i z o l d a W i l a Z e
i z o l d a W i l a Z e
i z o l d a W i l a Z e
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i z o l d a W i l a Z e<br />
finansuri aRricxvis problemuri<br />
sakiTxebi<br />
monografia<br />
gamomcemloba merani<br />
2009
UDC (uak) 657.312.2 + 658.14/.17<br />
W _ 462<br />
avtori: izolda WilaZe, ekonomikis akademiuri doqtori,<br />
ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis<br />
Tbilis saxelmwifo universitetis<br />
profesori<br />
monografiaSi ganxilulia sawarmoTa (kompaniebis) marTvis<br />
sistemaSi finansuri aRricxvis roli, rogorc maTi resursebis<br />
arsebobisa da gamoyenebis Sedegebis amsaxveli informaciuli<br />
sistema. gadmocemulia buRaltruli aRricxvis qvesistemebis:<br />
finansuri da mmarTvelobiTi aRicxvis miznebi. ganxilulia<br />
buRaltruli aRricxvis meToduri xerxebi. mocemulia buRaltruli<br />
aRricxvis saerTaSoriso standartebis zogadi mimoxilva<br />
da finansuri angariSgebis analizuri mniSvneloba.<br />
SromaSi ganxiluli sakiTxebi daainteresebs ekonomikisa da<br />
biznesis mimarTulebis yvela praqtikossa da Teoretikoss.<br />
redaqtori: profesori marina maisuraZe<br />
recenzenti: profesori giorgi saxokia<br />
ISBN 978-9941-0-1667-7<br />
S i n a a r s i<br />
Sesavali ................................................................................................. 4<br />
1. finansuri aRricxva da buRaltruli aRricxvis<br />
saerTaSoriso standartebi ........................................................ 6<br />
2. finansuri angariSgebis da aRricxvis saerTaSoriso<br />
standartebis mokle mimoxilva ................................................ 14<br />
3. buRaltruli aRricxvis sagani d meTodi .............................. 63<br />
4. buRaltruli angariSebi da maTi daniSnuleba .................... 71<br />
5. saaRricxvo ciklis safexurebi ................................................ 75<br />
6. finansuri angariSgeba, rogorc finansuri<br />
aRricxvis mizani da misi anlizuri mniSvneloba ............... 78<br />
daskvna .................................................................................................. 90<br />
reziume inglisur enaze .................................................................. 92<br />
Problematical guashons of fi naccial acconing<br />
C o n t e n t s<br />
Introduction ..................................................................................................4<br />
1.Financial accounting and International Accounting Standarts ..................6<br />
2.International Accounting Standarts .........................................................14<br />
3.The Obiect of fynancial accounting ........................................................63<br />
4.The methid of Bookkeeping ....................................................................71<br />
5.The phases of accounting period .............................................................75<br />
6.The accounts of Bookkeeping .................................................................78<br />
Conclussion ................................................................................................90<br />
Resume ......................................................................................................92<br />
3
Sesavali<br />
nebismieri samarTlebrivi formis biznesis mTavari ekonomikuri<br />
mizania mogebis miReba. am miznis praqtikuli ganxorcielebisaTvis<br />
aucilebelia biznesis marTva, romelic<br />
dagegmvisa da kontrolis erTobliobas moicavs, rac saTanado<br />
informaciis gareSe SeuZlebelia. xolo, dagegmvisa da kontrolisaTvis<br />
saWiro informaciis udides nawils buRaltruli aRricxva<br />
amzadebs.<br />
buRaltruli aRricxva aris informaciuli sistema sawarmo-<br />
Ta (sawarmos qveS igulisxmeba nebismieri samarTlebrivi formis<br />
organizacia: Sps, firmebi, saaqcio sazogadoeba, kompaniebi<br />
da a.S.)gankargulebaSi myofi resursebis arsebobisa da gamoyenebis<br />
mdgomareobis Sesaxeb. sawarmoTa mesakuTreebi, xelmZ-<br />
Rvanelebi, dasaqmebuli personali, sazogadoeba dainteresebulia<br />
rom firmebi gamarTulad da efeqtianad muSaobdenen,<br />
radgan, resursebi amowurvadia da maTi gonivruli gamoyeneba<br />
mTeli sazogadoebis warmatebis sawindaria. biznesis efeqtiani<br />
muSaoba dasaqmebis amaRlebis garantiaa da amasTan. saxelmwifo<br />
biujetis saxsrebis Sevsebis wyaroa.<br />
sawarmoTa efeqtiani marTvis misaRwevad aucilebelia saTanado<br />
informacia biznesis yvela mxaris Sesaxeb. buRaltruli<br />
aRricxva warmoadgenans codnis iseT dargs, romelsac gansakuTrebuli<br />
roli aqvs sazogadoebaSi. igi aucilebelia yvla<br />
organizaciisaTvis, romelTac aqvT resuresebi, xarjebi, Semosavlebi<br />
da mogeba.<br />
buRaltruli aRricxva aris ekonomikuri xasiaTis informaciis<br />
miRebis, damuSavebis da gamoyenebis procesi, dasabuTebuli<br />
Sefasebebisa da gadawyvetilebebis miRebis mizniT. buRaltruli<br />
aRricxva erTaderTi modelia, romelic iZleva informacias<br />
sawarmoTa mTeli safinanso ekonomikuri mdgomareobis Sesaxeb.<br />
buRaltrul aRricxvas ricxvebis enaze gadaaqvs sawarmos mTeli<br />
sawarmoo, komerciuli da finansuri urTierTobebi da maTi<br />
Sedegebi.<br />
buRaltruli aRricxvis mizania ara mxolod aRricxos sawarmoTa<br />
saqmianobaSi momxdari operaciebi, aramed saTanado wesiT<br />
momzadebuli informacia mis momxmareblebs miawodos.<br />
sawarmoTa ekonomikuri saqmianobis Sesaxeb arsebuli informaciiT<br />
dainteresebuli subieqtebi or jgufad iyofa: informa-<br />
ciis Sida da gare momxmareblebi. Sesabamisad, buRaltruli aRricxvis<br />
erTiani sistema finansuri da mmarTvelobiTi aRricvis<br />
qvesistemebad iyofa.<br />
mmarTvelobiTi aRricxvis mizania moamzados informacia<br />
firmis Sida marTvisaTvis, direqtorebisa da menejerebisaTvis.<br />
es informacia daxuruli tipisaa da gareT ar qveyndeba.<br />
finansuri aRricxvis mizania moamzados informacia gareT<br />
gamosaqveyneblad, dainteresebuli pirebisaTvis. informaciis<br />
gare momxmareblebia: aqcionerebi, investorebi, safinansosakredito<br />
organizaciebi, krditorebi, myidvelebi, samTavrobo<br />
organizaciebi da sazogadoebis warmomadgenlebi.<br />
winamdebare monografiaSi Cveni mizania gadmovceT finansuri<br />
aRricxvis arsi, Teoriuli safuZvlebi da finansuri angariSgebis<br />
momzadebis meTodika buRaltruli aRricxvis saer-<br />
TaSoriso standartebis moTxovnebis safuZvelze.<br />
4 5
w1. finansuri aRricxva da buRaltruli aRricxvis<br />
saerTaSoriso standartebi<br />
finansuri aRricxva orientirebulia moamzados sawarmos<br />
sameureno saqmianobis Sedegebis saerTo ekonomikuri suraTi,<br />
romelSic sinTezuradaa warmodgenili resursebis gamoyenebis<br />
Sedegad arsebuli sawarmos momgebianoba da gadaxdisunarianoba.<br />
finansuri aRricxvis mizania obieqturad asaxos sawarmos Semosavlebi<br />
da xarjebi, kreditoruli da debitoruli davalianebebi,<br />
aqtivebi da sakuTari kapitali. es aris informacia, romelic<br />
sakmarisia mxolod gare damkvirveblisaTvis, raTa maT Seafason<br />
sawarmos saimedooba gadaxdisunarianobisa da sainvesticio<br />
garemos TvalsazrisiT. amitom, unda arsebobdes sawarmos safinansoe-konomikur<br />
maCvenebelTa sistema, romelic sajaro xasiaTis<br />
iqneba.<br />
biznesis samyaroSi moqmedi nebismieri subieqti izolirebulad<br />
verasodes imuSavebs. mas sWirdeba mravalmxrivi safinansoekonomikuri<br />
urTierTobebis damyareba sxvadasxva firmasTan<br />
Tu kompaniasTan. imisaTvis rom firmis xelmZRvanelobam miiRos<br />
gadawyvetileba, daamyaros Tu ara saqmiani urTierToba ama Tu im<br />
firmasTan, aucilebelia codna imisa, ramdenad gadaxdisunariani<br />
da momgebiania igi. amitom, yvela iuridiuli piri valdebulia<br />
gamoaqveynos wliuri finansuri angariSgeba gare momxmareblebisaTvis.<br />
gamoqveynebuli finansuri angariSgeba unda iyos obieqturi<br />
da garkveul moTxovnebs unda akmayofilebdes, raTa SecdomaSi<br />
ar Seiyvanos informaciis momxmareblebi da ar warmoiSvas<br />
konfliqtebi sawarmoebs Soris.<br />
amasTan, saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri urTierTobebis gaRrmavebam<br />
da transacionaluri korporaciebis warmoqmnis praqtikam,<br />
dRis wesrigSi daayena sawarmoTa buRaltruli aRricvis<br />
meTodikis mowesrigeba msoflios masStabiT. msxvili kapitalis<br />
mflobelebi, romlebic sxvadasxva saxelmwifoebSi axdendnen<br />
kapitalis investirebas, aRricxvis gansxvavebuli meTodikis<br />
gamo, xSirad seriozul komfliqtur situaciebSi vardebodnen.<br />
msgavsi problemebis Tavidan acilebis mizniT, 1973 wlis 29<br />
ivniss, `gaeros~ egidiT Seiqmna buRaltruli aRricxvis saer-<br />
TaSoriso standartebis komiteti (bassk ) avstraliis, kanadis,<br />
safrangeTis, germaniis, iaponiis, meqsikis, niderlandebis, gaer-<br />
Tianebuli samefos, islandiisa da amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis<br />
buRalterTa profesiul organizaciebs Soris SeTanxmebis Sedegad.bassis<br />
komitets daevala Seeswavla yvela saxelmwifoSi arsebuli<br />
buRaltruli aRricxvis meTodika da maT Soris yvelaze<br />
saukeTeso gamoeca rogorc saerTaSoriso standarti (1.3).<br />
bassis komitets aqvs buRaltruli aRricxvis saerTaSoriso<br />
standartebis SemuSavebisa da gamocemis sruli damoukidebloba.<br />
misi mizania:<br />
a. sazogadoebis interesebis Sesabamisad SeimuSaos da gamosces<br />
buRaltruli aRricxvis saerTaSoriso standartebi,<br />
romlebic gaTvaliswinebul unda iqnas finansuri angariSgebis<br />
wardgenisas da xeli Seuwyos mis gavrcelebas da danergvas<br />
msoflios masStabiT;<br />
b. ZiriTadad imuSaos finansuri angariSgebis SedgenasTan<br />
dakavSirebuli instruqciebis, buRaltruli aRricxvis standartebisa<br />
da procedurebis harmonizaciisa da srulyofis<br />
sakiTxebze.<br />
bassis komitetis wevrebs TavianT Tavze aRebuli aqvT Semdegi<br />
valdebulebebi:<br />
* xeli Seuwyon bassk – is miznebis ganxorcielebas. TavianT<br />
qveynebSi gamoscen basskis sabWos mier damtkicebuli aRricxvis<br />
saerTaSoriso standartebi;<br />
*uzrunvelyon, rom iuridiuli pirebis mier gamoqveynebuli<br />
finansuri angariSgeba ZiriTadad Seesabamebodes bass – is<br />
moTxovnebs yvela arsebiT aspeqtSi;<br />
* daarwmunon mTavrobebi da standartebis SemmuSavebeli organoebi,<br />
rom gamoqveynebuli finansuri angariSgeba unda Seesabamebodes<br />
bass-is moTxovnebs;<br />
* uzrunvelyon, rom auditorebi finansur angariSgebas amowmebdnen<br />
bassis yvela ZiriTad moTxovnebTan Sesabamisobis TvalsazrisiT;<br />
* xeli Seuwyon buRaltruli aRricxvis saerTaSoriso standartebis<br />
aRiarebasa da danergvas saerTaSoriso masStabiT.<br />
amdenad, buRaltruli aRricxvis saerTaSoriso standartebi<br />
(bass) aris sawarmoTa funansuri angariSgebis elementebis<br />
Sefasebisa da aRricxvis meTodika, romelic aRiarebulia<br />
saerTaSoriso masStabiT.<br />
buRaltruli aRricxvis saerTaSoriso standartebis mizania<br />
moaxdinosaRricxvis harmonizacia saerTaSoriso masStabiT.<br />
bassis komitetma 1975 wels ukve gamosca buRaltruli aR-<br />
6 7
icxvis ocdaaTamde standarti. masSi periodulad Seitaneba<br />
cvlilebebi ( 1975, 1982, 1999, 2001, 2003, 2007 ww.). bass-is komitetis<br />
garda Seiqmna sxva maregulirebeli organoebic.<br />
2001 wlis 6 Tebervals Seiqmna bassk fondi. misi wesdebis<br />
Tanaxmad bassk-is saqmianobas warmarTaven ndobiT aRWurvili<br />
meTvalyureebi (sul cxrameti). isini niSnaven bass sabWos, standartebis<br />
mrCevelTa sabWos da finansuri angariSgebis interpretaciebis<br />
saerTaSoriso komitetis wevrebs. ndobiT aRWurvili<br />
meTvalyureebi axorcieleben bass sabWos mier procedurebis<br />
dacvis monitorings.<br />
bassk-is fondis wesdebis mixedviT ndobiT aRWurvili meTvalyureebis<br />
daniSvna ise xdeba, rom eqvsi meTvalyure iyos<br />
CrdiloeT amerikidan, eqvsi evropidan, oTxi aziidan da sami<br />
sxva qveynidan, raTa geografiuli balansi ar dairRves.<br />
2001 wels londonSi dafuZnda buRaltruli aRricxvis<br />
saerTaSoriso standartebis sabWo (basss), rogorc bassk<br />
fondis nawili. basss SemadgenlobaSi Sedis ToTxmeti wevri,<br />
romelTa erTaderTi movaleobaa buRaltruli aRicxvis maRali<br />
xarisxis globaluri standartebis paketis SemuSaveba. bass<br />
sabWoSi Sedis ToTxmeti wevri, romelTa erTaderTi movaleobaa<br />
aRricxvis saerTaSoriso standartebis SemuSaveba. ndobiT<br />
aRWurvili meTvalyureebi yovelnairad cdiloben, rom bass<br />
sabWoSi ar dominirebdes romelime jgufis an regionis interesebi.<br />
wesdebiT moiTxoveba, rom sabWos minimum xuT wevrs mainc<br />
unda hqondes praqtikosi auditoris, minimum sam wevrs finansuri<br />
angariSgebis momzadebis, minimum sam wevrs finansuri<br />
angariSgebis momxmareblis gamocdileba. xolo, minimum erT<br />
wevrs samecniero kvleviTi gamocdileba. ToTxmetidan Svidi<br />
wevri formalurad pasuxismgebelia erTi an ramdenime standartis<br />
SemmuSaveblebis saqmianobis warmarTvaze. buRaltruli<br />
aRricxvis saerTaSoriso standartis, finansuri angariSgebis<br />
saerTaSoriso standartis da interpretaciebis saboloo variantis<br />
gamocemis gadawyvetilebis misaRebad saWiroa bass sabWos<br />
rva wevris mxardaWera (1.14).<br />
bass sabWos ufleba aqvs gaauqmos an Secvalos adre miRebuli<br />
bass da interpretaciebi, aseve, gamosces axali standartebi<br />
da interpretaciebi. agreTve, bass sabWos imave 2001 wlis dafuZnebis<br />
sxdomaze miRebul iqna rezolucia, romliTac SemoRebuli<br />
iqna saxelwodeba `finansuri angariSgebis saerTaSoriso<br />
standartebi~ (fass), romelic moicavs rogorc bass sabWos<br />
mier damtkicebul standartebsa da interpretaciebs, aseve wina<br />
wesdebis Sesabamisad gamocemul bass da interpretaciebis mudmivmoqmedi<br />
komitetis interpretaciebs.<br />
bass sabWos wevrebs unda hqondeT Semdegi unarebi: finansuri<br />
aRricxvisa da angariSgebis kargi da siRrmiseuli codna; analizis<br />
unari; urTierTobis unari; jansaRi gadawyvetilebebis<br />
miRebis unari; finansuri angariSgebis garemos gacnobiereba;<br />
kolegialur atmosferoSi muSaobis unari; miukerZoebloba,<br />
obieqturoba da disciplina; basskis fondis misiisa da sazogadoebis<br />
interesebisadmi erTguleba.<br />
bass mrCevelTa sabWo (sms) uzrunvelyofs sxvadasxva geografiuli<br />
regionidan sxvadsxva gamocdilebis jgufebisa da<br />
pirovnebebis mier bass sabWosa da meTvalyureebisaTvis rCevebis<br />
micemas. standartebis mrCevelTa sabWoSi ormocdaaTamde<br />
wevria. sabWos miznebia: a). bass sabWos rCevebi misces dRis wesrgis<br />
sakiTxebisa da saqmianobis prioritetebis Sesaxeb; b). bass<br />
sabWos acnobos aRniSnuli organizaciebisa da pirovnebebis-<br />
Sexedulebebi standartebis ZiriTad proeqtebze; g). bass sab-<br />
Wos da ndobiT aRWurvil meTvalyureebs rCevebi misces sxva<br />
sakiTxebze.<br />
standartebis mrCevelTa sabWo weliwadSi samjer atarebs<br />
sxdomas. man yvela ZiriTad proeqtTan dakavSirebiT konsultaciebi<br />
unda gamarTos bass sabWosTan. standartebis mrCevelTa<br />
sabWos sxdomebi sajaroa.<br />
finansuri angariSgebis interpretaciebis saerTaSoriso<br />
komiteti (faisk) 2002 wlis martSi daafuZna bassk fondis<br />
ndobiT aRWurvilma meTvalyureebma da man Secvala adrindeli<br />
iterpretaciebis komiteti. daxmarebas uwevs bass sabWos finansuri<br />
angariSgebis momxmareblebis, mommzadeblebis da auditorebis<br />
interesebisaTvis fass – is SemuSavebasa da gaumjobesebaSi.<br />
faisk-is movaleobaa droulad uzrunvelyos miTiTebebi<br />
finansuri angariSgebis im sakiTxebze, romlebic konkretulad<br />
araa ganxiluli bass sabWos standartebSi an im sakiTxebze, romlebzec<br />
interpretaciebi arasakmarisi an winaaRmdegobrivia. amdenad,<br />
faisk xels uwyobs finansuri angariSgebis standartebis<br />
erTgvarovnad gamoyenebas.<br />
faisk – is SemadgenlobaSi Sedis Tormeti wevri. aqedan, Tavmjdomares<br />
ara aqvs xmis ufleba. mas ufleba aqvs mxolod monawileoba<br />
miiRos teqnikuri sakiTxebis ganxilvaSi. ndobiT aRWurvil<br />
meTvalyureebs, Tu saWirod CaTvlian, SeuZliaT daniSnon<br />
8 9
xmis uflebis armqone damkvirveblebi, romlebic mxolod ganxilvebSi<br />
monawileoben.<br />
bass sabWo gamoscems faiskis gadawyvetilebebis reziumes<br />
faiskis yoveli sxdomis damTavrebisTanave. igi qveyndeba bass<br />
sabWos vebgverdze.<br />
bass sabWo Tavis miznebs ZiriTadad axorcielebs fassis SemuSavebiTa<br />
da gamoqveynebiT. fassis SemuSavebis dros bass sab-<br />
Wo TanamSromlobs erovnuli standartebis SemmuSavebel organoebTan,<br />
raTa maqsimalur Serwymas miaRwios fassa da erovnul<br />
standartebs Soris.<br />
amJamad, finansuri angariSgebis saerTaSoriso standartebi<br />
(fass) ori nawilisagan Sedgeba.<br />
I. finansuri angariSgebis saerTaSoriso standartebi<br />
(fass), romelic xuTi standarts moicavs.<br />
II. buRaltruli aRricxvis saerTaSoriso standartebi<br />
(bass), romelic ormocdaerTamde standarts moicavs.<br />
fass–i adgens aRiarebis, Sefasebis, wardgenisa da ganmartebiTi<br />
informaciis asaxvis moTxovnebs, romelic exeba saerTo<br />
daniSnulebis finansuri angariSgebisaTvis mniSvnelovan operaciebsa<br />
da movlenebs. aseve, fass-Si zogjer gansazRvrulia<br />
debulebebi iseTi operaciebisa da movlenebisaTvis, romlebic<br />
umTavresad ama Tu im dargSi warmoiSoba. fassi gmosadegia komerciuli<br />
miznebis mqone iuridiuli pirebisaTvis da agreTve<br />
samTavrobo komerciuli iuridiuli pirebisTvisac.<br />
bass sabWo zog SemTxvevaSi konkretuli movlenebisa da operaciebisaTvis<br />
uSvebs gansxvavebuli midgomebis gamoyenebis<br />
uflebas. erT midgomas `sabaziso meTodi~ da meores _ `alternatiuli<br />
meTodi~ ewodeba. aRricxvasa da SefasebebSi alternativebis<br />
arCevanis ufleba sxvadasxava sawarmoTa finansuri angariSgebis<br />
maCveneblebs araSesadariss xdis. amitom, bass sabWos<br />
mizania, msgavsi movlenebisa da operaciebis aRricxvisa da angariSgebaSi<br />
warsadgenad daadginos msgavsi wesebi. Sesabamisad,<br />
bass sabWos ganzraxuli aqvs ar dauSvas arCevanis SesaZleblobebi<br />
saaRricxvo midgomebs Soris. aseve. igi xelaxla ganixilavs<br />
da momavalSic gaagrZlebs im operaciebisa da movlenebisganxilvas,<br />
romelTaTvisac bass-iT daSvebulia saaRricxvo midgomebis<br />
arCevanis ufleba, raTAa Seamciros amgvari arCevanis<br />
SesaZleblobebis ricxvi.<br />
finansuri angariSgebis interpretaciebis saerTaSoriso<br />
komiteti amzadebs fass-is interpretaciebs, raTa sawarmoebi<br />
uzrunvelyos avtoritetuli miTiTebebiT iseT sakiTxebze,<br />
romlebic azrTa sxvadasxvaobas iwvevs saxelmZRvanelo miTiTebebis<br />
ararsebobis gamo.<br />
fass-is SemuSavebis procedurebi moicavs Semdeg etapebs:<br />
• TanamSromlebs moeTxovebaT mocemul sakiTxTan dakavSirebuli<br />
yvela problemis identifikacia da ganxilva da<br />
agreTve, bass sabWos `struqturuli safuZvlebis~ gamoyenebis<br />
ganxilva mocemul sakiTxTan mimarTebaSi;<br />
• erovnuli buRaltruli aRricxvis moTxovnebisa da<br />
praqtikis ganxilva da erovnuli standartebis SemmuSavebel<br />
organoebTan problemebze msjeloba;<br />
• standartebis mrCevelTa sabWosTan konsultacia mocemuli<br />
sakiTxis bass sabWos dRis wesrigSi Setanis Taobaze;<br />
• mrCevelTa jgufis Seqmna bass sabWosaTvis mocemul proeqtTan<br />
dakavSirebiT rCevebis mosamzadeblad;<br />
• samuSao dokumentis gamoqveyneba sajaro ganxilvisaTvis;<br />
• bass sabWos minimum rva wevris mier damtkicebuli proeqtis<br />
gamoqveyneba sajaro ganxilvisaTvis, bass sabWos wevrebis<br />
gansxvavebul mosazrebebTan erTad;<br />
• gansaxilveli proeqtis farglebSi daskvnis safuZvlis<br />
gamoqveyneba;<br />
• gansaxilvel dokumentebsa da gansaxilvel proeqtebTan<br />
dakavSirebiT miRebuli komentarebis ganxilva;<br />
• imis ganxilva, sasurvelia Tu ara sajaro mosmenisa da<br />
adgilze testirebis Catareba. xolo, Tu amis gakeTeba saWirod<br />
CaiTvleba, aseTi sajaro ganxilvebis Catareba;<br />
• standartis damtkiceba bass sabWos minimum rva wevris<br />
mier da nebismieri gansxvavebuli mosazrebis CarTva standart-<br />
Si;<br />
• standartTan erTad daskvnis safuZvlis gamoqveyneba da<br />
sxva sakiTxTebTan erTad imis axsna, bass sabWos procedurebis<br />
ra etapebi iqna gavlili da standartebSi rogor aisaxa komentarebi.<br />
fass-is interpretaciebis SemuSaveba xorcieldeba buRaltrebTan,<br />
finansur analitikosebTan, finansuri angariSgebis<br />
gare momxmareblemTan, biznes-sazogadoebebTan, safondo<br />
birJebTan, maregulirebel da sakanonmdeblo organoebTan, swavlulebTan<br />
da msoflio masStabiT sxva dainteresebul pirebTan<br />
da organizaciebTan konsultaciebiT.<br />
10 11
amrigad, buRaltruli aRricxvis standartebis saer-<br />
TaSoriso maregulirebeli organoebi sakiTxTa ganxilvis<br />
demokratiuli principebisa da profesionalizmis maRal<br />
xarisxis eyrdnoba.<br />
bass komiteti Tvlis, rom saerTaSoriso moTxovnebis gaTvaliswinebiT<br />
momzadebuli finansuri angariSgeba pasuxobs<br />
momxmarebelTa umravlesobis saerTo moTxovnilebebs. es<br />
gamowveulia imiT, rom finansuri angariSgebis TiTqmis yvela<br />
momxmarebeli ZiriTadad dainteresebulia Semdegi tipis ekonomikuri<br />
gadawyvetilebebiT:<br />
1. gadawyvitos, rodis iyidos, daitovos an gayidos investirebuli<br />
kapitali;<br />
2. Seafasos sawarmos xelmZRvanelebis saqminaoba da pasuxismgebloba;<br />
3. Seafasos, SeuZlia Tu ara sawarmos, uzrunvelyos Tavisi<br />
muSakebi xelfasebiTa da sxva saxis daxmarebebiT;<br />
4. Seafasos menejmentis xarisxi da angariSmgebloba;<br />
5. gansazRvros sagadasaxado politika;<br />
6. gansazRvros gasanawilebeli mogeba dividendebze;<br />
7. moamzados da gamoiyenos erovnuli Semosavlis statistika;<br />
8. daareguliros sawarmos saqmianoba.<br />
amave dros, bass komiteti aRiarebs, rom bass ar dgas erovnul<br />
kanonmdeblobaze maRla. calkeuli qveynebis mTavrobebs Sei-<br />
Zleba hqondeT gansxvavebuli moTxovnebi sakuTari interesebidan<br />
gamomdinare, ise, rom es cvlilebebi da damatebebi ar<br />
ewinaaRmdegebodes sazogadoebis romelime jgufis interesebs<br />
sxva jgufis interesebisaTvis upiratesobebis miniWebis xarjze.<br />
rogorc aRvniSneT, 2001 wlidan aRricxvis standartebs<br />
uwodes finansuri angariSgebis saerTaSoriso standartebi<br />
(fass), romelic ori nawilisagan Sedgeba:<br />
I. finansuri angariSgebis saerTaSoriso standartebi,<br />
romelSic Sedis:<br />
* struqturuli safuZvlebi<br />
* fass 1_ finansuri angariSgebis saerTaSoriso standartebis<br />
pirvelad gamoyeneba<br />
• fass 2 _ wilobrivi gadaxda<br />
• fass 3 _ sawarmoTa gaerTianeba<br />
• fass 4 _ sadazRvevo xelSekrulebebi<br />
• fass 5 _ gasayidad gamiznuli grZelvadiani aqtivebi da<br />
Sewyvetili operaciebi<br />
II. buRaltruli aRricxvis saerTaSoriso standartebi<br />
(bass), romelSic Sedis:<br />
• bass 1 _ finansuri angariSgebis wardgena<br />
• bass 2 _ sasaqonlomaterialuri faseulobebi<br />
• bass 7 _ fuladi saxsrebis moZraobis angariSgeba<br />
• bass 8 _ saaRricxvo politika, cvlilebebi saaRricxvo SefasebaSi<br />
da Secdomebi<br />
• bass 10 _ balansis Sedgenis Semdgomi TariRis Semdegi movlenebi<br />
• bass 11 _ samSeneblo kontraqtebi<br />
• bass 12 _ mogebidan gadasaxadebi<br />
• bass 14 _ angariSgebis wardgena segmentebis mixedviT<br />
• bass 16 _ ZiriTadi saSualebebi<br />
• bass 17 _ ijara<br />
• bass 18 _ amonagebi<br />
• bass 19 _ daqiravebul samuSaoTa gasamrjeloebi<br />
• bass 20 _ saxelmwifo grantebis buRaltruli aRricxva da<br />
saxelmwifo daxmarebis ganmartebiTi SeniSvnebi<br />
• bass 21 _ ucxouri valutis kursis cvlilebebiT gamowveuli<br />
Sedegebi<br />
• bass 22 _ sesxis sargeblobasTan dakavSirebuli danaxarjebi<br />
• bass 24 _ dakavSirebul mxareTa ganmartebiTi SeniSvnebi<br />
• bass 26 _ sapensio uzrunvelyofis programebis buRaltruli<br />
aRricxva da angariSgeba<br />
• bass 27 _ konsolidirebuli da individualuri finansur<br />
angariSgeba<br />
• bass 28 _ investiciebi mekavSire sawarmoebSi<br />
• bass 29 _ finansuri angariSgeba hiperinflaciuri ekonomikis<br />
pirobebSi<br />
• bass 30 _ bankebisa da analogiuri safinanso dawesebulebebis<br />
finansuri angariSgebis ganmartebiTi SeniSvnebi<br />
• bass 31 _ erTobliv saqmianobaSi monawileoba<br />
• bass 32 _ finansuri instrumentebi: ganmartebiTi SeniSvnebi<br />
da wardgena<br />
• bass 33 _ Semosavali aqciaze<br />
• bass 34 _ Sualeduri finansuri angariSgeba<br />
• bass 36 _ aqtivebis gaufasureba<br />
• bass 37 _ anaricxebi, pirobiTi valdebulebebi da pirobiTi<br />
12 13
aqtivebi<br />
• bass 38 _ aramaterialuri aqtivebi<br />
• bass 39 _ finansuri instrumentebi: aRiareba da Sefaseba<br />
• bass 40 _ sainvesticio qoneba<br />
• bass 41 _ soflis meurneiba<br />
standartebis numeraciaSi zodierTi nomeri aRar arsebobs,<br />
radgan sxvadasxa dros momxdari cvlilebebis Sedegad moxda<br />
sxvadasxva standartebis gaerTianeba.<br />
2. finansuri angariSgebisa da aRricxvis<br />
saerTaSoriso standartebis mokle<br />
mimoxilva<br />
finansuri angariSgebis saerTaSoriso standartebis (fass)<br />
Sesavali standartia `struqtureuli safuZvlebi~, romelic<br />
danomrili araa. masSi gansazRvrulia gare momxmareb;lebisaTvis<br />
finansuri angariSgebis momzadebisa da wardgenis koncefciebi.<br />
bass aRiarebs, rom zogjer SesaZloa warmoiSvas winaaRmdegoba<br />
bass – sa da struqturul safuZvlebs Soris. aseT SemTxvevaSi<br />
upiratesoba eniWeba bassis moTxovnebs. bassis komitetis mizania<br />
amgvari winaarmdegobebi droTa ganmavlobaSi aRmofxvras.<br />
`struqturul safuZvlebSi~ ganxilulia Semdegi sakiTxebi:<br />
a. finansuri angariSgebis daniSnuleba<br />
b. finansuri angariSgebis xarisxobrivi maxasiaTeblebi<br />
g. finansuri angariSgebis elementebi da ZiriTadi daSvebebi<br />
d. kapitalis SenarCunebis koncefciebi<br />
finansuri angariSgebis mizania sawarmos finansuri mdgomareobis,<br />
saqmianobis Sedegebis da finansuri mdgomareobis cvlilebebis<br />
Sesaxeb informacia miawodos momxmarebelTa farTo<br />
fenebs, raTa daexmaros maT ekonomikuri gadawyvetilebebis<br />
miRebaSi.<br />
finansuri angariSgebidan agreTve Cans, xelmZRvanelobis<br />
mier masze mindobili resursebis marTvis Sedegebi da pasuxismgebloba.<br />
informaciis im momxmareblebs, romelTac surT<br />
Seafason menejmentis xarisxi da angariSmgebloba, es informacia<br />
aucileblad sWirdebaT, raTa miiRon ekonomikuri gadawyvetileba,<br />
daitovon Tu gayidon sawarmoSi dabandebuli kapi-<br />
tali, an Secvalon Tu ara sawarmos xelmZRvaneloba.<br />
finansuri angariSgebis xarisxobrivi maxasiaTeblebi is<br />
atributebia, romlebic finansur angariSgebaSi asaxul informacias<br />
gadaaqcevs momxmareblisaTvis sasargeblo informaciad.<br />
es maxasiaTeblebia: aRqmadoba, Sesabamisoba (unda iyos arsebiTi<br />
informacia), Sesadarisoba da saimedooba ( ar unda Seicavdes arsebiT<br />
Sedomas. unda iyos samarTliani, neitraluri, windaxeduli,<br />
samarTlebriv formaze ekonomiuri SinaarsiT aRmatebuli).<br />
finansuri angariSgebis elementebia: aqtivebi, valdebulebebi,<br />
sakuTari kapitali, Semosavlebi da xarjebi.<br />
aqtivebi aris sawarmos materialuri, aramaterialuri da<br />
fuladi qoneba, romelic warsulSi momxdari movlenebis Sedegia<br />
da romelSic ganivTebulia momavali ekonomikuri sargebeli<br />
anu, romelTa gsmoyenebis Sedgad mewarme moelis ekonomikuri<br />
sargeblis miRebas.<br />
valdebulebebi sawarmos movaleobaa, romelic ganvlili<br />
sameurneo saqmianobis Sedegia da romlis dafarva iwvevs sawarmodan<br />
ekonomikuri resursebis gasvlas.. `struqturli safuZvlebi~<br />
moiTxovs, erTmaneTisagan gaimijnos mimdinare movaleoba<br />
da momavali valdebuleba. momavali valdebuleba ar iwvevs<br />
valdebulebis aRiarebas.<br />
sakuTari kapitali aris sawarmos aqtivebis is nawili, romelic<br />
rCeba valdebulebebis dafarvis Semdeg.<br />
Semosavali aris sawarmos mier ekonomikuri sargeblis zrda<br />
saangariSgebo periodSi, aqtivebis zrdis an valdebulebebis<br />
Semcirebis gziT, rac gamoixateba sawarmos sakuTari kapitalis<br />
gadidebiT, romelic dakavSirebuli araa mesakuTreTa damatebiT<br />
SenatanebTan.<br />
xarjebi aris sawarmos ekonomikuri sargeblis Semcireba<br />
saangariSgebo periodis ganmavlobaSi aqtivebis sawarmodan<br />
gasvlis an valdebulebebis zrdis safuZvelze, rac gamoixateba<br />
sawarmos sakuTari kapitalis SemcirebiT, romelic dakavSirebuli<br />
araa mesakuTreTaTvis kapitalis ganawilebasTan.<br />
xarjebis mocemul gansazRvreba srulyofilad ar migvaCnia,<br />
radgan ganmartebaSi identificirebuli araa sawarmos Semavali<br />
da gamvali xarjebi. amasTan, xarjebi ekonomikuri sargeblis<br />
Semcirebad ar SeiZleba CaiTvalos, radgan, xarji aucilebelia<br />
ekonomikuri sargeblis misaRebad. Tu xarji gaweuli ar iqneba,<br />
Semosavlis miReba momavalSi SeuZlebelia. Cveni azriT,mxolod<br />
zarali warmoadgens iseT xarjebs, romlebic iwveven sawarmos<br />
14 15
ekonomikuri sargeblis Semcirebas. amdenad, vTvliT, rom xarjebi<br />
aris momavalSi ekonomikuri sargeblis miRebis mizniT,<br />
produqciis warmoebaze (an momsaxureobaze) daxarjuli materialuri,<br />
SromiTi da fuladi resursebis Rirebulebis<br />
jami.<br />
vinaidan, resursebSi ganivTebulia momavali ekonomikuri<br />
sargebeli, xarjebi am sargeblis miRebis (realizebis) gzaa.<br />
gaumrTleblad migvaCnia ekonomikuri cnebebis: `zaralisa~<br />
da `sawarmos xarjis~ gaigiveba.<br />
`struqturuli safuZvlebis~ Tanaxmad, finansuri angariSgebis<br />
elementebi aRiarebul unda iqnes maSin: Tu mosalodnelia<br />
maTi gamoyenebis Sedegad momavali ekonomikuri sargeblis miRreba<br />
da maTi saimedo Sefaseba SesaZlebelia. aRiareba gulisxmobs<br />
buRaltrul balansSi an mogeba-zaralis angariSgebaSi mocemuli<br />
muxlis sityvier da Tanxobriv asaxvas.<br />
finansuri angariSgebis ZiriTadi daSvebebia: daricxvis principi<br />
da warmoebis uwyvetoba (anu funqcionirebadi sawarmo).<br />
daricxvis meTodis Tanaxmad, sameurneo operaciebis Sedegebisa<br />
da sxva movlenebis aRiareba xdeba maTi moxdenisTanave,<br />
miuxedavad imisa miRebulia an gadaxdilia Tu ara fuli an misi<br />
ekvivalentebi. maSasadame, finansur angariSgebaSi mocemulia<br />
ara mxolod ukve ganaRdebuli, aramed momavalSi gasanaRdebeli<br />
valdebulebebi da moTxovnebi.<br />
funqcionirebadi sawamos anu warmoebis uwyvetobis principi<br />
gulisxmobs, rom sawarmo funqcionirebs da saqmianobas<br />
gaagrZelebs momavalSic. Tu sawarmos saqmianobis Sewyvetaa<br />
mosalodneli, maSin finansuri angariSgeba unda momzaddes Sefasebebis<br />
sxva safuZvelze.<br />
standartSi aRniSnulia, rom finansuri angariSgebis momzadebisas<br />
sawarmoTa umravlesoba iyenebs kapitalis finansuri<br />
SenarCunebis koncefcias. am koncefciis Tanxmad, kapitali<br />
rogorc investirebuli fuli an investirebuli msyidvelobiTi<br />
unari, gaigivebulia sawarmos neto aqtivebTan. kapitalis<br />
fizikuri koncefciis mixedviT ki, kapitali rogorc sawarmos<br />
saoperacio simZlavre, ganixileba sawarmos mwarmoeblurobis<br />
saxiT, romelic ganisazRvreba magaliTad, produqciis dRiuri<br />
gamomuSavebiT.<br />
kapitalis funansuri SenarCunebis koncefciis Tanxmad,<br />
sawarmos mier mogebis aRiareba xdeba mxolod im SemTxvevaSi,<br />
rodesac wminda aqtivebis fuladi Rirebuleba saangariSgebo<br />
periodis bolos, aRemateba wminda aqtivebis fulad Rirebulebas<br />
saangariSgebo periodis dasawyisiaTvis, romelic rCeba<br />
mocemul periodSi kapitalis yovelnairi gadanawilebisa da<br />
mesakuTreTa mier ganxorcielebiuli yovelgvari damatebiTi<br />
SenatanebisgamoqviTvis Semdeg. finansuri kapitalis SenarCuneba<br />
izomeba nominalur fulad erTeulebSi an mudmivi msyidvelobiTi<br />
unarianobiT.<br />
kapitalis fizikuri SenarCunebis koncefciis Tanxmad,<br />
sawarmos mier mogebis aRiareba xdeba mxolod im SemTxvevaSi,<br />
rodesac saangariSgebo periodis bolos sawarmos fizikuri<br />
mwarmoebluroba (an mimdinare simZlavre) aRemateba sawarmos<br />
mwarmoeblurobas saangariSgebo peridos dasawyisSi, romelic<br />
rCeba mocemul periodSi kapitalis yovelnairi gadanawilebisa<br />
da mesakuTreTa mier ganxorcielebuli yovelgvari damatebiTi<br />
Senatanebis gamoqviTvis Sedegad (muxli 104).<br />
Cveni azriT, sawarmos finansur angariSgebaSi orive koncefciaa<br />
asaxuli. buRaltrul balansSi asaxulia kapitalis<br />
finansuri SenarCunebis, mogeba-zaralis angariSgebaSi ki,<br />
fizikuri SenarCunebis koncefcia. ase rom, an erT an meore<br />
midgomas calk calke ver gamovyobT. am or koncefcias Soris<br />
arsebobs kavSiri da izolirebulad ar arseboben.<br />
fass 1 _ finansuri angariSgebis saerTaSoriso standartebis<br />
pirvelad gamoyeneba _ aregulirebssakiTxebs, roca<br />
sawarmo pirvelad gadadis fass-is gamoyenebaze. am standartis<br />
Tanaxmad, sawarmom, romelic amzadebs fass-is safuZvelze finansuri<br />
aRricxvis sawyis bazas, unda gaiTvaliswinos:<br />
• aRiaros yvela aqtivi da valdebuleba romelTa aRiarebac<br />
moiTxoveba fassiT;<br />
• ar aRiaros aqtivebad da valdebulebebad muxlebi, Tu fassiT<br />
ar daiSveba maTi gamoyeneba;<br />
• moaxdinos iseTi muxlebis xelaxali klasificireba,<br />
romelsac aRricxvis adrindeli saerTaSoriso standarti aRiarebda,<br />
rogorc erTi saxis aqtivis, valdebulebebis an saku-<br />
Tari kapitalis komponents.<br />
• fass gamoiyenos yvela aRiarebuli aqtivisa da valdebulebis<br />
Sesafaseblad.<br />
es standarti moiTxovs, rom sawarmom fass-ze gadasvlis<br />
TariRisaTvis unda moamzados Sesabamisi pirveli balansi, romelic<br />
aris fass-is Sesabamisi aRricxvis amosavali baza.<br />
sawarmom erTi da igive saaRricxvo politika unda gamoiye-<br />
16 17
nos Tavis Tavdapirvel fass-is Sesabamis balansSi da pirvel finansur<br />
angariSgebaSi warmodgenili yvela periodisaTvis. amas-<br />
Tan, sawarmom unda gamoiyenos fass-is axali versia da misi yvela<br />
aucilebeli moTxovna. Sesabamisad, moaxdens Zveli da axali<br />
moTxovnebis mixedviT Sefasebuli muxlebis Sejerebis cxrils.<br />
standarts Tan erTvis praqtikuli gamoTvlebis nimuSebi.<br />
fass 2 _ wilobrivi gadaxda _ Seexeba sawarmos mier Tavis<br />
angariSgebaSi wilobrivi gadaxdebis operaciebis aRricxvis<br />
meTodikas. rogorc cnobilia, sawarmoebi Tavis TanamSromlebs<br />
an sxva mxareebs Cuqnian aqciebs an gamoscems maT momwodebelTa<br />
valdebulebebis dafaris mizniT.<br />
fass 2 _ ayalibebs Sefasebis principebs da gansakuTrebul<br />
moTxovnebs wilobrivi gadaxdis sami tipis operaciisaTvis:<br />
1. kapitaliT gansazRvruli wilobrivi gadaxdis operaciebi,<br />
romlebiTac sawarmo produqcias an momsaxurebas iRebs,<br />
rogorc kompesacias sawarmos wilobrivi instrumentisaTvis<br />
(aqciebisa da aqciebis opcionebis CaTvliT). fass 2 ganmartavs,<br />
rom mocemul SemTxvevaSi, sawarmom miRebuli produqcia<br />
an momsaxureba da masTan dakavSirebuli kapitalis zrda unda<br />
Seafasos miRebuli produqciis realuri RirebulebiT, garda<br />
im SemTxvevisa, roca miRebuli aqtivis realuri Rirebulebis<br />
saomedod Sefaseba SeuZlebelia. aseT SemTxvevaSi sawarmos<br />
moeTxoveba Seafasos maTi Rirebuleba da Sesabamisi kapitalis<br />
zrda arapirdapir, gadacemuli wilobrivi instrumentis realuri<br />
Rirebulebis mixedviT.<br />
2. fuliT gansazRvruli wilobrivi gadaxdis operaciebi,<br />
romlebiTac sawarmo SeiZens produqcias an momsaxurebas,<br />
maTi momwodeblebisadmi valdebulebis warmoSobiT im<br />
odenobiT, romelic eyrdnoba sawarmos aqtivebis an sawarmos<br />
sxva wilobrivi instrumentis fass an Rirebulebas. mocemul<br />
SemTxvevaSi,sawarmom miRebuli produqcia da warmoSobili valdebuleba<br />
unda Seafasos realuri RirebulebiT. valdebulebis<br />
dafarvamde sawarmom xelaxla unda Seafasos valdebuleba<br />
yoveli saangariSgebo TariRisa da gadaxdis TariRisaTvis da<br />
nebismieri cvlileba asaxos am periodis mogebazaralSi.<br />
3. operaciebi, romlebiTac sawarmo produqcias an momsaxurebas<br />
iRebs an iZens da xelSekrulebis pirobebi uzrunvelyofs<br />
sawarmos an am produqciis (an momsaxurebis) momwodebels,<br />
operaciis gadaxdis arCevaniT – fuliT an wilobrivi<br />
instrumentisgamocemiT. am SemTxvevaSi sawarmos moeTxoveba<br />
am operaciis aRricxva rogorc fuliT gansazRvruli wilobrivi<br />
gadaxdis operaciisa.<br />
standartis ganmartebiT wilobrivi instrumenti aris<br />
xelSekruleba, romelic adasturebs sawarmos aqtivebis darCenil<br />
wils, yvela misi valdebulebis dafarvis Semdeg.<br />
standarts Tan axlavs interpretaciebi da daskvnebis<br />
safuZveli. motanilia miTiTebebi danergvaze da sailustracio<br />
magaliTebi<br />
fass 3 _ sawarmoTa gaerTianeba _ mTavari moTxovnebia:<br />
• sawarmoTa yvela gaerTianebis buRalltruli aRricxva<br />
unda moxdes SeZenis meTodis gamoyenebiT.<br />
• daSvebuli aRaraa wilebis gaerTianebis meTodi;<br />
• unda ganisazRvros myidveli sawarmo sawarmoTa gaerTianebaSi,<br />
missave farglebSi. myidveli aris gaerTianebaSi Semavali<br />
sameurneo erTeuli, romelic moipovebs kontrols sxva gaer-<br />
Tianebul sameureno erTeulebze an sawarmoebze;<br />
• myidvelma sawarmom gaerTianebis Rirebuleba unda Seafasos<br />
rogorc, SeZenil sawarmoze kontrolis mopovebis sanacvlod<br />
gamoSvebuli wilobrivi instrumentebis realuri Rirebulebebis<br />
erToblioba, gacvlis TariRisaTvis, damatebuli<br />
sawarmoTa gaerTianebasTan uSualod dakavSirebuli nebismieri<br />
danaxarjebi;<br />
• myidvelma sawarmom SeZenis TariRiT calke unda aRiaros<br />
SeZenili sawarmos identificirebadi aqtivebi, valdebulebebi<br />
da pirobiTi valdebulebebi, romlebic akmayofileben aRiarebis<br />
kriteriumebs.<br />
• sawarmoTa gaerTianebaSi SeZenili gudvili myidvelma<br />
sawarmom SeZenis dRidan unda aRiaros SeZenis aqtivis saxiT;<br />
• akrZalulia sawarmoTa gaerTianebaSi SeZenili gudvilis<br />
amortizacia da sanacvlod moiTxoveba gudvilis yovelwliuri<br />
Semowmeba gaufasurebis TvalsazrisiT, bass 36 _ `aqtivebis<br />
gaufasureba~ _ Sesabamisad, Tu Secvlili garemoebebi mianiSnebs,<br />
rom aqtivi SeiZleba gaufasurebuli iyos.<br />
fass 3 ganmartavs, rom gudvili aris momavali ekonomikuri<br />
sargebeli, romelic warmoiSoba iseTi aqtivebidan, romlebic<br />
individualurad ver ganisazRvreba da verc calke iqneba aRiarebuli.<br />
satandarts Tan axlavs sailustracio magaliTebi sawarmoTa<br />
gaerTianebebis Sesaxeb.<br />
fass 4 _ sadazRvevo xelSekrulebebi _ mocemuli stand-<br />
18 19
arti pirvelad exeba sadazrvevo xelSekrulebebs. sadazRvevo<br />
xelSekrulebebis aRricxvis praqtika sxvadasxva saxelmwifoSi<br />
sxvadasxvanairi iyo. winamdebare standarti warmoadgens standartebis<br />
sabWos muSaobis meore fazaze gardamaval safexurs.<br />
standartis mizania xeli Seuwyos sadazRvevo xelSekrulebebis<br />
buRaltruli aRricxvis gaumjobesebas da angariSgebaSi<br />
informaciis gaSuqebas.<br />
standartSi gamoyenebulia Semdegi terminebi:<br />
mzRveveli _ mxare, romelsac sadazRvevo xelSekrulebis<br />
Tanaxmad aqvs valdebuleba, kompesacia gadauxados polisis<br />
mflobels, Tu moxdeba sadazRvevo SemTxveva.<br />
sadazRvevo xelSekruleba _ SeTanxmeba, romlis mixedviT<br />
erTi mxare (mzRveveli) Tavis Tavze iRebs meore mxaris (polisis<br />
mflobelis) mniSvnelovan sadazRvevo risks, SeTanxmebis<br />
Tanaxmad, kompesacia gadauxados polisis mflobels, Tu esa Tu<br />
is konkretuli ganusazRvreli movlena (sadazRvevo SemTxveva)<br />
uaryofiTaT imoqmedebs polisis mflobelze.<br />
sadazRvevo valdebuleba _ mzRvevelis neto saxelSekrulebo<br />
valdebulebebi, sadazRvevo xelSekrulebis mixedviT.<br />
sadazRvevo SemTxveva _ momavali ganusazRvreli movlena,<br />
romelsac moicavs sadazRvevo xelSekruleba da romelic warmoqmnis<br />
sadazRvevo risks.<br />
sadazRvevo riski _ riski, finansuri riskis garda, romelic<br />
xelSekrulebis mflobelisagan gadaecema xelSekrilebis gamcems.<br />
sadazRvevo aqtivi _ mzRvevelis neto saxelSekrulebo<br />
uflebebi sadazRvevo xelSekrulebis Sesabamisad.<br />
gadamzRvevi _ gadazRvevis xelSekrulebis polisis mflobeli.<br />
piri, romelsac gadazRvebis xelSekrulebis Tanaxmad<br />
aqvs valdebuleba, kompesacia gaduxados gadazRvevis polisis<br />
mflobels, Tu moxdeba sadazRvevo SemTxveva.<br />
gadazRvevis xelSekruleba _ aris xelSekruleba, romelic<br />
gasca erTma mzRvevelma(gadamzRvevelma), raTa meore mzRvevels<br />
(gadazRvevis polisis mflobels), aunazRauros gadazRvevis<br />
polisis mflobelis mier gacemuli erTi an meti xelSekrulebis<br />
zarali.<br />
gadazRveuli aqtivebi _ gadazRvevis polisis mflobelis<br />
neto saxelSekrulebo uflebebi, gadazRvevis xelSekrulebis<br />
Sesabamisad.<br />
mocemuli standarti gamoiyeneba yvela sadazRvevo xelSek-<br />
rulebisaTvis (maT Soris gadazRevis xelSekrulebebisTvisac),<br />
romelsac sameurneo subieqti gascems da gadazRvevis xelSekrulebebisTvisac,<br />
romelsac flobs, konkretuli xelSekrulebebis<br />
garda, romelsac sxva standarti moicavs. igi ar gamoiyeneba<br />
mzRvevelis sxva aqtivebisa da valdebulebebisaTvis,<br />
rogoricaa finansuri aqtivebi da finansuri valdebulebebi<br />
bass 39is _ `finansuri instrumentebi: aRiareba da Sefaseba~ _<br />
moqmedebis sferodan. garda amisa, mocemuli standarti ar exeba<br />
polisis mflobelTa buRaltruli aRricxvis sakiTxebs.<br />
standartSi CamoTvlilia magaliTebi, romelbic maSin iqneba<br />
sadazRvevo xelSekrulebebi, Tu sadazRvevo riskis gadacema<br />
mniSvnelovani iqneba. kerZod:<br />
• qonebis dazRveva qurdobisagan an dazianebisagan;<br />
• dazRveva produqciis valdebulebisagan, profesiuli valdebulebebisagan,<br />
moqalaqeobrivi valdebulebisagan da iuridiuli<br />
xarjebisagan.<br />
• sicocxlis dazRveva;<br />
• mudmivi pirobiTi aniutetebi (rentis mimRebi) da pensiebi;<br />
• Sromisuunaroba da samedicino daxmareba;<br />
• sxvadasxva saxis sagarantio valdebulebebi.<br />
• kreditis dazRveva, daxmareba mogzaurobis dros da sxva.<br />
standarti ar aregulirebs polisis mflobelebis buRaltrul<br />
aRricxvas, vianaidan bass sabWos es sakiTxi ar miaCnia<br />
proiritetulad pirvel fazaze.<br />
standarti ganmartavs, rom mzRvevelma unda ganmartos<br />
sadazRvevo xelSekrulebebidan warmoSobili aqtivebi, valdebulebebi,<br />
Semosavali da xarji.<br />
standartis moTxovniT, mzRvevlma yoveli saangariSgebo<br />
TariRisaTvis unda Seafasos, adekvaturia Tu ara misi, aRiarebuli<br />
sadazRvevo valdebulebebi, risTvisac iyenebs Tavisi<br />
sadazRvevo xelSekrulebebiT gaTvaliswinebuli momavali<br />
fuladi nakadebis mimdinare Sefasebebs. Tu aRniSnuli Sefasebebidan<br />
Cans, rom mzRvevelis sadazRvevo valdebulebebis sabalanso<br />
Rirebuleba adekvaturi ar aris Sefasebuli momavali<br />
fuladi nakadebis fonze, mTeli deficituri Tanxa aRiardeba<br />
mogebasa da zaralSi (muxli 15). aseve, gadazRveuli aqtivebisaTvis<br />
mzRvevlma unda gamoiyenos bass 36 _ `aqtivebis gaufasureba~.<br />
amrigad, fass 4 – is mizania garkveul CarCoebSi moaqcois im<br />
sameurneo subieqtebis sadazRvevo xelSekrulebebis finansuri<br />
20 21
angariSgeba, romlebic gamoscemen amgvar xelSekrulebebs (anu<br />
mzRvevi), sanam standartebis sabWo daamTavrebs sadazRvevo<br />
xelSekrulebebis Sesaxeb Tavis proeqtis SemuSavebis meore fazas.<br />
fass 5 _ `gasayidad gamiznuli grZelvadiani aqtivebi da<br />
Sewyvetili operaciebi~ _ gansazRvravs gasayidi grZelvadiani<br />
aqtivebis klasifikaciis, Sefasebis da wardgenis pirobebs<br />
da cvlis bass _ 35 – s `Sewyvetili operaciebi~.<br />
gamomdinare iqedan, rom bass sabWos umTavres mizans warmoadgens<br />
buRaltruli aRricxvis meTodebis (standartebis)<br />
konvergencia (harmonizacia) saerTasoriso masStabiT, fass – 5<br />
damuSavda aSS finansuri aRricxvis sayovelTaod aRiarebul<br />
principebsa (US GAAP) da fass principebs Soris gansxvavebebis<br />
Semcirebis mizniT.<br />
2001 wels aSS finansuri aRricxvis standartebis sabWos mier<br />
gamocemuli iqna standarti # 144 _ `grZelvadiani aqtivebis gaufasurebisan<br />
gayidvis buRaltruli aRrixva~ (fas), romelic<br />
sam sferos moicavs: a). mfloblobaSi dasatovebeli da gamosayenebili<br />
grZlevadiani aqtivebis gaufasureba, b). gasayidad<br />
gamiznuli grZelvadiani aqtivebis klasifikacia, Sefaseba da<br />
wardgena, g). Sewyvetili operaciebis klasifikacia da wardgena.<br />
am standartsa da fass- s Soris ZiriTadad SeTanxmeba moxda<br />
gasayidad gamiznuli aqtivebisa da Sewyvetili operaciebis<br />
wardgenis sakiTxSi.<br />
fass _ 5 moiTxovs:<br />
a). aqtivebi, romelic pasuxobs kriteriumebs, romlis mixedviTac<br />
SesaZloa maTi klasificireba, rogorc gasayidad gamiznuli,<br />
unda Sefasdes sabalanso Rirebulebasa da realur Rirebulebas<br />
Soris (gayidvis danaxarjebis gamoklebiT) umciresi<br />
RirebulebiT;<br />
b). aqtivebi, romelic pasuxobs kriteriumebs, romlis mixedviTac<br />
SesaZloa maTi klasificireba, rogorc gasayidad gamiznuli,<br />
calke unda iyos warmodgenili balansSi. xolo Sewyvetili<br />
operaciebis Sedegebi calke _ mogebazaralis angariSgebaSi.<br />
fass 5 – is wesebi vrceldeba yvela AaRiarebul grZelvadian<br />
aqtivze (grZelvadiania aqtivi, romelic moicavs Tanxas, romlis<br />
amoReba moxdeba balansis Sedgenis TariRidan 12 Tvis Semdeg)<br />
da sawarmos yvela salikvidacio jgufze, garda aqtivebisa,<br />
romelTac Seexeba Semdegi standartebi: bass 12 `mogebidan ga-<br />
dasaxadebi~, bass 19 _ `momuSaveTa gasamrjeloebi~, bass 39 _<br />
`finansuri instrumentebi~, bass 40 _ `sainvesticio qoneba~,<br />
bass 41 _ `soflis meurneoba~,fass 4 _ `sadazRvevo xelSekrulebebi~.<br />
grZelvadiani aqtivi, romelic klasificirebulia rogorc<br />
gasayidad gamiznuli (an salikvidacio jgufi) ar SeiZleba klasificirebul<br />
iqnas mimdinare aqtivebad. Tu sawarmo likvidaciis<br />
procesSi uSvebs aqtivebis jgufs, maSin fass –is Sefasebebi<br />
vrceldeba mTlian jgufze.<br />
sawarmo grZelvadian aqtivs (an salikvidacio jgufs) miani-<br />
Webs gasayidad gamiznulis kalifikacias, Tu misi sabalanso Rirebuleba<br />
amoRebuli iqneba grZelvadiani gamoyenebidan da ara<br />
gayidvis garigebidan.<br />
amisaTvis, SesaZlebeli unda iyos aqtivis (an salikvidacio<br />
jgufis) dauyovnebeli gayidvaarsebul mdgomareobaSi da misi<br />
gayidva Zalian sarwmuno unda iyos.<br />
imisaTvis, rom gayidva Zalze sarwmuno iyos, xelmZRvanelobis<br />
mier SemuSavebuli unda iyos myidvelis moZebnisa da gegmis<br />
bolomde miyvanis aqtiuri programa. amasTan, unda moxdes aqtivis<br />
gayidvaze mimarTuli marketingi, im fasad, romelic Seesabameba<br />
mis realur Rirebulebas. garda amisa, gayidvis operaciis<br />
dasruleba erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi unda mTavrdebodes, ise rom<br />
gegmis gauqmeba mosalodneli ar unda iyos. SesaZloa gayidvis<br />
procesi erT welze met xans gagrZeldes, magram igi klasificirebuli<br />
iqnes mainc rogoc gasayidad gamiznuli, Tu es moxda<br />
sawarmoze damoukidebeli faqtorebiT da xelmZRvanelobas ar<br />
Seucvlia gadawyvetileba aqtivis gayidvis Sesaxe.<br />
rodesac sawarmo grZelvadian aqtivs (an salikvidacio<br />
jgufs) iZens konkretulad Semdgomi gayidvis mizniT, maSin, misi<br />
Sesyidvis dRidan klasificirebul unda iqnas, rogorc gasayidad<br />
gamiznuli.<br />
sawarmom ar unda moaxdinos gasauqmebeli grZelvadiani aqtivis<br />
klasificireba, rogorc gasayidad gamiznuli. gamoyenebidan<br />
droebiT amoRebuli grZelvadiani aqtivi ar unda aRiricxos<br />
rogorc gauqmebuli.<br />
sawarmo aRiarebs aqtivis (an salikvidacio jgufis) gaufasurebis<br />
zarals yoveli Tavdapirveli an Semdgomi Camoweris<br />
dros realur Rirebulebas gamoklebul gayidvis danaxarjebamde.<br />
realuri Rirebulebis zrdis SemTxvevaSi sawarmom<br />
unda aRiaros Semosuloba ara umetes jamuri gaufasurebis<br />
22 23
zaralisa,romelic ukve aRiarebuli iyo an am standartis an<br />
bass 36 – is mixedviT.<br />
sawarmo cveTas ar daaricxavs grZlvadian aqtivebs, sanam igi<br />
klasificirebulia, rogorc gasayidad gamiznuli. xolo, procentisa<br />
da sxva xarjebis aRiareba unda gagrZeldes.<br />
sawarmom gasayidad gamiznuli klasificirebuli grZelvadiani<br />
aqtivi an salikvidacio jgufi balansSi unda waradginos<br />
sxva aqtivebisagan gancalkavebulad.<br />
standartis mixedviT Sewyvetili operacia aris sawarmos<br />
komponenti, romelic gaiyida an klasificirebulia rogorc<br />
gasayidad gamiznuli da warmoadgens sawarmos gancalkavebul<br />
ZiriTad saqmian areals an aris gayidvis mizniT SeZenili Svilobili<br />
kompania.<br />
gamoyenebis Rirebuleba aris momavali filadi nakadebis<br />
mimdinare diskontirebuli Rirebuleba, romlis warmoqmna mosalodnelia<br />
aqtivis uwyveti gamoyenebidan da misi sasargeblo<br />
momsaxurebis vadis dasrlebisas gayidvidan.<br />
standarts Tan erTvis danarTi da daskvnebis safuZvlebi.<br />
bass 1 _ finansuri angariSgebis wardgena _ gansazRvravs<br />
firmebis saerTo daniSnulebis finansuri angariSgebis wardgenis<br />
ZiriTad safuZvlebs, rac uzrunvelyofs rogorc calkeuli<br />
sawarmos wina wlebis finansuri angariSgebis , aseve sxvadasxva<br />
sawarmoTa finansuri angariSgebis Sesadarisobas.. am mizmiT<br />
standarTSi ganxilulia meToduri miTiTebebi finansuri angariSgebis<br />
struqturisa da Sinaarsis minimaluri moTxovnebis<br />
Sesaxeb.<br />
finansuri angariSgeba aris sawarmos finansuri mdgomareobis<br />
da misi saqmianobis finansuri Sedegebis struqturulad<br />
Camoyalibebuli suraTi.<br />
standarti gansazRvravs finansuri angariSgebis Semadgenlebs<br />
anu komponentebs, elemnetebsa da xarisxobriv maxasiaTeblebs<br />
raTa igi iyos saimedo da am informaciis gare momxmarbelebs<br />
daexmaron swori gadawyvetilebebis miRebaSi: daamyeron<br />
Tu ara saqmiani urTierToba erTmaneTTan.<br />
finansuri angariSgebis komponentebia:<br />
• buRaltruli balansi;<br />
• mogebazaralis angriSgeba;<br />
• fuladi nakadebis angariSgeba;<br />
• angariSgeba sakuTar kapitalSi cvlilebebis Sesaxeb;<br />
• ganmartebiTi SeniSvnebi.<br />
finansuri angariSgebis elementebi: aqtivebi, sakuTari<br />
kapitali, valdebulebebi, Semosavlebi da xarjebi. CamoTvlili<br />
agregireuli maCveneblebi isea angariSgebaSi gadmocemuli, rom<br />
maT safuZvleze Catarebuli analiziT SeiZleba informaciis<br />
momxmarebelma gaakeTos daskvna mocemuli sawarmos gadaxdisunarianobisa<br />
da momgebianobis Sesaxeb.<br />
vinaidan finansuri angariSgeba upirvelesad gare momxmareblebisaTvis<br />
aris gamiznuli, igi garkveul saerTo moTxovnebs<br />
unda akmayofilebdes, raTa informaciis momxmareblebma swori<br />
gadawyvetilebebi miiRon. amitom, standarti gansazRvravs<br />
aucilebel xarisxobriv maxasiaTeblebs, romelic yvela sawarmom<br />
unda daicvas. esenia; aRqmadoba, Sesabamisoba (arsebiToba),<br />
Sesadarisoba da saimedooba (sruli, obieqturi, windaxeduli,<br />
neitrauri, drouli, SinaarsiT formaze aRmatebuli).<br />
standartSi aRniSnulia, rom finansuri angariSgebis momzadebis<br />
dros sawarmoebi unda daeyrdnon or ZiriTad daSvebas:<br />
daricxvis princips da warmoebis uwyvetobis princips.<br />
daricxvis meTodiT, aqtivebis, valdebulebebis, Semosavlerbisa<br />
da xarjebis aRiareba xdeba maSin, roca isini daakmayofileben<br />
struqturul safuZvlebSi mocemul ganmartebebsa da<br />
aRiarebis kriteriumebs.<br />
warmoebis uwyvetobis anu funqcionirebadi sawarmos<br />
principi moiTxovs, rom finansuri angariSgebis momzadebis<br />
procesSi sawarmos xelmZRvanelobam unda Seafasos, aqvs Tu ara<br />
sawarmos saqmianobis gagrZelebis unari.<br />
standarti gansazRvrav, rom buRaltrul balansSi aqtivebi<br />
warmodgenil unda iqnas mimdinare da grZelvadiani aqtivebis<br />
saxiT.<br />
finansur angariSgebaSi yvela arsebiTi muxli wardgenili<br />
unda iqnes gancalkavebulad. araarsebiTi muxlebi unda gaer-<br />
Tiandes funqciuri daniSnulebis an ekonomikuri Sinaarsis<br />
mixedviT da saWiro araa maTi calkcalke wardgena.<br />
balansSi agreTve calke unda iqnes wardgenili gasayidad gamiznulida<br />
salikvidacio jgufebSi CarTuli aqtivebis Rirebuleba<br />
fass 5 –is moTxovnebis Sesabamisad.<br />
mogebazaralis angariSgebaSi CarTuli unda iyos amave periodis<br />
Semosavlebisa da xarjebis yvela muxli, Tu romelime<br />
standartiT an interpretaciiT sxva ram ar moiTxoveba. agreTve<br />
asaxuli unda iqnas umciresobis wilze misakuTvnebeli mogeba<br />
an zarali da saTao sawarmos mflobelebze gasanawilebeli mo-<br />
24 25
geba an zarali.<br />
agreTve, gansakuTrebuli Semosavlis an xarjis saxiT ar unda<br />
iyos wardgenili muxlebi.<br />
aseTi moTxovna axal cvlilebebamde ar arsebobda. Cven ar<br />
migvaCnia marTebulad es cvlileba, radgan gansakuTrebul<br />
xarjebSi zogjer SieZleba didi odenobis jarimis xarjebic<br />
iyos, rac informaciis momxmareblisaTvis sainteresos warmoadgens.<br />
standartiT, sawarmom xarjebis klasifikacia unda moaxdinos<br />
maTi funqciuri daniSnulebis an ekonomikuri Sinaarsis<br />
mixedviT. warmoebis seqtoris sawarmoebma ( mrewveloba, soflis<br />
meurneoba, mSenebloba)unda gamoiyenon ekonomikri elementebis<br />
mixedviT xarjebis dajgufeba. momsaxurebis sferos sawarmoebma<br />
ki SeiZleba xarjebi daajgufon maTi funqciuri daniSnulebis<br />
mixedviT. Tu samrewvelo tipis sawarmoebi airCeven<br />
mogebazaralis angariSgebis wardgenas danaxarjTa funqciuri<br />
daniSnulebis meTodis safuZvelze, maSin ganmartebiT SeniSvnebSi<br />
unda gaxsnan informacia danaxarjTa elementebis ( masalis<br />
xarji, SromiTi xarji, cveTis xarji) Sesaxeb.<br />
angariSgeba sakuTar kapitalSi cvlilebebis Sesaxeb _<br />
unda Seicavdes Semdegi saxis informacias:saaqcio kaitalis<br />
sawyisi naSTi, rezervebi, gaunawilebeli mogeba, fuladi nakadebis<br />
hejireba, aqciebis gamoSveba, ukan gamosyiduli saku-<br />
Tari aqciebi, ucxouri qvedanayofis gadaangariSebiT warmoSobili<br />
sakurso sxvaobebi, sakuTar kapitalSi aRiarebuli wminda<br />
mogeba, dividendebi da saaqcio kapitalis saboloo naSTi.<br />
angariSgeba fuladi nakadebis Sesaxeb ganxilulia meSvide<br />
standartSi.<br />
finansuri angariSgebis ganmartebiT SeniSvnebSi sawarmom<br />
unda asaxos Semdegi informacia:<br />
• finansuri angariSgebis momzadebisaTvis arCeuli saaRricxvo<br />
politika;<br />
• fass-is moTxovnebiT gaTvaliswinebuli ganmartebiTi informacia,<br />
romelic uSualod ar aris wardgenili finansur angariSgebaSi;<br />
• damatebiTi informacia, romelic asaxuli ar aris uSualod<br />
finansur angariSgebaSi, magram aucilebelia sawarmos Sesaxeb<br />
informaciis samarTliani wardgenisaTvis.<br />
bass 2 _ sasaqonlomaterialuri faseulobebi _ adgens<br />
sasaqonlo materialuri faseulobebis aRricxvis wess. erTer-<br />
Ti mniSvnelovani sakiTxia materialuri maragebis TviTRirebulebis<br />
gansazRvra. sasaqonlo materialuri faseulobebi rogorc<br />
aqtivi, aRiricxeba manam, sanam cnobili ar gaxdeba masTan<br />
dakavSirebuli Semosavlebis miReba. standartSi aRwerilia sasaqonlomaterialuri<br />
faseulobebis TviTRirebulebis gansaz-<br />
Rvrisa da misi, Semdgom xarjebad aRiarebis, agreTve neto<br />
sarealizacio Rirebulebamde Camoweris praqtikuli rekomendaciebi.<br />
standartSi mocemulia agreTve sasaqonlo materialuri<br />
faseulobebis TviTRirebulebis gansazRvris wesebi.<br />
standarti Seexeba yvela saxis sasaqonlomaterilaur faseulobebis<br />
aRricxvis sakiTxebs, garda daumTavrebeli mSeneblobisa,<br />
finansuri instrumentebisa da soflis meurneobis<br />
produqciasTan dakavSirebuli biologiuri aqtivebisa.<br />
bass 7 _ fuladi nakadebis angariSgeba _ mzaddeba sakaso<br />
prinipis safuZvelze. masSi fuladi nakadebi dajgufebulia<br />
saoperacio, sainvesticio da safinanso saqmianobis Sesabamisad.<br />
fuladi nakadebi niSnavs sawarnoSi fuladi saxsrebisa da<br />
maTi ekvivalentebis Semosvlasa da gasvlas.<br />
fulad saxsrebSi igulisxmeba naRdi fuli da depozitebi<br />
moTxovnamde.<br />
fuladi saxsrebis ekvivalentebi aris moklevadiani, maRallikviduri<br />
investiciebi, romlebic daubrkoleblad gadaicvleba<br />
naRdi fulis winaswar cnobil odenobaze da maTi Rirebulebis<br />
Secvlis riski umniSvneloa.<br />
saoperacio saqmianoba aris sawamos ZiriTadi<br />
(maprofilebeli)da masTan dakavSirebuli saqmianoba, rogoricaa:<br />
• saqonlis gayidvidan da momsaxurebis gawevidan miRebuli<br />
fuladi saxsrebi;<br />
• roialtebidan, honorarebiddan, sakomisio gadasaxdelebidan<br />
sxva Semosavlebidan miRebuli fuladi saxsrebi;<br />
• saqonlisa da momsaxurebis momwodeblebisaTvis gadaxdili<br />
fuladi saxsrebi;<br />
• TanamSromlebisaTvis da maTi saxeliT gadaxdili fuladi<br />
saxsrebi;<br />
• sadazRvevo sawarmoebisaTvis sadazRvevo premiebiTa da<br />
pretenziebiT, anuitetebiTa da sxva sadazRvevo daxmarebebiT<br />
miRebuli da gadaxdili fuladi saxsrebi;<br />
• mogebis gadasaxadze gadaxdili fuladi saxsrebi;<br />
26 27
• komerciuli garigebebisa da savaWro mizniT dadebuli kontraqtebiT<br />
miRebuli da gadaxdili fuladi saxsrebi (1.628).<br />
sainvesticio saqmianoba aris grZelvadiani aqtivebis da im<br />
sxva investiciaTa SeZena da realizacia, romelsac ar moicavs<br />
fuladi saxsrebis ekvivalentebi. rogoricaa:<br />
• ZiriTadi saSulebebis, aramaterialuri da sva aramaterialuri<br />
aqtivebis SesaZenad gadaxdili fuladi saxsrebi. masSi Sedis<br />
agreTve samecnierokvleviT samuSaoebze gaweuli kapitalizebuli<br />
danaxarjebi da sakuTari warmoebis ZiriTadi saSualebebi;<br />
• zedmeti ZiriTadi saSualebebis, aramaterialuri aqtivebisa<br />
da sxva grZelvadiani aqtivebis realizaciidan miRebuli fuladi<br />
saxsrebi;<br />
• sxva sawarmoebis sakuTari kapitalis an sasesxo instrumentebisda<br />
erToblivi saqmianobis wilis SesaZenad gadaxdili<br />
fuladi saxsrebi (im miRebebis garda, rodesac amgavari instrumentebi<br />
iTvleba fuladi saxsrebis ekvivalentebad an SeZenili<br />
iyo komerciuli garigebisa da savaWro mizniT);<br />
• sxva pirebze avansad da sesxad gacemuli da maT dasafarad<br />
miRebuli fuladi saxsrebi (garda safinanso dawesebulebebis<br />
mier gacemebisa);<br />
• fiuCersuli, forvarduli, saopcio da svoplontraqtebiT<br />
gadaxdili da miRebuli fuladi saxsrebi, im SemTxvevebis garda,<br />
rodesac kontraqtebi SeZenilia komerciuli garigebebis da<br />
savaWro mizniT an angariSsworeba klasificirebulia rogorc<br />
safinanso saqmianoba;<br />
safinanso saqmianoba aris iseTi saqmianoba, romlis Sedegad<br />
raodenobrivad da struqturulad icvleba sawarmos sakuTari<br />
kapitali da nasesxebi saSualebebi. esenia:<br />
• aqciebis da sakuTari kapitalis sxva instrumentebis gamoSvebis<br />
Sedegad miRebuli fuladi saxsrebi;<br />
• mesakuTreTaTvis aqtivebis SeZenisan gamosyidvis mizniT<br />
gadaxdili fuladi saxsrebi;<br />
• savalo fasiani qaRaldebis, sesxebis, Tamasuqebis, obligaciebis,<br />
giraoebisa da sxva moklevadiani an grZelvadiani sesxebis<br />
gamoSvebis Sedegad miRebuli fuladi saxsrebi;<br />
• sesxebis dasafaravad gadaxdili fuladi saxsrebi;<br />
• moijaris mier finansuri ijaris valdebulebebis Sesamcireblad<br />
gadaxdili fuladi saxsrebi.<br />
saoperacio saqmianobasTan dakavSirebuli fuladi nakadebi<br />
sawarmom SeiZleba waradginos pidapiri an arapiradapiri meTo-<br />
diT.<br />
pirdapiri meTodiT asaxulia fuladi saxsrebis Semosuloba<br />
da gasvla fuladi nakadebis ZiriTadi kategoriebis mixedviT.<br />
arapirdapiri meTodiT xdeba dasabegri mogebis koreqtireba<br />
arafuladi operaciebis SedegebiT, warsuli an momavali periodis<br />
saoperacio Semosavlebisa da gadaxdebis gadavadebis an<br />
daricxvis gaTvaliswinebiT. agreTve, im Semosavlebisa da xarjebis<br />
gaTvaliswinebiT, romlebic dakavSirebulia sainvesticio<br />
an safinanso saqmianobis fulad nakadebTan.<br />
standarti rekomendacias iZleva, fuladi nakadebis angariSgeba<br />
momzaddes pirdapiri meTodiT, radgan igi iZleva srul<br />
informacias fuladi nakadebis Sesafaseblad, vidre arapirdapiri<br />
meTodi.<br />
bass 8 _ saaRricxvo politika, cvlilebebi saaRricxvo<br />
SefasebebSi da Secdomebi _ gansazRvravs saaRricxvo politikis<br />
SerCevisa da misi Secvlis, agreTve Secdomebis gasworebis<br />
kriteriumebs.<br />
saaRricxvo politika aris garkveuli principebis, safuZvlebis,<br />
daSvebebis, wesebisa da praqtikuli meTodebis erToblioba,<br />
romlebic gamoiyeneba sawarmos finansuri angariSgebis<br />
momzadebisa da wardgenis dros.<br />
cvlilebebi saaRricxvo SefasebaSi aris Sesworeba aqtivis<br />
an valdebulebebis sabalanso RirebulebaSi. iseTi cvlilebebi<br />
SefasebaSi, romelic gamowveulia axali informaciiT an axali<br />
ganviTarebiT, ar warmoadgens Secdomebis gasworebas.<br />
wina periodis Secdomebi aris sawarmos finansur<br />
angariSgebaSi daSvebuli uzustoba an elementebis<br />
gamotoveba,warmoqmnili erTi an ramdenime periodis win imis<br />
gamo, rom ver iqna an arasworad iqna gamoyenebuli informacia.<br />
es Secdomebi moicavs maTematikuri Secdomebis Sedegebs,<br />
faqtebis uyuradRebod datovebis an araswori interpretaciebis<br />
da TaRliTobis SemTxvevebs.<br />
cvlilebebi da Secdomebi SeiZleba aisaxos reqtrospeqtulad<br />
an perspeqtiulad.<br />
retrospeqtulad gamoyeneba aris axali saaRricxvo politikis<br />
imgvari gamoyeneba operaciebis, sxva movlenebisa pirobebis<br />
mimarT, TiTqos es politika yovelTvos gamoiyeneboda.<br />
aseve gadaangariSebebi ise unda moxdes, TiTqos Secdomebi wina<br />
periodSi arasodes daSvebula.<br />
perspeqtiulad cvlilebebis aRiareba warmoadgens axali<br />
28 29
saaRricxvo politikis gamoyenebas im TariRis Semdeg, roca saa-<br />
Rricxvo politika Seicvala.<br />
sawarmos cvlileba saaRricxvo politikaSi mxolod im Sem-<br />
TxvevaSi SeuZlia, Tu igi moiTxoveba standartis an interpretaciebis<br />
mier da uzrunvelyofs angariSgebaSi ufro saimedo da<br />
Sesabamisi informaciis wardgenas.<br />
cvlilebebi saaRricxvo politikaSi unda aisaxos retrospeqtulad<br />
Sesabamisi aqtivebis, valdebulebebis da sakuTari<br />
kapitalis sabalanso RirebulebisaTvis, yvelaze adreuli periodisaTvis,<br />
roca cvlilebis gakeTeba praqtikulad SesaZlebelia.<br />
saaRricxvo SefasebaSi momxadari cvlilebis Sedegi aisaxeba<br />
im periodis mogebazaralSi, roca cvlileba moxda da Semdgom<br />
periodebSi, Tu igi momaval periodebze axdens gavlenas.<br />
saaRricxvo politikaSi momxadari cvlilebebis perspeqtiuli<br />
aRiareba niSnavs rom cvlileba exeba Semdgomi periodis movlenebs.<br />
xolo SefasebaSi cvlilebebi SeiZleba Seexos mimdinare<br />
wlisa da momavali periodis mogebazarals.<br />
mimdinare periodis Secdomebi manam unda Seswordes, sanam<br />
moxdeba finansuri angariSgebis wardgenisaTvis damtkiceba. Tu<br />
Secdomebi momaval saangariSgebo wels gamovlinda, maSin sawarmom<br />
gamovlenili Sedomebi retrospeqtulad unda Seasworos<br />
pirvelive SesaZlo angariSgebaSi. es SeiZleba ganxorcieldes<br />
Semdegi gzebiT:<br />
1. angariSgebis ganmeorebiT wardgena, romelSic Secdoma<br />
iqna daSvebuli;<br />
2. adreuli saangariSgebo periodis aqtivebis, valdebulebebisa<br />
da sakuTari kapitalis sawyisi naSTebis ganmeorebiTi<br />
wardgena.<br />
wina saangariSgebo periodis Secdoma unda Seswordes retrospeqtulad<br />
gadaangariSebis gziT, garda im SemTxvevisa,<br />
rodesac praqtikulad SeuZlebelia konkretuli periodisaTvis<br />
mikuTvnebuli gavlenis gansazRvra an Secdomis agregirebuli<br />
gavlenis dadgena. am ukanasknelis SemTxvevaSi sawarmom<br />
aqtivebi, valdebulbebi da sakuTari kapitalis sawyisi naSTebi<br />
unda gadaiangariSos pirvelive saangariSgebo periodisaTvis,<br />
romlisTvisac praqtikulad SesaZlebelia gadaangariSeba (es<br />
SeiZleba iyos mimdinare saangariSgebo periodic).<br />
saaRricxvo politikaSi cvlilebebis retrospeqtuli gamoyenebis<br />
Sedegad miRebuli koreqtirebis Tanxa dauSvebelia Cair-<br />
Tos mimdinare peridos mogeba-zaralSi.<br />
bass10 _ balansis Sedgenis TariRis Semdegi movlenebi _<br />
gansazRvravs rodis unda moaxdinos sawarmom Tavisi finansuri<br />
angariSgebis koreqtireba balansis Sedgenis TariRis Semdeg<br />
momxdari movlenebis gamo.<br />
balansis Sedgenis TariRis Semdegi movlenebi aris xelsayreli<br />
an araxelsayreli movlenebi romlebic xdeba balansis Sedgenis<br />
TariRis Semdeg im TariRamde rodesac nebadarTulia finansuri<br />
angariSgebis wardgena.<br />
sawarmom unda moaxdinos finansur angariSgebaSi aRiarebuli<br />
Tanxebis koreqtireba balansis Sedgenis TariRis Semdeg momxdari<br />
makoreqtirebeli movlenebis asaxvis mizniT.<br />
makoreqtirebeli movlena SeiZleba iyos balansis Sedgenis<br />
TariRis Semdeg sasamarTlo davis gadawyveta, informaciis miReba<br />
romelic miuTiTebs, rom aqtivi gaufasurebuli iyo balansis<br />
Sedgenis TariRisaTvis, klientis gakotreba, balansis Sedgenis<br />
TariRamde SeZenili aqtivebis TviTRirebulebis gansazRvra balansis<br />
Sedgenis TariRis Semdeg, mogebis ganawileba an sapremio<br />
gadaxdebis sididis gansazRvra balansis Sedgenis TariRis Semdeg,<br />
TaRliTobis an Secdomebis aRmoCena romelic adasturebs,<br />
rom finansuri angariSgeba arakoreqtuli iyo.<br />
aramakoreqtirebeli movlenebia: investiciebis sabazro<br />
Rirebulebis dacema balansis Sedgenis TariRis Semdeg, gaer-<br />
Tianebidan Svilobili sawarmos gasvla, aqtivebis eqpropriacia<br />
saxelmwifos mier, xanZris mier mowyobilobebis ganadgureba,<br />
didi cvlilebebi aqtivebis fasebSi an savaluto kursebSi, mniSvnelovani<br />
valdebulebebis an pirobiTi valdebulebebis aReba,<br />
cvlilebebi sagadasaxado ganakveTebSi, miSvnelovani sasamarTlo<br />
davis dawyeba.Tu es movlenebi imdenad arsebiTi aRmoCnda,<br />
rom gavlenas moaxdens finansuri angariSgebis momxmareblebis<br />
gadawyvetilebebze. maSin am movlenebis buneba axsnili unda iqnas<br />
ganmartebiT SeniSvnebSi.<br />
bass 11 _ samSeneblo kontraqtebi _ gamoiyeneba samSeneblo<br />
kontraqtebTan dakavSirebuli samuSaoebis menarde_ kontraqtoris<br />
finansur angariSgebaSi aRricxvisaTvis. standarti<br />
gansazRvravs kontraqtebTan dakavSirebuli amonagebisa da<br />
danaxarjebis aRricxvis wess. samSeneblo kontraqtebiT gaTvaliswinebuli<br />
samuSaoebis buneba iseTia, rom rogorc wesi<br />
maTi dawyebisa da damTavrebis TariRebi erTmaneTisagan TveebiTa<br />
da wlebiT arian daSorebuli. aqedan gamomdinare, samSene-<br />
30 31
lo samuSaoebis aRricxvis mTavari sakiTxia am samuSaoebidan<br />
miRebuli amonagebisa da gaweuli danaxarjebis ganawileba im<br />
periodebze, romelTa ganmavlobaSi xorcieldeba mSenebloba.<br />
mocemul standarts safuZvlad udevs finansuri angariSgebis<br />
momzadebisa da wardgenis struqturul safuZvlebSi mocemuli<br />
moTxovnebi.<br />
standartis miznebidan gamomdinare samSeneblo kontraqtebi<br />
moicavs:<br />
a. kontraqtebs romlebic gulisxmobs aqtivis mSeneblobas-<br />
Tan pirdapir dakavSirebul momsaxurebas, mag: arqiteqtorebisa<br />
da proeqtebis menejerebis momsaxurebas;<br />
b. kontraqtebs aqtivebis demontaJisa da restavraciis Sesaxeb,<br />
agreTve aqtivebis ganadgurebisa da axlis Sedegad dazaralebuli<br />
garemos aRdgenaze.<br />
samSeneblo kontraqti SesaZloa gulisxmobdes erTi romelime<br />
saxis aqtivis Seqmnas, rogoricaa: Senoba, xidi, gza, jebiri,<br />
milsadeni, gvirabi, gemi.<br />
Tu SesaZlebelia samSeneblo kontraqtebis saimedod Sefaseba,<br />
samSeneblo kontraqtebTan dakavSirebuli amonagebi da danaxarjebi<br />
aRiarebuli unda iqnas balansis Sedgenis TariRisaTvis,<br />
sakontraqto samuSaoebis Sesrulebis stadiis mixedviT.<br />
Tu mosalodnelia, rom saerTo sakontraqto danaxarjebi<br />
gadaaWarbebs saerTo amonagebs, mosalodneli zarali dauyovnebliv<br />
unda aRiardes xarjis saxiT.<br />
yoveli saangariSgebo periodis bolos aRiarebuli unda iqnas<br />
sakontraqto amonagebi, danaxarjebi da Sualeduri mogeba<br />
procentuli Sesrulebis meTodis mixedviT, romelic unda<br />
aisaxos mogeba zaralis angariSgebaSi.<br />
finansuri angariSgebis ganmartebiT SeniSvnebSi aisaxeba<br />
Semdegi informacia: daumTavrebeli kontraqtebis Sesrulebis<br />
stadia, mocemuli droisaTvis gaweuli mTliani Tanxa, aRiarebuli<br />
mogebis Tanxebi, miRebuli avansebi da SeCerebuli Tanxebi.<br />
bass12_mogebidan gadasaxadebi _moiTxovs rom sawarmom<br />
sameurneo operaciebisa da sxva movlenebis sagadasaxado dabegvris<br />
Sedegebi iseve unda asaxos rogorc TviT sameurneo<br />
operaciebi. amgvarad, rogorc ki romelime sameurneo operacia<br />
asaxuli iqneba mogeba_zaralis angariSgebaSi, maSinve unda<br />
moxdes Sesabamisi sagadasaxado dabegvris Sedegebis aRiareba<br />
mogeba-zaralSi.<br />
mogebidan gadasaxadebSi igulisxmeba yvela adgilobrivi Tu<br />
ucxouri gadasaxadebi romlebic gamoiTvleba sagadasaxado<br />
mogebis safuZvelze. mogebidan gadasaxadebi moicavs agreTve<br />
iseTi tipis gadasaxadebs rogoricaa Svilobili da mekavSire<br />
sawarmoebisagan dakavebuli gadasaxadebi.<br />
saaRricxvo mogeba aris saanariSgebo periodis wminda mogebis<br />
an zaralis Tanxa sagadasaxado xarjis gamoqviTvamde.<br />
sagadasaxado mogeba aris Sesabamisi sagadasaxado kanonmdeblobis<br />
wesebiT gansazRvruli saangariSgebo periodis mogeba<br />
(zarali) , romlis mixedviTac xdeba gadasaxadis gadaxda (an dabruneba).<br />
gadvadebuli sagadasaxado valdebuleba aris dasabegri<br />
droebiTi sxvaobiT gamowveuli, momaval saangariSgebo periodebSi<br />
gadasaxdeli mogebidan gadasaxadis Tanxa.<br />
gadavadebuli sagadasaxado aqtivebi aris mogebidan gadasaxadebis<br />
Tanxa romelic unda aRdges momaval saangariSebo<br />
periodSi.<br />
droebiT sxvaobas uwodeben balansSi wardgenili aqtivis an<br />
valdebulebis sabalanso Rirebulebasa da mis sagadasaxado bazas<br />
Soris gansxvavebis Tanxas.<br />
droebiTi sxvaoba SiZleba iyos dasabegri an gamosaqviTi.<br />
dasabegri droebiTi sxvaoba unda daematos momaval saangariSgebo<br />
periodebSi sagadasaxado mogebis (an sagadasaxado<br />
zaralis) Tanxas, rodesac aqtivis an valdebulebis sabalanso<br />
Rirebulebis amoReba an da dafarva moxdeba.<br />
gamosaqviTi droebiTi sxvaoba, romelic momaval saangariSgebo<br />
periodSi unda gamoiqviTos sagadasaxado mogebis (sagadasaxado<br />
zaralis) Tanxidan, rodesac aqtivis an valdebulebis<br />
sabalanso Rirebulebis amoReba an dafarva moxdeba.<br />
aqtivis an valdebuleis sagadasaxado bazas uwodeben im<br />
Tanxas, romelic gamoiyeneba mocemuli aqtivis an valdebulebis<br />
sagadasaxadi miznebisaTvis.<br />
sagadasaxado xarji (sagadasaxado Semosavali) Sedgeba mimdinare<br />
sagadasaxado xarjisa (mimdinare sagadasaxado Semosavlisa)<br />
da gadavadebuli sagadasaxado xarjisagan (gadavadebuli<br />
sagadasaxado Semosavlisagan).<br />
aqtivis sagadasaxado baza aris is Tanxa, romelic sagadasaxado<br />
miznebisaTvis gamoiqviTeba dasabegri ekonomiuri<br />
sargeblidan da sawarmo miiRebs am aqtivis sabalanso Rirebulebis<br />
dabrunebis Semdeg. Tu aRniSnuli ekonomiuri sargebeli<br />
ar iqneba dasabegri, maSin aqtivis sagadasaxado baza misi<br />
32 33
sabalanso Rirebulebis tolia.<br />
Tavdapirvelad sawarmos moeTxoveboda gadavadebuli gadasaxadis<br />
aRricxva, gadavadebuli meTodis an valdebulebis<br />
meTodis mixedviT, romelic zogjer cnobilia mogebis an zaralis<br />
valdebulebis saxelwodebiT. gadasinjuli bass 12 – iT<br />
ikrZaleba gadavadebis meTodis gamoyeneba da moiTxoveba valdebulebis<br />
sxva meTodis gamoyeneba, romelsac balansis valdebulebis<br />
meTods uwodeben.<br />
mogebisa da zaralis angariSgebis valdebulebis meTodi<br />
fokusirebulia droiT sxvaobebze, xolo balansis valdebulebebi<br />
_droebiT sxvaobebze. droiTi sxvaoba aris dasabegr mogebasa<br />
da buRaltrul mogebas Soris sxvaoba, romelic warmoiSva<br />
erT periodSi da romlis ukugatareba xdeba Semdgom periodSi.<br />
droebiTi sxvaoba ki warmoadgens balansSi wardgenili aqtivis<br />
an valdebulebis sagadasaxado bazasa da mis sabalanso Rirebulebas<br />
Soris sxvaobas.<br />
vfiqrobT, seriozul gamartivebas moiTxovs mogebis gadasaxadis<br />
aRricxvis meTodika. aucileblobas ar unda warmoadgendes<br />
sagadsaxado da saarricxvo mogebis maCveneblebs<br />
Soris warmoqmnili gadaxris dayofa gamosaqviT da dasabegr<br />
sxvaobebad. aseTi modgomebi praqtikosebs xels uSlis aRricxvis<br />
mowesrigebasa da gamartivebaSi.<br />
Cverni azriT, mogebis gadasaxadis operaciebis aRricxvis<br />
meTodika SeiZleba Semdegnairad moewyos:<br />
davuSvaT, firmis saaRricxvo mogeba anu mogeba saaRricxvo<br />
standartebiT aRricxvis Sedegad 5 000 laria, xolo,<br />
sagadasaxado mogeba anu mogeba sagadasaxado kodeqsis<br />
moTxovnebis gaTvaliswinebiT 4 000 lari aRmoCnda.<br />
mocemul SemTxvevaSi, mogebis gadasaxadi saaRricxvo mogebidan<br />
750 lari (5 000is 15%), xolo , sagadasaxado mogebidan<br />
600 laria (4 000is 15%).<br />
gadasaxadis xarji aRiarebul unda iqnes saaRricxvo mogebidan,<br />
valdebuleba gadasaxadze _ sagadasaxado mogebidan:<br />
debeti _ saaRricxvo mogebis gadasaxadis xarji (9210) _ 750 lari<br />
krediti _ valdebulebamogebis gadasaxadze ( 3310) _ 600 lari<br />
krediti _ gadavadebuli sgadasaxado valdebuleba (4210) _150 lari<br />
Tuki, sagadasaxado mogeba iqneboda 6 000 lari, maSin:<br />
6 000is 15% = 900 lari.<br />
debeti _ saaRricxvo mogebis gadasaxadis xarji (9210) _ 750 lari<br />
debeti _ gadavadebuli sagdasaxado aqtivi (2340) _ 150 lari<br />
krditi _ valdebuleba mogebis gadasaxadze (3310) _ 900 lari<br />
momdevno wels, saaaRricxvo mogeba Tu iqneba 7 000 lari da<br />
sagadasaxado mogeba 7600 lari, maSin, Sedgeba Semdegi gatarebebi:<br />
debeti _ saaRricxvo mogebis gadasaxadis xarji (9210) _ 1 050 lari<br />
debeti _ gadavadebuli sagadasaxado aqtivi (2340) _ 90 lari<br />
krediti _ valdebuleba mogebis gadasaxadze (3310) _ 1 140 lari<br />
imavdroulad, radgan wina wels gadavadebuli valdebuleba<br />
iyo, romelic aRemateba mimdinare wlis gadavadebul<br />
aqtivs, Camoiwereba:<br />
debeti _ gadavadebuli sagadasaxado valdebuleba (4210) _ 90 lari<br />
krediti _ gadavadebuli sgadasaxado aqtivi (2340) _ 90 lari<br />
ase gagrZeldeba yovelwliurad. Cveni azriT, mogebis gadasaxadis<br />
aseTi meTodika ufro martivia da amasTan, gavlenas<br />
ar axdens biujetSi gadasaxdeli mogebis gadasaxadis sidideze.<br />
bass 14 _ angariSgebis wardgena segmentebis mixedviT<br />
_ Seexeba im sawarmoebs, romlebic awarmoeben produqcias da<br />
funqcionireben im geografiul areebSi, sadac arsebobs momgebianobis,<br />
ganviTarebis, perspeqtivebis gansxvavebuli SesaZleblobebi<br />
da riskebi. amitom, maT unda waradginon angariSgeba<br />
segmentebis mixedviT.<br />
standarti ganasxvavebs sameurneo da geografiul segmentebs.<br />
sameurneo segmenti aris sawarmos gansxvavebuli komponenti,<br />
romelic eweva sameurneo saqmianobas da aris riskebisa da<br />
Semosavlebis obieqti, romelic gansxvavdeba sxva sameurneo<br />
segmentis Semosavlisa da riskebisagan.<br />
geografiuli segmenti aris sawarmos gansxvavebuli komponenti,<br />
romelic awarmoebs produqcias an eweva momsaxurebas<br />
garkveul ekonomikur garemoSi da aris riskebisa da Semosavlebis<br />
obieqti, romelic gansxvavdeba sxva ekonomikur garemoSi<br />
moqmedi riskebisa da Semosavlebisagn.<br />
saangariSgebo segmenti aris sameurneo segmenti an geografiuli<br />
segmenti, romelic ganisazRvreba zemoT mocemuli<br />
ganmartebebis Sesabamisad da unda waradginos segmenturi informacia<br />
mocemuli standartis Sesabamisad. saangariSgebo segmentis<br />
mixedviT wardgenili unda iqnas finansuri angariSgebis<br />
sruli paketi.<br />
34 35
segmentis Semosavali aris iseTi Semosavali, romelic warmodgenilia<br />
sawarmos mogebisa da zaralis im angariSgebaSi, romelic<br />
uSualod da dasabuTebulad miekuTvneba segments.<br />
segmentis xarji aris iseTi xarji, romelic dakavSirebulia<br />
segmentis saoperacio saqmianobasTan da pirdapir miewereba mocemul<br />
segements da xarjis Sesabamisi nawili, romelic SeiZleba<br />
dasabuTebulad miekuTvnos mocemul segments.<br />
segmentebis mixedviT angariSgebis momzadebis dros sawarmo<br />
unda daeyrdnos danarCeni standartebis saerTo moTxovnebs.<br />
bass 16 _ ZiriTadi saSualebebi _ gansazRvravs ZiriTadi<br />
saSualebebis aRricxvis wess. es standarti ar gamoiyeneba: gasayidad<br />
gamiznuli ZiriTadi saSualebebis, sasoflosameureno<br />
warmoebasTan dakavSirebuli biologiuri aqtivebis, navTobis,<br />
bunebrivii gazis da amgvari arakvlavwarmoebadi resursebis<br />
mopoveba-gadamuSavebis SemTxvevebSi.<br />
standarti adgens ZiriTadi saSualebebis Sefasebis saxeebs.<br />
esenia: sabalanso Rirebuleba, cveTadi Rirebuleba, narCeni<br />
Rirebuleba, gaufasurebis zarali, aRdgeniTi Rirebuleba, gamoyenebis<br />
Rirebuleba.<br />
ZiriTadi saSualebebi aRiarebuli unda iqnes, Tu mosalodnelia<br />
rom momavalSi sawarmo misi gamoyenebis Sedegad miiRebs<br />
ekonomikur sargebels da SesaZlebelia misi saimedod Sefaseba.<br />
standartSi mocemu;lia ZiriTadi saSualebebis TviTRirebulebis<br />
komponentebi, cveTis aRricxvis meTodebi, aRiarebis<br />
Sewyvetis operaciebis, demontaJis, likvidaciis da aRdgenis<br />
danaxarjebis aRricxvis meTodika.<br />
Cveni azriT, gaufasurebaze ZiriTadi saSualebebis testirebis<br />
SemoReba, SeiZleba iTqvas, ayalbebs maTi Sefasebis<br />
sidides da praqtikasac arTulebs (14. 44-49).<br />
bass 17 _ ijara _ vrceldeba im xelSekrulebebze, romlebic<br />
iTvaliswinebs aqtivebis gamoyenebis uflebis gadacemas,<br />
miuxedavad imisa, rom amgvari aqtivebis eqsploataciisa da<br />
Senaxvisas SesaZloa saWiro gaxdes meijaris mier mniSvnelovani<br />
momsaxurebis gaweva. meore mxriv, winamdebare standarti ar<br />
exeba im xelSekrulebebs, romlebic warmoadgens momsaxurebis<br />
iseT kontraqtebs, romlebic ar iTvaliswineben aqtivebis gamoyenebis<br />
uflebis gadacemas xelSekrulebis monawile erTi mxaridan<br />
meoreze.<br />
standarti gamoyofs finansur da Cveulebriv ijaras.<br />
ijara klasificirdeba finansur ijarad, Tu igi iTval-<br />
iswinebs faqtobrivad aqtivisflobasTan dakavSirebuli yvela<br />
riskisa da ekonomikuri sargeblis gadacemas. xolo, ijara<br />
klasificirdeba Cveulebriv ijarad, Tu adgili ara aqvs yvela<br />
riskisa da sargebils gadacemas.<br />
moijarem ijaris vadis dasawyisisaTvis finansuri ijara Tavis<br />
balansSi unda aRiaros rogorc aqtivebi da valdebulebebi<br />
saijaro aqtivis realuri Rirebulebis toli TanxiT, Tu masze<br />
naklebia, minimaluri saijaro gadasaxdelebis diskontirebuli<br />
RirebulebiT, romelic gaangariSebulia ijaris dasawyisSi.<br />
diskontirebis ganakveTi ki iqneba saijaro xelSekrulebaSi nagulisxmevi<br />
saprocento ganakveTi, Tu misi dadgena SesaZlebelia.<br />
winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi gamoyenebuli unda iqnes moijaris<br />
zRvruli saprocento ganakveTi. moijaris nebismieri Tavdapirveli<br />
pirdapiri danaxarji daemateba aqtivis saxiT aRiarebul<br />
Tanxas.<br />
amasTan, minimaluri saijaro gadasaxdelebi unda ganawildes<br />
daricxuli finansuri xarjebisa da gadauxdeli valdebulebebis<br />
Semcirebis proporciulad . finansuri xarjebi ijaris<br />
mTliani vadis ganmavlobaSi, TiToeul saangariSgebo periodze<br />
ise unda ganawildes, rom warmoiqmnas mudmivi perioduli saprocento<br />
ganakveTi, yoveli periodis valdebulebebis naSTis<br />
mimarT. pirobiTi saijao gadasaxdelebi xarjad aRiricxeba<br />
im periodSi, rodesac iqna gaweuli. im politikis Sesabamisad,<br />
romelsc iyenebs sakuTari ZiriTadi saSualebebis mimarT.<br />
finansuri ijariT aRebul aqtivze mojare axdens cveTis<br />
daricxvas im politikiT, rasac iyenebs sakuTari ZiriTadi sa-<br />
Sualebebis mimarT. Cveulebrivi ijaris dros, saijaro gadasaxdelebi<br />
saijaro vadis ganmavlobaSi xarjad unda aRiardes<br />
wrfivi meTodis mixedviT.<br />
standarti agreTve gansazRvravs ukuijariT gayidvis operaciebis<br />
aRricxvis meTodikas. ukuijaris pirobiTY gayidvis<br />
operacia gulisxmobs aqtivis gayidvas da imave aqtivis ijaris<br />
gziT ukan dabrunebas. aseT SemTxvevaSi saijaro qira da aqtivis<br />
gasayidi fasi urTierTdamokidebulia. xolo operaciebis aRricxvis<br />
wesi damokidebulia ijaris saxeze.<br />
ukuijariT aqtivis gayidvis operacia Tu finansur ijaras<br />
warmoadgens, maSin gayidvidan amonagebis nameti mis sabalanso<br />
Rirebulebaze, aisaxeba gadavadebuli Semosavlebis saxiT da<br />
TandaTanobiT amortizdeba ijaris mTeli vadis ganmavlobaSi.<br />
xolo, ukuijariT aqtivis gayidva Tu Cveulebriv ijaras war-<br />
36 37
moadgens, maSin mogebisa da zaralis nebismieri Tanxa unda aRiardes<br />
dauyovnebliv.<br />
bass18 _ amonagebi _ gansazRvravs garkveuli tipis sameurneo<br />
operaciebisa da movlenebis Sedegad warmoSobili amonagebis<br />
aRricxvis reJims.<br />
amonagebi aris sawarmoSi Semosuli ekonomikuri sargeblis<br />
saerTo Tanxa, romelic miiReba sawarmos Cveulebrivi sameurneo<br />
saqmianobidan da gamoixateba sakuTari kapitalis zrdiT,<br />
mesakuTreTa mxridan damatebiTi investirebis gareSe.<br />
realuri Rirebuleba aris is Tanxa, romliTac aqtivi SeiZleba<br />
gaicvalos an valdebuleba daifaros daintersebul da saqmis<br />
mcodne mxareebs Soris `gaSlili xelis manZilis principiT~.<br />
saqonlis gayidvis Sedegad miRebuli amonagebis aRiareba<br />
xdeba maSin, rodesac dakmayofilebuli iqneba yvela qvemoT<br />
CamoTvlili piroba:<br />
• sawarmo myidvels gadascems saqonlis sakuTrebasTan dakavSirebul<br />
yvela mniSvnelovan sargebels da risks;<br />
• sawarmo ar inarCunebs uwyvet menejerul monawileobas im<br />
doniT, romelic Cveulebriv, asocirdeba sakuTrebis uflebas-<br />
Tan da arc gayidul saqonelze efeqtur kontrols ar axorcielebs;<br />
• SesaZlebelia amonagebis Tanxis saimedod gansazRvra;<br />
• mosalodnelia, rom mocemuli operaciidan sawarmo miiRebs<br />
ekonomikur sargebels;<br />
• SesaZlebelia mocemul operaciasTan dakavSirebuli yvela<br />
saxis xarjis saimedod gansazRvra.<br />
romelime sameurneo operaciasTan dakavSirebuli amonagebis<br />
sidide, rogorc wesi, ganisazRvreba sawarmosa da aqtivis myidvels<br />
an momxmarebels Soris saTanado garigebis safuZvelze.<br />
misi Sefaseba xdeba sawarmos mier miRebuli an misaRebi anazRaurebis<br />
realuri RirebulebiT, nebismieri sacalo da sabiTumo<br />
savaWro fasdaTmobis gaTvaliswinebiT.<br />
procentis aRiareba xdeba efeqturi saprocento meTodis<br />
gamoyeenebiT, romelsac iTvaliswinebs bass 39 _ me9 muxli.<br />
roialtebis aRiareba xdeba daricxvis meTodiT, Sesabamisi<br />
SeTanxmebis Sinaarsis mixedviT.<br />
dividendebis aRiareba xdeba maSin, rogorc ki ZalaSi Seva aqcioneris<br />
ufleba dividendebis miRebis Sesaxeb.<br />
standartSi agreTve mocemulia, rom sazRauri, romelic<br />
dairicxeba franSizis an sxva saxelSekrulebo momsaxurebis<br />
gagrZelebis Sesaxeb, xelSekrelebiT uzrunvelyofili<br />
uflebis gamoyenebisaTvis, amonagebis saxiT maSin unda aRiardes,<br />
rodesac ganxorcieldeba momsaxureba da gamoyenebuli<br />
iqneba es uflebebi.<br />
bass 19 _ daqiravebul momuSaveTa gasamrjeloebi _<br />
gansazRvravs damqiraveblis mier momuSaveTa gasamrjeloebis<br />
aRricxvisa da finansuri angariSgebis axsna ganmartebiT SeniSvnebSi<br />
maTi asaxvis wesebs (garda sapensio programebisa).<br />
mocemuli standartiT ganisazRvreba momuSaveTa gasamrjeloebis<br />
oTxi saxe:<br />
1. momuSaveTa moklevadiani gasamrjeloebi, magaliTad: xelfasebi,<br />
socialuri dacvis Senatanebi, fasiani wliuri Svebuleba<br />
da biuleteni, mogebaSi monawileoba da premiebi da arafuladi<br />
daxmarebebi (samedicino momsaxureba, biniTa da avtomanqaniT<br />
uzrunvelyofa da sxva).<br />
2. SromiTi saqmianobis Semdgomi periodis gasamrjeloebi,<br />
magliTad: pensiebi da sxva saxis sapensio daxmarebebi; sicocxlis<br />
dazRveva da samedicino momsaxureba muSaobis Semdgom periodSi.<br />
3. momuSaveTa sxva grZlevadiani gasamrjeloebi, maT Soris<br />
Svebuleba xangrZlivi muSaobis staJisaTvis an anazRaurebadi<br />
SemoqmedebiTi Svebuleba, saiubileo an sxva daxmarebebi xangrZlivi<br />
samsaxurisaTvis, grZlelvadiani daxmarebebi Sromis<br />
unaris dakargvisas, aseve mogebaSi monawileoba, premiebi da<br />
gadavadebuli kompesacia im SemTxvevaSi, Tu aRniSnuli gasamrjeloebi<br />
gaicema periodis damTavrebidan 12 Tvis Semdeg.<br />
4. SromiTi saqmianobis SewyvetasTan dakavSirebuli daxmarebebi.<br />
standartiT, sawarmos momuSaveTa moklevadiani gasamrjeloebis<br />
aRiareba maSin moeTxoveba, rodesac momuSave momsaxurebas<br />
gaswevs am gasamrjeloebis sanacvlod.<br />
standarti agreTve gansazRvravs, rom sawarmom unda aRricxos<br />
ara marto dadgenil gadasaxdeliani programis formaluri<br />
pirobebidan warmoSobili iuridiuli valdebulebebi,<br />
aramed sawarmos araoficialuri praqtikiT warmoSobili konstruqciuli<br />
valdebulebac. sawarmoSi damkvidrebuli araoficialuri<br />
praqtika warmoSobs konstruqciul valdebulebas<br />
im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac sawarmos ar gaaCnia sxva realuri alternativa,<br />
garda imisa, rom momuSaves gadauxados daxmareba.<br />
konstruqciuli valdebulebis magaliTia, rodesac sawarmos<br />
38 39
araformaluri praqtikis Secvla dauSvebel zians ayenebs mis<br />
urTierTobas momuSaveebTan.<br />
standarts Tan erTvis praqtikuli sailustracio magaliTebi<br />
momuSaveTa xelfasebis, daxmarebebis da premiebis gamoTvlebis<br />
Sesaxeb.<br />
bass 20 _ saxelmwifo grantebis buRaltruli aRricxva da<br />
saxelmwifo daxmarebis ganmartebiTi SeniSvnebi. _ ar exeba<br />
saxelmwifo grantebis finansur angariSgebaSi asaxvis specifikur<br />
problemebs; saxelmwifo daxmarebas, romelic sawarmos<br />
eZleva sxvadasxva privilegiis saxiT; saxelmwifos monawileobas<br />
sawarmos kapitalSi da saxelmwifo grantebs, romelebzec<br />
vrceldeba bass 41 _ `soflis meurneoba~.<br />
standartis gansazRvrebiT, saxelmwifo granti aris saxelmwifos<br />
mier gaweuli daxmareba sawarmosaTvis resursebis<br />
gadacemis saxiT, sawarmos sameurneo saqmianobasTan dakav-<br />
Sirebuli warsulSi Sesrulebuli an momavalSi Sesasrulebeli<br />
garkveuli pirobebis sanacvlod. aq ar igulisxmeba iseTi tipis<br />
saxelmwifo daxmarebebi, romelTa Rirebulebis dasabuTebuli<br />
gansazRvra SeuZlebelia, agreTve saxelmwifosTan dadebuli<br />
iseTi garigebebi, romlebic ar gansxvavdeba sawarmos Cveulebrivi<br />
komerciuli garigebebisagan.<br />
saxelmwifo grantis aRiareba ar xdeba manam, sanam sawarmos<br />
ar eqneba imis damajerebeli rwmuneba, rom daakmayofilebs<br />
grantis pirobebs da grants aucileblad miiRebs.<br />
arsebobs saxelmwifo grantebis aRiarebis ori midgoma:<br />
kapitalmeTodi da SemosavalmeTodi. kapitalmeTodis gamoyenebisas<br />
granti pirdapir aisaxeba sakuTar kapitalSi. SemosavalmeTodis<br />
dros granti aisaxeba Semosavlis saxiT, erTi an<br />
meti saangariSgebo periodis ganmavlobaSi.<br />
bass 21 _ ucxouri valutis kursis cvlilebebiT gamowveuli<br />
Sedegebi _ gamoiyeneba:<br />
• ucxouri valutiT warmoebuli operaciebisa da naSTebis<br />
aRricxvisaTvis, garda im warmoebuli instrumentebisa da naS-<br />
Tebisa, romlebic bass 39 _ ~finansuri instrumentebi~: aRiareba<br />
da Sefaseba~ _ moqmedebis sferoSi Sedis;<br />
• im ucxouri qvedanayofis saqmianobisa da finansuri mdgomareobis<br />
gadaasangriSeblad, romlebic sawarmoTa finansur angariSgebaSi<br />
CarTu.lia konsolidaciis, proporciuli konsolidaciisa<br />
da kapitalmeTodis gamoyenebiT;<br />
• sawarmos saqmianobis Sedegebisa da finansuri mdgomareo-<br />
bis, warsadgen valutaSi gadasaangariSeblad.<br />
ucxouri valutiT warmoebuli operaciebi Tavdapirvelad<br />
unda aisaxos samuSao valutiT, operaciis Sesrulebis dRisaTvis<br />
samuSao valutisa da mocemuli ucxour valutas Soris arsebuli<br />
spot savaluto kursis mixedviT.<br />
yoveli saangariSgebo periodis bolos:<br />
• ucxouri valutiT Sefasebuli fuladi sabalanso muxlebi<br />
unda gadaangariSdes saboloo savaluto kursis gamoyenebiT;<br />
• arafuladi sabalanso muxlebi, romelbic asaxulia<br />
ucxouri valutiT pirvandeli rirebulebis meTodiT, unda<br />
gadaangariSdes operaciis Sesrulebis TariRisaTvis arsebuli<br />
savaluto kursiT;<br />
• arafuladi sabalnso muxlebi, romlebic asaxulia ucxour<br />
valutaSi gansazRvruli realuri RirebulebiT, unda gadaangariSdes<br />
realuri Rirebulebis dadgenis dRisaTvis arsebuli<br />
savaluto kursiT.<br />
sakurso sxvaobebi, romlebic warmoiSoba fuladi muxlebis<br />
ganaRdebis an fuladi muxlebis gadaangariSebis dros unda<br />
aRiardes mogebazaralSi im saangariSgebo periodSi, rodesac<br />
warmoiSoba. xolo, is sakurso sxvaobebi, romlebic warmoiSoba<br />
ucxouri qvedanayofis individualur finansur angariSgebaSi<br />
neto investiciis Sefasebis dros, unda aRiardes sakuTari kapitalis<br />
calke komponentis saxiT.<br />
sawarmoebma TiToeuli wardgenili balansisaTvis aqtivebi<br />
da valdebulebebi unda gadaiangariSon balansis Sedgenis<br />
TariRisaTvisarsebuli saboloo savaluto kursiT;<br />
mogebisa da zarlis angariSgebisaTvis Semosavali da xarjebi<br />
unda gadaangariSdes operaciis TariRisaTvis arsebuli<br />
savaluto kursiT.<br />
savaluto kursi aris balansis Sedgenis TariRisaTvis arsebuli<br />
spot savaluto kursi, romelic aris savaluto kursi<br />
dauyovneblivi miwodebisaTvis.<br />
sakurso sxvaoba aris sxvaoba, romelic warmoiSoba erTi da<br />
imave raodenobis ucxouri savaluto erTeulis sxva valutaSi<br />
gadaangariSebis dros, gansxvavebuli gasacvleli savaluto<br />
kursebis gamoyenebis Sedegad.<br />
ucxouri qvedanayofi aris angariSvaldebuli sawarmos<br />
Svilobili sawarmo, mekavSire sawarmo, erToblivi saqmianoba<br />
an filiali, romlis saqmianoba dafuZnebulia da xorcieldeba<br />
sxva qveynis teritoriaeze an angariSvaldebuli sawarmos<br />
40 41
valutisagan gansxvavebuli valutiT.<br />
samuSao valuta aRniSnavs im ZiriTadi ekonomikuri garemos<br />
valutas, sadac sawarmo eweva saqmianobas.<br />
fuladi muxlebi _ fuladi Tanxebi, moTxovnebi da valdebulebebi.<br />
neto investicia ucxour qvedanayofSi aRniSnavs angariSvaldebuli<br />
sawamos wilis sidides ucxouri qvedanayofis neto<br />
aqtivebSi.<br />
bass 23 _ sesxiT sargeblobasTan dakavSirebuli danaxarjebi<br />
_ gamoiyeneba sesxiT sargeblobasTan dakavSirebuli danaxarjebis<br />
buRaltruli aRricxvis meTodebis dadgenis mizniT.<br />
standartis saerTo moTxovnaa sesxiT sargeblobasTan dakavSirebuli<br />
danaxarjebis dauyovnebliv aRiareba xarjebis saxiT.<br />
Tumca, standartiT nebadarTulia alternatiuli meTodis<br />
gamoyenebac, anu danaxarjebis kapitalizacia im SemTxvevaSi,<br />
rodesac sesxi pirdapir ukavSirdeba aqtivis SeZenis, warmoebis<br />
an mSeneblobis process.<br />
standartSi gamoyenebuli cnebebia:<br />
sesxiT sargeblobasTan dakavSirebuli danaxarjebi aris<br />
sawarmos mier nasesxebi saxsrebisaTvis sakuTar Tavze aRebuli<br />
procenti da sxva danaxarjebi.<br />
gansakuTrebuli aqtivi aris iseTi aqtivi, romlis daniSnulebiT<br />
gamoyenebis an gasayidad momzadebisaTvis saWiroa<br />
drois mniSvnelovani periodi.<br />
sesxiT sargeblobasTan dakavSirebuli danaxarjebis aRricxvis<br />
_ sabaziso meTodiT sesxiT sargeblobasTan dakavSirebuli<br />
danaxarjebi unda aRiardes im periodis xarjebad, rodesac iqna<br />
gaweuli, miuxedavad imisa, Tu rogor xdeba sesxis gamoyeneba.<br />
finansuri angariSgebis ganmartebiT SeniSvnebSi unda aisaxos<br />
sawarmos mier sesxiT sargeblobasTan dakavSirebuli danaxarjebis<br />
mimarT gamoyenebuli saaRricxvo politika.<br />
sesxiT sargeblobasTan dakavSirebuli danaxarjebis aRiarebis<br />
nebadarTuli alternatiulimeTodis Tanaxmad, gansakuTrebuli<br />
aqtivis SeZenasTan, warmoebasTan an mSeneblobas-<br />
Tan uSualod dakavSirebuli sesxiT sargeblobis danaxarjebi<br />
kapitalizdeba, anu CairTveba aRniSnuli aqtivebis sabalanso<br />
RirebulebaSi.<br />
bass 24 _ dakavSirebul mxareTa ganmartebiTi SeniSvnebi<br />
_ moiTxovs rom sawarmos finansuri angariSgeba Seicavdes<br />
aucilebel ganmartebiT SeniSvnebs, raTa yuradReba mieqces<br />
im garemoebas, rom sawarmos finansur mdgomareobasa da mogebazaralze<br />
SesaZloa gavlena iqonios dakavSirebuli mxareebis<br />
arsebobam, iseve, rogorc aseT mxareebTan dakavSirebiT arsebulma<br />
sameurneo operaciebma da daufaravma naSTebma.<br />
dakavSirebuli mxaris sameurneo operaciebi da daufaravi<br />
naSTebi, jgufis sxva sawarmoebTan, aisaxeba mocemuli sawarmos<br />
finansur angariSgebaSi. Sidajgufuri dakavSirebuli mxareebis<br />
sameurneo operaciebi da daufaravi naSTebi anulirdeba jgufis<br />
konsolidirebuli finansuri angariSgebis momzadebisas.<br />
dakavSirebul mxareTa urTierTobam SesaZloa zegavlena<br />
moaxdinos sawarmos sameurneo saqmianobis Sedegebsa da mis finansur<br />
mdgomareobaze im SemTxvevaSic ki, rodesac dakavSirebul<br />
mxareTa Soris sameurneo operaciebs adgili ara aqvs. magaliTad,<br />
Svilobilma sawarmom SesaZloa urTierToba Sewyvitos<br />
savaWro partniorTan, saTavo sawarmos miTiTebiT. amdenad,<br />
dakavSirebuli mxareTa sameurneo operaciebis, daufaravi naS-<br />
Tebisa da urTierTobebis codnam SesaZloa gavlena iqonios finansuri<br />
angariSgebis momxmarebelTa mier sawarmos operaciebis<br />
Sefasebaze, maT Soris sawarmoSi arsebuli riskebisa da SesaZleblobebis<br />
Sefasebaze.<br />
am standartSi cnebebi gamoiyenebaSemdegi mniSvnelobiT:<br />
dakavSirebuli mxare _ mxare CaiTvleba sawarmosTan dakav-<br />
Sirebulad, Tu: mxare pirdapir an erTi an meti Sualeduri rgolis<br />
saSualebiT arapirdapir:<br />
I. akontrolebs sawarmos, kontroldeba sawarmos mier an<br />
imyofeba saerTo kontrolis qveS (es moicavs saTavo, an Svilobil<br />
sawarmoebs);<br />
II. sawarmoSi im odenobis wilis mflobelia, rom mniSvnelovani<br />
gavlenis moxdena SeuZlia masze; an<br />
III. erToblivad akontrolebs sawarmos;<br />
dakavSirebul mxareTa sameurneo operaciebi _ resursebis<br />
an valdebulebebis gadacema dakavSirebul mxareebs Soris,<br />
miuxedavad imisa, moiTxoveba Tu ara Tanxis gadaxda.<br />
kontroli niSnavs sawarmos finansuri da sameurneo politikis<br />
marTvis uflebamosilebas, am saqmianobidan ekonomikuri<br />
sargeblis miRebis mizniT.<br />
erToblivi kontroli gulisxmobs ekonomikur saqmianobaze<br />
kontrolis ganawilebas, Sesabamisi xelSekrulebis safuZvelze.<br />
42 43
umaRles rangis xelmZRvanelobaSi igulisxmebian is<br />
pirovnebebi, maT Soris nebismieri direqtori (aRmasrulebeli<br />
an sxva funqciis Semsrulebeli),romlebsac pirdapir an arapirdapir<br />
aqvT miniWebuli sawarmos saqmianobis dagegmvis, marTvisa<br />
da kontrolisaTvis aucilebeli uflebamosileba da pasuxismgebloba.<br />
mniSvnelovani gavlena _ aris sawarmos finansuri da sawarmoo<br />
politikis gadawyvetilebebis miRebaSi monawileoba, aRniSnul<br />
politikaze kontrolis gareSe. mniSvnelovani gavlenis<br />
miRweva SesaZlebelia sawarmos wilis flobiT wesdebiT an Se-<br />
Tanxmebis Tanaxmad.<br />
standartSi agreTve ganmartebulia, rodis ar CaiTvleba mxareebi<br />
dakavSirebul mxareebad.<br />
saTavo da Svilobil sawarmos Soris urTierToba finansur<br />
angariSgebaSi unda gamJRavndes, miuxedavad imisa, ganxorcielda<br />
Tu ara am dakavSirebul mxareebs Soris sameurneo operaciebi.<br />
angariSvaldebuli sawarmo acxadebs misi saTavo sawarmos<br />
da, Tu gansxvavebulia, saboloo makontrolebeli mxaris saxelebs.<br />
Tu arc saTavo sawarmo da arc makontrolebeli mxare gamosaqveyneblad<br />
ar amzadebs finansur angariSgebas, maSin Semdegi<br />
yvelaze zemdgomi rangis saTavo sawarmos saxelwodeba unda<br />
iqnes naCvenebi, romelic aqveynebs finansur angariSgebas.<br />
roca arc saTavo da arc saboloo makontrolebeli sawarmo<br />
ar aqveynebs finansur angariSgebas, sawarmo asaxelebs Semdeg<br />
yvelaze zemdgomi rangis saTavo sawarmos, romelic aqveynebs<br />
sakuTar angariSgebas. Semdegi yvelaze zemdgomi rangis saTavo<br />
sawarmo aris pirveli saTavo sawarmo jgufSi, angariSvaldebuli<br />
sawarmos uSualo saTavo sawarmos zemdgomi, romelic aqveynebs<br />
konsolidirebul finansur angariSgebas.<br />
ganmartebiTi SeniSvnebi sul cota unda moicavdes:<br />
sameurneo operaciebis moculobas, daufaravi naSTebis moculobas<br />
da maTTan dakavSiRebuli saeWvo valebis anaricxebis sidides<br />
_ saTao, mekavSire, Svilobili, angariSvaldebuli sawarmosa<br />
da sxva dakavSirebuli mxareebis mixedviT calkcalke.<br />
bass 26 _ sapensio uzrunvelyofis programebis buRaltruli<br />
aRricxva da angariSgeba _ ganixilavs sapensio<br />
programas, rogorc angariSgebis erTeul, gancalkevebuls<br />
programaSi monawile damqiravebelTagan. igi sapensio uzrunvelyofis<br />
programis buRaltrul aRricxvasa da angariSgebas<br />
ganixilavs mis yvela monawilesTan, rogorc erT mTlian<br />
jgufTan mimarTebaSi. standarti ar exeba programis TiToeuli<br />
monawilis angariSgebas,es standarti avsebs bass 19s _ `daqiravebul<br />
momuSaveTa gasamrjeloebi~.<br />
sapensio uzrunvelyofis iseTi programebi, romlis aqtivebi<br />
finansdeba sadazRvevo kompaniebis mier, eqvemdebareba buRaltruli<br />
aRricxvisa da dafinansebis iseTive moTxovnebs, rogorc<br />
is programebi, romlebic finansdeba kerZo biznesis mier.<br />
Sesabamisad, mocemuli standarti amgvar programebsac exeba..<br />
mocemuli standarti ar exeba muSakTa daxmarebis sxva<br />
formebs, rogoricaa muSakTa daxmareba samsaxuridan ganTavisuflebasTan<br />
dakavSirebiT, xelSekruleba gadavadebul kompensaciaze,<br />
Semweoba welTa namsaxurebisaTvis, sapensiod naadrevad<br />
ganTavisuflebis an momuSaveTa Semcirebis programebi,<br />
samedicino, socialuri an sapremio programebi. standarti ar<br />
vrceldeba agreTve socialuri uzrunvelyofis saxelmwifo<br />
RonisZiebebze.<br />
winamdebare standartSi gamoyenebul cnebebs aqvs Semdegi<br />
mniSvneloba:<br />
sapensio uzrunvelyofis programa aris SeTanxmeba, romlis<br />
Tanaxmad sawarmo uzrunvelyofs Tavis muSakTa daxmarebas<br />
samsaxuris damTavrebisTanave an samsaxuris Sewyvetis Semdeg<br />
(yovelwliuri Semosavlis an erTjeradi daxmarebis saxiT).<br />
rodesac aseTi daxmarebebi, iseve rogorc Senatanebi programaSi,<br />
SeiZleba ganisazRvros an gamoiTvalos winaswar, pensiaze<br />
gasvlamde, rogorc warmodgenili dokumentebis, ise sawarmoSi<br />
damkvidrebuli praqtikis safuZvelze.<br />
dadgenil Senataniani programa aris sapensio uzrunvelyofis<br />
programa, romlis Tanaxmadac gacemas daqvemdebarebuli<br />
gasacemi sapensio Tanxebi ganisazRvreba sapensio fond-<br />
Si Senatanebis da am investiciebidan miRebuli Semosavlebis<br />
safuZvelze.<br />
dadgenil gadasaxdeliani programa aris sapensio uzrunvelyofis<br />
programa, romlis Tanaxmadac sapensio daxmarebisaTvis<br />
gasacemi Tanxebi ganisazRvreba formuliT, romelsac,<br />
Cveulebriv, safuZvlad udevs momuSaveTa mier gamomuSavebuli<br />
gasamrjelo da/an welTa namsaxuroba.<br />
dafinanseba niSnavs damqiraveblis sawarmos mier aqtivebis<br />
gadacemas ekonomikuri erTeulisaTvis (fondisaTvis), sawarmos<br />
sapensio uzrunvelyofis momavali valdebulebebis Sesrulebis<br />
mizniT.<br />
44 45
monawileebi arian sapensio uzrunvelyofis programebis<br />
wevrebi da sxva pirebi, romlebsac programis Sesabamisad ufleba<br />
aqvT miiRon sapensio daxmarebebi.<br />
sapensio daxmarebisaTvis gankuTvnili wminda aqtivebi<br />
moicavs programis aqtivebs, saidanac gamoqviTulia nebismieri<br />
valdebuleba, garda daTqmuli sapensio daxmarebebis aqtuaruli<br />
diskontirebuli Rirebulebisa.<br />
daTqmuli sapensio daxmarebis aqtuaruli diskontirebuli<br />
Rirebuleba aris sapensio uzrunvelyofis programis Sesabamisad<br />
gadasaxdeli Tanxis diskontirebuli Rirebuleba, romelic<br />
gaicema amJamad da warsulSi momuSaveebze, ukve gaweuli<br />
momsaxurebisaTvis.<br />
garantirebuli daxmarebebi aris is daxmarebebi, romelzec<br />
uflebebi, sapensio uzrunvelyofis programis Sesabamisad, dakavSirebuli<br />
ar aris samsaxuris vadis gagrZelebasTan.<br />
sapensio uzrunvelyofis zogierT programas, damqiraveblis<br />
garda, sxva sponsorebic hyavs. mocemuli standarti amgvari<br />
programebis angariSgebasac exeba. sapensio uzrunvelyofis<br />
programebis umravlesoba gulisxmobs calke, damoukidebeli<br />
fondis formirebas, romelSic SeaqvT Senatanebi da saidanac<br />
xdeba daxmarebebis gadaxda. sapensio uzrunvelyofis programebi,<br />
Cveulebriv, arsebobs dadgenil Senataniani an dadgenil<br />
gadasaxdeliani programis saxiT.<br />
dadgenil Senatanian programaSi misi monawilis samomavlo<br />
daxmarebis Tanxa ganisazRvreba damqiraveblis an monawilis, an<br />
orive mxaris SenatanebiT, agreTve fondis saqmianobis SedegebiTa<br />
da sainvesticio SemosavlebiT. damqiraveblis valdebuleba,<br />
Cveulebriv, ifareba fondSi ganxorcielebuli SenatanebiT<br />
dadgenil gadasaxdeliani programis angariSgebaSi asaxuli<br />
unda iyos: daxmarebebis gawevisaTvis arsebuli wminda aqtivebi;<br />
daTqmuli sapensio daxmarebebis aqtuaruli<br />
diskontirebuli Rirebuleba, sadac gamijnuli iqneba garantirebuli<br />
da aragarantirebuli daxmarebebi; saboloo nameti<br />
an deficiti.<br />
daTqmuli sapensio daxmarebebis aqtuaruli diskontirebuli<br />
Rirebuleba unda eyrdnobodes muSakTa mier mocemuli<br />
TariRisaTvis gaweuli momsaxurebis mixedviT programis pirobebis<br />
Sesabamis daxmarebis Tanxebs da mimdinare an dagegmili<br />
xelfasis doneebs, gamoyenebuli meTodis axsniT. aqtuarul<br />
SefasebebSi momxdari nebismieri iseTi cvlilebis Sedegi, ro-<br />
melic mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdens daTqmuli sapensio daxmarebebis<br />
aqtuarul diskontirebul Rirebulebaze, aseve unda<br />
aisaxos ganmartebiT SeniSvnebSi.<br />
standartiT, yvela tipis programisaTvis sapensio uzrunvelyofis<br />
programebis investiciebi realuri RirebulebiT<br />
unda aisaxos. sabazro fasiani qaRaldebisaTvis realuri Rirebuleba<br />
maTi sabazro fasia. rodesac programis investiciebi<br />
iseTia, rom SeuZlebelia maTi realuri Rirebulebis dadgena,<br />
ganmartebiT SeniSvnebSi unda dasabuTdes, ratom ar iqna gamoyenebuli<br />
realuri Rirebuleba.<br />
is fasiani qaRaldebi, romelsac fiqsirebuli gamosasyidi<br />
Rirebuleba aqvs da SeZenilia programis an misi garkveuli<br />
nawilebis moTxovnebis Sesabamisad, SeiZleba aisaxos maTi saboloo<br />
gamosyidvis RirebulebiT, im varaudiT, rom mogebis<br />
ganakveTis mudmivi done SenarCunebulia. roca SeuZlebelia<br />
programis investiciebis realuri Rirebulebis Sefaseba, magaliTad,<br />
sawarmos sruli mflobelobisas ganmartebiTi SeniSvna<br />
unda gakeTdes imis dasasabuTeblad, Tu ratom araa gamoyenebuli<br />
realuri Rirebuleba. ganmartebiT SeniSvnebSi, rogorc<br />
wesi, unda gamJRavndes im investiciebis realuri Rirebuleba,<br />
romelic aRiricxeba arasabazro an ararealuri RirebulebiT.<br />
fondis saqmianobaSi gamoyenebuli aqtivebi aRiricxeba Sesabamisi<br />
buRaltruli aRricxvis saerTaSoriso standartebis<br />
safuZvelze.<br />
bass 27 _ konsolidirebuli da individueluri finansuri<br />
angariSgeba _ gamoiyeneba im sawarmoTa jgufis konsolidirebuli<br />
finansuri angariSgebis momzadebisa da wardgenisaTvis,<br />
romelTa kontroli xorcieldeba saTavo sawarmos mier. (standarti<br />
ar exeba sawarmoTa gaerTianebis aRricxvis meTodebs da<br />
maT efeqts konsolidaciaze, sawarmoTa gaerTianebis Sedegad<br />
warmoSobili gudvilis CaTvliT (ix. fass 3 `sawarmoTa gaer-<br />
Tianeba~).<br />
standarti aucilebelia aseve gamoyenebul iqnes Svilobil<br />
sawarmoebSi, erToblivad kontrolirebad sawarmoebsa da mekavSire<br />
sawarmoebSi dabandebuli investiciebis aRricxvisaTvis,<br />
rodesac sawarmo irCevs an adgilobrivi normatiuli aqtebi<br />
avaldebulebs individualuri finansuri angariSgebis wardgenas.<br />
standartSi gamoyenebulia cnebebi Semdegi mniSvnelobebiT:<br />
konsolidirebuli finansuri angariSgeba Uaris jgufis fi-<br />
46 47
nansuri angariSgeba, romelic wardgenilia, rogorc erTi ekonomikuri<br />
erTeulis angariSgeba.<br />
kontroli niSnavs sawarmos finansuri da sameurneo politikis<br />
marTvis uflebamosilebas, am saqmianobidan ekonomikuri<br />
sargeblis miRebis mizniT.<br />
danaxarj-meTodi iseTi saaRricxvo meTodia, romelic gulisxmobs<br />
investiciebis aRricxvas TviTRirebulebis safuZvelze.<br />
investoris angariSgebaSi Semosavlebis aRiareba xdeba<br />
mxolod im odenobiT, ramdensac igi investirebis obieqtis dagrovili<br />
wminda mogebidan iRebs, Tavisi wilis Sesabamisad, investiciis<br />
SeZenis TariRis Semdgom periodSi. mekavSire sawarmodan<br />
miRebuli nebismieri sxva gasanawilebeli Tanxebi, wminda<br />
mogebis aRniSnuli Tanxis garda, ganixileba rogorc investiciebis<br />
dabruneba da aisaxeba investiciebis Tavdapirveli Rirebulebis<br />
Semcirebis saxiT.<br />
sawarmoTa jgufs uwodeben saTavo da Svilobil sawarmoebs<br />
erTad.<br />
umciresobis wili aris Svilobili sawarmos mogebis an zaralis<br />
da wminda aqtivebis is nawili, romelic arc pirdapir da arc<br />
arapirdapir (Svilobili sawarmoebis meSveobiT) ar ekuTvnis sa-<br />
Tavo sawarmos,.<br />
saTavo sawarmo iseTi sawarmoa, romelsac gaaCnia erTi an<br />
meti Svilobili sawarmo.<br />
individualuri finansuri angariSgeba aris angariSgeba,<br />
romelic wardgenilia saTavo sawarmos, mekavSire sawarmos<br />
investoris an erToblivad kontrolirebadi sawarmos sruluflebiani<br />
monawilis mier, romelSic investicia asaxulia<br />
kapitalSi pirdapiri wilis safuZvelze, vidre investirebulis<br />
gamoqveynebuli Sedegebisa da wminda aqtivebis safuZvelze.<br />
Svilobili sawarmo aris sawarmo, amxanagobis tipis arakorporaciuli<br />
erTeulis CaTvliT, romelsac kontrols uwevs<br />
sxva sawarmo (cnobili saTavo sawarmos saxelwodebiT).<br />
konsolidirebuli finansuri angariSgebis momzadebisas,<br />
sawarmo aerTianebs saTavo da misi Svilobili sawarmoebis finansur<br />
angariSgebebs, muxlobrivad, valdebulebebis, sakuTari<br />
kapitalis, Semosavlebisa da danaxarjebis analogiuri sabalanso<br />
muxlebis dajamebiT. imisaTvis, rom konsolidirebuli finansuri<br />
angariSgeba warmoaCendes finansur informacias sawarmoTa<br />
jgufis Sesaxeb,<br />
Semdeg, dasaxelebul standartSi mocemulia, Tu ra proce-<br />
durebia saWiro konsolidirebuli angariSgebis mosamzadeblad.<br />
bass 28 _ `investiciebi mekavSire sawarmoebSi~ _ gamoiyeneba<br />
mekavSire sawarmoebSi investiciebis buRaltruli aRricxvisaTvis.<br />
Tumca igi ar gamoiyeneba mekavSire sawarmoebSi<br />
investiciebis mimarT, romelTa mflobelebi arian: sarisko kapitalis<br />
organizaciebi, erToblivi fondebi sadazRvevo fondebis<br />
CaTvliT.<br />
standarti moiTxovs, rom mekavSire sawarmoSi dabandebuli<br />
investiciebis aRricxva unda moxdes kapitalmeTodis gamoyenebiT,<br />
garda gasayidad gamiznulisa da zogierTi sxva SemTxvevebisa.<br />
kapitalmeTodi iseTi saaRricxvo meTodia, romelic gulisxmobs<br />
mekavSire sawarmoSi investiciis Tavdapirvel aRricxvas<br />
TviTRirebulebiT da Semdgom misi mimdinare sabalanso Rirebulebis<br />
koreqtirebas mekavSire sawarmos mogebazaralSi, investoris<br />
xvedriTi wilis cvlilebis Sesabamisad, SeZenis TariRis<br />
Semdgom periodSi. investoris wili investirebuli sawarmos<br />
mogeba_zaralSi aRiardeba investoris mogebazaralSi. investoris<br />
mier mekavSire sawarmodan dividendebis an sxva gasanawilebeli<br />
Tanxebis miReba amcirebs investiciis mimdinare<br />
sabalanso Rirebulebas. investiciis mimdinare Rirebulebis<br />
cvlileba SeiZleba agreTve gamoiwvios mekavSire sawarmos kapitalis<br />
iseTma cvlilebam, romelic asaxuli ar iyo mis mogebisa<br />
da zaralis angariSgebaSi. aseTi cvlilebi warmoiSoba ZiriTadi<br />
saSualebebis gadafasebiT, ucxouri valutis kursis cvlilebiT<br />
gamowveuli sakurso sxvaobebiT. investoris wili am cvlilebebSi<br />
pirdapir aisaxeba investoris kapitalSi.<br />
bass 29 _ finansuri angariSgeba hiperinflaciuri ekonomikis<br />
pirobebSi _ gamoiyeneba im sawarmoTa finansuri angariSgebisaTvis,<br />
konsolidirebuli finansuri angariSgebis<br />
CaTvliT, romlis samuSao valutas hiperinflaciuri ekonomikis<br />
valuta warmoadgens.<br />
mocemuli standartiT ar ganisazRvreba inflaciis is absoluturi<br />
done, romelic SeiZleba CaiTvalos hiperinflaciis<br />
dawyebis maCveneblad. finansuri angariSgebis gadaangariSebis<br />
aucileblobis dadgena, winamdebare standartis moTxovnebis<br />
Sesabamisad, subieqturi SefasebiT xdeba. hiperinflaciis<br />
maCveneblad gamodgeba qveynis ekonomikuri garemos Semdegi (da<br />
ara marto CamoTvlili) maxasiaTeblebi: saprocento ganakveTe-<br />
48 49
i, xelfasebi da fasebi dakavSirebulia fasebis indeqsebTan da<br />
inflaciis saerTo done sami wlis ganmavlobaSi aRwevs an aWarbebs<br />
100%s.<br />
amasTan, standarti exeba sawarmos finansur angariSgebas im<br />
saangariSgebo periodis dawyebis TariRidan, roca dadgindeba<br />
hiperinflaciis arseboba qveyanaSi, romlis valutaSic xdeba<br />
angariSgebis wardgena.<br />
standartis moTxovniT, balansis Tanxebi, romelic jer ar<br />
aris gadayvanili balansis Sedgenis TariRisaTvis arsebul zomis<br />
erTeulSi, unda Seswordes fasebis saerTo indeqsis gamoyenebiT.<br />
fuladi muxlebis koreqtireba ar xdeba, radgan isini ukve<br />
gamoxatulia balansis Sedgenis TariRisaTvis arsebul fulad<br />
erTeulebSi. fuladi muxlebi aris sawarmos gankargulebaSi<br />
myofi fuladi saxsrebi da fuladi nakadebis formiT gadasaxdeli<br />
da misaRebi muxlebi.<br />
indeqsirebuli obligaciebi da sesxebi unda Seswordes mocemuli<br />
xelSekrulebis safuZvelze, balansis Sedgenis TariRisaTvis<br />
gaunaRdebeli Tanxebis dasadgenad. es muxlebi gadaangariSebul<br />
balansSi Seitaneba koreqtirebuli TanxiT.<br />
yvela sxva aqtivi da valdebuleba iTvleba arafulad muxlad.<br />
zogierTi arafuladi muxli aisaxeba realuri TanxiT balansis<br />
Sedgenis TariRisaTvis, magaliTad, neto sarealizacio<br />
RirebulebiT an sabazro RirebulebiT _ ase, rom maTi gadaangariSeba<br />
ar xdeba. yvela sxva danarCeni arafuladi aqtivi da<br />
valdebuleba unda gadaangariSdes.<br />
winamdebare standarti agreTve moiTxovs, rom mogebisa da<br />
zaralis angariSgebis yvela muxli gamoisaxos balansis Sedgenis<br />
TariRisaTvis arsebul zomis erTeulebSi. amdenad, yvela<br />
Tanxa saWiroebs gadaangariSebas fasebis saerTo indeqsis cvlilebis<br />
gaTvaliswinebiT im TariRidan, rodesac moxda Semosavlebisa<br />
da xarjebis muxlebis Tavdapirveli asaxva finansur<br />
angariSgebaSi.<br />
aseve, winamdebare standarti moiTxovs, rom fuladi<br />
nakadebis angariSgebis yvela muxli gamosaxuli iyos balansis<br />
Sedgenis TariRisaTvis arsebul zomis erTeulebSi.<br />
iseTi konsolidirebuli finansuri angariSgebisaTvis,<br />
romelSic Sedis sxvadasxva saangariSgebo TariRiT momzadebuli<br />
finansuri angariSgeba, yvela muxli _ fuladic da arafuladic,<br />
formulirebul unda iqnes konsolidirebuli fi-<br />
nansuri angariSgebis Sedgenis TariRisaTvis arsebul zomis<br />
erTeulebSi.<br />
amrigad, finansuri angariSgebis gadaangariSeba, mocemuli<br />
standartis Sesabamisad, moiTxovs fasebis saerTo indeqsis gamoyenebas,<br />
romelic asaxavs saerTo msyidvelobiTunarianobaSi<br />
momxdar cvlilebebs. mizanSewonilia, rom yvela sawarmom, romlebic<br />
angariSgebas warmoadgenen erTi da imave qveynis ekonomikis<br />
valutiT, gamoiyenon erTi indeqsi.<br />
bass 30 _ bankebisa da analogiuri safinanso dawesebulebebis<br />
finansuri angariSgebis ganmartebiTi SeniSvnebi _<br />
gamoiyeneba rogorc bankis calkeuli finansuri angariSgebisaTvis,<br />
ise konsolidirebuli angariSgebisaTvis. bankis finansuri<br />
angariSgebis momxmareblebi dainteresebulni arian bankis<br />
likvidobiTa da gadaxdisunarianobiT, agreTve buRaltrul<br />
balanssa da balansgareSe muxlebSi aRiarebul aqtivebTan da<br />
valdebulebebTan dakavSirebuli riskebiT.<br />
bankma unda waradginos mogebisa da zaralis angariSgeba, sadac<br />
Semosavlebi da xarjebi dajgufebuli iqneba maTi xasiaTis<br />
mixedviT. dauSvebelia Semosavlebisa da xarjebis muxlebis<br />
urTierTgadafarva, garda im muxlebisa romelic dakavSirebulia<br />
hejirebasTan da roca arsebobs urTierTCaTvlis kanonieri<br />
ufleba.<br />
bankma finansuri angariSgebis axsnaganmartebiT SeniSvneSi<br />
unda asaxos aqtivebisa da vldebulebebis analizi, dajgufebuli<br />
dafarvis vadebis Sesabamisad, rasac safuZvlad daedeba<br />
balansis Sedgenis TariRisaTvis darCenili periodi, dafarvis<br />
saxelSekrulebo TariRamde.<br />
axsna-ganmartebiT SeniSvnebSi bankma agreTve unda asaxos<br />
saaRricxvo politika, romliTac ganisazRvreba saeWvo sesxebis<br />
da avansebis xarjebad aRiarebisa da maTi Camoweris safuZvlebi.<br />
calke unda iyos asaxuli zaralis is Tanxa, romelic gmowveulia<br />
uimedo sesxebis Camoweridan; agreTve anda aisaxos giravnobis<br />
qveS miRebuli faseulobebis Sesaxeb informacia da maTi<br />
xasiaTi; daubrunebadi valdebulebebi, potenciuri valdebulbebi<br />
da gauTvaliswinebeli movlenebi, warmoSobili arsebuli<br />
balansgareSe muxlebidan.<br />
bass 31 _ erTobliv saqmianobaSi monawileobis finansuri<br />
angariSgeba _ gamoiyeneba erTobliv saqmianobaSi monawileobis<br />
buRaltruli aRicxvisaTvis.<br />
erToblivi saqmianoba gulisxmobs ori an meti monawile<br />
50 51
mxaris mier saxelSekrulebo SeTanxmebis safuZvelze erTobliv<br />
kontrols daqvemdebarebuli ekonomikuri saqmianobis<br />
warmarTvas. saqmianoba, romelzedac ar arsebobs saxelSekrulebo<br />
SeTanxmeba erToblivi kontrolis ganxorcielbis Sesaxeb,<br />
ar ganixileba rogorc erToblivi saqmianoba am standartis<br />
miznebidan gamomdinare.<br />
standartSi ganxilulia erToblivi saqmianobis sami<br />
tipi _ erToblivad kontrolirebadi saqmianoba, erToblivad<br />
kontrolirebadi aqtivebi da erToblivad kontrolirebadi<br />
sameurneo subieqtebi.<br />
erTobliv kontrols daqvemdebarebul saqmianobaSi<br />
monawile TiToeuli sawarmo iyenebs sakuTar Senoba-nagebobebs<br />
da manqana-danadgarebs da gaaCnia sakuTari sasaqonlo-materialuri<br />
faseulobebi. igi agreTve gaswevs sakuTar xarjebs da<br />
iRebs valdebulebebs, TviTon gamoimuSavebs finansur saxsrebs.<br />
erToblivi saqmianobis saxelSekrulebo SeTanxmeba, rogorc<br />
wesi, Seicavs erToblivi produqciis gayidvidan miRebuli Semosavlis<br />
da erToblivi saqmianobis sferoSi gaweuli xarjebis<br />
ganawilebis pirobebs kontrolis uflebis mqone investorebs<br />
Soris.<br />
kontrolis uflebis mqone investorma sakuTar finansur angariSgebaSi<br />
da Semdgom kosolidirebul finansur angariSgeba-<br />
Si unda aRiaros da asaxos: misi kontrolis qveS myofi aqtivebi<br />
da mis mier aRebuli valdebulebebi; mis mier gaweuli xarjebi<br />
da Tavisi wili erToblivi saqmianobiT gayiduli saqonlidan an<br />
gaweuli momsaxurebidan miRebul SemosavlebSi.<br />
zogjer, erToblivi saqmianoba erTobliv kontrolTan er-<br />
Tad gulisxmobs aqtivebis erTobliv mflobelobas. kontrolis<br />
uflebis mqone investorma, Tavis finansur angariSgebaSi<br />
unda asaxos: erTobliv kontrols daqvemdebarebuli aqtivebis<br />
sakuTari wili aqtivebis saklasifikacio jgufebis mixedviT;<br />
erTobliv saqmianobasTan dakavSirebuli yvela valdebuleba;<br />
erTobliv valdebulebebSi misi wili; miRebuli Semosavlidan<br />
misi wili da gaRebuli xarjebis Tavisi wili.<br />
erTobliv kontrols daqvemdebarebuli sameureno subieqti<br />
aris erToblivi saqmianoba, romelic gulisxmobs korporaciis,<br />
amxanagobis an romelime sxva opganizaciulsamarTlebrivi<br />
formiT sawarmos dafuZnebas, romelSiac kontrolis<br />
uflebis mqone TiToeul investors gaaCnia Tavisi wili.<br />
standarti iZleva erTobliv saqmianobaSi kontrolis mqone<br />
investoris mier Tavis konsolidirebul finansur angariSgebaSi<br />
Tavisi wilis asaxvis or meTods. esenia:sabaziso meTodi<br />
_ proporciuli konsolidireba da alternatiuli meTodi _<br />
kapitalmeTodi.<br />
proporciuli konsolidireba iseTi saaRricxvo meTodia,<br />
romlis Tanaxmad kontrolis uflebis mqone investori konsolidirebuli<br />
finansuri angariSgebis wardegnis dros Tavis<br />
wils erTobliv kontrols daqvemdebarebul saqmianobis aqtivebSi,<br />
valdebulebebSi, Semosavlebsa da xarjebSi pirdapir<br />
miumatebs Sesabamis elementebs an waradgens calkcalke muxlebis<br />
saxiT.<br />
kapital-meTodi iseTi saaRricxvo meTodia, romelic gulisxmobs<br />
investiciis Tavdapirvel aRricxvas TviTRirebulebiT,<br />
xolo Semdgom mis koreqtirebas mekavSire sawarmos wminda<br />
aqtivebSi investoris xvedriTi wilis SeZenis Semdgom cvlilebis<br />
Sesabamisad. investoris mogebazaralis angariSgebaSi mekavSire<br />
sawarmos saqmianobis Sedegebi aisaxeba investoris wilis<br />
Sesabamisad.<br />
bass 32 _ finansuri instrumentebi: ganmartebiTi SeniSvnebi<br />
da wardgena _ gansazRvravs, Tu ra mniSvneloba aqvs<br />
finansur instrumentebs sawarmos finansuri mdgomareobisa<br />
da misi saqmianobis Sedegebisa da fuladi nakadebis TvalsazrisiT.<br />
mocemuli standarti awesebs finansuri instrumentebis<br />
wardgenis moTxovnebs da gansazRvravs informacias, romelic<br />
unda aisaxos sawarmos finansuri angariSgebis ganmartebiT<br />
SeniSvnebSi finansur instrumentebTan dakavSirebiT.<br />
mocemuli standarti unda gamoiyenos yvela sameurneo er-<br />
Teulma yvela saxis finansuri instrumentisaTvis, garda Semdegi<br />
instrumentebisa: wili Svilobil sawarmoebSi, mekavSire<br />
sawarmoebsa da erTobliv saqmianobaSi; damqiraveblebis uflebebi<br />
da movaleobebi, romlebic vrceldeba momuSaveTa gasamrjeloebis<br />
programebze; sawarmoo gaerTianebebSi pirobiTi<br />
anazRaurebis kontraqtebi; sadazRvevo xelSekrulebebi.<br />
finansur instrumentebs miekuTvneba: wilobrivi instrumentebi<br />
(gamoSvebuli Cveulebrivi da privilegirebuli aqciebi,<br />
varantebi da ofcionebi, aqciebis gamoSveba xelmoweriT); debitoruli<br />
da kreditoruli davalianebebi. agreTve warmoebuli<br />
finansuri instrumentebi: finansuri ofcioni, fiuCersebi da<br />
forvardebi, saprocento greZelvadiani svopebi da savaluto<br />
52 53
svopebi.<br />
standartis gansazRvrebiT, finanasuri instrumenti aris<br />
nebismieri xelSekruleba, romelic warmoSobs rogorc erTi<br />
sawarmos finansur aqtivs, aseve meore sawarmos finansur valdebulebebs<br />
an wilobriv instruments.<br />
finansuri aqtivi aris fuladi Tanxebi da sxva sawarmos<br />
wilobrivi instrumenti da saxelSekrulebo ufleba, sxva sawarmodan<br />
miiRos fuladi aqtivi.<br />
wilobrivi instrumenti aris nebismieri xelSekruleba,<br />
romelic adasturebs sawrmos aqtivebSi yvela misi valdebulebebis<br />
gamoqviTvis Semdeg darCenili wilis sakuTrebis uflebas.<br />
finansuri valdebuleba aris nebismieri valdebuleba, romelic<br />
aris:<br />
a. sawarmos saxelSekrulebo valdebuleba _ sxva sawarmos<br />
gadasces fuladi saxsrebi an sxva finansuri aqtivebi;<br />
b. xelSekruleba sxva sawarmosTan finansuri instrumentebis<br />
gacvlis Sesaxeb potenciurad araxelsayrel pirobeb-<br />
Si.<br />
standartis moTxovniT, emitentma balansSi unda aRiaros<br />
finansuri valdebulebebi da sakuTari kapitali xelSekrulebebis<br />
Sinaarsis Sesabamisad. ukan gamosyiduli wilobrivi instrumenti<br />
(ukan gamosyiduli sakuTari aqciebi) unda aRiardes<br />
pirdapir sakuTar kapitalSi.<br />
finansur instrumentebTan an mis romelime Semadgenel<br />
nawilTan dakavSirebuli procenti, dividendi, danakargebi da<br />
Semosulobebi, romlebic klasificirebulia finansur valdebulebad,<br />
mogebazaralis angariSgebaSi waredgineba rogorc<br />
xarji an Semosavali.<br />
sawarmom finansur angariSgebaSi agreTve unda aRweros<br />
finansuri riskis marTvis miznebi da politika, TiToeuli<br />
ZiriTadi tipis prognozirebuli garigebis hejirebis politikis<br />
aRweris CaTvliT, romelTaTvisac gamoiyeneba hejirebis<br />
buRaltruli aRricxva.<br />
standartSi gadmocemulia riskis saxeebi da maTi Sefasebis<br />
meTodebi da aqciebis gamoSveba-gayidvis praqtikuli magaliTebi.<br />
bass 33 _ Semosavali erT aqciaze _ gamoyenebul unda iqnas<br />
im sawarmoTa mier, romelTa Cveulebrivi aqciebi an potenciuri<br />
Cveulebrivi aqciebi sajarod iyideba an am aqciebis gamoSvebis<br />
procesSi arian sajaro fasiani qaRaldebis bazarze.<br />
standartis mizania daadginos erT aqciaze Semosavlis gamoTvlis<br />
principebi da Sesabamisi informaciis miwodebis pirobebi.<br />
sawarmoebma es informacia unda waradginon konsolidirebul<br />
angariSgebaSi. xolo im sawarmoebma, romelTa Cveulebrivi<br />
an potenciuri aqciebi ar iyideba sajaro fasiani qaRaldebis<br />
bazarze, maSin informacia erT aqciaze Semosavlis Sesaxeb axsnaganmartebebSi<br />
unda waradginos.<br />
standartis ganmartebiT, potenciuri Cveulebrivi aqcia<br />
aris iseTi finansuri instrumenti an sxva saxis xelSekruleba,<br />
romelmac SesaZloa mis mesakuTres Cveulebrivi aqciebis flobis<br />
ufleba misces.<br />
varantebi an ofcionebi aris iseTi finansuri instrumentebi,<br />
romelic mesakuTres Cveulebrivi aqciebis Sesyidvis uflebas<br />
aZlevs.<br />
erT aqciaze Semosavali gaangariSebuli unda iqnas Cveulebrivi<br />
aqciebis mflobelebisaTvis gankuTvnili periodis<br />
wminda mogebis gayofiT mimoqcevaSi myofi Cveulebrivi aqciebis<br />
saSualoSewonil raodenobaze.<br />
standarti ixilavs Semdeg maCveneblebs: gazaveba, antigazaveba,<br />
sabazo Semosavali erT aqciaze, ganzavebuli Semosavali<br />
erT aqciaze, mimoqcevaSi myofi Cveulebrivi aqciebis saSualo<br />
Sewonili raodenoba.<br />
sawarmom mogebzaralis angariSgebaSi unda waradginos informacia<br />
erT aqciaze ZiriTadi da ganzavebuli Semosavlebis<br />
Sesaxeb. wardgena unda moxdes maSinac ki, roca Tanxebi uaryofi-<br />
Tia (zarali erT aqciaze).<br />
standartSi ganxilulia praqtikuli magaliTebic.<br />
bass 34 _ Sualeduri finansuri angariSgeba _ ganmartavs,<br />
rom Sualeduri finansuri angariSgeba iseTi finansuri angariSgebaa,<br />
romelic moicavs ufro mokle periodis angariSgebas, vidre<br />
sruli finansuri welia.<br />
standartiT, sawarmom Sualeduri finansur angariSgebaSi<br />
igive saaRricxvo politika unda gamoiyenos, rasac iyenebs wliuri<br />
finansuri angariSgebis momzadebisaTvis. Sualeduri finansuri<br />
angariSgebis (kvartaluri, naxevarwliuri) gamoqveyneba<br />
fasiani qaRaldebis maregulirebeli organoebisa da safondo<br />
birJebis kanonieri moTxovniT evalebaT mxolodim sawarmoebs,<br />
romelTa fasiani qaRaldebi sajarod iyideba.<br />
bass 36 _ aqtivebis gaufasureba _ moiTxovs, rom sawarmom<br />
54 55
grZelvadiani aqtivebi balansSi ar asaxon mis aRdgeniT Rirebulebaze<br />
meti TanxiT. am mizniT, sawarmom yoveli wlis bolos<br />
unda moaxdinos testireba aqtivebis gaufasurebaze.<br />
winamdebare standarti ar exeba sasaqonlo-materialur<br />
maragebs, samSeneblo kontraqtebs, gadavadebul sagadasaxado<br />
aqtivebs, finansur instrumentebs, sainvesticio qonebas, sasoflo-sameurneo<br />
saqmianobasTan dakavSirebul biologiur aqtivebs,<br />
gasayidad gamiznul grZelvadian aqtivebs.<br />
standartis gansazRvrebiT, gaufasurebis zarali aris<br />
Tanxa, romliTac aqtivis sabalanso Rirebuleba aRemateba mis<br />
anazRaurebad anu aRdgeniT Rirebulebas.<br />
aRdgeniTi anu anazRaurebadi Rirebuleba aris udidesi aqtivis<br />
wminda gasayid fassa da gamoyenebis Rirebulebas Soris.<br />
gamoyenebis Rirebuleba aris aqtivis gamoyenebidan momavalSi<br />
misaRebi fuladi Tanxebis diskontirebuli Rirebuleba.<br />
vfiqrobT, gaufasurebis zaralze aqtivebis yovelwliuri<br />
testireba Zalzed Sromatevadia da Tanac SefasebebSi cdomilebebis<br />
didi albaTobac arsebobs (2.385).<br />
bass 37 _ anaricxebi, pirobiTi valdebulebebi da pirobi-<br />
Ti aqtivebi _ gansazRvravs yvela anaricxis, pirobiTi valdebulebebisa<br />
da pirobiTi aqtivebis aRricxvis wesebs.<br />
Tu sawarmos dadebuli aqvs kontraqti, romelic wamgebiania,<br />
maSin kontraqtiT gaTvaliswinebuli mimdinare movaleoba unda<br />
aRiardes da Sefasdes rogorc anaricxi.<br />
Tu sawarmos xelmZRvaneloba gegmavs restruqturizaciis<br />
programas, romelic sawarmos saqmianobis sferos an saqmianobis<br />
warmarTvis xerxebs cvlis, aRiarebuli unda iqnas restruqturizaciis<br />
xarjebis anaricxebi.<br />
sawarmom pirobiTi valdebulebebi da pirobiTi aqtivi (mag.<br />
sasamarTlo sarCelidan) unda asaxos axsnaganmartebebSi.<br />
standartiT aRiarebulia Semdegi gansazRvrebebi:<br />
pirobiTi aqtivi iseTi aqtivia, romelic warmoiqmneba adre<br />
momxdari movlenis Sedegad da romlis arseboba dasturdeba mxolod<br />
erTi an meti iseTi ganusazRvreli movlenis-moxdeniT an<br />
armoxdeniT, romelic mTlianad ar eqvemdebareba sawarmos kontrols<br />
(mag. sasamarTloSi Setanili sarCeli).<br />
pirobiTi valdebuleba aris SesaZlo movaleoba, romelic<br />
warmoiqmna warsuli movlenebis Sedegad da misi arseboba dasturdeba<br />
mxolod erTi an meti ganusazRvreli movlenis momavalSi<br />
moxdeniT (an armoxdeniT) romelic mTlianad ar eqvemde-<br />
bareba sawarmos kontrols (mag. sawarmos winaarmdeg Setanili<br />
sarCeli).<br />
konstuqciuli movaleoba iseTi movaleobaa, romelic warmoiqmneba<br />
sawarmos saqmianobis Sedegad, rodesac warsulSi damkvidrebuli<br />
praqtikis da sawarmos politikis Tanaxmad sawarmom<br />
aCvena, rom igi momavalSi aRiarebs garkveul valdebulebas.<br />
magaliTad, sawarmo abinZurebs garemos, magram ar arsebobs saxelmwifo<br />
kanonmdebloba misi gawmendis aucileblobis Sesaxeb.<br />
sawarmo ki Tavad wyvets, misi Sinagani moraluri pasuxismgeblobis<br />
gamo gawmindos bunebrivi garemo. es aris konstruqciuli<br />
movaleoba. Sesabamisad, SeuZlia Seqmnas anaricxi dabinZurebuli<br />
garemos gawmendis xarjebis Sefasebis odenobiT.<br />
bass 38 _ aramaterialuri aqtivebi _ gansazRvravs, rom<br />
aramaterialuri aqtivi aris identificirebadi arafuladi aqtivi,<br />
fizikuri formis gareSe. mas miekuTvneba: samecniero an<br />
teqnikuri codna, axali procesebi an sistemebi, licenziebi,<br />
inteleqtualuri sakuTreba, patentebi, bazris Seswavla da<br />
savaWro niSnebi, saavtoro uflebebi, filmebi da sxva.<br />
aramaterialuri aqtividan calke gamoiyofa gudvili, romelic<br />
warmoiSoba sawarmoTa gaerTianebis Sedegad.<br />
standartis moTxovniT, aqtivi identificirebul unda<br />
iqnes aramaterialur aqtivad, roca igi gancalkavebulia da<br />
SeiZleba maTi gayidva, gaqiraveba an gadacema da warmoiqmneba<br />
saxelSekrulebo an iuridiuli uflebebiT, miuxedavad<br />
imisa,SesaZlebelia Tu ara aRniSnuli uflebebis gadacema an gacalkaveba.<br />
aramaterialuri aqtivis aRiareba unda moxdes, roca mosalodnelia<br />
aqtivis gamoyenebidan momavali ekonomikuri sargeblis<br />
miReba da SesaZlebelia maTi TviTRirebulebis saimedod<br />
Sefaseba. aramaterialur aqtivad SeiZleba aRiardes sawarmoSi<br />
warmoqmnili aramaterialuri aqtivi, garda gudvilisa.<br />
aramaterialuri aqtivis sawyisi Sefaseba unda moxdes TviT-<br />
RirebulebiT. igi moicavs Sesyidvis fass, importis mosakreblebisa<br />
da aradabrunebadi gadasaxadebis CaTvliT, SeRavaTebisa<br />
da fasdaklebebis gamoklebis Semdeg. agreTve, gamosayeneblad<br />
aqtivis momzadebaze gaweul pirdapir danaxarjebs.<br />
aramaterialuri aqtivis TviTRirebulebaSi ar Seitaneba<br />
axali produqciis an momsaxurebis aTvisebis xarjebi reklamis<br />
xarjebis CaTvliT, axal adgilze biznesis warmoebis danaxarjebi<br />
TanamSromelTa gadamzadebis danaxarjebis CaTvliT, admin-<br />
56 57
istraciisa da sxva zednadebi xarjebi.<br />
bass 39 _ finansuri instrumentebi: aRiareba da Sefaseba<br />
_ ganmrtavs, rom sawarmo mxolod im SemTxvevaSi aRiarebs finansur<br />
aqtivsa da finansur valdebulebas, Tu sawarmo xdeba instrumentis<br />
sakontraqto pirobebis monawile.<br />
sawarmo wyvets finansuri aqtivis aRiarebas mxolod im Sem-<br />
TxvevaSi, rodesac: finansuri aqtividan misaRebi fuladi saxsrebis<br />
miRebis sakontraqto uflebebs vada gasdis an sawarmo<br />
gascems finansur aqtivs.<br />
sawarmo finansur aqtivs gadascems mxolod im SemTxvevaSi,Tu:<br />
gadascems finansuri aqtividan fuladi saxsrebis miRebis sakontraqto<br />
uflebebs an inarCunebs finansuri aqtividan fuladi<br />
saxsrebis miRebis sakontraqto uflebebs, magram aRiarebs sakontraqto<br />
valdebulebebs, gadauxados fuladi saxsrebi erT<br />
an met pirs.<br />
Tu sawarmo arc gadascems da arc inarCunebs mflobelobasTan<br />
dakavSirebul arsebiTad yvela risksa da sargebels gadacemul<br />
aqtivze da inarCunebs masze kontrols, igi ganagrZobs<br />
gadacemuli aqtivis aRiarebas masSi Tavisi monawileobis proporciulad.<br />
finansuri aqtivis Cveulebrivi yidva-gayidvis aRiareba an<br />
aRiarebis Sewyveta, unda moxdes garigebis dRis an ganaRdebis<br />
dRis mdgomareobiT.<br />
standarti sawarmos nebas rTavs nebismieri finansuri aqtivis<br />
Tu finansuri valdebulebis sawyisi aRiarebisas, isini miiCnios<br />
realuri RirebulebiT Sesafaseblad, xolo realuri Rirebulebis<br />
cvlilebebi aRiaros mogebaSi an zaralSi..<br />
bass 39-Si manamde arsebuli arCevanis SesaZlebloba, gasayidad<br />
arsebuli finansuri aqtivebidan miRebuli Semosuloba<br />
da zarali eRiarebina mogebaSi an zaralSi, gauqmebulia. aseTi<br />
SesaZleblobis arseboba saWiroebas aRar warmoadgens, imis<br />
gamo, rom standartSi Setanili Sesworebebis Tanaxmad, sawarmos<br />
ufleba aqvs realuri RirebulebiT Seafasos nebismieri finansuri<br />
aqtivi da finansuri valdebuleba, mogebasa da zaralSi<br />
aRiarebul SemosulobasTan da zaralTan erTad.<br />
sawarmom finansuri valdebuleba balansidan mxolod ma-<br />
Sin unda amoiRos, rodesac is Sesruldeba _ e.i. rodesac kontraqtiT<br />
gansazRvruli valdebuleba daifareba, gauqmdeba an<br />
vada gauva.<br />
gamsesxebelsa da msesxebels Soris gansxvavebuli pirobebis<br />
mqone savalo instrumentis gacvla ganxilul unda iqnes, rogorc<br />
Tavdapirveli finansuri instrumentis anulireba da axali<br />
finansuri valdebulebis aRiareba.<br />
gauqmebuli an sxva mxrisaTvis gadacemuli finansuri valdebulebebis<br />
sabalanso Rirebulebasa da gadaxdil Tanxas Soris<br />
(nebismieri gadacemuli arafuladi aqtivebisa Tu aRiarebuli<br />
valdebulebebis CaTvliT) sxvaoba unda aRiardes mogebasa an<br />
zaralSi.<br />
standarti adgens, rom gaufasurebis zarali unda aRiardes<br />
mxolod misi warmoSobis Semdeg. standarti agreTve gvTavazobs<br />
damatebiT miTiTebebs, romeli movlenebi gvaZlevs obieqtur<br />
monacemebs wilobriv instrumentebSi ganxorcielebuli investiciebis<br />
gaufasurebis Sesaxeb.<br />
aseve, standarti moiTxovs, rom gasayidad arsebuli wilobrivi<br />
instrumentebis gaufasureba ar SeiZleba aisaxos mogebaSi<br />
an zaralSi, e.i. realuri Rirebulebis nebismieri Semdgomi<br />
zrda unda aRiardes sakuTar kapitalSi.standartSi agreTve<br />
mocemulia hejirebis buRaltruli aRricxvis meTodika.<br />
bass 40 _ `sainvesticio qoneba~ _ gamoiyeneba sainvesticio<br />
qonebis aRiarebis, Rirebulebis gansazRvris da ganmartebiTi<br />
SeniSvnebis momzadebisaTvis.<br />
sainvesticio qoneba aris uZravi qoneba (miwa, Senobebi an<br />
orive erTad), romelsac floben (mesakuTre an moijare – finansuri<br />
ijaris pirobebSi) saijaro Semosavlebis miRebis an<br />
kapitalis Rirebulebis zrdis an orive mizniT, garda Semdegi<br />
miznebisa: gamoiyeneba saqonlis warmoebis, momsaxurebis gawevis<br />
an administraciuli miznebisaTvis an iyideba Cveulebrivi<br />
saqmianobis procesSi.<br />
standartis miTiTebiT, sainvesticio qoneba SeiZleba Sefasdes<br />
faqtiuri an realuri RirebulebiT. sawyis etapze sainvesticio<br />
qoneba unda Sefasdes TviTRirebulebiT. garigebis xarjebic<br />
CairTveba sawyis SefasebaSi.<br />
sainvesticio qonebis realurma Rirebulebam unda asaxos<br />
bazris is mdgomareoba, romelic arsebobs balansis Sedgenis<br />
TariRisaTvis.<br />
standarti agreTve ganmartavs, rom mesakuTris mier dakavebuli<br />
qoneba aris qoneba, romelsac floben (mesakuTre an moijare,<br />
finansuri ijaris pirobebSi) saqonlis warmoebis an miwodebis,<br />
momsaxurebis gawevis an administraciuli miznebisaTvis.<br />
qonebrivi interesi SeiZleba klasificirebul da aRiare-<br />
58 59
ul iqnebs sainvesticio qonebis saxiT mxolod da mxolod ma-<br />
Sin, rodesac qoneba sxva mxriv daakmayofilebs sainvesticio<br />
qonebis ganmartebis pirobebs.<br />
erTi an ramdenime sainvesticio qoneba SeiZleba SeZenil<br />
iqnes arafulad aqtivze an fulad aqtivebze kombinirebulad<br />
gacvliT.<br />
SeZenili sainvesticio qonebis Rirebuleba moicavs Sesyidvis<br />
fassa da nebismier uSualod mikuTvnebul danaxarjebs.<br />
xolo, sakuTari warmoebis sainvesticio qonebis TviTRirebuleba<br />
aris misi danaxarjebi mSeneblobis an mzadyofnis dasrulebis<br />
TariRisaTvis. am TariRis dadgomamde sawarmo iyenebs<br />
me-16 standarts ~ZiriTadi saSualebebi~.<br />
bass 41 _ soflis meurenoba _ mizania gansazRvros sasoflo-sameureno<br />
saqmianobis buRaltruli aRricxvis wesebi,<br />
finansuri angariSgebis wardegna da masTan dakavSirebuli<br />
ganmartebiTi SeniSvnebi.<br />
mocemuli standarti gamoiyeneba biologiuri aqtivebis,<br />
soflis meurneobis produqciis da biologiur aqtivTan dakavSirebuli<br />
grantebis aRricxvisaTvis.<br />
biologiuri aqtivi aris cxoveli an mcenare.<br />
soflis meurneoba warmoadgens sawarmos mier cocxali<br />
cxovelebisa da mcenareebis(anu biologiuri aqyivebis) biologiuri<br />
transformaciis marTvas maTi gayidvis, soflis meurneobis<br />
warmoebis an maTgan damatebiTi biologiuri aqtivebis warmoebis<br />
mizniT.<br />
soflis meurneobis produqcia aris sawarmos biologiuri<br />
aqtivebidan miRebuli produqtebi, mxolod nayofis miRebis<br />
momentisaTvis. Semdgom gamoiyenba bass 2 _ sasaqonlomaterialuri<br />
aqtivebi an sxva romelime standarti. magaliTad, biologiuri<br />
aqtivi aris cxvari, xeebi tyis plantaciebSi, mcenareebi,<br />
buCqovani, msxvilfexarqosani pirutyvi, Rorebi, vazi, xexili<br />
da a.S. xolo, soflis meurneobis produqciaa: matyli, mcenareuli<br />
bamba, rZe, mokrefili xili, yurZeni da a.S. amdenad, mocemuli<br />
standarti exeba yurZnis miRebas da ara mis gadamuSavebas<br />
Rvinod; matylis miRebas da ara mis gadamuSavebas Zafad; bambis<br />
miRebas da ara Zafis damzadebas; lerwmis miRebas da ara Saqris<br />
warmoebas; rZis miRebas da ara yvelis damzadebas da a.S.<br />
biologiuri transformacia moicavs zrdas, degeneracias,<br />
warmoebas da gamravlebas, rac iwvevs biologiuri aqtivis<br />
xarisxobriv da raodenobriv cvlilebebs.<br />
nayofis miReba aris biologiuri aqtividan produqciis mocileba<br />
an biologiuri aqtivis sicocxlis procesis Sewyveta.<br />
sasoflo-sameurneo saqmianoba moicavs sxvadasxva saqmianobas,<br />
magaliTad, pirutyvis moSeneba, tyis gaSeneba, erTwliani da<br />
mravalwliani kulturebis moyvana, xexilis baRebisa da plantaciebis<br />
gaSeneba, yvavilebis moSeneba, akvakultura (m.S. Tevzis<br />
moSeneba) da sxva msgavsi saqmianoba. yvela saxis sasoflosameurneo<br />
saqmianobas aqvsSemdegi saerTo maxasiaTeblebi:<br />
1. cvlilebis unari _ cocxal cxovelebsa da mcenareebs aqvT<br />
biologiuri transformaciis unari.<br />
2. cvlilebis marTva _ sawarmos xelmZRvaneloba xels unda<br />
uwyobdes biologiur transformacias anu im pirobebis gaumjoebesebas<br />
an minimum, stabilizacias, romelic aucilebeblia<br />
procesis moxdenisaTvis (mag. kvebis, tenianobis, sinaTlis, temperatuirs,<br />
nayofierebis).<br />
sawarmom biologiuri aqtivi da soflis meurneobis<br />
produqcia unda Seafasos mxolod maSin, rodesac:<br />
1. sawarmo akontrolebs am aqtivs warsuli movlenebis Sedegad;<br />
2. misi gamoyenebiT mosalodnelia momavalSi ekonomikuri<br />
sargeblis Semosvla sawarmoSi an gasvla;<br />
3. SesaZlebelia aqtivis realuri Rirebulebis an TviTRirebulebis<br />
saimedod Sefaseba.<br />
standartis moTxovnebiT, biologiuri aqtivi Tavdapirveli<br />
aRiarebisas da balansis Sedgenis yoveli TariRisaTvis unda Sefasdes<br />
realizaciasTan dakavSirebuli xarjebiT Semcirebuli<br />
realuri RirebulebiT, garda im SemTxvevisa roca SeuZlebelia<br />
realuri Rirebulebis saimedod Sefaseba. aseT SemTxvevaSi<br />
sawarmom aqtivebi unda Seafasos TviTRirebulebiT, dagrovili<br />
cveTisa da dagrovili gaufasurebis zaralis gamoklebiT.<br />
biologiuri aqtividan miRebuli soflis meurenobis<br />
produqcia unda Sefasdes nayofis miRebis momentisaTvis arsebuli<br />
realuri RirebulebiT, realizaciasTan dakavSirebuli<br />
SefasebiTi xarjebis gamoklebiT.<br />
biologiuri aqtivis Tavdapirvelad aRiarebul realur Rirebulebasa<br />
da mimdinare realur Rirebulebas(Semcirebuli<br />
realizaciis xarjebiT) Soris cvlilebis Sedegad miRebuli mogeba<br />
an zarali CarTul unda iqnes im periodis neto mogebasa an<br />
zaralSi, rodesac isini warmoiSva.<br />
xolo, soflis meurneobis produqciis realizaciisaTvis<br />
60 61
saWiro SefasebiTi xarjebiT Semcirebuli realuri RirebulebiT<br />
Tavdapirvelad aRiarebis Sedegad miRebuli Semosavali<br />
an zarali CarTuli unda iqnes im periodis neto mogebasa da<br />
zaralSi, rodesac isini warmoiSva.<br />
amrigad, finansuri angariSgebis saerTaSoriso standartebi,<br />
romelic Seicavs buRaltruli aRricxvis saerTaSoriso standartebs,<br />
warmoadgens sawarmoTa gankargulebaSi arsebuli aqtivebis,<br />
valdebulebebis, sakuTari kapitalis, Semosavlebis,<br />
xarjebis da maTTan dakavSirebuli safinanso ekonomikuri operaciebis<br />
aRricxvis saerTo meTodikas, rac uzrunvelyofs<br />
mowesrigebuli buRaltruli aRricxvis sistemas yvela tipis<br />
sawarmoSi.<br />
3. buRaltruli aRicxvis sagani da meTodi<br />
buRaltruli aRricxvis, rogorc mecnierebis warmoSobis<br />
TariRad iTvleba, italieli maTematikosisa da filosofosis<br />
_ luka paCiolis mier, 1 494wels gamoqveynebuli naSromi `angariSebisa<br />
da Canawerebis Sesaxeb~, romelSic mas aRwerili aqvs<br />
sameurneo operaciebis ormagi (oradi) aRricxvis wesi.<br />
buRaltruli aRricxva miekuTvneba praqtikuli gamoyenebis<br />
mecnierebaTa ricxvs. rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, igi warmoadgens<br />
sawarmos safinaso-ekonomikuri saqmianobis Sedegebis amsaxvel<br />
informaciul sistemas.es informacia aucilebelia erTi mxriv,<br />
biznesis efeqtiani marTvisa da kontrolisaTvis da meore<br />
mxriv, sawarmos gareT sxvadasxva tipis partniorebisTvis, raTa<br />
miiRon gadawyvetileba imis Sesaxeb, daamyaron Tu ara saqmiani<br />
urTierToba erTmaneTTan.<br />
amdenad, buRaltruli aRricxvis mizania, moamzados safinanso-ekonomikuri<br />
xasiaTis obieqturi informacia da miawodos<br />
igi dainteresebul mxareebs. am mizniT man sawarmos funqcionirebis<br />
procesSi, Tvali unda miadevnos sawarmos mTeli<br />
resursebisa da maTi dafinansebis wyaroebis moZraoba-cvalebadobas,<br />
riTac aaSkaravebs biznesis waratebebisa da warumateblobis<br />
mizezebs.<br />
aRricxvis Teoriuli da praqtikuli mowesrigebis mizniT<br />
gansazRvrulia misi, rogorc mecnierebis, kvlevis sagani da<br />
obieqtebi.<br />
buRaltruli aRricxvis sagania sawarmoTa gankargulebaSi<br />
myofi resursebi anu aqtivebi, maTi dafinansebis wyaroebi da<br />
cvlilebebi anu sameurneo operaciebi.<br />
am ganmartebidan gamomdinare, buRltrul aRricxvas sami<br />
obieqti gaaCnia. esenia:<br />
I. aqtivebi _ aris sawarmos gankargulebaSi myofi materialuri<br />
da aramaterialuri qoneba, romelTa fulad formaSi saimedo<br />
Sefaseba SesaZlebelia da romelTa gamoyenebis Sedegad<br />
sawarmo moelis raime saxis ekonomikuri sargeblis miRebas.<br />
aqtivebSi ganivTebulia potenciuri anu momavalSi misaRebi<br />
ekonomikuri sargebeli, romelic niSnavs aqtivebis unars, xeli<br />
Seuwyos sawarmoSi fuladi saxsrebisa da maTi ekvivalentebis<br />
Semosvlas.<br />
buRaltruli aRricxvis saerTaSoriso standartebis<br />
62 63
struqturuli safuZvlebi ganmartavs, rom: ` sawarmo, rogorc<br />
wesi, moixmars aqtivebs im saqonlis sawarmoeblad da momsaxurebis<br />
gasawavad, romleboc daakmayofilebs momxmarebelTa<br />
moTxovnilebebs. Tu saqoneli an momsaxureba akmayofilebs<br />
maT moTxovnilebebs, momxmareblebi mzad arian gadaixadon am<br />
saqonlisa da momsaxurebis safasuri da amiT xeli Seuwyon fuladi<br />
saxsrebis Semosvlas sawarmoSi. fuladi saxsrebi ki, rogorc<br />
universaluri sawarmoo resursi, TavisTavad sawarmos<br />
emsaxureba~(muxli 54).<br />
aqtivebSi avansirebuli Rirebulebis brunvis siCqaris<br />
anu likvidurobis xasiaTis mixedviT, aqtivebi mimdinare anu<br />
moklevadian da grZelvadian aqtivebad iyofa.<br />
mimdinare aqtivebi aris aris iseTi saxis qoneba, romelic<br />
navaraudevia erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi gadaiqceva gacvis saSualebad.<br />
esenia: masalebi, saqoneli, daumTavrebeli produqcia,<br />
mza produqcia, moklevadiano moTxovnebi, fuladi Tanxebi,<br />
erT wlamde vadis nayidi fasiani qaRaldebi. mimdinare aqtivebs<br />
agreTve likvidur,mobilur da sabrunav aqtivebsac uwodeben.<br />
grZelvadiani aqtivi iseTi saxis qonebaa, romelic warmoeba-<br />
Si erT welze meti xnis ganmavlobaSi gamoiyeneba da maTSi avansirebuli<br />
Rirebulebis ukan dabrunebas ramdenime weli sWirdeba.<br />
maT agreTve aramobilur an aralikvidur aqtivebsac uwodeben.<br />
grZlevadian aqtivebs miekuTvneba: ZiriTadi saSualebebi,<br />
grZelvadiani investiciebi (grZelvadiani nayidi fasiani qaRaldebi),<br />
grZlevadiani moTxovnebi, aramaterialuri aqtivebi.<br />
aqtivebis dafinansebis wyaroebi warmoadgenen aRricxvis<br />
sagnis meore obieqts. isini ganmartaven ra gzebiTaa SeZenili<br />
sawarmos qoneba. maT Sesaxeb informacia saWiroa, raTa moxdes<br />
mesakuTreTa wilis da valdebulebebis marTva da kontroli.<br />
aqtivebis dafinansebis wyaroebi or jgufad iyofa: valdebulebebi<br />
da sakuTari kapitali.<br />
valdebulebebi warmoadgens sawarmos movaleobassxva subieqtebis<br />
mimarT, gadauxados maT saTanado fuladi Tanxebi.<br />
valdebulebebi, ganvlili movlenebis Sedegia da rogorc wesi,<br />
warmoiqmneba unaRdo angariSsworebis wesiT SeZenili aqtivis<br />
an miRebuli momsaxurebis dros, agreTve sxvisi qonebis gamoyenebis<br />
uflebisaTvis gadasaxdel Tanxebze, sabiujeto gadasaxadebze<br />
da sxv.<br />
sakuTari kapitali aris aqtivebis is nawili, romelic rCeba<br />
valdebulebebis dafarvis Semdeg. mas miekuTvneba: sawesdebo<br />
kapitali, saaqcio kapitali, mogebidan Seqmnili rezervebi,<br />
grZelvadiani aqtivis gadafasebis rezervi da gaunawilebebli<br />
mogeba.<br />
sawesdebo kapitali arsebobs SezRuduli pasuxismgeblobis<br />
sazogadoebebSi da sxva samarTlebrivi formis sawarmoebSi,<br />
garda saaqcio sazogadoebebisa. sawesdebo kapitali axasiaTebs<br />
mesakuTreTa wils sawarmos qonebaSi. saaqcio kapitali axasiaTebs<br />
aqcionerTa wils sawarmos aqtivebSi anu pasuxobs kiTxvaze:<br />
sawarmos aqtivebis ra nawilia SeZenili aqcionerebis mier<br />
Semotanili wilis xarjze.<br />
mogebis xarjze sawarmos menejmenti qmnis saxvadasxva saxis<br />
rezervebs, rogoricaa: rezervi warmoebis gafarToebisaTvis,<br />
riskisaTvis, muSakTa premirebisaTvis da sxv. aseTi saxis<br />
rezervebi aucilebelia kompaniis progresuli da dinamiuri<br />
ganviTarebisaTvis, warmoebis mosalodneli dacemis problemebis<br />
gadalaxvisaTvis.<br />
gadafasebis rezervi iqmneba grZelvadiani aqtivebis afasebis<br />
dros. igi gamoiyeneba am aqtivebis Camofasebis kompesaciisaTvis.<br />
gaunawilebebli mogeba aris wminda mogebis is nawili, romelic<br />
rCeba rezervebis Seqmnisa da aqcionerTa dividendebis<br />
gacemis Semdeg.<br />
aRricxvis sagnis mesame obieqtia samerneo operaciebi.<br />
sameurneo operacia aris calkeuli qmedeba, romelsac adgili<br />
aqvs sawarmos safinansoekonomikur saqmianobaSi. erTgvarovani<br />
operaciebis erToblioba qmnis sameurneo procesebs. arsebobs<br />
sami saxis procesi: momaragebis, warmoebis da realizaciis.<br />
momaragebis procesze xdeba sawarmos momarageba saWiro<br />
resursebiT. warmoebis procesze xdeba warmoebis materialuri<br />
da SromiTi resursebis SeerTeba, nedleulisa da masalebis<br />
gardaqmna mza produqtad. realizaciis procesze mza produqcia<br />
gadaiqceva fulad aqtivad. realizaciis procesi aris kompaniaSi<br />
avansirebuli Rirebulebis wrebrunvis saboloo stadia,<br />
romelic aCvenebs finansur Sedegs: mogebas an zarals sameurneo<br />
saqmianobidan. ra Tqma unda, warmoebis procesebi calkcalke<br />
izolirebulad ar arseboben. resursebi erTdroulad samive<br />
stadiaze imyofebian.<br />
amrigad, buRaltruli aRricxvis gareSe ar SeiZleba darCes<br />
mcire Tu didi moculois qoneba, valdebuleba, sakuTari kapitali<br />
da sameurneo operacia. es aucilebelia imsaTvis, rom aR-<br />
64 65
icxvam Seqmnas saimedo da srulyofili informacia, rogorc<br />
SigniT, biznesis marTvisa da kontrolis ganxorcielebisaTvis,<br />
ise misi gare momxmareblebisaTvis, saWiro gadawyvetilebebis<br />
misaRebad.<br />
amrigad, buRaltruli aRricxva warmoadgens firmebis<br />
sameurneo-safinanso saqminaobis Sedegebis amsaxvel sainformacio<br />
sistemas. igi informacias amzadebs sawarmos Sida da gare<br />
angariSgebis saxiT.<br />
miuxedavad imisa, rom buRaltruli aRricxvis sistema finansuri<br />
da mmarTvelobiTi aRricxvis qvesistemebs moicavs, isini<br />
erTmaneTTan organul kavSirSia da amitom SeiZleba msjeloba<br />
buRaltruli aRricxvis, rogorc mecnierebis sagnis Sesaxeb.<br />
mas Semdeg, rac italielma mecnierma luka paCiolma ormagi (anu<br />
digrafiuli) Caweris meTodi SeimuSava (1494 w.), buRaltruli<br />
aRricxva ekonomikur mecnierebaTa erTerT dargad iTvleba.<br />
imisaTvis, rom buRaltruli aRricxvis seqtorma SeZlos rogorc<br />
Sida, aseve gare momxmareblebisaTvis waradginos sawarmoSi<br />
arsebuli resursebis da maTi gamoyenebis anlizuri da<br />
sinTezuri finansur-ekonomikuri suraTi,igi sxvadasxva saaRricxvo<br />
xerxs iyenebs.<br />
buRaltruli aRricxvis xerxebis (anu wesebis) erToblioba<br />
warmoadgens aRricxvis meTods. buRaltruli aRricxvis meTodi<br />
rva xerxs anu oTx wyil elements moicavs. buRaltruli aRricxvis<br />
xerxebia:<br />
I. dokumentacia da inventarizacia;<br />
II. Sefaseba da kalkulacia;<br />
III. anagariSebi da ormagi aRricxva;<br />
IV. sacdeli balansi da angariSgeba.<br />
buRaltruli aRricxvis mizania uzrunvelyos maRali saimedoobis<br />
mqone informaciis momzadeba, romelze dayrdnobiTac<br />
miRebul unda iqnes safinanso-ekonomikuri xasiaTis esa Tu is<br />
gadawyvetileba biznesis samyaroSi, Sesabamisad, buRaltruli<br />
aRricxva dokumentebs anu werilobiT mtkicebulebebs unda<br />
eyrdnobodes. aqedan gamomdinare, aranairi safinanso-sameurneo<br />
operaciis aRricxva ar SeiZleba, Tu masze saTanado dokumenti<br />
gaformebuli araa. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, aRricxuli<br />
operacia ukanonod iTvleba. dokumenti aris informaciis pirveli<br />
sacavi. masSi pirvelad fiqsirdeba yvela momxdari faqti da<br />
movlena, romelsac Semdeg buRaltruli aRricxva eyrdnoba.<br />
yoveli sameurneo operaciis saTanado dokumentiT gaformebas<br />
dokumentacia ewodeba.<br />
amrigad, aRricxvaSi dokumentaciis xerxis gamoyeneba<br />
aucilebelia obieqturi da samarTliani informaciis mosamzadeblad,<br />
romelic misi momxmareblebisaTvis Rirebuli iqneba<br />
swori gadawyvetilebebis misaRebad.<br />
saaRricxvo monacemebi zogjer sinamdviles ar Seesabameba.<br />
amis mizezi SeiZleba iyos pirvelad dokumentebSi arasworad gakeTebuli<br />
gaangariSebebi, saaRricxvo CanawerebSi momxdari Secdomebi<br />
an TaRliTobiT gamowveuli danaklisebi. amitom saWiro<br />
xdeba saaRricxvo Canawerebis SesabamisobaSi moyvana faqtobriv<br />
mdgomareobasTan. am mizniT inventarizaciis xerxi gamoiyeneba,<br />
romelic gulisxmobs faqtobrivi mdgomareobis aRweras sawarmoSi<br />
sagangebod gamoyofili komisiis mier.<br />
aRricxvis Semdegi xerxia - Sefaseba, romelic aucilebelia<br />
gansxvavebul naturalur da SromiTi erTeulebSi gamoxatuli<br />
aqtivebis, valdebulebebis, sakuTari kapitalis, Semosavlebisa<br />
da xarjebis fulad formaSi gadayvanis, ganzogadebisa da finansuri<br />
Sedgebis gansazRvris mizniT. RirebulebiTi Sefasebis<br />
ZiriTadi saxeobebia TviTRirebuleba da fasi. RirebulebiTi<br />
Sefasebis sxva danarCeni saxeobebi, Cveni azriT, SeiZleba am ori<br />
ZiriTadiSefasebis interpretaciebad CaiTvalos, rogoricaa:<br />
pirvandeli Rirebuleba, narCeni Rirebuleba, salikvidacio<br />
Rirebuleba, momavali an diskontirebuli Rirebuleba, faqtobrivi<br />
an gegmuri TviTRirebuleba, mimdinare an gegmuri fasi da<br />
a.S.<br />
kalkulacia warmoadgens damzadebuli calkeuli saxeobis<br />
produqciis an gaweuli momsaxurebis erTeulis TviTRirebulebis<br />
gamoTvlis xerxs. rogorc wesi, produqciis TviTRirebuleba<br />
sxvadasxva saxeobis danaxarjebisagan Sedgeba. danaxarjebis<br />
efeqtiani kontrolisa da marTvis mizniT, aucilebelia<br />
materialuri da SromiTi danaxarjebis identifikacia produqciis<br />
erTelze. swored kalkulaciis wesebis daxmarebiT gamoiTvleba<br />
damTavrebuli da daumTavrebeli produqciis TviTRirebuleba<br />
danaxarjTa saxeebis mixedviT. kalkulaciis meTodebi<br />
saSualebas iZleva mewarmem zustad icodes ra saxeobisa da ra<br />
raodenobis resursebi ixarjeba ama Tu im produqciis damzadebaze<br />
an gaweul momsaxurebaze, raTa dagegmos realuri fasebi<br />
da misaRebi mogeba, agreTve, SeimuSaos mogebis gadidebis<br />
RonisZiebebi.<br />
nebismieri sawarmos ekonomikuri saqmianoba calkeuli<br />
66 67
qmedebis anu sameurneo operacebis erTobliobas warmoadgens.<br />
es safinanso-ekonomikuri moqmedebebi anu operaciebi gamudmebiT<br />
cvlis sawarmos aqtivebis, valdebulebebis, sakuTari kapitalis,<br />
Semosavlebisa da xarjebis moculobasa da struqturas.<br />
am cvlilebebis Sedegebis dasadgenad gamoiyeneba specialuri<br />
tipis cxrilebi, rasac buRaltruli angariSebi ewodeba. amdenad,<br />
buRaltruli angariSi aris firmis saqmianobaSi warmoqmnili<br />
ama Tu im cvlilebis aRricxvis xerxi. sameureno operaciebiT<br />
gamowveuli cvlilebebi im angariSze aRiricxeba, romel<br />
angariSsacmocemuli cvlileba Seexeba. magaliTad, fuladi<br />
Tanxebis miReba an gacema cvlis fuladi Tanxebis raodenobas,<br />
amitom es operacebi fulis aRmricxvel angariSze aRiricxeba.<br />
masalebis moculobaSi warmoqmnili cvlilebebi _ masalis angariSze<br />
aRiricxeba da a.S.<br />
amrigad, buRaltruli angariSi aris buRaltruli aRricxvis<br />
erTerTi mniSvnelovani xerxi, romelic Tvisebrivad erTgvarovan<br />
aqtivebs, valdebulebebs, sakuTar kapitals, Semosavlebsa<br />
da xarjebs dajgufebulad da dinamikaSi aRricxavs da romelTa<br />
gareSe firmebSi ganxorcielebuli saqminaobis Sedegebis dadgena<br />
SeuZlebelia. vinaidan, cvlilebebi mxolod ori mimar-<br />
TulebiT _ zrdis an Semcirebis saxiT SeiZleba moxdes, yvela<br />
buRaltrul angariSs ori mxare aqvs, romelTac tradiciulad<br />
~debeti~ da ~krediti~ ewodeba.<br />
sameurneo operaciebi buRaltrul angariSebSi ormagi aRricxvis<br />
xerxiT aisaxeba. ormagi aRricxvis (Caweris) xerxis<br />
gamoyenebis aucilebloba gamowveulia imiT, rom sawarmoTa<br />
ekonomikaSi arsebobs Sida ekonomikuri wonasworobis kanonzomiereba:<br />
yoveli erTi qmedeba, minimum ori sxvadasxva ekonomikuri<br />
maCveneblis Tanabari zomiT cvlilebas iwvevs. amitom<br />
orive maCveneblis cvlileba unda aRiricxos. magaliTad, Tu<br />
firmam bankidan aiRo moklevadiani sesxi 5 000 lari. es erTi<br />
operacia erTdroulad cvlis firmis fulad Tanxebs, kerZod<br />
zrdis mas da meore mxriv, aseve 5 000 lariT izrdeba davalianeba<br />
bankis mimarT, romelic droulad unda daifaros. amitom,<br />
resursebis marTvisa da kontrolis miznebi moiTxoven mocemuli<br />
operaciafuladi Tanxebisa da valdebulebebis angariSebze<br />
calkcalk aRiricxos. SesaZloa erTi sameurneo operaciis Sedegad<br />
sawarmoSi orze meti ekonomikuri maCvenebeli Seicvalos,<br />
magram wonasworobis kanonzomiereba arasodes irRveva. swored<br />
amitom, oramgi aRricxva niSnavs, erTi sameurneo operaciiT,<br />
erTidaigive Tanxis Caweras minimum or angariSze: erTis _debetSi<br />
da meoris _ kreditSi.<br />
SevniSnavT rom, cneba ormagi an oradi aRricxva SeiZleba<br />
gaazrebul iqnas rogorc,sawarmos finansur SedegebSi erTi<br />
da igive Tanxebis orjer aRiareba, rac bunebrivia ar SeiZleba<br />
marTebulad CaiTvalos da amdenad, msmenelSi dabneulobas<br />
iwvevs. am uxerxulobis Tavidan acilebis mizniT, mizan-<br />
Sewonilad migvaCnia gamoyenebul iqnas termini `ormxrivi<br />
aRricxva~.<br />
sawaroTa ekonomikaSi arsebuli Sida wonasworobis buRaltrulad<br />
sworad asaxvis dadasturebis mizniT sacdeli balansis<br />
momzadebis xerxi gamoiyeneba.<br />
sacdeli balansi aris sawarmos saqmianobis aRricxvaSi gamoyenebuli<br />
yvela buRaltruli angariSis naSTebis deklaracia<br />
Semosavlebisa da xarjebis angariSebis daxurvamde. sadebeto<br />
naSTebisa da sakredito naSTebis saboloo jamebi erTmaneTis<br />
toli unda aRmoCndes, rac imas niSnavs, rom sawarmos mikroekonomikaSi<br />
arsebuli Sida wonosworobis kanonzomiereba saaRricxvo<br />
sistemaSi sworadaa asaxuli.<br />
dRemde iTvleba, rom buRaltruli aRricxvis meSvide xerxi<br />
aris buRaltruli balansi (3.12; 10.38; 11.33), xolo merve xerxia<br />
angariSgeba, rac Cveni azriT, mcdari midgomaa Semdeg garemoebaTa<br />
gamo.<br />
pirveli,rogorc buRaltruli balansi, aseve mogeba-zaralis<br />
angariSgeba sacdeli balansis informaciis safuZvelze<br />
mzaddeba. kerZod, sacdeli balansidan aqtivebis, valdebulebebisa<br />
da sakuTari kapitalis aRmricxveli angariSebis naSTebi<br />
buRaltrul balansSi, Semosavlebisa da xarjebis aRmricxveli<br />
angariSebis naSTebi ki mogebazaralis angariSgebaSi gadadis.<br />
buRaltruli aRricxvis swavlebis saerTaSoriso programul<br />
saxelmZRvaneloSi, sacdeli balansi SeiZleba iTqvas, calke<br />
xerxadaa ganxiluli (7. 61-64). swored sacdeli balansis momzadeba<br />
warmoadgens im xerxs, romliTac gamoisaxeba mTavari sabalanso<br />
anu ekonomikuri wonasworoba. buRaltruli balansis<br />
Sedgenamde jer sacdelma balansma unda gasces pasuxi kiTxvaze:<br />
aRicxvaSi sworadaa Tu ara asaxuli sawarmos saqmianobaSi ganvlil<br />
periodSi warmoqmnili yvela finansur-ekonomikuri wonasworoba.<br />
mxolod amis Semdegaa SesaZlebeli finansuri angariSgebis<br />
momzadeba.<br />
meore, buRaltruli balansi aris finansuri angariSgebis<br />
68 69
erTerTi Semadgeneli komponenti. finansuri angariSgebis saer-<br />
TaSoriso standartebiT, angariSgebis sruli paketi moicavs:<br />
buRaltrul balanss, mogebazaralis angariSgebas, fuladi<br />
nakadebis angariSgebas, angariSgebas sakuTari kapitalis cvlilebebis<br />
Sesaxeb da werilobiT axsna - ganmartebebs. amdenad,<br />
identifikacia: _ ~balansi da angariSgeba~, maT urTierT<br />
sapirispiro mxares ayenebs, rac aralogikuria da amdenad,<br />
angariSgebidan buRaltruli balansis gamocalkaveba mar-<br />
Tebulad ar migvaCnia.<br />
mesame, angariSgeba aris sawarmos finansuri mdgomareobisa<br />
da misi saqmianobis finansuri Sedegebis struqturulad Camoyalibebuli<br />
suraTi. igi dgeba periodulad: wliurad, yovelTviurad<br />
an ufro mokle periodisaTvis firmis Sida marTvis<br />
mizniT, yovelwliurad ki _ gare momxamareblebisaTvis. angariSgeba<br />
saSualebas iZleva ESefasdes firmis gadaxdisunarianobisa<br />
da momgebianobis done, romlis safuZvelzec saTanado<br />
rekomendaciebi SemuSavdeba..<br />
finasuri angariSgebis saerTaSoriso standartebis<br />
ganmartebis Tanaxmad, `finansur angariSgebaSi aRwerilia saangariSgebo<br />
periodSi momxdari yvela sameurneo operaciisa da<br />
movlenis finansuri Sedegebi, romlebic dajgufebulia maTi<br />
ekonomikuri maxasiaTeblebis mixedviT. amgvar farTo dajgufebas<br />
finansuri angariSgebis elementebs uwodeben”. angariSgebis<br />
elementebia: aqtivebi, valdebulebebi, sakuTari kapitali, Semosavlebi<br />
da xarjebi. pirveli sami elementi swored buRaltrul<br />
balansSia warmodgenili. marTalia, buRaltrul balansSi gadmocemulia<br />
firmis ekonomikaSi arsebuli erTerTi wonasworobis<br />
kanonzomiereba aqtivebsa, valdebulebebsa da sakuTar kapitals<br />
Soris, magram manamde, swored sacdeli balansi asaxavs<br />
wonasworobis srul sivrces xuTive elementis monawileobiT,<br />
rogoricaa, aqtivebi, valdebulebebi, sakuTari kapitali, Semosavlebi<br />
da xarjebi.buRlatruli balansi da angariSgebis danarCeni<br />
komponentebi ki erToblivad iZleva firmis gadaxdisunarianobisa<br />
da momgebianobis analizis informacias. sacdeli<br />
balansi aris angariSgebis momzadebis wina safexuri da Sesabamisad<br />
xerxi, romlis Semdegac angariSgebis momzadeba iwyeba.<br />
amrigad, angariSgebidan buRaltruli balansis, rogorc<br />
baRaltruli aRricxvis xerxis calke gamoyofa, gamarTlebuli<br />
araa (13. 117-122). buRaltruli balansi, angariSgebis danar-<br />
Cen komponentebTan erTad, aRricxvis sainformacio sistemis<br />
safuZvelze asaxavs sawarmos finasuri mdgomareobisa da misi<br />
saqmianobis finansuri Sedegebis struqturul suraTs. angariSgebis<br />
xuTive komponenti saaRricxvo ciklis bolo stadiaze<br />
mzaddeba,yvela erT mizans emsaxureba da yvela erToblivad<br />
firmis gadaxdisunarianobisa da momgebianobis suraTs qmnis.<br />
zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, buRaltruli aRricxvis<br />
meTodis Semadgeneli rva xerxidan, meSvide xerxad, Cveni azriT,<br />
unda CaiTvalos sacdeli balansi. buRaltruli balansi<br />
ki miekuTvneba merve xerxs _ angariSgeba.<br />
4. buRaltruli angariSebi da maTi<br />
daniSnuleba<br />
buRaltruli angariSebi gamoiyeneba sameurneo operaciebis<br />
anu cvlilebebis aRsaricxavad. buRaltruli angariSi, rogorc<br />
ukve aRiniSna, aris specialuri moxazulobis cxrili, romelSic<br />
saTando wesiT aRiricxeba erTgvarovani tipis cvlilebebi anu<br />
sameurneo operaciebi. nebismieri tipis sawarmos ekonomikur<br />
saqmianobaSi momxdari operaciebi anu calkeuli qmedebebi, cvlilebas<br />
iwveven finansuri angariSgebis elementebSi: aqtivebSi,<br />
valdebulebebSi, sakuTar kapitalSi, Semosavlebsa da xarjebSi.<br />
menejmentis mTavari funqciaa Seiswavlos saqmianobis procesSi<br />
momdari cvlilebebis Sedegebi, radgan cvlilebebi xelsayrel<br />
an araxelsayrel finansur Sedegebs iZlevian. amitom, ganvlili<br />
periodis ganmavlobaSi moxdari cvlilebebiT gamowveuli esa<br />
Tu is Sedegebi warmoadgens kompaniis rogorc xelmZRvanelebis,<br />
ise gareSe dainteresebuli pirebis ganxilvis sagans.<br />
mowesrigebuli aRricxvisa da marTvis mizniT, aucilebelia<br />
erTgvarovani saxis aqtivebi calkcalke aRiricxos; erTgvarovani<br />
saxis valdebulbebi asve calkcalke aRiricxeba da a.S.<br />
amitom, TiToeuli saxis sameurneo elementisaTvis Sesabamisi<br />
saxelwodebis buRaltruli angariSi gamoiyeneba.<br />
operaciebiT gamowveuli cvlilebebi mxolod ori: zrdis<br />
an Semcirebis mimarTulebiT SeiZleba moxdes. amitom, yovel<br />
buRaltrul angariSsac ori mxare aqvs, romelsac tradiciulad,<br />
laTinuri warmoSobis terminebi: `debeti` da `krediti~<br />
hqvia. imis mixedviT,ekonomikuri Sinaarsi mixedviT buRaltru-<br />
70 71
li angariSi ras aRricxavs, gansxvavebulia `debetisa~ da ~kreditis~<br />
Sinaarsi.<br />
buRaltruli angariSebis mxareebis: `debetisa~ da `kreditis~<br />
Sinaarsis gaazreba buRaltruli angariSebis ekonomikuri<br />
Sinaarsis mixedviT klasifikacias efuZneba.<br />
ekonomikuri Sinaarsis mixedviT buRaltrul angariSebs aqtiur,<br />
pasiur da aqtiur-pasiur angariSebad yofen.<br />
resursebisa da maTi danaxarjebis aRmricxvel angariSebs<br />
aqtiuri angariSebi ewodeba. maT aqvT debetis naSTi. zrda<br />
aRiricxeba _ debetSi, Semcireba aRiricxeba _ kreditSi. aqtiuri<br />
angariSebia: mimdinare aqtivebis, grZelvadiani aqtivebis<br />
da xarjebis aRmricxveli angariSebi.<br />
qonebis SeZenis aRmricxvel angariSebs pasiuri angariSebi<br />
ewodeba. maT aqvT kreditis naSTi, zrda aRiricxeba _ kreditSi,<br />
Semcireba _ debetSi. pasiuri angariSebia: valdebulebebis, sakuTari<br />
kapitalisa da Semosavlebis aRmricxveli angariSebi.<br />
buRaltruli angariSebis naSTebi asaxaven sawarmoTa safinanso-ekonomikur<br />
saqmianobaSi momxdari sameurneo operaciebiT<br />
gamowveuli cvlilebebis Sedegebs. mimdinare periodis<br />
saboloo naSTebi warmoadgens momavali periodis sawyis naS-<br />
Tebs, radgan saqmianoba grZeldeba da ar wydeba.<br />
buRaltruli angariSebis naSTebi SeiZleba ori meTodiT<br />
gamoiTvalos: brunvis meTodiT da mTliani jamis meTodiT.<br />
brunvis meTodiT:<br />
aqtiuri angariSis saboloo naSTi udris debetis sawyis naSTs<br />
mimatebuli debetis brunva da gamoklebuli kreditis brunva.<br />
rogorc wesi, brunvaSi naSTi ar Sedis.<br />
pasiuri angariSebis saboloo naSTi udris kreditis sawyis<br />
naSTs mimatebuli kreditis brunva da gamoklebuli debetis<br />
brunva.<br />
aqtiuri angariSi pasiuri angariSi<br />
d------------------------------- k d------------------------------- k<br />
naSTi:7 000 * 14 000 naSTi:14 000<br />
• 12 000 * 15 000 * 15 000 * 24 000<br />
• 13 000 * 20 000 * 10 000<br />
brunva: 25 000 br:: 29 000 br:: 35 000 brunva: 34 000<br />
---------------- -----------------<br />
naSTi: 3 000 naSTi: 13 000<br />
mTliani jamis meTodiT:<br />
TiToeul buRaltrul angariSze gamoiTvleba debetisa da<br />
kreditis mTliani jamebi sawyisi naSTis CaTvliT. udidesi jamierTi<br />
striqonis gamotovebiT, Caiwereba angariSis orive mxares.<br />
Semdeg, gamoiTvleba damabalansebeli ricxvi, romelic miRebuli<br />
jamebis sxvaobis tolia da Caiwereba umciresi jamis mxares, rogorc<br />
gadasatani naSTi. sacdel balansSi gadatanis Semdeg ewodeba<br />
`gadatanili naSTi~. amrigad, gadasatani (an gadatanili)naSTi<br />
aris igive saboloo naSTi. xolo sawyis naSTs _ `gadmotanil<br />
naSTs~ uwodeben.<br />
aqtiuri angariSi pasiuri angariSi<br />
d--------------------------------k d-----------------------------------k<br />
gadmotanili * 14 000 *15 000 gadmotanili<br />
naSTi: 7 000 * 15 000 * 20 000 naSTi: 14 000<br />
* 12 000 gadasatani * 24 000<br />
* 13 000 naSTi: 3 000 * 10 000<br />
--------- ---------- gadasatani<br />
32 000 32 000 naSTi 13 000<br />
-------- ---------- --------- ---------gadatanili<br />
48 000 48 000<br />
naSTi 3 000 --------- ---------gadatanili<br />
naSTi13 000<br />
• aqtiur angariSze gadasatani naSTi = 32 000 – (14 000 + 15 000) = 3 000<br />
• pasiur angariSze gadasatani naSTi = 48 000 – (14 000 + 24 000 + 10 000) = 13 000<br />
saerTaSoriso praqtikaSi xSirad gamoiyeneba naSTebis gamoTvlis<br />
mTliani jamis meTodi.<br />
buRaltruli angariSisdebetSi Tanxis Caweras am angariSis<br />
debetoba ewodeba. xolo, Tanxis Caweras buRaltruli ngariSis<br />
_kreditSi,am angariSis kreditoba ewodeba.<br />
Sida ekonomikuri wonasworobis kanonzomierebis Tanaxmad,<br />
rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, sawarmoTa saqmianobaSi momxdari<br />
yoveli sameurneo operacia saqmianobis sxvadasxva maCveneblebis<br />
Tanabari zomis RirebulebiT cvlilebas iwvevs. swored<br />
am kanonzomierebis aRricxvaSi asaxvis mizniT, buRaltrul<br />
angariSebSi sameurneo operaciebi ormagi (igive oradi anu ormxrivi)<br />
aRricxvis meTodiT aRiricxeba. davuSvaT mesakuTris<br />
mier biznesSi Setanilia (dabandebulia)10 000 lari. es operacia<br />
erTi mxriv zrdis sawarmoSi fulis masas 10 000 lariT da meore<br />
mxriv, imave odenobiT izrdeba mesakuTris wili sawarmos aq-<br />
72 73
tivebSi. maSasadame, am operaciis buRaltruli aRricxvisaTvis<br />
saWiroa `fulis` da `sawesdebo kapitalis~ angariSebi, radgan<br />
sawesdebi kapitali axasiaTebs mesakuTris wils. amdenad, mocemul<br />
operaciaze Sedgeba Semdegi buRaltruli muxli:<br />
debeti _ fulis angariSi_ 10 000 l<br />
krediti _ sawesdebo kapitali _ 10 000 l<br />
amdenad, ormagi (ormxrivi) aRricxvis safuZvelze, erTi angariSis<br />
debeti udris mokorespodento angariSis kredits.<br />
erTi operaciis safuZvelze angariSTa dakavSirebas angariS-<br />
Ta korespodencia ewodeba. xolo TviT dakavSirebul angariSebs<br />
_ mokorespodento angariSebs uwodeben. Cvens magaliTze mokorespodento<br />
angariSebia `fulisa~ da `sawesdebo kapitalis~<br />
angariSebi.<br />
finansur angariSgebisadmi damokidebulebis mixedviT ganasxvaveben<br />
balansis, anu realur, anu mudmiv angariSebs da mogeba-zaralis,<br />
anu droebiT, anu nominalur angariSebs.<br />
ganzogadebis xarisxis mixedviT: gamoiyofa sinTezuri da<br />
analizuri angariSebi. sinTezuri angariSi igive naerTi anu sakontrolo<br />
angariSia, romelzec aRricxva mxolod fulad formaSi<br />
xdeba.<br />
yovel sinTezur angariSs aqvs analizuri angariSebi detaluri<br />
aRricxvisaTvis.<br />
saerTaSoriso praqtikaSi gamoiyeneba e.w. `damxmare angariSi~,<br />
aRricxvaSi daSvebuli Secdomis gasworebis koreqtirebisaTvis.<br />
es angariSi arsebiTad teqnikuri xasiaTis, aqtiur-pasiuri angariSia.<br />
Tumca, Cven SesaZleblad migvaCnia, agreTve gamoyenebul<br />
iqnas Cvens praqtikaSi kargad cnobili `stornos~ meTodi.<br />
davuSvaT, aRmoCnda, rom 200 lari zedmetad aris aRricxuli<br />
fulis angariSze:<br />
debeti _ damxmare angariSi _ 200<br />
krediti _ fuli_ 200<br />
saaqcio kapitalis angariSis kreditSi 400 lariT naklebi<br />
Tanxa aRmoCnda aRricxuli:<br />
debeti _ damxmare angariSi _ 400<br />
krediti _ saaqcio kapitali _ 400da a.S.<br />
stornos meTodi ufro moxerxebuli iqneba maSin, roca Tanxebi<br />
mokorespodento angariSebze Sebrunebuladaa aRricxuli.<br />
aseTi Secdoma SeiZleba damxmare angariSis gareSe Seswordes.<br />
5. saaRricxvo ciklis safexurebi<br />
saaRricxvo cili aris periodi pirveladi dokumentis Sedgenidan,<br />
finansuri angariSgebis Sedgenamde. igi moicavs Semdeg<br />
safexurebs:<br />
1. sameurneo operaciebis anu faqtebis gaformeba Sesabamisi<br />
saxis pirveladi dokumentebiT.<br />
rogorc wesi, pirveladi dokumenti aris, sawarmos saqmianobaSi<br />
momxdari ama Tu im ekonomikuri movlenis kanonierebis mtkicebuleba.<br />
aRricxvaSi ki dauSvebelia ukanono operaciebis<br />
aRiareba-asaxva.<br />
2. pirveladi dokumentebidan sameurneo operaciebis gadatana<br />
JurnalebSi, rogoricaa: Sesyidvebis Jurnali, Sesyidvebis<br />
ukan dabrunebis Jurnali, gayidvebis Jurnali, gayidvebis<br />
ukan dabrunebis Jurnali, salaros Jurnali;<br />
3. Jurnalebidan operaciebis gadatana mTavar saregistracio<br />
JurnalSi anu saerTo JurnalSi.<br />
mTavari Jurnali ukve warmoadgens ormagi aRricxvis nawils.<br />
masSi mieTiTeba buRaltruli muxlebi anu mokorespodento<br />
angariSebis saxelebi da operaciis mokle Sinaarsi. saerTo Jurnali<br />
warmoadgens kontrolis karg saSualebas aRricxvaSi<br />
daSvebuli Secdomebis SemowmebisaTvis. Jurnalis yoveli gverdis<br />
Sevsebisas jamdeba debetisa da kreditis svetebi, romelTa<br />
jamebi erTmaneTs unda daemTxves.<br />
operaciebis saregistracio anu saerTo JurnalSi erTgvarovani<br />
operaciebi periodebis mixedviT, dajamebulad gadaitaneba<br />
Sesyidvebis, gayidvebis da sxva Jurnalebidan (wignebidan).<br />
4. operaciebis saregistracio Jurnalidan buRalatruli<br />
muxlebis gadatana mTavar sabuRaltro wignSi anu `t~ angariSebSi;<br />
imisaTvis, rom mTavari sabuRaltro wigni ar gadaitvirTos,<br />
masSi ixsneba mxolodsakontrolo anu mTavari angariSebi (igive<br />
sinTezuri angariSebi). mTavari angariSebis analizuri anu individualuri<br />
angariSebi ki ixsneba calke. magaliTad, mTavar<br />
wignSi ixsneba debitoruli da kreditotuli davalianebebis<br />
sakontrolo angariSebi, romelTa analizuri anu individualuri<br />
angariSebi ixsneba calke, debitoruli davalianebebis in-<br />
74 75
dividualur wignSi da kreditoruli davalianebebis individualur<br />
anu analizur wignSi. amasTan, sakontrolo angariSebi<br />
Sedis ormxrivi aRricxvis sistemaSi. individualuri anu analizuri<br />
angariSebis wignSi ormxrivi aRricxva ar xdeba. yovelTviuri<br />
naSTi jamdeba da DSeudardeba sakontrolo angariSis naSTs,<br />
romlebic erTmaneTs unda daemTxves.<br />
5. saboloo naSTebis gamoTvla mTavari wignis BbuRaltrul<br />
angariSebSi<br />
mTavari wignis angariSebze saboloo naSTebis gamoTvlis Semdeg,<br />
moxdeba sinTezuri da anlizuri angariSebis monacemebis<br />
Sedareba. kerZod, romelime mTavari anu sakontrolo angariSis<br />
analizuri angariSebis debetebis brunvebis jami unda daemTxves<br />
amave sakontrolo angariSis debetis brunvas; analizuri<br />
angariSebis sakredito brunvebis jami maTi sakontrolo angariSis<br />
kreditis brunvis toli unda iyos da saboloo naSTebis<br />
jamic unda daemTxves sakontro angariSis saboloo naSTs.<br />
6. mTavari wignidan buRaltruli angariSebis saboloo<br />
naSTebis gadatana sacdel balansSi.<br />
rogrc ujve aRvniSneT, sacdeli balansi aris buRlatruli<br />
angariSebis naSTebis deklaracia. mas aqvs sadebeto da sekredito<br />
naSTebis svetebi, romelTa jamebi erTmaneTs unda daemTxves.<br />
Tu aRmoCnda, rom sacdel balansSi aucilebeli toloba<br />
dairRva, aRmoCenili unda iqnas is Secdomebi, ramac es<br />
gadaxra gamoiwvia. saerTaSoriso praqtikaSi gavrcelebuli<br />
praqtikiT,sxvaobis Tanxa sacdeli balansis sadebeto da<br />
sakredito naSTebis svetebis jamebs Soris e.w. damxmare angariSze<br />
gadaitaneba.<br />
damxmare angariSs uwodeben iseT angariSs, romelzec debetisa<br />
da kreditis Tanxebi inaxeba manam, sanam ar gairkveva romel<br />
angariSebze unda iqnas gadatanili es Tanxebi.<br />
sacdel balansSi aRmoCenili Secdoma ise aisaxeba damxmare<br />
angariSis debetSi an kreditSi, rom moxdes sacdeli balansis<br />
dabalanseba. Tu sacdel balansSi debetis naSTebis svetis jami<br />
aRemateba sakredito naSTebis svetis jams, maSin sxvaobis Tanxa<br />
aisaxeba damxmare angariSis kreditSi da sacdeli balansis<br />
kreditis svetSi Caiwereba `damxamre angariSi~. es erTaderTi<br />
SemTxvevaa, rodesac angariSebis wignSi keTdeba ara ori, aramed<br />
erTi Canaweri. damxmare angariSis gaxsnis Semdeg xdeba misi `gawmenda~<br />
ormxrivi (ormagi) aRricxvis meTodiT, sanam damxmare an-<br />
gariSi ar ganuldeba.<br />
7. koreqtirebuli sacdeli balansis Sedgena _ am safexurze<br />
xdeba im naSTebis koreqtireba, romlebic buRaltrul balanssa<br />
da mogebazaralis angariSgebaSi unda iqnas aRiarebuli.<br />
kerZod, moxdeba xarjebisa da Semosavlebis periodizacia Tu<br />
es manamde ar momxdara. agreTve, grZelvadiani aqtivebis Rirebulebidan<br />
gamoiqviTeba dagrovili cveTis Tanxebi da a.S.<br />
8. damasrulebeli gatarebebi. am etapze mogeba-zaralis<br />
angariSiT ixureba Semosavlebisa da xarjebis aRmricxveli<br />
angariSebi, ris Sedegadac gamovlindeba finansuri Sedegi _<br />
mogeba an zarali. xolo mogeba-zaralis angariSi daixureba<br />
gaunawilebeli mogebis an daufaravi zaralis angariSiT.<br />
9. sacdeli balansidan mogeba-zaralis angariSgebis Sedgena.<br />
am safexurze, sacdeli balansi da Semosavlebisa da xarjebis<br />
angariSebis naSTebi gadaitaneba mogebazaralis angariSgebaSi<br />
(garda winaswar miRebuli Semosavlebisa da gaweuli<br />
xarjebisa).<br />
10. sacdeli balansidan buRaltruli balansis Sedgena,<br />
risTvisac, aqtivebis, valdebulebebisa da sakuTari kapitalis<br />
angariSebis naSTebi buRaltrul balansSi gadaitaneba.am mizniT,<br />
praqtikaSi gamoiyeneba samuSao cxrili, romelsac Tormeti sveti<br />
aqvs. kerZod, or-ori sveti sawyisi balansis, sacdeli balansis,<br />
koreqtirebebis, koreqtirebuli sacdeli balnsis, mogebazaralis,<br />
da buRaltruli balansis saboloo naSTebisaTvis.<br />
11. mTavari sabuRaltro wignis angariSebidan fuladi nakadebisa<br />
da sakuTari kapitalis cvlilebebis angariSgebaTamomzadeba.<br />
amrigad, saaRricxvo ciklis safexurebi zogadad SeiZleba<br />
Semdegnairad warmovadginoT:<br />
saaRricxvo ciklis sqema<br />
pirveladi Jurnalebi mTavari sacdeli angariSgeba<br />
dokumentebi→<br />
→ sabuRaltro → balansi→<br />
wigni<br />
76 77
6.finansuri angariSgeba, rogorc finansuri<br />
aRricxvis mizani da misi analizuri<br />
mniSvneloba<br />
cnobilia, rom finansuri aRricxvis mizania moamzados finansuri<br />
angariSgeba gareT gamosaqveyneblad.<br />
finansuri angariSgeba aris sawarmos finansuri mdgomareobisa<br />
da finansuri Sedegebis struqturulad Camoyalibebuli<br />
suraTi. yvela iuridiuli piris finansuri angariSgeba aris<br />
sajaro xasiaTis da mas Seuferxeblad unda gaecnos nebismieri<br />
dainteresebuli piri. sawarmoTa finansur angariSgebaSi mocemuli<br />
informaciis analizi saSualebas iZleva Sefasdes, Tu ramdenad<br />
SeuZlia sawarmos dafaros misi valdebulebebi da ramdenad<br />
efeqtianadaa gamoyenebuli sawarmos gankargulebaSi myofi<br />
resursebi.<br />
aseTi analizis safuZvelze, sawarmoTa finansuri informaciis<br />
momxmareblebs SeuZliaT miiRon gadawyvetileba, daamyaron<br />
Tu ara raime tipis safinanso-ekonomikuri urTierToba<br />
mocemul sawarmosTan: miscen sesxebi, miawodon saqoneli, daabandon<br />
investiciebi da a.S.<br />
bass-is Tanaxmad finansuri angariSgeba moicavs buRaltrul<br />
balanss, mogebazaralis angariSgebas, fuladi nakadebis angariSgebas,<br />
sakuTar kapitalSi cvlilebebis angariSgebas da<br />
werilobiT ganmartebebs.<br />
finansuri aRricxvis garda ar arsebobs sxva saxis modeli an<br />
programa, romelic SeZlebs moamzados sawarmos finansuri angariSgeba.<br />
saTanado saaRricxvo meTodikis meSveobiT, finansuri<br />
aRricxva axdens nebismieri zomis moculobis resursebisa<br />
da ganusazRvreli raodenobis sameurneo operaciis Tavmoyras,<br />
dakvirvebas, dajgufebas, Sefasebas, detalur da naerT aRricxvas<br />
da yovelive amis Sedegad, sawarmos finansuri Sedegebis: mogebis<br />
an zaralis dadgenas.<br />
metad rTuli da mravalmxrivi saaRricxvo samuSaoebis gvirgvins<br />
warmoadgens finansuri angariSgeba. masSi yvela arsebiTi<br />
informacia isea Camoyalibebuli da sistemaSi moyvanili, rom<br />
misi Seswavlis safuZvelze yvela dainteresebul pirs SeuZlia<br />
gaarkvios, sawarmo rogori efeqtianobiT iyenebs resursebSi<br />
dabandebul yovel erT lars, rogoria misi mdgomareoba kre-<br />
ditunarianobis TvalsazrisiT, stabiluria Tu ara misi finansuri<br />
mdgomareoba.<br />
buRaltrul balansSi mocemulia sawarmos finansuri mdgomareoba<br />
(ix. cxrili 1). SevniSnavT rom, Cven buRaltruli balansis<br />
mxareebs tradiciulad _ `aqtivsa~ da ~pasivs~ vuwodebT.<br />
buRaltruli aRricxvis saerTaSoriso standartebi buRaltrul<br />
balansSi, termins_ ~pasivi~ ar iyenebs. balansis marjvena<br />
mxares, aRricxvis standartiT ewodeba: `valdebulebebi da sakuTari<br />
kapitali~. zogierTi avtori `pasivebs~ mxolod valdebulebs<br />
uwodebs. Cveni azriT, gamomdinare iqedan, rom rogorc<br />
valdebulebebi, ise sakuTari kapitali, aqtivebis dafinansebis<br />
wyaros warmoadgenen, gamarTlebulia isini erTi saerTo terminis<br />
qveS gavaerTianoT da tradiciulad _ `pasivi~ vuwodoT.<br />
sabalanso informaciis safuZvelze SeiZleba gamoiTvalis<br />
sxvadasxva saintereso maCveneblebi da koeficientebi finansuri<br />
mdgomareobis ama Tu im mxaris Sesafaseblad (15. 12-16). davasaxelebT<br />
ramdenimes:<br />
sakuTari sabrunavi saxsrebi, romelic aris sxvaoba mimdinare<br />
aqtivebsa da mimdinare valdebulebs Soris.<br />
myari finansuri mdgomareobis dros, sakuTari sabrunavi saxsrebi<br />
unda aRematebodes materialur maragebs imave balansiT.<br />
xolo, normalur finansur stabilurobad iTvleba, roca:<br />
< <<br />
sakuTari sabrunavi materialuri dafinansebis<br />
saxsrebi maragebi `normaluri~ wyaroebi<br />
materialuri maragebis dafinansebis normalur wyaroebs<br />
miekuTvneba: sakuTari sabrunavi saxsrebi, valdebuleba mowodebidan<br />
da moklevadiani sesxebi.<br />
agreTve, ganisazRvreba likvidurobis saerTo koeficienti,<br />
romelic mimdinare aqtivebisa da mimdinare valdebulebebis<br />
fardobis tolia. igi orsa da sams Soris unda meryeobdes.<br />
dadebiT finansur mdgomareobaze miuTiTebs agreTve isic,<br />
roca balansiT, sakuTari kapitalis wili aqtivebSi, aRemateba<br />
valdebulebebis wils da ase Semdeg. rogorc ukve aRvniSneT,<br />
angariSgebaze dayrdnobiT, maravali saxis saintereso maCvenebeli<br />
SeiZleba gamoiTvalos (15).<br />
78 79
cxrili 1<br />
.buRaltruli balansi 2008 31.12. (lari)<br />
buRaltrul balansSi asaxulia kapitalis finansuri Senar-<br />
Cunebis koncefcia. kapitalis finansuri SenarCunebis koncefciis<br />
mixedviT, mogebis aRiareba xdeba maSin, rodesac wminda<br />
aqtivebis fuladi Rirebuleba saangariSgebo periodis bolos,<br />
aRemateba wminda aqtivebis fulad Rirebulebas periodis dasawyisSi,<br />
kapitalis yovelgvari damatebiTi Senatanebisa da<br />
gadanawilebis gamoqviTvis Semdeg.saerTod, kapitali iTvleba<br />
SenarCunebulad, Tu periodis bolos iqneba igive kapitali, rac<br />
periodis dasawyisSi iyo.<br />
motanili pirobiTi magaliTis mixedviT, balansis monacembis<br />
safuZvelze e.i. finansuri SenarCunebis koncefciis Tnaxmad:<br />
mogeba = (78 310 - 62 780) - 10 000 = 5 530 l<br />
mogebis miRebul sidides Tu davumatebT daricxul dividends<br />
( 1200 ) d mogebis gadasaxads (3 000 ), miviRebT dasabegri<br />
mogebis sidides 9 750 lars. maSasadame, kapitalis SenarCunebis<br />
orive koncefcia urTierTkavSirSia da erTmaneTisagan damoukideblad<br />
ar aseboben.<br />
rogorc cnobilia, mogebazaralis angariSgeba dgeba daricxvis<br />
principiT da SeiZleba ori meTodiT momzaddes: danaxarjTa<br />
funqciuri daniSnulebisa da danaxarjTa elementebis mixedviT.<br />
funqciuri daniSnulebis mixedviT danaxarjebis dajgufeba<br />
xdeba maTi xarjvis miznobriobis mixedviT (ix: cxrili 2). aseTi<br />
midgoma gamoiyeneba momsaxurebis sferos sawarmoebSi. xolo,<br />
danaxarjebis ekonomikuri elementebis mixedviT mogeba-zaralis<br />
angariSgeba unda moamzados mrewvelobis, soflis meurneobisa<br />
da mSeneblobis seqtoris sawarmoebma (ix: cxrili 3). Tu<br />
mocemuli seqtoris sawarmoebi mogeba-zaralis angariSgebas<br />
danaxarjTa funqciuri daniSnulebsi mixedviT moamzadeben,<br />
maSin axsna-ganmartebiT SeniSnvnebSi mainc aunda aCvenon danaxarjTa<br />
elementebi, radgan es informacia aucilebelia makro<br />
doneze, qveynis mTliani Sida produqtis gamoTvlisaTvis.<br />
80 81
cxrili 2<br />
mogebazaralis angariSgeba<br />
(danaxarjebis fuqnciuri daniSnulebis mixedviT)<br />
cxrili 3<br />
mogebazaralis angariSgeba<br />
(danaxarjTa elementebis mixedviT)<br />
82 83
ogorc vxedavT, mogebazaralis angariSgebaSi mogebis ramdenime<br />
maCvenebli gamoiTvleba. axali cvlilebebiT, sawarmoebs<br />
SeuZliaT angariSgebaSi ar aCvenon saoperacio mogeba da pirdapir<br />
dasabegri mogeba gansazRvron..<br />
mogebzaralis angariSgebaSi, rogorc adre aRvniSneT, asaxulia<br />
kapitalis fizikuri SenarCunebis koncefcia. romlis Tanaxmad<br />
mogeba Semosavlebsa da xarjebs Soris sxvaobis tolia.<br />
fuladi nakadebis angariSgeba mzaddeba mTavari wignis fuladi<br />
Tanxebis, debitorebis da kreditorebis angariSebis monacemebidan.<br />
es angariSgebac SeiZleba ori meTodiT Sedges.<br />
aRricxvis saerTaSoriso standartebis moTxovniT, sabaziso<br />
meTodia e.w. pirdapiri meTodi (ix: cxrili 4). es meTodi iZleva<br />
sawarmos fuladi nakadebis analizis saSualebas. fuladi nakadebis<br />
angariSgeba mzaddeba sakaso principiT. misi analizi sa-<br />
Sualebas iZleva Sefasdes, sawrmoSi realurad rogor moZraobs<br />
fuli da xom ar arsebobs fulis brunvis problemebi. SeiZleba<br />
aRmoCndes, rom sawarmos mogeba gaaCndes, magram ganicdides<br />
fuladi saxsrebis deficits, romlis Sefaseba xdeba swored<br />
fuladi nakadebis angariSgebis informaciis safuZvelze.<br />
rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, fuladi nakadebis angariSgeba<br />
SeiZleba momzaddes alternatiuli xerxiT _ arapirdapiri<br />
meTodiT. am meTodiT gansxvavebulia mxolod pirveli ganayofis<br />
momzadebis meTodi. kerZod, xdeba dasabegri mogebis koreqtireba<br />
arafuladi muxlebiT (rogoricaa, cveTis xarji,<br />
maragis danaklisi da sxva)) da arasaoperacio SemosavlebiTa<br />
da xarjebiT, ris Sedegadac miiReba _ mogeba sabrunav saSualebebSi<br />
cvlilebamde. koreqtirebisaTvis, dasabegr mogebas<br />
xarji emateba, Semosavlebi ki akldeba (ix: cxrili 5). miRebuli<br />
mogebis maCvenebeli fulad nakadebamde rom iqnes dayvanili,<br />
amisaTvis, mas unda gamoakldes debitoruli davalianebebis<br />
zrda buRaltruli balansiT,daematos momwodeblebTan davalianebebis<br />
naSTebis zrda da gamoakldes sasaqonlo materialuri<br />
maragebis naSTebis zrda.<br />
gadaxdili mogebis gadasaxadi, procentebi da dividendebi<br />
`saoperacio saqmianobis~ ganayofSi mewarmem unda aCvenos imitom<br />
rom, rogorc wesi, saimedo finansuri mdgomareobis pirobebSi,<br />
sawarmom es xarjebi ZiriTadi saqmianobidan miRebuli<br />
fuladi saxsrebiT unda dafaros.<br />
84 85<br />
cxrili 4<br />
fuladi nakadebis angariSgeba<br />
(pirdapiri meTodiT)
cxrili 5 .<br />
fuladi nakadebis angariSgeba<br />
(fragmenti, arapirdapiri meTodiT)<br />
arapirdapiri meTodiT momzadebul angariSgebas `fuladi<br />
nakadebis Sesaxeb~ _ naklebi analizuri mniSvneloba aqvs. amitom<br />
mas mxolod arasruli saaRricxvo Canawerebis dros mimar-<br />
Taven.<br />
finansuri angariSgebis meoTxe komponentia `angariSgeba sakuTar<br />
kapitalSi cvlilebebis Sesaxeb~, romelic mTavri wignis<br />
angariSebis da fasiani qaRaldebis gmoSvebis analizuri monacemebis<br />
safuZvelze mzaddeba (ix: cxrili 6):<br />
rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, finansur angariSgebas didi analizuri<br />
mniSvneloba gaaCnia misi momxmareblebisaTvis. masSi gadmocemuli<br />
informaciis safuZvelze gamoirkveva sawarmos ara<br />
mxolod gadaxdisunarianobis, aramed, momgebianobis sxvadasxva<br />
maCveneblebic. ase magaliTad:<br />
aqtivebis momgebianoba = (dasabegri mogeba * 100) : aqtivebis<br />
jami =<br />
= 9 730 *100 : 116 640 = 8,3%<br />
maSasadame, mimdinare wels, yovel erT lar aqtivze miRebuli<br />
iqna 8,3% mogeba. moxdeba am maCveneblis Sedareba wina wlebis<br />
an saSualo dargobriv maCveneblebTan da gakeTseba Sesabamisi<br />
daskvnebi.SeiZleba momgebianobis maCveneblebi wmindamogebis<br />
maCveneblis safuZvelzec gamoiTvalos, rac ufro metad sainteresoa<br />
mesakuTreebisaTvis. Seiswavleba agreTve dividendi<br />
erT aqciaze, Semosavali erT aqciaze da a.S.<br />
aRsaniSnavia, rom, erTerTma ingliselma mecnierma eduard<br />
alTmanma, Seiswavla ra ramdenime aTeuli kompaniis finansuri<br />
mdgomareoba, romlebic gakotrdnen, SeimuSava sawarmos kreditunarianobis<br />
indeqsi (z), romlis minimaluri done2,675 unda<br />
iyos.<br />
z = 3,3 k 1 + 1,0 k 2 + 0,6 k 3 + 1,4 k 4 + 1,2 k 5 sadac,<br />
k 1 = mogeba %isa da gadasaxadis gadaxdamde / mTeli aqtivebi<br />
k 2 = amonagebi realizaciidan / mTeli aqtivebi<br />
k 3 = sakuTari kapitali (sabazro fasiT) / moziduli kapitali<br />
k 4 = dagrovili gaunawilebeli mogeba / mTeli aqtivebi<br />
k 5 = sakuTari sabrunavi saxsrebi / mTeli aqtivebi<br />
mocemuli indeqxi unda aRematebodes 2,675. am Sem-<br />
86 87
TxvevaSi, uaxloes sam weliwadSi, sawarmos safrTxe ar<br />
emuqreba. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, mosalodenelia misi<br />
gakotreba da misi Tavidan acilebis mizniT aucilebelia<br />
xelmZRvanelobam Sesabamisi RonisZiebebi gaataros.<br />
finansuri angariSgebis axsna_ganmartebiT SeniSvnebSi<br />
sawarmom unda aCvenos saaRricxvo politika anu is xerxebi, daSvebebi<br />
da meTodebi, romelsac igi iyenebs aRricxvisa da finansuri<br />
angariSgebis momzadebis procesSi. agreTve, unda gaxsnas<br />
zogierTi informacia, rac angariSgebaSi gamoyofili ar aris.<br />
magaliTad, vadagadacilebuli debitoruli da krteditoruli<br />
davalianebebi da sxva. aseve, gadmocemuli unda iyos ZiriTadi<br />
finansuri koeficientebi da analizis ZiriTadi daskvnebi.<br />
88 89<br />
cxrili 6<br />
angariSgeba sakuTar kapitalSi<br />
cvlilebebis Sesaxeb (larebSi)
daskvna<br />
amrigad, winamdebare SromaSi ganvixileT buRaltruli<br />
aRricxvis Teoriuli safuZvlebi da saerTaSoriso standartebis<br />
ZiriTadi Sinaarsi. buRaltruli aRricxvis orive<br />
qvesistema: finansuri da mmarTvelobiTi aRricxva amzadebs<br />
informacias firmebis safinanso-ekonomikuri saqmianobis mar-<br />
Tvisa da sxvadasxva gadawyvetilebebis misaRebad. finansuri<br />
aRricxva informacias gareT gamosaqveyneblad amzadebs da<br />
sajaro xasiaTisaa,xolo, mmarTveloboTi aRricxva informacias<br />
amzadebs Sida marTvisaTvis da daxuruli xasiaTisaa.<br />
sawarmoTa mesakuTreebi, investorebi da mmarTvelebi buRaltruli<br />
aRricxvis informacias Tu miukerZoeblad Seiswavlian<br />
da Seismenen, ras winaswarmetyveleben saaRricxvo maCveneblebi,<br />
ekonomikuri krizisebis Tavidan acileba gaadvildeba.<br />
buRaltruli aRricxvis saerTaSoriso standartebi SemuSavebulia<br />
im mizniT, rom ganxorcieldes buRaltruli aRricxvis<br />
meTodebis harmonizacia saerTaSoriso masStabiT. amiT<br />
igi xels uwyobs buRalteriis mowesrigebas, aadvilebs saqmian<br />
urTierToebebs kompaniebsa da individebs Soris dedamiwis<br />
nebismier wertilSi. oRond, saWirod vTvliT gamartivdes zogierTi<br />
midgomebi TviT aRricxvis saerTaSoriso standartebSi.<br />
warmodegenil SromaSi gadmoveciT Cveni damokidebuleba<br />
da Tvalsazrisi zogierTi sakiTxis garSemo. kerZod:<br />
* buRaltruli aRricxvis meTodis Semadgeneli xerxebidan,<br />
meoTxe wyvili anu meSvide da merve xerxebi, dRemde formulirebulia<br />
Semdegnairad: `balansi da angarSgeba~. Cveni azriT,<br />
angariSgebisagan buRaltruli balansis gamoyofa gaumar-<br />
Tlebelia, radgan balansi TviT angariSgebis Semadgeneli<br />
komponentia. meSvide xerxad unda CaiTvalos _ sacdeli balansi,<br />
romelic aris periodis bolos, yvela buRaltruli<br />
angariSis naSTebis CamonaTvali da warmoadegns imis dadasturebas,<br />
rom sawarmos mikroekonomikur saqmianobaSi arsebuli<br />
Sida wonasworobis obieqturi kanonzomiereba aRricxvaSi<br />
sworadaa asaxuli. sacdeli balansidan mzaddeba<br />
buRaltruli balansi da mogebazaralis angariSgeba. buRaltruli<br />
balansic rasakvirvelia, warmoadgens buRaltruli<br />
aRricxvis meTods, magram finansur angariSgebasTan erTad;<br />
* saaRricxvo CanawerebSi aRmoCenili Secdomebis gasworebis<br />
mizniT, damxmare angariSTan erTad, zogjer<br />
ufro efeqturi iqneba gamoyenebuli iqnas `storno~,<br />
raTaA xelovnurad ar gaizardos anagariSebis brunvebi;<br />
* finansuri angariSgebis `struqturul safuZvlebSi~ aRniSnulia,<br />
rom sawarmos SeuZlia gamoiyenos kapitalis finansuri<br />
an fizikuri SenarCunebis koncefcia. vfiqrobT, rom finasuri<br />
angariSgebis momzadebis dros orive koncefcia gamoiyeneba.<br />
kerZod, buRaltruli balansi _ kapitalis finansuri Senar-<br />
Cunebis, xolo, mogebazaralis angariSgeba _ kapitalis fizikuri<br />
SenarCunebis koncefcias eyrdnoba. orive koncefcia dakavSirebulia<br />
erTaneTTan da izolirebulad ar arseboben da<br />
amdenad, sawarmoebs ar SeuZliaT an erTi an meore gamoiyenon;<br />
* calke unda xdebodes gansakuTrebuli<br />
xarjebisa da Semosavlebis identifikacia, romelic<br />
gamoiqviTeba mogebis dabegvris Semdeg;<br />
* xarjebis cnebis ganmartebebSi gaumarTleblad migvaCnia<br />
gaerTianebuli iqnes ~warmoebis xarjebi~ da `zarali~;<br />
* gaumarTleblad migvaCnia ZiriTadi saSualebebis `nar-<br />
Ceni Rirebulebisa~ da `salikvidacio Rirebulebis~ gaigiveba.<br />
ZiriTadi saSualebebis narCeni Rirebuleba saWiroa gamoTvlil<br />
iqnes yovelwliurad, pirvandeli Rirebulebidan dagrovili<br />
cveTis gamoklebiT. salikvidacio Rirebuleba ki ( CvenSi adre<br />
arsebuli tradiciiTac ) aris aqtivis likvidaciis dros arsebuli<br />
narCeni Rirebuleba likvidaciis xarjebis gamoklebiT;<br />
* saWirod vTvliT gamartivdes ZiriTadi saSualebebis<br />
Sefasebis meTodika da gauqmdes gaufasurebis zaralis<br />
yovelwliuri testireba, rac subieqturi midgomebis gamo<br />
uzustobis Zalian maRal albaTobas warmoSobs da Sesabamisad,<br />
dausabuTeblad amcirebs dasabegri mogebis sidides.<br />
saerTod, aucileblobad vTvliT muSaobisa da kvlevebis<br />
gaZlierebas buRaltruli aRricxvis saer-<br />
TaSoriso standartebis gamartivebis mimarTulebiT.<br />
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Problematical gueshons of fi naccial acconting<br />
R e s u m e<br />
Financial and Menegerial accounting are subsistems of Bookiping. The Finacial<br />
accounting prepares information for autcustomers and Mnegeriel accounting<br />
for management.<br />
If the possessors and managers of buziness must studi to information of accounting<br />
and must realize how speaking the guides of accounting, economikal<br />
crisis will not be exist.<br />
The aim of International Financial Repording Standards and international<br />
Accounting Standards are the harmonization of the world accounting. It help<br />
accounting thet everything must be in order and it regulates relationship betveen<br />
companies.<br />
But in my mind it is necessary to simplify accounting methods in International<br />
Accounting Standards.<br />
gamoyenebuli literatura<br />
1. finansuri angariSgebis saerTaSoriso standartebi,<br />
Targmani inglisuridan, nawiliI Tbilisi, 2004<br />
2. finansuri angariSgebis saerTaSoriso standartebi, Targamni<br />
inglisuridan, nawili II, Tbilisi, 2004.<br />
3. buRaltruli aRricxvis safuZvlebi, ACCA, saerTaSoriso<br />
versia, saxelmZRv. rusul enaze. 1999<br />
4. finansuri angariSgebis momzadeba, ACCA, saxelmZRvanelo,<br />
saerTaS. versia, Targm. inglisuridan. Tb., 2006<br />
5. finansuri angariSgeba, ACCA, wigni 2.5. Targm. inglisurdan,<br />
Tb., 2006<br />
6. beriSvili i., finansuri aRricxva, Tb., 2008<br />
7. gregori menqiu, ekonomikis principebi, Targan. inglis.<br />
Tb., 2000<br />
8. kupreiSvili e., buRaltruli aRricxva, Tb., 2005<br />
9. maisuraZe m., finansuri aRricxva, Tb., 2009<br />
10. xarabaZe e., buRaltruli aRricxvis safuZvlebi, Tb.,<br />
2008<br />
11. xorava a., kvataSiZe n., sreseli n., gogriWiani z., buRaltruli<br />
aRricxva, Tb., 2008<br />
12. ZaZamia r., finansuri aRricxva da angariSgeba, Tb., 2000<br />
13. WilaZe i., cvlilebebi buRaltruli aRricxvis xerxebis<br />
identifikaciaSi, Jurnali: ekonomika da bo\iznesi, Tsu, 2008, # # 6<br />
14. WilaZe i. _ finansuri analizi, damxmare saxelmZRvanelo,<br />
Tb., 2004<br />
15. WilaZe i. _ ZiriTadi saSualebebis Sefasebis problemuri<br />
sakiTxebi, Jurnali `biznesi da kanonmdebloba~, 2009, # 2.<br />
16. finansuri aRricxva, b.g. geTmanis redaqciiT, rusul<br />
enaze, moskovi, 2005<br />
92 93