в</strong><strong>о</strong>дн<strong>о</strong>й <strong>с</strong>реде, причем пре<strong>в</strong>р<strong>а</strong>щение<br />
неп<strong>о</strong>лн<strong>о</strong>е, без п<strong>о</strong><strong>к</strong><strong>о</strong>ящей<strong>с</strong>я <strong>с</strong>т<strong>а</strong>дии (<strong>к</strong>у<strong>к</strong><strong>о</strong>л<strong>к</strong>и).<br />
Н. <strong>к</strong><strong>а</strong>рб<strong>о</strong>н — ныне; н<strong>а</strong>иб<strong>о</strong>лее р<strong>а</strong>зн<strong>о</strong><strong>о</strong>бр<strong>а</strong>зны <strong>в</strong><br />
п<strong>а</strong>ле<strong>о</strong>з<strong>о</strong>е. Три н<strong>а</strong>д<strong>о</strong>тряд<strong>а</strong>: Palaeodictyopteroidea,<br />
Megasecopteroidea, Odonatoidea. Фил<strong>о</strong>генетиче<strong>с</strong><strong>к</strong>ие<br />
<strong>о</strong>тн<strong>о</strong>шения этих н<strong>а</strong>д<strong>о</strong>тряд<strong>о</strong><strong>в</strong> изуче<br />
4 О<strong>с</strong>н<strong>о</strong><strong>в</strong>ы п<strong>а</strong>ле<strong>о</strong>нт<strong>о</strong>л<strong>о</strong>гии. Члени<strong>с</strong>т<strong>о</strong>н<strong>о</strong>гие<br />
49<br />
http://jurassic.ru/<br />
ны м<strong>а</strong>л<strong>о</strong>, Palaeodictyopteroidea — н<strong>а</strong>иб<strong>о</strong>лее<br />
дре<strong>в</strong>ний и и<strong>с</strong>х<strong>о</strong>дный для д<strong>в</strong>ух других. В<strong>о</strong>зни<strong>к</strong>н<strong>о</strong><strong>в</strong>ение<br />
д<strong>в</strong>ух других н<strong>а</strong>д<strong>о</strong>тряд<strong>о</strong><strong>в</strong> <strong>о</strong>тр<strong>а</strong>ж<strong>а</strong>ет лет<strong>а</strong>тельную<br />
<strong>с</strong>пеци<strong>а</strong>лиз<strong>а</strong>цию и еще не <strong>в</strong>ыя<strong>с</strong>ненные<br />
изменения <strong>о</strong>бр<strong>а</strong>з<strong>а</strong> жизни. Б<strong>о</strong>лее <strong>в</strong><strong>с</strong>ег<strong>о</strong> эт<strong>о</strong><br />
я<strong>с</strong>н<strong>о</strong> <strong>в</strong> <strong>о</strong>тн<strong>о</strong>шении <strong>с</strong>тре<strong>к</strong><strong>о</strong>з<strong>о</strong><strong>о</strong>бр<strong>а</strong>зных, <strong>к</strong><strong>о</strong>т<strong>о</strong>рые<br />
х<strong>а</strong>р<strong>а</strong><strong>к</strong>теризуют<strong>с</strong>я рез<strong>к</strong><strong>о</strong> удлиненными <strong>к</strong>рыльями,<br />
р<strong>а</strong>з<strong>в</strong>и<strong>в</strong><strong>а</strong>ющими <strong>с</strong>ильные тяг<strong>о</strong><strong>в</strong>ые у<strong>с</strong>илия и<br />
у<strong>в</strong>еличи<strong>в</strong><strong>а</strong>ющими т<strong>а</strong><strong>к</strong>им <strong>о</strong>бр<strong>а</strong>з<strong>о</strong>м <strong>с</strong><strong>к</strong><strong>о</strong>р<strong>о</strong><strong>с</strong>ть п<strong>о</strong>лет<strong>а</strong>.<br />
Эт<strong>о</strong> <strong>о</strong>тр<strong>а</strong>зил<strong>о</strong><strong>с</strong>ь н<strong>а</strong> <strong>с</strong>тр<strong>о</strong>ении грудн<strong>о</strong>г<strong>о</strong> <strong>о</strong>тдел<strong>а</strong>,<br />
<strong>в</strong> <strong>к</strong><strong>о</strong>т<strong>о</strong>р<strong>о</strong>м <strong>о</strong>чень б<strong>о</strong>льш<strong>о</strong>е р<strong>а</strong>з<strong>в</strong>итие при<strong>о</strong>брели<br />
пле<strong>в</strong>р<strong>а</strong>льные мышцы, <strong>о</strong><strong>с</strong>уще<strong>с</strong>т<strong>в</strong>ляющие<br />
д<strong>в</strong>ижения <strong>к</strong>рылье<strong>в</strong> неп<strong>о</strong><strong>с</strong>ред<strong>с</strong>т<strong>в</strong>енн<strong>о</strong>, <strong>а</strong> не <strong>к</strong><strong>о</strong><strong>с</strong><strong>в</strong>енн<strong>о</strong>,<br />
<strong>к</strong><strong>а</strong><strong>к</strong> у <strong>в</strong><strong>с</strong>ех других н<strong>а</strong><strong>с</strong>е<strong>к</strong><strong>о</strong>мых. В<strong>о</strong>зни<strong>к</strong>н<strong>о</strong><strong>в</strong>ение<br />
б<strong>о</strong>льш<strong>о</strong>г<strong>о</strong> и <strong>с</strong><strong>в</strong><strong>о</strong>е<strong>о</strong>бр<strong>а</strong>зн<strong>о</strong>г<strong>о</strong> н<strong>а</strong>д<strong>о</strong>тряд<strong>а</strong><br />
Megasecopteroidea, ныне п<strong>о</strong>лн<strong>о</strong><strong>с</strong>тью <strong>в</strong>ымершег<strong>о</strong>,<br />
нея<strong>с</strong>н<strong>о</strong>, х<strong>о</strong>тя <strong>с</strong><strong>в</strong><strong>о</strong>е<strong>о</strong>бр<strong>а</strong>зие м<strong>о</strong>рф<strong>о</strong>л<strong>о</strong>гиче<strong>с</strong><strong>к</strong>их<br />
<strong>о</strong><strong>с</strong><strong>о</strong>бенн<strong>о</strong><strong>с</strong>тей ег<strong>о</strong> пред<strong>с</strong>т<strong>а</strong><strong>в</strong>ителей <strong>о</strong>чень <strong>в</strong>ели<strong>к</strong><strong>о</strong>.
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