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<strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>wignis</strong> <strong>mxardaWeris</strong> <strong>fondi</strong><br />

Georgian Book Support Foundation

TSAKNAGI<br />

FACET<br />

Annual<br />

of Philological Studies<br />

1<br />

2009<br />

Merab Ghaghanidze<br />

Editor<br />

Tbilisi • Memkvidreoba • 2009

filologiur kvlevaTa<br />

weliwdeuli<br />

1<br />

2009<br />

merab RaRaniZis<br />

redaqciiT<br />

Tbilisi • memkvidreoba • 2009

waxnagi: filologiur kvlevaTa weliwdeuli. 1. 2009<br />

saredaqcio sabWo<br />

Suqia afridoniZe<br />

zurab kiknaZe<br />

merab RaRaniZe<br />

<strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>wignis</strong> <strong>mxardaWeris</strong> <strong>fondi</strong><br />

“memkvidreoba”<br />

<strong>fondi</strong>s saqmianobas nivTierad uzrunvelyofs<br />

giorgi leJava<br />

ISSN 1987-7218 © “memkvidreoba”, 2009

sarCevi<br />

winaTqma<br />

merab RaRaniZe 9<br />

narkvevi<br />

nino doborjginiZe<br />

<strong>qarTuli</strong> enis funqciuri<br />

da Tvisobrivi legitimaciis sakiTxebi Sua saukuneebSi 13<br />

Suqia afridoniZe<br />

poeturi mimarTva qarTul poeziaSi 30<br />

ramaz qurdaZe<br />

zogi sityvis warmomavlobisaTvis qarTul JargonSi 62<br />

salome omiaZe<br />

diskursis definiciaTa analizi 70<br />

irma ratiani<br />

fsevdokarnavaluri narativi romanSi —<br />

kulturaTaSorisi dialogis forma 81<br />

nino fircxalava<br />

zrunvis arakis recefcia literaturasa da filosofiaSi 93<br />

maka elbaqiZe<br />

sivrculi diqotomia Suasaukuneebis raindul romanSi 105<br />

nino sayvareliZe<br />

aris Tu ara grigol noseliseuli<br />

“puri arsobisa¡” oden xorcieli? 116<br />

maia rafava<br />

ioane mTavaraisZe, Savi mTis qarTveli moRvawe 128<br />

Tamar oTxmezuri<br />

efrem mcire da “berZulad saswavleli” sityvebi 139<br />

qeTevan bezaraSvili<br />

ritorikisa da filosofiis urTierTmimarTebis<br />

literaturul-Teoriuli aspeqti<br />

qarTvel elinofilTa naazrevSi<br />

(efrem mcire, ioane petriwi) 152

6<br />

waxnagi 1.2009<br />

nestan sulava<br />

SoTa rusTvelis poemis saTauris gaazrebis<br />

saRvTismetyvelo-Teoriuli safuZvlebi 165<br />

zurab kiknaZe<br />

guramiSvilis igavi 177<br />

iuza evgeniZe<br />

vaJa-fSavelas biografiis erTi sakiTxi 197<br />

qeTevan bezaraSvili, Tamar lomiZe<br />

amaRlebulisa da gansacvifreblis cnebebi<br />

Zvel literaturul-Teoriul naazrevSi<br />

da galaktion tabiZesTan 211<br />

leqcia<br />

guram lebaniZe<br />

Sesavali filologiaSi: leqciebi 1-4 233<br />

publikacia<br />

lela xaCiZe<br />

<strong>qarTuli</strong> himnografiis aqamde ucnobi nimuSebi _<br />

“kapraSiulni” 267<br />

akaki wereTeli<br />

ocneba 275<br />

nana fruiZe<br />

akakis “ocneba” 279<br />

masala<br />

mTiulur-gudamayruli andrezebi<br />

(Cawera da gamosacemad gaamzada zurab kiknaZem) 285<br />

“moqceva¡ qarTlisa¡” da “ninos cxovreba” ucxour enebze<br />

(Seadgina darejan menabdem) 296<br />

rusudan dauSvili<br />

qarTvel mweralTa saiubileo TariRebis<br />

aRniSvna emigraciaSi (XX s. 20-30-iani ww.) 304<br />

portreti<br />

kaxa loria<br />

ana kalandaZe: “ar Seval taZrad, uwminduri sadac Sevida” 313<br />

rusudan niSnianiZe<br />

oTar CxeiZis Rvawli 321

sarCevi 7<br />

gamoxmaureba<br />

rezo marsagiSvili<br />

kulturaTa dialogi da orenovani leqsikoni<br />

[A Comprehensive Georgian-English Dictionary, Vol. I-II, 2006] 329<br />

merab RaRaniZe<br />

guruli dialeqtis<br />

monografiuli Seswavlis nagvianebi nayofi<br />

[grigol imnaiSvili, guruli dialeqti, 2006] 334<br />

zaza firaliSvili<br />

<strong>qarTuli</strong> literaturismcodneobis axali perspeqtiva<br />

[literaturis Teoria, 2008] 340<br />

bela wifuria<br />

antiutopiuri realoba da antiutopiuri romani<br />

[irma ratiani, qronotopi antiutopiur romanSi, 2005] 344<br />

eqvTime koWlamazaSvili<br />

giorgi mTawmidelis “Tvenis” gamocemisaTvis<br />

[giorgi mTawmidelis Tveni (seqtemberi), 2007] 348<br />

gaga lomiZe<br />

interteqstualuri anu globalisturi kritika<br />

[zaza SaTiriSvili, galaktionis poetika<br />

da ritorika, 2004] 356<br />

qronika 361<br />

avtorebi 367

winaTqma<br />

<strong>qarTuli</strong> ena da literatura Cveni samkvidroa, Cveni<br />

samSobloa.<br />

ena da literatura (istoriul mexsierebasTan erTad)<br />

tradiciis is RerZia, romelic warsulTan Cvens uwyvetobas<br />

uzrunvelyofs, romelic awmyoSi Cvens RirebulebaTa<br />

simyares ganapirobebs, romelic momavals Cveni Taobis ganazrebul<br />

da gamonaTqvam uwyebas daudasturebs...<br />

<strong>qarTuli</strong> ena da literatura mravalwaxnagovani mTlianobaa<br />

da, amdenad, bunebrivia, faqiz yuradRebas imsaxurebs<br />

misi yoveli waxnagi, _ imis miuxedavad, Tu TiToeuli maTgani<br />

rogori sididisa da aRnagobisaa, visi aRalma aRubeWdavs,<br />

romel aTinaTs ireklavs, ragvar brwyinvalebas gamoscems,<br />

ramdenad TvalSisacemia (an TvalismomWrelia)<br />

misi xiluli Tu Sefaruli wiboebi. eWvs ar unda iwvevdes,<br />

rom <strong>qarTuli</strong> kulturuli cnobierebisaTvis Cveni enisa da<br />

literaturis yoveli namdvili waxnagi _ ugamonaklisod<br />

da upirobod _ Rirebulia...<br />

magram qarTul enasa da literaturas arasodes uarsebia<br />

da arc dRes arsebobs SemozRudul an daxSul sivrce-<br />

Si, _ misi waxnagebi yovelTvis mWidrod exeboda axlobel<br />

Tu Soreul enebs, literaturebs, kulturebs, rwmenebsa da<br />

moZRvrebebs. maTTan naTesauri Tu SedarebiTi mimarTebebis<br />

dadgenis gareSe, gavlenebisa Tu TviTmyofobis gaucnobiereblad,<br />

uSinaarso, ukonteqsto da uperspeqtivo xdeba<br />

<strong>qarTuli</strong> enisa da literaturis warmodgena da xedva.<br />

aseve uSinaarsoa enisa da literaturis Sesaxeb msjeloba<br />

enisa da literaturis zogadi arsis, bunebisa da xasia-<br />

Tis ganusjelad. konkretuli Ziebani _ faqtisa da movlenis<br />

farglebSi _ Rirebulia TavisTavadac, magram, pirvel<br />

yovlisa, ganzogadebaTa sazomad da sayrdenad, saerTosa<br />

da erTianisaken sando megzurad; ganzogadebani, Tavis<br />

mxriv, gamosayenebelia da gamoyenebuli unda iqnes konkretuli<br />

faqtebisa da movlenebis gasagebad, xolo saerTosa<br />

da erTianis Tvalsawieridan ki erTeuli Tavis kuTvnil<br />

adgils moipovebs da daimkvidrebs.<br />

enisa da literaturis _ mSobliurisa Tu aramSobliuris,<br />

konkretul ganzomilebaSi Tu ganmazogadebeli sam-<br />

9

10 waxnagi 1.2009<br />

zeridan _ Seswavla, gageba da ganmarteba filologiis<br />

sagani da mizania.<br />

swored am sagans ikvlevs da am mizans emsaxureba Cveni<br />

weliwdeuli, _ enisa da literaturis waxnagTa mravalferovnebis<br />

gaTvaliswinebiTa da pativiscemiT.<br />

* * *<br />

“waxnagi: filologiur kvlevaTa weliwdeuli” Cafiqrebulia<br />

periodul samecniero gamocemad, romlis gamoqveyneba,<br />

bunebrivia, yovelwliurad ivaraudeba da romelic<br />

SeZlebisdagvarad ecdeba, warmoaCinos is saukeTeso, rac<br />

qarTveli mkvlevrebis uaxles filologiur ZiebaTa nayofs<br />

asaxavs (masalis simravlis SemTxvevaSi SesaZlebeli<br />

gaxdeba wlis ganmavlobaSi ramdenime nakveTis gamocemac).<br />

filologiur kvlevaTa perioduli gamocemis momzadebis<br />

azri ilia WavWavaZis saxelmwifo universitetis<br />

filolog profesorTa Soris warmoiSva da Camoyalibda.<br />

amdenad, is Tavdapirvelad sauniversiteto Jurnalad ivaraudeboda,<br />

Tumca mis damfuZneblebs TandaTanobiT kolegebis<br />

ufro farTo wre SemouerTda da weliwdeulic aRar<br />

SemoisazRvra universitetis farglebiT.<br />

weliwdeulis mizania, gamoaqveynos naSromebi, masalebi<br />

Tu mimoxilvebi filologiur kvlevaTa sxvadasxva sferoebidan.<br />

mtkiced gvsurs, rom avtorebi aramc da aramc<br />

ar SeizRudon teqstobrivi wyaroebis Tu kvleviTi mimar-<br />

Tulebis arCevisas; imedi gvaqvs, rom gamoyenebuli iqneba<br />

Seswavlis, analizisa da interpretaciis sxvadasxva _<br />

aprobirebuli Tu novatoruli, tradiciuli Tu eqsperimentuli<br />

_ xerxebi da saSualebebi; mivesalmebiT yovel<br />

safuZvlian meTodologiur Tu hermenevtikul pozicias;<br />

savaraudoa, rom sxva, damkvidrebul da gavrcelebul meTodTa<br />

Soris Tavis adgils daikavebs teqstis integraluri<br />

analizi; mxars davuWerT imgvar kvlevas, romelic enobriv<br />

da literaturul monacemebs ganixilavs ideaTa istoriis<br />

Tu kulturuli anTropologiis monapovarTa gaTvaliswinebiT;<br />

Tuki filologia aRiqmeba teqstis Semswavlel universalur<br />

mecnierebad, amgvari TvalTaxedva gaafarToebs<br />

masalis mokrebis, ganxilvisa da axsnis SesaZleblobas.<br />

weliwdeulis survilia, Camoyalibdes is ara oden samecniero<br />

naSromebis krebulad, aramed imgvar periodul<br />

gamocemad, romelSic erTi wlis filologiuri cxovreba<br />

airekleba, xolo wliur nayofs, rogorc mosalodnelia,<br />

_ xan sasixarulod da xan gulsatkenad, _ uTuod daeCne-

winaTqma 11<br />

va Jamismieri interesebis, aqcentebisa da prioritetebis<br />

Wdeebi.<br />

weliwdeulSi, SeZlebisdagvarad, warmodgenili iqneba<br />

sxvadasxva Tematikisa da Janris filologiuri kvlevis<br />

Sedegebi, _ rogorc <strong>qarTuli</strong>, ise ara<strong>qarTuli</strong> enobrivi<br />

da literaturuli samyarodan. JanrTa mravalferovnebis<br />

gasamijnavad da dasajgufeblad mkvlevarTagan mowodebuli<br />

teqstebi sxvadasxva rubrikebSi ganTavsdeba.<br />

pirvel rigSi, gamoqveyndeba samecniero narkvevebi, _<br />

akademiurad aRWurvili, dasabuTebuli da gamarTuli,<br />

_ lingvistikisa da literaturismcodneobis yvela SesaZlo<br />

dargidan. Zlieria survili, rom maTi umTavresi<br />

maxasiaTebeli iyos masalis SerCevisa da ganxilvis sifar-<br />

Tove, profesiuli gansja, faqtobrivi da meTodologiuri<br />

sizuste. guldasawyvetia, rom weliwdeulis pirvel<br />

gamoSvebaSi saWiro moculobiT veraa warmodgenili lingvisturi<br />

kvlevani anda XIX-XX saukuneebis literatura.<br />

weliwdeuls surs, narkvevebis gverdiT, mkiTxvels,<br />

agreTve, miawodos leqciebi, romlebic ara mxolod mkvlevrebs<br />

gamoadgebaT akademiur Tu pedagogiur saqmianobaSi,<br />

aramed studentebsac daexmareba filologiuri codnis<br />

SesaZenad da asaTviseblad, filologiur CvevaTa gamosamuSaveblad.<br />

sixaruls gvgvris, rom am gamoSvebaSi viwyebT<br />

filologiis Sesavlis sawyisi leqciebis gamoqveynebas,<br />

romelTa Sinaarsi koncefciurad metad axlosaa weliwdeulis<br />

gamomcemelTa filologiur xedvasTan.<br />

axali kvleviTi Tu saswavlo teqstebis garda, weliwdeuli<br />

gegmavs, Tavisi furclebi dauTmos axalaRmoCenili,<br />

aqamde gamouqveynebeli, ucnobi Tu uTargmneli teqstebis<br />

publikacias literaturuli an filologiuri memkvidreobidan.<br />

amasTanave, weliwdeuli saWirod miiCnevs imgvari masalebis<br />

gamoqveynebas, romelic filologiur kvlevaTa<br />

erT-erTi aucilebeli, pirveladi sayrdenia: saarqivodokumenturi<br />

da memuaruli wyaroebi, Canawerebi, bibliografiuli<br />

saZieblebi, saleqsikono masala.<br />

weliwdeuli Tavis gamoSvebebSi apirebs moxazos literaturuli<br />

an filologiuri samyaros niSandebul pirovnebaTa<br />

portretebi, aRniSnos Cveni kulturuli winaprebis<br />

saiubileo TariRebi, gamosamSvidobebeli pativi<br />

miagos Cvengan wasul maswavleblebsa da kolegebs... amjerad<br />

valad gviCns, movixsenioT da gavixsenoT am soflidan<br />

cota xnis win gasulni _ XX saukunis <strong>qarTuli</strong> literaturis<br />

ori gansakuTrebiT gamorCeuli warmomadgeneli:

12 waxnagi 1.2009<br />

ana kalandaZe da oTar CxeiZe. RirsSesaniSnavia, rom orive<br />

maTgani ara marto mwerali iyo, aramed profesionali filologic...<br />

weliwdeuli Seecdeba gamoexmauros yvela im mniSvnelovan<br />

axal wigns, romelic qarTul (agreTve, araqarTul)<br />

sagamomcemlo sivrceSi qveyndeba... maSin, roca akademiuri<br />

literatura CvenTanac da ucxoeTSic umciresi raodenobiT<br />

ibeWdeba da xSirad Znelad moipoveba, amgvar gamoxmaurebas<br />

informaciuli faseulobac eniWeba.<br />

dasasrul, weliwdeuli mimoixilavs akademiur-sauniversiteto<br />

cxovrebis mniSvnelovan filologiur movlenebs.<br />

* * *<br />

“waxnagi: filologiur kvlevaTa weliwdeuli” TanamSromlobisaTvis<br />

mouxmobs yvela dargisa da mimarTulebis<br />

filologs, amasTanave, yvela imas, visTvisac Soreuli araa<br />

filologiuri problematika an kvlevis filologiuri<br />

meTodebi.<br />

weliwdeulis kari gansakuTrebiT farTod iqneba Ria<br />

damwyeb da axalgazrda filologTaTvis.<br />

weliwdeulis uryevi survilia, rom mis furclebze gamoqveynebuli<br />

yvela teqsti dawerili iyos akademiurad<br />

mkacrad da meTodologiurad gamarTulad, da rom am teqstebSi<br />

arasodes darRveuliyos arc mecnieruli sizustis<br />

farglebi da arc mecnieruli pasuxismgeblobis zneobrivi<br />

moTxovnebi.<br />

merab RaRaniZe

narkvevi<br />

nino doborjginiZe<br />

Q<strong>qarTuli</strong> enis funqciuri<br />

da Tvisobrivi legitimaciis sakiTxebi<br />

Sua saukuneebSi<br />

qarTuls ZiriTadad ori mniSvnelovani TvalTaxedviT<br />

ganixilaven Tanamedrove filologiur mecnierebaSi:<br />

a) rogorc samxreT kavkasiur enas, romlis istoria<br />

dokumentirebulia mravalricxovani teqstebiT<br />

(enaTmecnierebi), b) enas, romelzec literaturis, filosofiisa<br />

da Teologiis mniSvnelovani nawarmoebebia<br />

Seqmnili (filologebi).<br />

amaT garda arsebobs mesame, sakmaod mniSvnelovani<br />

Teoriuli TvalTaxedva, romelSic lingvistikisa<br />

da filologiis interesebi gadaikveTeba; kerZod,<br />

qarTvelTa damokidebuleba mSobliuri enis mimarT im<br />

saxiT, rogorc es originalur Tu naTargmn teqstebSi<br />

aisaxeba.<br />

am ukanasknel SemTxvevaSi enaTmecniers eZleva saSualeba,<br />

Tundac SezRudulad mainc aRweros istoriuli<br />

sociolingvistikis sakiTxebi da scados im cvalebadi<br />

mimarTebebis rekonstruqcia, romlebic sociolingvistur<br />

da enobriv monacemebs Soris arsebobda; xolo<br />

filologisTvis es aris cda, pasuxi gasces kiTxvas: rogor<br />

aRiqvamdnen da, Sesabamisad, afasebdnen, an rogor,<br />

ra saxiT undodaT aReqvaT da SeefasebinaT avtorebs (an<br />

mTargmnelebs) sakuTari saqmianoba, maT mier Seqmnili<br />

teqstebi da is viTareba, romelSic esa Tu is teqsti iwereboda.<br />

winamdebare statiaSi swored mesame, istoriuli sociolingvistikis,<br />

TvalTaxedviT iqneba ganxiluli qar-<br />

Tuli enis funqcionirebis calkeuli sakiTxebi, romlebic,<br />

cxadia, ver aRiwereba, rogorc enis “bunebrivi ganviTarebis”<br />

procesi. maT sWirdeba interpretacia kulturul,<br />

politikur da religiur konteqstSi.<br />

13

14 waxnagi 1.2009<br />

<strong>qarTuli</strong>s SemTxvevaSi – da es exeba aRmosavleT qristianuli<br />

samyaros sxva enebsac – enis legitimaciisa<br />

da garkveulwilad misi standartizaciis or ZiriTad<br />

safexurs gamovyof:<br />

a. <strong>qarTuli</strong> enis damkvidreba samwerlobo tradiciebis,<br />

anu bibliisa da liturgiis enad, funqciurad berZnulTan<br />

gatolebis safexuri, funqciuri legitimacia;<br />

b. intensiuri mTargmnelobiTi, da, sazogadod, filologiuri<br />

saqmianobiT <strong>qarTuli</strong>s enobriv-gamomxatvelobiT<br />

saSualebaTa maqsimaluri daxvewa, miaxloveba<br />

“gonierTa xedvaTa mommarjve” (iovane petriwi) elin-<br />

Ta enasTan, anu, berZnulTan Tvisobrivad gatolebis<br />

safexuri, Tvisobrivi legitimacia.<br />

<strong>qarTuli</strong> enis legitimaciis es safexurebi qvemoT<br />

ganxiluli iqneba Sua saukuneebis aRmosavleT qristianobis<br />

enaTa istoriuli ganviTarebis konteqstSi.<br />

1. funqciuri legitimacia<br />

aRmosavleT qristianuli samyaros nacionalur ena-<br />

Ta funqciuri legitimacia ganapiroba im kulturulma<br />

da saganmanaTleblo procesebma, romlebic bunebrivad<br />

axlda Tan am xalxTa misionirebas maT mSobliur enaze:<br />

vgulisxmob samwerlobo tradiciebis dawyebas, liturgiis<br />

Seqmnas, bibliuri wignebisa da Teologiuri literaturis<br />

Targmanebs, mecnierebisa da saganmanaTleblo<br />

saqmianobis ganviTarebas, da, saerTod, nacionaluri<br />

enis etablirebas saxelmwifos enad 1 . es iyo procesi, romelic<br />

am enaTa standartizaciis TiTqmis yvela mxares<br />

moicavda; procesi, roca politikurad da kulturulad<br />

arc Tu ise gamorCeuli enebi 2 erTbaSad iZenden did socialur<br />

da sazogadoebriv funqcias.<br />

araugvianes V saukunis Sua wlebidan 3 <strong>qarTuli</strong> da<br />

1.<br />

amis Sesaxeb ix. doborjginiZe 2007a: 161-176; Doborjginidze 2008: 293-412.<br />

2.<br />

Sdr. „Zur Zeit des Niedergangs des eigentlichen Hellenentums in der hellenistischen Welt der<br />

Spätantike entstand vermutlich in in Syrien und, davon ausgehend auch in Armenien, georgien<br />

und alnderen Ländern des Nahen Ostens eine Art der Volkssprachenidee, die den heimischen<br />

Sprachen, die nicht zu den politisch, kulturell oder religiös privilegierten und akzeptierten Sprachen<br />

gehörten, eine neue Würde gab, die geradezu im Rahmen eines christlichen Heilsgeschehens<br />

verstanden wurde“ (Boeder 1998: 69).<br />

3.<br />

am droidan varaudobs korneli kekeliZe (kekeliZe 1980: 573) liturgikaSi<br />

gamosayenebeli ZiriTadi teqstebis arsebobas qarTul enaze. VI<br />

saukunis qristianuli aRmosavleTi kargad icnobs qarTuls, rogorc<br />

liturgikis enas. Sdr. epizodi saba ganwmendilis berZnuli cxovrebi-

narkvevi 15<br />

berZnuli – iseve rogorc bevrad ufro adreuli xanidan<br />

siriuli da berZnuli, kopturi da berZnuli da<br />

a.S. – funqciurad Tanaswori enebi xdeba Tvisobrivi<br />

gaTanabrebis tendenciiT. marTalia, berZnuli, ebrauli<br />

da laTinuri ufro maRal safexurze mdgomi enebia<br />

(es gansakuTrebiT exeba berZnuls), <strong>qarTuli</strong>, an qristianuli<br />

aRmosavleTis sxva enebi ki SedarebiT Raribia<br />

gamomxatvelobiTi saSualebebiT, magram funqciuri<br />

TvalsazrisiT maT Soris gansxvaveba ar aris: <strong>qarTuli</strong><br />

yvela im funqcias asrulebs, yvela im sferos faravs, romelsac<br />

berZnuli; igi mkvidrdeba liturgiis, swavlaganaTlebis,<br />

literaturis, mecnierebisa da saxelmwifoebrivi<br />

cxovrebis nebismieri sferos enad rogorc saqarTveloSi,<br />

aseve sazRvargareT moqmed saganmanaTleblo<br />

centrebSi 4 .<br />

sxva sakiTxia, rogor uyurebdnen berZnebi aRmosavleTis<br />

nacionalur enaTa berZnulTan funqciur Tanasworobas<br />

da ra Rones xmarobdnen sakuTari upiratesobis<br />

warmosaCenad. es urTierToba, cxadia, ar yofidan:<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

(arc iberielebs, arc sirielebs, arc frigielebs<br />

ar aqvT ufleba, [aq mdebare] maT eklesiebSi sruli liturgia<br />

Caataron; Seikribebian ra TavianT [aq mdebare] eklesiebSi, ufleba aqvT,<br />

mSobliur enaze igalobon “” da “” da waikiTxon sakiTxavebi<br />

mociqulTa wignebidan da saxarebidan. amis Semdeg isini unda wavidnen<br />

did eklesiaSi da yvela sxva ZmasTan erTad unda eziaron RvTaebrivi sicocxlis<br />

momniWebel saidumloebas). ix. Kurz 1894: 165-167; kekeliZe 1980:<br />

26. berZnuli da siriuli wyaroebis es cnobebi dokumenturad dasturdeba<br />

xanmeti teqstebis monacemebiT.<br />

4.<br />

amis naTeli magaliTia petriwonis tipikoni, dokumenti, romelic<br />

ucxo qveyanaSi moqmedebs da berZnul “£eliTwerilTan“ erTad iuridiuli<br />

Zala aqvs. Sdr.: “daiwera ukue da daemtkica wesi ese gangebisa¡<br />

amis patiosnisa monastrisa Cuenisa¡, ...weriliTa berZuliTa da <strong>qarTuli</strong>Ta,<br />

...da quemo¡T wariwernes £eliTa CemiTa zemo£senebulisa grigolisiTa<br />

yovelnive ese tipikonni, xolo berZulni ornive wariwernes<br />

Semdgomad Cemisa dawerilisa wmidisa patriarqisa ierusalemelisa<br />

Rirsisa efT¢mesiTa, dasamtkicebelad da sarwmuno yofad yovlisave,<br />

romelica tipikonsa amas Sina weril ars. da amisT¢s daiwera berZulad<br />

da qarTulad, rameTu monazonni monastrisa Cemisani guarad qarTvelni<br />

arian da ara ician berZuli warkiTxva¡; da jer-ars, ra¡Ta qarTulad<br />

werilsa aRmoikiTxviden da gulis£ma-hyofden aRwerilsa gansazRvrebulsa<br />

amas Sina tipikonsa. xolo simtkicisa qonebad ubrZanebT ber-<br />

Zulsa werilsa, rameTu dasasrulsa saqmisasa quemo werili mas upyries”<br />

(SaniZe 1986: 119-120).

16 waxnagi 1.2009<br />

la harmoniuli. nacionalurenovani eklesiebis, maT<br />

Soris <strong>qarTuli</strong>s, mxridan es garkveul ambivalentur 5<br />

damokidebulebas ayalibebda: erTi mxriv, berZnulisgan<br />

mkafio gamijvna, sakuTari TviTmyofadobis dacva,<br />

da, meore mxriv, Tanamonawileoba im universalur religiur<br />

erTobaSi, romlis simboloc iyo berZnuli,<br />

rogorc es giorgi merCulis cnobil definiciaSia:<br />

“k¢rileisoni”, romelic, qarTul enaze Sesrulebuli<br />

yvela danarCeni locvisgan gansxvavebiT, “berZnulad<br />

iTqumis” 6 .<br />

am ambivalenturi damokidebulebis aSkara gamoxatulebaa<br />

“iovanes da eqvTimes cxovrebis”, “giorgi mTawmidlis<br />

cxovrebis”, aTonuri aqtebis uamravi epizodi,<br />

romlebSic TiTqmis erTi da imave sityvebiT, toposebad<br />

qceuli frazebiT aris aRwerili rogorc religiuri<br />

erTobisadmi mikuTvnebulobis, aseve saeklesio<br />

da kulturuli damoukidebulobis SenarCunebis survili.<br />

am ukanasknelis mTavari sayrdeni iyo qarTul enaze<br />

samwerlobo tradiciis Camoyalibeba, ris gamoc qarTulenovani<br />

teqstebi, ufro zustad, qarTulad naTargmni<br />

literatura 7 , xSirad xdeboda berZenTa samizne. cnobilia,<br />

rom arc erTi berZeni ar swavlobda araelinizebuli<br />

xalxebis enebs 8 . Sua saukuneebi naklebad icnobs poliglot<br />

berZens, gansxvavebiT poligloti sirielis,<br />

somxis, koptis an qarTvelisagan. magram enobrivi barieri,<br />

anu aRmosavleTis xalxTa enebis arcodna, sulac<br />

ar uSlida berZnebs xels, “daewunebinaT” es Targmanebi<br />

uzustobisa da araadekvaturobis sababiT (“gamouZiebelad<br />

dawerisaT¢s sityuaTa¡sa“ 9 ), rogorc amas xSirad<br />

aRniSnaven aTonelebi: “T¢Toeulad arca Tu SesaZlebel<br />

ars yovlisave warmoTquma¡, ravdenni ginebani, ravdenni<br />

Seuracxebani da yuedrebani moiweodes maT mier Cuen<br />

zeda […] da mwvalebelad xadiTa Seiwrebulni didsa urvasa<br />

Sina viyveniT” 10 .<br />

es aris toposi, romelic TiTqmis ucvlelad meordeba<br />

aTonur ZeglebSi da mogviTxrobs berZenTa da qarTvelTa<br />

5.<br />

Sdr. Boeder 1993: 88.<br />

6.<br />

grigol xanZTelis cxovreba, ix. Мерчул 1911: 49.<br />

7.<br />

aRmosavleT qristianuli samyaros nacionalur enaTa istoriis pirvel<br />

etaps samarTlianad uwodeben mTargmnelobiTi saqmianobis istorias, pirveli<br />

werilobiTi Zeglebi am enebze swored Targmanebia. ix. Keipert 1981: 67-112.<br />

8.<br />

Sdr. Boeder 1983: 87.<br />

9.<br />

abulaZe 1950: 030.<br />

10.<br />

javaxiSvili 1946: 52.

narkvevi 17<br />

winaaRmdegobebis Sesaxeb 11 . gaorebuli damokidebuleba<br />

aSkaraa: qarTvelebi cdiloben, frTxilad gamoTqvan<br />

sayveduri, konkretul pirovnebebs, “vinme svimeonwmidelebs”,<br />

daukavSiron “ginebani” da “Seuracxebani”, xolo<br />

sazogadod berZnebis mimarT ki mowafeobrivi pativiscema<br />

da maTi “mimdgomoba” gamoxaton 12 .<br />

amgvari winaaRmdegobebi romc ar arsebuliyo qarTvelebsa<br />

da berZnebs Soris, qarTvelebs unda “gamoegonebinaT”<br />

kidec msgavsi ram erTian religiur sivrceSi<br />

“wonasworobis” SesanarCuneblad, TviTmyofadobis dasacavad;<br />

miT umetes, rom funqciurad ki iyo <strong>qarTuli</strong><br />

berZnulis toli, magram Tvisobrivad – ara. Aam toposebis<br />

mizani iyo, araTanabar pirobebSi (Tvisobrivi<br />

araTanabroba igulisxmeba) SeenarCunebina enaTa saur-<br />

TierTo veli 13 <strong>qarTuli</strong> – berZnuli, romelic qarTvel<br />

aTonelTa kulturuli da eTnikuri identobis yvelaze<br />

“saimedo” niSani iyo 14 .<br />

saberZneTis religiur-saganmanaTleblo centreb-<br />

Si <strong>qarTuli</strong> enis damkvidrebas berZnulis gverdiT rom<br />

Zalian didi mniSvneloba hqonda, amas kargad xedavdnen<br />

11.<br />

Sdr. “rameTu kacni vinme s¢meon-wmidelni SuriTa saeSmako¡Ta aRiZrnes<br />

Cuen zeda da eneba, ra¡Tamca naTesavi Cueni ZiriTurT aRmofxurnes s¢meonwmidiT.<br />

da ganizraxes gularZnilebiTa, ra¡Ta wmidasa amas da marTalsa<br />

sarwmunoebasa Cuensa biwi ra¡me daswamon da esreTmca sruliad aRmogufxurnes<br />

didebulisa amisgan lavrisa, pirveliTgan T¢T wmidisa s¢meonis<br />

mier damk¢drebulni” (lolaSvili 1994: 213).<br />

12.<br />

Sdr. “marTlmadideblobisa Tquenisa mimdgomni varT da aRmasrulebelni<br />

da mowafeni Cuen yovelni” (SaniZe 1986: 104).<br />

13.<br />

identobis Teoriis avtorebi gamoyofen sam safuZvels, romlebmac XVI<br />

saukunidan dasavleTSi erovnuli cnobierebis Camoyalibebas Seuwyo xeli:<br />

1. laTinursa da saero enebs Soris mimocvlis erTiani veli, 2. enis dafiqsirebis<br />

axali saSualeba da amiT eris mudmivobis ideis safuZveli, 3. Zalauflebis<br />

enebi, romlebic gansxvavdebodnen manamde arsebuli laTinuri<br />

enisagan (andersoni 2005: 18). calke msjelobis sagania, Tu rogor yalibdeboda<br />

erovnuli cnobierebis es safuZvlebi sul mcire 10-12 saukuniT adre<br />

qristianul aRmosavleTSi; winamdebare statiaSi mxolod nawilobriv Sevexebi<br />

am sakiTxebs.<br />

14.<br />

iseve, rogorc Sua saukuneebis dasavleli an aRmosavleli swavlulebi,<br />

qarTveli aTonelebic orenovani moRvaweebi iyvnen. eqvTime aToneli werda<br />

rogorc qarTulad, aseve berZnulad. magram orenovneba misTvis diglosias<br />

(ix. Boeder 1983: 86), <strong>qarTuli</strong>sa da berZnulis Tvisobriv diferencirebas,<br />

ar niSnavda; piriqiT, <strong>qarTuli</strong>c da berZnulic funqciuri TvalsazrisiT<br />

misTvis Tanabari iyo: filosofiuri, Teologiuri Tu saliteraturo teqstebi<br />

orive enaze iwereboda. amas ver vityviT Sua saukuneebis dasavleli<br />

swavlulebis Sesaxeb, romelTaTvis laTinuri funqciuri TvalsazrisiT<br />

maRal safexurze mdgomi ena iyo, Sesabamisad, laTinuris primati, universaluri<br />

saeklesio enis “sakramentuli kulti” (Gerl 1985: 327-336, aq: gv. 327)<br />

sagrZnoblad aferxebda adgilobrivi nacionaluri enebis emansipaciis<br />

process.

18 waxnagi 1.2009<br />

qarTveli mefeebi da xSirad politikuri TvalsazrisiT<br />

arcTu momgebian nabijs dgamdnen swored erTian religiur<br />

sivrceSi enaTa saurTierTo velis SesanarCuneblad.<br />

am TvalsazrisiT gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa daviT<br />

kuropalatis gadawyvetileba, barda skliarosTan<br />

gamarjvebis Semdeg aTonze sakmaod arasaxarbielo winapirobiT<br />

aeSenebina qarTvelTa monasteri. cnobilia,<br />

rom keisris wyaloba – man qarTvelebs madlobis niSnad<br />

“uboZa zemoni queyanani” – sakmaod mokle periodiT iyo<br />

SemosazRvruli: qarTve lebs mxolod daviT kuropalatis<br />

sicocxleSi hqondaT “zemoTa queyanaTa” gankargvis<br />

ufleba. amis miuxedavad, daviT kuropalati aSenebs<br />

aTonze lavras da intensiurad amzadebs axlad aSenebuli<br />

taZrisTvis biblioTekas, qarTul skriptoriumebs<br />

ukveTavs yvelaze mniSvnelovani <strong>qarTuli</strong> wignebis aslebs,<br />

amzadebs cnobil saeklesio moRvaweebs, “fiCosan” mamebs,<br />

mTargmnelebs da swavlulebs iq dasamkvidreblad 15 .<br />

am konteqstSi bunebrivad Cndeba kiTxvebi: ratom iyo<br />

mniSvnelovani aTonis lavrisTvis aseTi kulturulsaganmanaTleblo<br />

fonis Seqmna? sxva skriptoriumebSi<br />

sagangebod aTonis monastrisTvis wignebis momzadeba?<br />

erTi SexedviT ucnauri wesis dadgena, rom aTonis<br />

qarTul monastrSi mxolod qarTveli berebi yofiliyvnen<br />

16 ? es sakiTxebi erTmniSvnelovnad scdeba samonastro<br />

cxovrebis farglebs da aTonze qarTvelTa moRvaweobis,<br />

<strong>qarTuli</strong> enis kulturuli da politikuri legitimaciis<br />

mniSvnelovan safexurebs asaxavs. am kuTxiT<br />

aTonelTa mTargmnelobiTi saqmianoba da mis mimarT daviT<br />

kuropalatis damokidebuleba pirvelad cnobilma<br />

qarTvelologma vinfrid boederma gaaanaliza 17 da igi<br />

samarTlianad daukavSira qarTveli mefis politikur<br />

interesebs. aTonis berZnuli da <strong>qarTuli</strong> xelnawere-<br />

15.<br />

es sakiTxebi yvelaze srulad ganxiluli aqvs elene metrevels Tavis monografiaSi<br />

(metreveli 1996: 3-40).<br />

16.<br />

es wesi sagangebod aris dafiqsirebuli “iovanesa da efTvimes cxovrebaSi”.<br />

Sdr. “ra¡Ta qarTvelni oden iyvnen monastrisa amis mkvidrni yovelni” (javaxiSvili<br />

1946: 20).<br />

17.<br />

aTonis moRvaweTa saqmianobisadmi miZRvnil werilSi vinfrid boederi<br />

wers: “Man sollte nicht dadurch täuschen lassen, dass es sich meist um Übersetzungen handelte,<br />

denn in dieser Zeit hatte man einen anderen Begriff von Originalität. Georgische Übersetzungen<br />

waren georgische Bücher. … Was bedeutete es also für David und die georgische Kirche georgische<br />

Bücher zu haben? … Was auch immer dazu zu sagen haben, jedenfalls entsprach es seiner<br />

auch den nationalen Interessen Davids, dass die Mönche auf dem Berge Athos durch ihre Bücher<br />

„unsere Sprache und unser Land schmückten und zur Blute brachten“ (Boeder 1983:93).

narkvevi 19<br />

bis anderZebis safuZvelze elene metrevelma damajereblad<br />

aCvena, rom axali qarTulenovani mTargmnelobiTi<br />

centris Seqmnas aTonze ara marto kulturuli, aramed<br />

didi politikuri mniSvnelobac hqonda 18 . es interesi<br />

yovelTvis xazgasmulia aTonur TxzulebebSi (Sdr.<br />

eqvTimem “daatkbo ena¡ Cueni da eklesia¡”; maT “Seamkves<br />

da aRayuaves ena¡ Cueni da queyana¡ TargmanebiTa wmida-<br />

Ta werilTa¡Ta”) 19 .<br />

ratom aniWebs mefe ase did mniSvnelobas berZnulidan<br />

naTargmn wignebs 20 ? aTonelTa saganmanaTleblo saqmianoba,<br />

enaTa erTian saurTierTo velSi <strong>qarTuli</strong>s legitimacia,<br />

qarTul enaze im literaturis gadmoReba, romliTac<br />

ase mdidaria saberZneTisa da romis eklesiebi 21 , misTvis<br />

saqarTvelos Zlierebisa da prestiJis niSani iyo 22 .<br />

aqedan gamomdinare, bunebrivia, rom aTonis monasterSi<br />

damkvidrebuli qarTveli berebi, “Coxosani<br />

diplomatebi” 23 da mwignobrebi, sulac ar yofilan “uwyinari”<br />

politikis (ara marto enobrivis) gamtareblebi da<br />

berZeni keisrebis erTguli mokavSireebi. es kargad Cans<br />

aTonis <strong>qarTuli</strong> monastris winamZRvarTa politikuri<br />

da diplomatiuri saqmianobidan 24 , romelic aranakleb<br />

18.<br />

metreveli 1996.<br />

19.<br />

javaxiSvili 1946: 14, 28.<br />

20.<br />

Sdr. “iovanesa da eqvTimes cxovrebaSi” avtori sagangebod usvams xazs<br />

mefis dainteresebas TargmanebiT. Sdr. “ety¢n mama¡ iovane, viTarmed:<br />

Svilo Cemo,KqarTlisa queyana¡ didad naklulevan ars wignTagan da mravalni<br />

wignni aklan, ...Aaw iRuawe, ra¡Ta ganamravlo sasyideli Seni Rmr-<br />

Tisagan. da igi, viTarca iyo yovelsave zeda morCili, moswrafed Seudga<br />

brZanebasa missa da iwyo Targmnad da yovelnive ganak¢rvna. ... da mravalni<br />

wignni warscnis winaSe daviT kuropalatisa, romeli-igi, ixilna ra¡, vi-<br />

Tarca iyo morwmune, sixaruliTa aRivso da adidebda RmerTsa da ityoda,<br />

viTarmed: madli RmerTsa, romelman CuenTa amaT JamTa axali oqropiri<br />

gamoaCina. da zeda¡s-zeda miuwern, ra¡Ta Targmnides da warscemdes. Dda<br />

igi sanatreli Seusuenebelad Targmnin da ra¡TurTiT ara scemda gansuenebasa<br />

Tavsa T¢ssa, aramed dRe da Rame tkbilsa mas Taflsa wignTa saRmrToTasa<br />

Sureboda, romlisa mier daatkbo ena¡ Cueni da eklesia¡” (javaxiSvili<br />

1946: 28).<br />

21.<br />

amas sagangebod aRniSnavs iovane aToneli eqvTimes mier naTargmni erT-erTi<br />

Txzulebis SesavalSi: “xolo enasa amas Cuensa qarTulsa aravin sada povnil<br />

iyo aqamomde, ra¡Tamca gamoexunnes wmidani ese wignni, Targmanebani wmidisa<br />

saxarebisani, aramed saberZneTisa eklesiani da hromisani savse iyvnes amaTgan,<br />

xolo Cuenisa mis queynisani – naklulevan, da ara ese oden wignni akldes<br />

enasa Cuensa, aramed sxuanica mravalni” (SaniZe da sxv. 1996: 13).<br />

22.<br />

boederi 1998a: 68.<br />

23.<br />

metreveli 1996: 40.<br />

24.<br />

giorgi varazvaCesa da aTonis sxva moRvaweTa mravalmxrivi saqmianoba<br />

aTonis berZnul-<strong>qarTuli</strong> aqtebisa da xelnawerTa anderZebis mixedviT monografiulad<br />

Seiswavla elene metrevelma (metreveli 1996).

20 waxnagi 1.2009<br />

intensiuri iyo, vidre maTi samonastro-mTargmnelobiTi<br />

moRvaweoba. sabolood, qarTvelebma swored politikuri<br />

sababiT dakarges aTonze saeklesio-saganmanaTleblo<br />

saqmianobis ufleba 25 .<br />

aTonuri cxovrebebis avtorebi, giorgi mTawmideli,<br />

giorgi mcire, SemdgomSi – efrem mcire, <strong>qarTuli</strong><br />

da ucxoenovani wyaroebis moSveliebiT asabuTeben qar-<br />

Tuli eklesiis damoukideblobisa da berZnulTan misi<br />

kulturuli Tanasworobis calkeul sakiTxebs 26 ; giorgi<br />

mcire STambeWdavad aRwers giorgi mTawmidlisa da<br />

Tevdosi patriarqis Sexvedras, mogviTxrobs, Tu rogor<br />

aRafrTovana naTesaviT qarTvelma berma patriarqi da<br />

rogor aTqmevina es sityvebi: “patiosano mamao, [...] da<br />

aha esera, gxedav mowyalebiTa RmrTisa¡Ta, rameTu naTesaviT<br />

qarTveli xar, sx¢Ta kula yovliTa swavlulebiTa<br />

sruliad berZeni xar” 27 .<br />

“naTesaviT qarTveli da ganswavlulebiT sruliad<br />

berZeni” – es iyo kulturuli Tanasworobis is safexuri,<br />

romlis miRweva qarTvelebisTvis iqneboda enobrivi<br />

saurTierTo velis: berZnuli – <strong>qarTuli</strong> SenarCunebisa<br />

da sakmaod arasasurveli iarliyis 28 ()<br />

CamoSorebis garanti. am mizniT XI saukuneSi qarTvelma<br />

berebma sagangebod Seadgines ucxoenovani wyaroebis<br />

kompendiumi, romelSic Tavi mouyares <strong>qarTuli</strong> eklesiis,<br />

rogorc damoukidebeli saydris, uflebaTa amsaxvel<br />

ucxoenovan dokumentebs. amis magaliTad SeiZleba<br />

davasaxeloT efrem mciris “uwyeba¡ mizezsa qarTvelTa<br />

moqcevisasa, Tu romelTa wignTa Sina moi£senebis” 29 . Txzulebis<br />

SesavalSi efrem mcire vrclad saubrobs kompendiumis<br />

mizanze: “weriT daidvas mosa£senebeli”, rom<br />

swored pirvelma mociqulebma iqadages saqarTveloSi<br />

qristianoba da, amdenad, legitimuria Cveni eklesiis<br />

damoukidebloba da rom am wyaroebis avtorebi cnobi-<br />

25.<br />

amis Sesaxeb ix. metreveli 1996: 3-106.<br />

26.<br />

Sdr. epizodi giorgi mTawmidlis cxovrebidan, roca giorgi mTawmindeli<br />

SeekamaTeba Tevdosi patriarqs da Seaxsenebs im argumentebs, romelTa<br />

gaTvaliswinebiT sruliad legitimuria <strong>qarTuli</strong> eklesiis damoukidebloba:<br />

“ho¡ wmidao meufeo, [...], xolo Cuen pirvelwodebulisa da Zmisa T¢sisa<br />

mwodebelisa nawilni varT da samwysoni da mis mier moqceulni da ganaTlebulni;<br />

da erTi wmidaTa aTormetTa mociqulTagani – simons vity¢ kananelsa<br />

– queyanasa Cuensa damarxul ars afxazeTs, romelsa nikofsi ewodebis. amaT<br />

wmidaTa mociqulTa ganaTlebulni varT” (lolaSvili 1994: 215).<br />

27.<br />

lolaSvili 1994:195.<br />

28.<br />

Sdr. Boeder: 1983: 87; doborjginiZe 2007b: 92-100.<br />

29.<br />

bregaZe 1959: 3.

narkvevi 21<br />

li da sando istorikosebi (Teodorite, epifane, atioqiuri<br />

xronografis avtori da a.S.) arian.<br />

amgvari TavdacviTi tendenciebi cxadyofs, rom funqciuri<br />

Tanasworoba ukve aRar aris sakmarisi sabuTi, ber-<br />

ZenTa yvedreba mZimea da misi lokalizeba, konkretul<br />

adamianebze gadatana, rogorc es aTonuri teqstebis<br />

magaliTze vnaxeT, veRar xerxdeba. berZenTa pretenziebi<br />

<strong>qarTuli</strong> Targmanebis misamarTiT zogadTeologiur<br />

xasiaTs iZens: qarTvelebi RvTis sityvas amaxinjeben,<br />

vinaidan maT Rarib enas, filosofiasa da ritorikaSi<br />

gawafuli berZnulisgan gansxvavebiT, ar SeuZlia adekvaturad<br />

gamoxatos urTulesi Teologiuri Sinaarsi.<br />

sxvaTa Soris, arc qarTvelebi uaryofdnen, rom “ber-<br />

Zuli ena ufskrul Rrma ars”, xolo <strong>qarTuli</strong> ki – uRono,<br />

Raribi, romelsac ar SeuZlia ganarCios da asaxos<br />

berZnulis es siRrme. ar uaryofdnen, rom maTi Targmanebi<br />

bevr uzustobas, gaugebrobas Seicavs (rogorc<br />

giorgi mcire ambobs: “xolo Cuen, romelni-ese barbaros-wodebul<br />

viyveniT elenTa mier uswavlelobisaT¢s<br />

da umecrebisa Cuenisa”) 30 . qarTvelebi aRiarebdnen, rom<br />

maTi enis semantikuri da stiluri potenciali berZnulisas<br />

bevrad Camouvardeboda 31 . qarTveli mTargmnelredaqtorebi<br />

wuxan, rom bevri berZnuli filosofiur-<br />

Teologiuri terminis <strong>qarTuli</strong> Sesatyvisi zusti<br />

da myari ar aris, qarTveli mTargmnelebi sxvadasxva<br />

termins “erTad da sworad ityvian” 32 . wmida werilisa<br />

Tu sxva Teologiuri teqstebis Targmnisas ki aseTi<br />

uzustoba da Sesatyvisis TviTneburad SerCeva yovlad<br />

dauSvebelia.<br />

amrigad, funqciuri Tanasworobis pirobebSi TargmanTan<br />

dakavSirebul or seriozul problemas, enis si­<br />

Raribes da eresis safrTxes, “guayuedrian” berZenni<br />

30.<br />

lolaSvili 1994: 190.<br />

31.<br />

Sdr. “Seiswave, rameTu orsaxe ars berZulad saxeli sulisa¡: fsiqi, romeli<br />

umetessa adgilsa samS¢nvelisa wil dadebul ars pavlesa Sina, da kualad<br />

– pnevma, romeli-ese T¢T Tavadis sulisa arsebasa uwodian da wmidisaT¢s<br />

igive iTqumis. xolo qarTvelTa uRonoebisagan erTi saxeli aqus sulisa¡”<br />

(xeln. A. 217, 322r).<br />

32.<br />

Sdr. iovane petriwi wuxs, rom <strong>qarTuli</strong> samecniero terminologia arazustia:<br />

“kualad yovelTave ellinTa enamzeobaTa zeda T¢si saxeli hq¢an,<br />

Sesabami T¢sisa arsebisa¡. xolo CuenTaman arca TargmanTa, arca sxuaman vin<br />

dasWuritna, da aw me uzomod miSlis Targmansa Sina, rameTu yovelsave er-<br />

Tad da sworad ity¢an da dasdeben Cuenni. xolo aw ismine, rameTu sulisasa<br />

ewodebis dian¢a¡, xolo gonebisasa noima¡, xolo gasagonsa da zesTamdebaresa<br />

– noitoni” (yauxCiSvili 1940: 6). amis Sesaxeb ix. doborjginiZe 2007a.

22 waxnagi 1.2009<br />

da qarTvelebic aRiareben, rom am sayvedurs realuri<br />

safuZveli aqvs 33 .<br />

2. Tvisobrivi legitimacia<br />

am sirTuleebis daZlevis, qarTul TargmanTa berZnul<br />

originalTan maqsimaluri daaxloebisa da terminologiis<br />

daxvewis mcdelobiT <strong>qarTuli</strong> ena istoriuli ganvi-<br />

Tarebis axali safexurze gadadis: berZnulTan Tvisobrivi<br />

gatoleba, Tvisobrivi legitimacia.<br />

XI saukunis II naxevarsa da XII saukunis dasawyisSi,<br />

drois am SedarebiT mokle monakveTSi, samgzis xelaxla<br />

iTargmna an safuZvlianad gadamuSavda biblia da Ziri-<br />

Tadi Teologiuri literatura, zogierTi wigni – oTx<br />

da xuTgzisac; es maSin, roca am periodSi qarTuls sulac<br />

ar ganucdia eqstremaluri cvlilebebi, rom Targmanis<br />

enobrivad ganaxleba gamxdariyo saWiro 34 . xelaxla<br />

Targmnis erT-erTi mTavari mizezi swored original-<br />

Tan maqsimaluri daaxloeba, terminologiis daxvewa,<br />

enis gamomxatvelobiTi saSualebebis gamdidreba iyo.<br />

es sakiTxebi dawvrilebiT aris Seswavlili qarTul samecniero<br />

literaturaSi 35 da me sagangebod aRar SevCerdebi.<br />

rogorc zemoT vaxsene, adgilobrivi nacionaluri<br />

enis funqciuri damkvidrebisa da SemdgomSi berZnulTan<br />

Tvisobrivi Tanasworobis idea aRmosavleT qristianobis<br />

enaTa saerTo niSania. igi siriuli tradiciidan iRebs<br />

saTaves 36 . II-III saukuneeSi Sesrulebuli bibliis uZvelesi<br />

siriuli Targmani (Vetus Syriaca) 507-508 wels filoqsene<br />

mabugelma safuZvlianad gadaamuSava da dauaxlova<br />

berZnul originals, ufro sworad, axali redaqcia Seqmna;<br />

Targmanze darTul komentarebSi igi gulistkiviliT<br />

aRniSnavs, rom siriuli naklebad gavarjiSebuli<br />

enaa da ar SeuZlia adekvaturad gamoxatos berZnuli<br />

33.<br />

nacionalur enaze liturgiis, bibliis Targmanebis, da saerTod, Teologiuri<br />

literaturis sawinaaRmdego es argumentebi saerToregionuli<br />

xasiaTisaa da Tanabrad miemarTeba aRmosavleT qristianobis adgilobriv<br />

enebs (Sdr. doborjginiZe 2007g: 145-163).<br />

34.<br />

Sdr. danelia 1983: 209-286.<br />

35.<br />

ix. danelia 1983; meliqiSvili 1975; meliqiSvili 1984: 106-120; meliqiSvili<br />

1986: 213-245, meliqiSvili 1993a: 6-24; meliqiSvili 1993b: 5-25; meliqiSvili<br />

1999a; bezaraSvili 2004; oTxmezuri 2005; meliqiSvili 1999b: 149-<br />

164; TvalTvaZe 1997; doborjginiZe 2007a: 161-176; Doborjginidze 2008: 193-212.<br />

36.<br />

boederi 1998: 62.

narkvevi 23<br />

terminologiis precizuloba. mas mohyavs magaliTebi<br />

efrem asuris Txzulebebidan da berZnulTan Sedarebis<br />

gziT aCvenebs, ramdenad arazustia siriuli terminologia<br />

37 . 616 wels Toma harkelma biblia xelaxla Targmna<br />

siriulad da igi kidev ufro dauaxlova berZnuls 38 .<br />

am Targmans axlavs SesaniSnavi filologiuri aparati,<br />

sqolioebi, romlebSic mTargmneli saTiTaod ganmartavs<br />

yvela SemTxvevas, sadac ki teqsts cvlis, vrclad saubrobs<br />

xelaxali Targmanis umTavresi miznis, berZnul<br />

originalTan maqsimaluri daaxloebisa da terminologiis<br />

dazustebis Sesaxeb 39 .<br />

gansxvavebuli iyo am saerToaRmosavluri procesis<br />

qronologiuri CarCo; Tu siriaSi VI saukuneSi daiwyo<br />

Targmanebis revizia berZnulTan daaxloebisa da terminologiis<br />

daxvewis mizniT, qarTul mTargmnelobiT<br />

tradiciaSi es procesebi mogvianebiT, X saukunidan,<br />

iwyeba da mTavrdeba gelaTis saliteraturo skola-<br />

Si bibliis teqstis safuZvliani reviziiT 40 . amave periods<br />

emTxveva sxvadasxva teqsturi fenebis Semcveli<br />

somxuri bibliis berZnulis mixedviT redaqtireba. es<br />

procesi dasrulda XII saukuneSi, roca somexma episkoposma<br />

nersem somxuri bibliis axali, berZnul teqstTan<br />

maqsimalurad daaxloebuli redaqcia SeimuSava 41 . mogvianebiT,<br />

XIV saukuneSi, eqvTime patriarqis TaosnobiT<br />

daiwyo e.w. “wignebis Sesworeba” (исправление книг) mTel<br />

slavur samyaroSi. 1355 wels moskovis mitropolitma<br />

aleqsim safuZvlianad gadaamuSava aRmosavleT slavur<br />

eklesiebSi gavrcelebuli Targmanebi da maqsimalurad<br />

dauaxlova berZnuls. eqvTime patriarqma bulgarul da,<br />

saerTod, samxreT slavur sivrceSi gavrcelebuli Targmanebi<br />

gadaamuSava da dauaxlova berZnuls.<br />

amrigad, SedarebiT Raribi saliteraturo tradiciebis<br />

mqone nacionaluri enebis misamarTiT gamoTqmuli<br />

sayvedurebi (enis siRaribe, eresis safrTxe) iqca<br />

swored am enebis gamomxatvelobiT saSualebaTa gamdidrebis,<br />

samecniero terminologiis Seqmnis, Targmanebis<br />

daxvewisa da sabolood berZnulTan maTi Rirseuli metoqeobis<br />

winapirobad.<br />

37.<br />

amis Sesaxeb ix. Brock 1982: 20.<br />

38.<br />

bibliis siriuli redaqciebis Sesaxeb ix. Brock 1980: 181-189.<br />

39.<br />

Zuntz 1951: 174-196.<br />

40.<br />

amis Sesaxeb ix. damana meliqiSvilis zemoTdasaxelebuli naSromebi.<br />

41.<br />

Hannick 1980: 200-201.

24 waxnagi 1.2009<br />

am TvalsazrisiT metad sainteresoa, rom aRmosavleTis<br />

nacionalur enaTa ganviTarebis modelis dasavlurTan<br />

Sedareba 42 moulodnel msgavsebas aCvenebs: nacionalur<br />

enaze Sesrulebuli Targmanebis sawinaaRmdego argumentebi<br />

(enis siRaribe, eresis safrTxe) 43 TiTqmis erTnairia<br />

sociolingvisturi TvalsazrisiT erTmaneTisgan radikalurad<br />

gansxvavebul am or religiur samyaroSi. erTnairia<br />

nacionaluri enis damokidebulebac aRmosavleTSi<br />

– berZnulisa da dasavleTSi laTinuris mimarT: qarTvelebic<br />

aRiareben, rom berZnuli “ufskrul Rrma ars” 44 da<br />

<strong>qarTuli</strong> ki Raribi da “uRono” enaa, magram mkveTrad gansxvavebulia<br />

is Sedegebi, romlebic am msgavsi argumentebis<br />

safuZvelze enebis mimarT wayenebuli moTxovnebis,<br />

zog SemTxvevaSi akrZalvebis “gatarebas”, “Sesrulebas”<br />

axlda Tan: dasavleTis eklesiaSi am akrZalvebma sagrZnoblad<br />

Seaferxa nacionaluri enebis emansipaciis procesi,<br />

maTi qceva samwerlo enebad, Sesabamisad, mtkice safuZveli<br />

Seuqmna laTinuri enis primats. rac Seexeba aRmosavleTs,<br />

aq enis siRaribisa da eresis safrTxis argumentebma araTu<br />

Seaferxa, piriqiT, sxva mizezebTan erTad, yvelaze metad<br />

daaCqara adgilobrivi nacionaluri enis emansipaciis procesi.<br />

rogorc <strong>qarTuli</strong>s magaliTze vnaxeT, swored es argumentebi<br />

iqca mastimulirebel faqtorad, raTa Raribi qar-<br />

Tuli ena “gonierTa xedvaTa mommarjue“ 45 (iovane petriwi)<br />

berZnuls gatoleboda.<br />

Sua saukuneebSi es procesi dasrulda <strong>qarTuli</strong> enis ormagi<br />

legitimaciiT: erTi mxriv, politikuri legitimacia<br />

nacionaluri istoriis rekonstruqciiT (leonti mroveli)<br />

da, meore mxriv, religiuri legitimacia e. w. “wminda istoriaSi”<br />

<strong>qarTuli</strong>sTvis “Rirseuli” adgilis gamoZebniT<br />

42.<br />

amis Sesaxeb ix. Doborjginidze 2003a :154-174; Doborjginidze 2003b: 111-136; doborjginiZe<br />

2007a: 161-176.<br />

43.<br />

Sdr. “da bolos, ra unda vTqvaT wminda wignebisa da saeklesio kanonebis<br />

Sesaxeb [igulisxmeba maTi Targmani nacionalur enaze]? [...] ra unda vTqvaT<br />

danarCeni mecnierebebis Sesaxeb? [...] unda vaRiaroT, rom Cveni enis siRaribe<br />

amis saSualebas ar iZleva; amitom gardauvalia, rom isini an axal ucnob<br />

sityvebs gamoigoneben, an, Tu Zvel, tradiciul gamoTqmebs gamoiyeneben,<br />

WeSmarit mniSvnelobas Seryvnian. wminda werilis SemTxvevaSi ki Cven gansakuTrebiT<br />

gveSinia amgvari ramis. vin daexmareba mrevls, gaunaTlebel<br />

adamianebs da qalebs, romelTa xelSi es Targmanebi moxvdeba, rom masSi WeSmariti<br />

codna (Semecneba) dainaxon” (nawyveti sacenzuro ediqtis teqstidan<br />

motanilia Semdegi gamocemis mixedviT: Pallmann 1884: 238-241).<br />

44.<br />

abulaZe 1950: 029.<br />

45.<br />

Sdr. “moved da ellenTave enadReobasa uvabadoT, mommarjusa gonierTa<br />

xedvaTasa” (yauxCiSvili 1940: 107).

narkvevi 25<br />

(iovane zosime). es Sejibrebis, gatolebis tendencia, cxadia,<br />

Sua saukuneebisTvis tipuri argumentaciiT, erovnuli<br />

cnobierebis mniSvnelovan safuZvlad aris miCneuli da<br />

simbolurad swored enasTan mimarTebaSi aisaxeba yvelaze<br />

xelSesaxebad. “gonierTa xedvaTa mommarjve” berZnulTan<br />

funqciuri da Tvisobrivi gaTanabrebis tendencia, <strong>qarTuli</strong>saTvis<br />

prominentul enaTa badali argumentebis gamoZebna<br />

Tu sakuTar istoriul warsulSi vera, esqatologiur<br />

momavalSi mainc, rogorc amas iovane zosime cdilobs 46 ,<br />

anu, politikuri da religiuri legitimacia, berZnulTan<br />

erTiani saurTierTo sivrcis SenarCuneba kulturul, religiur,<br />

da, saerTod, saxelmwifoebrivi cxovrebis yvela<br />

sferoSi, nacionaluri enisTvis yvela im atributis “mopoveba”,<br />

romlebic mis “metoqe” prominentul berZnuls aqvs,<br />

aris swored erovnuli cnobierebis is safuZvlebi, romlebic<br />

Sua saukuneebis qarTulma Seqmna.<br />

es ormagi legitimacia aris is ori diskursi, romlebic<br />

enasTan am enis matareblis, ufro sworad, teqstebis<br />

avtoris, istoriulad dadasturebul konceptualizaciebs<br />

Seesabameba; maTgan erTi diskursi ufro politikuri<br />

xasiaTisaa, meore _ ufro Teologiuri. orive<br />

SemTxvevaSi religiuri teqstebi emsaxureba identobis<br />

gansazRvras da enis legitimacias, Tumca maT Soris<br />

sxvaoba mainc aris: istoriografebis politikuri interesi<br />

ukavSirdeba qarTul saxelmwifoSi <strong>qarTuli</strong><br />

enis specifikur da cvalebad poziciebs (ase SeiZleba<br />

avxsnaT leonti mrovelis monaTxrobi universaluri,<br />

regionaluri da nacionaluri istoriis konceptebis<br />

Sesaxeb), Teologiuri diskursi ki _ iseT sakiTxebs,<br />

romlebic konkretuli enis farglebs scildeba da ufro<br />

zogadlingvisturi xasiaTisaa (magaliTad, religiuri<br />

teqstebis TargmnasTan dakavSirebuli lingvisturi<br />

sakiTxebi, bibliis, rogorc inspirirebuli teqstis<br />

Targmnis problemebi da a.S.). am TvalsazrisiT Zveli<br />

<strong>qarTuli</strong> wyaroebi masala naklebadaa Seswavlili, _<br />

vgulisxmob qarTvel mTargmnelTa enobriv TviTSegnebas<br />

da maT motivacias, romelsac garkveulwilad politikuri<br />

safuZvelic hqonda.<br />

marTalia, nacionaluri identobis ganmsazRvreli<br />

kulturuli safuZvlebi Sua saukuneebis aRmosavleTSi<br />

ar dagvirgvinebula naciebis dabadebiT, rogorc es ra-<br />

46.<br />

iovane zosimes himnis interpretaciis Sesaxeb aRmosavleT qristianuli<br />

literaturis konteqstSi ix. doborjginiZe 2007b: 92-100.

26 waxnagi 1.2009<br />

mdenime saukuniT gvian moxda dasavleTSi, magram isini<br />

aranakleb STambeWdavia, vidre nacionalizmis Teoretikosebis<br />

47 mier aRwerili safuZvlebi.<br />

damowmebani<br />

abulaZe 1950 – saqme mociqulTa, Zveli xelnawerebis mixedviT gamosca<br />

ilia abulaZem (= Zveli <strong>qarTuli</strong> enis Zeglebi, 7), Tb., 1950.<br />

andersoni 2005 – andersoni benediqt, “warmosaxviTi sazogadoebebi”,<br />

ena da kultura, 5, Tb., 2005.<br />

bezaraSvili 2004 – bezaraSvili qeTevan, ritorikisa da Targmanis<br />

Teoria da praqtika grigol RvTismetyvelis TxzulebaTa<br />

<strong>qarTuli</strong> Targmanebis mixedviT, Tb., 2004.<br />

bregaZe 1959 – efrem mcire, uwyeba¡ mizezsa qarTvelTa moqcevisasa,<br />

Tu romelTa wignTa Sina moi£senebis, teqsti gamosca, Sesavali<br />

da leqsikon-saZieblebi daurTo Tamar bregaZem, Tb., 1959.<br />

Boeder 1983 – Boeder Winfried, “Die georgischen Mönche auf dem Berge Athos und<br />

die Geschichte der georgischen Schriftsprache”, Bedi Kartlisa: Revue de Kartvélologie,<br />

41, pp. 85-95, Paris, 1983.<br />

Boeder 1998 – Boeder Winfried, “Sprache und Identität in der Geschichte der Georgier”,<br />

B. Schrade - Th. Ahbe (edd.), Georgien im Spiegel seiner Kultur und Geschichte,<br />

Zweites Deutsch-Georgisches Symposium: Vortragstexte, Berlin 1998,<br />

pp. 68-81.<br />

boederi 1998a – boederi vinfrid, “ena da vinaoba qarTvelTa istoriaSi”,<br />

qarTvelur enaTa struqturis sakiTxebi, VII, Tb.,<br />

1998, gv. 60-81.<br />

Brock 1980 – Brock Sebastian, “Bibelübersetzungen: Die Übersetzungen ins Syrische”,<br />

Theologische Realenzyklopädie. In Gemeinschaft mit Horst Balz [...] hrsg.<br />

von Gerhard Müller, Band 6, pp. 181-189, Berlin, 1980.<br />

Brock 1982 – Brock Sebastian, “From Antagonism to assimilation: Syriac attitudes to<br />

Greek learning”, Nina G. Garsoian - Thomas F. Matthews - Robert W. Thomson<br />

(edd.): East of Byzantium: Syria and Armenia in the Formation Period, Washington,<br />

pp. 17-34.<br />

gelneri 2004 – gelneri ernst, erebi da nacionalizmi, Tbilisi<br />

2004.<br />

Gerl 1985 – Gerl Hanna-Barbara, “Zwischen faktischer und numinoser Gültigkeit: Lorenzo<br />

Vallas Theorie vom Vorrang der lateinischen Sprache”, Richard J. Schoeck<br />

(ed.), Acta Conventus Neo-Latini Bononiensis, New-York, 1985, pp. 327-336.<br />

danelia 1983 – danelia korneli, <strong>qarTuli</strong> samwerlo enis istoriis<br />

sakiTxebi, Tb., 1983.<br />

Doborjginidze 2003a – Doborjginidze Nino, “Einige Fragestellungen der Volksspra-<br />

47.<br />

gelneri 2004; andersoni 2005.

narkvevi 27<br />

chenemanzipation im östlichen Christentum des Mittelalters”, Oriens Christianus,<br />

87, Wiesbaden, 2003, pp. 149-170.<br />

Doborjginidze 2003b – Doborjginidze Nino, “Die Argumente gegen die Bibelübersetzung<br />

in die Volkssprache und ihre Nachwirkung auf die Entwicklung des<br />

Georgischen in den 10.-12. Jh.”, Winfried Boeder (ed.): Kaukasische Sprachproblem:<br />

Beiträge zu den Kaukasistentagungen in Oldenburg 1995-2001 (= Caucasica<br />

Oldenburgensia 1), Oldenburg, 2003, pp. 119-140.<br />

doborjginiZe 2007a – doborjginiZe nino, “berZnul-bizantiuri<br />

samyaro da xalxur enaTa emansipaciis sakiTxebi”, bizantinologia<br />

saqarTveloSi: bizantinologTa saerTaSoriso simpoziumis<br />

moxsenebebi, Tb., 2007, gv. 161-176.<br />

doborjginiZe 2007b – doborjginiZe nino, “«qeba¡ da dideba¡<br />

<strong>qarTuli</strong>sa enisa¡» qristianuli aRmosavleTis saxotbo<br />

poeziis konteqstSi”, semiotika, 1, Tb., 2007, gv. 92-100.<br />

doborjginiZe 2007g – doborjginiZe nino, “TargmanTan dakavSirebuli<br />

problemebis funqcionalizacia sxvadasxva enaSi”, semiotika,<br />

2, Tb., 2007, gv. 145-163.<br />

Doborjginidze 2008 – Doborjginidze Nino, “Einige Fragestellungen zur Herausbildung<br />

von Schriftsprachen im christlichen Osten am am Beispiel des Georgischen”,<br />

Le Muséon: Revue d’ Études Orientales, Louvain 2008: 193-212.<br />

TvalTvaZe 1997 – TvalTvaZe darejan, efrem mcire – bizantiuri<br />

mwerlobis komentatori (sadisertacio naSromi), Tb., 1997.<br />

Keipert 1981 – Keipert Helmut, “Russische Sprachgeschichte als Übersetzungsgeschichte”,<br />

Slavische Linguistik, 198: Referate des VII Konstanzer Slavistischen<br />

Arbeitstreffens, Mainz 30.9-2.10. 1981, Hrsg. v. Wolfgang Girke (= Slavische<br />

Beiträge, 160), München, pp. 67-112.<br />

kekeliZe 1980 – kekeliZe korneli, Zveli <strong>qarTuli</strong> literaturis<br />

istoria, tomi I, Tb., 1980.<br />

Kurz 1894 – Kurz Eduard, “Das Typikon des heiligen Saba”, Byzantinische Zeitschrift,<br />

3, Berlin, 1894, pp. 165-167.<br />

lolaSvili 1994 – giorgi mcire, cxovreba giorgi mTawmidelisa,<br />

teqsti gamokvleviTa da leqsikoniTurT gamosacemad moamzada<br />

ivane lolaSvilma, Tb., 1994.<br />

meliqiSvili 1975 – meliqiSvili damana, ioane petriwis filosofiur<br />

SromaTa ena da stili , Tb., 1975.<br />

meliqiSvili 1984 – meliqiSvili damana, “Zveli <strong>qarTuli</strong> logikuri<br />

terminologiidan”, Zveli <strong>qarTuli</strong> enis Sromebi, 25,<br />

Tb., 1984, gv. 106-120.<br />

meliqiSvili 1988 – meliqiSvili damana, gelaTis saliteraturo<br />

skola da <strong>qarTuli</strong> filosofiuri enis ganviTarebis gzebi<br />

(sadisertacio naSromi), Tb., 1988.<br />

meliqiSvili 1993 – meliqiSvili damana, “gelaTis samonastroliterasturuli<br />

skola: ZiriTadi mimarTuleba da saazrovnoliteraturuli<br />

interesebi”, quTaisis universitetis moambe,

28 waxnagi 1.2009<br />

1, quTaisi, 1993, gv. 6-24; quTaisis universitetis moambe, 2, qu-<br />

Taisi, 1993, gv. 5-25.<br />

meliqiSvili 1999a – meliqiSvili damana, Zveli <strong>qarTuli</strong> filisofiur-Teologiuri<br />

terminologiis istoriidan, Tbilisi,<br />

1999.<br />

meliqiSvili 1999b – meliqiSvili nino, grigol nazianzelis 16<br />

homiletikuri sityvis efrem mciriseuli Targmani, macne: enisa<br />

da literaturis seria, 1-4, Tb., 1999, gv. 149-164.<br />

Мерчул 1911 – Мерчул Гиоргий, Житие святого Григория Хандзтийского (=<br />

Тексты и разыскания по армяно-грузинской филологии, 7), Санкт-Петербург,<br />

1911.<br />

metreveli 1996 – metreveli elene, aTonis kulturul-saganmanaTleblo<br />

keris istoriidan, Tb., 1996.<br />

oTxmezuri 2005 – oTxmezuri Tamar, grigol nazianzelis TxzulebaTa<br />

komentarebi qarTul mTargmnelobiT tradiciaSi (sadisertacio<br />

naSromi), Tb., 2005.<br />

Pallmann 1884 – Pallmann Heinrich, “Des Erzbischofs Berthold von Mainz ältestes<br />

Zensuredict”, Archiv für Geschichte des Deutschen Buchhandels, 9, pp. 238-241,<br />

Leiptzig, 1884.<br />

SaniZe 1986 – SaniZe akaki, qarTvelTa monasteri bulgareTSi da<br />

misi tipikoni: tipikonis <strong>qarTuli</strong> redaqcia (= akaki SaniZe, Txzulebani<br />

Tormet tomad, t. IX), Tb., 1986.<br />

SaniZe da sxv. 1996 – iovane oqropiri, Targmaneba¡ maTes saxarebisa¡:<br />

eqvTime aToneliseuli Targmani, teqsti uZvelesi xelnawerebis<br />

mixedviT gamosacemad moamzades lela aleqsiZem,<br />

lili basilaiam, nino doborjginiZem, darejan TvalTvaZem,<br />

manana maCxanelma, lela niJaraZem, zurab sarjvelaZem, nino SaraSeniZem,<br />

Tamar cofuraSvilma, mzeqala SaniZis redaqciiT,<br />

Tb., 1996.<br />

yauxCiSvili 1940 – ioane petriwis Sromebi, tomi I: prokle diadoxosisa<br />

platonurisa filosofiisa kavSirni, <strong>qarTuli</strong> teqsti<br />

gamosca da gamokvleva da leqsikoni daurTo simon yauxCiSvilma,<br />

Tb., 1940.<br />

Zuntz 1951 – Zuntz, Günter, “Die Subscriptionen der Syra Harclensis”, Zeitschrift<br />

der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft, 101, 174-196, Wiesbaden, 1951.<br />

javaxiSvili 1946 – giorgi mTawmideli, cxoreba¡ iovanesi da<br />

efT¢mesi, teqsti gamosacemad daamzada ivane javaxiSvilma<br />

(=Zveli <strong>qarTuli</strong> enis Zeglebi, 3), Tb., 1946.<br />

Hannick 1980 – Hannick Christian, “Bibelübersetzungen. Die Übersetzungen ins Armenische”,<br />

Theologische Realenzyklopädie, In Gemeinschaft mit Horst Balz [...]<br />

hrsg. von Gerhard Müller, Band 6, Berlin, 1980, pp. 200-201.

narkvevi 29<br />

Nino Doborjginidze<br />

The Problems of Functional and Quantitative Legitimation<br />

of the Georgian Language in the Middle Ages<br />

The presented article touches upon the problem of the processes of development<br />

of local vernacular language as a standard language. The topics of<br />

functional and qualitative legitimization of local languages of Eastern Christian<br />

World are discussed in the work. The role of convertion of these Eastern<br />

people into Christianity on their native language is studied for revealing the<br />

wider functional spheres of these languages. The relation of local language<br />

to the universal language of religion spread in Eastern Christian world is<br />

issued in the article. The old Georgian sources, namely, the commentaries<br />

and scholia connected with the translation activities are analyzed. According<br />

to these data, on the one hand, we may speak about the idea of equality of<br />

the languages spread in this religious sphere; on the other hand we may discuss<br />

the relation of the local language, namely, of Georgian language, to the<br />

so-called sacred languages, especially, to the Greek language. The concrete<br />

problems connected with the process of emancipation of Georgian language<br />

are studied in the context of typological parallels of different traditions.

Suqia afridoniZe<br />

poeturi mimarTva qarTul poeziaSi<br />

I. Sesavali: mimarTvis cnebisa da klasifikaciisaTvis<br />

mimarTva di a lo guri (an dialogizebuli) metyvelebis<br />

organuli da aq ti u ri ko mponentia. lingvistikaSi igi<br />

ZiriTa dad si n taqsis Ses wa v lis sagnad gvevlineba. am cnebis<br />

(da, Sesabamisad, terminis) li n g vi s tu ri ganmarteba didi<br />

mravalferov ne biT ar ga mo i r Ce va: dro iTs, sivrcobrivsa Tu<br />

enobriv sxvaobebs mis de fi ni cia ze xelSesa xebi gavlena ar<br />

mouxdenia. ami tom en ciklo pe di u ri, wminda aka de mi u ri Tu<br />

saswavlo xa siaTis ga n ma r tebebi TiTqmis em T x ve va erT ma neTs.<br />

es aris gra ma ti ku lad damoukide beli da in to na ci u rad<br />

gankerZoebu li sityva (ufro zustad _ saxeli. S.a.) an si t­<br />

y vaTa jgu fi, ro m li Tac aRi ni S ne ba gamo na T q va mis ad re sati<br />

_ pi ri an sa ga ni (leqsikoni 1990: 340-1; axmanova 1969: 276).<br />

am zogad ga n ma r tebas <strong>qarTuli</strong> enis ko n te q sti er Ti detaliT<br />

gana v r cobs: migviniSnebs mi ma r Tvis aRm ni Svneli saxelis<br />

wo de biT fo rmas (qe 2008: 323), romelic saqarTvelos yvela<br />

saxis saswavlebelTa <strong>qarTuli</strong> enis sa xe l m Z R va ne lo ebSi wode<br />

bi Ti brun vis saxeliTaa cno bi li (Sa ni Ze 1973: 45-6; kva WaZe<br />

1977: 81-91), Tu m ca naxevar saukuneze meti xnis winaT aka demiur<br />

wreebSi gaCnda sxva mo sa z re bac da al te r na tiul te r mi nad<br />

SemoTavazebul iqna mi ma r T vis fo rma (Ci qo ba va 1950; To furia<br />

1956). am kva li fikacias im xa nad spe ci alur lite ra turaSi<br />

mwva ve kamaTi mohy va, rac mo g vi a ne biT ai sa xa kidec sa xe lis<br />

bru ne bis saki T xe bi sadmi mi Z R vnil sa ga n ge bo kre bu lSi (sbiqe<br />

1956: 36-47; 67-68). am konteqstSi sa i n te re soa, rom bro k ha u-<br />

zis en ci k lo pe di a Sic (brokhauzi 1894) da zo gi erT mog vi ano<br />

mono g ra fiaSic (proniCevi 1971; finki 1972) ga mo T q mu lia eW vi<br />

am bru nvis (da ara formis) ufle ba mo si le bis Se sa xeb 1 .<br />

1.<br />

analogiuri azrisaken ixreba am stri qonebis avtoric (af ri do ni Ze 2001:<br />

19-23).<br />

30

narkvevi 31<br />

xsenebul kamaTs aRar davubrundebiT. aRvniSnavT mxolod,<br />

rom yve la SemTxvevaSi sintaqsur mimarTvad igu lis<br />

x me ba gankerZo ebiT mdgo mi sa xe li _ imis miuxedavad, markirebulia<br />

igi specia luri bru nvis ni S niT (magaliTad,<br />

Zveli be r Z nu li sa da laTinuris mam ro bi Ti sqe sis sa xe le b-<br />

Si Se sa ba mi sad -ɛ, -e, xolo qa r Tu lSi -o, -v), Tu uni S no nominativiTaa<br />

wa r mo d ge ni li (rogorc es gvaqvs co c xal in -<br />

do ev ro pu l, Tu r qu l da a.S. enaTa um ravlesobaSi).<br />

magram mi ma r T vis realurma funqcionirebam stimuli<br />

misca am cne biTi Sinaarsis re i n te r p re tacias misi gafar-<br />

Toebis mimarTu le biT; meore mxriv, mimar T ve bis diferencirebuli<br />

intenciisa da Se sabamisi mo da lo bis gaT va li s-<br />

wi ne bam moiTxova saTanado stru q tu rul-se ma n ti ku ri klasi<br />

fi ka ciac. amis safuZvelze wodebi Ti, anu saxe la di mi mar<br />

T va erT-erT (Tu m ca fa r Tod gavrce le bu l) sa xe obad iq na<br />

mi Cneuli da mas vo katiuri (< vocative) mima r T va ewo da; mis<br />

gve r diT ga moiyo zmnu ri mimarTvis fo r ma _ im pe ra ti u li<br />

(< im pe ra ti ve), anu brZa ne biTi mimarTva da agreTve erT-er Ti<br />

yve la ze xSi rad xma rebuli in te ro ga ti u li (< in te r ro ga tive),<br />

anu ki T x vi Ti mi ma r T va. calke jgufi Seadgina Sesityvebis<br />

kon de n sa ci is S e de gad miRe bu lma, TiTqmis formu le bad<br />

qce ulma eli p ti re bu l ma (zmnaCavardnilma) mi ma r T ve bma 2 .<br />

mimarTvis cnebiTi mniSvnelobis gafarToeba imi Tac iyo<br />

moti vi re buli, rom saxeladi (vokatiuri) da zmnuri (imperatiuli)<br />

mi marTvebi upiratesad er Tad ix ma re ba. sanimuSod<br />

ramdenime qre s to maTiuli magaliTis Ca moTvliT<br />

davkmayofildebiT. gavix se noT, pi rvel yo vlisa, unive r-<br />

saluri bibliuri (liturgikuli) fo r mu la: ufa lo, Segviwyale!<br />

ag reTve analogiuri struqturis popu la ruli<br />

fra ze bi <strong>qarTuli</strong> li te ra turidan Tu folklori dan:<br />

mzeo, amodi, amodi, | nu efarebi gorasa (xalxuri);<br />

mo, mTvareo, Semibrale... (rusTveli)<br />

ismine, swavlis mZeb ne lo... (guramiSvili);<br />

gaswi, mera no! (ba raTaSvili);<br />

dedav! ismine qarTvlis vedreba (ilia);<br />

damsetyve, cao, damsetyve! (vaJa);<br />

izarde, mwvane je jilo... (i. daviTaSvili);<br />

megobrebo, win, win gaswiT! (ir. evdoSvili);<br />

Tqvi, arjakelo xviara... (a. kalandaZe)...<br />

2.<br />

mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs iseTi sityvebi, rogoricaa nominatiuri formis<br />

saxele bi: xeli (aiRe)! xma (gakminde // ar gamagono)!.. anda zmnisarTebi: win<br />

(wadi, gas wi)! Cu mad (iya vi)! da misT.

32 waxnagi 1.2009<br />

mimarTvis gafarToebulma gagebam ufro Tva l sa Cino ga -<br />

xada mWidro kavSiri mimarTvebisa iseT elementebTan, rogoricaa:<br />

a. mo wodebiTi Sorisdebulebi:<br />

he, RmerTo er To! (rusTveli)<br />

hoi, mTa wmi n dav! (baraTaSvili)<br />

ehei, mebornev! (a. kalandaZe)...<br />

b. kiTxviTi xmovnebi:<br />

ar mogxvdaua, rjul ZaRlo? (vaJa)<br />

iqav aoda xara, samZimar Cemo? (xalxuri)<br />

is gegonaa, qalao, guSin rom medidebodi? (xalxuri)<br />

igive iTqmis mimarTvis kavSirze emfa ti ku r, sxva Ta si -<br />

tyvisa da pro so di ul xmovnebTan. vo ka ti ur mi ma r T va s Tan<br />

am ele men tTa ko mbinacia gvxvdeba cno bi li xa lxuri zRaparis<br />

erT pasaJSi:<br />

_ Cito, Cito, Ciorao!<br />

_ rao, batono melao?<br />

am dialogis Semcveli eqvsi sityvisagan Semdgar fra ze -<br />

bSi arc erTi sityva ara dgas mimarTvis formis warmomqmnel<br />

ele me n tTa gareSe: Cito da ba tono formebSi -o vokati<br />

vis ni Sa nia, rao fo rmaSi _ sxva Ta sityvis nawilaki,<br />

xo lo Ci o rao da me lao fo r me bSi _ pro sodiuli da imavdroulad<br />

sxva Ta si tyvis xmo va nic.<br />

am martivi da popularuli ilustraciebis SedarebiTi<br />

ganxi lva cxads xdis monaTesave funqciur ko mpo ne n te b Tan<br />

erTad mima r T ve bis farTod da ko m pleqsurad gaazrebis<br />

perspeqtiulobas. am mi ma rTulebiT Semdgomi kvleva mowodebulia<br />

im axal-axali kav Si re bis gamosavlenad, romlebic<br />

arsebobs erTi SexedviT sru li ad da uka v Si re bel movlenebs<br />

Soris, da maTTvis enis si s te ma Si sa Ta nado ad gilis<br />

misaCenad.<br />

Tavisi formalurad gamokveTili saxis gamo, pirvel<br />

yovlisa, gan vixi la vT tradi ci u l sin ta q ssa da poetikaSi<br />

mimarTvebad mi Cne ul gankerZoebul sa xe lad formebs, anu<br />

vokatiur mi ma r T vebs. am saxis mimarTvis fo r me bi fa r Tod<br />

gamoiye ne ba yve la Ja n ris mxa t v rul li te raturaSi _ poezi<br />

a Sic, pro za Sic da, cxadia, mTlianad di alo ge bze age -<br />

bul dra ma tu li Janris na wa r mo e b ebSi.

narkvevi 33<br />

da mainc: mimarTvis spe ci fi ka xan aSkarad, xan Se far<br />

viT avlens mis gamorCeul rols po e ziaSi da amitom<br />

maT piro bi Tad poetur mimarTvebs vuwodebT 3 . es cneba<br />

So r de ba yovel dRi u ri pragmatikis sfe ros da ejaWveba<br />

poetur me t y ve lebas imis miuxedavad, fo r ma lurad<br />

wminda poeziaze, ri T ma-ritmis Tvalsazri siT re g la -<br />

mentirebul teqstzea msjeloba, Tu gacilebiT Ta vi su -<br />

fa l ze, vTqvaT, prozaze, Tumca orsave SemTxvevaSi sayrde<br />

nia mxa t v ru li na wa r moebis rogorc Semoq me dis ga mona<br />

gonis spe cifika 4 .<br />

poeturi mimarTvebis niSan-TvisebaTa gamovlenis wyarod<br />

da sa nimuSod masala SeirCa sxvada sx va epo qis sa e ro<br />

poe zi is umniSvne lovanes warmoma dge ne l Ta nawarmoebebidan,<br />

kerZod, me-12 sa u ku ni dan dRe m de _ ru s T velidan<br />

vi dre ana kalandaZemde, Suale du r mwve r va l Ta _ guramiSvilis,<br />

baraTaSvilis, ilias, akakis, va Jas, ga lak ti o-<br />

nis _ ga vliT. mo x mobilia xa lxuri poeziis ni muSebic.<br />

Janrobrivi SezRudva: ana li z Si Segnebulad ar Cag vi -<br />

r Tavs hi m no g ra fi uli masala, romelSic, Ja n ris specifikidan<br />

gamomdinare, mi ma r Tvis fo rmebi didi albaTobiT<br />

iqneboda mosalod ne li, Tumca amave mizeziT, Tavisufali<br />

arCevanis uqonlobis pirobebSi, analizis Se de gebis sandooba<br />

eWvqveS dadgeboda.<br />

II. teqstebi da analizi<br />

1. “va, sofelo, raSigan xar?” (SoTa rusTveli)<br />

mimarTvaTa qve si s te ma vefxistyaosanSi calke ga n xi l-<br />

vis Rir sia, _ miT ufro, rom profesiul po e zi aSi (da xal<br />

xu r Sic) mra va lgvar literaturul tradicias da maT<br />

Soris m i ma r T vis fo r ma Ta uzualuri gamo ye ne bis tradici<br />

a sac rusTavelTan mivyavarT, _ iqidan amosvliT, rom<br />

misma poemam didad Se u w yo xeli am tra di ci e bis dam k vi d reba-gan<br />

m t kicebas.<br />

3.<br />

aqve dgeba kanonzomieri ki T x va: ras vikvlevT _ poe tur mimarTvebs Tu<br />

mi ma r Tvebs po e zi a Si? kvlevis procesis asaxvis Tval sa zrisiT sta ti is sa -<br />

Taurad me ore varian tis ga ta na albaT ufro ko re q tu li iq ne boda, magram<br />

is ni Snebi, ro mlebic kvlevis Sedegad gamoikveTa, amarTlebs am termi nologiur<br />

arCevans.<br />

4.<br />

Se mTx ve vi Ti ar aris, rom sab Wo u ri te r mi nologi iT nagu li s x mebi mxa t-<br />

v ru li li te ratura dasa v le T Si fi qciur (fictious = SeTxzul, gamonagon)<br />

lite ra tu rad iwo deba. iqneb <strong>qarTuli</strong> Txzulebac adrindeli (swori!) poziciis<br />

amsaxvelia?!

34 waxnagi 1.2009<br />

1) sakuTari saxelebi. personaJTa saxelebis mi marTvebSi<br />

mona wi le o bis sa kiTxi gamokv le u li gvaqvs 5 , amitom<br />

dawvrilebiT maT ze aRar Sev Ce r de biT. aR v ni S navT<br />

mxo lod zogierT faqts, romle bic ukav Si r de ba aRwe ri li<br />

epo qi sa Tu so ci a lu r urTierTobaTa am sa x vel re a li ebs.<br />

mi marTvebis fu n q ci o ni re bis ga r k ve u li Sez Ru dve bic swored<br />

am ur Tier To be biT na ka r na xe bi eti ke tis gamovle nad<br />

Se i Z le ba mi viCnioT.<br />

yuradRebas iqcevs, kerZod, is faqti, rom aseTi didi<br />

moculo bis poemaSi (1670-mde strofi): a. mTavar perso na J-<br />

Ta (maRali wris qa l Ta Tu va JTa) saxelebi wodebiTSi Ti-<br />

Tqmis ar fi gu ri re ben. ne stan-da re jani, Ti na Ti ni, mefe<br />

rostevani da avTandi li mi ma r T vis fo r miT arc erTxel<br />

ar dasturde ba, _ da es ma Sin, ro ca, mag., saxeli avTandili<br />

poemis te q stSi sxva da s x va fo rmiT didad aWa r bebs yove li<br />

sxva per sona Jisas _ saTaurebiTurT (200-mde) Tu ui maTod<br />

(171) _ maT So ris TviT im gmi risas, romlis zed wo de biT<br />

sa xe l sac ata rebs po e ma; b. mxolod TiTojer mimar Tavs av-<br />

Ta n di li sa xe liT fri do n sa da ta ri els (rogorc toli<br />

tols!), xo lo TviT ta ri elis monayolidan vi gebT, rogor<br />

mi ma r Ta manu ge Se be li si ty ve biT mefe fa r sa da nma ma -<br />

mamkvdar tari els: Svilo, ta ri el (2-jer); g. poemis mi -<br />

xe d viT, sru li ad ga mo ri c xu lia aris to k ra t mi jnu rTa<br />

araTu sa xe lobiT mi ma r Tva erTma ne Tisadmi (ise ve ro gorc<br />

ma ma-Svilisa ur Ti e r Ti sa d mi), aramed III pirSi xsenebis<br />

dro sac. am fonze Tavisu f lad ixma re ba Sedare biT da bali<br />

(va Wa r Ta da msa xur Ta) wris qa l Ta sa xe lebi wo debiTi<br />

fo r miT: as maT (4-jer, erTxel dia leqturi as ma To fo r mi -<br />

Tac!), fa t man (3-jer); sa xe liT mimarTvis xarvezi Se v se bulia<br />

pativiscemiTi mi ma rTviT _ xaTuniT (romelic dRes<br />

qalis sakuTari saxelia qarTulSi).<br />

2) apelativebi. poemaSi mimarT ve bi sa da ma Ti msazRvrelebis<br />

dalageba kle badi sixSiris mixe d viT aseT suraTs<br />

iZleva:<br />

mzeo _ 30 (+ 1 mr. mzeno)<br />

mefeo _ 27 (mis sinonimad: xelmwifeo _ 6-jer)<br />

RmerTo _ 21<br />

lomo _ 15 (+ 1 mr. lomno)<br />

Zmao/Zmano _ 15 (8 mx.+7 mr. Zmano)<br />

dao _ 13 (+ 1 dav).<br />

kidev ufro iSviaTia (6-3-jer): yma(n)o, gulo, sayvare-<br />

5.<br />

afridoniZe 1998a: 81-87.

narkvevi 35<br />

lo, sico c x leo, bozo, gam z rdelo, de dao, diaco, va zi ro,<br />

var d o, patrono, sa wuTroo, tur fao, Smago...<br />

mimarTvisas yvelaze xSirad xmarebuli mze Zi ri Ta dad<br />

sila ma zisa da ke TildReobis meta fo radaa ga mo ye ne bu li<br />

(ga rda iS vi a Ti ga mona k li si sa, ro de sac igi neitralurad,<br />

pirda pi ri mniSv ne lobiT ga mo iyeneba), ma gram, amasTanave,<br />

is gve v li neba socia lur ma r keradac: miuTiTebs aRmo savluri<br />

qve yne bis kulturi sa T vis da ma xa siaTebel im tradiciaze,<br />

rodesac mnaTobis sa xe lis (mzis, uf ro iSviaTad<br />

mTva ris) xmareba miRebulia mxolod so ci a lu rad ma Rali<br />

wris wa rmo ma d genelTa mi marT. sanimuSod mo g v yavs arasru<br />

li sia personaJTa urTierTmimarTvebisa.<br />

av Tandili TinaTins: ...mzeo, vin giSeri awamwame: 134, 1;<br />

aha, mzeo, radgan RmerTman mzed dagbada: 135, 1;<br />

fatmani avTandils: he, mzeo, RmerTsa vinaTgan mzed swaddi:<br />

1080, 1;<br />

fatmani nestans: aha, mnaTobo, soflisa mzeo zenao: 1266, 1;<br />

tarieli nestans: ...raTgan, mzeo, CemTvis naTlad aRmoxdebi:<br />

380, 2;<br />

avTandili fridons: lomisa msgavso..., mzeo Suq-moiefeo: 1313, 2;<br />

tarieli nestans [tarielis avtocitirebiT]:<br />

pasuxad vswerdi: ”mTvareo, Senmca mze viT moge ria?” 379, 2.<br />

vaJTa (raindTa) Sesamkobad ki, garda mzisa, lomic sakmaod<br />

xSi rad gvxvdeba me ta fo rad da zogjer erTadac gvxvdeba<br />

(adresa n tis, e. i. mTqmelis socialur statuss mniSvneloba<br />

ara aqvs):<br />

nestani tariels: nu daiCen, lomo, wylulsa: 374, 2;<br />

avTandili tariels: lomo da gmiro tariel, vis Tavi ginazebia:<br />

282, 2;<br />

rostevani avTandils: lomo, ara gWirs Sen omTa gamdrekeloba:<br />

144, 1;<br />

vaWrebi avTandils: lomo da mzeo, esea mizezi aqa dgomisa:<br />

1030,1;<br />

TinaTini avTandils: merme modi, lomo, mzesa Segeyrebi, Semeyare:<br />

131, 4.<br />

calkeul SemTxvevebSi orive es saxeli gaorkecebulia:<br />

tarieli TinaTins: me lomi lomTa (= avTandili) dagisva |<br />

gverdsa Sen (= TinaTins) mzesa mzeTasa: 1542, 4.

36 waxnagi 1.2009<br />

rogorc aRiniSna, rusTavelTan adresatebad SeiZ le ba<br />

iyvnen uSualod mzec da sxva mnaTobebic, rac TvalsaCinod<br />

Cans av Ta n di lis mog za urobisas, roca is mimarTavs mna-<br />

Tobebs, kerZod, mzisa da mTva ris garda, otarids, marixs,<br />

muSTars, as pi rozs...<br />

aha, mzeo, geajebi... 957, 1;<br />

mo, mTvareo, Semibrale... 963, 1;<br />

he, muSTaro, geajebi... 959, 1;<br />

modi, aspiroz, marge ra... 961, 1.<br />

poemis rainduli wris warmomadgenelTa gareg no bis<br />

aRma te bulad dasaxa si aTeblad poeti adresats mimar-<br />

Tavs sxeulisa Tu sa xis na wi l Ta calke an erTad vokatiuri<br />

moxseniebiT da, rac sa i n te re soa, uepiTetod:<br />

gulo, Tmano, tano, ba ge-kbilo, Tval-war bo, ri Tac<br />

miniSnebulia swored am na wi lTa si lamaze; mxolod ena<br />

gvxvde ba epi Tetis TanxlebiT, isic ‘mety ve le bis’ mniSvne<br />

lo bis ga mo (si tyva-mWe vro da wyli ano, tur fao, lamaz-enao:<br />

1270, 3).<br />

amasTan, Semamkobel metaforebad gamoiyeneba tradi ciu<br />

li tro pebi, kerZod, yva vilebis saxelebi: iano, vard(n)o;<br />

Zvir fa s qva Ta Tu mi ne ra lTa saxelebi: lalo, brolo, anda<br />

abst ra q tu li sa xe le bi: ime do, na Te lo (=sinaTle), sinaTleo,<br />

(mamisa) sicoc x leo.<br />

rac Seexeba epiTetebs, poemisaTvis ufro tipobrivia<br />

dade bi Ti emociebis aRmZvreli Sinaarsis mimRe o bebi: gazrdilo,<br />

gamzr delo, gamocdilno, marCenelo, mdgmelo,<br />

misandono, morWmulo, sa yvarelo, mowyaleo, mjobo<br />

da mravali sxva (Tumca siuJeturad Se sabamis pasaJebSi<br />

aris sapirispiro uaryofiTi semantikis sity ve bic: regvenno,<br />

pir-bozo da misT.).<br />

msazRvrel nacvalsaxelTagan damaxasiaTebelia I piris<br />

ku T v nilebiTi nacvalsaxeli Cemo, romelsac zogjer axlavs<br />

sazRv ru li, umetesad ki calke iwereba da pauziT gamoiyofa.<br />

es poemis er Ti specifikuri da tipobrivi msazRvrelia,<br />

ukeT rom vTqvaT, er Tdroulad msazRvrelicaa da<br />

sazRvrulic:<br />

he, Cemo, ese ustari ars Cemgan monaRvawebi: 1293, 1;<br />

xedavmca, Cemo, sofeli raTa saqmeTa mqmnelia? 1294, 1;<br />

sxvad, Cemo, Cemi ambavi Cemgan ar mogewerebis: 1298, 1;<br />

bedma gviyo yvelakai, Cemo, raca dagvemarTa: 1299, 4

narkvevi 37<br />

(yvela es nimuSi moxmobilia tarielisadmi nestanis<br />

weri li dan).<br />

rac Seexeba sityva RmerTs, romelic voka tivTa si aSi<br />

mesame ad gilzea, mas sinonimebad zenaaro da ufa lo ena c-<br />

vleba (2-2-jer), xolo TviT RmerTs epiTe te bad ax lavs: ma­<br />

Ralo, mowyaleo, uc na u ro, uT q me lo, mflobelo gu lis­<br />

T q ma Tao... zogjer mTeli katreni Rme r Tisa da misi epiTete<br />

bis vo ka ti vis formebiTaa gamarTuli: ix. avTandilis<br />

locva (809):<br />

ilocavs, ityvis: “maRalo RmerTo xmelTa da caTao,<br />

zogjer momcemo patiJTa, zogjer keTilTa mzaTao,<br />

ucnauro da uTqmelo, ufalo uflebaTao,<br />

momec daTmoba survilTa, mflobelo gulisTqmaTao!”<br />

vokativTa mijriT gamoyenebis eqspresiuli magaliTi gvaqvs<br />

mij nuris da kargvis gamo tarielis godebidanac (309):<br />

mosTqvams:... hai, sayvarelo, Cemo, CemTvis dakargulo,<br />

imedo da sicocxleo, gonebao, sulo, gulo,<br />

vin mogkveTa, ara vici, xeo, edems danergulo,<br />

cecxlman cxelman viT ver dagwva, gulo, asjer dadagulo!”<br />

Sorisdebuls, romelsac sa le qso stri qo nis ritmi kuli<br />

da na wevrebis erT-erTi funqcia akisria, rus Ta ve l Tan<br />

xSirad voka ti uri mimarTvebi mosdevs:<br />

aha, mzeo<br />

he, mefeo...<br />

hai, sayvarelo...<br />

he, RmerTo...<br />

va, sofelo...<br />

he, muSTaro...<br />

va, sawuTroo... he, Cemo... 6<br />

maTgan va-s, vame da vaglax Sorisdebulebs aSkara uaryofiT-emociuri<br />

da t virTva aqvs: igi ga mo yenebulia soflis<br />

sam du ra vis konte q s t Si, sxvebs ki ritmikul-intonaciuri<br />

fu n qcia aqvs.<br />

6.<br />

SorisdebulTa Sexameba vokatiur mimarTvasTan, romlis -o (> v) niSanic<br />

qarTu lSi Sorisdebulovani wa rmo So bi sad miiCneva (To fu ria 1956: 36-47),<br />

memkvidre obiT gadmohyva Sua saukune e bis po e ziasa da me-19 saukunis romantikul<br />

frTas (am ukana sk ne l ma mis xelT ar se bul wamoZaxilTa arsenals<br />

difTon gia ni ho¡-c mi u ma ta, riTac gza gaukafa mogvianebiT h-dakargul da<br />

dedifTongizebul cal o xmo vans (iq neb rusulis gavliT da gavleniTac?),<br />

romelic danerga jer ga laktion ta bi Zem, Semdeg ki ganamtkica ana ka la n -<br />

daZem.

38 waxnagi 1.2009<br />

rac Seexeba SorisdebulTa struqturas, maT Soris ufro<br />

xSi ria Ti To marcvlianebi, romlebic pauzis, saerTod, ritmikuli<br />

xa r ve zis Se mavseblad ga mo i ye ne ba. amave funqcias<br />

warmatebiT asru lebs sxva ne bis mi e ri klitikac (adgilis<br />

mixedviT _ enkliti ka an pro k li ti ka), anu erTmarcvliani<br />

sityva, romelic (metadre pre po zi ci a Si) “asasxleti” fu n-<br />

q ciiT gamoiyeneba. esenia: “moZra o ba-wris” zmnis funqciiT<br />

gamoyenebuli zmni s wini (mo-, wa-), zmni sa r Ti (win, aw...), nacva<br />

l sa xeli (es, ra...), kavSiri (da, Tu...), na wi la ki (ar, ver...).<br />

kli ti kis mezobel si tyvaTa metrikis gaTvali s wi ne biT rus-<br />

Tveli tonur maxvils vi rtuozulad anawilebs da a ba lansebs<br />

dabali Tu maRali Sa i ris saleqso stri qo ne bSi:<br />

maRali Sairi:<br />

wa, Seebi xataelTa, Tavi kargad gamaCvene! 379, 2;<br />

va, sofelo, raSigan xar, ras gvabruneb, ra zne gWirsa, 951, 1.<br />

dabali Sairi:<br />

va, sawuTroo, sicruviT Tavi satanas adare: 1213, 1;<br />

he, RmerTo erTo, Sen Sehqmen saxe yovlisa tanisa: 2,1.<br />

amrigad, rusTveli iyenebs yvela saxis ga n kerZoebas da<br />

maT Soris mimarTvis yvela saxeobas: wodebiTs (sa xe lads),<br />

brZa nebiTs (zmnurs), kiTxviTs (kiTxviTsityvebians da maT<br />

gareSec) da Zaxilisas (So ri s debuli) da isini yovel nabijze<br />

gvxvdeba. amito maa, rom rus Ta ve lis 16-marcvliani stri -<br />

qonebi ri t mu lad ”sunT qavs”, ga m W virvalea da, sulierTan<br />

erTad, srul musi ka lur har mo ni a Si amyofebs mki T x vels.<br />

2. “ismine, swavlis mZebnelo” (daviT guramiSvili)<br />

mimarTvis formaTa intensiuri da mravalferovani<br />

xmarebis mxriv da vi Ti ani yvelaze gamorCeul Zeglad gvesaxeba.<br />

gansxvavebiT vefxistyaosnisagan, romlis enamzeobas<br />

magaliTad saxavs gu ra miSvili, mis poemas mTlianad<br />

msWvalavs Rrma qristia nu li ga n w yobileba saTanado verbaluri<br />

gamomsaxvelobiTa da termino lo gi iTurT (ieso<br />

qriste, RvTismSobeli, jva rcma...). amasTan, zo gi e r Ti Tavi<br />

mTli anad mimarTvebis fo r me biTaa gawyobili, rac maT<br />

fsa lmunebisa da himno g ra fi ul elfers sZens (ix. moTqma<br />

qri stes vne be bze, RvTismSoblis tirili, da vi Tis vedreba,<br />

galoba...). magaliTad:

narkvevi 39<br />

anda:<br />

daurRvevelo zRudeo, godolo Seuryevelo,<br />

caTagan dautevnelTa wiaRTa damatevelo;<br />

mariam qristes dedao, asulo sionevelo,<br />

Sen meox-meyav codvilsa, qalwulo, RvTisa mxevelo! (88)<br />

RmerTo, daviTis mTnevelo, mamao da Zeo,<br />

is mterni Cemi mdevnelni devne, ganaZeo,<br />

Sen gamirkvie daviTsa, rac win gza miZeo! (90).<br />

zogi mimarTva, kerZod, ”soflis samduravis” kompo nente<br />

bi erTgvar refrenad (luw striqonad) Se vida garkveul<br />

TavSi (go de ba daviTisa, sa wu Tros soflis gamo tirili):<br />

vai sawuTro, cruo sofelo!<br />

rad mSva dedaman, Savman bedaman,<br />

vai sawuTro, cruo sofelo! (161).<br />

mi ma r Tvebis mra va l fe rov ne bis ga mo di s p ro po rcia<br />

ganmeorebad si t y vebs So ris imdenad xe l Sesa xe bi ar aris.<br />

mainc, Se iZleba ga mo v yoT met-naklebad xSi rad gan me o reba<br />

di saxelebi: mzeo, Rmer To, ie so qriste, ufa lo, de ­<br />

dao/v (RvTi sav); kaco, Zeo/Zev; zedsar Ta ve bi _ tkbi lo<br />

(ie so, si co c xle) da sa yvarelo. yve la ze Tval Si sa ce mia<br />

mimReobebis mdi da ri de ri va ci uli fo r me bi (ga ma m b Wo ­<br />

belo, mam ze vebelo, me o xa ro, mTnobelo, cvarcxebulo...).<br />

CvenTvis saintereso ku T xiT (iseve rogorc mTeli<br />

poeti kiT), daviTianis ZiriTad nawil s emijneba mxi a ru li<br />

za f xu li 7 .<br />

ma sSi mimarTvis fo rmebi gacilebiT iSviaTia. gamonaklisia<br />

Rmr Ti sadmi mimarTva sxvadasxva leqsemiT an<br />

formiT (RmerTo, Cemo gamCeno, mo m k v le lo, damrCeno...);<br />

sxva saxelTagan gvxvde ba su lo, oRond speci fi kur enobriv<br />

formulaSi: vame, Tu sulo:<br />

vame Tu sulo, giswras Ramema...<br />

vame Tu, sulo, giyaron wili...<br />

vame Tu, sulo, ar gahqvndes madli... (222-223).<br />

7.<br />

nawarmoebis ZiriTadi nawilisagan gansxvavebuli poetikisaTvis ix. RaRaniZe<br />

2002.

40 waxnagi 1.2009<br />

met-naklebad xSirad dadasturebuli saxelebi uf ro<br />

ne i t ra lu ri se ma n ti kisaa. kerZod, ma ma-S vi lis vrce l di a-<br />

lo gSi, iseve ro gorc si k vdi li sa da ka cis ci lo bis (po emis<br />

wi na na wilSi), Ti T qmis yo vel strofSi meo r deba di a logis<br />

mo na wi le Ta aR m ni S v ne l ape la ti vTa mimarTvis formebi:<br />

1. kaco, si k v di lo; 2. ma mav, Svi lo, msgavsad am Janris<br />

Sua saukuneebis po e zi i sa.<br />

3. ”gaswi, merano!” (nikoloz baraTaSvili)<br />

qarTulma romantizmma Ta vi si masazrdoebeli motivaciebiT,<br />

ko nkre tu li saxeebiTa da axali in to naciebiT<br />

gaamdidra lirikuli poezia. ev ro pidan ru seTis gziT SemoRweul<br />

am literaturul mima rTulebas saqa r Tve lo Si<br />

lo ka lu ri ni a dagi daxvda ruseTisagan na w v ne vi po l i ti -<br />

ku ri ime d ga cruebis Sedegad. saqarTve los da mouki de b lo -<br />

bis da ka r g viT ga mo w veuli se vda damate biTi fa q to ri ga x-<br />

da qa r Tuli ro manti z mi s patriotuli Te matikisa T vis.<br />

“Zveli didebis naSTisaken” mi pyrobili mze ra aleqsandre<br />

Wa vWavaZisa, gri gol orbe li a nis “sadRe gr Ze los” patriotuli<br />

paTo sis mom xib la vi nazavi li ri kuli (xSi rad<br />

mu xambazuri) leqse bis dardimandul in tonaciur na kadTan<br />

bo los Ca moiqna nikoloz ba raTaSvilis da x vewil li rikad,<br />

rac uSualod Tu iri bad, mi ma r T ve bSic aisaxa. Tu or beli<br />

ani Ta vis grZnobebs uSualod adre sa te bi sken mi ma r Tavs<br />

_ xan ko nkretulad: winandlis vardo, su li Ta mtre do (7);<br />

ros gxe dav, mna To...(5); he, sayvarelo, iyav mSve ni er, n[i na]<br />

(44), aseve TviT mi ma rT vi Tac: Cemo Tavo ubedo; gla x gu lo<br />

(34), vai, gri gol, sab ra lo! (41), xanac abst ra q tu lad: he,<br />

ive ri av!.. (33), he, mamu lo sasurvelo (99, 101), sixarulov,<br />

Sve bav, lxi no (42), is mine Cemi, he, si y va ru lo! (33),<br />

bedo, Cemis lxinis Za fi rad swyvi te! (41), ba ra Ta S vili<br />

iseT maSualebel mi ma rTvebs ar Cevs, rogoricaa ad gi lni:<br />

hoi, adgilno, ma x sovs, ma x sovs (89), Sdr. “bedi qarTlisa”:<br />

hoi, adgilno, ara g vis pi r no (143), pir vel yo vlisa<br />

ki _ mTawminda, rome lic avtorisaTvis mxo lod to po nimi<br />

ar aris: po e ti amka fi o ebs mis eti mo lo giur semantikas<br />

ko m po ne n te bad daSlis gziT: hoi, mTawmida, mTao wmi dav!<br />

(88). ami tom mi dis fiqrT ga sa r T ve lad liri ku li gmi ri<br />

modudune da mra val dro e bis mowame mtkvarTan: po e ti am -<br />

k veTrebs ad re sa te bis idu ma le bas saTa na do epi Te te biT:<br />

kldev bu ndovano; mTav Rru b li ano; xan mci naro, xan cre ­<br />

mliano (89). poe ti ar ma lavs ad re sa ti sa dmi mi ma r T vis motivs:<br />

Rru blian mTas gu l da xu ru l Ta me go bars uwo debs

narkvevi 41<br />

(89). Sdr. ga da Zaxili “mera n Si”: mxo lod va rs k v la v Ta,<br />

Tana ma va l Ta, vamcno gulisa me saidu m lo (120).<br />

poetis TviTCaRrmavebis amsaxveli me di taci u ri li ri -<br />

ka Sema m za debeli safexuria zRvramde misul saso wa r k ve -<br />

Ti le ba sa (“sulo bo ro to”) Tu sulier garRvevas (“me rani”)<br />

So ris da ganasa xi e rebs bedis sam zR v ris damlaSqrav<br />

mea m bo xe suls.<br />

poeti Tavisi siyvarulis sagans ridiT satrfos uwodebs<br />

da mimarTavs amaRlebuli epi Te tebiT: cisiero, haerovano,<br />

gulis-sworo. su li eri da erotikuli grZnobebi,<br />

romlebic Tavs iy ris pe pe la sa viT rxeul, Tavis aCrdilTan<br />

moTamaSe da grZne biT am rev ucxo sa yu re s Tan (102), faqizadaa<br />

naZerwi. eq s p re sia aR mavali xaziT mi dis Wvre ti dan<br />

in to na ci u rad zea we u li mi ma r T vi saken: sayuris qveS ba gis<br />

datkba ru ne bi dan vidre su lis da ko ne ba m de (102).<br />

baraTaSvilis SedarebiT mcirericxovani lirikuli<br />

leqsebi uCveulod mdidaria intonaciurad: wodebiTi, br-<br />

ZanebiTi da ki TxviTi mimarTvebis monacvleobiT: gaswi,<br />

merano... (120-1); ganvedi Cemgan, hoi, macTuro sulo bo roto?<br />

(128), vin icis, mtkvaro, ras but bu teb, visTvis ras<br />

ityvi? (95) da SorisdebulTa (xSirad ho is Ta nx le biT. balansi<br />

pauzebsa da ve r balur ma salas So ris si metri u ladaa<br />

daculi: TiTqmis yvela es leqsi harmo ni u lad JRers.<br />

romantikosebis poemebSi (“sadRegrZelo”, “bedi<br />

qarTlisa”) gansakuTrebiT iCina Tavi samSo b lo s cnebis<br />

gamomxatvelma leqsi kam. statistikis mixedviT, am cnebis<br />

gamomxatvelad gvxvdeba pra qti ku lad mxolod mamuli<br />

gacilebiT aWarbebs sinoni mur sa m So blos, ma gram<br />

maT gamomxatvelad kidev ufro inten si u rad ga mo iyeneba<br />

qa r Tli da saqarTvelo, xolo eTnonimebad _ qar T ve l­<br />

ni (qarT ve l Ta), qar T ve loba (upiratesad) da zogjer _<br />

iverni.<br />

romantikosTa sayvarel SorisdebulTagan yve la ze<br />

intensiu rad ixmareba he da hoi. maTgan he ufro metad ixma<br />

re ba realuri ad re sa tebis _ adamia ne bi s mi marT: he,<br />

mefeo; he, gmirno (141), he, da Ris t ne lno (131), xolo hoi<br />

_ di f To n gis saxiT _ yve la sxva obi e q tis mi marT, garda<br />

adamia ne bi sa (ho¡, mTawmindav...).<br />

4. “mamulo, sayvarelo...” (ilia WavWavaZe)<br />

TergdaleulTa Taobas winamorbed romantikosTagan<br />

memkvid reobad ergo ara marto ero v nuli Tematikis literaturuli<br />

da muSaveba, ara med am sakiTxis po li ti kuri

42 waxnagi 1.2009<br />

mogvarebis amocanac. ilia Wav Wa va Zem farTod da mra vali<br />

mimarTulebiT gaSlil mu Sa o ba Si CarTo lite ra tu rac.<br />

amasTan, didaq ti ku r amo canas man pub li cis ti kas Tan er-<br />

Tad be le t ristika da poe zi a c da uqvemdebara. imis ga-<br />

TvaliswinebiT, rom eqspresiisa da emociurobis gamoxatva<br />

tra di ciulad po e zias da, kerZod, lirikas eki s re ba, didi<br />

mniSv ne lo ba aqvs am Janris nawarmoebTa sakvanZo le q si kis<br />

Seswavlas, _ miT ufro, rom es leqsika monawileobs po e-<br />

tur mimarTvebSi.<br />

sayovelTao yuradRebis Rirsadaa qceuli ilias didaqtika<br />

poetis daniSnulebasTan dakavSirebiT (misTvis ar<br />

vmRer, rom vi m Rero, viT frinvelma gareganma... _ 103). masve<br />

ukav Si r deba poetis “Ce mo kalamo”-s mTavari paTosic.<br />

mogvyavs ilias poeziaSi dadasturebuli yvelaze aqtiuri<br />

le qsika, romelic gamoyenebulia mimarTvis formebiT<br />

(ma sa la da la gebulia klebadi sixSiris mixedviT):<br />

Svil(n)o _ 41 dedav/o, dedi,<br />

Cem(n)o _ 32 dedi(lo) _ 15<br />

RmerTo _ 31 mefev/o _ 14<br />

Zmav/o, Zamo mamulo _ 8<br />

(Zmebo, Zmano) _ 29<br />

6-jer da nakleb gvxvdeba: velo, mamav/o, megobar(n)o,<br />

tur fav; bedo, mTe bo, mo na v/o; batono, vaime, satrfov, kargo,<br />

nana, tkbi lo, ukv da vo, qve ya nav, Rrubelo.<br />

rogorc am monacemebidan Cans, ilias poetur SemoqmedebaSi<br />

yve la ze xSir adresatad dasturdeba ZiriTadi leqsikuri<br />

fon dis uaq ti u re si sityvebi.<br />

socialuri usamarTlobis Temis mxatvrulad damuSavebisas<br />

ili am miagno laba-xaris uaRresad metyvel simbolur<br />

saxes. misi uR lis ga nzogadebiT da erT bedqveS yofnis asociaciiT<br />

po etma sa xieri xa ti Seqmna uTanasworobiT qedmodrekil<br />

pirutyvs damsga vsebuli adamianisa. maT Soris<br />

TvalsaCino paralelis gav le bi sas misi uSualo da araerTgzisi<br />

mimarTvis adresatia laba: samSoblo mTebo!<br />

erT bed qveSa varT, labav, me da Sen... (50);<br />

eg, Cemo labav, nu SegSurdeba... (50);<br />

aq mende, labav, Cemi uReli|Sens uRelzeda ufroa Zneli (51).<br />

mamulis sinonimad samSoblo mxolod orjeraa naxmari,<br />

maT Soris er T xel _ msazRvrelad:<br />

samSoblo mTebo! Tqveni Svili ganebebT Tavsa (35).

narkvevi 43<br />

sxvagan mamuls eZleva aSkara upiratesoba. aq mxo lod<br />

mima r Tvis formebs vexebiT, es SeniSvna zogad vi Ta rebaze<br />

dac vrce l de ba 8 , romlis ilustraciad ”gazafxulis”<br />

qresto ma Ti uli ma ga li Tic ikmarebs:<br />

ayvavebula mdelo, | ayvavebula mTebi,<br />

mamulo, sayvarelo, | Sen rosRa ayvav de bi? (118).<br />

sxva saxelTa paraleluri variantebi ZiriTadad mxolod<br />

mo rfo lo giuri varia n te biT (alomorfebiT) Semoifargleba:<br />

Zmav/ Zmao/Zamo; de dav /de dao /dedi /dedilo;<br />

mamav /ma mao; mefev /me feo; monav /monao. sityvawarmoebiT,<br />

derivaciuli simdidriT mima r T vis for me bi ar<br />

gamoirCeva.<br />

am fonze wina planze iwevs intenciuri Rirebuleba<br />

mima r T vis adresatisa: amis TvalsaCino nimuSia (Cemo) kalamo<br />

(120), ro me lic faqtobriv erTaderTxel dasturdeba,<br />

magram Tavisi ideolo gi uri mi zan dasaxulebiT (da popularobiTac)<br />

wina ma val mi ma r T vas ma mu li sadmi ar Ca mouvardeba.<br />

5. “Cemo samSoblo mxareo” (akaki wereTeli)<br />

poetis daniSnulebaze iliasa da akakis mier paraleluri<br />

le qsebis Seqmna sa e r To “proeqtis” nawilebad unda miviCnioT.<br />

mgo snisa Tu mwerlis samoqmedo “iaraRi” _ Cangi<br />

Tu qnari, Conguri Tu fanduri, salamuri Tu stviri saqveyno<br />

samsaxurSia Caye ne bu li. aki ili as “Ce mo ka la moc” (1861)<br />

saamisod aris mowodebuli da, savaraudoa, aka kis Ti T q mis<br />

amave saxelwodebis “Cems kalams” (1902) aseve misi ga mo x ma u-<br />

re baa. mimarTvis formebic aq ufro ganv r cobili da emo ci -<br />

u ria, ka la mic namdvil iaraRTan (maxvilTan, fa rTan, kver-<br />

T x Tan) aris ga Ta na brebuli:<br />

kalamo, sanaRvle-Taflo, | Cemo maxvilo da faro!..<br />

orgulo, magram erTgulo, | kalamo maxvil-kverTxovo! (3, 33).<br />

saerTod, akakis poeziaSi dadasturebul leqsemaTa mimarTvis<br />

formebi, TviT poeturi nawarmoebebis siuxvis kvalobaze,<br />

sa k ma od didi ra odenobiTa da mravalferovnebiT<br />

dasturdeba.<br />

8.<br />

ilias mamulis Sesaxeb ix. kiknaZe 2005: 28-52.

44 waxnagi 1.2009<br />

akakis lirikisaTvis niSneulia, xa l xuri poeziis<br />

tradiciisa mebr, leq sis dawyeba ama Tu im musikaluri<br />

sakravisaT vis mo wo de biT (Sdr. ilias “mefe dimitri<br />

Tavdadebulis” Sesavali na wi li _ brma mefan du ris sityvebi):<br />

Conguro, Cemo didebav, | da Zlierebav, kalamo... (2, 40);<br />

modi, Cemo Canguro,| msurs, isev gemsaxuro (1, 130);<br />

sad xar, Cemo salamuro,|xmatkbilo da saamuro? (1, 87);<br />

Cemo Cango, obol-mwiro... (1, 259).<br />

amave konteqstSia gansaxilveli mimarTvebi muzisa da<br />

RvTiu ri niWisadmi: yaribo da ganwirulo, nu SekrTebi,<br />

Cemo muzav (2, 17); Sen da mxolod Sen, ciuro ni Wo (2, 69),<br />

ag re Tve _ Sro misa da brZolis ia ra Risadmi: gavlesoT,<br />

Zmebo, namgali (1, 126) an: glesav da glesav, xanja lo (2, 99)<br />

(kontaminaciuri para fra zi xal xu ri stri qo nisa: glesav<br />

da glesav, namgalo).<br />

damaxasiaTebelia agreTve poeturi TviTmimarTva ama<br />

Tu im sxe ulis nawilis (ZiriTadad _ gulis) dasaxelebis<br />

meSveobiT:<br />

gaqvavdi, gulo! | daebi, ena! (1, 267);<br />

Cemo Tavo, bedi ar giweria! | Cemo gulo, tkbilad ar giZ ge ria!<br />

(1, 210).<br />

erovnul moZraobaSi ilia WavWava Zis gve rdiT dgomam<br />

erTgva rad gansazRvra misi poeziis ideur-Tema ti kuri<br />

msgavseba, ramac, Tavis mxriv, met-naklebad gamokveTa<br />

saerTo da gansxvavebuli ni S nebi da po e tis individualuri<br />

xelwera. am TvalsazrisiT sain te resoa patriotul<br />

TemasTan dakavSirebuli sakvanZo si tyvebis sa kiTxi.<br />

kerZod, gansxvavebiT romantikosebisa da ilia WavWava-<br />

Zis mi er gamoyenebuli TiTqmis erTaderTi ma mu lisagan,<br />

aka ki s Tan Zi ri Tadad samSobloa naxmari. yvelaze popularuli<br />

sityvebi rom aviRoT: Cemi xatia samSoblo (2,<br />

303). asevea mimar T ve b Sic:<br />

Sori qveynidan moSorebulsa, samSoblo Cemo! gigzavni gu l sa...<br />

ve Rar gixilo, samSoblov, meti (1. 69);<br />

aRs deg, sa mSoblo! bevri geZina (1, 70);<br />

mSvidobiT, Cemo dedinacvalo,| Cemo pi rSavo, Cemo samSoblo!<br />

(2, 39);

narkvevi 45<br />

itire, miwav, samSoblov! jvari au Svi, zecao (2, 214);<br />

samSoblo msazRvreladac ixmareba: rom araferi vTqvaT<br />

“ga nTiadis” cnobil sityvebze (ca _ firuz, xmeleT _ zurmuxto,<br />

Cemo samSoblo mxareo _ 2, 238), es Sexameba sxvaganac<br />

gvxvdeba: mSvidoba SenTan, | samSo b lo mxare (1, 69).<br />

aqa-iq Segvxvdeba mamulic, oRond ara mi ma r T vis formiT.<br />

sai nteresoa, rom zogjer es sinonimebi erTsa da imave<br />

sintagmebis farglebSi monacvleobs:<br />

ara, sikvdili ver SemaSinebs | momzadebulsa mamulis msxver p lsa!<br />

(3, 336);<br />

...im winaparTa gunds, | samSoblos msxve r p lad rom Sewirulan<br />

(6, 74);<br />

... da xinjad gul Si mimyveba mxolod, | rom ver gavmxdarvar<br />

samSob los msxverplad (3, 129).<br />

sinonimiasTan dakavSirebiT unda iTqvas, rom qarTli<br />

da sa qarTvelo sinonimebadaa warmodgenili da zogjer<br />

isini erTsa da ima ve konteqstSi enacvlebian erTmaneTs.<br />

Sdr., magaliTad:<br />

gacocxldebi, saqarTvelo<br />

da:<br />

bero qarTlo, guls nu itex! (1, 117).<br />

akakis ekuTvnis samSoblos xatad sat r fos Se qm nis idea,<br />

yovel SemTxvevaSi, am xatis damkvidreba mas mie we re ba:<br />

satrfov, nu geSinia! Tumc gaqvs grZnoba mixdili...<br />

satrfov, guls nu gaitex!.. ara xar sasikvdilo (3, 324);<br />

mSveniero, Sen getrfi | Seni mona, erTguli! (3, 235).<br />

rogorc vxedavT, alegoria mxolod arsebiT saxelTa<br />

done ze ki ar aris ganxorcielebuli, aramed misi epiTetis<br />

meSve o bi Tac.<br />

oriode sityva unda iTqvas akakis poeziis ritmikulintona<br />

ciur mxareze, romelsac specifikuri mniSvneloba<br />

aqvs mimar T vis formebisaTvis. akakis saleqso fraza zogadad<br />

SeiZleba daxa si a Tdes ro gorc uaR re sad musikaluri<br />

da harmoniuli. ma rc va l Tan dakav Si re bul kri ziss maxvi<br />

li sme nis mqone poeti nakleb ga ni cdis. iqneb ami tomac

46 waxnagi 1.2009<br />

aris, rom Sorisdebulebi, rogorc pauzis Se mavsebeli<br />

erT-erTi saSu a le ba, Seudareblad mcire rao de no biT gvxvdeba<br />

da poetis arCevani romelime er T ze ar SeCe re bu la:<br />

hei, samSoblov, sxvebisTvis dedav (2, 38); hoi, sad xar, drov! (5,<br />

332); ax, mezurnev, dahka! dahka!... (1, 98); eh, qarTveli kacis Cero (1,<br />

148); su! nuRa sZger, gulis wylulo!... (1, 260); Cu! qarTvelo bedniero!<br />

(1, 148).<br />

6. “damsetyve, cao, damsetyve!” (vaJa-fSavela<br />

da xalxuri poezia)<br />

am ori wyaros _ xal xu risa da mi si wiaRidan gamosuli<br />

di di poetis _ lirikis erTad ga n xi l vis sa fuZveli<br />

gasagebi unda iyos: va Jas poezias Rrmad ga u d gams fes ve bi<br />

xalxur Semoqmede baSi 9 . aki poetisave sityvebia: “...xalxuri,<br />

fSa uri, xevsuruli le qsebi bev ri vicodi; es kilo miyvarda,<br />

Cems gu lSi gan sa ku T re bu li kuTxe eWi ra” 10 . versifikaciis<br />

yvela ko m po ne n ti _ riTmebi, ri tmika da metri,<br />

prosodiuli da in to na ci u ri modelebi sa e r Toa; nawilobriv<br />

saerToa plastikuri xatebic. cxa dia, sruli to lobis<br />

ni Sa ns maT Soris ver davsvamT, miT ufro, roca saqme<br />

exe ba samyaros vaJaseul filosofiur gaazrebas da miseul<br />

mora lur-eTikur imperativebs, Serwymuls STambeWdav<br />

pla stikur xa te b Tan, ramac saerTaSoriso saxeli moupova<br />

poets (da es ga n sa ku T re biT exeba mis poemebs).<br />

da mainc, im uba nSi, rom elsac exeba es werili, Tavs iyris<br />

xa l xu ri poeziisa da va Jas poeturi Semoqme de bis mra vali<br />

specifi kuri msga v se ba. SemTxveviTi ar unda iyos, rom va-<br />

Jas mraval li ri ku l leqss sa Taurad aqvs si m Re ra, ra d gan<br />

am Janris le q sebs tra di ciulad fandurze am Re re bdnen.<br />

samgloviaro poezi is pro so di ac amis damadasturebelia<br />

(gvri ni, mTib lu re bi, xmiT na ti r le bi...) 11 .<br />

xsenebul saerTo niSnebs Soris, pirvel yovlisa, yuradRebas<br />

iqcevs sxvadasxva saxis mimar T vebis (wodebiTis,<br />

TxovniT-brZa nebiTis, kiTxviTis) Tavmoyra saleqso winadadebaSi.<br />

Sdr.:<br />

9.<br />

xalxurisa da vaJas poeziis sxvadasxva saxis urTierTgavlenaze ix. WinWarauli<br />

1975: 367-78.<br />

10.<br />

vaJa-fSavela, TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli aT tomad, t. IX, Tb.: sabWoTa<br />

saqarT ve lo, 1964, gv. 180.<br />

11.<br />

TviT is leqsic ki, ro me lic iw yeba si t yvebiT: “ias uT xa riT turfasa...” da<br />

romelic co lis ga r da c va lebis gamo Seuqmnia po ets, sim Re rad iwodeba.

narkvevi 47<br />

xalxuri<br />

vaJa<br />

daukar, Cemo Conguro, daukar, stviro, daukar,<br />

amoiRe xmao... (21);<br />

aJRerdi, gamaxareo...<br />

damexsen, dedi, damexsen, damsetyve, cao, damsetyve,<br />

nu moklav qalobasao... (52); aqa var Cemis TaviTa... (I, 311);<br />

qalo, Sveneba vin mogca, ram gagaCina, qalao,<br />

samoci varskvlavisao? (35); lerwmad aWrilo welSia? (I, 28).<br />

Tu xalxur poeziaSi mimarTvis formaTa fuZeebis semantika<br />

ZiriTadad damokidebulia qveJanrebze (sagmiro, satrfia lo,<br />

samglo viaro da misT.), vaJas lirikaSi am formebiT warmodgenili<br />

leqsika ufro mobiluria da erTman e T Si gadamdina re.<br />

swored aq iCens Tavs amouwyavi leqsikuri simdidre, romelic<br />

axasiaTebs vaJas enas zogadad da poeziisas _ kerZod.<br />

vin an ra aris po e tis mimarTvis adresati? winaswar<br />

unda ga movyoT ori logikuri jgufi: 1. komunikaciurad<br />

SesaZlo, anu mi marTvis realurad SesaZlo adresati, romelic<br />

SeiZleba iyos mxo lod metyveli arseba _ adamiani,<br />

da 2. sxva danarCeni.<br />

pirvel jgufSi, cxadia, moxvdeba sakuTari saxelebi<br />

(poemebis personaJebi) dialeqturi formebiT (aludav,<br />

mindiav, berdiav, sa nduav...) an apelativebi, romelTa denotatebic<br />

aRniSnavs naTesaur urTierTobas (dedao, dedilam;<br />

dao/dobilo, Zmao/Zmisa/Zmobilo, kac(eb)o /kacno,<br />

vaJ(eb)o/vaJno, biW(eb)o, qalo/qalav) an wodeba-xelobas<br />

(mefev/o, xelmwifev, vezir(n)o, spaspeto), anda eTnikur<br />

warmomavlobas (xevsurno, xevsurTSvilebo, qistebo, qistis<br />

Svilebo...).<br />

erTi SexedviT neitraluri sinonimuri apelativebi<br />

mkafio semantikur madiferencireblebad gamodian. aseTi<br />

wyvilia: diaco da qalav/qalao. diaco ixmareba, rogorc<br />

wesi, ‘colis’ mniSvnelo biT, xolo qalav, Cans, ‘qaliSvilis/qalwulis’<br />

konotaci is ma ta rebelia, raki igi satrfialo<br />

xasiaTis leqsebSi gvxvdeba. mag.:<br />

poema “stumar-maspinZeli”: joyola mimarTavs cols<br />

(aRazas)<br />

rogorc dagvxvdebi, diaco, qmarma mohxvia cols xeli<br />

exla hkidia Senzeda (III,212); da miiTria keraze.<br />

ra ambavia, diaco?<br />

_ ra dagemarTa, diaco? _<br />

xmali minda da xanjari! (III, 215); CaekiTxeba mSfoTvare (III, 226).<br />

Sdr. poema “eTeri”: ufliswuli goderZi mimarTavs glex<br />

eTers:

48 waxnagi 1.2009<br />

_ nu miwyen, qalo, visi xar? _ miTxari mainc, geTayva,<br />

tye-velT ras daiarebi?... (III, 90); vina xar, visi qalio? (III, 90);<br />

...goderZim aRtacebiTa<br />

mefis Ze cxensa moaxta,<br />

qals gadahxvia xelia (III, 98); qalic Seiso gavasa (III, 98).<br />

nimuSebi lirikidan:<br />

isev Sen, isev, qalao<br />

dagZinebia, qalao,<br />

momxede, gamicinia.. (I, 17). lamazo, xuWuW-Tmiano... (I, 18)<br />

(“simRera”)<br />

(“mwyemsi qali”)<br />

iqve, qalisadmi miumarTavad, vaJa sinonimad iyenebs gogos:<br />

Sen gevedrebi beCavi, | ... ma gogos kalTa afaro (I, 18)<br />

e gogo _ Cemi sicocxle _ | arafriT damiziano! (I, 19)<br />

asevea xalxur poeziaSi: erTi mxriv, gvxvdeba qalo // qalau:<br />

_ qalo, gevxar alvis xesa, qalau, miTxar: Seni var,<br />

baRCaSia danergulsa (gv. 39) guls raRad damexureba? (29)<br />

meore mxriv, erT teqstSi (“ere k le mefe da glexis gogo”)<br />

gvaqvs:<br />

netavi, qalo, vicode, | mTidan moxval Tu baraTa...<br />

da:<br />

netavi, gogo, Seni xma avadmyofs gama go nao... (53).<br />

a. adamianis aRmniSvnel saxelTa mimarTvis formebs<br />

axlavs fa rTo speqtri epiTetebisa da metaforebisa _<br />

rogorc martivi (la ma zo, dido, Zliero, grZneu lo,<br />

Stero, Tav xe do, uWko, ujiSov, ybe do, Tavxedo, be Cavo,<br />

qofa ko, wyeulo, sawylebo, unamusovo...), ise kompozitebi<br />

da Sesi t y ve be bi (Wkva Txelo, tvinTxe lo, bed mwa rev,<br />

bedkrulo, TvalSurTxo... zezere mgrZnobarev, Cemi kacobis<br />

dam q ce v no (III,169), uc xo kaci sa mozarev (III,233),<br />

ciT Camosulo mTvareo)) (III, 86).<br />

b. meore jgufis _ araadamianTa saxelTa mimarTvis<br />

formebi. aq komunikaciurad ararealur adresatebTan<br />

gvaqvs saqme. esenia: cxovelebi (vahme, Sen Cemo nikorav;<br />

sada xar, Svinda ka me Co (II, 11); katav, Se amosagdebo (II,

narkvevi 49<br />

53), mTebi da kldeni (ax, mTebo amw va ne bu lo (II, 62); kldeo,<br />

klded dadeg salada (I, 13); mSvidobiT, sa jixveebo,<br />

ga ma xa re lno Tva lisa (III, 74), Walebi da tye-ve le bi<br />

(sa da xar, velo mwva neo? amoRaRandi, jejilo (II, 39);<br />

sviiT gab mu lo mu r ynebo ax, sa Wa mando Svi ndisav,... (II,<br />

62), abstraqtuli sa xe lebi (Cemo nugeSo (III, 111); vah,<br />

Cemo yo f nav, sicocxlev (III, 115); ime do xevsu re Tisav<br />

(III, 173); Cemi kacobis gvirgvino, | Cemo sa m So b lo mxareo<br />

(II,175);@smenav, damexSe Se na ca (II, 55); ga m So r di, suliT<br />

sidable (I, 13); RmerTi, ufali: guls nu momiklav,<br />

ufa lo (I, 13).<br />

g. uaryofiTi epiTetis ormagi mniSvneloba. zogier-<br />

Ti uaryo fiTi epiTeti diametralurad gansx vave bu li<br />

mniSvnelobiTac ix ma reba: garda sakuTriv pirda pi ri,<br />

adekvaturi se ma n ti kisa, isi ni sa pirispiro _ inti mu r,<br />

sasiyva ru lo damokidebu lebas migvaniS ne ben. es exe ba,<br />

ke r Zod, wyeulo fo r mas, rome lic antonimuri fun q ci iT<br />

ixmareba: erTi mxriv, gvelismWameli mi n dia adanaSaulebs<br />

cols imaSi, rom saojaxo saz ru navma da a ka r g vi na mas<br />

cxo ve l Ta da mce nareTa enis gagebis una ri: “srul Sengan<br />

gavxdi, wye u lo, | uge rgilod da yrolada” (III, 167); xolo<br />

leqsSi “aragvs” poeti amave si t y viT “esiyvaruleba”<br />

mSo b li ur mdinares: “dawuxebulman, ara g vo,| rom<br />

gnaxe, gavixareo...” (I, 30), rasac iqve aRtacebis si t y ve bi<br />

mih yveba:<br />

ra lamazia, wyeulo, | Sens zvirTTa laRni Cqerani! (I, 30).<br />

“siyvarulis gamxelis” funqcia akisria epiTet ti a­<br />

losac 12 :<br />

Sen-ki genacvle, qalao, | ...laSars rad misdev, tialo?! (I, 44);<br />

avahme, Cemo qaraxsav,... amogaJRero, tialo (I, 32);<br />

Tqveni Wirime, hoi, mTebo,<br />

muxls giyriT, guli Ronobsa...<br />

Tqven roca gxedavT, tivlebo,<br />

qed-awvdilebo zecada... (I, 21).<br />

aqac negatiuri epiTetis ormagi, masTan, antonimuri<br />

semanti kiT funqcionireba igulisxmeba.<br />

12.<br />

analogiuri stilistikuri niuansiT xmarobs ilia Tergis mi marT myofadis<br />

mi m Re obas _ dasaRupavi (“eg dasaRupavi Tergi!”). ix. “mgzavris werilebi”.

50 waxnagi 1.2009<br />

7. “Sors, Cems beds iqiT!” (galaktion tabiZe)<br />

sayovelTaod aRiarebul saversifikacio miRwevebTan<br />

erTad, yuradRebas ipyrobs galaktion tabiZis leqsis intonaciuri<br />

mra va lfe ro v nebac. poetis saukeTeso leqseb-<br />

Si intonacia-me lo dikis ga nuwyveteli monacvleoba (zogjer<br />

TviT mok le leq sis fa r g le b Sic ki) mkiTxve ls erTTavad<br />

maRal tempera turaze am yo febs da a hi p no zebs.<br />

mimarT ve bis yvela sa xe, romelTa klasifikaciac mocemulia<br />

naSromis da sa wyisSi, farTod aris warmo d ge ni li galaktionis<br />

poeziaSi. amasTan, Tavs iCens ramdenime damaxasiaTebeli<br />

niSani:<br />

a. poetis intonaciur modelebSi mniSvnelovani adgili<br />

uWiravs eliptirebul (reducirebul) mimarTvebs, romlebic<br />

miRebu lia zmnis CavardniT. es xerxi sxva poetTanac<br />

SeiZ le ba Segvxv des, magram galaktionTan misi xmareba imde<br />

nad regularuli ar aris, ramdenadac sistemebrivi: igi<br />

yvelaze ukeT (Rrmad!) mie sa da ge ba galaktionis poetur<br />

energetikas. amasTan, uzmno mi ma r Tvebi in te nciis mi xe d-<br />

viT Sei Z le ba sru liad gansxvave buli iyos. Sdr.: droSebi<br />

Cqara! (377); aba, Cqa ra cxenebi! (“cecxli fiqriania”) da:<br />

Cemi sa la mi, mZla v ro kav ka si onis mTebo! (107, 288). mo u-<br />

lo dneli finali aqvs “ad ri an gazaf xuls”:<br />

amodis mTvare... | hei, vin modis? | xelebi ze viT! (282).<br />

sxvaganac: leqsis finaluri sityvebi ufro Sinagani da-<br />

Za bu lo bis ka vSiriT ikvreba, vidre gamoyofili zmnisar-<br />

Tebis se ma nti kiT:<br />

wyna rad, mso flio! | win, msoflio! | msoflio, Cumad!.. (227).<br />

amave tipis mimarTviT iwyeba cnobili “guriis mTebi”:<br />

win, me e t lev! (42) da mTavrdeba imave wels dawerili leqsi<br />

“beds iqiT”: ors, sxva edemSi! Sors, Cems beds iqiT! (43),<br />

romlebic Ti T qos er T ma neTis gagrZelebas warmoadgens<br />

da “meranis” sulis kve Te bas ex mi aneba (gardamatare bedis<br />

samZRvari _ 120) 13 .<br />

b. poeturi mimarTvis tradiciul adresatebs _ bunebis<br />

mov le nebs (qars, wvimas, quxils da misT.), cas da miwas, mTe­<br />

13.<br />

sxva paralelebi: ukan momCxavis Savi yorani; rad momikal ymawvilis brma<br />

sa rwmunoeba? (baraTaSvili) da: Savi yo ra ni gzaze momCxavis; rad momikal<br />

sarwmunoeba? (galaktioni).

narkvevi 51<br />

bs da wylebs, dRes da Rames, qveynis mxareebs (CrdiloeTo,<br />

samxreTo...) da sxva mraval realur Tu irealur, vi r tu alur<br />

adresats, mTel kosmoss mi ma r Tavs poeti mimarTvis yvela SesaZlo<br />

fo r miT _ wo debiTis, brZa ne biTi da kiTx vi Ti fo r miT<br />

(qaro, ra ge ma r Te ba? | Ramev, ra mogi vi da? (346); da mSviddi,<br />

zRvao, iya vi wyna rad! (332); Cqara da e S vi, bindo! (322)) da<br />

Soris de bu le bi Tac; sintag me bi dan an sazRvrulia aras tan<br />

dartuli, an msazRv re li epi Tetebi (Rvi ni sfero mdi narev!<br />

(321); mzeo sa p yaro! (181), dRev li li a no, cav li li a no<br />

(218); gafiTrebulo dila, ga fi T rebulo mTe bo (181)), an<br />

ma Ti ko mbinacia: er Ti da imave sazRv ru lis daxasiaTe ba an -<br />

to nime bi T (su lo um zeo, ma gram mziano! (117)).<br />

g. adresatad sxvadasxva abst ra q tuli saxelia da mas-<br />

Tan Se xa mebuli sxva saxis mimarTvebi:<br />

o, sixarulo! iyav, idide! (340);<br />

da ambobs yvelas gasagonad: msoflio, wynarad! (150);<br />

wynarad, warsulo, wynarad! (344);<br />

daiZine Senc, imedo Cemo,<br />

Cemo rwmenav, zecav da edemo! (86).<br />

d. galaktionis poeziis adresatad xSirad sruliad<br />

rea lu ri da konk re tu li adresatia (magaliTad, meri ServaSiZe)<br />

da mi si sa xe li araerT le qsSia moxseni e bu li. magram<br />

iqac ki, sadac is ar mo i xsenieba, ad reuli epi Te te bis<br />

ja W vis mi xedviT ga mo ic noba: me ri, Zvirfaso! (“meri”); nazo<br />

meri (“*o, dRes Se mo d go maa...”); o, qalo Zvirfaso, nazo,<br />

viT fe ria (283) (“wa rwerebi”).<br />

e. poets Tavis ramdenime leqsSi (adreulSic, gviandel-<br />

Sic) sa kuTari Tavi sa xelde biT ga mohyavs sce naze Tu arenaze<br />

da yovel gvari yalbi Tavmdablobis ga re Se (sa ma r Tliani<br />

ambiciiT!) Tavis sa xels farul ri T mad ufa rdebs saqarTvelos<br />

ad gilTa da mdi na re Ta saxelebs (si o ni, kavkasioni,<br />

ri oni, baxtrioni...): SoTa, ilia, aka ki, vaJa da... (igu li -<br />

s xmeba: ga la k ti o ni). sxva gan ki Sinagan mo no logs dialog-<br />

Si as xams xorcs: vi can, ga la ktion, SenSi ak teoni (111); qari<br />

dame de v ne ba Za xi liT: ga la k ti on! (202); Sen, gala ktion,<br />

ici, ra daudevrad Cqa ra q re ba qa le bis fici... (224).<br />

v. SorisdebulTa xmarebisaTvis. galaktionis poezia-<br />

Si warmo dgenilia poetis mier sakuTar ganwyo bi le bebTan<br />

misadagebiT ar Ceuli Sorisdebulebi, romelTagan o ara<br />

marto yvelaze xSi rad gvxvdeba (100-s aRemateba), aramed<br />

qarTul poeziaSi ga la k ti o nis danergilad Cans; mis amosaval<br />

da tradici ul oh fo r masac sxve bTan SedarebiT in-

52 waxnagi 1.2009<br />

tensiurad xmarobs poeti (50-ze me ti) 14 . maT sa grZnoblad<br />

CamorCeba sxva Sori s de bulebi: in te n ci u ri da tvirT viT<br />

erTmaneTisagan gansxvave bu li aha, he da vaSa kidev ufro<br />

mci rericxovania danarCe n i, zemo xse ne bu l Ta fu nqciuri Tu<br />

bge ro b rivi analogebi (ah, ax, eh, eha, va¡(me), vah(me), hei).<br />

8. ”Tqvi, arjakelo xviara” (ana kalandaZe)<br />

vaJa-fSavelas Semdeg arc erT qarTvel poets ise uxvad,<br />

ise Ti Rrma grZnobiTa da sifaqiziT ar CaurTavs buneba<br />

Ta vis poe ziaSi, ro gorc ana kalandaZem. magram es Ca rTva<br />

Tviseb ri vad ga mo rCeulia. poeti naklebad aRwers; ufro metad<br />

ki, ro gorc am di di sa m ya ros uSi nauresi wevri, bunebis<br />

Svi lebs _ xe e b sa da yvavi lebs, Citebsa da peplebs _ ndo biT<br />

da gandobiT esa u b reba: eki T xeba, sTxovs, mouwodebs, mag.:<br />

xels vin gaxlebs, ukadrisav? | Tvalni agitirdebian... (153);<br />

Sen ras mpirdebi, | verxvo axalo? (316);<br />

Tqvi, arja ke lo xviara, | qsanze vin Camoiara?.. (149);<br />

iyav dRegrZeli, | lurjTvala iav!.. (82);<br />

iSriale, didi verxvo, | igugune, dedamiwav! (7).<br />

yoveli maTganis pasuxs poeti am utyvi adresatebis reaqciiT<br />

(yvavilTa nazi rxeviTa Tu Zlieri xis foTo l Ta<br />

SrialiT) it yobs, radgan maT Soris idumali kav Si ri gabmula.<br />

poetis ga re samyaros, romelic man TviTon Seiqmna<br />

Tavis garSemo, lo cvisa da aR sa rebis, grZneuli CurCulisa<br />

da Sri a lis xmebi avsebs.<br />

po eti TavSekavebulia grZno bebis ga mo xatvisas da bunebis<br />

SvilTa sa tkivars maTive “amet y ve le biT” amxels. yvavilebs,<br />

rogorc Tavis umcros dobilebs, poeti upira te sad<br />

intimuri Cemo-Ti mi ma r Tavs (Cemo magnolia, Ce mo mJavelav,<br />

Cemo Sa la no, Cemo lurj Tva lav [enZelas], Cemo ka r ge bo<br />

[foTlebs]... isini xSirad zedsar Ta v Ta kni nobiTi formiT<br />

moixsenie bi an: pata ra, pawia, pa wa wi na, pawa w ki ntela,<br />

Toxitara da sxv.<br />

damiyvave, qaro, nu xar mkacri:<br />

patara var, mofereba minda!<br />

Toxitara, pawawina rto var!... (83).<br />

14.<br />

es monacemebi eyrdnoba poetis leqsebis erT-erT vrcel rCeuls (Tb.,<br />

1973).

narkvevi 53<br />

poetis saxeTa sistemaSi mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs<br />

qari, romelic Tavisi maradiuli qrolviT Soreul sivrceTa<br />

da ga rdasul droTa magiuri gama e r Ti anebelia. anas-<br />

Tan igi xan imave fu n qciisaa, rac bara Ta S vi l Tan mra val<br />

droebis mowame, but bu tiT mdinari mtkvari, iliasTan ki _<br />

giJi, damTxveuli da daudgro meli Tergi. erTi mxriv, mas<br />

“mstovris” usaxelo roli aki s ria, meore mxriv ki, iavnanas<br />

grZneuli momReralia, xo lo stvi ri s Tvis _ iseTive Zalis<br />

mimcemi, rogoric miTosuri anteosi saTvis _ de damiwa.<br />

amitom qari mimarTvis fo r me bSic aqtiurad er T ve ba _ sxvadasxva<br />

saxiTa da saxeliT:<br />

STambere, qaro, _ naxon Zala | Cemi grZnobisa!.. (8);<br />

qaro, miuvals kldeze dadgi | Cemi miwuri... (115);<br />

moquxdi, zenav! (88);<br />

qaro, moita atmis yvavili,<br />

qaro, foTlebic Semomayare... (20);<br />

fafaraSlili, mRelvare | mTas gadmodixar, lemadev! (226).<br />

qarTan erTad poetis lirikis adresatebi arian:<br />

ca (Sen ise Rrma xar, qarTulo cao (13)); miwa (miwav,<br />

usa sod da m ci re bu lo (432)); igugune, dedamiwav! (7)); mTebi<br />

(samSo b los mTe bo), Sdr. iliaseuli samSoblo mTebo<br />

(“yva r lis mTebs”); qe de bi (Tva l Se u d ga mo qedebo (362))...<br />

yvela am mimarTvaSi avtoris po e tu r xmas Rrma me di ta ciis<br />

kvali atyvia da am pro ce sSi igi kris ta l deba da ix ve we ba<br />

mis ga mo m ce m grZno baTa gafa qizebis kva lo baze. anas leqsebis<br />

adre sa t Ta nusxa Zalze mra va l fe ro vania da Se e fereba,<br />

erTi mxriv, msoflio ci vi lizaciis wiaRSi So bili, me ore<br />

mxriv ki _ xangrZlivi is to ri i sa da kulturis mqo ne xa l-<br />

xis rCeuli Svilis sulier da zne o b riv idealebs. es ad resatebi<br />

ari an rogorc sakuTari sam So b lo da mi si gmi ru li<br />

istoriisa Tu kulturis Se moqmedni, ise sxva da sxva epoqis,<br />

qveynisa Tu rju li s ada mianebi, iqneba is nino Tu Tamari,<br />

da vi Ti Tu erekle, Samili, xaiami Tu napo le o ni.<br />

da mainc, er Ti sruliad gamor Ce u li ni Sa ni poetis lirikisa,<br />

ro me lic sul axalgazrdobidanve bunebrivad<br />

dahyva mis po e zi as, xolo sicocxlis bolo wlebSi ki dev<br />

uf ro ganivrco da gaRrmavda, aris poetis re li giuri, _<br />

Tu mca ara aucileblad ek le si ur-ritu a luri _ ga nwyoba,<br />

rom li Tac erTianadaa gamsWva lu li poetis Semoq me deba.<br />

anas uSu a lo apelireba Rm r Ti sa d mi Tu m ca SedarebiT<br />

erTfe ro va nia (meufev / me u feo), magram bo lo xa ne b Si<br />

mniSvnelovnad imata “zeciuri meufis” mrava l fe ro va n ma

54 waxnagi 1.2009<br />

epi Te te bma _ mimRe o be bma an zedsarTaulma derivatebma<br />

(miuR we ve lo, uze na e so, maRalo, Zliero, di de bu lo,<br />

sve ma d li ano (528), saxi e ro, mo us yid ve lo (523), usaxo...),<br />

anda _ ab s t ra q tulma sa xe le bma (meu fe bav, mSve ni e re bav,<br />

saswaulo sas wa ulT So ris (314), mogizgize si xa ru lo<br />

(282), idu ma le bav...).<br />

dasasrul, kidev erTi gamorCeuli niSani: cno b i lia, rom<br />

Ta namedrove epoqaSi ana kalandaZis darad, amasTan, bunebrivad,<br />

ara vis gamou ye ne bia arc Zveli <strong>qarTuli</strong> ena da arc<br />

dialeqtizmebi (gansa ku T re biT _ fxo uri kiloebisa). er-<br />

Tica da meorec qmnis iseT sintagmeb sa Tu Zve li <strong>qarTuli</strong>s<br />

garkveul formebsa da fo r mulebs, rom le bic ama Tu im leqsis<br />

erTgvar “birTvad, sakvanZo sityvebad” qceula. ase Ti<br />

si t y vebiT _ maT Soris bibliuri cita te biTac saTau r deba<br />

an iwyeba da mTav r de ba kidec poetis li ri ku li leqsebi<br />

(qvemoT tireTia gamijnuli leq sis dasawyisi da bolo):<br />

osana! _ osana! osana! (536)<br />

o, RmerTo, o, RmerTo sabaoT,<br />

sinaTle, sinaTle, sinaTle! (es orstriqonedi TavSic aris da<br />

boloSic) (262)<br />

isev yvavilob, maSarisZiro _<br />

mTa... bevri damrCa, maSarisZiro! (170)<br />

o, dedofalo, eg wiTeli<br />

Semodgomura _ o, dedofalo! (278)<br />

sxivo naTelo, deg Cemsa etlsa... (TavSic da boloSic _ 233)<br />

Sen ise Rrma xar, qarTulo cao, Sen ise Rrma xar _<br />

Sen ise Rrma xar, ise faqizi, qarTulo cao! (13).<br />

III. poeturi mimarTvis semantikuri bunebisaTvis<br />

mimarTvis ZiriTadi sakomunikacio intencia-funqciidan<br />

gamo m dinare, yo fiTi, anu pra g ma tuli mimarTva unda<br />

gaimi j nos poe tu ri mimar T visagan, ro me lic funq ci o nirebis<br />

Tval sa z ri siT gan ye nebulia, ab s t raqtulia, raki<br />

rCeba ad resa ti sagan gamoxmaure bis mo lo di nis gareSe, _<br />

bibliuri gamoT q miT rom davaxasiaToT _ xmad mRa Ra deb<br />

li sad uda b no sa Si na. swo red aq unda vi guloT po e tu ri,<br />

uf ro zu stad, li ri ku li mi ma rTvis eqspresiulo bis sawyi<br />

sic da sa wi n da ric. abst ra q tu lo ba ki aq a pri ori gu li -<br />

sxmobs ad re satamde mima r T vis mi uR we vlobas (miuwvdomlo<br />

bis ga gebiT) da ga mo ri c xavs mi s gan adekvaturi sapasu xo<br />

re a gi re bis mo lo dins. ami tom ufro zusti iq ne bo da, Tu<br />

aseT ad re sats wa r mo saxviT ad re sats vuwodebdiT.

narkvevi 55<br />

poeturi mimarTvis abstraqtul xasiaTs amkveT rebs<br />

apelire ba ra jgufs mikuTvnebuli sagnebisadmi _ maT Soris<br />

(da me ta d re), sa ku Ta ri saxelebiT, kerZod, topo ni me biT<br />

saxeldebuli, re a lu rad arsebuli geografiuli obieqtebi<br />

sa dmi, ro me lTac po e tis mgzne bare STagoneba acocxlebs<br />

da asu li erebs (ix. ba ra Ta S vi lis “hoi, mTawmindav, mTao<br />

wmindav”), an ilia Wa v Wa vaZis ga mo sa T xo vari mimarTva yvarlis<br />

mTebs (“samSob lo mTebo! Tqveni S vi li ga nebebT Tavsa...”),<br />

xolo wlebis Semdeg _ misa l me ba oT xi wlis u na xa vi<br />

“Seupovari” da “daumonavi” Tergisadmi (ro me lic, av to ris<br />

TqmiT, “saxea adamianis gaRviZebulis cxo v re bi sa”).<br />

am azriT, upasuxo poe tu ri mi ma r T va, gaug za v ne li we -<br />

ri lis da rad, ganyenebu li, ko mu ni kaci u rad ganuxorcielebeli<br />

da amaoebis perspeqtivis amara rCe ba ma Si nac ki,<br />

ro de sac gacxadebuli da ver ba lu rad ga mo xa tu li ad re -<br />

sati sru li ad konkretuli da re a lu ria (zogjer _ co c xalic!):<br />

mas, vi Ta r ca konkre tul pirs, aqvs sa ku Ta ri saxeli<br />

da gva ri, ro goricaa, maga li Tad, meri (Serva Si Ze) ga la k-<br />

ti on tabiZis po eziaSi _ ama ve sa xe l wo de bis popu la ru li<br />

leqsis mTavari da er TaderTi adresati, ro m lis saxelic<br />

ga ta nilia leqsis saTa u rad da pi rvelsave str i qo nSi (Sen<br />

jvars iwe r di im Rames, me ri), an saTaursa da ukanasknel<br />

striqonSi (me ris TvalebiT), da ara marto am leqsebsa da<br />

am stri qonebSi.<br />

gaucxo(ur)eba. me-19 saukunis qarTul (iseve rogorc<br />

rusul da da sa v lur) poeziaSi (ufro metad, cxadia, ma-<br />

Rali wridan gamo su l Ta Semoq me de ba Si) miZRvniTi leq si<br />

erTgvari ”gaucxo(ur)e bis”@da ma i n trigebeli formiT iyo<br />

mowodebuli, rac garegnulad adre sa tis vinaobis inicialuri<br />

Se ni RbviT ga moixateboda, arcTu iSvi a Tad _ laTinuri<br />

N asoTi mi ce miTis ni Snis Ta nxlebiT (N-s) _ da ni S-<br />

na vda: eZ R v ne ba (mavans). zogjer urTierTobas ki dev ufro<br />

“au c xo(ur) e b da” Tqve nobiTi mima r T va te qstSi 15 .<br />

qa rT vel simbolistTa artis tul wreSi, garda misi wevrebis<br />

sa xe l Ta “ga i ta liurebisa” (rac albaT “gapoeturebis”<br />

Ta vi se bur si mbo li za cias warmoadgenda: ti te tabiZe<br />

> ti ci ani, pa v le ia S vi li > pa o lo, ni koloz miwiSvili ><br />

ni ko lo, nikoloz na di ra Ze > ko lau), le q se bi eZRvneboda<br />

italiuri ma s ka radis perso na Je b sac (da maT Soris _ kolombinas,<br />

romelic mo g vi anebiT ti ci a nis me u R le nino ma-<br />

15.<br />

inglisurSi gaumJRavnebel miZRvnas kidev ufro martivad agvarebs micemiTis<br />

ek vivalenturi windebuli (to), romlis <strong>qarTuli</strong> Targmania: eZR vneba.<br />

ix. magaliTad, ed gar alan pos “rCeuli lirika”, diogene, Tb., 2001.

56 waxnagi 1.2009<br />

yaSvili aRmoCnda); da iqneb ga la ktionis er Ta d e r Ti “reva<br />

n Si” uiRblo si y varulis obieq tis sa xe lis saqvey nod ga -<br />

m xe la da SenobiTi po zi ci is Se na r Cune ba iyo?!<br />

aq mivadeqiT SenobiT mimarTvis sakiTxsac. igi poe turi<br />

mimarTvebis yvelaze mkafio formalur maxasiaTeblad<br />

unda viguloT, vinaidan nebismieri adresati vin Tu ra<br />

jgufisa _ satr fo, Rme rTi, bedi, (wuTi)sofeli, samSoblo<br />

da sxv., rogorc poetis Ta nmdevi su li, gaSina u re bu li<br />

hyavs/aqvs avtoris cnobierebas, rac bunebrivad ganapirobebs<br />

ad re sa tisadmi SenobiT mimarTvas.<br />

ufaqizesi siyvaruli Tu wamlekavi ri sxva, sruli<br />

sasowark veTa Tu Tavdaviwyebuli rwmena _ yve la sa xis sim-<br />

Zafre wa r mo Sobs im uSualobas, romelsac Tqve no biT ga moxatuli<br />

Tavazis Ta vi ara aqvs; meore mxriv, mimarTvis es fo -<br />

rma ganmtkicebulia qro nologiur pirveladobaze dafuZne<br />

bu li tradi ciebiT: isini ise ve Zvelia, rogorc TviT es<br />

grZno bebi. satrfosadmi Se nobiT mi marTva ti po lo giurad,<br />

ro gorc individu a lur da profesiul, ise _ da metadre _<br />

xa l xur poeziaSi bunebrivia yvela ena Si 16 , oRond fo l k -<br />

lo rSi mij nu r Ta saxe le bi anonimurad moix se ni eba ori ve<br />

mxri dan: qa lav /qa lau da va Jao. amitom miiRo TviT Janrmac<br />

Se sa fe ri sa xe li _ qa l va Ji a ni (xa l xur kiloze gale qsil<br />

dialog Si aki ga la k ti o nic am tradicias icavs:<br />

vaJi: _ daica, qalav!<br />

qali: _ da gi brma Toli! (235)).<br />

poeturi mimarTvis abstraqtul xasiaTs kidev ufro<br />

amkveTrebs ape li reba ra jgufs mikuTvnebuli sagnebisadmi,<br />

maT So ris adgilTa sa ku Ta ri saxelebiT (topo ni me biT)<br />

sa xe l de bu li, re a lu rad arsebuli geografiuli obieqtebi<br />

sa dmi, ro me lTac poetis mgzne bare STagoneba acocxlebs<br />

da asu li erebs (magaliTad, baraTa S vi lis “hoi, mTawmindav,<br />

mTao wmindav”), an ilia Wa v Wa vaZis gamo sa T xo vari mimarTva<br />

yvarlis mTebs (“samSoblo mTebo! Tqveni S vi li ganebebT<br />

Tavsa...”) da wlebis Semdeg _ mi sa l me ba oT xi wlis<br />

una xa vi Seupovari da daumonavi Ter gi sa d mi (av to ris<br />

TqmiT, “saxea adamianis gaR vi Ze bu lis cxovre bi sa”).<br />

16.<br />

TviT inglisuric ki, e.i. is ena, romelSic dRes gaudiferencirebelia meore<br />

piris nacvalsaxeli, romelic mxolod mravlobiTis formiT warmodgeba<br />

Tavisi sintaqsiT (anu mravlobiTSi SeTanxme bu li zmniT), oden Rmer Tisadmi<br />

mimarTvaSi iyenebs Thou (= Sen) nacvalsaxels, rome lic didi asoTi<br />

iwereba.

narkvevi 57<br />

warmosaxviT adresa tTa ar seboba yve la konkretul<br />

SemTxveva Si poetis im roman ti kul ga n w yo bi le ba Ta<br />

wiaRSia aRmoce ne bu li, romlebic sxva dasxva mo ti viTaa<br />

na saz r doebi, iqneba is Rmer T Tan da mo kidebuleba, so f-<br />

lis sa m du ra vi, moSorebuli samSob los sevda (an sevda<br />

samSo b los unu geSo aw m yos gamo) Tu wminda pi rovnuli<br />

gancdebi, dakav Si re bu li ui R b lo si yvarulTan, biogra<br />

fiul Tu sulier ob lo ba s Tan. amis nimuSe bi ux vadaa<br />

qarTul sa ero mwerlobaSi, rus Ta ve li dan mo yo le buli<br />

dRe vandelobamde. ga nsxvavebas qmnis ama Tu im epoqi sa-<br />

T vis damaxa siaTebeli litera tu ruli tra di ci e bi. ker<br />

Zod, Sua saukune e bi sa da aRorZinebis epo qis qar Tul<br />

mwe r lo ba Si so flis sa mduravi erT-erTi wamyvani Te maa.<br />

ro ma n ti ko se b Tan ki mis adgils iWers se vda samSoblos<br />

wa r su li di de bi sa da unu geSo aw m yo ga mo.<br />

romantikosebis zemoaRniSnuli ganwyobilebebi memkvidreobad<br />

gadmoeca 60-ianelTa Semoqmedebasac, _ im<br />

az riT, rom im d ro i n de l ma axalma Taobam daiwyo stagnaciis<br />

mdgomareobi dan ga mo sa v lis aqtiuri Zieba erovnuli<br />

da socialuri mi ma r Tu lebiT.<br />

poeturi mimarTvis gamomxatveli saSualebebidan<br />

erT-erTi yve laze gavrcelebuli da efeqturia xerxia<br />

ritorikuli kiTxva, anu ki T xva, pasuxs rom ar saWiroebs<br />

(roca kiTxva daclilia Ta vi si Zi ri Tadi funqciisagan).<br />

amgvari Sinaarsis gamo es kiTxvebi dro Ta ga nmavlobaSi<br />

gadaiqca enobriv formulebad, rogoricaa ki Tx vi T sityviani<br />

gamoTqmebi: ra Tqma unda, rasakvirvelia, ra<br />

gaewyo ba da misT.AerT amgvar konstruqcias Seicavs qar-<br />

Tuli zRap re bis da sawyisic: “iyo da ara iyo ra, RvTis<br />

ukeTesi ra iqnebo da?!”@xo lo, Tu profesiul literaturas<br />

aviRebT, aqac gvaqvs sa u kuneebgamotarebuli pre cede<br />

n ti “SuSanikis wamebis” erTi cnobi li pasaJis sa xiT:<br />

“odes yo fil ars aqamomde, Tumca mamaTa da de daTa er-<br />

Tad eWa ma puri?!” _ rac pozitiurad niSnavs kiTxvis<br />

fo rmiT mowodebuli informaciis Sinaarsis uar yo fas.<br />

aq ri to ri kuli kiTxvis Teoriul ganxilvas aRar SevudgebiT<br />

17 ; davkmayofi l de biT mxo lod ramdenime popularuli<br />

ilustraciis da sa xe le biT. ke rZod, moviyvanT<br />

im SemTxvevis nimuSebs, romlebSic pa su xis mo lo dinis<br />

amaoebas amkveTrebs da eqspresiuls xdis mi j riT mi y rili<br />

kiTxvebi:<br />

17.<br />

ix. am sakiTxze avtoris specialuri statia (afridoniZe 1998b: 194-206).

58 waxnagi 1.2009<br />

va, sofelo, raSigan xar, ras gvabruneb, ra zne gWirsa? (ru s-<br />

T ve li); fu, Sen cruo sawuTrovo, rad ar mZuldi, rad miy va rdi?<br />

(gu ra miSvili); marqvi, ra uyav, sad warmiRe sulis mSvi do ba, ri ­<br />

s T vis momikal ymawvilis brma sarwmunoeba? (baraTaSvili); vis<br />

ra wyal-Wala gvistumrebs, sad ra-ra davi le vi Ta? (vaJa); ra i s­<br />

Tvis ga iWriales Senma Werxois karebma? raze gamoxvel netavi,<br />

ra gi T x res idumalebma? (ana).<br />

xSi rad imis niSnad, rom ritorikuli kiTxva Tqmulis<br />

uaryo fas gu lisxmobs, poetebi TviTon “ajameben” am negatiur<br />

mona ce ms. magaliTad, galaktionis “lurja cxenebis”@erTi<br />

orstriqonedi mxo lod ritorikul kiTxvebs<br />

Seicavs:<br />

romeli scnobs Sen saxes, an vin ityvis Sens saxels?<br />

vin gaigebs Sens Zaxils? Zaxils vin daijerebs?<br />

da poeti TviTonve iZleva uaryofiT pasuxs:<br />

veravin ganu ge Sebs saoc re bis ubeSi,<br />

sZinavT bnel xveulebSi ga mo ucnob qime rebs.<br />

anda es magaliTi:<br />

ras momcems iseTs Cemi samSoblo<br />

da an ras mi s cems mas Cemi qnari?..<br />

aqac analogiuri “avtopasuxia”:<br />

vwuxvar... veZaxi sicocxlis mizans,<br />

magram ara vin iZleva pasuxs.<br />

me-20 saukunis axalma literaturulma mimdinareobebma,<br />

rome l Ta Soris si m bolisturi frTis Semoq me de bi -<br />

Ti una ri SedarebiT Zlieri aRmoCnda, iliaseuli dRisa<br />

da moZraobis apolo gi as daupi rispira simbolizmisa da<br />

modernizmisaTvis zogi sxva damaxasiaTebeli midrekilebebi,<br />

romelTa xorcSesxmam mniSvnelo v nad Secvala<br />

manamde arsebuli esTetikuri da, rac mTavaria, ideolo<br />

gi ur-eTikuri Rirebulebe bi. Sesabami sad, Seicvala<br />

po eturi mimarTvis adresate bic da ma T dami damokidebulebac.

narkvevi 59<br />

literatura<br />

afridoniZe 1998a _ afridoniZe S. “vefxistyaosnis” personaJTa<br />

saxelebi: statistika da stilistika, qarTveluri onomas ti ka,<br />

I, Tb.: Tsu gam-ba, 1998.<br />

afridoniZe 1998b _ afridoniZe S. ritorikuli kiTxvebi qar-<br />

TulSi:<br />

stru qtura da gamoyeneba, <strong>qarTuli</strong> sityvis kulturis sakiTxebi,<br />

XI, Tb.: mec ni e re ba, Tb., 1998.<br />

afridoniZe 2001 _ afridoniZe S. wodebiTi brunva Tu mimarTvis<br />

forma? arn. Ciqobavas sakiTxavbi, XII, Tb.: <strong>qarTuli</strong> ena, 2001.<br />

axmanova 1969 _ Ахманова О. С. Словарь лингвистических терминов (2-е<br />

изд.). М.: Советская энциклопедия, 1969.<br />

brokhauzi 1894 _ Ф. Брокгауз и И. Ефрон, Энциклопедия, С-Пб., 1894,<br />

T. XII .<br />

Tofuria 1956 _ Tofuria v. wodebiTi brunvisaTvis, sbiqe, I, Tb.:<br />

Tsu gam-ba, 1956.<br />

kvaWaZe 1977 _ kvaWaZe l. Tanamedrove <strong>qarTuli</strong> enis sintaqsi, Tb.:<br />

ganaTleba, 1977.<br />

kiknaZe 2005 _ kiknaZe z. ilias mamuli, saqarTvelo aTaswleul-<br />

Ta gasaya rze, Tb.: arete, 2005.<br />

leqsikoni 1990 – Лингвистический энциклопедический словарь, М.:<br />

Советская энцик л опедия, 1990.<br />

proniCevi 1971 – Про ни чев В. П. Синтаксис обращения (на материале<br />

русского и сербо-хорватского языков), Л.: Наука, 1971.<br />

sbiqe _ saxelis brunebis istoriisaTvis qarTvelur enebSi, I, Tb.:<br />

Tsu gam-ba, Tb., 1956.<br />

finki 1972 – Fink R. O. Person in nouns: Is the vocative a case?, American Journal<br />

of Philology, No. 43, 1972.<br />

qe 2008 _ <strong>qarTuli</strong> ena: enciklopedia, Tb.: erovnuli mwerloba,<br />

2008.<br />

RaRaniZe 2002 _ RaRaniZe m. sinamdvile da warmosaxva daviT guramiSvilis<br />

“mxiarul zafxulSi”. Tb.: lomisi, 2002.<br />

SaniZe 1956 _ SaniZe a. wodebiTi formis adgilisaTvis gramatika<br />

Si, sbiqe, I, Tb.: Tsu gam-ba, 1956.<br />

SaniZe 1973 _SaniZe a. <strong>qarTuli</strong> gramatikis safuZvlebi, I, Tb.:<br />

Tsu gam-ba, 1973.<br />

Ciqobava 1968 _ Ciqobava a., martivi winadadebis problema qar-<br />

Tu l Si, I,Tb. mecniereba, 1968.<br />

Ciqobava 1950 _ Ciqobava arn. <strong>qarTuli</strong> enis zogadi daxasiaTeba,<br />

qegl, I, Tb.: saq. mecn. akad. gam-ba, 1950.<br />

WinWarauli 1975 _ AWinWarauli al. xalxuri, vaJa-fSavelas xuTi<br />

poema, Tb.: Tsu gam-ba, 1975.

60 waxnagi 1.2009<br />

sailustracio wyaroebi<br />

akaki _ wereTeli akaki, TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli TxuTmet tomad,<br />

t. 1-3, 6, Tb.: saxelgami, 1950-56.<br />

ana _ [kalandaZe] ana, leqsebi, Tb.: <strong>qarTuli</strong> ena, 2004.<br />

baraTaSvili _ baraTaSvili nikoloz, Txzulebani, Tb.: sabWoTa<br />

saqarTvelo, Tb., 1968.<br />

galaktioni _ tabiZe galaktion, leqsebi: rCeuli, Tb.: sabWoTa<br />

saqarTvelo, Tb., 1973.<br />

guramiSvili _ guramiSvili daviT, TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli<br />

_ davi Tiani, Tb.: saxelgami, 1955.<br />

vaJa _ vaJa-fSavela, TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli aT tomad. t. 1-3,<br />

sab Wo Ta saqarTvelo, Tb., 1964.<br />

ilia _ WavWavaZe ilia, TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli oc tomad, t.<br />

1, Tb.: mecniereba _ sabWoTa saqarTvelo, 1987.<br />

orbeliani _ orbeliani grigol, TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli,<br />

Tb.: sabWoTa mwerali, 1959.<br />

rusTveli _ rusTveli SoTa, vefxistyaosani, Tb.: mecniereba,<br />

1988.<br />

xalxuri _ kotetiSvili vaxtang, xalxuri poezia (II gamoc.), Tb.:<br />

sabWoTa mwerali, Tb., 1961.<br />

Poetic Address Forms in Georgian Poetry<br />

Shukia Apridonidze<br />

The paper discusses problems connected with the usage of forms of<br />

ad d ress in Ge orgian poetry beginning from the twelvth century up to our<br />

times, ac co r d ing to the po e tic works of the most significant Georgian<br />

authors (beginning from Ru s ta ve li (12th c.) up to the late Anna Kalandadze,<br />

including the intermediate ‘peaks’ of the Georgian poetry: Davit<br />

Guramishvili, Nikoloz Baratashvili, Ilia Chav cha va dze, Akaki Tse re te li,<br />

Vazha-Psha ve la and Galaktion Tabidze.<br />

Addressing is an organic and an active component of a di a logue. It<br />

is a gramtically independent and intonationally iso lated word (especially<br />

a noun), or a group of words that denote an addressee (s. o. or sth.). In<br />

the languages with well-deve loped sy stems of declension such forms are<br />

nouns in the vocative case (Ancient Greek, Latin, Georgian, both Old and<br />

Mo dern…). The Geo r gian vocatives of appellati ves with stems ending in<br />

a consonant have a special marker (me go bar-o ‘you, friend!’), cf. nominative:<br />

me gobar-i ‘friend’) whereas in ma ny In do-European or Turkish<br />

la n gua ges nominative and vocative forms coincide. How ever, pro per<br />

na mes have another distribution: they show no marker in the vocative

narkvevi 61<br />

whe re as the ir nominative case takes the same marker -i (Davit! cf. nomina<br />

tive: Da vi t-i).<br />

Sharing the viewpoint that vocative is not a case, but on ly a form<br />

of address, the author of this paper suggests widening of the semantics<br />

of the concept of addressing. She presents a new classification of address<br />

forms: 1. The nominal (the vocative) ad dres sings; 2. The verbal<br />

(the imperative) addressing; 3. The interrogative addressing, and 4. The<br />

el li ptical addressing (nouns / adverbs with omission of verbs). All of<br />

them are uni ted by opposing to the indicative mood and neutral in to nation.<br />

This classification has been motivated also by the usage of dif fe rent<br />

groups of address in combination (the vocatives with the imperatives, or<br />

with the stimulating interjections).<br />

The paper deals with the most frequently used address forms, including<br />

the spe cific features of a certain epoch (e.g. of Rustaveli, 12-th c.),<br />

e.g. the most frequently used form of ad dress mze (‘the sun’), is not only<br />

a meta phor of a good-looking person, but it also differentiates social relations,<br />

cha ra c te ri zing only high class per sons, as well as lomi (‘lion’)can<br />

be only a knight’s epithet. However, merchants and their wi ves, servants,<br />

persons with lower status are never defined by the se metaphors.<br />

The results of the analysis of the Georgian poetic works support well<br />

this po int of view by showing numerous illustrations with such combinations<br />

of ex pressive word-forms (vocative-imperative-interrogative).<br />

Besides the basic parts of speech (nouns and verbs), some interjections<br />

with stimulating sema n tics successfully combine with the vocatives:<br />

“hoj, mtacminda!” ‘oh, Mtacminda! lit. ‘Holy Mountain’; “he, ghmerto<br />

erto!”Oh, you God the One!”, meaning three hy postases forming one<br />

whole.<br />

Apart from the communicative character of address-forms in everyday<br />

pragma tic usage of the language, both oral or written, whenever the<br />

speaker expects an ade quate reaction from the ad dressee, the character<br />

of address-forms in the poetic disco urse is rather abstract, as they do<br />

not require any answer. Among the means express ing such abstract and<br />

am bi va lent feelings or thoughts, there should be mentioned rhe to ric questions.<br />

They serve to ex press grief, regret, nostalgy etc., and the main<br />

mo ti va tions for abo ve-mentioned feelings are as follows: nostalgy for<br />

the native coun t ry (via the ima ges of its rivers and mou n tains) or the<br />

hopeless present, grief for the perso nal solitude, for the dis ta n ce existing<br />

between the lyrical hero and his be lo ved person and /or homeland, for the<br />

departure of the most beloved persons.

zogi sityvis warmomavlobisaTvis<br />

qarTul JargonSi<br />

ramaz qurdaZe<br />

<strong>qarTuli</strong> Jargonuli leqsika sxvadasxva fenisagan Sedgeba.<br />

masSi gamoiyofa rogorc sakuTriv <strong>qarTuli</strong> sityvebi,<br />

aseve nasesxebi leqsikuri erTeulebi. nasesxeb sityvaTa gamolena<br />

da aRwera uaRresad mniSvnelovania <strong>qarTuli</strong> Jargonis<br />

buneba-TaviseburebaTa Sesaswavlad. Cveni statis<br />

mizania qarTul JargonSi zogierTi rusuli Tu rusulenovani<br />

sociumidan momdinare sityvis gamovlena.<br />

qarTul JargonSi mravlad gvxvdeba rusulenovani<br />

sociumidan momdinare rogorc rusuli, aseve etimologiurad<br />

ararusuli Jargonuli leqsikuri erTeulebi.<br />

zogi Zalze gamWvirvalea da erTi SexedviT barbarizms<br />

hgavs, Tumca xmarebis specifikisa da gavrcelebis arealis<br />

mixedviT Jargons miekuTvneba, mag.: zadni – “ukan”<br />

da aqedan _ dazadna _ “ukan wavida”; “manqana ukan waiyvana”;<br />

kriSa _ “saxuravi” da aqedan: “mcveli”, “mfarveli”;<br />

strelka _ “isari” da aqedan: “Sexvedra”, “paemani”<br />

da sxv.<br />

zogi Jargonuli erTeuli araa imdenad gamWvirvale, rom<br />

maTi warmoSoba rusulenovan sociums davukavSiroT, maTi<br />

warmomavlobis dasadgenad specialuri kvlevaa saWiro.<br />

Jargonuli leqsikuri erTeulis warmomavlobis garkveva,<br />

sityvis wminda enaTmecnieruli warmomavlobisagan gansxvavebiT,<br />

sxvagvar midgomas moiTxovs. Jargoni socialuri<br />

movlenaa, amitom mTavaria romeli enis matarebeli sociumidan<br />

xdeba sityvis SeTviseba. am SemTxvevaSi, e. i. sityvis<br />

Jargonuli mniSvnelobis ZiebisaTvis, bunebriv warmomavlobas,<br />

SeiZleba iTqvas, naklebi mniSvneloba aqvs. amisi<br />

naTeli magaliTia qarTulSi sityva qeifi da Jargonuli<br />

leqsikuri erTeuli kaifi.<br />

rogorc cnobilia, qeifi arabuli sityvaa da niSnavs:<br />

1. lxins, dros tarebas, nadims Rvinis smiT, _ Rreobas...<br />

62

narkvevi 63<br />

2. guneba-ganwyobilebas, mxiarul, karg gunebaze yofnas<br />

(qegl).<br />

kaifi ki Jargonia. levan bregaZe samarTlianad ukavSirebs<br />

mas arabul qeifs, kerZod, kaifis Sesaxeb Jargonis leqsikonSi<br />

vkiTxulobT:<br />

“kaifi _ narkotikuli nivTierebis mixedviT gamowveuli<br />

Troba; gadataniT: netareba, siamovneba (fonetikurad<br />

mcireoden saxecvlili igive sityvaa, rac arabulidan<br />

Semosuli “qeifi”). “daviwye Tvalebis triali,<br />

manWva-grexa, cmukva da sicili, viTom kaifSi var-meTqi”<br />

(dali fanjikiZe. Targm.); “Sen ra, _ meubneba mcire pauzis<br />

Semdeg, _ kaifSi xar? _ kaifSi ara! _ vbrazob, _ saidan<br />

moigone” (zurab samadaSvili); “magas erTi saqsafoni an<br />

klarneti yuris ZirSi da wavida kaifi. . .” (maka joxaZe)”<br />

(bregaZe 2005).<br />

rusuli Jargonis erT leqsikonSi sityva kaifi ufro<br />

meti mniSvnelobiTaa warmodgenili:<br />

«КАИФ, а, м., мн. каифы. 1. Удовольствие, наслаждение, любые<br />

приятные эмоции от чего-л... 2. О чём-л. очень хорошем, отличном,<br />

заслуживающем высокой оценки.... 3. нарк. Состояние наркотической<br />

эйфории... 4. нарк. Наркотик, наркотическое вещество... 5. Алкогольное<br />

опьянение...6. Алкогольные напитки...». (Никитина 2003).<br />

rusuli Jargonis sxva leqsikonSi am sityvas arabulidan<br />

momdinared miiCneven da mis Semdeg mniSvnelobebs<br />

asaxeleben:<br />

«КАИФ, а, m. 1. Enjoyment, good time (from Arabic)... 2. pl., youth.<br />

Pleasure, fun... 3. pl., youth. Profit, advantage...”» (Shlyakhov, Adler 1999).<br />

amrigad, qarTulSi qeifi arabulidanaa nasesxebi, xolo<br />

imave Ziris, magram ukve socialuri, Jargonuli mniSvnelobiT<br />

datvirTuli kaifi, rusulenovani sociumidanaa Semosuli.<br />

ar gamovricxavT, rom qeifs TviT arabulSi an mis<br />

romelime dialeqtSic hqondes rame sxva socialuri Rirebulebis<br />

mqone mniSvneloba (SeiZleba Jargonulic), magram<br />

kaifis mniSvneloba qarTul JargonSi uTuod rusulenovani<br />

sociumidanaa Semosuli, rac qronologiurad e. w. sabWoTa<br />

periods emTxveva. TviT fonetikuri cvlilebac q →<br />

k SesaZlebelia araqarTul niadagze momxdariyo, qarTul-<br />

Si q-s k-d gadasvla ar iyo aucilebeli. qarTulma Jargonma<br />

kaifi ukve fonetikurad saxecvlili isesxa.<br />

am SemTxvevaSi <strong>qarTuli</strong>saTvis mxolod sityva kaifis<br />

Jargonuli mniSvneloba iyo axali, da radgan qarTulSi<br />

qeifi ukve arsebobda da Tanac rogorc zmnuri, aseve saxeluri<br />

sityvawarmoebiTi formebic moepoveboda (qeifobs,<br />

eqeife; saqeifo, moqeife, qeifSi da sxv.), Jargonulma le-

64 waxnagi 1.2009<br />

qsikurma erTeulma kaifmac advilad awarmova msgavsi formebi:<br />

kaifobs, ekaife; sakaifo, mokaife, kaifSi da sxv.<br />

maSasadame, Jargonis gamdidrebis erT-erTi gza<br />

sesxebaa. am SemTxvevaSi Zalze aqtualuria gamsesxebeli<br />

enis sociumi da misi gavlena mimRebi, msesxebeli enis<br />

sociumze.<br />

am TvalsazrisiT Zalze sainteresoa <strong>qarTuli</strong> Jargoni,<br />

_ man sabWoTa periodSi uxvad miiRo rusulenovani<br />

sociumidan leqsikuri masala, romelic qarTul yalibSi<br />

moaqcia da qarTul JargonSi daamkvidra. yovelive amis<br />

gamo aucilebelia rusulenovani sociumidan momdinare<br />

sityva-gamoTqmebis aRnusxva da maTi Seswavla, rac ara<br />

marto <strong>qarTuli</strong> Jargonis Taviseburebebs warmoaCens,<br />

aramed gviCvenebs <strong>qarTuli</strong> enis, misi fonetikur-gramatikuli<br />

SesaZleblobebis simdidresa da moqnilobas zogadad.<br />

<strong>qarTuli</strong> Jargonis warmomavlobas adridanve eqceoda<br />

yuradReba. Cveulebriv, leqsikonebSi miTiTebulia ama Tu<br />

im <strong>qarTuli</strong> Jargonuli sityvis warmomavloba, Tumca ara<br />

yovelTvis da zogjer araTanmimdevrulad, usistemod.<br />

ase, magaliTad, mxolod “didi qarTul-inglisuri leqsikonidan”<br />

vigebT, rom Jargonuli leqsikuri erTeuli<br />

padagrevi, rac saCuqars niSnavs, rusulidan momdinareobs,<br />

magram imave leqsikonSi araferia naTqvami grevis<br />

warmomavlobaze, rac aseve saCuqars niSnavs, rusulidan<br />

momdinareobs da faqtobrivad padagrevis variants warmoadgens.<br />

rusulSi ki am sityvebs aseTi mniSvnelobebi aqvs: ker-<br />

Zod, padagrevs finansuri, fuladi daxmarebis saxiT ganmartavs<br />

amerikaSi gamocemuli rusuli Jargonis leqsikoni<br />

da mas ukavSirebs rusulsave zmnur formebs «подогревать<br />

⁄ подогреть»:<br />

«ПОДОГРЕВ, -а, m., crim. Financial support. See подогревать.<br />

ПОДОГРЕВАТЬ ⁄ ПОДОГРЕТЬ, crim. To support with money (lit., to<br />

warm up). • А на эти деньги подогреешь наших. “Here’s a contribution for<br />

the support of our boys”. ПОДОГРЕТЬ БРАТВУ, idiom. crim. To support<br />

imprisoned fellow criminals from a general fund. • На то и есть общяк –<br />

подогревать братву. “That’s why we keep a general fund, to support our<br />

brothers in prison”» (Shlyakhov, Adler 1999).<br />

TviT ruseTSi gamocemul Jargonis leqsikonSi am sityvebs<br />

sxvagvari mniSvneloba aqvs:<br />

«ПОДОГРЕВ, а, м., нарк. Употребление наркотиков....<br />

ПОДОГРЕТЬ, ею, еет, сов., кого. Дать ком-л. что-л. (в основном –<br />

наркотики) бесплатно» (Никитина 2003).

narkvevi 65<br />

aseTive ganmartebebi aqvs amave leqsikonSi warmodgenil<br />

sityva grevs:<br />

«ГРЕВ, а, м., 1. Материальная помощь, оказываемая находящимся<br />

в заключении членам группировки, «конторы»... 2. Наркотики,<br />

алкоголь...» (Никитина 2003).<br />

marTalia, rusul leqsikonebSi am sityvaTa ganmartebebSi<br />

erTgvari sxvaoba SeiniSneba, magram mainc SeiZleba<br />

maTi gaerTianeba ramis gacemis, ramis micemis, Cuqebis SinaarsiT.<br />

swored am mniSvnelobiT damkvidrda es sityvebi<br />

qarTulSi. es orive leqsikuri erTeuli iolad SeiTvisa<br />

qarTulma Jargonma da amaTgan zmnuri formebic ganiviTara:<br />

ugreva, daupadagreva _ aCuqa. amaTgan pirvelis, ugreva-s<br />

dasaxelebisaTvis cocxal metyvelebas veyrdnobiT,<br />

xolo daupadagrevas ganmarteba da ilustracia leqsikonebidan<br />

mogvyavs:<br />

“daupadagreva _ aCuqa (Sdr. “grevi” da “padagrevi”).<br />

“_ es ra Cemodani dagiadebia, simon? _ TurqeTidan “dagvipadagreves”<br />

(mixo mosuliSvili)” (bregaZe 2005); “daupadagrevebs<br />

(daupadagreva, daupadagrevebia) Rus c will<br />

give sb sth (ingratiating present)” (didi qarTul-inglisuri<br />

leqsikoni 2006).<br />

amgvarad, rogorc irkveva, qarTul JargonSi dadasturebuli<br />

grevic rusuli warmoSobisa.<br />

rasakvirvelia, erT statiaSi SeuZlebelia rusuldan an<br />

sxva romelime enidan momdinare leqsikis sruli korpusis<br />

gamovlena qarTul JargonSi. es mniSvnelovani da Sromatevadi<br />

saqmea, rac momavalSic gagrZeldeba, iseve rogorc<br />

saerTod gagrZeldeba Jargonuli sityvebis gamovlena, aRnusxva<br />

da Seswavla.<br />

amjerad swored rusulenovan sociumTan, rusul JargonTan<br />

mimarTebiT ganvixilavT zogierTi <strong>qarTuli</strong> Jargonuli<br />

sityvis warmomavlobas.<br />

ambali<br />

“ambali _ axmaxi. “Tu vinme iaraRiani ambali iSove da<br />

imasTan erTad svam Cais naSuaRamevs?” (aka morCilaZe)”<br />

(bregaZe 2005, didi qarTul-inglisuri leqsikoni 2006).<br />

ambali rusuli Jargonidan momdinareobs, amerikaSi gamocemuli<br />

rusuli Jargonis leqsikonis mixedviT Zliers,<br />

Roniers, jmuxs (Casxmul, Caskvnil, adamians), CxubisTavs<br />

aRniSnavs: «АМБАЛ, -а, m., neg. A strong, thickset fellow, thug, muscle-man.<br />

• Муж у неё уж больно амбалистый. “Her husband is awfully<br />

brawny”» (Shlyakhov, Adler 1999).

66 waxnagi 1.2009<br />

mandraJi, samandraJo<br />

“mandraJi _ mRelvareba (sportsmenisa); SiSi. “arada,<br />

Cvenebic rom mandraJiT eTamaSebian!” (nodar dumbaZe); “me<br />

mgoni, mandraJi meqneboda, Cems sakuTar films ar mouRonmeTqi<br />

bolo” (dali fanjikiZe. Targm.).<br />

samandraJo _ saSiSi (ix. “mandraJi”). “piti kide atandaze<br />

dadga gareT, Tumca ra iyo aq samandraJo” (gia Wumburi-<br />

Ze. Targm.)” (bregaZe 2005).<br />

es sityvac rusuli Jargonidan modis, Sdr.: «МАН-<br />

ДРАЖИРОВАТЬ, ую, ует, несов. Бояться чего-л. . .» (Никитина 2003).<br />

ramsebi<br />

mravlobiTis formiT gvxvdeba Semdeg gamoTqmaSi:<br />

“ramsebi ar agerios _ araferi SegeSalos. “piri davibane<br />

da meTqi, mamuk, ar agerios ramsebi, axla unda gaigo<br />

yvelaferi” (aka morCilaZe) (bregaZe 2005).<br />

es sityvac rusuli Jargonidan momdinareobs, sadac aseve<br />

mravlobiTis formiT gvxvdeba sxvadasxva gamoTqmaSi:<br />

«РАМСЫ, ов, мн. ** Раскидывать рамсы. Рассказывать что-л. .<br />

. **Навести (развести) рамсы. Разузнать о чём-л., разведать что-л. . .<br />

**Попутать рамсы. Ошибаться» (Никитина 2003).<br />

stosi<br />

es sityva qarTulSi dasturdeba Semdeg gamoTqmaSi:<br />

“stosi mi(h)yavs _ liderobs, avangardSia. “. . . literaturiT<br />

dainteresebul universitetelTa Soris maT mihyavT<br />

“stosi” (SoTa iaTaSvili)” (bregaZe 2005). unda momdinareobdes<br />

aseve rusul JargonSi dadasturebuli sityvisagan<br />

stosi:<br />

«СТОС, а, м. Игральние карты» (Никитина 2003).<br />

Cmori<br />

am sityvasTan erTad missave saxelur da zmnur variantebsac<br />

warmovadgenT:<br />

“Cmori _ uxeiro, jabani, bedovlaTi. “_ Zmebo, axal skolaSi<br />

gadavedi, xom iciT, da erTi-orjer amomakiTxeT, vinmes<br />

Cmori ar vegono. iqaurma “sastavma” naxos, rom kai tipi<br />

var, ra. . .” (beqa molaSvili).<br />

Cmoriki _ igivea, rac Cmori (ix.), oRond rusuli kninobiTi<br />

sufiqsiT (-ик) gaformebuli. “tipi liandagze ijda,<br />

miiwie, mec damsvio, _ viRaca “Cmoriki” gaeCiTa” (mixo mosuliSvili).<br />

daaCmora _ daCagra; daabeCava, daaglaxaka. (Sdr. “Cmori”).<br />

“ar maburTaveb? nazad momeqcevi? ar damaCmoreb?”

narkvevi 67<br />

(oTar pertaxia);” “xolo Tu dagaCmores, albaT usityvod<br />

itandi Seni gvaris Seuracxmyofel transformaciebs da<br />

boRma gulSi gisivdeboda” (diana vaCnaZe).<br />

daaCmorika _ daabeCava, sulierad daTrguna. (Sdr.<br />

“Cmori” da “Cmoriki”). “magas Tu ramiT ar davupirispirdi,<br />

mTlad “damaCmorikebs” (mixo mosuliSvili) (bregaZe 2005).<br />

es sityvac rusuli Jargonidan momdinareobs, moviyvanT<br />

mis rusul variantebsac: K<br />

«ЧМО, ср. и м., пренебр. 1. Морально опустившийся человек. Чмо<br />

– плохой человек ⁄ возможная этимология – аббревиатура от «человек,<br />

морально опустившийся» ⁄ ... - - - деаббр. Чмо – «Человек из Московской<br />

области». Первоначально употреблялось в значении «провинциал»... 2.<br />

арм. Деградировавший, опустившийся в условиях дедовщины солдат...»<br />

(Никитина 2003; Shlyakhov, Adler 1999).<br />

rusulSi dasturdeba “Cmokic”: «ЧМОК, -а, m., youth, neg. A<br />

worthless or unpleasant person. • Отойди отсюда, чмок, видеть тебя не<br />

хочу. “Get out of here, you schmuck! I don’t want to use your face» (Shlyakhov,<br />

Adler 1999).<br />

gvxvdeba am sityvidan nawarmoebi sxva formebic:<br />

«ЧМОРИТЬ, рю, рит, несов., кого. Издеваться над кем-л.,<br />

высмеивать кого-л». (Никитина 2003).<br />

aSS-Si gamocemuli rusuli Jargonis leqsikonis mixedviT<br />

es sityva SeSinebas niSnavs: «ЧМОРИТЬ ⁄ ЗАЧМОРИТЬ, youth. To<br />

frighten, terrify. • Рекетиры его совсем зачморили, требуют деньги, грозятся<br />

избить. “Those racketeers have got him completely terrorized with their demands<br />

for money and their threats of violence”» (Shlyakhov, Adler 1999).<br />

aseTive mcire gansxvavebaa rusuli sityva “CmoSnik”-is<br />

ganmartebisas zemoT miTiTebuli leqsikonebis mixedviT:<br />

«ЧМОШНИК, а, м. То же, что ЧМО 1. Чмо, чмошник – морално<br />

униженный человек...» (Никитина 2003). xolo amerikaSi gamocemuli<br />

leqsikonis mixedviT usiamovno, WuWyian, binZur pirovnebas<br />

niSnavs, _ kerZod, «ЧМОШНИК, -а, m., youth, neg. An<br />

unpleasant, dirty person. • Этот чмошник загадил всю квартиру. “That<br />

slob has messed up the whole apartment”» (Shlyakhov, Adler 1999).<br />

sityva “CmoSni” TiTqmis erTnairadaa ganmartebuli<br />

aRniSnul leqsikonebSi: «ЧМОШНЫЙ, ая, ое. Неприятный<br />

на вид, вызывающий отвращение (о человеке)...» (Никитина 2003)<br />

Sdr.: «ЧМОШНЫЙ, ая, ое, neg. Unpleasant, dirty. • Там у вас чмошня<br />

компашка, туда не пойду. “Those friends of yours are such slobs, I wouldn’t<br />

want to go to their place”» (Shlyakhov, Adler 1999).<br />

xaniga<br />

es sityvac rusulidan momdinareobs da zustad imave mniSvnelobiT<br />

gvxvdeba qarTul JargonSic, rogorc rusulSi:

68 waxnagi 1.2009<br />

“xaniga _ galoTebuli, daSvebuli (fskerze). “...ori<br />

ojaxi gaiCiTa. erTi belgiidan, eg xo giTxari da meore<br />

iyo, simon, Tbilisis erT kai ubnis sinamdvilidan: colii,<br />

Svilii da qmaric. eg “c” imito, ro ni riba, ni miasa, Tan magari<br />

xaniga, niriaxa ra da cota xanSi awies kidevac” (mixo<br />

mosuliSvili)” (bregaZe 2005).<br />

Sdr.: «ХАНЫГА, -и, m., neg. A drunkard (cf. хань). • Этот ханыга<br />

уже пьян с утра. “That boozer has been drunk since this morning”» (Shlyakhov,<br />

Adler 1999). .<br />

Tavis mxriv rusulSi xaniga “xan” sityvidan momdinareobs,<br />

rac smas aRniSnavs: «ХАНЬ, -и, f. A drink. • Давай сначала<br />

сделаем, а потом будем хань глотать. “Let’s do the job first, and then<br />

we’ll have ourselves a drink” (Shlyakhov, Adler 1999).<br />

miuxedavad zemoT moyvanili magaliTebis simcirisa,<br />

cxadia, Tu ra gavlena aqvs rusulenovan sociums da mis metyvelebas<br />

qarTul Jargonze. yofili saWoTa erTianoba<br />

(jari, cixe da axlo yofiTi urTierTobebi) erTgvarad<br />

ganapirobebda saerTo Jargonuli formebis arsebobas. ver<br />

vityviT, rom aseTi urTierToba amJamad mTlianad Sewyvetilia.<br />

amis adasturebs postsabWour periodSi Semosuli<br />

Jargonizmebi qarTulSi. amis nimuSad davasaxelebT Tanamedrove<br />

<strong>qarTuli</strong> Jargonis magaliTebs cocxali metyvelebidan,<br />

romelTac aseve vadasturebT rusul Jargonis<br />

leqsikonebSi. kerZod:<br />

muzoni (mr. muzonebi) _ musika, Sdr.: «МУЗОН, а, м.<br />

Музыка» (Никитина 2003).<br />

fanati _ ucnauri adamiani; adamiani, romelmac raime<br />

sakiTxi ZirisZirobamde icis, fani (sportis an musikis),<br />

Sdr.: «ФАНАТ, а, м. 1. Человек со странностями... 2. одобр. Умный,<br />

сообразтельный, эрудированный...» (Никитина 2003). amerikaSi gamocemuli<br />

rusuli Jargonis leqsikonSi fanatis sxva mniSvnelobasac<br />

vxvdebiT, kerZod, sportis fani: «ФАНАТ, -а,<br />

m. A sports fan (from фанатик). • Вчера фанаты устроили драку после<br />

матча. “The fans got into a fistfight after yesterday’s match”» (Shlyakhov,<br />

Adler 1999) da sxv.<br />

Tavis mxriv, sayuradReboa <strong>qarTuli</strong> leqsikis analizi<br />

rusul JargonSi, magram es calke kvlevis sagania.<br />

daskvnis saxiT aRvniSnavT, rom <strong>qarTuli</strong> Jargoni mravalferovani<br />

da metad sainteresoa, misi SeswavlisaTvis<br />

aucilebelia leqsikur erTeulTa gamowvlilviTi analizi<br />

maTi warmomavlobis, semantikuri da gramatikuli Taviseburebebis<br />

gaTvaliswinebiT.

narkvevi 69<br />

literatura:<br />

1. qegl _ <strong>qarTuli</strong> enis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni, t. I-VIII, prof.<br />

arn. Ciqobavas saerTo redaqciiT, Tb., 1950-1964.<br />

2. bregaZe 2005 _ bregaZe l. <strong>qarTuli</strong> Jargonis leqsikoni,<br />

Tb., 2005.<br />

3. Никитина 2003 – Никитина Т. Г. Словарь молодежного сленга, Санкт-<br />

Петербург, 2003.<br />

4. Shlyakhov, Adler 1999 – Vladimir Shlyakhov and Eve Adler, Dictionary of Russian<br />

Slang & Colloquial Expressions, 2 nd Edition, 1999.<br />

5. didi qarTul-inglisuri leqsikoni, 2006 _ didi <strong>qarTuli</strong>nglisuri<br />

leqsikoni, or tomad, mTavari redaqtori donald<br />

reifildi, londoni, 2006.<br />

Ramaz Kurdadze<br />

Towards the origin of some words in Georgian slang<br />

The article deals with the analysis of several words from Georgian slang<br />

vocabulary which are compared to the data of Russian slang dictionaries<br />

published in Russia and USA. As a result of this comparison several words<br />

of Russian origin present in Georgian slang are revealed. Such as: ambali<br />

“ambali” – a strong, thickset fellow, thug, muscle-man; mandraJi “mandraji”<br />

– fear; ramsebi “ramsebi” – such as in the phrase ramsebi ar agerios<br />

“ramsebi ar agerios”, “do not mix ramsebi”, meaning “do not make<br />

mistakes, do not confuse, be careful”, stosi “stosi” which comes from the<br />

name of card game and is present in the phrase “stosi mihyavs”, “he is leading<br />

the stosi”. This phrase means “he is a leader, controls the situation”;<br />

Cmori “chmori” – a worthless or unpleasant person; dirty person; xaniga<br />

“xaniga” – a drunkard.

diskursis definiciaTa analizi<br />

salome omiaZe<br />

Tanamedrove humanitarul mecnierebebSi diskursis gageba<br />

sxvadasxvagvaria, amas garkveulwilad ganapiro bebs kvlevis<br />

sfero, sadac igi kvlevis sagania. magaliTad, lingvistikur<br />

da semiotikur terminTa inglisur-rusul leqsikonSi (leqsikoni<br />

2001) mocemuli ganmartebebidan pirveli, romelic<br />

teqstis lingvistikasa da diskurs-analizSia gamoyenebuli,<br />

diskurss gansazRvravs rogorc Tematurad, kulturulad<br />

an kidev rame niSniT urTierTdakavSirebuli teqstebis<br />

erTobliobas, romlis ganviTareba da Sevseba SesaZlebelia<br />

damatebiTi teqstebiT. meore ganmartebiT, romelic sociologiasa<br />

da socialur semiotikaSia miRebuli, diskursi<br />

aris urTierToba, romelic ganixileba rogorc garkveuli<br />

diskursuli “praqtikebis” ganxorcieleba (m. fuko). mesame<br />

definicia aseve gamoiyeneba sociologiaSi, magram gamoiyeneba<br />

logikasa da filosofiaSic: igi gansazRvrulia rogorc<br />

sametyvelo komunikaciis saxeoba, romelic gulisxmobs socialuri<br />

cxovrebis RirebulebaTa, normaTa da wesTa racionalur<br />

kritikul ganxilvas da romlis erTaderTi motivia<br />

urTierTgagebis miRweva (i. habermasi) (leqsikoni 2001: 111).<br />

rogorc vxedavT, diskursis arc erTi ganmarteba ar aris<br />

naTeli da sruli: erTgan igi warmodgenilia rogorc teqstebis<br />

erToblioba, meoregan diskursul “praqtikebSi”<br />

ganxorcielebuli urTierToba, mesamegan _ rogorc sametyvelo<br />

komunikaciis saxeoba, unda gaviTvaliswinoT isic,<br />

rom yvela miTiTebul sferoSi (teqstis lingvistika, diskurs-analizi,<br />

sociologia, socialuri semiotika, logika<br />

da filosofia) “diskursis” gansxvavebuli definiciebic<br />

arsebobs, rac imas niSnavs, rom am cnebis gansazRvreba sxvadasxva<br />

mecnieruli codnis farglebSic ki unificirebuli<br />

ar aris.<br />

diskursis Sesaxeb sxvadasxva SexedulebaTa aRwera bevr<br />

gamokvlevaSi gvxvdeba. Cven SevecdebiT Cveni analizi war-<br />

70

narkvevi 71<br />

vmarToT im opoziciaTa ganxilvis gziT, romlebsac “diskursis”<br />

cneba qmnis sxva cnebasTan mimarTebiT.<br />

daviwyoT imiT, rom laT. discursus niSnavs aqeT-iqiT sirbils,<br />

saubars, laparaks, frang. discours _ metyvelebas. TviT<br />

sityvis gansxvavebul mniSvnelobaTagan erT-erTis aReba<br />

saorientaciod, Cveni azriT, xdeboda safuZveli cnebis<br />

araerTmniSvnelovani terminologizaciisaTvis.<br />

pirveli opozicia dikursis cnebasTan mimarTebiT iyo,<br />

albaT, “diskursuli _ intuiciuri”, romelic gonebasa<br />

da azrovnebas ukavSirdeboda. rogorc literaturaSia<br />

aRniSnuli (neretina, ogurcovi 2005: 252-255), Gjer kidev<br />

platoni da aristotele diskursul azrovnebas upirispirebdnen<br />

intuiciur azrovnebas, rodesac WeSmaritebebs yofdnen<br />

uSualo anu intuiciur WeSmaritebebad da gaSualebul<br />

anu mtkicebaTa safuZvelze miRebul WeSmaritebebad.<br />

amgvarad, klasikur filosofiaSi diskursuli azrovneba,<br />

romelic cnebaTa an msjelobaTa TanamimdevrulobiT iSleba,<br />

upirispirdeboda intuiciur azrovnebas, romelic<br />

yovelgvari Tanamimdevruli gaSlis gareSe, erTbaSad<br />

moixelTebs mTels; plotine ganasxvavebda sayovelTao,<br />

mTlian, arakerZosa da araindividualur erTian gonebasa<br />

da diskursul gonebas, romelic swvdeba yovel calkeul<br />

sazrissa Tu azrs; Toma akvineli erTmaneTs upirispirebs<br />

diskursulsa da intuiciur codnas, diskursul azrovnebas<br />

ganixilavs rogorc inteleqtis moZraobas erTi obieqtidan<br />

meorisken. XVI-XVII saukuneebSi warmoiSva intuiciuri<br />

da diskursuli Semecnebis sxvadasxva interpretacia.<br />

aRsaniSnavia dekartis, spinozasa da laibnicis is Tvalsazrisebi,<br />

romelTa mixedviT, mecnieruli SemecnebisaTvis<br />

aucilebelia intuicia, romelic safuZvlad udevs mtkicebebs<br />

da maT Tanamimdevrulobas uzrunvelyofs diskursul<br />

azrovnebaSi. rogorc vxedavT, aq arc dapirispireba gvaqvs<br />

da arc igiveoba, aramed am ori (intuiciuri da diskursuli)<br />

Semecnebis erTianoba.<br />

Semdegi opoziciaa “diskursi _ azri”, sadac diskursi<br />

udris metyvelebas, romelic Sedgeba urTierTdakavSirebuli<br />

sityvebisagan (saxelebisagan), xolo azrovneba aris<br />

metyveleba gonebaSi. aq aRar SevCerdebiT diskursis gagebaze<br />

sxvadasxva filosofosTan da yuradRebas mivaqcevT<br />

aRniSnuli terminis Semosvlas enaTmecnierebaSi.<br />

rogorc cnobilia, XX saukuneSi filosofiam lingvisturi<br />

modelebisa da meTodebisaken ibruna piri. enaTmecnierTa<br />

mier enisa da metyvelebis garCevam, enis funqcionirebis<br />

semantikuri da pragmatikuli aspeqtebisadmi inte-

72 waxnagi 1.2009<br />

resma, semiotikurma kvlevebma aSkara gaxada, rom calkeul<br />

winadadebaSi kavSirebis tipTa Seswavla ar iyo sakmarisi<br />

adamianTa urTierTqmedebis asaxsnelad. amitom kvleva gascda<br />

winadadebis farglebs, kerZod, igi gadaswvda metyvelebas,<br />

rogorc sametyvelo aqtTa bmul Tanamimdevrobas,<br />

romelic gamoxatulia sxvadasxva teqstiT da romlis gaanalizeba<br />

sxvadasxva aspeqtiTaa aucilebeli. es aspeqtebi<br />

SeiZleba iyos pragmatikuli, semantikuri, referentuli,<br />

emociur-Semfasebluri da sxv. Tavis mxriv, enaTmecnierebmac<br />

zefrazul erTianobebs, anu diskurss mimarTes, romelic<br />

teqstis garda, aralingvistur faqtorebsac moicavs,<br />

iseTebs, rogoricaa adresatis ganwyoba, mizani, Sexedulebebi,<br />

TviTSefaseba, sxvaTa Sefaseba da sxv. sosiuris mier<br />

warmodgenili diqotomiis Tanaxmad, ena sametyvelo qmedebis<br />

nawilia, niSanTa sistemaa, romlebic cnebebs gamoxataven,<br />

metyveleba ki enis manifestaciaa. enisa da metyvelebis<br />

dapirispireba sxvadasxva koncefciaSi sxvadasxvagvaradaa<br />

interpretirebuli: xan rogorc kodisa da Setyobinebis,<br />

xan pragmatikisa da semantikis, xan normisa da stilis da<br />

a. S. e. koseriusaTvis ena SesaZleblobaTa Ria sistemaa, metyveleba<br />

_ realizebul formaTa da normaTa erToblioba<br />

(koseriu 1963: 175). aRniSnul opoziciaSi, rogorc vxedavT,<br />

“metyvelebis” adgili “diskursma” daikava.<br />

e. benvenistma erT-erTma pirvelma mianiWa terminologiuri<br />

mniSvneloba “diskurss”, romelic franguli lingvistikuri<br />

tradiciiT metyvelebas, teqsts aRniSnavda.<br />

benvenisti, upirispirebda ra obieqtur Txrobas, diskurss<br />

axasiaTebda rogorc metyvelebis garkveul tips _ “molaparakis<br />

mier miTvisebul metyvelebas” (zepiri urTierTobis<br />

sxvadasxva Janri, dRiurebi, piradi werilebi, mogonebebi<br />

da misT., romlebic subieqturobis ufro maRali xarisxiT<br />

xasiaTdebian). metyvelebis es formebi gansxvavdebian<br />

sxvadasxva niSniT: droTa sistemiT, nacvalsaxelebiT<br />

da sxv. TxrobiTi (récit) diskursis gaigivebam saerTod diskursTan<br />

arsebiTad daaviwrova cnebis Sinaarsi, magram SesaZlebeli<br />

gaxada kulturis diskursTa erTi TvalsazrisiT<br />

ganxilva, upirveles yovlisa, es exeba literaturul,<br />

scenur da kinematografiul diskursebs, sadac yuradReba<br />

maxvildeba droTa sistemis, Txrobis xangrZlivobis normebidan<br />

gadaxrisa da sxv. gaazrebaze. SemdgomSi diskursis<br />

es gageba gavrcelda pragmatikulad ganpirobebul metyvelebis<br />

yvela saxeze.<br />

opozicia “diskursi _ obieqturi Txroba” _ benvenistis<br />

moZRvrebis nawilia, sadac metyveli subieqti grama-

narkvevi 73<br />

tikuli struqturis ganmsazRvrelia da amdenad, enobrivi<br />

sistemidan yuradReba gadatanilia TviT adamianze. amiT,<br />

rogorc aRniSnaven, benvenistma saTave daudo lokaciis<br />

(sivrculi deiqsisis) Tanamedrove pragmatul kategorias<br />

(lebaniZe 1997: 22).<br />

diskurss pragmatul, sociokulturul faqtorebTan<br />

akavSirebs m. fukoc, romelmac Tavis “codnis arqeologia-<br />

Si” (fuko 1996) daamuSava moZRvreba diskursuli formaciis,<br />

rogorc specifikuri diskursuli praqtikebis, pirobaTa<br />

Sesaxeb. fukos wignSi mTeli humanitaruli codna gaazrebulia<br />

rogorc im diskursul praqtikaTa (TavianTi wesebiT,<br />

konceptebiTa da strategiebiT) arqeologiuri analizi,<br />

romlebic arseboben Semecnebis an qmedebis ara subieqtSi,<br />

aramed codnis anonimur nebaSi, romelic sistematurad ayalibebs<br />

obieqtebs. am obieqtebze ki laparakoben diskursis<br />

praqtikebi. Tu diskursi fukosaTvis “sityvieri performansebis<br />

erTobliobaa”, isaa, rac iyo warmoqmnili _ “niSanTa<br />

erToblioba”, “formulirebis aqtTa erToblioba”, “fraza-<br />

Ta Tu propoziciaTa rigi”, diskursuli formacia warmoadgens<br />

gamonaTqvamTa gabnevisa da ganawilebis princips. “diskursuli<br />

formacia aris gamonaTqvamTa mTavari sistema, romelsac<br />

eqvemdebareba sityvier performansTa jgufi” (fuko<br />

1996: 116), amitom xdeba SesaZlebeli laparaki politikur,<br />

ekonomikur, biologiur Tu sxva diskursebze. adamianTa<br />

urTierTqmedebebsa da cxovrebiseul konteqstebSi Caflva<br />

(adgilisa da drois konkretul pirobebSi) xorcieldeba<br />

swored “diskursuli praqtikis” cnebis meSveobiT. es cneba<br />

gansxvavdeba eqspresiuli da racionaluri qmedebis gramatikuli<br />

kompetenciisagan, igi drosa da sivrceSi yovelTvis<br />

gansazRvruli “im anonimuri istoriuli wesebis erTobliobaa,<br />

romlebmac daadgines mocemul epoqaSi, mocemuli<br />

socialuri, ekonomikuri, geografiuli an lingvisturi sivrcisaTvis<br />

gamonaTqvamis funqciis Sesrulebis pirobebi”<br />

(fuko 1996: 118). amiT fukom Camoayaliba axali opozicia<br />

“diskursi _ gamonaTqvami”.<br />

gasuli saukunis 70-iani wlebamde “diskursi” da “teqsti”<br />

evropul lingvistikaSi paralelurad ixmareboda.<br />

“diskursis analizi” (pirvelad z. harisma ixmara) da teqstis<br />

“lingvistika” (e. koseriu: Linguistica del texto) germanul<br />

terminTan (Tectlinguistik) erTad, Zalian axlos mdgom, xSirad<br />

erTsa da imave enaTmecnierul sferoebs gamoxatavdnen.<br />

principuli gansxvavebis danaxva da diskursisa da teqstis<br />

cnebebis gamijvna dakavSirebulia t. a. van deikis diskursuli<br />

analizis skolasTan. teqstisa da diskursis diferen-

74 waxnagi 1.2009<br />

cireba am wyvilSi situaciis kategoriis SemotaniT (diskursi<br />

= teqsts + situacia; teqsti = diskurss _ situacia)<br />

ukve niSnavda enobrivi komunikaciis Seswavlisadmi farTo<br />

midgomas: kvlevis obieqti xdeboda winadadebaze ufro<br />

vrceli metyvelebis monakveTi, erTi mxriv, xolo meore<br />

mxriv, socialur situaciaze maxvildeboda yuradReba. van<br />

deikis ganmartebiT, “diskursis namdvili gageba damokidebulia<br />

enis momxmarebelTa cvalebad maxasiaTeblebsa<br />

da konteqstze” (van deiki 1989: 45). teqsti ki gagebuli iyo<br />

rogorc abstraqtuli formaluri konstruqcia, romlis<br />

realizacia da aqtualizacia xdeba diskursSi garkveul<br />

sociokulturul konteqstTan da eqstralingvistur faqtorebTan<br />

(adresatis ganwyobani, azrebi, codnebi, miznebi)<br />

mWidro kavSirSi. diskursi gagebulia rogorc rTuli<br />

komunikaciuri movlena da imave dros rogorc winadadeba-<br />

Ta bmuli mimdevroba, romelTa analizi xdeba lingvisturi<br />

kodebis, freimebis, scenarebis, konteqstis modelebis,<br />

socialuri reprezentaciebis TvalsazrisiT, rac agebs<br />

socialur urTierTobasa da gagebas. amgvarad, van deikma<br />

sxvanairad Camoayaliba opozicia “teqsti _ diskursi”,<br />

roca teqsti im SesaZleblobaTa abstraqtul velad warmoadgina,<br />

romlebic diskursis sxvadasxva formiT aqtualizdeba.<br />

bevr gamokvlevaSi, romelic funqcionalurad aris<br />

orientirebuli, diskursisa da teqstis dapirispireba<br />

xdeba iseTi opoziciuri kriteriumebis mixedviT, rogoricaa<br />

funqciuroba _ struqturuloba, procesi _ produqti,<br />

dinamikuroba _ statikuroba, aqtualuroba _ virtualuroba.<br />

Sesabamisad, gansxvavdebian struqturuli teqsti,<br />

rogorc produqti da funqciuri diskursi, rogorc<br />

procesi. rogorc m. makarovi aRniSnavs, am Temis variaciaa<br />

teqsti, rogorc abstraqtuli Teoriuli konstruqti, romelic<br />

diskursSi xorcieldeba iseve, rogorc winadadebis<br />

aqtualizacia xdeba gamonaTqvamSi (makarovi 2003: 89).<br />

amgvarad, erT rigSi eqceva winadadeba da teqsti, xolo<br />

meoreSi _ gamonaTqvami da diskursi. es bunebrivic aris,<br />

radgan gamonaTqvami winadadebisagan gansxvavdeba, rogorc<br />

moculobiT, ise struqturuli, Sina-arsobrivi da funqciuri<br />

TvalsazrisiT. analogiuria mimarTeba diskurs-sa<br />

da teqsts Sorisac. Tu gaviziarebT, rom winadadeba da teqsti<br />

enis dones ganekuTvneba, xolo gamonaTqvami da diskursi<br />

_ enis gamoyenebas, aseT gayofas SeiZleba hqondes<br />

azri da meTodologiurad sasargebloc aRmoCndes (makarovi<br />

2003: 89).

narkvevi 75<br />

teqstisa da diskursis gansxvavebisTvis zog gamokvlevaSi<br />

gamoyenebulia opozicia “werilobiTi teqsti _ zepiri<br />

diskursi”, rac damaxasiaTebelia enisa da metyvelebis<br />

kvlevis formalisturi midgomisaTvis. amgvari dayofa<br />

aviwroebs orive urTierTdapirispirebuli terminis moculobas.<br />

aRniSnuli diqotomiis safuZvelze zogi mkvlevari<br />

gamoyofs diskurs-analizs, romlis obieqti, maTi azriT,<br />

unda iyos mxolod zepiri metyveleba da (werilobiTi)<br />

teqstis lingvistikas. magram, rogorc aRniSnaven, aseT<br />

midgomas praqtikuli kvlevisas bevri dabrkoleba xvdeba.<br />

magaliTad, moxseneba SeiZleba erTdroulad ganxiluli<br />

iyos rogorc teqsti da, amasTanave, rogorc sajaro gamosvla,<br />

anu komunikaciuri movlena, Tumca formiT monologuri<br />

(tradiciuli gagebiT), magram, miuxedavad amisa, savsebiT<br />

amsaxveli enobrivi urTierTobis im specifikisa, romelic<br />

mas SeiZleba hqondes qmedebis mocemul tipSi.<br />

diskursis cnebis dakavSirebas mxolod zepir metyvelebasTan<br />

SeiZleba is safuZvelic hqondes, rom diskursi metyvelebis<br />

Tanmxleb, para-lingvistur elementebsac Seicavs<br />

(sxvadasxva mimikas, Jestebs, fonaciur saSualebebs),<br />

romlebic teqstSi mxolod aRweris gziT SeiZleba “gacocxldes”<br />

(omiaZe 1998).<br />

rogorc vxedavT, mravalgvaria is opoziciebi, romel-<br />

Ta farglebSi da romelTa meSveobiT cdiloben “diskursis”<br />

definiciasa da diskursis analizis warmarTvas. bevri<br />

mkvlevrisTvis naTelia, rom diskursisa da teqstis mkve-<br />

Tri gamijvna ar aris adekvaturi. Cveni azriT, Tu es ramdenadme<br />

xerxdeba Teoriul doneze, praqtikuli kvlevisas<br />

aRniSnuli cnebebis aRreva, urTierTCanacvleba TiTqmis<br />

gardauvalia. es Cven gvagonebs sosiuriseuli “ena-metyveleba”<br />

diqotomiasTan dakavSirebul problemebs, romlebic<br />

Cndeba xolme aseve empiriuli kvlevebis sferoSi.<br />

arsebobs Tvalsazrisi, romlis mixedviT, diskursi gagebulia<br />

ufro farTod _ rogorc yvelaferi, rac iTqmeba<br />

da iwereba, anu rogorc sametyvelo qmedeba, romelic<br />

imave dros warmoadgens enobriv masalasac bgeriTi Tu<br />

grafikuli gamoxatviT. teqsti ki (viwro mniSvnelobiT)<br />

gagebulia rogorc weris meSveobiT fiqsirebuli masala.<br />

amgvarad, terminebi “metyveleba” da “teqsti” iqneba<br />

saxeobrivi maTi gamaerTianebeli gvarovnuli terminis<br />

“diskursis” mimarT (bogdanovi 1993: 5-6). is, rom aq xazgasmulia<br />

diskursis cnebis ganmazogadebeli buneba, da-<br />

Zleulia is SezRudvebi, romlebsac uqmnida am cnebas ise-<br />

Ti niSnebi, rogoricaa monologuroba / dialoguroba;’

76 waxnagi 1.2009<br />

zepiri / werilobiTi, mniSvnelovnad miaCnia m. makarovs,<br />

romelic aRniSnavs, rom diskursis, rogorc gvarovnuli<br />

kategoriis gamoyeneba metyvelebis, teqstisa da dialogis<br />

cnebebTan mimarTebiT, dRes sul ufro xSirad gvxvdeba<br />

enaTmecnierul literaturaSi, xolo filosofiur,<br />

sociologiursa da fsiqologiur terminologiaSi igi<br />

ukve normad iqca (makarovi 2003: 90).<br />

diskursis sayuradRebo koncefcias gvTavazobs i.<br />

proxorovi 2004 wels gamosul wignSi “sinamdvile. teqsti.<br />

diskursi”. igi ar fiqrobs, rom teqsti da diskursi erTmaneTTan<br />

gvarsaxeobiT mimarTebaSia _ TiToeuli maTgani<br />

meoris nawils ar Seadgens. diskursi misTvis ar aris Sualeduri<br />

movlena metyvelebas, urTierTobasa da enobriv<br />

qcevas Soris anu igi ar aris sistemisa da teqstis makavSirebeli<br />

rgoli; aseve is ar aris teqsti eqstralingvistur<br />

parametrebTan erTad da arc teqsti warmoadgens misTvis<br />

diskurss am parametrebis gamoklebiT. i. proxorovi ase msjelobs:<br />

“Tu isini Tanabradaa ganlagebuli, maTi da maTi<br />

urTierTkavSiris ganxilva SesaZlebelia mxolod ‘zemodan’,<br />

ganzogadebis ufro maRali donidan, sadac isini Tanabari<br />

uflebiT Sedian...” (proxorovi 2004: 32). “maRla” ki<br />

mxolod sinamdvilea da realuri komunikacia masSi. sinamdvileca<br />

da komunikaciac diskursis bevr arsebul definiciaSi<br />

Sedis, magram iq es elementebi TiTqos “teqstidan<br />

da diskursidan” modian, Tumca, rogorc mkvlevari fiqrobs,<br />

swored teqsti da diskursi unda “Cndebodnen maTgan”.<br />

radgan yoveli teqsti (werilobiTi Tu zepiri, mxatvruli<br />

Tu samecniero da a.S.) iqmneba im mizniT, rom gaxdes<br />

faqti aramarto “TavisTvis”, aramed faqti “sxvebisTvis”,<br />

gaxdes raRac ufro farTo urTierTqmedebis monawile.<br />

“urTierTqmedebis mdgomareobis” aseTive realuri elementi,<br />

monawilea diskursic _ igi am urTierTqmedebidan<br />

“daibada”. ramdenadac komunikacia azrebis, cnobebis,<br />

ideebisa da misT. gacvla-gamocvlaa, ama Tu im Sinaarsis<br />

gadacemaa erTi cnobierebidan (koleqtiuri Tu individualuri)<br />

enobrivi niSnebis saSualebiT, maSasadame, arsebobs<br />

informaciis damagrebis raRac saSualeba da raRac<br />

saSualeba misi gadacemisTvis, amasTanave, Tu damagrebis<br />

saSualeba mas unda inaxavdes komunikaciis procesis gare-<br />

Sec, “translaciis saSualeba” mxolod komunikaciis mdgomareobaSi<br />

xorcieldeba (proxorovi 2004: 33).<br />

i. proxorovs teqstisa da diskursis aRsaniSnavad Semoaa<br />

qvs termini figura, romelic ukve arsebobs lingvistikur<br />

terminologiaSi (“metyvelebis figura”, “stilis-

narkvevi 77<br />

tikuri figura” da sxv.) 1 da teqstisa da diskursis rolisa<br />

da adgilis gaTvaliswinebiT komunikaciaSi, teqsts uwodebs<br />

komunikaciis introvertul figuras, diskurss _ komunikaciis<br />

eqstravertul figuras.<br />

amgvarad, realuri komunikacia Seicavs sam Seurwymel,<br />

magram ganuyofel Semadgenels: TviT sinamdvilis figuras,<br />

romlis sferoSi da romlis safuZvelzec arsebobs komunikacia<br />

da or figuras: teqsts, romelic uzrunvelyofs mis<br />

Sinaarsobriv-enobriv safuZvels (ramdenadac teqsti enisagan<br />

ganuyofelia) da diskurss, romelic uzrunvelyofs Sinaarsobriv-metyvelebiT<br />

safuZvels (sakuTriv verbalurs<br />

_ da, Cveulebriv, araverbalur komponentTan erTad).<br />

i. proxorovi gvTavazobs aRniSnuli cnebebis ganmartebebs,<br />

sadac yuradReba gamaxvilebulia “lingvokulturul<br />

erTobaze”:<br />

“komunikaciis eqstravertuli figura _ diskursi aris<br />

garkveuli lingvokulturuli erTobis warmomadgenelTa<br />

komunikaciis Sinaarsis organizaciisa da gaformebis praqtikis<br />

enobriv formaTa erToblioba;<br />

komunikaciis introvertuli figura _ teqsti aris<br />

garkveuli lingvokulturuli erTobis warmomadgenelTa<br />

komunikaciis Sinaarsis organizaciis lingvisturi da eqstralingvisturi<br />

organizaciis wesebis erToblioba;<br />

komunikaciis materialuri figura _ sinamdvile aris<br />

mocemuli lingvokulturuli erTobis warmomadgenel-<br />

Ta komunikaciis ganxorcielebis materialur pirobaTa<br />

erToblioba” (proxorovi 2004: 34-35). amgvarad warmodgenil<br />

komunikaciis struqturas avtori adarebs hologramas,<br />

radgan misi elementebis, romlebic Seurwymeli da<br />

ganuyofelia erTdroulad, urTierTqmedebis safuZveli<br />

isevea interferencia, rogorc hologramis safuZveli _<br />

talRaTa interferencia. sinamdvilis Secvlisas es cvlilebebi<br />

“edeba” teqstsac da diskurssac, aZlierebs ra erTis<br />

da asustebs ra meoris rols komunikaciaSi. implicituri<br />

(teqsturi) informaciis xarisxis an moculobis Secvla<br />

iwvevs diskursis cvlilebasac; diskursis miznis Secvlis<br />

saWiroeba aZlierebs an asustebs komunikaciis teqstobriv<br />

Semadgenels. informaciis kodirebisa da “obieqtTa amoc-<br />

1.<br />

“figura aris niSnis nawili, romelic arafers ar gamoxatavs mTeli niSnis<br />

mniSvnelobidan, magram gamoiyeneba sxva niSanTa sxva kombinaciiT Seqmnisa-<br />

Tvis... figurebi axasiaTebs nebismier sistemur niSnebs. isini niSnis faqturisgan<br />

aris warmoebuli, anu im masalisgan, romlisganac niSania Seqmnili...<br />

figuraTa arseboba sistemurobis konstruqciuli niSania” (roJdestvenski<br />

2003: 40-41).

78 waxnagi 1.2009<br />

nobisTvis” aseve aucilebelia komunikaciis am sami elementis<br />

urTierTkavSiri.<br />

Tu SevajamebT diskursis ganmartebaTa analizis Sedegebs,<br />

unda vTqvaT, rom gamoikveTa sami ZiriTadi midgoma:<br />

struqturuli, funqciuri da struqturul-funqciuri.<br />

es ukanaskneli gulisxmobs, rom diskursi enis gamoyenebis<br />

teqstualizebul (bmul) erTeulTa mTlianobaa, romelic<br />

funqciurad aris organizebuli, da ara “winadadebaze vrceli<br />

enobrivi struqturis” izolirebul erTeulTa martivi<br />

nakrebi, rogorc struqturuli (formaluri) orientaciis<br />

ganmartebebSia. rogorc Cans, aRniSnul midgomas<br />

ufro emyarebian Tanamedrove humanitarul mecnierebeb-<br />

Si, sadac diskursi sul ufro xSirad ganixileba rogorc<br />

konkretuli kulturisa da sociumisaTvis specifikuri<br />

realizacia. arsebiTad enobrivi monacemebisa da enaTmecnieruli<br />

meTodebis gamoyenebiT xdeba makrodoneze sociologiis<br />

sxvadasxva mimarTulebaSi sazogadoebriv fenomenTa<br />

kategorizacia enobriv komunikaciasTan mimarTebiT.<br />

mikrodoneze ki swored lingvistikuri midgomebiTaa<br />

SesaZlebeli sazogadoebis socialur-kulturuli dinamikis<br />

Seswavla. magaliTad, eTnofsiqolingvistikaSi,<br />

romlis mizania erovnuli enis, rogorc erovnuli enobrivmentaluri<br />

kompleqsis, funqcionirebis aRwera da axsna,<br />

diskursi gagebulia, rogorc verbalizebuli metyvelebiT-azrovnebiTi<br />

qmedeba, romelic procesisa da Sedegis<br />

erTianobis saxiT warmogvidgeba da romelsac ori plani<br />

aqvs: sakuTriv enobrivi da enobriv-kognitiuri. “diskursi,<br />

rogorc procesi, aris gasityvebuli (verbalizebuli)<br />

TviT sinamdvile, xolo, rogorc Sedegi _ teqstebis er-<br />

Toblioba. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, diskursis sakuTriv<br />

enobrivi plani dakavSirebulia enasTan, igi sakuTar Tavs<br />

gamoxatavs enobrivi saSualebebiT da vlindeba warmoqmnili<br />

teqstebis erTobliobiT (diskursi, rogorc Sedegi).<br />

lingvo-kognitiuri plani ukavSirdeba enobriv cnobierebas,<br />

ganapirobebs enobriv saSualebaTa SerCevas, gavlenas<br />

axdens teqstebis warmoqmnasa da aRqmaze. amgvarad, diskursi<br />

aris erTiani organizmi, romelSic erTdroulad<br />

xorcieldeba ara marto enis, aramed enobrivi azrovnebis<br />

yvelaze mravalgvari aspeqtebi” (krasnixi 2002: 10-11).<br />

Cven ki enis kulturologiuri kvlevisTvis mizanSewonilad<br />

migvaCnia diskursis ganmarteba, romlis mixedviTac<br />

igi garkveuli (<strong>qarTuli</strong>) lingvokulturuli erTobis<br />

warmomadgenelTa Soris komunikaciis Sinaarsis organizaciisa<br />

da gaformebis praqtikas warmoadgens, imis mxed-

narkvevi 79<br />

velobaSi miRebiT, rom TviT diskursis struqtura ori _<br />

lingvisturi da eqstralingvisturi _ komponentisagan<br />

aigeba. ukanasknels Seadgens sociokulturuli, pragmatuli,<br />

fsiqologiuri, kognitiuri da sxva faqtorebi. gareenobrivi<br />

faqtorebis gaTvaliswinebis aucileblobas<br />

gansazRvravs kulturis TviT arsic, romlis gamovlenis<br />

erT-erTi umaRlesi forma bunebrivi enaa.<br />

literatura<br />

bogdanovi 1993 _ Богданов В.В. Текст и текстовое общение. СПб., 1993.<br />

van deiki 1989 _ Ван Дейк Т. А. Язык, познание, коммуникация. М., 1989.<br />

koseriu 1963 _ Косериу Э. Синхрония, диахрония и история // Новое в<br />

лингвистике. Вып. 3. М., 1963.<br />

kras ni xi 2002 _ Красных В. В. Этнопсихолингвистика и лингвокультурология.<br />

М., 2002.<br />

lebaniZe 1998 _ lebaniZe g. anTropocentrizmi da komunikaciuri<br />

lingvistika, Tb., 1998.<br />

leq si ko ni 2001 _ Баранов А. М., Добровольский Д. О., Михайлов М. Н.,<br />

Парщин П. Б., Романова О. И. Англо-русский словарь по лингвистике и<br />

семиотике, М., 2001.<br />

makarovi 2003 _ Макаров М. Основы теории дискурса. М., 2003.<br />

neretina, ogurcovi 2005 _ Неретина С. С., Огурцов А. П. Концепт как<br />

возможность постижения смысла. Дискурс // Теоретическая культурология.<br />

М., 2005.<br />

omiaZe 1998 _ omiaZe T. paralingvistika da metyvelebis Tanmxleb<br />

saSualebaTa aRwera enaSi, sakand. disert., 1998.<br />

pro xo ro vi 2004 _ Прохоров Ю. Е. Действительность. Текст. Дискурс.<br />

М., 2004.<br />

roJdestvenski 2003 _ Рождественский Ю. В. Философия языка.<br />

Культуроведение и дидактика: Современные проблемы науки о языке. М.,<br />

2003.<br />

fuko 1996 _ Фуко М. Археология знания. Киев, 1996.<br />

Analysis of Discourse Definitions<br />

Salome Omiadze<br />

The notion of discourse is different in the modern humanities, which to a<br />

certain extent is due to the sphere of research where it is the object of study.<br />

The description of various viewpoints concerning discourse occurs in many<br />

studies. The analysis in the present article is based on the consideration of

80 waxnagi 1.2009<br />

the oppositions which the concept of “discourse” forms in relation to other<br />

concepts (e.g. “discourse – intuitional”, “discourse – idea”, “discourse – objective<br />

narration”, “discourse – expression”, “discourse – text”…).<br />

Latin discursus denotes “a running about, talk, conversation”, French<br />

discourse – “speech”. Taking for orientation one of the different meanings of<br />

the word proper, in my view, served as the basis for the polysemantic terminologization<br />

of the concept.<br />

Three main approaches have been identified as a result of the analysis<br />

of discourse definitions: structural, functional and structural-functional. The<br />

latter implies that discourse is a unity of textualized (coherent) units, which<br />

is organized functionally, and not a mere set of isolated units of “a language<br />

structure longer than a sentence”, as is in definitions of structural (formal)<br />

orientation.<br />

In modern humanities discourse is more often considered as the language<br />

realization specific for a particular culture and social group. Social phenomena<br />

in various directions of sociology with respect to language communication<br />

are categorized on the macro-level essentially by means of language<br />

data and linguistic methods. On the micro-level it is possible to study the<br />

social-cultural dynamics of the society exactly by linguistic approaches.

irma ratiani<br />

fsevdokarnavaluri narativi romanSi _<br />

kulturaTaSorisi dialogis forma<br />

yofis ritualizacia da karnavalizacia romanis Janris<br />

erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi, magram struqturulad rTuli<br />

aspeqtia. problemis sirTules Tavad ritulizebisa da<br />

karnavalizebis specifikuri xasiaTi ganapirobebs.<br />

pirveli mkvlevari, vinc Rrmad Seiswavla karnavaluri<br />

tradiciebis gadaaqcentirebis sakiTxi improvizebuli folkloruli<br />

samyarodan literaturuli teqstis doneze,<br />

iyo mixail baxtini. Tavis saprogramo naSromSi “fransua<br />

rable da Sua saukuneebisa da renesansis xalxuri kultura”<br />

(1965) man mTeli simwvaviT dasva menipeuri satirisa da karnavaluri<br />

kulturis makoordinirebeli funqciis sakiTxi<br />

msoflio literaturaTmcodneobis winaSe, SeZlo karnavalizaciis,<br />

rogorc kulturuli movlenis konceptualuri<br />

da struqturuli rolis gamokveTa fransua rables SemoqmedebaSi<br />

da, rac arsebiTia, problemis damajerebeli ganzogadeba.<br />

karnavaluri motivebis reinkarnacia Sua saukuneebisa<br />

da renesansi epoqis (da momdevno epoqebis) literaturaSi<br />

baxtinma mWidrod daukavSira realisturi tendenciebis<br />

damkvidrebas da oficiozis, saeklesio diqtatisa da feodaluri<br />

kulturis winaaRmdeg Tamami manifestaciebis gamwvavebas:<br />

groteskis, iumorisa da sicilis formiT gamovlenili<br />

karnavali, misi azriT, ara marto ewinaaRmdegeboda arasasurvel<br />

reJims, aramed, alternativis saxiT, upirispirebda<br />

mas simarTles. mkvlevaris samecniero iniciativam zedmiwevniT<br />

kargad gamoxata evropuli filosofiuri da literaturuli<br />

azris tendencia, gaerRvia gansazRvruli, gamyarebuli<br />

substanciis CarCoebi da daenerga alternatiuli tipis<br />

azrovneba, romelic Tavis TavSi moicavda globaluri<br />

transformirebis SesaZleblobebs.<br />

Teoria warmatebuli aRmoCnda ara mxolod Sua saukuneebisa<br />

da renesansuli romanis, aramed, zogadad, romanis-<br />

81

82 waxnagi 1.2009<br />

tikis doneze. xalxuri kulturis wiaRidan aRmocenebulma<br />

karnavalma da karnavalurma tradiciam teqstualizebuli<br />

forma miiRo da iqca im specifikur kosmogoniad,<br />

romelic ar cnobs substanciasa da mizezobriobas da arsebobs<br />

mxolod aqtiuri urTierTobebis saxiT. “karnavalma<br />

ar icis dayofa mayureblebad da Semsruleblebad, _<br />

miuTiTebs m. baxtini, _ ar cnobs rampebs, Tundac Canasaxovan<br />

formaSi... karnavals ar Seimecneben, masSi cxovroben da<br />

cxovroben yvelani, radgan karnavali Tavisi arsiT saer-<br />

To-saxalxo movlenaa. sanam mimdinareobs karnavali, miseuli<br />

cxovreba cxovrebis erTaderT formas warmoadgens.<br />

misgan gaqceva SeuZlebelia, vinaidan ar gaaCnia sivrculi<br />

sazRvrebi. karnavalis dros mxolod karnavalis kanonebiTaa<br />

cxovreba SesaZlebeli, karnavaluri Tavisuflebis<br />

kanonebiT. karnavali msoflio masStabis movlenaa, radgan<br />

mTeli samyaros gansakuTrebul mdgomareobas asaxavs,<br />

aRorZinebasa da ganaxlebas, rac yvelas xvedria... karnavalis<br />

amgvari idea mkafiod vlindeboda da aRiqmeboda<br />

romaul saturnaliebSi, romlebic saturniseuli oqros<br />

xanis miwaze realur da srul (magram droebiT) dabrunebad<br />

moiazrebodnen. saturnaliebis tradiciebi ar Sewyvetila<br />

da ganagrZobda arsebobas Sua saukuneebis karnaval-<br />

Si, romelic Sua saukuneebis sxva dResaswaulebze ukeT da<br />

srulyofilad asaxavda samyaros ganaxlebis ideas... karnavalSi<br />

Tavad cxovreba TamaSobs... sxva, Tavisufal (laR)<br />

formas cxovrebisa, Tavissave aRorZinebasa da ganaxlebas<br />

saukeTeso sawyisebze” (baxtini 1986: 297-298).<br />

karnavaluri narativi ganisazRvra iseTi mkveTrad Camoyalibebuli<br />

maxasiaTeblebiT, rogoricaa: parodireba;<br />

Tavisufali, familaruli urTierTobebis demonstrireba;<br />

msoflmxedvelobrivad, zneobrivad da eTikurad dapirispirebuli<br />

wyvilebis _ dabadeba/sikvdili, siyrme/sibere,<br />

maRla/dabla, saxe/zurgi, sibrZne/sicrue, qeba/lanZRva<br />

_ ambivalenturi gamTlianeba; aracnobieri instinqtebis<br />

_ seqsi, Wama-sma, _ aqcentireba; dabolos, ganaxlebisa da<br />

aRorZinebis magistraluri motivebis damkvidreba. aRniSnuli<br />

maxasiaTeblebis kompoziciuri funqcia teqstSi,<br />

gamoxatavda ra Tanamedroveobis politikur, socialur,<br />

eTikur da sulier problemaTa speqtrs, sxvadasxva formi-<br />

Ta da simwvaviT vlindeboda gansxvavebuli esTetikuri da<br />

literaturuli epoqebis wiaRSi.<br />

am TvalsazrisiT, vfiqrobT, gansakuTrebul yuradRebas<br />

iqcevs, erTi mxriv, klasikuri realizmis epoqis romani<br />

(me-19 saukunis 60-70-iani wlebi), romelic kritikulad

narkvevi 83<br />

gaiazrebda yofas da sruliad daufaravad iyenebda literaturas<br />

mwvave sazogadoebriv problemaTa gaxmianebis<br />

tribunad da, meore mxriv, realizmis wiaRidan amozrdili<br />

da maRali modernizmis Wrilsa da stilSi formirebuli<br />

me-20 saukunis 20-30-iani wlebis romani-esqatologiuri<br />

antiutopia. esqatologiuri antiutopia warmoadgenda<br />

erTgvar sinTezs klasikuri antiutopiisa (zamiatini, haqsli),<br />

romelic im droisaTvis ukve daZleul etaps warmoadgenda<br />

da subieqtivisturi romanisa (prusti, joisi),<br />

romelic jer kidev bolomde ar iyo formirebuli: esqatologiuri<br />

antiutopia Tanabrad iyo gaJRenTili antiutopiis<br />

meamboxe filosofiiTa da nonkonformisti gmiris<br />

Rrma individualurobiT.<br />

rogorc erTi, ise meore Janris romanebis konceptualuri<br />

da struqturuli modelebi adasturebs maT Riaobas<br />

karnavaluri narativis mimarT, radgan karnavalis teqstualizeba,<br />

baxtinis samarTliani mtkicebis Tanaxmad,<br />

gardauvalad ukavSirdeba realizmis, rogorc meTodis,<br />

aqcentirebas. Tumca arc erT da arc meore SemTxvevaSi karnavali<br />

ar vlindeba misi klasikuri gagebiT, aramed modificirebulia<br />

da, umeteswilad, gadafarulia fsevdokarnavaluri<br />

narativiTa da misTvis niSandoblivi teqstualuri<br />

formebiT, rogoricaa: fsevdoparodia, fsevdosibrZne,<br />

fsevdosiyvaruli, fsevdoojaxi, fsevdoRirebulebebi<br />

da sxva. vfiqrobT, sruliad cxadad ikveTeba problemaTa<br />

rigi, romelic Semdegi TanamimdevrobiT SeiZleba dalagdes:<br />

rogor xorcieldeba teqstSi karnavaluri narativis<br />

transformacia fsevdokarnavalur narativSi? riT<br />

aris gamowveuli karnavaluri narativis Canacvleba fsevdokarnavaluri<br />

narativiT? rogoria fsevdokarnavaluri<br />

narativis damokidebuleba konteqstTan? aris TuU ara misi<br />

konceptualuri da struqturul-kompoziciuri funqcia<br />

identuri zemoT aRniSnuli romanebis doneze? pasuxi am<br />

kiTxvebze uTuod SeiZens meTodologiur mniSvnelobas.<br />

mixail baxtinis Teoriis Tanaxmad, karnavaluri realobis<br />

centraluri maxasiaTeblebi _ ganaxleba da aRor-<br />

Zineba _ arasodes xorcieldeba konkretuli karnavaluri<br />

subieqtis doneze, igi xalxis, rogorc erTi mTliani, monoliTuri<br />

organizmis Tvisebaa da gardauvalad ukavSirdeba<br />

sikvdils. karnavaluri individis sikvdili, baxtinis<br />

azriT, xalxis cxovrebis mxolod patara fragmentia, wami,<br />

romelic am xalxisave ganaxlebisa da srulyofisaTvis aris<br />

saWiro. sikvdilisa da ganaxlebis Temebis amgvar gaazrebas<br />

baxtinologTa nawilma “individualuri sxeulis rekviemi”

84 waxnagi 1.2009<br />

uwoda (m. rilkini, n. glazeneri) da aRiqva, rogorc stalinuri<br />

reJimis koleqtiuri paTosis infiltracia baxtinis<br />

Teoriul naazrevSi. vfiqrobT, msgavsi varaudi mcdaria.<br />

baxtinis filosofiuri Tu literaturaTmcodneobiTi xasiaTis<br />

Sromebi individualurobisa da personalurobis<br />

paTosiTaa gaJRenTili, karnavalis SemTxvevaSi ki baxtini<br />

principulad icavs pozicias, romlis Tanaxmadac, karnavali<br />

gamorCeulad arapersonalur movlenad aRiqmeba.<br />

migvaCnia, rom karnavalis swored arapersonaluri paradigma,<br />

koleqtiuroba, rogorc Tviseba, iqceva teqstSi<br />

fsevdokarnavaluri motivis damkvidrebis safuZvlad, im<br />

ZiriTad motivaciur modelad, romelic inergeba teqstSi<br />

da romlis mimarTac sakuTar damokidebulebas ayalibebs<br />

mTavari personaJi: is an konformistul TanxmobaSia fsevdokarnavalur<br />

narativTan, anda aqtiurad upirispirdeba<br />

mas nonkonformistis poziciidan.<br />

fsevdokarnavaluri narativis dapirispireba karnavalur<br />

narativTan xorcieldeba konceptualuri opoziciis<br />

“uwyveti/droebiTi” WrilSi. swored “droebiToba” ganasxvavebs<br />

karnavals “dausrulebeli” da “uwyveti” fsevdokarnavalisgan.<br />

karnavaluri dResaswaulebi, romlebic<br />

zedmiwevniT kargad asaxavdnen kacobriobis realur da<br />

msoflmxedvelobriv faseulobebs, mudam jansaR damokidebulebaSi<br />

iyvnen drois fenomenTan. “safuZvlad maT yovelTvis<br />

edoT bunebrivi (kosmiuri), biologiuri da istoriuli<br />

drois garkveuli da konkretuli koncefcia, _<br />

wers mixail baxtini, _ ...dResaswauli aq meore cxovrebis<br />

formad iqceoda xalxisaTvis, romelic droebiT abijebda<br />

sayovelTaoobis, Tavisuflebis, Tanasworobisa da ke-<br />

TildReobis utopiur samefoSi” (baxtini 1986: 299-300).<br />

fsevdokarnavalurma atmosferom ukuagdo “droebiToba”,<br />

rogorc karnavalis ganmsazRvreli maxasiaTebeli da is<br />

“ganuwyveteli mudmivobis” ampluaSi gadawyvita. karnavalis<br />

“droebiToba” “droebiTi idiliis” relevanturi<br />

cnebaa, im “droebiTi uflebisa”, romlis meSveobiTac<br />

cxovrebis normirebuli CarCoebiT SezRuduli adamiani<br />

droebiT imecnebs sakuTar Tavs da ikmayofilebs Tavisuflebis<br />

maradiul wyurvils. fsevdokarnavalis “mudmivoba”<br />

ki, piriqiT, arc “meore cxovrebas” qmnis da arc arsebuli<br />

wesrigis xundebisagan aTavisuflebs adamians. is,<br />

rogorc gamyarebuli realobisa da gabatonebuli ideologiis<br />

Senelebuli modeli, ganamtkicebs Tavsmoxveuli<br />

simarTlis, anu realurad arsebuli modelis mudmivobas.<br />

fsevdokarnavaluri “dausruleblobis” konteqstSi

narkvevi 85<br />

aqtiurad realizdeba karnavaluri literaturisaTvis<br />

niSandoblivi “koleqtiurobis” paTosi, romelic teqstSi<br />

permanentuli fsevdosazeimo ganwyobilebis matareblad<br />

gvevlineba. fsevdosazeimo ganwyobilebas qmnis<br />

karnavalisaTvis tipuri iseTi fsevdoritualuri movlenebi,<br />

rogoricaa familaruli urTierTobebis provocireba<br />

gansxvavebul socialur fenaTa warmomadgenlebs<br />

Soris, Wama-smisa da seqsualuri instinqtebis uxvi demonstrireba<br />

da, rasakvirvelia, siuJetis datvirTva parodiuli<br />

motivebiT.<br />

yovelive zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, SeiZleba davaskvnaT,<br />

rom karnavaluri narativis Canacvleba fsevdokarnavaluri<br />

narativiT teqstSi motivirebulia brutaluri<br />

realobis aqcentirebiTa da masTan personaJis mimarTebis<br />

mkveTri fiqsirebiT. Tavis mxriv, personaJis damokidebuleba<br />

fsevdokarnavalur narativTan mudmivad aris mar-<br />

Tuli konteqstis mier, sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, gansazRvrulia<br />

im literaturuli principebiT, romlis wiaRSic<br />

inergeba fsevdokarnavaluri narativi. germaneli literaturaTmcodnis<br />

b. toiberis samarTliani SeniSvniT, axali<br />

drois mijnaze mdgari filologiis umTavres amocanas<br />

warmoadgens gonis ambivalenturobis Zieba yovel kulturul<br />

modelSi, anu miTis im tragikuli niRbis gaazreba,<br />

romlis meore mxaresac “karnavalis dionisuri xibli”<br />

warmoadgens. am konceptualuri ambivalenturobis konteqstSi<br />

ganixilaven p. vaili da a. genisi literaturis, rogorc<br />

kulturis umniSvnelovanesi formis, ganviTarebis<br />

zogad tendenciebsac. literatura, maTi azriT, ori nakadis<br />

mTlianobas warmoadgens, “ori literaturisa”, sadac<br />

“pirveli momdinareobda principidan: adamians ganapirobebs<br />

sazogadoeba _ da qmnida pirovnebis, rogorc `Homo<br />

socialis~-is koncefcias, meore ki _ ubralod `Homo~-si” (lanini<br />

1993: 108). Tu pirveli tipis literaturisaTvis “konfliqti<br />

konkretul-istoriuli garemoebiTaa ganpirobebuli<br />

da sazogadoebis analizi gardauvalad ukavSirdeba<br />

pirovnebis analizs”, meore tipis literaturaSi “adamiani<br />

warmodgeba arsebad, romelsac gamoarCevs genetikuri memkvidreobiT<br />

miRebuli individualuri Tvisebebi (SeiZleba<br />

_ RvTisagan momadlebulic. es avtoris Sexedulebazea<br />

damokidebuli). sazogadoeba, am SemTxvevaSi, brZolis velia,<br />

arena, sadac TiToeuli individis neba upirispirdeba<br />

stiqiurad (an organizebulad) SemuSavebul socialur<br />

etikets. bunebrivi arseba da xelovnuri struqtura. vin<br />

vis dajabnis?” (lanini 1993: 108).

86 waxnagi 1.2009<br />

analizis swored amgvari mimarTuleba iZleva fsevdokarnavaluri<br />

narativis konceptualuri da struqturul-kompoziciuri<br />

funqciebis Teoriuli gamijvnis<br />

saSualebas gansxvavebuli kulturuli da literaturuli<br />

konteqstebis doneze. Tu klasikuri realizmis epoqis<br />

romani (me-19 saukunis 60-70-iani wlebi) SeiZleba<br />

mivakuTvnoT literaturis pirvel tips, maRali modernizmi<br />

wiaRSi formirebuli esqatologiuri antiutopia<br />

meore tipis literaturis gamovlinebaa. maTi konceptualuri<br />

mimarTeba fsevdokarnavalur narativTan, rogorc<br />

brutaluri realobis modelTan, identurad uaryofiTia,<br />

problemis gadaWris struqturul-kompoziciuri gzebi ki<br />

_ Zireulad gansxvavebuli, rac, upirveles yovlisa, personaJTa<br />

sistemiTaa gamoxatuli: Sesabamisi istoriuli,<br />

socialuri da kulturuli konteqstidan gamomdinare,<br />

iqmneba socialuri imagologiis gansxvavebuli modelebi,<br />

romlebic konkretuli konteqstisaTvis niSandobliv gamyarebul<br />

socialur stereotipebad SeiZleba moviazroT<br />

da romelTa Tvisebrivi araerTgvarovnebac vlindeba opoziciis<br />

“konformisti/nonkonformisti” WrilSi.<br />

Tu klasikuri realizmis epoqis romanis mTavari personaJi,<br />

romelic aqtiuradaa CarTuli fsevdokarnavalur<br />

fsevdozeimSi, nebayoflobiTi konformistia, realuri<br />

garemoebis tipiuri tyvea da cdilobs masTan harmoniuli<br />

damokidebulebis SenarCunebas, esqatologiuri antiutopiis<br />

personaJi amboxebuli nonkonformistia, drosTan dapirispirebuli<br />

inteligenti, romelic sakuTari nebis winaaRmdeg<br />

aris Cakarguli fsevdokarnavalis labirinTSi<br />

da cdilobs Tavis daRwevas. Tu pirveli tipis romanebis<br />

personaJebi Zalian hgvanan bevr “sxvas”, Tavis Tanamedroves,<br />

da komfortulad arian ganTavsebulni sakuTar fsevdokarnavalur<br />

naWuWSi, meore tipis romanebis personaJebi,<br />

damcirebulni, uaryofilni, gansxvavdebian “sxvebisagan”<br />

rogorc garegani, aseve Sinagani maxasiaTeblebiT da saku-<br />

Tar TavSive eZieben fsevdokarnavalisagan xsnis gzas. TuU<br />

pirveli tipis romanebis mTavari personaJebi warmoadgenen<br />

realobisadmi kritikulad ganwyobili yovlisSemZle<br />

da gavleniani realisti avtorebis gakicxvis sagans, meore<br />

tipis romanebis mTavari personaJebi meamboxe avtorebis<br />

rCeulni arian da maqsimalurad grZnoben mis mxardaWeras.<br />

socialuri imagologiis sferoSi msgavsi literaturuli<br />

da epoqaluri stereotipebis arseboba dasturdeba interkulturul<br />

WrilSi warmoebuli SedarebiTi analizis<br />

meSveobiT.

narkvevi 87<br />

sailustraciod movixmobT oTx teqsts: ilia WavWava-<br />

Zis “kacia-adamiani?!”, ivan gonCarovis “oblomovi”, mixeil<br />

javaxiSvilis “jayos xiznebi” da vladimir nabokovis “mopatiJeba<br />

sikvdilze”. literaturul-esTetikuri konteqstis<br />

niSniT ikveTeba Semdegi wyvilebi: “kacia-adamiani?!” /<br />

“oblomovi”; “jayos xiznebi” / “mopatiJeba sikvdilze”. Tu<br />

pirveli wyvili ganekuTvneba klasikuri realizmis epoqas,<br />

meore wyvilis wakiTxva saSualebas iZleva, mivakuTvnoT<br />

isini esqatologiur antiutopiaTa rigs. miuxedavad imisa,<br />

rom teqstebi ganekuTvneba gansxvavebul kulturul<br />

modelebs, oTxive teqsti gaxsnilia fsevdokarnavaluri<br />

narativis mimarT, rac saSualebas gvaZlevs vivaraudoT,<br />

rom fsevdokarnavaluri teqsti gvevlineba literaturaTaSorisi<br />

da kulturaTaSorisi dialogis formad.<br />

identuri literaturul-esTetikuri konteqstis doneze<br />

dialogi harmoniulia, gansxvavebuli literaturulesTetikuri<br />

konteqstis doneze _ winaaRmdegobrivi, vinaidan<br />

wyvilebis struqturul-kompoziciuri mimarTeba<br />

fsevdokarnavalur teqstTan gansxvavebulia _ pirveli<br />

wyvili eqvemdebareba klasikuri realizmis epoqis romanis<br />

principebs, meore wyvili _ maRali modernizmisa: Tu<br />

luarsab TaTqariZe da ilia oblomovi ganpirobebulni<br />

arian sazogadoebis mier, anu, warmoadgenen daavadebuli<br />

sazogadoebis organul nawils, nebayoflobiT arian<br />

CarTulni dausrulebeli fsedokarnavalis fsevdozeim-<br />

Si da Rrmad swamT misi uwyvetobisa, Teimuraz xevisTavi<br />

da cincinati c. ganxvavdebian daavadebuli sazogadoebis<br />

danarCeni wevrebisagan, sakuTari nebis winaaRmdeg arian<br />

moqceulni fsevdokarnavalur fsevdozeimSi, grZnoben vi-<br />

Tarebis absurdulobas da stiqiurad upirispirdebian mas.<br />

Tu ilia WavWavaZe da ivan gonCarovi iZulebulni arian,<br />

gaamaTraxon sakuTari konformisti personaJebi da TavianTi<br />

moqalaqeobrivi poziciidan dausvan wertili maT<br />

fsevdokarnavalur cxovrebas, mixeil javaxiSvili da vladimer<br />

nabokovi Tavganwirulad ibrZvian nonkonformisti<br />

personaJebis individualuri nebis gadasarCenad, vinaidan<br />

swamT, rom xsnis gza swored individis gonze Zevs.<br />

realizmis epoqis fsevdokarnavaluri narativi dominanturad<br />

aris gamoxatuli Wama-smis aqtisa da idiliuri<br />

gancxromis aqcentirebis, agreTve, urTierTobaTa parodirebis<br />

formiT. Wama-smis aqti klasikuri realizmis epoqis<br />

teqstSi (luarsab TaTqariZisa da ilia oblomovis gadametebuli<br />

trfiali Wama-smisadmi) calsaxad icavs rableanur<br />

princips da arajansaRi sazogadoebrivi cnobierebis

88 waxnagi 1.2009<br />

zeobas gamoxatavs: kargavs normirebul formas da usasrulo<br />

Rreobis saxes iZens. is iseTive uwyvetia, rogorc Tavad<br />

fsevdokarnavali (“dRes ra vWamoT”, _ ityodnen diliT.<br />

“xval ra vWamoT”, _ ityodnen saRamozed”). gastronomiuli<br />

fsevdozeimis pirdapir Sedegs personaJTa garegnuli<br />

degradacia warmoadgens _ xorcisa da qonis zeoba, rac<br />

miuTiTebs, erTi mxriv, personaJis sulier Rirebulebeba-<br />

Ta devalvaciaze, xolo, meore mxriv, avtoris kritikulcinikur<br />

poziciaze personaJis mimarT. personaJebi Wamen,<br />

svamen, nebivroben: oblomovisaTvis yvelaze didi tragedia<br />

loginidan wamodgomaa, xolo luarsabis sayvareli nivTi<br />

misi saZinebeli taxtia. Wama-smis aqtica da idiliuri<br />

nebivrobac orive teqstSi parodirebulia, iseve rogorc<br />

nebismieri sxva gamovlineba yofisa.<br />

aRsaniSnavia, rom klasikuri realizmis epoqaSi parodireba,<br />

inarCunebs ra rableanur muxts, axdens ZiriTadi<br />

sulieri faseulobebis dakargvis tendenciis aqcentirebas.<br />

parodia, misi klasikuri gagebiT, aris baZva, romlis<br />

wiaRSic aRiniSneba baZvis sagnis damaxinjeba. “damaxinjeba”<br />

am SemTxvevaSi gulisxmobs misabaZi sagnis satirulironiul<br />

imitacias. parodiis Zirebi antikuri epoqis literaturaSia<br />

saZiebeli (aristofane, lukiane, apuleiusi),<br />

xolo literaturuli asaxvis specifikur xerxad misi<br />

transformireba _ aRorZinebis epoqaSi (rable, svifti,<br />

servantesi). literaturuli parodirebis ganmsazRvrel<br />

maxasiaTebels e.w. motivTa damdableba warmoadgens, rac<br />

motivTa struqturuli ambivalenturobiTa da groteskuli<br />

materializaciiTaa aRniSnuli. am koncefcias centraluri<br />

adgili uWiravs mixail baxtinis TeoriaSi karnavaluri<br />

literaturis Sesaxeb. baxtinis azriT, degradacia,<br />

anu damdableba groteskisaTvis tipuri da mniSvnelovani<br />

procesia, romelic ambivalentur xasiaTs atarebs da<br />

“absolutur da mkacr topografiul mniSvnelobas iZens”<br />

(baxtini 1986: 313): damdableba, erTi mxriv, gulisxmobs<br />

radikalur “daRmasvlas”, daSvebas cidan miwaze, meore<br />

mxriv ki _ aRmasvlasa da Tavidan dabadebas. “daRmasvla”<br />

da “aRmasvla”, baxtinis azriT, erTmaneTTan genetikurad<br />

dakavSirebuli cnebebia. “daRmasvla” da “aRmasvla” miwis<br />

relevantur kategoriebs warmoadgens. mxolod, pirveli<br />

moicavs miwas rogorc STanmTqmels (samare an saSo), meore<br />

rogorc mSobels (saSo). magram ramdenad aris SenarCunebuli<br />

parodiis es siRrmiseuli datvirTva klasikuri realizmis<br />

CvenTvis saintereso teqstebSi? “Sua saukuneebis parodia,<br />

_ wers baxtini, _ sruliadac ar hgavs axali drois

narkvevi 89<br />

formalur literaturul parodias. literaturuli parodia,<br />

msgavsad nebismieri sxva parodiisa, amdablebs, magram<br />

es damdableba wmindad uaryofiT xasiaTs atarebs da<br />

moklebulia amaRorZinebel ambivalenturobas. amitomac,<br />

parodias, iseve rogorc damdablebis Tvisebis mqone sxva<br />

Janrebs, axali drois pirobebSi, ar ZaluZs Tavisi winandeli<br />

udidesi mniSvnelobis SenarCuneba” (baxtini 1986: 314).<br />

vfiqrobT, baxtinis es mosazreba imdenadve samarTliania<br />

klasikuri realizmis teqstebis _ “kacia-adamiani?!” da<br />

“oblomovi” _ mimarT, ramdenadac usamarTloa maRali modernizmis<br />

epoqis teqstebis mimarT.<br />

Tu luarsabisa da iliuSa oblomovis sulieri (fsevdorwmena),<br />

ojaxuri (fsevdoojaxi, fsevdoqorwineba, fsevdoSvili),<br />

sazogadoebrivi (fsevdomemamuleoba, fsevdo-<br />

Tavadoba) da a.S. urTierTobebis parodireba personaJTa,<br />

da Sesabamisad sazogadoebrivi, mankierebis gamovlenisa<br />

da gamaTraxebis saukeTeso saSualebaa, Teimuraz xevisTavisa<br />

da cincincat c.-s personaluri modelebis parodirebas<br />

gacilebiT Rrmada aqvs fesvebi gadgmuli.<br />

maRali modernizmis konteqstSi formirebul esqatologiur<br />

antiutopiaSi parodiis stilisturi xerxis damkvidreba<br />

mWidrod daukavSirda parodiis JanrisaTvis niSandobliv<br />

motivTa damdablebas. antiutopiuri damdablebis<br />

ZiriTad samizned sakraluris parodireba iqca, ramac<br />

SesaZlebeli gaxada ZiriTadi antiutopiuri opoziciis _<br />

mowesrigebuli sazogadoeba/individualuri adamiani _<br />

Semdgomi transformireba Tvisebrivad axal opoziciaSi<br />

_ sakraluri/desakraluri. desakralizaciis motivi, cxadia,<br />

ucxo ar iyo mxatvruli literaturisaTvis (amas jer<br />

kidev babilonis godolis bibliuri siuJeti adasturebs),<br />

magram antiutopiurma Janrma, Cveni azriT, aRadgina da ganaviTara<br />

Sua saukuneebisa da aRorZinebis epoqis literaturaSi<br />

gamovlenili misi araerTgvarovani, ambivalenturi<br />

gaazreba. iZulebulni varT, gavemijnoT mixail baxtinis<br />

zemoT aRniSnul mosazrebas da miviCnioT, rom antiutopiur<br />

TxzulebebSi aqtiurad danergilma paradorebis<br />

stilisturma xerxma SeinarCuna Tavisi “amaRorZinebeli<br />

ambivalenturoba” da “axali drois pirobebSi” moaxdina<br />

ara mxolod ZiriTadi sulieri faseulobebis dakargvis<br />

tendenciis aqcentireba, aramed maTi reinkarnaciisaTvis<br />

saWiro niadagis mosinjva da momzadeba. me-20 saukunis dasawyisSi,<br />

anu religiuri cnobierebis sruli regeneraciis<br />

epoqaSi, opoziciam sakraluri/desakraluri ukiduresi<br />

simwvave SeiZina da Tavi iCina iseT damdablebul motiveb-

90 waxnagi 1.2009<br />

Si, rogoricaa: religiis profanacia, saeklesio Tematikis<br />

parodireba da demiurguli funqciis ironizireba. parodiuli<br />

sicili, am SemTxvevaSi, gvevlineba im umniSvnelovanes<br />

safexurad, faseul karibWed, romelic gulisxmobs<br />

“imanentur gadasvlas, perturbacias garkveuli monobis<br />

mdgomareobidan garkveuli Tavisuflebis mdgomareobaSi”<br />

(averincevi 2001: 470). TavisuflebaSi gadasvla aRniSnavs<br />

ara yofnas TavisuflebaSi, aramed gaTavisuflebis process,<br />

romlis dadebiTi Tu uaryofiTi Rirebuleba damokidebulia<br />

im movlenis dadebiT Tu uaryofiT Rirebulebaze,<br />

romlisganac Tavisufldeba adamiani. “Tavisufleba” antiutopiis<br />

gmirisaTvis gulisxmobs gaTavisuflebas, erTi<br />

mxriv, oficiozis, oficialuri reJimisa da kulturis<br />

Tavsmoxveuli niRbisgan, meore mxriv ki _ sakuTari adamianuri<br />

sisusteebis anu “me”-s Crdilovani mxareebisgan.<br />

CvenTvis saintereso teqstebSi _ “jayos xiznebi” da “mopatiJeba<br />

sikvdilze” _ narativis simZimis centri aris mTavari<br />

personaJebis ltolva fsevdokarnavaluri teqstidan<br />

gareT, faseuli alternativis, axali realobis, axali kosmosisaken.<br />

es procesi gulisxmobs ara oden TvalsaCino gansxvavebis<br />

aqcentirebas realur da warmosaxul samyaroebs<br />

Soris, aramed im logikuri da ontologiuri winaaRmdegobebis<br />

warmoCenas, romelic aucileblobasa da SesaZleblobas<br />

Soris arsebobs. alternatiuli samyaro mxolod ma-<br />

Sin iqceva SesaZleblobad, rodesac igi avtoris warmosaxvaSi<br />

yalibdeba da Tanamimdevrulad xorcieldeba rCeuli<br />

protagonistis transformaciuli suliskveTebis meSveobiT.<br />

transformaciis procesis arsebiT mxares warmoadgens<br />

Sualeduri, gardamavali, liminaluri faza, rogorc<br />

alternatiul samyaroebs Soris ganfenili tranzituli<br />

sivrce, arsebuli da warmosaxuli sistemebis wyalgamyofi,<br />

ambivalenturi ontologiuri landSafti, romelic<br />

unda daZlios personaJma. am TvalsazrisiT, warmosaxuli,<br />

anu gamonagoni samyaro aRiqmeba ara rogorc “ararsebuli<br />

obieqti”, aramed rogorc alternatiul ontologiur<br />

principebze dafuZnebuli “arsebiToba”, romelic tranzituli<br />

fazis miRma yalibdeba personaJis Tavisufal gonSi.<br />

tranzitulobis umTavres da ganmsazRvrel kategoriebs,<br />

cxadia, droisa da sivrcis specifikuri, sakraluri kategoriebi<br />

warmoadgens (dawvrilebiT ix. ratiani 2005).<br />

daskvnis saxiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom ori gansxvavebuli<br />

literaturul-esTetikuri epoqis teqstebis analizi fsevdokarnavalur<br />

narativTan maTi mimarTebis WrilSi adasturebs<br />

Semdegs:

narkvevi 91<br />

1. fsevdokarnavaluri narativi, rogorc “ganuwyveteli<br />

mudmivoba” yalibdeba karnavalur “droebiTobasTan” winaaRmdegobaSi;<br />

2. karnavaluri narativis Canacvleba fsevdokarnavaluri<br />

narativiT teqstSi motivirebulia brutaluri realobis<br />

aqcentirebiTa da masTan personaJis mimarTebis mkve-<br />

Tri fiqsirebiT;<br />

3. realizmis meTodologiuri modelis farglebSi<br />

formirebuli nebismieri literaturuli teqsti, miuxedavad<br />

misi literaturul-esTetikuri Tu kulturuli<br />

kuTvnilebisa, gaxsnilia fsevdokarnavaluri narativis<br />

mimarT, rac saSualebas gvaZlevs vivaraudoT, rom fsevdokarnavaluri<br />

teqsti gvevlineba literaturaTaSorisi<br />

da kulturaTaSorisi dialogis formad;<br />

4. identuri literaturul-esTetikuri konteqstis doneze<br />

dialogi harmoniulia, gansxvavebuli literaturulesTetikuri<br />

konteqstis doneze _ winaaRmdegobrivi, vinaidan<br />

gansxvavebulia struqturul-kompoziciuri mimar-<br />

Teba fsevdokarnavalur teqstTan;<br />

5. Tu klasikuri realizmis epoqis umTavres amocanas<br />

warmoadgens fsevdokanavaluri absurdis, rogorc arajansaRi<br />

sazogadoebrivi cnobierebis zeobis gamoaSkaraveba,<br />

parodireba da gamaTraxeba, maRali modernizmis epoqaSi<br />

formirebuli esqatologiuri antiutopia ar kmayofildeba<br />

problemis mxolod egzibicirebiT, aramed aaqtiurebs<br />

parodirebis “amaRorZinebel ambivalenturobas” da<br />

“axali drois pirobebSi” axdens ara mxolod ZiriTadi sulieri<br />

faseulobebis dakargvis tendenciis aqcentirebas,<br />

aramed maTi reinkarnaciisaTvis saWiro niadagis momzadebasa<br />

da realizebas.<br />

gansxvavebuli struqturul-kompoziciuri poziciis<br />

arseboba fsevdokarnavaluri narativis mimarT miuTiTebs<br />

kulturuli konteqstebis ara konceptualur disharmoniaze,<br />

aramed _ meTodologiur gansxvavebebze. metic, iqneb<br />

gamomdinareobazec ki visaubroT? iqneb imotom kvdeba<br />

luarsabi, rom moxdes kulturuli ganaxleba da iSvas Teimurazi?<br />

iqneb es kulturuli memkvidreobiTobaa?<br />

vfiqrobT, klasikuri epoqis realizmisa da maRali modernizmis<br />

epoqis teqstebis komparativistuli analizis<br />

esTetikuri perspeqtiva SeiZleba ganvixiloT rogorc<br />

erTmaneTTan daaxloeba. analogiebi kontaqtis gareSe<br />

uzrunvelyofen konkretuli literaturuli teqstebis<br />

sinTezirebas specialur kulturul-SemoqmedebiT modelSi.<br />

Sesabamisad, komparativistikis meTodi warmoad-

92 waxnagi 1.2009<br />

gens literaturaturul-analitikuri azris globalur<br />

mimarTulebas, romlis saboloo mizani Semoqmedebis literaturuli<br />

safuZvlebis gamovlena da nacionaluri literaturebis<br />

msoflio literaturul procesebSi intensiuri<br />

integraciis dadasturebaa.<br />

damowmebuli literatura:<br />

averincevi 2001: Аверинцев С. С. Бахтин, смех, христианская культура,<br />

М. М. Бахтин: Pro et contra: Антология, т. 1, СПб., 2001.<br />

baxtini 1986: Бахтин М. М. Литературно-критические статьи. М.: 1986.<br />

lanini 1993: Ланин Б. Русская литературная антиутопия, М. :1993.<br />

ratiani 2005: ratiani i. qronotopi antiutopiur romanSi,<br />

Tb.: 2005.<br />

Pseudo-Carnival Narrative in a Novel –<br />

Form of an Intercultural Dialogue<br />

Irma Ratiani<br />

In 20th century, M. Bakhtin was the first scholar to raise the question of<br />

the coordinating function of carnival culture in a literary text. The aim of<br />

our research is to display that Bakhtin’s theory turned out to be a success not<br />

only on the level of medieval and Renaissance novel, but of novel in general,<br />

though it went through a number of structural and stylistic modifications.<br />

The characteristic traits of textual model of carnival were revealed with various<br />

conceptual and compositional functions in different aesthetic and literary<br />

epochs. From this viewpoint, it is worth to notice the 19th century realistic<br />

novel, filled with social pathos and the 20th century modernistic novel, entailing<br />

subjective visions. The conceptual and structural models of the above<br />

mentioned types of novel serve as a proof to their openness towards the<br />

carnival narrative, although in neither cases is carnival revealed in its classic<br />

sense, but is modified and is mostly overlapped by the pseudo-carnival narrative,<br />

textual forms of which are peculiar for it.<br />

The replacement of the carnival narrative with the pseudo-carnival one is<br />

motivated by the fixation of personage’s relationship towards it. This process,<br />

from the stylistic viewpoint, causes the formation of different models<br />

of social stereotypes for one particular context.The usage of comparative<br />

analysis, which is the research method of our paper, enables us the search for<br />

analogies and oppositions.

zrunvis arakis recefcia<br />

literaturasa da filosofiaSi<br />

nino fircxalava<br />

venaSi 1925 wels warmoTqmul sityvaSi Tomas mani Seecada<br />

pasuxi moeZebna misTvis ase aqtualur kiTxvaze, Tu ra<br />

iyo mizezi imisa, rom igi “Crdilogermaneli, protestanti”,<br />

romelsac “es Tvisebebi aranairad arc literaturul<br />

JReradobaSi, arc ufro siRrmiseul adamianur-zneobriv<br />

doneze ar uaruyvia”, Tavs “samxreTgermanul-kaTolikur<br />

venaSi gansakuTrebiT Sinaurulad grZnobs” 1 . germanuli<br />

qalaqebis “glexur-didsofluri” sijansaRis fonze mas es<br />

“mondenuri” bevrad “ufro Zveli da azizi” (ältere und mürbere)<br />

kulturis qalaqi sikvdilis Sesaxeb codnis matareblad<br />

warmoesaxeba 2 . swored aqaa venisadmi Tomas manis siRrmiseuli<br />

simpaTiis gamocanis gasaRebi: sikvdilis saidumlos<br />

matarebeli vena misTvis “zrunvis Svilia” (Sorgenkind des<br />

Lebens) 3 iseve, rogorc “jadosnuri mTis” axalgazrda gmiri<br />

hans kastorpi. saqme isaa, rom gamoTqma “cxovrebis zrunvis<br />

Svili” Tomas manma pirvelad swored “jadosnuri mTis” am<br />

axalgazrda personaJis mimarT gamoiyena. amavdroulad<br />

“zrunvis Svili” aris is magiuri sityva, romelic Semakav-<br />

Sirebel xidadaa gadebuli sxvadasxva epoqebs Soris.<br />

odesRac, mravali aTaswleulis win, arcTu maincdamainc<br />

cnobili, bejiTi da gamrje laTini mwerlisa da swavlulis,<br />

higinusis, mier moTxrobilma zrunvis arakma saukune-<br />

Ta manZilze friad uCveulo gza ganvlo. misi recefciis istoria<br />

germaniaSi herderis SemoqmedebiT iwyeba. herderis<br />

leqsi “zrunvis Svili” (“Das Kind der Sorge”) am arakis poetur<br />

samoselSi gamowyobis mcdelobaa. aq moTxrobilia ambavi<br />

imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor gamoZerwa RvTaeba “zrunvam” miwis-<br />

1.<br />

Mann Th., Aufsätze, Reden, Essays. Berlin und Weimar, 1986, Bd.3; S. 650.<br />

2.<br />

Ebda, S.651.<br />

3.<br />

ebda.<br />

93

94 waxnagi 1.2009<br />

gan arseba, romelsac, misive TxovniT, iupiterma suli STabera.<br />

magram zrunvasa da iupiters kamaTi mouvidaT, radgan<br />

TiToeuli maTgani qmnilebisaTvis sakuTari saxelis darqmevas<br />

iTxovda. amasobaSi maT SeurTda niadagic, romelmac<br />

aseve ganacxada Tavisi uflebebis Sesaxeb, man xom qmnilebas<br />

sakuTari sxeulis nawili misca. mxolod saturnis Carevam<br />

daacxro mokamaTeTa vnebani. misi gadawyvetilebiT, iupiters,<br />

rogorc sulis STamberavs, qmnilebis sikvdilis Semdeg<br />

am ukanasknelis suli ergo, miwas sxeuli, xolo mTeli<br />

sicocxlis manZilze misi flobis ufleba ki mis Semqmnels,<br />

“zrunvas”, xvda wilad. saxelad ki qmnilebas “homo” ewoda,<br />

radganac humusis (miwisgan) iyo gamoZerwili.<br />

aseTia daaxloebiT Sinaarsi im arakisa, romelic herderma<br />

mSvenier poetur nawarmoebad aqcia. miseuli zrunva<br />

“Cafiqrebuli RvTaebaa” 4 , romelic misi qmnilebis, adamianis,<br />

mflobelia imdenad, ramdenadac misi dedaa. maTi kav-<br />

Siri dedaSviluri urTierTsiaxlovis tolfasia, romlis<br />

gawyvetac mxolod sikvdils SeuZlia: “Dir, seiner Mutter, o Sorge,<br />

/ Wird es im Leben geschenkt . / Du wirst, so lang es nur athmt / Es nie<br />

verlassen, dein Kind” 5 (am striqonebis bwkaredi ki ase JRers: Sen,<br />

dedamiso, o, zrunvav, igi sicocxleSi geZleva saCuqrad da,<br />

sanam mas suli udgas, Sen ar miatoveb Sens Svils). herderis<br />

am leqsma STaagona goeTe, zrunvis araki (Cura-Fabel) Tavisi<br />

“faustis” meore nawilisaTvis gadaemuSavebina. zrunvis<br />

mxatvruli saxe goeTesTan sruliad gasakuTrebul ganumeorebel<br />

mniSvnelobas iZens rogorc nawarmoebis dramatuli<br />

ganviTarebis, ise, sazogadod, tragediis mTeli<br />

koncefciisaTvis. piesis meore nawilis V aqtSi faustis sasaxlesTan<br />

Cndeba “oTxi WaRara dedakaci”. esenia zrunva da<br />

misi sami da – nakleboba, vali da siduxWire. am oTxTagan<br />

mxolod zrunva axerxebs sasaxleSi SeRwevas da sikvdilis<br />

karTan myof Rrmad moxucebul fausts, romelsac misi Zalauflebis<br />

aRiareba ar surs, Tvalis sinaTles waarTmevs 6 ,<br />

raTa es rCeuli “brma mokvdavT” gauTanabros.<br />

marTalia, zrunvis arakis gadamuSavebis idea goeTes herderiseulma<br />

leqsma STaagona, magram ufro yuradRebiT dakvirvebisas<br />

naTeli gaxdeba, rom goeTeseuli varianti ara<br />

marto Tavisebur gadamuSavebas da interpretacias, aramed<br />

am arakis erTgvar azrobriv gagrZelebasac ki ganasaxierebs.<br />

herderTan zrunva Tavisi pirmSos dabadebis momentSia<br />

4.<br />

Herder J.G., Gedichte, Herders Werke, Leipzig-Wien, o.J., S.42.<br />

5.<br />

ebda, S.43.<br />

6.<br />

Goethe J.W., Faust. Berlin und Weimar, 1983, S. 407.

narkvevi 95<br />

warmodgenili, roca mas saturnma dedobis anu ganuyofeli<br />

flobis ufleba mianiWa misi qmnilebis mTeli miwieri sicocxlis<br />

vadiT. goeTesTan ki zrunva “Cafiqrebuli RvTaeba”,<br />

mzrunveli deda ki ara, aramed sicocxlis dasasruls<br />

miaxloebuli gaurCebuli arsebisaTvis sikvdilis win Tavisi<br />

SeuzRudavi uflebebisa da Zlevamosilebis Sesaxseneblad<br />

misuli gaafTrebuli dedaberia. amitomac, fausti<br />

ubralod zrunvis Svili (das Kind der Sorge) ki ara, aramed<br />

zrunvisTvis sazrunavis gamCeni Svilia, rac ase zustad<br />

SeniSna Tomas manma, roca man goeTeseul gmirs “RvTaebis<br />

zrunvis Svili” (Sorgenkind der Gottheit) 7 uwoda. patara eSmakuri<br />

xriki, virtuozuli enobrivi ileTi da saxezea meTvramete<br />

saukunis ori germaneli mwerlis – herderisa da goeTes<br />

– Zireuli paTosis siRrmiseuli wvdomis saocari nimuSi.<br />

amrigad fausti ubralod “zrunvis Svili” ki ara, aramed<br />

RvTaeba “zrunvisTvis” sazrunavis gamCeni Svilia.<br />

higinusis arakis herderisa da goeTeseuli literaturuli<br />

interpretaciebi gaxda 1923 wels cnobili germanistis,<br />

konrad burdaxis, statiis _ “fausti da zrunva”@_<br />

kvlevis sagani, rac udaod mniSvnelovani Teoriuli sayrdeni<br />

aRmoCnda haidegeriseuli munyofierebis, rogorc<br />

eqsistencialur-ontologiuri interpretaciisaTvis,<br />

romelic 1927 wels gamoqveynebul mis umTavres naSromSi<br />

_ “yofna da dro” _ erT-erT centralur problemad gvevlineba.<br />

burdaxis statiisa (1923) da haidegeris <strong>wignis</strong> (1927)<br />

gamocemis wlebis sagangebod xazgasma imdenadaa aucilebeli,<br />

raTa gamoikveTos am drois SualedSi kidev erTi<br />

mniSvnelovani TariRi, kerZod ki, _ 1924 weli, rodesac<br />

gamoqveynda Tomas manis “jadosnuri mTa”. swored am germanulenovani<br />

Sedevris mTavari gmiri, erTi hamburgeli<br />

ymawvili, hans kastorpi, ubralod “zrunvis Svili” ki ara,<br />

aramed, pirvel yovlisa, cxovrebisaTvis sazrunavis gamCeni<br />

Svilia (Sorgenkind des Lebens). Tomas manTan enobrivi<br />

formebis gasaocari ostatobiT gaTamaSebis gziT viRebT<br />

Sedegad imas, rom herderiseul nominaciaze (Das Kind der<br />

Sorge) dayrdnobiT, am saxeldebis erTi SexedviT irelevanturi,<br />

wvrilmani saxecvlilebis wyalobiT, raRac uxilavi<br />

magiuri xerxiT, hans kastorpis, ubralo ymawvili kacis<br />

mxatvruli saxe faustis kosmosur figurasTan gaTanasworebuli<br />

aRmoCndeba, ris safuZvelzec rogorc fausti, ise<br />

7.<br />

Mann Th., Adel des Geistes, Gesammelte Werke; Berlin, 1956, Bd.10, S.595.

96 waxnagi 1.2009<br />

hans kastorpi “sazrunavis gamCen Svilebad” (Sorgenkinder)<br />

gvevlinebian. msgavsi siRrmiseul-substanciuri cvlileba<br />

ki mxolod zrunvis fenomenis farul SreebSi wvdomisa da<br />

arsobrivi gaazrebis wyalobiT miiRweva. zrunvis rogorc<br />

munyofierebis yofnis warmoCena ki erTgvari ontologiuri<br />

safuZvlis Seqmnas niSnavs im yofierisTvis, romelsac<br />

adamiani ewodeba 8 .<br />

zrunvis araki, romelic mogvianebiT amdeni mwerlis literaturuli<br />

qmnilebis STagonebis wyarod iqca, rogorc<br />

ontologiamdeli mowmoba haidegerisTvis gansakuTrebul<br />

mniSvnelobas imitom iZens, rom masSi “zrunva”ä mxolod<br />

im fenomenad ki ar ganixileba, romelic adamianur munyofierebas<br />

“sicocxlis vadiT” (zeitlebens) gankargavs, aramed<br />

“zrunvis” es upiratesoba aq wina planze wamoweulia adamianuri<br />

arsebis cnobil gagebasTan kavSirSi, romlis Tanaxmadac,<br />

adamiani “sxeulis (miwa) da sulis kompozitums” 9<br />

warmoadgens. adamianis rogorc yofieris yofnis pirvelsawyisi<br />

(Ursprung) swored zrunvaSia, xolo es zrunva<br />

flobs da marTavs yofiers manam sanam is “sayaroSia”. saqme<br />

isaa, rom haidegeriseuli gagebiT “samyaro-Si-yofnas”<br />

mudam “zrunvis” beWedi azis 10 . adamianad (homo) wodebuli<br />

qmnilebis pirveladi yofna ki, saturnis gadawyvetilebis<br />

Tanaxmad, “droSia” saZiebeli.@ amrigad, arakSi gamokveTil<br />

adamianis arsis ontologiamdel gansazRvrulobas imTaviTve<br />

yofierebis imgvar formaze aqvs mzera dafiqsirebuli,<br />

romelic samyaroSi adamianis droiT yofaqcevas (zeitlicher<br />

Wandel) gamsWvalavs 11 , vinaidan, rogorc iTqva, yofieris<br />

pirvelsawyisi yofna mxolod droSi avlens Tavs.<br />

goeTes faustis “RvTaebisaTvis sazrunavis gamCen Svilad”<br />

(Sorgenkind der Gottheit) Tomas maniseul interpretacia-<br />

Si aSkarad konrad burdaxis statiis _ “fausti da zrunva”<br />

_ suliskveTebis gavlenis kvali ikiTxeba, miuxedavad imisa,<br />

rom mwerali praqtikulad arsad ar moixseniebs im Teoriuli<br />

wyaros avtors, romelmac savaraudod masze mniSvnelovani<br />

zegavlena iqonia da miseul koncefcias erTgvari<br />

biZgic ki misca. Tomas manisagan gansxvavebiT, martin haidegeri<br />

Tavis umTavres naSromSi “yofna da dro” araerTgzis<br />

imowmebs burdaxiseul naSroms 12 . haidegerisaTvis “zrun-<br />

8.<br />

Heidegger M., Sein und Zeit. Tübingen, 1986; S.196.<br />

9.<br />

ebda, S.198.<br />

10.<br />

ebda.<br />

11.<br />

ebda, S.199.<br />

12.<br />

vgl. ebda, S.197, 199.

narkvevi 97<br />

vis” yvelaze did damsaxurebas, upirveles “miRwevas” (Leistung)<br />

warmoadgens adamianis srulyofa laTinuri perfectio-s<br />

gagebiT anu “misi qmnadoba imad, rac is misi usakuTrivesi SesaZleblobisaTvis<br />

(moxazvisaTvis _ Entwurf) Tavisuflad<br />

yofnaSi SeiZleba iyos”. adamiani, yofieri ki sazrunavian<br />

samyaroSia (besorgte Welt) Cagdebuli (Geworfenheit) 13 . swored<br />

haidegeris amgvari mosazrebebisaTvis warmoadgens burdaxis<br />

xsenebuli statia myar dasayrdens da es, pirvel rig-<br />

Si, vlindeba zrunvis (cura) cnebis “orgvari mniSvnelobis”<br />

(Doppelsinn) gansakuTrebiT gamokveTasa da masze aqcentis<br />

gamaxvilebisas, ris safuZvelzec es cneba ara mxolod “SiSnarev<br />

mowadinebas” (ängstliche Bemühung), aramed “rudunebas”<br />

(Sorgfalt) da “Tavgadadebasac” (Hingabe) niSnavs 14 . haidegeri<br />

axsenebs burdaxis mxolod or cnebas, “ruduneba” da “Tavgadadeba”,<br />

romlebic zrunvis fenomens adamianis arsSi sike-<br />

Tis wyarod gansazRvraven. magram aq aklia burdaxiseuli<br />

mesame umniSvnelovanesi cneba, romelic uTod gadamwyveti<br />

Seiqna haidegeris <strong>wignis</strong> _ “yofna da dro” _ filosofiuri<br />

koncefciisaTvis da haidegeriseul cnebaTa samyaroSi<br />

myari adgili daimkvidra. saubaria “mzrunvelobis” (Fürsorge)<br />

cnebaze rogorc miwieri adamianis zeamtyorcnel, xel-<br />

Semwyob da damawinaurebel, adamianis sikeTis srulmqmnel<br />

Zalaze perfectio-s gagebiT.<br />

burdaxisTvis zrunva “faustSi” ubralod “mizanswrafuli<br />

mowadineba” ki ara, aramed ufro metia: “raRac ufro<br />

keTilSobili, ufro amaRlebuli. is mzrunvelobaa” 15 . XX<br />

saukunis pirveli naxevris erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi<br />

germanistis swored am mosazrebebSia martin haidegeris<br />

im debulebasTan damakavSirebeli Zafebi saZiebeli, rom<br />

“zrunvis” (cura) “ormagi mniSvneloba” gulisxmobs “Cagdebuli<br />

ganaxazis (des geworfenen Entwurfs) safuZvelmdebare<br />

konstitucias mis arsebiTad ormag struqturaSi” 16 .<br />

“zrunvis” ganmsazRvrel burdaxisa da haidegeriseul<br />

cnebaTa kombinirebis mcdelobas mivyavarT im daskvnamde,<br />

rom zrunvis azri da daniSnuleba mdgomareobs xelSewyobaSi<br />

sulis srulyofilebis misaRwevad. zrunvis amgvari<br />

daxasiaTebis gziT jer mxolod fenomenaluri horizontia<br />

moxazuli misi egzistencialuri struqturis analizisT-<br />

13.<br />

ebda. S.199.<br />

14.<br />

ebda.<br />

15.<br />

Burdach K., Faust und die Sorge, Deutsche Vierteljahrsschrift für Literaturwissenschaft und<br />

Geistesgeschichte. Halle (Saale) 1 Jahrg., 1923 I.Bd. S. 50.<br />

16.<br />

Heidegger M., Sein und Zeit, a.a.O., S. 199.

98 waxnagi 1.2009<br />

vis. oRond yofieris anu adamianis Sesatyvisi ontologiuri<br />

safuZvlebis dasamkvidreblad munyofierebis rogorc<br />

zrunvis mxolod egzistencialur- ontologiuri interpretacia<br />

arasgziT araa sakmarisi. zrunvis fenomeni damatebiT<br />

saWiroebs kidev erT savaldebulo cnebas; cxadia, aq<br />

saqme exeba sindisis cnebas (Gewissen), radganac haidegerTan<br />

sindisi “zrunvis Zaxiladaa” (Ruf der Sorge) daxasiaTebuli 17 .<br />

haidegeriseuli gagebiT zrunvisa da sindisis absoluturi<br />

urTierTdakavSirebulobis amgvar fenomenalur mocemulobas<br />

Tavis mxriv kvlav goeTes ideebisa da mxatvruli<br />

saxeebis samyarosaken mivyavarT. burdaxis statia am<br />

SemTxvevaSic erTgvar Suamavlad da biZgis mimcemad gvevlineba.<br />

burdaxi ganixilavs “faustis” bolo moqmedebaSi<br />

warmodgenili oTxi dedabris mxatvrul saxeTa simbolur<br />

mniSvnelobas. “naklebobisa” da “siduxWiris” _ cxovrebis<br />

am boroti Zalebis arsis garkveva mas problematurad ar<br />

miaCnia. isini faustis winaSe ukan ixeven, radgan masze, bunebrivia,<br />

maTi Zalaufleba ar vrceldeba. burdaxisTvis<br />

saeWvo rCeba “valis” (Schuld) funqcia. igi miuTiTebs “valis”<br />

fenomenis interpretaciis gaorebul SesaZleblobaze.<br />

es, erTi mxriv, warmoadgens zneobriv vals, meore mxriv<br />

ki, materialur vals, ufro zustad ki “valebs” (Schulden) 18 .<br />

cota mogvianebiT burdaxi svams sakiTxs goeTesTan sindisisa<br />

da zrunvis naTesaobis gacnobierebulobis Sesaxeb. mas<br />

mohyavs goeTes sityvebi imis Sesaxeb, rom sindisi “zrunvis<br />

Zalze axlo naTesavia”. “zrunva” goeTesTvis ara mxolod<br />

sindisTan, aramed sinanulTanacaa (Reue) danaTesavebuli.<br />

amasTan dakavSirebiT burdaxis xsenebul statiaSi kidev<br />

erTi uaRresad mniSvnelovani citatis povna SeiZleba: “namoqmedari<br />

(Tat) sinanulTan, qmedeba (Handeln) ki erTTavad<br />

zrunvasTanaa dakavSirebuli” 19 .<br />

vali, sindisi, sinanuli, zrunva _ zneobriv Rirebuleba-<br />

Ta sistemis, zneobis metafizikis es fenomenebi goeTes poetur<br />

miTologiaSi demonur ZalTa samoselSi gamowyobil<br />

Ramis moCvenebaTa, “Ramis sevdian frinvelTa” saxiT Cndebian<br />

da aRviveben meoce saukunis erT-erTi yvelaze didi filosofosis,<br />

martin haidegeris, SemoqmedebiT warmosaxvas.<br />

filosofiis istoriis tradiciis TvalsazrisiT, am<br />

ori saxelis – goeTesa da haidegeris – erTmaneTTan dakavSireba<br />

sakmaod uCveulo da SeiZleba saeWvodac ki gamoi-<br />

17.<br />

ebda, S. 274.<br />

18.<br />

Burdach K., Faust und die Sorge, a.a.O., S. 26.<br />

19.<br />

vgl. ebda, S. 28.

narkvevi 99<br />

yurebodes, vinaidan haidegeri, romelic ase siRrmiseulad<br />

fiqrobda moazrovnisa da poetis rogorc enis, am “yofierebis<br />

saxlis”, mcvelis arsze, holderlinSi da ara goeTe-<br />

Si xedavda Tavis did winamorbedsa da misTvis misabaZ nimuSs.<br />

swored holderlini da ara goeTe miaCnda mas wminda<br />

idumalebiT mosili poetobisa da moazrovneobis umaRles<br />

gamovlinebad. misTvis holderliniseuli “usamSobloba”<br />

(Heimatlosigkeit) “yofierebis miviwyebulobis” (Seinsvergessenheit)<br />

gagebiT bevrad ufro “dasabamiseuli” (anfänglicher)<br />

da amdenad bevrad ufro “momavliseulicaa” (zukünftiger) 20 ,<br />

vidre goeTes msoflio moqalaqeobis, veltbiurgerobis<br />

paTosi, rac humanizmis swored miseul idealTanaa uSualod<br />

dakavSirebuli. “humanizmi” ki, sxva “izmebTan” erTad,<br />

haidegerisaTvis im avbediT cnebaTa sferos ganekuTvneba,<br />

romlebic dasabamobriv-pirvelsawyisiseuli (anfänglichursprünglich)<br />

azrovnebis aRsasruls moaswaveben 21 .<br />

es orive saxeli _ goeTe da holderlini _ haidegerisaTvis<br />

Seurigebel opozicias warmoadgens da am or<br />

samyaros Soris gadaulaxavi ufskrulia gadaWimuli. Sesabamisad,<br />

aseve usazRvroa gansxvaveba am ori urTierTsapirispiro<br />

sulieri samyaros “aRzrdils”, Tomas mansa<br />

da martin haidegers, Sorisac. holderlinis sulieri<br />

Camomavalis, haidegerisaTvis, goeTes ideaTa samyaros<br />

mimarT dapirispirebuloba sruliad gacnobierebuli da<br />

intencionaluria; TumcaRa, amis miuxedavad, aqa-iq mainc<br />

vawydebiT goeTeseuli poeturi metaforikis gavlenis<br />

kvals haidegeris metafizikur metaforikaze. amgvarad<br />

aRmoCndeba haidegeris SemoqmedebaSi goeTeseuli poetur<br />

saxeTa samyaro da mxatvruli sityva filosofiur<br />

cnebebad gardaqmnili. zrunvisa da sindisis goeTes mier<br />

odesRac Secnobili da aRiarebuli naTesaoba iqca haidegerisTvis<br />

gadamwyvet debulebad, radgan “sindisi zrunvis<br />

Zaxilad” moiazreba.<br />

burdaxis mier materialur da zneobriv vals Soris gamokveTili<br />

diferencireba haidegeris naSromSi, “yofna da<br />

dro”, “braleulobis” (Schuldigsein) dasabamobriv-egzistencialuri<br />

azris kriteriumis Ziebisas erTi mxriv, “vulgaruli<br />

braleulobis fenomenis”, xolo meore mxriv ki, “egzistencialuris”<br />

saxels iZens 22 . igive SeiZleba iTqvas sindisis<br />

“vulgaruli” da “egzistencialuri” interpretaciis<br />

20.<br />

Heidegger M., Wegmarken; Fr./M., 1967; S. 170.<br />

21.<br />

ebda, S. 147.<br />

22.<br />

Heidegger M., Sein und Zeit, a.a.O., S. 283.

100 waxnagi 1.2009<br />

urTierTgamijvnis SemTxvevaSic 23 . vinaidan “munyofiereba<br />

Tavisi yofnis safuZvelSi braleulia”, amitomac “yofiers,<br />

romlis yofna zrunvaa, mxolod faqtobrivi braleuloba<br />

ki ar SeuZlia itvirTos, aramed is Tavisi yofnis safuZvel-<br />

Sive braleulia” 24 , xolo sindisi SesaZlebelia, Tuki gagonili<br />

iqneba braleulad yofnis Zaxili. es Zaxili ki<br />

“zrunvis Zaxilia. braleulad yofna axdens im yofnis konstituirebas,<br />

rasac Cven zrunvas vuwodebT” 25 . zrunvasTan ki<br />

adamianis srulqmnis, perfeqciis ideaa uSualod dakavSirebuli.<br />

higinusiseuli zrunvis araki (Cura-Fabel) rogorc<br />

ontologiamdeli mowmoba haidegerisTvis swored imitom<br />

iZens gansakuTrebul datvirTvas, radgan is “zrunvas” ara<br />

mxolod adamianuri munyofierebis “sicocxlis vadiT” mflobelobis<br />

kuTxiT ganixilavs, aramed radgan aq “zrunvis”<br />

upiratesoba aqcentirebulia adamianuri arsebis cnobil<br />

gagebasTan ganuyofel kavSirSi, romlis Tanaxmadac,<br />

adamiani sxeulis (miwa) da sulis naerTs warmoadgens. antikuri<br />

metafizikidan da moralis filosofiidan gadmoyolil<br />

da ZvelaRTqmiseul Teistur anTropogoniasTan<br />

Sejvarebul ideebze dafuZnebuli haidegeriseuli msjelobis<br />

wesi aSkara siaxloves avlens burdaxis zemoxsenebuli<br />

statiis debulebebsa da xedvasTan. burdaxis Tanaxmad<br />

swored “adamianis bedisweris am antikuri, naxevrad<br />

warmarTuli, naxevrad qristianuli gaazrebis” erTgvari<br />

“sapirwone da amavdroulad ganmamtkicebeli” dokumentis<br />

“SemoTavazeba surda goeTes Tavis faustSi” 26 .<br />

zrunva goeTesTanac mokvdavi adamianis srulqmnis gansaxierebad<br />

gvevlineba, radgan Tavis absolutur srulyofilebas<br />

fausti zrunvasTan Widilis gziT aRwevs, romelic<br />

mas abrmavebs. saqme isaa, rom faustis srulqmnadobis<br />

gza mxolod wyvdiadTan brZolasa da WeSmariti Sinagani<br />

Suqis mopovebaSi mdgomareobs. marTalia, gaafTrebulma<br />

zrunvam mas Tvalis sinaTle waarTva da ukun RameSi moaqcia,<br />

samagierod, faustma igrZno moZalebuli Sinagani Suqis<br />

elvareba da kaSkaSi: “Die Nacht scheint tiefer tief hereinzudringen,<br />

/ Allein im Innern leuchtet helles Licht” 27 (Rame sul ufro Rrmad da<br />

Rrmad SemoiWreba, mxolod SigniT anaTebs kaSkaSa Suqi).<br />

swored “WeSmariti Suqis” TiTqmis platoniseuli ganc-<br />

23.<br />

vgl. ebda, S. 289 ff.<br />

24.<br />

Heidegger M., Sein und Zeit, a.a.O., S. 286.<br />

25.<br />

ebda.<br />

26.<br />

Burdach K., Faust und die Sorge, a.a.O., S. 44.<br />

27.<br />

Goethe J.W., Faust, Berlin und Weimar, 1983, S. 407.

narkvevi 101<br />

da akavSirebs Tomas manis hans kastorps, am “Suqis mZebnel<br />

Wabuks”, faustis kosmosuri masStabis figurasTan, radgan<br />

maT orives sulieri dabrmavebulobis wyvdiadisagan gaTavisuflebisaken<br />

ltolva aerTianebs. saqme isaa, rom platoniseuli<br />

gagebiT “WeSmariti Suqis” xilva SesaZlebels<br />

xdis “yofierTan” da “sikeTis ideasTan” miaxloebas 28 . WeSmariti<br />

Sinagani Suqis arsis Zieba, rogorc srulqmnis gza,<br />

iqca im kardinalur problemad, romelmac centraluri<br />

adgili daikava mTel evropul saazrovno sivrceSi.<br />

swored srulyofilebisaken swrafvis paTosis wyalobiT<br />

mogvevlinebian WeSmariti Sinagani Suqis maZiebeli<br />

fausti da hans kastorpi “zrunvis Svilebad” an am RvTaebis,<br />

am demonuri fenomenisTvis Tavsatexis, “sazrunavis gamCen<br />

Svilebad”. amis mizezi ki, rogorc araerTgzis aRiniSna,<br />

TviT zrunvis arsis srulmqmnel, srulmyofel bunebaSia<br />

saZiebeli. udavod es garemoeba aqcevs mas dasavluri kulturis<br />

ganuyofel egzistencialur atributad. masTanaa,<br />

kerZod, platoniseuli WeSmariti Suqis Ziebis idea dakavSirebuli,<br />

romelsac Tavis mxriv, παιδεία-s ZvelberZnuli<br />

aRzrdis ideali udevs safuZvlad. zustad amitom mogvevlineba<br />

Tanamedrove germanulenovani aRzrdis romanis<br />

(Bildungsroman) Suqis maZiebeli gmiri, hans kastorpi, “cxovrebis<br />

zrunvis Svilad”. naSromis dasawyisSi ukve aRvniSneT,<br />

rom es gamoTqma _ Sorgenkind des Lebens _ Tomas manma Tavis<br />

droze venasTan mimarTebiT gamoiyena swored am qalaqSi<br />

warmoTqmul sityvaSi. oRond niSandoblivia, rom am<br />

moxsenebaSi kidev erTi, mesame “cxovrebis zrunvis Svili”<br />

Cndeba da esaa “Cveni Zveli, keTilSobili, magram dRes metad<br />

daSavebuli da dacemuli samyaros nawili _ evropa” 29 .<br />

amrigad, Seikra wre da hans kastorpis, am samyaros erTgvari<br />

anTropomorfuli centris aslad da xatad evropac<br />

cxovrebisTvis sazrunavis gamCen Svilad iqceva; evropa,<br />

pol valeris TqmiT, “saukuneTa manZilze nebismieri klasifikaciis<br />

saTaveSia moqceuli” 30 . misi mdgomareoba XX saukunis<br />

dasawyisSi or Zireul kiTxvas badebda: “gaxdeba Tu ara<br />

evropa sinamdvileSi is, rasac igi warmoadgens anu aziis<br />

kontinentis patara koncxi ? Tu evropa darCeba imad, radac<br />

igi Cans anu Zvirfasi nawili dedamiwis zurgze, sferos margaliti,<br />

uzarmazari sxeulis tvini” 31 . pol valeris am or<br />

28.<br />

Sdr. platoni, saxelmwifo, Tb., 2003, wigni meSvide, gv. 252-286.<br />

29.<br />

Mann Th., Aufsätze, Reden, Essays. Berlin und Weimar, 1986, Bd.3; S. 653.<br />

30.<br />

Valéry P., La crise de l’esprit, Œuvres ; Paris, 1957, p. 996.<br />

31.<br />

ibid, p.995.

102 waxnagi 1.2009<br />

kiTxvas haidegerma mesame daumata: “unda iqces Tu ara evropa,<br />

rogorc amgvari koncxi da tvini pirvel rigSi saRamos<br />

qveynad, romlis wiaRSic msoflio bedisweris sxva dila<br />

moimzadebs Tavis dasabams?” 32 . es kiTxvebi awuxebs im evropuli<br />

tipis inteleqtuals, romelsac pol valeri “evropel<br />

hamlets” an sxvagvarad “inteleqtual hamlets” 33 uwodebs.<br />

ai, kidev erTi “cxovrebisaTvis zrunvis gamCeni Svili” anu<br />

sxva enaze esoden Znelad gadasaTargmni Sorgenkind des Lebens.<br />

saqme isaa, rom Tomas maniseuli gamoTqma Sorgenkind des<br />

Lebens, rogorc ukve met-naklebad garkveviT iqna naCvenebi,<br />

uzarmazar winamorbed Sinaarssa da istorias Seicavs da am<br />

mravalsaukunovan kavSirs problemis TiTqmis uxilav ars-<br />

Tan nawilobriv moxerxebuli miniSnebis gziT Segnebulad<br />

kidec amJRavnebs, magram, amavdroulad, metad ostaturad<br />

kidec Cqmalavs. mwerlis es gamoTqma virtuozuli enobrivi<br />

TamaSisa da sityvaTwyobis marjve gadajgufebis gziT, am<br />

erTi SexedviT umniSvnelo da naklebad TvalSi sacemi sityvieri<br />

safarvelis qveS aqcevs uzarmazar miTo-poetur siRrmiseul<br />

Sres. Tanac es Sre mravalfenovania da Tavis wiaRSi<br />

laTini mwerlis higinusis zrunvis arakidan moyolebuli<br />

am igavis gadamuSavebis herderisa da goeTeseul variantebs<br />

moiqvevs, romlebic sityvis saburvelis meSveobiT Tomas<br />

manTan, erTi mxriv, dafarulia, magram, meore mxriv, sityvieri<br />

garsi mainc metad gamWvirvale rCeba da mravalfenovan<br />

SreebSi ufro Rrmad Caxedvis SesaZleblobas iZleva. aq<br />

kodificirebuli metaforikis gamSifrav-ukudamSifravi<br />

meqanizmis principi moqmedebs. kavSiri miTosTan kidev<br />

ufro uxilavi da amoucnobi xdeba “jadosnuri mTis” sxvadasxva<br />

enebze Targmanisas. Sorgenkind des Lebens rusul teqst-<br />

Si ikiTxeba rogorc “трудное дитя жизни”, xolo dali fanjiki-<br />

Zis TavisTavad mSvenier qarTul TargmanSi rogorc “Zneli<br />

aRsazrdeli bavSvi”. aq yoveli sxva enisTvis garkveuli SesaZleblobebis<br />

zRvaria dasmuli. cocxali miTosis matarebeli<br />

sityva meore enaSi ukve mkvdradSobili ibadeba. ase<br />

ikargeba zrunvis araki zemoTmoxmobil qarTul-rusul variantebSi.<br />

miTosur fonTan uwyveti jaWvebiT dakavSirebuli<br />

es yovlismomcveli simbolikis matarebeli moxdenili<br />

sityva-kompoziti Sorgenkind, sxva enaze Targmanisas moiTxovs<br />

uxvsityvier ganmartebasa da perifrazirebas. amasobaSi<br />

ki sadRac Tvalsa da xels Sua qreba, ikargeba, uCinardeba is<br />

ZiriTadi miTosuri arsi, umTavresi tvirTi, romlis mata-<br />

32.<br />

Heidegger M., Erläuterungen zu Hölderlins Dichtung. Fr./M., 1980, S. 177.<br />

33.<br />

Valéry P., La crise de l’esprit, p. 933.

narkvevi 103<br />

reblad es kompoziti gvevlineba da romlis pirvelsamSoblo<br />

goeTes “faustSia” saZiebeli.<br />

ukve araerTxel aRiniSna, rom zrunvis fenomeni rogorc<br />

goeTes, ise Tomas manis poeturi kosmologiis ganuyofel<br />

Semadgenel nawils warmoadgens. zrunva rogorc<br />

mxatvruli personaJi “faustSi” sakvanZo figurad iqceva.<br />

iTqva ukve isic, rom am mxatvruli saxis gansakuTrebuli<br />

mniSvnelobis jerovnad bolomde gaazrebis SemTxvevaSi,<br />

nawarmoebis mTeli problematika sruliad axali kuTxiT<br />

gaixsneba. herderisa da goeTesagan nasesxebi zrunvis motivi<br />

Tomas manTan genialuri yovlismomcveli esoden Znelad<br />

gadasaTargmni sityvaTSemoqmedebis wyalobiT, enas<br />

sruliad auxsneli, idumali gziT mistikur-sabediswero<br />

xdomilebad aqcevs, vinaidan es sityvieri warmonaqmni Sorgenkind<br />

des Lebens sxvadasxva epoqebisa da kulturul samyaroTa<br />

urTierTSexvedris niadagad mogvevlineba.<br />

amrigad, Tavis wiaRSi zrunvis arakis Canasaxis matarebeli<br />

herder-goeTeseuli sityvieri xati XX saukuneSi<br />

ara mxolod literaturuli nayofis anu Tomas maniseuli<br />

axleburi mxatvrul-sityvieri warmonaqmnis pirvelmizezi<br />

gaxda, aramed is, amavdroulad, XX saukunis erTerTi<br />

udidesi filosofosis, martin haidegerisTvisac<br />

impulsis mimcemi gamodga. mis umTavres naSromSi, “yofna<br />

da dro”, Cven am sityvis cnebadqmnadobis mowmeni vxdebiT.<br />

poetur-miTologiuri xatebis samyarodan aRebuli sityva<br />

haidegeriseuli filosofiuri moZRvrebis erT-erT centralur<br />

cnebad iqca. yvela literaturuli nawarmoebi,<br />

romelic zrunvis araks Seexeba, higinusidan moyolebuli<br />

vidre herder-goeTeseul mxatvrul versiebamde, haidegeris<br />

safuZvelmdebare filosofiuri debulebebisTvis<br />

sruliad Tavisebur ganumeorebel paradigmad gvevlineba.<br />

zrunvis arakis recefciis istoria filosofiuri<br />

poeziis an poeturi filosofiis gaTvalsaCinoebis gamorCeul<br />

nimuSs warmoadgens im poet-filosofosTaTvis,<br />

romelTa SemoqmedebaSic ukiduresad Znelia mkveTri gammijnavi<br />

xazis gatareba maTi mxatvrul-SemoqmedebiTi<br />

warmosaxvis Zalasa da gonebaWvretiT-SemoqmedebiTi wvdomis<br />

siRrmes Soris. esaa transcendentaluri poeziis<br />

triumfis is iSviaTi SemTxveva, roca Zalze rTulia im<br />

idumali wamis dafiqsireba, romlis gaelvebaSic dasruldeba<br />

poeziis filosofia da iwyeba filosofiis poezia. am<br />

mTxzvel moazrovneTa poetur-filosofiur kosmogoniaSi<br />

mTeli sulieri energiis Zalisxmeva mxolod yofnis WeSmaritebis<br />

wvdomis, Secnobisken ki ar aris mimarTuli, ara-

104 waxnagi 1.2009<br />

med maTi miznisaken swrafva gacilebiT mets gulisxmobs:<br />

aq saqme exeba am WeSmaritebis Tqmasa da Txzvas mxatvrul-<br />

SemoqmedebiTi TvalsazrisiT srulyofili, uCveulod<br />

axleburi, enobriv TamaSebSi garTuli eniT.<br />

aq Slaiermaxeris sityvebi rom moviSvelioT, “azrovnebis<br />

xelovneba” da “saubris xelovneba” idealur harmonias<br />

qmnian, vinaidan “saubari mxolod qmnil azrs warmoadgens”<br />

(“die Rede nur der gewordene Gedanke ist”) 34 . aqedan gamomdinare,<br />

azrovneba ukve mxolod wminda filosofiur saqmed ki aRar<br />

warmoCndeba, aramed xelovnebis sferoSi gadadis.<br />

amgvarad, daskvnis saxiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom herderisa<br />

da goeTesgan nasesxebi “zrunvis” simbolika Tomas manis<br />

“jadosnur mTaSi” sintagmatur doneze romanis enobriv<br />

qargaSi ostaturad Caqsovil, damoukideblad moqmed,<br />

miTosuri fonis matarebel urTierTSewyobil sityvaTa<br />

jgufad anu sintagmad, xolo haidegeris naSromSi ki paradigmatul<br />

doneze cnebad qceul paradigmad mogvevlineba.<br />

Nino Pirtskhalava<br />

The history of reception of the Cura fable in literature and<br />

philosophy<br />

The analysis of the function of different myths, legends, symbols in the<br />

work of Herder and Goethe, who later had an exeptionally strong influence<br />

on the poetical and philosophical work of such Occidental artists and thinkers<br />

of the 20th century, as Thomas Mann (“The Magic Mountain”) and Martin<br />

Heidegger (“Being and Time”), allows us to gain a totally new prospect<br />

of modern literature and philosophy.<br />

As the definite example of this circumstance could serve the motive of<br />

anxiety (Sorge), which is an eminent example for the illustration of the history<br />

of reception of the Cura fable in European literature and philosophy.<br />

The examination of the phenomenon of anxiety as of a deeply symbolical<br />

mythological figure has a quite long tradition in poetry, goes back to antiquity.<br />

Goethe became acquainted with the Cura fable of the Latin poet Hyginus<br />

through the adaptation of this fable by Herder in his poem “The child of<br />

Anxiety” and used it in his “Faust”, thus becoming one of the main sources<br />

of influence for the conceptions of Heidegger and Thomas Mann.<br />

34.<br />

Schleiermacher Fr., Werke in 4 Bdn., 1981, Bd.4, S. 138.

maka elbaqiZe<br />

sivrculi diqotomia Suasaukuneebis raindul<br />

romanSi<br />

Suasaukuneebis rainduli romanis mTavari sivrculi<br />

diqotomia _ sasaxlis kari/tye _ gamomxatvelia im<br />

mxatvrul-struqturuli opoziciisa, romelic arsebobs<br />

sakaro civilizacias (cixesimagre) da egreT wodebul<br />

velur bunebas (cixesimagris miRma arsebuli samyaro)<br />

Soris. rasakvirvelia, rogorc erTi sivrculi arealis<br />

(bunebis peizaJi), ise meoris (sasaxle, koSki) aRwerisas<br />

mkiTxveli ar unda elodos realisturobas an naturalizms.<br />

Kkonkretuli interier-eqsterieris Tu geografiuli<br />

arealis detalebic ar aris mimeturi. isini gansazRvrulia<br />

rogorc sakuTriv narativis Sinagani logikiT,<br />

ise peizaJis aRweris xangrZlivi literaturuli<br />

tradiciiT. romanSi, romlis mTavari personaJi _ moxetiale<br />

raindi _ mieSureba Tavgadasavlis saZieblad, anu<br />

Seucnoblis pirispir Sesayrelad, kargad nacnobi teritoriis<br />

defamiliarizacias Sedegad mohyveba is, risTvisac,<br />

saerTod, iwereba es romani: egreT wodebuli Tavgadasavlis<br />

samefos aRmoCena (puteri 1995: 12), romlis<br />

wiaRSic unda dasruldes im moralur faseulobaTa wvdomis<br />

procesi, romelic idealuri pirovnebis formirebis<br />

safuZvelia.<br />

Suasaukuneebis dasavleTma Tavisi kulturuli modelebi<br />

aiRo bibliidan, sadac veluri buneba _ udabno _<br />

rogorc simbolo da rogorc istoriul-geografiuli<br />

realoba _ ambivalenturi cnebebia da civilizaciis _ qalaqis<br />

_ opoziciad moiazreba. ganmartoebis adgilis aRmniSvneli<br />

udabnos saxe-xati SuasaukuneebSi tyed transformirda<br />

(keltur da skandinaviur tradiciaSi udabno<br />

Secvala zRvam), TandaTan dakarga konkretuli geografiuli<br />

definicia da SeinarCuna mxolod adrindeli, bibliuri<br />

simbolika _ asocirda ra velur, civilizaciis<br />

sapirispiro garemosTan (le gofi 1992: 49-54).<br />

105

106 waxnagi 1.2009<br />

is ukacrieli adgilebi, romlebic aRwerilia Suasaukuneebis<br />

romanebSi, rasakvirvelia, avtorTa fantaziis nayofia<br />

da ara obieqturi realoba. 1250 wels inglisSi gaqra<br />

ukanaskneli veluri tye _ the Forest of Dean, raTa adgili<br />

daeTmo iseTi movlili, mkacrad organizebuli tyis masivebisTvis,<br />

romlebsac kargad icnobs gviandeli Suasaukuneebis<br />

inglisi da romlebzec vrceldeboda sakuTrebis<br />

mkacri kontroli. frangul sinamdvileSic Gaste foret-is<br />

(ukacrieli, udaburi tye) motivi swored im dros gaCnda,<br />

rodesac namdvili veluri tyeebi TandaTanobiT qreboda<br />

da daviwyebas eZleoda (zmnebi gast da gastine, rac daumuSavebel,<br />

udabur adgils niSnavs, sinonimebia sityvisa foret<br />

_ tye). Sampaneli grafebi, romelTa karzec “mrgvali magidis”<br />

romanTa umravlesoba iwereboda, mniSvnelovan ekonomikur<br />

mogebas iRebdnen licenziebis gayidviT im pirebze,<br />

romelTac auTvisebeli adgilebis saxnav-saTes mindvrebad<br />

gadaqceva ewadaT. am dros Zalze paradoqsulad JRers<br />

kretien de truas mier veluri tyis motivis SemoReba. Tumca<br />

mwerlis Semoqmedebis erT-erTma pirvelma mkvlevarma,<br />

hartman fon auem, mianiSna, rom tyis motivis gamoyenebas<br />

kretienis narativSi Zalze mkafio da sagangebod gansazRvruli<br />

funqcia hqonda _ tye, civilizaciisgan moSorebiT<br />

mdebare ukidegano da usasrulo sivrce, saocar SiSsa da<br />

Zrwolas iwvevda mefe arturis Tavgadasavlebis maZiebel<br />

raindebSi, romelTac, gauval tevrSi CakargulT, warmodgena<br />

ar hqondaT, sad imyofebodnen, saiT miemarTebodnen,<br />

an rodemde gastanda maTi mogzauroba. garda amisa, ukacrieli<br />

tyeebi dasaxlebuli iyo gareuli cxovelebiTa da<br />

sakmaod ucnauri adamianebiT, ZiriTadad, warmarTebiT an<br />

urwmunoebiT (ix. kretien de trua 1974: 37-38), Sesabamisad,<br />

Suasaukuneebis azrovnebaSi erTmaneTs mWidrod daukav-<br />

Sirda ori cneba _ veluri garemo da sulieri sicariele,<br />

rasac, udavod, winare epoqis azrovnebaSic Rrmad hqonda<br />

gadgmuli fesvebi (puteri 1995: 22).<br />

velur tyes Suasaukuneebis faseulobaTa sistemaSi upirispirdeboda<br />

sasaxle (cixesimagre), civilizebuli, organizebuli<br />

garemo. kurtuazul romanebSi es aris mefe arturis<br />

kari (Sdr. vefxistyaosnis arabeTis, indoeTisa Tu<br />

mulRazanzaris sakaro idilia) _ eleganturobis, sinatifis,<br />

kurtuazulobis simbolo. magram antiTeza sasaxle/<br />

tye ufro kompleqsuria, vidre es erTi SexedviT SeiZleba<br />

mogveCvenos, radgan Suasaukuneebis raindul romanebSi<br />

arsebobs kidev erTi binaruli opozicia _ sanadiro da<br />

saTavgadasavlo tye, Sesabamisad, erTmaneTisgan mkveTrad

narkvevi 107<br />

gansxvavdeba tye, romelSic raindebi Tavgadasavlebs dae-<br />

Zeben, da tye, sadac isini nadiroben. sasaxlis maxloblad<br />

mdebare tyeebSi raindebi droebiT iviwyeben TavianT yoveldRiur<br />

problemebs da sakaro cxovrebis tvirTisgan ga-<br />

Tavisuflebulni bunebis wiaRSi srul netarebas eZlevian<br />

(Sdr. “movinadireT mindori, Ziri mTisa da gorisa; / iyo simravle<br />

ZaRlisa, Savardnisa da qorisa, / adre davbrundiT,<br />

viajeT ar eji gzisa Sorisa. / aRar iburTes, daSla qmnes<br />

TamaSobisa orisa”; rusTaveli 1966: 470). ra Tqma unda,Aam<br />

SemTxvevaSic sanadiro tye iseTive warmosaxviT-gamogonili<br />

peizaJia, rogoric veluri tye, maTi dapirispireba ki<br />

imave binaruli opoziciis principzea agebuli, romelic<br />

arsebobs cixesimagresa da tyes, sasaxlis karsa da velur<br />

bunebas Soris (le gofi 1992: 58). Sesabamisad, mefec da misi<br />

raindebic, SesaZloa, egreT wodebul tyis adamianebad moviazroT,<br />

romelnic periodulad stumroben sanadiro tyes<br />

imave komfortsa Tu gancxromaSi CasaZirad, romelsac maT<br />

sasaxlis kari sTavazobs (mag. TeTr iremze nadiroba kretien<br />

de truas erekSi, arturis gaqceuli Sevardnis epizodi<br />

volfram fon eSenbaxis parcifalSi, nadirobaTa cikli<br />

ser govensa da mwvane raindSi, avTandilisa da rostevan<br />

mefis nadiroba vefxistyaosanSi).<br />

sanadiro tyis sapirispirod veluri tye moiazreba,<br />

rogorc sasaxlis kari/cixesimagris negatiuri gamoxatuleba<br />

(cixesimagreebi _ eleganturobis, sinatifis simbolo;<br />

tye _ maTi sruli antipodi). velur tyeSi moxetiale<br />

raindi Tavs martosulad, eulad grZnobs. sasaxlis karis<br />

ceremoniebs moSorebuli, igi garemoculia indiferentuli,<br />

pirquSi dekoriT, romelic antiTeturia im daxvewili<br />

kulturisa, romlis mimdevradac igi gvevlineba. tyis peizaJis<br />

yoveli detali (mag. broselandis uRrani tye erTmaneTSi<br />

gadaxlarTuli kunelis, mayvlisa da kvirinCxis<br />

buCqebiT (kretien de trua 1974:35; bnel tevrSi Casafrebuli<br />

mglebi, gareuli taxebi, daTvebi Tu drakonebi _ ser<br />

goveni da mwvane raindi: 1998: 27), erTi mxriv, asrulebs<br />

anturaJis funqcias romanis siuJetis mTavari motivis _<br />

Ziebis (avantiuris) _ gasaSlelad, meore mxriv ki, Tavgadasvlis<br />

maZieblis emociuri mdgomareobis xazgasasmelad<br />

(logris miwaze moxvedril ser govens gausaZlisi martooba<br />

Seipyrobs; gauval tyeebsa da klde-RreSi moxetiales<br />

Tanamgzavrad da keTil megobrad mxolod Tavisi cxeni<br />

eguleba, SimSils nanadireviT iklavs da ufals SesTxovs,<br />

gzad adamianiSvili Seaxvedros (ser goveni da mwvane raindi:<br />

1998: 27; Sdr. “mixvda rasme qveyanasa ugemursa metad

108 waxnagi 1.2009<br />

mqissa; / Tve erT kacsa vera naxavs, versa Svilsa adamissa”<br />

_ rusTaveli 1966: 181; “mas mindorsa daemarTa, gza TvaliTa<br />

gamosaxa; / Tvesa erTsa sulieri kaci arsad ar enaxa,<br />

/ mxecni iyvnes saSinelni, magra ara Seuzaxa” _ rusTaveli<br />

1966: 191)). am SemTxvevaSi gansakuTrebiT mZafrad igrZnoba<br />

opozicia egreT wodebul sakuTar da sxvis miwas Soris.<br />

samefo kari, sadac gamefebulia kurtuazuli morali da<br />

samarTlianoba, keTilganwyobilia gmirisadmi. Tuki aqaiq<br />

mainc gvxvdebian veragi da avismosurne adamianebi, romanis<br />

bolos isini aucileblad isjebian an mefis uzenaesi<br />

Zalauflebis, an garemoebaTa damTxvevis wyalobiT. Aase<br />

rom, sakuTari sivrce ara marto topografiuli, aramed<br />

zneobrivi cnebacaa.<br />

sxvisi sivrce, tyis gauvali gza, romelsac gmiri Tavgadasavlebis<br />

Ziebisas daadgeba, Tavis wiaRSi araerT safr-<br />

Txes malavs; is neitraluria da gmiris mimarT yovelTvis<br />

mtrulad ganwyobili. moraluri TvalsazrisiTac es<br />

“negatiuri”, “miusafari” sivrcea. bunebrivi pirobebi aq<br />

Tanxvdeba da Seesabameba moralurs, vinaidan Asxvis sivrce-<br />

Si gamefebulia ukanonoba, usamarTloba, motyueba da Ralati.<br />

aRsaniSnavia, rom sxvisi sivrcis aRwerisas yovelTvis<br />

(Tundac impliciturad) myofobs sakuTari sivrcis<br />

Sefaseba. sxvisi Sefasebulia Tavisis meSveobiT, rogorc<br />

sruli antipodi sakuTarisa (kargi-cudi, madliani-madlmoklebuli,<br />

lamazi-maxinji, keTilganwyobili-mtruli,<br />

mSvidi-saxifaTo, saimedo-arasaimedo, usafrTxo-saxifa-<br />

To da a.S. mixailovi 1976: 181-182). ase rom, kurtuazuli<br />

romanebis tyis scenebis gadmosacemad avtorebi mimarTaven<br />

imave motivebs, romlebsac sasaxlis karis scenebis aRsawerad,<br />

oRond negatiuri modulaciiT. tyis mniSvneloba<br />

aq ganmartebulia fufunebisa da sadResaswaulo ganwyobis<br />

aRmniSvneli terminebis saSualebiT, oRond imTaviTve<br />

xazgasmulia, rom, sasaxlis karisagan gansxvavebiT, tye Tavis<br />

stumrebs am siameT ver SesTavazebs. ase rom, sasaxlis<br />

kari am romanebSi funqcionirebs, rogorc TavisTavad nagulisxmevi<br />

norma, romelsac tye ver Seesabameba (puteri<br />

1995: 16-22). Sesabamisad,Kkurtuazuli samyaros komfortsa<br />

da sasaxlis karis binadarTa sazeimo ganwyobas moklebuli<br />

raindebis cxovreba velur garemoSi miedineba, romelic<br />

indiferentuli da antiTeturia im daxvewili kulturisa,<br />

romlis mimdevradac isini gvevlinebian.<br />

AzemoTqmuls, bunebrivia, ukavSirdeba egreT wodebuli<br />

veluri, an tyis kacis Tema, romelic Cveuli toposi iyo<br />

Suasaukuneebis literaturaSi da romlis prototipis

narkvevi 109<br />

Ziebasac Jofrei monmoutelis merlinis cxovrebis Zalze<br />

cnobil epizodTan mivyavarT. merlini, romelic Tavs<br />

damnaSaved miiCnevs Zmebis sikvdilSi, gaiWreba tyeSi da<br />

itans ukiduresad SeWirvebul yofas, Tumca, amave dros,<br />

mas eniWeba winaswarmetyvelebis madli. es Tema mogvianebiT<br />

gadainacvlebs kurtuazul romanSi, kerZod, kretien<br />

de truas ivenSi. ivenis sigiJe mas Semdeg, rac igi gadakveTs<br />

damuSavebul mindvrebs da arturis samflobelos sazRvrebs<br />

gascdeba, lokalizdeba tyeSi, romelic gacilebiT<br />

ufro “kompleqsuri” arealia (TavSesafari, Tavgadasavlebis<br />

Ziebis, sinanulis adgili da a.S), vidre es erTi SexedviT<br />

Cans. gaxelebuli ivenis raindoba aq droebiT ukan<br />

ixevs da asparezs “velur kacs”, monadires uTmobs. tansacmelSemoZarcvuli<br />

gmiri kargavs mexsierebas, Rames SiSvel<br />

miwaze aTevs, umi nanadireviT ikvebeba da cxovelTa tyaviT<br />

imoseba. TiTqos aq ikvreba erTgvari wre adamianTa samyarosa<br />

da cxovelTa samyaros Soris (le gofi 1992: 110-111).<br />

tyeSi gaWril ivens “kacrielTa TemTan” mxolod gandegili<br />

akavSirebs, romelic, miuxedavad imisa, rom garkveuli<br />

kontaqti aqvs qalaqTan (civilizaciasTan) _ yidis cxovelis<br />

tyavs da yidulobs purs _ ar SeiZleba adamianTa<br />

samyaros tipur warmomadgenlad miviCnioT, vinaidan arc<br />

misi qoxmaxia adamianis xeliT aSenebuli da arc xorci _<br />

saTanadod Semwvari. ivenic, miuxedavad imisa, rom veluri<br />

kacia, mainc garkveul diskomforts ganicdis imis gamo,<br />

rom iZulebulia, SimSili umi nanadireviT moiklas da im<br />

faqts Seeguos, rom tyeSi gaWrils ar eqneba arc safuariT<br />

gamomcxvari puri (gandegili mas mxolod qerisa da Wvavis<br />

fqvils sTavazobs), arc Rvino, arc marili Tu saneleblebi,<br />

arc magidis xelsaxoci da a.S. (kretien de trua 1974:<br />

92-93), anu “momzadebul” sakvebze, dana-Cangalze, Rvinoze,<br />

xelsaxocebsa da sakaro, anu civilizebuli cxovrebis<br />

sxvadasxva atributebze tyis scenebSicaa saubari, oRond<br />

aq sagangebodaa xazgasmuli, rom maT tyeSi ver SexvdebiT<br />

(Sdr. “vWam, glax, marto nadirisa misgan xorcsa monatansa”<br />

– rusTaveli 1966: 258). …Sesabamisad, stumarmaspinZlobis<br />

scenebi _ rainduli romanebis erT-erTi umTavresi konvenciuri<br />

motivi _ maspinZlis mier gamoCenili guliTadobis<br />

miuxedavad, sxvis sivrceSi moklebulia im komforts (rac,<br />

Tundac, sazeimo ganwyobaSi gamoixateba), romelsac sasaxlis<br />

karze uxvad vxvdebiT.<br />

rainduli romanebis msgavsad, vefxistyaosanSi tyeSi<br />

gansvlas da “velur” garemosTan Serwymas samgvari funqciuri<br />

datvirTva aqvs: 1. is mijnurobas ukavSirdeba da

110 waxnagi 1.2009<br />

“velad gaWrasTan” aris gaigivebuli (udavoa, rom es konvencia<br />

rogorc rusTvelis TxzulebaSi, ise evropul raindul<br />

romanSi aRmosavluri samyarodan aris gadasuli)<br />

_ “Tu moyvare moyvrisaTvis tirs, tirilsa emarTlebis,<br />

siaruli martooba Svenis, gaWrad daeTvlebis” (rusTaveli<br />

1966: 31); “Tu mijnuri var, erTi vxam xeli mindorTa me<br />

rebad, / ar marto unda gaWrili cremlisa sisxlsa ferebad?<br />

/ gaWra xelia mijnurTa, rad scals Tavisa berebad!”<br />

(rusTaveli 1966: 775); Sesabamisad, tye, veluri garemo<br />

sasowarkveTili, gaxelebuli mijnurisTvis erTgvari<br />

TavSesafris funqciasac asrulebs, sadac mas, “kacriel-<br />

Ta TemTagan” ganSorebuls, SeuZlia ganmartoeba da saku-<br />

Tar fiqrebSi CaZirva _ “xeli mindors gaviWrebi, zogjer<br />

vtir da zogjer vbndebi” (rusTaveli 1966: 647). 2. rainduli<br />

romanebis msgavsad, tye (sasaxlis karis antiTeturi<br />

garemo) gvevlineba im linearul sivrced, romelzec<br />

gadis Tavgadasavlis maZiebeli raindis “gza” da romlis<br />

wiaRSic am ukanasknelis srulyofil pirovnebad formirebis<br />

procesi unda dasruldes. “xetialis” cneba, romelsac<br />

vefxistyaosanSi sityva “gaWra” Seesabameba, an samijnuro<br />

davalebis Sesrulebas ukavSirdeba: “ra mijnuri velTa<br />

rbodes, marto unda gasaWrelad” (rusTaveli 1966: 160), an<br />

“faTeraks”: “gijobs gaWra Zebnad misad, gavardna da velTa<br />

rbola” (rusTaveli 1966: 577). rogorc erT, ise meore SemTxvevaSi,<br />

sxvis sivrces, romelic neitraluria, udaburi<br />

da miusafari mniSvnelovani simboluri datvirTva eniWeba,<br />

radgan swored aq unda ganviTardes rainduli saTavgadasavlo<br />

moTxroba.<br />

Uunda iTqvas, rom diqotomia tyesa da sasaxlis kars<br />

Soris sagrZnobia rogorc erT, ise meore SemTxvevaSi. velad<br />

gaWrili, gaSmagebuli tarieli, mas Semdeg, rac sabolood<br />

“daagdebs” “kacrielTa Tems” da binas ukacriel<br />

gamoqvabulSi daidebs, iseve erwymis bunebas, rogorc iveni<br />

_ “saxlad sayofni mimaCndes TxaTa da maT iremTani”<br />

(rusTaveli 1966: 645), “mas aqaT vaxlav nadirTa, Tavsa ma-<br />

Tebrve mxsenebi” (rusTaveli 1966: 648). misi rainduli siqvelec<br />

am axal sivrceSi mxolod monadiris funqciamdea<br />

dayvanili _ igi SimSils nanadireviT iklavs da nadiris<br />

(vefxis) tyaviT imoseba (Tumca vefxis tyavs romanSi Zalze<br />

Rrma simboluri datvirTva aqvs. ix. elbaqiZe 2005: 93-100).<br />

sayuradReboa, rom tarielis “civilizebul sivrceSi” dasabruneblad<br />

avTandilica da asmaTic TavianT argumentacias<br />

swored aRniSnul diqotomiaze _ adamianTa samyaro/<br />

cxovelTa samyaro _ afuZneben: “...mxecTa Tana iarebi mar-

narkvevi 111<br />

to tevrad,/ aras kacsa ar iaxleb saubrad da Semaqcevrad”<br />

(rusTaveli 1966: 269); “brZeni xar da gamorCeva ara ici br-<br />

ZenTa Tqmuleb, / mindors stir da mxecTa axlav, ras wadilsa<br />

aisruleb?” (rusTaveli 1966: 866). 3. iseve rogorc evropul<br />

raindul romanebSi, tye aris sivrce civilizaciis<br />

centrebs (sasaxlis kari/cixesimagre) Soris da misi funqciaa<br />

TvalnaTliv aCvenos is kontrasti, romelic aucilebelia<br />

“Ziebis”, anu Tavgadasavlis, avantiuris struqturuli<br />

erTeulis diferencirebisaTvis im struqturuli er-<br />

Teulisagan, rogoricaa, vTqvaT, nadimi, stumarTmoyvareoba<br />

da a.S. (“cotasa xansa varCie gaWra smasa da mRerasa” _<br />

rusTaveli 1966: 164). ivenisTvis gandegilis qoxi mxolod<br />

droebiTi TavSesafaria. mas Semdeg, rac jadosnuri balzamis<br />

meSveobiT gmiri daibrunebs uwindel iers, igi miiltvis<br />

Tavisi Cveuli samyarosken, sadac dakargul siyvarul-<br />

Tan erTad eguleba is komforti, romelic tyeSi gaWrils<br />

ase aklda. igive SeiZleba iTqvas devTa gamoqvabulzec,<br />

romelic, asmaTis Zalisxmevis miuxedavad, arc aris da arc<br />

SeiZleba gaxdes tarielisTvis sakuTari sivrce, Sesabamisad,<br />

misi maspinZlobac moklebulia sasaxlis karisTvis<br />

damaxasiaTebel ceremoniulobasa da sazeimo ganwyobas:<br />

“wvadi Seiwves, Seiqmna puroba msgavsi Jamisa, mun upuroba<br />

puroba, ar sidiade jamisa” (rusTaveli 1966: 912) 1 . tarielisa<br />

da avTandilis Tanameinaxeobac gansxvavdeba Cveuli,<br />

raindul molxenisgan da “Jamis mgavsad”, anu situaciis Sesaferisad<br />

mimdinareobs. aq, rogorc, sazogadod, rainduli<br />

nadimisas, mravali jami ar ismeba: “mas Seexvewnes: “Wameo”,<br />

Zali ar hqonda Wamisa, / gascoxnis, lukma gastyorcis, wona<br />

Zliv CanTqis dramisa” (rusTaveli 1966: 932) (Sdr. “Seiqna<br />

sma da puroba, msgavsi maTisa Zalisa... / jami da Wiqa _ yvelai<br />

ferozisa da lalisa./ arvisi brZana mefeman arca gaSveba<br />

mTvralisa” _ rusTaveli 1966: 476).<br />

samagierod, peizaJi (iseve rogorc personaJis ganwyoba)<br />

radikalurad icvleba, rodesac xetialiT gatanjuli raindebi<br />

qalaqs/cixesimagres miadgebian. aRarc garemomcveli<br />

sivrce da aRarc bunebis Zalebi aRar arian maT mimarT<br />

sastikni da mtrulad ganwyobilni. romanis avtorebic,<br />

romlebic sakmao sityvaZunwobas iCenen tyis peizaJis aRwerisas,<br />

ar iSureben naTel ferebs sakuTari sivrcis mimzid-<br />

1.<br />

sayuradReboa aRniSnul strofTan dakavSirebiT aleqsi WinWaraulis<br />

mier gamoTqmuli mosazreba, romlis mixedviTac, “upuroba puroba” upurod<br />

puris Wamas aRniSnavs (Sdr. nodar naTaZis Tvalsazrisi _ puroba, romelic<br />

purobas ar hgavda. ix. rusTaveli 1986: 305)

112 waxnagi 1.2009<br />

velobis warmosaCenad (ser govenma samjer gadaisaxa jvari<br />

da uecrad tyis siRrmidan Tvali mohkra TxriliT garSemortymul<br />

da umSvenieres baRebSi CaZirul cixesimagres,<br />

romlis moCuqurTmebuli Spilebi cas swvdeboda; Camuqebuli<br />

wyali ireklavda koSkebis maRal, natifad moxatul kedlebs,<br />

qaTqaTa TeTr sakvamurebs, asawev xids da masiur karebs<br />

_ ser goveni da mwvane raindi 1998: 29-30; Sdr. “RamiT<br />

mevlo, movidodi, zRvisa pirsa aCndes baRni, hgvanda, qa laqs<br />

veaxleniT, cal-kerZ iyvnes kldeTa naRni” _ rusTaveli<br />

1966: 583; “qalaqs Sevides, mun daxvda sra mokazmuli sruli-<br />

Ta, / saxelmwifoTa yovliTa gasagebliTa sruliTa; monani<br />

turfad mosilni wesiTa iyvnes ruliTa! / Sehfrfvinvidian<br />

avTandils guliTa sul-wasruliTa” _ rusTaveli 1966:<br />

998). Suasaukuneebis narativis mniSvnelovan siaxled unda<br />

miviCnioT is faqtic, rom es “axali” peizaJi danaxulia raindis,<br />

anu personaJis TvalTaxedviT, Tanac siaxle gamoixateba<br />

ara mxolod im zmnebiT, romlebic Wvretis aqts aRweren<br />

(Sdr. “mivediT, vnaxeT”), aramed im detalebiT, romlebic<br />

mkiTxvelis gonebisTvisac advilad misawvdomia (Sdr.<br />

“naxes qalaqi, moculi gare baRisa tevriTa, / gvarad ucxoni<br />

yvavilni feriTa bevris bevriTa. / mis qveyanisa siturfe ra<br />

gagagono mev, riTa” _ rusTaveli 1966: 1049).<br />

Suasaukuneebis romanTa umravlesobaSi personaJebi xedaven<br />

cixesimagres jer Sori manZilidan, saidanac yvela<br />

detalis garCeva Wirs (tyis siRrme, daburuli buCqnari),<br />

anu xedaven garemos, sadac aRmarTulia es cixesimagre. na-<br />

Teli, romelic am axali peizaJidan gamosWvivis, absoluturad<br />

korelaturia im siuxvisa da baraqisa, romelsac ase<br />

moklebulia personaJi sibneliT mocul uRran tyeSi.<br />

cixesimagris danaxvisas gmiri rwmundeba, rom yvela<br />

sirTule, romlis gadalaxvac mas xetialisas mouxda, ukan<br />

darCa da axla is guliTadi maspinZlis winaSe dgas, romlis<br />

saxlic masSi sakuTari sivrcis asociacias aRZravs (xetialiT<br />

moRlilma kalogrenanma cixesimagris asawev xidze<br />

warmosadegi aznauri SeniSna, romelmac igi Tavazianad Sin<br />

miipatiJa. ezoSi rainds aznauris jalaboba gamoegeba. mas<br />

iaraR-saWurveli CamoarTves, sufrasTan miipatiJes, sasiamovno<br />

saubriT Seaqcies da yuaTiani vaxSmiT gaumaspinZldnen<br />

_ kretien de trua 1974: 35-36; “dasxdes, Seiqmna puroba,<br />

gaamravlebdes maxalsa, / umaspinZlebdes avTandils, viTa<br />

mZaxali mZaxalsa, / moiRebdian saWurWles turfasa, axalaxalsa”<br />

_ rusTaveli 1966: 1000).<br />

miuxedavad imisa, rom cixesimagris xeds Suasaukuneebis<br />

raindul romanSi aqvs sxva samyaros aura, romelic

narkvevi 113<br />

radikalurad gansxvavdeba tyisgan da xetialiT moRlili<br />

gmiric droebiT kvlav civilizebul samyaros ubrundeba,<br />

xSir SemTxvevaSi guliTadi maspinZloba da nanatri<br />

komfortis SegrZneba, romelsac is am cixesimagreSi ganicdis,<br />

Tvals uxvevs mas, dainaxos mkacri realoba _ rom<br />

mTavari Tavgadasavlebi swored aq, am cixesimagreSi, unda<br />

SeemTxves (puteri 1995: 41). kretien de truas romanebSi,<br />

iseve rogorc ser govenis anonim avtorTan Tu vefxistyaosanSi<br />

sivrcis linearulobis darRveva gmirisTvis did<br />

xifaTs moaswavebs. avantiuruli sivrcidan gmiri yofiT<br />

sivrceSi gadainacvlebs, Tumca xSirad im lokalSi, sadac<br />

igi xetialisas droebiT SeCerdeba, erTmaneTs erwymis yofiTi<br />

da avantiuruli sivrce _ rainduli turniri, axali<br />

faTeraki, Casafrebuli safrTxe da sxv. (enidas cixe-koSki<br />

erekSi, gurnemancisa da graalis cixesimagreebi parcifal-<br />

Si, bertilakis koSki ser govenSi, mulRazanzaris samefo<br />

vefxistyaosanSi da a.S). Tumca zogierTi protagonisti<br />

winaswarvea Semzadebuli im faTerakisTvis, rasac mas<br />

gzidan gadaxveva da cixesimagris zRudesTan pirispir Seyra<br />

uqadis (fenisas koSki da faTerakTa cixe ivenSi, Joe de<br />

la Court erekSi, mwvane samlocvelo ser govenSi da qajeTis<br />

cixe vefxistyaosanSi). Sesabamisad, romanis egreT wodebul<br />

avantiurul struqturaSi axali sivrcis _ cixesimagris<br />

_ Semotana narativis ganviTarebis erT-erTi xerxia,<br />

romelic xorcieldeba an romantikuli, an heroikuli elementis<br />

CarTviT (fridonis biZaSvilebTan brZola, fatmanisgan<br />

avTandilis gamijnureba da WaSnagiris mokvla,<br />

ivenis qorwineba tyis raindis qvrivze, erekisa da ideris<br />

turniri, bertilakis meuRlis mier ser govenis cduneba,<br />

parcifalis mier pelraperis gaTavisufleba da dedofalze<br />

daqorwineba da a.S), rac romanis siuJetis mniSvnelovani<br />

struqturuli rgolia da rasac Txroba, faqtobrivad,<br />

kvanZis gaxsnisken mihyavs.<br />

marTalia, Suasaukuneebis sasaxlis kari SesaniSnavi<br />

lokalia kurtuazul faseulobaTa sakvlevad, magram roca<br />

saqme tyes exeba, standartebisa Tu calkeul motivTa gadamuSavebis<br />

sakiTxi ukve sakuTriv narativs ukavSirdeba,<br />

radgan amjerad es ukanaskneli gvevlineba “gadabrunebul<br />

gamosaxulebad”, romelSic, rogorc sarkeSi, airekleba<br />

tye an sasaxle (puteri 1995: 27). Sedegad viRebT dekoracias,<br />

romelsac SeuZlia kontrastebis imgvarad warmoCena,<br />

rom ar “daanawevros” am romanebis fiqtiuri samyarodan<br />

nasesxebi msoflmxedveloba. ase rom, Suasaukuneebis<br />

raindebica da romanTa avtorebic ara marto uxifaTod

114 waxnagi 1.2009<br />

aRweven Tavs tyes, mtrul da miusafar garemos, romelic<br />

“cdilobs”, daacilos isini TavianT fesvebs, aramed inar-<br />

Cuneben TavianT identobas da kidev ufro srulyofen im<br />

Rirsebebs, romelTac rainduli keTilSobilebis kodeqsi<br />

karnaxobT.<br />

damowmebani:<br />

elbaqiZe 2005: elbaqiZe m. vefxistyaosnis poetikis zogierTi<br />

sakiTxi Suasaukuneebis frangul raindul romanTan tipologiur<br />

mimarTebaSi, Tbilisi: universali, 2005.<br />

kretien de trua 1974: Кретьен Де Труа. Ивейн или рыцарь со львом,<br />

Средневековый роман и повесть (Библиотека всемирной литературы),<br />

Москва: Художественная литература, 1974.<br />

le gofi, 1992: Le Goff J. The Medieval Imagination, Chicago and London:The<br />

University of Chicago Press, 1992.<br />

mixailovi 1976: Михайлов А. Французский рыцарский роман и вопросы<br />

типологии жанра в средневековой литературе, Москва: Наука, 1976.<br />

puteri 1995: Putter A. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight and French Arthurian<br />

Romance, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1995.<br />

rusTaveli 1966: rusTaveli SoTa. vefxistyaosani, saredaqcio<br />

kolegia: irakli abaSiZe, aleqsandre baramiZe, pavle ingoroyva,<br />

akaki SaniZe, giorgi wereTeli, Tbilisi: sabWoTa saqarTvelo,<br />

1966.<br />

rusTaveli 1986: rusTaveli SoTa. vefxistyaosani, mesame saskolo<br />

gamocema, teqsti gamosacemad moamzada, ganmartebani, komentari<br />

da bolosityvaoba daurTo n. naTaZem, Tbilisi: ganaTleba,<br />

1986.<br />

ser goveni da mwvane raindi 1998: Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, A<br />

verse translation by Keith Harrison (Oxford World’s Classics), Oxford: Oxford<br />

University Press, 1998.<br />

Maka Elbakidze<br />

Spatial Dichotomy in the Medieval Chivalry Romance<br />

The principle spatial dichotomy of the medieval chivalry romance –<br />

court/forest – reveals an artistic and structural opposition between courtly<br />

civilization (castle) and so-called “wild nature” – forest (the world outside<br />

the court/castle). Of course, the reader would not expect realistic or naturalistic<br />

depiction of spatial units of romance, such as landscape or an interior of<br />

a castle. The descriptive and geographical details are not mimetic also. They

narkvevi 115<br />

are determined both by the internal logic of narrative itself, and long literary<br />

tradition of representation of nature. The main character of the romance, the<br />

errant knight, begins his quest to confront the unknown, thus the defamiliarization<br />

of a well-charted territory produces just what romance calls for: a<br />

realm of adventure.<br />

The Middle Age west has borrowed its cultural models from the Bible,<br />

where the “wild nature” – desert – as the symbol and as the historical and a<br />

geographical reality are ambivalent and is considered as an opposition of the<br />

civilized world – the city. The Biblical interpretation of desert as a “place<br />

of seclusion” has been transformed in the medieval romances to the forest;<br />

however it maintained the original, Biblical meaning of the wild area that is<br />

contrasting to the civilized habitat.<br />

The forest also had its own contrasting element, which in the Middle Age<br />

system of values was taken on by the court/castle, as the civilized, organized<br />

environment. In chivalry romances it is the court of King Arthur (compare<br />

with Arabic, Indian and Mulghazanzar court idylls depicted in The Knight<br />

in the Panther’s Skin) – the embodiment of elegance, delicacy and courtesy.<br />

But the antithesis court/forest is more complex than it may at first appear,<br />

because in this case a reader can observe another binary opposition – hunting/adventure<br />

forest. Thus, the king and his knights could be regarded as the<br />

people of the forest, who periodically, in order to diminish the strain of court<br />

responsibilities, visit the hunting forest; there they delve into the same level<br />

of comfort and elation which they are used to at the castle (compare with the<br />

hunt of king Rostevan and Avtandil in the Knight in the Panther’s Skin). On<br />

the other hand, in the wild forest the errant knight is feeling abandoned and<br />

lonely. Away from the ceremonies of the court, he is surrounded with indifferent,<br />

austere décor, the one in many ways antithetic to the exquisite culture<br />

and manners that the knights used to. Thus, for the depiction of forest scenes<br />

the authors use same motives as they do to depict the court life, but in the<br />

negative module. The court is an ideal locus,where the courtly values can be<br />

explored, but in the accounts of the forest a concern for standards or refinement<br />

can continue to be a preoccupation of the narrative, precisely because<br />

it is cast as the inverted mirror image of the court or castle. The result is a<br />

setting capable of providing contrast without fragmenting the outlook which<br />

these romances offer on their fictive world.

nino sayvareliZe<br />

Aaris Tu ara grigol noseliseuli “puri arsobisa¡”<br />

oden xorcieli?<br />

grigol noseli (335-394), kapadokieli mama, aleqsandriuli<br />

tradiciis udidesi warmomadgeneli, kapadokiuri<br />

tradiciis erT-erTi fuZemdebeli, didi mistikosi.<br />

grigol noselis Txzuleba De oratione dominica, 5 orationes 1 , egzegetikuri<br />

Janrisa, dawerilia 385 w. da Sedgeba 5 homiliisgan.<br />

meoTxe sityva (Oratio IV) exeba sauflo locvis meoTxe Txovnas 2 .<br />

esaa qadageba mrevlis winaSe, amitomaa ase sada da martivi Tavisi<br />

formiT. dibeliuss miaCnia, rom aq saqme gvaqvs xalxur<br />

egzegetTan, romelic Tavisi sisadaviTa da xalxurobiT ar Camouvardeba<br />

ioane oqropirs 3 . miCneulia, rom am sada da ubralo<br />

formis Sesatyvisad grigoliseuli ganmarteba puris Txovnis<br />

sakvanZo terminisa – “” _ erTmniSvnelovnad materialuria,<br />

xorcieli da sruliad gamoricxavs sulier gagebas.<br />

marTlac, erTi SexedviT, “arsobisa” Tu “mdRevr” purTan mimarTebaSi<br />

Warbobs iseTi gamoTqmebi, rogoricaa “£orcieli”,<br />

“£orcieli sa£mari” 4 , “£orcieli arseba” 5 .<br />

1.<br />

Gregorios Nyssenus, S. Gregorii Nysseni De Oratione Dominica, 5 Orationes: PG 44, S. P. N. Gregorii<br />

Episcopi Nysseni opera quae reperiri potuerunt omnia, ed. Morell. 1638, Accurante J. P. Migne,<br />

Turnholti, 1120-1193/= J. F. Callahan (Hg.), Gregorii Nysseni De Oratione Dominica. De Beatitudinibus<br />

(Gregorii Nysseni opera VII, 2), Leiden - NY-Köln, 1992, 5-74 (Oratio IV, gv. 44-58).<br />

2.<br />

Τὸν ἄρτον γὰρ, φησί, τὸν επιούσιον δὸς ἡμιν σήμερον.<br />

3.<br />

O. Dibelius, Das Vaterunser. Umrisse zu einer Geschichte des Gebetes in der alten und mittleren<br />

Kirche, Giessen, 1903, gv. 62: `Die Bitte um das tägliche Brot findet an ihm einen volkstümlichen<br />

Erklärer, der einem Chrysostomos nicht nachsteht.”<br />

4.<br />

“pursa oden veZiebdeT... £orcielTa sa£marTagan” / τὰς σωματικὰς χρείας, Gregorios<br />

Nyssenus, De Oratione Dominica, Oratio IV: PG 44, 1165/Callahan, Oratio IV, c.<br />

24, gv. 50), wmida grigol noseli, swavla¡ locvisa¡ da Targmaneba¡ mamao<br />

Cueno¡sa¡, Zveli <strong>qarTuli</strong> Targmanis teqsti gamosacemad moamzada da gamokvleva<br />

daurTo ekaterine qiriam, Tbilisi, 2006, Tavi d, gv. 40.<br />

5.<br />

wmida grigol noseli, swavla¡ locvisa¡ da Targmaneba¡ mamao Cueno¡sa¡,<br />

Tavi d, gv. 41 /τὸ πρὸς τὴν συντήρησιν ἐξαρκοῦν τῆς σωματικῆς οὐσίας, Gregorios Nysse-

narkvevi 117<br />

swored am tipis gansazRvrebebs efuZneba mkvlevarTa<br />

umravlesobis daskvna, rom wmida grigols “arsobis puri”<br />

martoden xorciel, materialur purad esmis 6 . SesaZloa,<br />

es mtkiceba nawilobriv arc Tu usafuZvlo Candes (erTi<br />

mxriv, kapadokiel mamasTan marTlac SeiniSneba sityvasityviTi<br />

Tu materialuri axsnis tendencia), magram, vfiqrob,<br />

mainc gvmarTebs sifrTxile, roca, zogadad, grigoliseuli<br />

ganmartebis tipze vsaubrobT. gasaTvaliswinebelia<br />

mTliani konteqsti Txovnis interpretaciisa, iseve<br />

rogorc “puri arsobisa¡”-s patristikuli egzegezis er-<br />

Tiani foni 7 da sxva. winamdebare publikaciis mizansac wm.<br />

nus, De Oratione Dominica, Oratio IV: PG 44, 1169 1165 /Callahan, Oratio IV, c. 12, gv. 51.<br />

6.<br />

`Der einzige patristische Text, der klar und bestimmt den geistig-eucharistischen Sinn der Brotbitte<br />

in positiver Weise ausschliesst”, J. P. Bock, Die Brotbitte des Vaterunsers. Ein Beitrag<br />

zum Verständnis dieses Universalgebetes und einschlägiger patristisch-liturgischer Fragen, Paderborn,<br />

1911, gv. 100. raiTi ki noselis ritorikul spekulaciaSi xazs usvams<br />

Txovnis zomierebasa da sisadaves (“frugality and modesty of the request”) da aRniSnavs,<br />

rom es mdRevri puri mas martoden Cveni sxeulisaTvis, Cveni xorcieli<br />

cxovrebisaTvis saWirod miaCnia, D. Wright, What Kind of “Bread”? The Fourth Petition<br />

of the Lord’s Prayer from the Fathers to the Reformers, Das Gebet in patristischer und reformatorischer<br />

Sicht, Bd. 76, hrsg. von Campi, Grane, Ritter, Göttingen, 1999, gv. 154. dibeliusis<br />

azriT, “wm. grigolis locvis Sesaxeb homiliebi naTeli dasturia<br />

imisa, Tu rogor iWreboda qristianobis “ganaTlebul” warmomadgenelTa<br />

msoflxedvaSi xalxuri warmodgenebi~ / “Die Reden Gregors über das Gebet können<br />

uns zeigen, wie vulgäre volkstümliche Vorstellungen in die Gedankenwelt der literarisch gebildeten<br />

Vertreter des Christentums eindringen” O. Dibelius, dasax. naSr., gv. 49.<br />

7.<br />

sagulisxmoa, rom mTlian patristikul tradiciaSi, berZnulsa Tu laTinurSi,<br />

siriulsa Tu somxur arealSi “arsobis puris” sulieri da sulierevqaristuli<br />

ganmarteba dominirebs. amas naTlad adastureben jer kidev<br />

afrikeli mamebi, Tertullianus, Libri Dogmatici. De Oratione: PL 1, 1143A -1196D/ = Tertullianus,<br />

Opera catholica ad Marcionem. De Oratione: CCL 1, ed. Dekkers, pars I, Brepols, 257-<br />

274. marTalia, tertulianec “epiousios” zogjer “saWirosa” da “aucilebel”<br />

sazrdelad moiazrebs (“necessarium”, “necessitatibus”, Tertullianus, De Oratione, 6: PL<br />

1, 1160A /= CCL 1, VI, 3, c. 14-15, gv. 261), magram xorcieli axsnis paralelurad<br />

(“carnaliter” _ “xorcielad”, Tertullianus, De Oratione, 6: PL 1, 1161A /= CCL 1, VI, 3, c.<br />

13, gv. 261) da metic, masze aRmatebulad, swored misi sulieri arsi miaCnia<br />

(“spiritaliter” _ “sulierad”, Tertullianus, De Oratione, 6: PL 1, 1160A /= CCL 1, VI, 3, c.<br />

14, gv. 261; VI, 2, c. 6-7, gv. 261); miuxedavad imisa, rom kvipriane puris xorciel<br />

gagebas aramc da aramc ar gamoricxavs, misTvis ganmsazRvreli swored sulieri,<br />

sulier-evqaristuli Sinaarsia, Cyprianus, De Dominica Oratione 18: CCL<br />

3 A, pars II, ed. M. Simonetti et C. Moreschini, Brepols Turnholt 1976, 325. origene erTmniSvnelovnad<br />

sulier ganmartebas aniWebs upiratesobas, kerZod, sulier-<br />

WvretiTs, mistikurs da sruliad gamoricxavs “arsobis puris~ materialur<br />

gagebas, Origenes, De Oratione, 27, 2: BEP 10, Athen, 1957, 280f. mis ukiduresad sulier<br />

interpretacias epiousios-is miseuli etimologiuri analizic (ousiadan<br />

momdinareoba) _ amyarebs: …ἡ μὲν τὸν εἰς τὴν οὐσίαν συμβαλλόμενον ἄρτον<br />

δηλοῦσα, iqve, 282. sulier-alegoriulsa da martomyofobiTs ganmartebas<br />

gvTavazobs sparsi brZeni afraati, Aphraate, Le Sage Persian, Exposés I-X, Exposé IV<br />

(dalat -h) de la Prière: SC 349, ed., traduction du syriaque, introduction et notes par Marie-Jo-

118 waxnagi 1.2009<br />

grigolis komentaris swored konteqstiT ganpirobebuli<br />

wakiTxva warmoadgens.<br />

sainteresoa, rom wm. grigol noselis De oratione dominica-s<br />

me-4 sityva-homilia sauflo locvis mesamesa da meoTxe Txovnis<br />

ganmartebas aerTianebs.Ees imis mimaniSnebelia, rom wmida<br />

grigoli am or Txovnas Soris uSualo Sinagan kavSirs<br />

xedavs 8 . mTlian sauflo locvas wmida mama “Rrmasa rasme da<br />

RmrTivSuenier(sa) swavlasa” 9 da “samkurnalo¡(sa) sityua¡”-<br />

seph Pierre, Paris, 1988, 292-312. sulier-evqaristuli xasiaTisaa Zveli eklesiis<br />

mistagogiur katexizisebSi daculi ganmartebebi, mag. wm. kirile ierusalimelisaTvis<br />

“Cveni litoni puri araa epiousios, es wmida puri ki epiousios,<br />

vinaidan Cveni sulis arsebas gansazRvravs”, Kyrillos Hierosolymitanus, Myst. Kat.<br />

V, 5: FC 7, gv. 154; wm. Aambrosi mediolanelic “mdRevr purs” “saukuno cxorebis<br />

purs” uwodebs, “romeli ganamtkicebs Cveni sulis arsebas” (“Panem quidem<br />

dixit, sed epiousios dixit, hoc est substantialem. Non iste panis est, qui vadit in corpus, sed ille<br />

panis vitae aeternae, qui animae nostrae substantiam fulcit”), Ambrosius Mediolanus, De Sacr.<br />

V, 24, ed. Dom Botte: SC 25, Paris, 1949-1961-1980, gv. 95. aseve sulier sazrdelad<br />

(τροφή πνευματική) ganmartavs mas Teodore mofsuesteli, Theodoros Mopsuestenus,<br />

Katechetische Homilien Hom. 15,7: FC 17/ 2, gv. 392. wm. maqsime aRmsareblis-<br />

Tvisac “puri arsobisa¡” upirvelesad, sulieri, saRmrTo sazrdelia (...τῆς<br />

θείας τροφῆς), Maximos Confessor, Exp. Orationis Dominicae: PG 90, 872-910, 897 B /=<br />

Maximi Confessoris Expositio Orationis Dominicae: CChr SG 23, c. 570-571, Maximi Confessoris<br />

Opuscula Exegetica Duo, Maximi Confessoris opera Expositio in Psalmum LIX, Expositio<br />

Orationis Dominicae, ed. P. van Deun, Brepols Turnhout, 1991, 27-73, 60.<br />

arsobis puris sulier-evqaristul arsze saubrobs ravenis mTavarepiskoposi<br />

petre qrisoloRic: “Ipse ist panis, qui satus in Virgine, fermentatus in carne,<br />

in passione confectus, in furnace coctus sepulchri, in Ecclesiis conditus, illatus altaribus coelestam<br />

cibum quotidie fidelibus subministrat”, Petrus Chrysologus, Comm. in Mt., Sermones<br />

in Orationem Dominica: Sancti Petri Chrysologi Archiepiscopi Ravenanatis, opera omnia : PL<br />

52, ed. J. P. Migne, P., 1859, Reprint by Brepols, Turnhout 1978, Sermo 67, 68, 70, 71, 72: PL<br />

52, col. 390-406; 666-678, Sermo 67, c. 392 B /=Sancti Petri Chrysologi Collectio Sermonum:<br />

CCL 24 A, pars II, ed. A. Olivar, Turnholti Brepols 1981, Sermo 67, 7: CCL 24 A, c. 56ff.,<br />

gv. 404 – c. 60-61, gv. 405. aq aSkaraa zeciuri puris evqaristulTan igiveoba.<br />

patristikul mowmobaTa es sia SeiZleba usasrulod gagrZeldes. CvenTvis<br />

saintereso isaa, rom mTlian patristikul tradiciaSi ganmartebaTa mravalferovnebis<br />

miuxedavad arsobis puris swored suliersa da sulier-evqaristul<br />

gagebas eniWeba upiratesoba.<br />

8.<br />

Gregorios Nyssenus, De Oratione Dominica, Oratio IV: PG 44, 1161 ff / = Callahan, Oratio IV,<br />

gv. 44ff. cxadia, sauflo locvis yvela Txovna erT mTlianobas qmnis da Sinagani<br />

kavSiri yvela Txovnas Soris arsebobs. magram aq wmida grigoli kidev<br />

ufro usvams xazs swored am ori Txovnis urTierTmimarTebasa da kavSirs.<br />

mesame da meoTxe Txovna erT mTels warmoadgens aseve wmida ioane oqropirisTvis,<br />

Johannes Chrysostomos, Homiliae In Matthaeum, Homilia XIX: PG 57, 13-472; PG<br />

58, 471-794, Fascimile of the 1860 Paris First Edition, Athen 1996, 280 / maTes Tavis Zveli<br />

<strong>qarTuli</strong> Targmani: wmidisa da netarisa mamisa Cuenisa iovane oqropirisa¡<br />

konstantinepolel mTavarepiskoposisa¡ Targmaneba¡ wmidisa saxarebisa¡<br />

maTes Tavisa¡, wigni II, Tbilisi, 1996, gv. 20.<br />

9.<br />

wmida grigol noseli, swavla¡ locvisa¡ da Targmaneba¡ mamao Cueno¡sa¡,<br />

Tavi d, gv. 38 /...τῶν βαθυτέρων τι δογμάτων ὑποσημαίνειν ὁ λόγος καί τινα ποεῖεσθαι<br />

διδασκαλίαν θεοπρεποῦς διανοίας, Callahan, Oratio IV, c. 15-16, gv. 48.

narkvevi 119<br />

sa 10 uwodebs, locvis maswavlels Cvensas ki _ “WeSmarits<br />

mkurnals sulTasa” 11 . locvis sityvani, rogorc “wamali<br />

sulieri” 12 “simrTelisa momyvanebelad” 13 mogvaniWa ufalma.<br />

“xolo simrTele sulisa¡ ars nebisa RmrTisa aRsruleba¡” 14 .<br />

angelozebi ar iTxoven purs, vinaidan maT ar esaWiroebaT<br />

xorcieli sazrdeli 15 . im sxvaobis gamo, rac erTi<br />

mxriv, zeciur, noetur, uxilav, uxorcosa da meore mxriv,<br />

miwier, grZnobad, xilulsa da xorciel samyaroTa Soris<br />

arsebobs, zeciuri samyaros uxorco mkvidrni ar saWiroeben<br />

xorciel sazrdels. Sesabamisad, zecis mkvidrni Tavisufalni<br />

arian yovelive borotisagan, yovelive vnebisagan 16 .<br />

amdenad, zeciuri cxoreba RmrTis nebis aRsrulebaa 17 .<br />

Cveni, vnebuli da codvili adamianebis mizanic angelozTa<br />

mimbaZvelobaa, angelozTa sworpativoba 18 , zecis moqalaqobis<br />

damkvidreba, anu yovelive vnebisagan, yovelive borotisagan<br />

gaTavisufleba da RmrTis nebis aRsruleba miwazec, iseve<br />

10.<br />

wmida grigol noseli, swavla¡ locvisa¡ da Targmaneba¡ mamao Cueno¡sa¡,<br />

Tavi d, gv. 37/ τοῦ κατὰ τὴν ἰατρικὴν θεωρήματος, Callahan, Oratio IV, c. 15-16, gv. 45.<br />

11.<br />

wmida grigol noseli, swavla¡ locvisa¡ da Targmaneba¡ mamao Cueno¡sa¡,<br />

Tavi d, gv. 37 /ὁ ἀληθινὸς ἰατρὸς, Callahan, Oratio IV, c. 8, gv. 46. qriste rogorc<br />

mkurnali sakmaod gavrcelebuli xatia jer kidev Zvel samociqulo xanis<br />

eklesiaSi, mag, wm. egnate antioqeli, Ignatios Antiochenus, Eph 7, 2, Die Apostolischen<br />

Väter, eingeleitet, hrsg., übertragen und erläutert von J. A. Fischer, 8. Aufl., München,<br />

1981, gv. 146-149.<br />

12.<br />

wmida grigol noseli, swavla¡ locvisa¡ da Targmaneba¡ mamao Cueno¡sa¡,<br />

Tavi d, gv. 37.<br />

13.<br />

iqve / θεραπεία ἐστὶ, Callahan, Oratio IV, c. 13, gv. 46.<br />

14.<br />

θέλημα δὲ θεοῦ ἡ σωτηρία τῶν ἀνθρώπων ἐστίν, Callahan, Oratio IV, c. 13, gv. 46. berZnulSia<br />

ἡ σωτηρία _ “xsna”. amdenad, RmrTis nebis aRsruleba sulis simrTelisa,<br />

da maSasadame, sulieri xsnis sawindaria.<br />

15.<br />

Gregorios Nyssenus, De Oratione Dominica, Oratio IV: PG 44, 1168D-1169A /= Callahan,<br />

Oratio IV, c. 19-20, gv. 48. Sdr. zeciur ZalTa sulieri sazrdeli origenesTan,<br />

Origenes, De Oratione, 27, 2: BEP 10, 284.<br />

16.<br />

…Διὰ τοῦτο τὴν ἐν οὐρανοῖς τῶν ἁγίων δυνάμεων πολιτείαν ἀμιγῆ τε κακίας,Gregorios<br />

Nyssenus, De Oratione Dominica, Oratio IV: PG 44, A /= Callahan, Oratio IV, c. 20-<br />

21/24-25, gv. 49: / “xolo zecisa igi mk¢drni wmida arian yovlisave vnebisagan...<br />

zecisa moqalaqoba¡ Seurevnel ars borotisagan...”, wmida grigol noseli,<br />

swavla¡ locvisa¡ da Targmaneba¡ mamao Cueno¡sa¡, Tavi d, gv. 39.<br />

17.<br />

δῆλον ἄν εἴη ὅτι ἄνω πολιτεία ἅτε παντὸς κακοῦ καθαρεύσα ἐν τῷ αγαθῷ θελήματι τοῦ<br />

Θεοῦ καθαρθοῦται, Gregorios Nyssenus, De Oratione Dominica, Oratio IV: PG 44, 1168 B /=<br />

Callahan, Oratio IV, c. 4-8, gv. 50. / “da vina¡Tgan zecisa igi cxoreba¡ wmida ars<br />

yovlisave biwisagan, sacnaur ars friad, viTarmed neba¡ RmrTisa¡ ganisuenebs<br />

mas zeda”, wmida grigol noseli, swavla¡ locvisa¡ da Targmaneba¡ mamao<br />

Cueno¡sa¡, Tavi d, gv. 39.<br />

18.<br />

Sdr. maqsime aRmsarebeli, locvisaT¢s mamao Cueno¡sa, K 14, 162 v / Maximos<br />

Confessor, Exp. Orationis Dominicae: PG 90, 876 C/ =CChr SG 23, c. 81-82, 31: ἰσοτιμίαν τὴν<br />

πρὸς ἀγγέλους / Maximos Confessor, Exp. Orationis Dominicae: PG 90, 875 C: “cum angelis<br />

honoris sortem”.

120 waxnagi 1.2009<br />

rogorc zecaSi 19 . mesame Txovnis aseTi ganmartebis Semdeg wmida<br />

mama uSualod meoTxe Txovnis egzegezaze gadadis.<br />

Tavidanve TiTqos aSkaraa, rom wmida grigoli puris<br />

xorciel ganmartebas gvTavazobs. marTlac, arsobis purs<br />

igi “£orciel sa£mars” 20 uwodebs, magram vfiqrob, sainteresoa,<br />

rogor “£orciel sa£mrad” miiCnevs mas wmida mama da<br />

rogor gamijnavs mas sxva £orciel sa£marTagan:<br />

“...arca didebasa, da arca Suebasa, arca simdidresa, arca<br />

sxuaTa maT amaoTa saqmeTa angahrebisaTa” 21 .<br />

περιουσία-s (“angahrebasa” da siWarbes) wmida mama τὸ<br />

μέτριον-s (“zoma”, “zomiereba” 22 , “kmayofa”)D da μεῖνον ἐπὶ τῆς<br />

χρείας 23 (“oden sa£mari”) upirispirebs 24 .<br />

Cven unda viTxovoT is, rac aucilebelia Cveni yoveldRiuri<br />

yofisaTvis; Cven unda viTxovoT ara simdidre da misTanani,<br />

rac Cvens suls RmrTisa da misi sasufevlisgan aSorebs, aramed<br />

puri arsobisa, vinaidan Cven mxolod mas vsaWiroebT 25 .<br />

19.<br />

τοῦ κακοῦ τὴν ζωὴν ἐκκαθαρθῆναι ὡς καθ᾽ ὁμοιότητα τῆς οὐρανίου διαγωγῆς καὶ ἐν<br />

ἡμῖν ἀνεμποδίστως τὸ θέλημα τοῦ θεοῦ πολιτεύσασθαι, Gregorios Nyssenus, De Oratione<br />

Dominica, Oratio IV: PG 44, 1168 B /= Callahan, Oratio IV, c. 12-14, gv. 50/ “ganwmedad<br />

cxorebisa Cuenisa borotTagan, vidreRa msgavsad caTa Sina myofTa¡sa ganisuenebdes<br />

Cuen zedaca neba¡ RmrTisa¡ da aResrulebodes dauyeneblad”,<br />

wmida grigol noseli, swavla¡ locvisa¡ da Targmaneba¡ mamao Cueno¡sa¡,<br />

Tavi d, gv. 39-40.<br />

20.<br />

ix. zemoT, gv. 1, sqoilo 4. Sdr. ἡ τροφή τῆς ἀναγκαῖας, Johannes Chrysostomos,<br />

Homiliae In Matthaeum, Homilia XIX, 6/10: PG 57, 280 / “saWiro¡ sazrdeli”, ioane<br />

oqropiri, Targmaneba¡ maTes Tavisa¡, gv. 19: esaa CvenTvis aucilebeli, saWiro<br />

sakvebi. Τὸν ἄρτον τὸν επιούσιον, τουτ ἐστι, τὸν ἐφήμερον, Johannes Chrysostomos,<br />

Homiliae In Matthaeum, Homilia XIX, 6/10: PG 57, 280 /“puri arsobisa¡... mdRevri<br />

puri”, iqve. aq sruliad aSkaraa arsobis puris mdRevr purTan gaigiveba.<br />

21.<br />

wmida grigol noseli, swavla¡ locvisa¡ da Targmaneba¡ mamao Cueno¡sa¡,<br />

Tavi d, gv. 40 / οὐ τροφὴν οὐδὲ πλοῦτον, οὐκ εὐανθεῖς ἁλοργίδας, οὐ τὸν ἐκ χρυσοῦ<br />

κόσμιον, οὐ τὰς τῶν λίθων αὐγὰς... οὐ γῆς περιουσίαν, Gregorios Nyssenus, De Oratione<br />

Dominica, Oratio IV: PG 44, 1169 A/= Callahan, Oratio IV, c. 13-16, gv. 51.<br />

22.<br />

sainteresoa, rom zomierebasa da “aRwoniT wesis-yofas” araerTxel Segvaxsenebs<br />

netari agvustinec: “vinc ambobs: “simdidresa da upovarebasa nu momcem<br />

me, aramed aRwoniT yav wesi~ (ig. 30:8), sxvas araras ambobs, Tu ara: “puri<br />

Cueni arsobisa¡ momec Cuen dRes”, Augustinus, Epistula ad Probam: PL 33, 502.<br />

23.<br />

Gregorios Nyssenus, De Oratione Dominica, Oratio IV: PG 44, 1172 C / = Callahan, Oratio IV, c.<br />

5, gv. 54 / an kidev: ...αἀρκεῖ σοι τὸ μέχρι τῆς χρείας ταύτης ἀσχολεῖν τὴν διάνοιαν μᾶλλον<br />

δὲ μηδὲ τούτου τὴν ψυχὴν ταῖς περὶ ἄρτου μερίμναις ἐνδήσῃς, Gregorios Nyssenus, De Oratione<br />

Dominica, Oratio IV: PG 44, 1173 / = Callahan, Oratio IV, c. 14-16, gv. 55 / “daadger sa£marsa<br />

mas zeda bunebiTsa da nu metsa eZieb, aramed pursa oden gonebiTa keTiliTa”,<br />

wmida grigol noseli, swavla¡ locvisa¡ da Targmaneba¡ mamao Cueno¡sa¡,<br />

Tavi d, gv. 42.<br />

24.<br />

Gregorios Nyssenus, De Oratione Dominica, Oratio IV: PG 44, 1168 D / = Callahan, Oratio IV, c.<br />

29, gv. 50.<br />

25.<br />

τὸν ἐφήμερον ἄρτον, Gregorios Nyssenus, De Oratione Dominica, Oratio IV: PG 44, 1168D / =<br />

Callahan, Oratio IV, c. 28, gv. 50. sainteresoa, rom wmida grigoli yvelgan ἐφήμερον

narkvevi 121<br />

adamianTaTvis zomieri da “oden sa£mari” ar aRmoCnda<br />

sakmarisi, amitomac mudamdRe sanovageTa zrunviT arian<br />

Seqceulni 26 . swored aq mimarTavs wmida mama evasa da gvelis<br />

Sesaxeb ZvelaRTqmiseul igavs (dabad. 3:15) 27 .<br />

Ggrigol noseli am igaviT Segvaxsenebs borotebisagan<br />

sulis dacvis, ukeTurebisagan Cveni nebsiTi ukumiqcevis<br />

aucileblobas, sulis sifxizlisaken mogviwo debs.<br />

gveli anu “Tavi borotisa gulisTqumisa”, “ukeTurebisa”,<br />

saTave yovelive borotisa, arawmidisa, ukeTurisa “ara Semovides<br />

sulsa Cuensa”, “ara daibudos sulsa Sina guelman<br />

man gulisTqumaTaman” 28 , – amas niSnavs sulis fxizloba.<br />

amdenad, Txovnis Zireul termins “epiousios” igi ganmartavs<br />

rogorc “aucilebels”, “saWiros”, “araWarbs”.<br />

adamiani unda gaisarjos imdenad, rom TavisTvis auci-<br />

ἄρτον-s xmarobs, mxolod sityvis dasasruls iCens Tavs ἐπιούσιον-ic, Gregorios<br />

Nyssenus, De Oratione Dominica, Oratio IV: PG 44, 1176 / = Callahan, Oratio IV, c. 23-24, gv.<br />

56. aqve unda aRvniSno, rom wm. efvTime, noseliseuli komentaris qarTulad<br />

mTargmneli, τὸν ἐφήμερον-s aq Targmnis rogorc “arsobisa¡” da ara rogorc<br />

“mdRevri”, rac qarTulSi berZnuli terminis myar Sesatyviss warmoadgens,<br />

wmida grigol noseli, swavla¡ locvisa¡ da Targmaneba¡ mamao Cueno¡sa¡,<br />

Tavi d, gv. 40.<br />

26.<br />

...ἀλλ᾿ ἀφέντες οἱ ἄνθρωποι διὰ τῶν ἀναγκαίων λειτουργίαν τῇ φύσει ὀντως συμπίγονται,<br />

καθώς φησί που ὁ Λόγος, ταῖς περὶ τὰ μάταια σπουδαῖς, καὶ ατελεσφόρηται μένουσι, πρὸς<br />

ταυτατῆς φυχῆς ἑαυτὴν εἰς τὸ διηνεκὲς ἀσχολούσης, Gregorios Nyssenus, De Oratione Dominica,<br />

Oratio IV: PG 44, 1169 D / = Callahan, Oratio IV, c. 24-26, gv. 52 - c. 1-2, gv. 53. “rameTu dauteves<br />

kacTa sa£mari bunebiTi da moiSTvebian sanovageTa zrunviTa da maradis mun Seqceul<br />

ars suli maTi”, wmida grigol noseli, swavla¡ locvisa¡ da Targmaneba¡<br />

mamao Cueno¡sa¡, Tavi d, gv. 41.<br />

27.<br />

arsobis puris Txovnis grigoliseuli ganmartebis Taviseburebas swored<br />

evasa da gvelis Sesaxeb igavi warmoadgens.<br />

28.<br />

...τοῦ λόγου ὅτι τὴν ἡδονὴν εἰσιοῦσαν καὶ παραδυομένην τῇ τῆς ψυχῆς ῥαχίᾳ<br />

φυλάσσεσθαι χρὴ καὶ ἀποφράσσειν ὡς ἕνι μάλιστα τὰς ἁρμονίας βίου. Οὕτω γὰρ ἄν<br />

καθαρὰ φυλαχθείητης τῶν θερίων ἐπιμιξίας ἡ ἀνθρωπίνη βίου, Gregorios Nyssenus, De<br />

Oratione Dominica, Oratio IV: PG 44, 1172 AB / = Callahan, Oratio IV, c. 13-16, gv. 53 /<br />

“xolo gamoaCinebs sityua¡ ese, viTarmed jer ars krZalva¡, ra¡Ta Tavi<br />

borotisa gulisTqumisa¡ ara Semovides sulsa Cuensa da esreT wmida viqmnneT<br />

m£ecTa geslisagan“, wmida grigol noseli, swavla¡ locvisa¡ da<br />

Targmaneba¡ mamao Cueno¡sa¡, Tavi d, gv. 41. an kidev: ...εἰ οὐν φεύγεις τὴν τοῦ<br />

θηρίου συνοίκεσιν, φύλαξαι τὴν κεφαλὴν, τούτεστι, τὴν πρώτην τοῦ κακοῦ προσβολὴν<br />

εἰς τοῦτο γὰρ φέρει τῆς ἐντολῆς τοῦ Κυρίου τὸ αἴνιγμα‧ Αὐτός σου τηρήσει πτέρναν,<br />

καὶ σὺ τηρήσεις αὐτοῦ κεφαλὴν, καὶ σὺ τηρήσεις αὐτοῦ πτέρναν, Gregorios Nyssenus, De<br />

Oratione Dominica, Oratio IV: PG 44, 1172 B / = Callahan, Oratio IV, c. 26-27, gv. 53-c. 1-2,<br />

gv. 54 /”aw ukueTu ivltodi guelisa mis Tana yofisagan, ekrZale Tavsa missa!<br />

ese igi ars: pirveli Semoslva¡ ukeTurebisa¡ ganiotÀ, viTarca ety¢s ufali<br />

guelsa, viTarmed: “igi umzirdes Tavsa Sensa da Sen umzirde brWalsa missa”,<br />

wmida grigol noseli, swavla¡ locvisa¡ da Targmaneba¡ mamao Cueno¡sa¡,<br />

Tavi d, gv. 41. Sdr. afraatis meeqvse homilia: “moviRoT uflisagan £elmwifeba¡,<br />

ra¡Ta kadnier viqmnneT datkebnad guelTa da iqedneTa”, G. Garitte, La<br />

Version Georgienne de l’Entretien VI d’Aphraate, I, 8: Le Museon LXXVII, 3-4, gv. 312.

122 waxnagi 1.2009<br />

lebeli, sicocxlisaTvis aucilebeli sakvebi (ἡ τροφή<br />

τῆς ἀναγκαῖας) 29 , “saWiro¡ sazrdeli” moipovos, amasTan<br />

moipovos marTali SromiT 30 (aq eTikuri elementi iCens<br />

Tavs 31 ). vinc simarTles eZiebs, mas eZleva puri RmrTisagan<br />

32 . puri RmrTisa ki aris nayofi simarTlisa da mSvidobisa<br />

33 . cxadia, mdRevri puris TxovniT Cven viTxovT<br />

purs RmrTisas. kapadokieli mama asxvavebs purs simarTlisas<br />

da nayofs usamarTlobisas 34 . mxolod RmrTis purisagan,<br />

marTali SromiT mopovebuli purisagan Segi-<br />

Zlia Seswiro RmerTs Sesawiravi 35 .<br />

zndizeda “dRes”/“dRiTi-dRed” ganmartebisas wmida<br />

grigoli kidev erTxel Segvaxsenebs saRmrTo sibrZnis si-<br />

Rrmesa da usasrulobas. igi ganasxvavebs awmyosa da mermiss,<br />

warmavalsa da saukunos. adamianis sicocxle erTi<br />

dRiT Semoifargleba 36 da “kma ars dRisa¡ mis siborote<br />

29.<br />

Gregorios Nyssenus, De Oratione Dominica, Oratio IV: PG 44, 1172 C /= Callahan, Oratio<br />

IV, c.13-14, gv. 54.<br />

30.<br />

ἐκ δικαίων πόνων, Gregorios Nyssenus, De Oratione Dominica, Oratio IV: PG 44,<br />

1173 B /= Callahan, Oratio IV, c. 20-21, gv. 55 / “puri simarTlisa¡”, wmida grigol<br />

noseli, swavla¡ locvisa¡ da Targmaneba¡ mamao Cueno¡sa¡, Tavi d,<br />

gv. 42.<br />

31.<br />

Sdr. rwmeniTa da marTali cxorebiT (...πιστεύοντες καὶ βιοῦντες δεξιώτερον...)<br />

SevsTxovT ufals cxovel purs, Origenes, De Oratione, 27, 6: BEP 10, 281. mar-<br />

Tali cxoreba ganuyofelia rwmenisagan. eTikuri elementis wina planze<br />

wamoweva niSandoblivia, zogadad, antioqiuri skolisaTvis, ase magali-<br />

Tad, am skolis erT-erTi udidesi warmomadgeneli, Teodore mofsuesteli,<br />

mTlian sauflo locva eTikis kompendiumad miiCnevs, Theodorus Mopsuestenus,<br />

Homiliae catecheticae, Homilia 11, 1: FC 17, 1, gv. 300.<br />

32.<br />

Θεοῦ ἄρτος, Gregorios Nyssenus, De Oratione Dominica, Oratio IV: PG 44, 1173 B / =<br />

Callahan, Oratio IV, c. 20, gv. 55. Sdr. Ignatios Antiochenus, An die Epheser, Eph 5,2,146: τοῦ<br />

ἄρτου τοῦ Θεοῦ/ “puri RmrTisa”.<br />

33.<br />

Δικαιουσύνης καρπὸς εἰρήνης ὁ στάχυς, Gregorios Nyssenus, De Oratione Dominica,<br />

Oratio IV: PG 44, 1173 BC / = Callahan, Oratio IV, c. 1-2, gv. 56 / “xolo puri simarTlisa¡,<br />

rameTu, ukueTu ukeTurebiT da tacebiT mogebuli iyos puri igi, ara<br />

RmrTisa mocemuli ars, rameTu RmrTisa mocemuli yoveli simarTle ars da<br />

simarTliT mogebuli”, wmida grigol noseli, swavla¡ locvisa¡ da Targmaneba¡<br />

mamao Cueno¡sa¡, Tavi d, gv. 42 (Sdr. maTe 6:33: “xolo Tquen eZiebdiT<br />

pirvelad sasufevelsa RmrTisasa da simarTlesa missa, da ese SegeZinos<br />

Tquen”). ix. aseve = Callahan, Oratio IV, c. 23, gv. 56.<br />

34.<br />

ἐζ ἀδικίας καρπὸν, Gregorios Nyssenus, De Oratione Dominica, Oratio IV: PG 44, 1173C /<br />

= Callahan, Oratio IV, c. 6-7, gv. 56.<br />

35.<br />

ὁ σπουδάζων τὴν διακαιουσύνην, Gregorios Nyssenus, De Oratione Dominica, Oratio IV:<br />

PG 44, 1173C / = Callahan, Oratio IV, c. 7-8, gv. 56.<br />

36.<br />

ὅτι ἐφήμερός ἐστι ἡ ἀνθρωπίνη ζωή, Gregorios Nyssenus, De Oratione Dominica, Oratio IV:<br />

PG 44, 1176 A /= Callahan, Oratio IV, c. 25, gv. 56-c. 1, gv. 55/ “viTarmed mdRevri ars cxoreba¡<br />

kacobrivi”, wmida grigol noseli, swavla¡ locvisa¡ da Targmaneba¡<br />

mamao Cueno¡sa¡, Tavi d, gv. 42.

narkvevi 123<br />

T¢si” 37 . amitom gvekrZaleba xvalindel dReze zrunva 38 .<br />

vinc erT dRes gvaZlevs, imasac gvaZlevs, rac am dRisaTvis<br />

saWiroa. saRmrTo nebiT yvelas saWiroebisamebr eZleva.<br />

sxeulis sicocxle awmyos ekuTvnis, sulisa _ ki mermiss.<br />

momavali sulis sicocxlea. Tuki mdRevri puri dRevandel<br />

dRes, awmyos ekuTvnis, sasufeveli RmrTisa _ esaa saukuno<br />

netarebis sameufo 39 . mdRevri purisa da RmrTis sasufevlis<br />

es dapirispireba ise ar unda iqnas gagebuli, TiTqos<br />

wmida grigoli amiTac mdRevr, arsobis purs mxolod xorciel-materialurad<br />

ganmartavs. dRevandeli dRe, awmyo,<br />

Cveni amqveyniuri cxovreba ara mxolod xorciels, aramed<br />

suliersac moicavs. mxolod waruvali, sulieri sikeTenia<br />

WeSmaritad Txovnis Rirsi. Cvenc Cveni mzera swored waruvalsa<br />

da suliers unda mivapyroT, raTa masTan erTad sxva<br />

danarCenic, rac gvesaWiroeba, mogveces 40 . locva ki, grigo-<br />

37.<br />

maTe 6, 34: “nu hzrunavT xvalisaT¢s, rameTu xvalem izrunos Tavisa T¢sisa.<br />

kma ars dRisa¡ mis siborote T¢si”.<br />

38.<br />

Gregorios Nyssenus, De Oratione Dominica, Oratio IV: PG 44, 1176 A /= Callahan, Oratio<br />

IV, c. 5-6, gv. 57/ “amisT¢s ity¢s, viTarmed: “momec Cuen dRes”, ra¡Ta gaswavos<br />

Sen ara zrunva¡ xvalisa¡. viTarmca getyoda Sen sity¢sa amis mier, viTarmed<br />

xvale, romelman dRÀ mogces, manve dRisaca mis sazrdeli moganiWos”, wmida<br />

grigol noseli, swavla¡ locvisa¡ da Targmaneba¡ mamao Cueno¡sa¡, Tavi d,<br />

gv. 42. maTeseul citatze dayrdnobiT xvalindel dReze zrunvis akrZalvas<br />

puris Txovnis mraval komentarSi vxvdebiT, sakmarisia, Tu gavixsenebT mag.:<br />

“Nolite de crastino cogitare”, Tertullianus, De Oratione, 6: PL 1, 1161A / = CCL 1, VI, 4, c. 22f,<br />

gv. 261 an kidev Johannes Chrysostomos, Homiliae In Matthaeum, Homilia XIX: PG 57, 280<br />

da sxva.<br />

39.<br />

ὁ ἄρτος τῆς σημερινῆς χρείας ἐστίν, ἡ βασιλεία τῆς ἐλπιζομένης μακαριότητος, Gregorios<br />

Nyssenus, De Oratione Dominica, Oratio IV: PG 44, 1176 D/= Callahan, Oratio IV, c.<br />

12-13, gv. 58.<br />

40.<br />

Gregorios Nyssenus, De Oratione Dominica, Oratio IV: PG 44, 1176 A -1177 A / = Callahan,<br />

Oratio IV, gv. 57-58 / “vin aRmoabrwyinvebs mzesa, vin ganaqarvebs bnelsa, vin aRmoabrwyinvebs<br />

naTelsa? romeli amas yovelsa iqms, mas sa£marisa SenisaT¢s<br />

Sew(e)vna¡ u£msa? ver xedava, viTar zrdis igi mfrinvelTa da yovelTa<br />

iZrvisTa, da rad ara gulis£misyofad movalT mravalTa maT saxeTagan?<br />

viswavoT ukuÀ mravalTa maT saxeTagan, viTarmed sulierisa¡ jer ars Zieba¡<br />

da saukuno¡sa mis netarebisa¡” (τῶν τῆς ψυχῆς αγαθῶν, Gregorios Nyssenus,<br />

De Oratione Dominica, Oratio IV: PG 44, 1176 D /= Callahan, Oratio IV, c. 16, gv. 58); “vi-<br />

Tarca ity¢s, viTarmed: `iTxovdiT sasufevelsa caTasa da simarTlesa da ese<br />

yoveli SegeZinos Tquen qristes iesu¡s (i¢s¡s) mier uflisa Cuenisa, romlisa¡<br />

ars dideba¡ da simtkicÀ Tana mamiT da suliT wmidiTurT aw da maradis<br />

da ukuniTi ukunisamdÀ, amin!”, wmida grigol noseli, swavla¡ locvisa¡ da<br />

Targmaneba¡ mamao Cueno¡sa¡, Tavi d, gv. 42-43. Sdr. msgavsi pasaJi wm. ioane<br />

oqropirTan: “rameTu romelman moguawines xvalisa dResa, gina momavalTa<br />

dReTa, man sazrdelica g¢zrunos. romelman aRmoabrwyinvis mze dRiTi-dRe,<br />

romelman ganaqarvis sibnele Ramisa¡, romeli mohfens haersa samS¢nvelad<br />

Cuenda, romelsa upyrian yovelni arsni wamisyofiTa Zlierebisa misisa¡Ta,<br />

romeli zrdis yovelTa mcenareTa queyanisaTa, mfrinvelTa cisaTa da TevzTa<br />

zR¢saTa, romelsa yovelive Zal-uc da yovelTa ganagebs, misa sa£mar

124 waxnagi 1.2009<br />

lis Rrma rwmeniT, yvela saxis sikeTeTa mopovebis saukeTeso<br />

saSualebaa 41 .<br />

amdenad, marTalia, wmida grigol noseli ganmartebis<br />

swored sityvasityviTsa da zneobriv-“CueulebiTs” (moralur-eTikur)<br />

tips irCevs, magram isic aSkaraa, rom mis-<br />

Tvis oden sa£mari, xorcieli puri martoden materialuri<br />

sulac araa 42 . jer erTi, wmida grigoli xazs usvams, rom<br />

puri, romelsac viTxovT RmrTisagan, RmerTsave ekuTvnis,<br />

esaa puri RmrTisa 43 da ara RmrTis metoqisa, esaa is puri,<br />

romelic aucilebelia Cveni arsebobisaTvis. Cveni arseboba<br />

ki mxolod xorcieliT ar Semoifargleba. arsobis purs,<br />

mdRevr purs igi Tumc upirvelesad rogorc sa£mars bunebiTs,<br />

oden £orcTasa, rogorc aucilebel xorciels sazrdels<br />

gaiazrebs. magram ar unda daviviwyoT, rom yovelive<br />

arsa Cueni zrunva¡, sazrdelisa CuenisaT¢s? nu iyofin. amisT¢s g¢brZana,<br />

viTarmed: “nu hzrunavT xvalisa”, nuca iTxovT RmrTisagan saSuebelTa da<br />

simdidreTa, aramed purisaTvis oden mdRevrisa SewireT Txoa¡ uZlurebisa<br />

TquenisaT¢s, da nuraras umetes amisasa hzrunavT, nuca iTxovT, rameTu icis<br />

mamaman Tquenman zecaTaman, ra¡ gi£ms da man gizrunos, viTarca hnebavs”, ioane<br />

oqropiri, Targmaneba¡ maTes Tavisa¡, gv. 20 / Johannes Chrysostomos, Homiliae<br />

In Matthaeum, Homilia XIX: PG 57, 280. aq ara mxolod Sinaarsobrivad, aramed<br />

leqsikur-frazeologiuradac didi msgavsebaa. orive ganmartebis qarTul<br />

TargmanTa Sedareba ki cxadyofs, rom Targmani erTsa da imave avtors, ker-<br />

Zod, wm. efvTime aTonels ekuTvnis.<br />

41.<br />

iqve.<br />

42.<br />

amasve mowmobs wm. ioane oqropiris Targmanebac. miuxedavad puris TiTqos<br />

calsaxad sityvasityviTi, xorcieli gagebisa, noselis msgavsad antioqel<br />

mamasTanac SeiniSneba yovelive xorcielis miRma upirvelesad sulieri Sinaarsis<br />

danaxvis mcdeloba. imave qadagebaSi wmida ioane gveubneba, rom xorcielSic<br />

ki ufro meti sulieri unda SevicnoT da davinaxoT: Πῶς καὶ ἐν τοῖς<br />

σωματικοῖς πολὺ τὸ πνευματικόν, Johannes Chrysostomos, Homiliae In Matthaeum, Homilia<br />

XIX: PG 57, 280. am frazidan gamomdinare SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom igi xorciel<br />

purSic gacilebiT mets xedavs, vidre martoden xorcielia. miTumetes,<br />

rom qadagebis mTliani konteqsti sulier saunjeTa metobisa da upiratesobis<br />

sakmaod TvalsaCino Cvenebaa. imas, rom wmida ioanesTvis uflis locvisa<br />

da misi meoTxe Txovnis arc liturgiul-evqaristuli aspeqti iyo ucxo,<br />

mowmobs misi naTlobis katexizisebi, Johannes Chrysostomus, Catecheses Baptismales.<br />

Taufkatechesen. Griechisch-Deutsch, übersetzt und eingeleitet von R. Kaczynski : FC 6/1,<br />

Freiburg – Basel – Wien – Barcelona – Rom – NY, Teilbd. 1, 1991. maSasadame, miuxedavad<br />

imisa, rom oqropiri puris Sesaxeb Tavis ganmartebaSi “arsobis puris~<br />

suliersa Tu kerZod, evqaristul axsnas konkretulad arsad gvTavazobs,<br />

misi interpretaciidan sulieri Sinaarsis sruli gamoricxva mainc ar unda<br />

iyos marTebuli. amas adasturebs rogorc uSualod me-19 homiliis saerTo<br />

konteqsti, aseve, zogadad, maTes qadagebebis erTiani foni. amasve mowmoben<br />

misi sxva Txzulebebic. zogadad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom konstantinopolis<br />

mTavarepiskoposis arsobis puris Targmaneba Zalze axloa grigol noseliseul<br />

ganmartebasTan, maTi komentarebi JanriTac erTia – orive qadagebaa,<br />

mrevlisadmi mimarTuli, Tumc erTi locvis Txzulebaa, meore ki – saxarebis<br />

komentari. xSirad erTsa da imave saxarebiseul citatebs mimarTaven.<br />

43.<br />

Aamitomac Znelad warmosadgenia, rom igi martoden xorcieli iyos.

narkvevi 125<br />

xorcieli misTvis ganuyofelia sulierisagan _ mTliani<br />

adamianic, iseve rogorc adamianuri yofa xom orives _<br />

xorcielisa da sulieris, miwisa da zecis Sezavebulebaa 44 .<br />

44.<br />

“ra¡Ta arca queyanisani sruliad ucxo iyvnen zecisaTagan da arca zecisani<br />

sruliad ucnaur iyvnen queyanisaTa. da ra¡Ta iqmnes kacisa mier orTave maT bunebaTa<br />

Sezavebuleba¡ – uxilavisa mis sulisa¡, romeli T¢s eyvis zecisa Zal-<br />

Ta £orcTa Sina mk¢drobiTa da xilulTa amaT £orcTa aRdgomasa mas yovelTasa<br />

zecad micvalebiTa sulisa Tana, romelnica wmida iyvnen codvisagan,” wmida<br />

grigol noseli, swavla¡ locvisa¡ da Targmaneba¡ mamao Cueno¡sa¡, Tavi d, gv.<br />

39 / Callahan, c. 12ff, gv. 49: διπλῇ. am azrs ufro metad aviTarebs wmida ioane damaskeli,<br />

romelic aseve sazrdelis “mrCobloboTibazec” (xorciel-sulieri)<br />

saubrobs, ix. Johannes Damaskenos, S.P.N. Johannis Damasceni, Monachi et presbyteri Hierosolymitani<br />

opera omnia quae exstant, et ejus nomine circumferuntur, opera et studio P. Michaelis<br />

Lequien, Acc. J. P. Migne, Expositio accurata fdei orthodoxae: PG 94, 789-1228, 1152/=B. Kotter,<br />

Die Schriften des Johannes von Damaskos, II: PTS 12, Berlin 1973. sainteresoa, rom wm.<br />

ioane damaskeli wm. grigol noselis msgavsad meoTxe Txovnis purs zogadad<br />

Cvens arsebobaze (τῆς οὐσίας ἡμῶν) avrcobs, anu ara marto xorciel (τῆς σωματικῆς<br />

οὐσίας), aramed sulier, erTian xorciel-sulier arsebobas (τῆς σωματικῆς οὐσίας<br />

καὶ πνευματικῆς) gulisxmobs: Ψυχικῆ καὶ σωματικῆ διπλοῦν γὰρ ἐστι), Johannes Damaskenos,<br />

Expositio fdei, IV, 13: PG 94, 1149A /= B. Kotter: PTS 12, c. 123-124, gv. 196. amas igi,<br />

kvlav wmida grigolis kvaldakval, adamianis bunebis “mrCoblobiT” (xorcieli<br />

da sulieri, Sdr. wmida grigol noselic Tavis katexetikur sityvaSi saubrobs<br />

adamianis bunebis “mrCoblobaze” (διττά): adamiani sxeulisa da sulisgan<br />

Sedgeba, amitom orive – sxeulica da sulic unda ganikurnos, Gregorius Nyssenus,<br />

Orat. Catech., 37: PG 45, 93ff), Sesabamisad, Sobisa da sazrdelis “mrCoblobiT~ xsnis<br />

(es gavrcoba ki ukve wmida ioanes ekuTvnis). “xolo vina¡Tgan sulieri ars<br />

adam, jer ars, ra¡Ta Soba¡ca sulieri iyos, egreTve da sazrdelica. da kualad,<br />

vina¡Tgan mrCoblni ra¡me varT da Sezavebulni, jer-ars SobaTaca mr-<br />

CoblTa yofa¡, egreTve da sazrdelTa SezavebulTa¡. vina¡ca Soba¡ vidreme<br />

wylisa mier da sulisa mogueca Cuen, vity¢ ukue wmidisa naTlisRebisasa. xolo<br />

sazrdeli – T¢T igi zeciT gardamosruli puri cxorebisa¡, ufali Cueni iesu<br />

qriste”, wm. ioane damaskeli, marTlmadidebluri sarwmunoebis zedmiwevniTi<br />

gadmocema, e. WeliZis gamocema, iqve (ioanes sax. 6, 48), 86 IV, 13, (arseni), dasax.<br />

naSr., gv. 246-247; “jer-iyo Cuenda sulierica oden Soba¡ da sulieri oden<br />

saWmeli. aramed vina¡Tgan mrCobl Sezavebul varT adameanni: £orcTagan da<br />

sulisa”, (efremi), gv. 249. “mrCoblobiTad” ganmartavs “mdRevr purs” netari<br />

avgustinec: “Panis quotidianus duplex est, corporalis et spiritualis”, Augustinus, Sermo 57, VII:<br />

PL 38, 389. (Sdr. “Sane duobus modis intelligenda est ista petition de pane quotidiano: sive pro<br />

necessitate carnalis victus, sive etiam pro necessitate spiritualis alimoniae”, iqve). amdenad, wm.<br />

avgustine saubrobs xorcielsa da sulier sazrdelze. “arsobis” puri moicavs<br />

yvelafers, rasac Cveni suli da sxeuli am cxovrebaSi saWiroebs” / “Et quidquid<br />

animae nostrae et carni necessarium est, quotidiano pane concluditur”, Augustinus, Sermo 58 ad<br />

Competentes: PL 38, 395. netari avgustine aq xmarobs “necessarium” (Sdr. Augustinus,<br />

Sermo 57, VII: PL 38, 389: “Panis erit et ipse quotidianus, huic vitae necessarius”). mTeli samyofi,<br />

rogorc Cans, sulsa da sxeuls gulisxmobs. Tavis cnobil TxzulebaSi<br />

“Enchiridion ad Laurentium sive de fide, spe et caritate” netari avgustine kidev erTxel<br />

Segvaxsenebs “mdRevri puri”-s ormag Sinaarssa da ormag saWiroebas: “Panis vero<br />

cotidianus ideo dictus est quia hic est necessarius quantus animae carnique tribunedus est, sive spiritualiter<br />

(“an sulierad”), sive carnaliter (“an xorcielad”), sive utroque intelligatur modo<br />

(“an orivenairad” _ anu sulier-xorcielad)~, Augustinus, Enchiridion ad Laurentium<br />

sive de fde, spe et caritate, XXX, 115: CCL 46, pars XIII, 2, ed. Evans, Turnholti 1979, c. 29-31,<br />

gv. 111. “aucilebelia misi “mrCoblobiTad” gaazreba, vinaidan igi erTnairad

126 waxnagi 1.2009<br />

marTalia, puri arsobisa, puri mdRevri aris aucilebeli<br />

Cveni xorcieli yofisaTvis, magram Cveni xorcieli yofa<br />

ganuyofelia Cveni sulieri arsebobisagan. Aamdenad, “puri<br />

arsobisa¡” aris safuZveli Cveni mTliani, xorciel-sulieri<br />

arsebobisa. amitomacaa swored mdRevri puris Txovna<br />

Cveni upirvelesi saTxovari, da ara simdidreni ama soflisa<br />

Tu sxva xorcieli sacTurni. puri, Tund xorcielic,<br />

aris Rirsi Txovnisa. Zalze sagulisxmoa wmida grigolis<br />

Segoneba, “sa£marTaT¢s £orcielTa mravalTa zrunvaTagan”<br />

davicvaT suli 45 , anu viTxovoT is, risi Txovnac egebis Rmr-<br />

Tisagan, anu puri arsobisa, metic, “xolo nuca purisa zrunvasa<br />

Seeqcevi sruliad, aramed arqu mas, romeli zrdis yovelsa<br />

£orcielsa, viTarmed: Sen mier ars cxoreba¡ Cemi da<br />

Sen momec puri” 46 .<br />

marTalia, wmida grigol noseli “arsobis purs” upirvelesad<br />

saWiro xorciel sazrdelad ganmartavs, vfiqrobT,<br />

rom kapadokieli mama arc sulier gagebas unda gamoricxavdes.<br />

grigoliseuli ganmartebis uSualo da ubralo forma<br />

misi Txzulebis JanriTa da konteqstiT SeiZleba aixsnas:<br />

esaa mrevlis mimarT qadageba, cocxali sityva ubralo<br />

mrevlisadmi, romelic sulierad da inteleqtualurad<br />

sxvadasxvanairad momzadebul msmenels aerTianebs. mqadageblis<br />

cocxalma sityvam uSualod unda imoqmedos msmenelze.<br />

amdenad, grigol noselis mizanic aq qadagebis meSveobiT<br />

mrevlis eTikur-moraluri aRzrdaa, mrevlis damosaWiroa<br />

sulisa da xorcisaTvis. ase rom, erTia xiluli da xelSesaxebi puri,<br />

Cveni arsebobisTvis aucilebeli (puri, romelic sxeuls ganaZRebs da xorcs<br />

ganaZlierebs). magram ufro mniSvnelovania meore, uxilavi, gansakuTrebuli,<br />

ara-Cveulebrivi, “ara-litoni” puri, romelsac Zeni RmrTisa SesTxoven ufals<br />

(“mamao Cveno” xom RmrTis ZeTa locvaa). esaa sityva RmrTisa, romelic yoveldRe<br />

gveZleva Cveni locvis sapasuxod. esaa Cveni arsobis puri, Cveni mdRevri<br />

puri. misiT cxovndeba ara sxeuli, aramed suli. es sazrdeli aucilebelia<br />

CvenTvis axlac, vidre venaxis muSakni varT... Cveni mdRevri sazrdeli ki aris<br />

sityva RmrTisa... mdRevri puri morwmuneT xelmeored Sobis, sulieri Sobis<br />

anu naTlobis Semdgom eZleva – eZlevaT gansamtkiceblad sxeulisa da sulisa”,<br />

Augustinus, Sermo 58: PL 38, 395, Sermo 59: PL 38, 401.<br />

45.<br />

“egreTve Cuen Soris srul iqmenin saTnoeba¡, ra¡Ta raJams yoveli boroti<br />

uCino iqmnes yovliTurT, iyos neba¡ Seni sulTa Sina CuenTa warmarTebul,<br />

aramed, ra¡Ta vervin Tquas-Tu da viTar egebis u£orcoTa ZalTa siwmidisa<br />

£orciTa amiT warmarTeba¡, vina¡Tgan sa£marTaT¢s £orcielTa mravalTa<br />

zrunvaTa Sina STavardebis suli, amisT¢s ufalman SesZina Semdgomi igi sityua¡,<br />

ra¡Ta dah£snes eseviTari igi zraxva¡,” wmida grigol noseli, swavla¡<br />

locvisa¡ da Targmaneba¡ mamao Cueno¡sa¡, Tavi d, gv. 40 / Callahan, gv. 50.<br />

46.<br />

wmida grigol noseli, swavla¡ locvisa¡ da Targmaneba¡ mamao Cueno¡sa¡,<br />

Tavi d, gv. 42 / Callahan, c. 19, gv. 55.

narkvevi 127<br />

ZRvraa. amitomac Warbobs ase TvalnaTliv eTikuri elementebic.<br />

CvenTvis sagulisxmo ki isaa, rom martivi formisa<br />

da sityvasityviTi Sinaarsis miRma SesaZlebelia Sinagani<br />

da sulieri arsis amokiTxva.<br />

Nino Sakvarelidze<br />

Is the “Daily Bread” in the Interpretation of Gregory of Nissa<br />

Just Corporal?<br />

The Cappadocian Gregory of Nyssa seems to present just a corporal and<br />

ethic interpretation of the “daily bread”, almost excluding its spiritual and<br />

mystical sense. But if we try to understand the exposition of the fourth petition<br />

by St. Gregory in the light of his twofold concept of body and soul, as<br />

well as in connection with the third petition, it becomes obvious that this<br />

“necessary nutrition”is necessary not for the body only, but also for the<br />

soul.

maia rafava<br />

ioane mTavaraisZe,<br />

Savi mTis qarTveli moRvawe<br />

Savi mTis qarTul monastrebSi arsebulma samwignobro<br />

keram (XI-XII ss.) ganuzomeli roli Seasrula <strong>qarTuli</strong> literaturuli<br />

da, zogadad, kulturis ganviTarebis saqme-<br />

Si. aTonis literaturuli skolis Semdeg igi gaxda axali<br />

literaturuli procesebis da kulturuli orientaciis<br />

safuZveldamdebi, qarTul mwerlobaSi elinofiluri<br />

mimdinareobis gamtarebeli. Aamis gamo cxoveli interesi<br />

sdevs Savi mTis qarTul monastrebSi moRvawe pirovnebebis<br />

gamovlenisa da maTi SemoqmedebiTi saqmianobis Sefasebis<br />

mizniT warmoebul kvleva-Ziebas.<br />

Savi mTis <strong>qarTuli</strong> samwignobro centris erT-erTi<br />

TvalsaCino mkvlevari elene metreveli erT Tavis weril-<br />

Si, romelic man efrem mciris avtograf xelnawer krebuls<br />

miuZRvna, werda: “korneli kekeliZem Tavs idva didi Sroma<br />

da Seadgina ucxo avtorebisa da maTi mTargmnelebis<br />

katalogi Zvel qarTul mwerlobaSi... es samuSao dResac<br />

damTavrebuli ar aris, rogorc mowmobs “ucxo avtorebis”<br />

yoveli axali gamocema, romelic wina gamocemasTan<br />

SedarebiT Sevsebulia rogorc axali avtorebiT, aseve<br />

mTargmnelebiTac” 1 .<br />

igive SeiZleba iTqvas elene metrevelis mier Savi mTisa<br />

da samxreT saqarTvelos <strong>qarTuli</strong> samwerlobo kerebisadmi<br />

miZRvnili uaRresad sayuradRebo gamokvlevebis Sesaxeb.<br />

rogorc cnobilia, man Savi mTis mwignobruli keris literaturuli<br />

saqmianobis kvlevas uZRvna sagangebo gamokvlevebi,<br />

sadac mravalricxovan wyaroebze dayrdnobiT, gaaSuqa<br />

Savi mTis keris istoria XI saukunis pirvel naxevarSi.<br />

1.<br />

metreveli e. efrem mciris avtografi, xelnawerTa institutes moambe, I,<br />

Tb., 1959, 1. xelmeored gamoica wignSi: metreveli e. filologiur-istoriuli<br />

Ziebani, Tb., I, 2007, 117.<br />

128

narkvevi 129<br />

miuxedavad imisa, rom elene metrevelma am kerasTan dakav-<br />

Sirebuli mravali sayuradRebo faqti gamoikvlia, gamoavlina<br />

mTeli rigi axali personaliebisa, daazusta maTi<br />

genelogia da, rac mTavaria, naTeli mohfina maTi literaturuli<br />

saqmianobis raobasa da xasiaTs, es samuSao dResac<br />

damTavrebuli ar aris.<br />

winamdebare werilis mizanic es aris: garkveuli<br />

cnobebiT Seavsos Savi mTis mwignobruli keris istoria<br />

ukve XI saukunis meore naxevarSi, Tavi mouyaros<br />

bio-bibliografiul cnobebs Savi mTis erTi qarTveli<br />

moRvawis Sesaxeb da maTi urTierTSevsebis safuZvelze<br />

gamoavlinos am pirovnebis moRvaweobis xasiaTi da<br />

masStabebi.<br />

es pirovneba ar aris <strong>qarTuli</strong> mwerlobisaTvis sruliad<br />

ucnobi persona. <strong>qarTuli</strong> xelnawerebis anderZ-minawerebidan<br />

cnobilia misi saxeli: sxvadasxva anderZ-minawerebSi<br />

mimofantulad aris cnobebi mis Sesaxeb. isini calke aRebuli,<br />

maT Soris garkveuli kavSirebis gaazrebis gareSe, ar<br />

iZlevian srul suraTs, Tu sinamdvileSi vin dgas maT ukan,<br />

ar Cans, Tu ra rols asrulebda igi Savi mTis literaturuli<br />

skolis saqmianobaSi.<br />

es pirovneba aris werilobiTi wyaroebiT, aseve samecniero<br />

literaturaSi Savi mTis <strong>qarTuli</strong> samwerlobo keris<br />

moRvawed cnobili ioane mTavaraisZe 2 .<br />

ra viciT ioane mTavaraisZis Sesaxeb?<br />

ioane mTavaraisZe moxsenebulia efrem mciris naTargmn Tu<br />

originalur Sromebze darTul mraval anderZ-minawerSi 3 . E<br />

1) 1090 wels gadaweril “fsalmunTa Targmanebis” xelnawerSi<br />

weria:<br />

“efrem Targmanisa mier zemo£senebulman da pirvelisa<br />

<strong>wignis</strong>a misT¢s damwerelman iovane xucesman mTavara¡sZeman<br />

2.<br />

ioane mTavaraisZis pirovnebas me Sevexe efrem mciris originaluri saistorio<br />

Txzulebis ~uwyeba¡ mizezsa qarTvelTa moqcevisa¡”-sTan dakavSirebiT<br />

da gamovTqvi garkveuli mosazrebebi misi moRvaweobis Sesaxeb. amJamad<br />

Cemi mizania, axali monacemebis gaTvaliswinebiT calke gamovyo ioane<br />

mTavaraisZis, rogorc farTo xasiaTis moRvawis, pirovneba da vaCveno misi<br />

roli rogorc Savi mTis samwignobro skolis saqmianobaSi, ise, zogadad,<br />

<strong>qarTuli</strong> mwerlobisa da kulturis istoriaSi.<br />

3.<br />

es anderZ-minawerebi kargad aris cnobili mkvlevarTaTvis: k. kekeliZe, Zveli<br />

<strong>qarTuli</strong> literaturis istoria, Tb., I, 1980; e. metreveli, Savi mTis mwignobruli<br />

keris istoriisaTvis XI s.-is pirvel naxevarSi, akad. s. janaSias<br />

sax. saqarTvelos saxelmwifo muzeumis moambe, t. XX_B, 1959, 87; l. menabde,<br />

Zveli <strong>qarTuli</strong> mwerlobis kerebi, II, Tb., 1980, 152-167; efrem mciris anderZminawerebi<br />

sagangebod Seiswavla darejan TvalTvaZem Tavis sadisertacio<br />

naSromSi da Zalze safuZvliani da sayuradRebo gamokvleva uZRvna maT.

130 waxnagi 1.2009<br />

ese aw CemT¢s gardamoviwere... daiwera kastanas efremis<br />

mamobasa” 4 .<br />

2) imave anTroponimiT (iovane mTavaraisZe) es pirovneba<br />

Cans grigol nazianzelis 16 liturgikuli homiliis<br />

efrem mciriseuli Targmanebis Semcvel xelnawerSi (Jer.<br />

13) arsebul efremiseul anderZSi: “locva yavT iovanesT¢s<br />

xucisa mTavara¡sZisa, romelman ara dag¢Surva T¢si qaRaldi<br />

sawerelad da puri sazrdelad TanadgomiTurT T¢siT,<br />

ra¡Ta esreT srul iqmnes... brZaneba¡ sulierisa mamisa Cuenisa<br />

berisa k¢rike aleqsandrielisa¡” 5 .<br />

am anderZ-minaweris cnoba ioane mTavaraisZesTan mimar-<br />

TebaSi imiT aris sayuradRebo, rom, rogorc vigebT, am anderZis<br />

daweris droisTvis CvenTvis saintereso iovane xucesia<br />

da mTavaraisZed iwodeba. igi materialurad exmareba<br />

efrem mcires grigol nazianzelis 16-sityvedis TargmnaSi.<br />

anderZ-minaweri ki uTuod im droisaa, roca efrem<br />

mcirem Targmna grigol nazianzelis 16-sityvedi, rasac,<br />

mkvlevarTa aRiarebiT, adgili unda hqonoda efremis moRvaweobis<br />

gviandel etapze, daaxloebiT 1090 wlebSi 6 .<br />

am anderZ-minawerebis mixedviT, CvenTvis saintereso iovane<br />

1080-1090 wlebSi mTavaraisZed aris moxsenebuli. mas<br />

gadauweria “fsalmunTa Targmaneba” 1080 wels, xolo igive<br />

teqsti TavisTvis gadauweria 1090 w. an cota mogvianebiT,<br />

imave xanebSive uTargmnia grigolis 16-sityvedi.<br />

ioane, rogorc mTavara¡sZe, kidev erT anderZ-minawerSi<br />

aris moxsenebuli. es anderZi erTgvar gasaRebs warmoadgens<br />

misi pirovnebisa da moRvaweobis dasaxasiaTeblad,<br />

radgan is garkveul safuZvels qmnis ioane mTavaraisZis<br />

identifikaciisaTvis Sav mTaze moRvawe da sxvadasxva anderZebSi<br />

moxseniebul sxva ioaneebTan mimarTebaSi.<br />

anderZ-minaweri daculia A 24 (XII s.) xelnawerSi 7 . xelnaweris<br />

me-3 Txzulebis, “uwyeba¡ mizezsa qarTvelTa moqcevisasa,<br />

Tu romelTa wignTa Sina moi£senebis”, saTauris<br />

4.<br />

Q 37, 317r.<br />

5.<br />

Jer. 13, 250r.<br />

6.<br />

q. bezaraSvili, grigol nazianzelis poeziis komentarebis <strong>qarTuli</strong> versiebidan:<br />

efrem mciris Targmani, gulani, Tb., 1989, 121; e. WeliZe, Zveli qar-<br />

Tuli saRvTismetyvelo terminologia, I, Tb., 1996, 545-558; n. meliqiSvili,<br />

efrem mciris mTargmnelobiTi meTodi wm. grigol nazianzelis araliturgikuli<br />

sityvebis mixedviT, mravalTavi, XIX, 2001, 225.<br />

7.<br />

xelnaweri Seicavs efrem mciris mier Targmnil ioane damaskelis ~dialeqtikasa~<br />

da ~gardamocemas~, ~ioane damaskelis cxovrebas~, aseve efremis<br />

originalur Txzulebas ~uwyeba¡ mizezsa qarTvelTa moqcevisas~. ix. qar-<br />

Tul xelnawerTa aRweriloba, yofili saeklesio muzeumis (A) koleqciisa,<br />

I, Tb.,, 1974, 81-86.

narkvevi 131<br />

gaswvriv, aSiaze (145v) aris anderZ-minaweri aseTi Sinaarsisa:<br />

“uwyode, rameTu amis [sa]kiTxavisa [mizezia] ioane.<br />

da ioane ra¡ gesmes, mTavara¡sZe, rameTu netarisa efremisa<br />

Targmnobisa JamTa Savsa mTasa daxuda da esre Seudga<br />

TargmnobisaT¢s, romel T¢nier mciredTa wignTa¡sa, yovelnive<br />

man aTargmnina misiTa sa£mriTa da warsagebeliTa, vi-<br />

Tarca yovelTa sakiTxavTa bolosa T¢T aRiarebs sanatreli<br />

efrem, xolo me ese sadResaswaulo¡sagan gardavwere” 8 .<br />

rogorc vxedavT, anderZi iuwyeba, rom 1) ioane mTavaraisZe<br />

efremis Sav mTaze misvlisas ukve iq imyofeboda, 2)<br />

igi aqtiurad exmareboda efrem mcires mTargmnelobiT saqmianobaSi<br />

“sa£mriTa da warsagebeliT”, 3) yvela Txzuleba,<br />

mcire gamonaklisis garda, man aTargmnina efrem mcires.<br />

anderZ-minaweris cnobis utyuaroba, misi sandooba sruliad<br />

sarwmunoa, radgan igi ekuTvnis pirovnebas, romelsac<br />

“uwyeba¡” uSualod efremis dednisagan gadauweria.<br />

amis Sesaxeb gadamweri iuwyeba “uwyeba¡s” bolos darTul<br />

anderZ-minawerSi: “srul iqmna eseca qarTvelTa moqcevisa<br />

mosa£senebeli T¢T Rirsisa efremis nusxisagan” 9 .<br />

anderZ-minaweris avtori efrem mcirisa da ioane mTavaraisZis<br />

Tanamedrove Tu araa, mcire droiT aris daSorebuli<br />

maTi moRvaweobis xanas, igi maT mwignobrul-samoRvaweo garemoSi<br />

trialebs, rac zrdis am anderZ-minaweris mniSvnelobas.<br />

anderZ-minaweris sityvebma “T¢nier mciredTa wignTa¡sa,<br />

yovelnive man aTargmnina” efrem mcires, safuZveli momca<br />

ioane mTavaraisZe meZebna efrem mciris Targmanebze dar-<br />

Tul sxva anderZ-minawerebSi.<br />

upirveles yovlisa, SesaZleblad CavTvale ioane mTavaraisZis<br />

gaigiveba imave “uwyeba¡s” SesavalSi moxseniebul<br />

ioane kvirikesTan. SesavalSi weria: “suliersa mamasa Cuensa<br />

da patiosansa eklesiarxsa Cuen qarTvelTasa, mRdelsa<br />

uflisasa ioanes k¢rikessa yovlad mcire da uRirsi saxisa<br />

da saxelisa¡ efrem monazoni TayuaniscemiT mogikiTxav” 10 .<br />

anTroponimSi “ioane k¢rikesi” ioane saxelia, xolo<br />

k¢rikesi miuTiTebs or rameze: igi an kvirikes mowafea, an<br />

kvirikes monastris xucesia. Tu davuSvebT, rom kvirikesi<br />

mowafes aRniSnavs, maSin SeiZleba gaCndes azri, xom ar iyo<br />

es pirovneba cnobili moRvawis, kvirike aleqsandrielis,<br />

mowafe. xolo Tu kvirikesi monastris xucobas gulisxmobs,<br />

maSin gamoricxuli araa, rom Sav mTaze cnobili <strong>qarTuli</strong><br />

8.<br />

A 24, 145v.<br />

9.<br />

uwyeba¡ mizezsa qarTvelTa moqcevisasa, T. bregaZis gamocema, Tb., 1959, 12.<br />

10.<br />

uwyeba¡ mizezsa qarTvelTa moqcevisasa, 3.

132 waxnagi 1.2009<br />

monastrebis rigs erTi axali, kvirikes monasteric Seematos.<br />

SesaZloa momavalma kvlevam esec daadasturos.<br />

amrigad, ioane kvirikesi aris meore zedwodeba, romli-<br />

Tac xelnawerebSi ixsenieba ioane mTavaraisZe.<br />

ioane k¢rikesi, “uwyeba¡s” garda, ixsenieba erTi ierusalimuri<br />

xelnaweris (Jer. 38 metafrasuli krebuli) anderZ-minawerSi<br />

(es xelnaweri Tavisi SedgenilobiT, yvelaze<br />

axloa S 1276 xelnawerTan). anderZ-minaweri aseTi<br />

Sinaarsisaa: “locva yavT, qristes moyuareno, ioanesT¢s,<br />

k¢rikes xucisa, romlisa brZanebiTa da warsagebeliTa<br />

iTargmna sakiTxavi ese efremisagan mcirisa” 11 . am xelnaweris<br />

ioane kvirikes xucesi (sakiTxavis mbrZanebeli da<br />

warsagebelis gamcemi), yovelgvar eWvs gareSe, is pirovnebaa,<br />

vinc aris “uwyeba¡s” SesavalSi moxseniebuli mRdeli<br />

ioane kvirikesi (“uwyeba¡s” mbrZanebeli da momgebeli).<br />

amave dros, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT “uwyeba¡s” Semcveli xelnaweris<br />

(A 24) minaweris cnobasac, es pirovneba aris ioane<br />

mTavaraisZe (sakiTxavis mizezi da “sa£mriTa da warsagebeliT”<br />

damxmare).<br />

“ioane kvirikes xucesi” zustad amgvari formulirebiT<br />

kidev erT xelnawerSi gvxvdeba. es aris efrem mciris homiletikuri<br />

krebuli S 1276. rogorc elene metrevelma gaarkvia,<br />

am xelnaweris pirveli nawilis (homiletikuri sakiTxavebis)<br />

mTargmnel-redaqtori aris efrem mcire, es avtografuli<br />

xelnaweri mas gamiznuli hqonda rogorc sakuTar TargmanTa<br />

krebuli 12 . krebulis Sedgenilobisa da ramdenime<br />

istoriul-bibliografiuli monacemis gaTavaliswinebis<br />

Sedegad SesaZleblad CavTvale, rom swored es avtografuli<br />

nusxa (S 1276) warmoadgens “uwyeba¡ mizezsa qarTvelTa<br />

moqcevisa¡Si” moxsenebul “sadResaswaulo wigns” 13 .<br />

sanam ioane mTavara¡sZis Sesaxeb Cvens mosazrebebs gavagrZelebde,<br />

oriode sityviT minda gamovexmauro darejan<br />

TvalTavaZis mosazrebas imis Sesaxeb, rom gamoricxuli<br />

araa, “sadResaswaulos” saxeliT grigol nazianzelis<br />

16 liturgikuli sakiTxavis krebuli ixseniebodes 14 .<br />

Cemi azriT, “sadResaswaulo <strong>wignis</strong>” grigol nazianzelis<br />

16 liturgikuli sakiTxavis krebulTan gaigiveba<br />

11.<br />

Jer. 38, 12r.<br />

12.<br />

metreveli e. efrem mciris avtografi, 115 -125.<br />

13.<br />

rafava m. efrem mciris `uwyeba¡ mizezsa qarTvelTa moqcevisasa~ da `sadResaswaulo<br />

wigni~, macne, # 4, 1990.<br />

14.<br />

TvalTvaZe d. Sav mTaze moRvawe ioaneTa vinaobisaTvis, Tsu Zveli <strong>qarTuli</strong><br />

enis kaTedris Sromebi, 31, 2004, 128.

narkvevi 133<br />

savsebiT dasaSvebi iqneboda, rom ara ramdenime garemoeba,<br />

romelic xels uSlis aseT gaigivebas.<br />

1. saqme isaa, rom “sadResaswaulo <strong>wignis</strong>” mbrZanebeli<br />

da xelis gammarTavi aris ioane k¢rikesi, xolo nazianzelis<br />

16-sityvedis Targmnis iniciatori da mbrZanebeli,<br />

krebulis Sesavlisa da yvela anderZ-minaweris mixedviT,<br />

aris kvirike aleqsandrieli. ioane mTavara¡sZe materialurad<br />

exmareba efrem mcires. 16-sityvedis Semcveli erTi<br />

xelnaweris anderZ-minawerSi weria: ioane mTavara¡sZe<br />

efrems daexmara, “ra¡Ta esreT srul iqmnes mravalJameuli<br />

iZulebiT brZaneba¡ sulierisa mamisa Cuenisa k¢rike<br />

aleqsandrielisa¡” 15 . kvirike aleqsandrieli efrems grigol<br />

nazianzelis 16-sityvedis sxva anderZ-minawerebSic<br />

iseTi zeaweuli epiTetebiT hyavs moxseniebuli, rom vfiqrobT,<br />

“uwyeba¡Sic” aseve moixseniebda mas, iq rom namdvilad<br />

nazianzelis 16-sityveds gulisxmobdes.<br />

2. grigol nazianzelis 16-sityvedis Semcvel xelnawerebSi<br />

krebuli arsad ar ixsenieba, rogorc “sadResaswaulo<br />

wigni”. calkeul sakiTxavebs ki ewodebaT sadResaswaulo<br />

sakiTxavebi 16 , magram mTlianad wigni moixsenieba, rogorc<br />

“RmrTismetyveli”, an “wigni RmrTismetyveli” 17 .<br />

3. “uwyeba¡s” Sesavlidan irkveva, rom “sadResaswaulo<br />

<strong>wignis</strong>” momgebeli da “uwyeba¡s” Seqmnis mbrZanebeli erTi<br />

da igive pirovneba, svimeon sakvirvelTmoqmedis monastris<br />

moRvawe beria. efremis mimarTvis toni mxolod qristianuli<br />

TviTdakninebis gamoxatuleba ar Cans, misi sityvebi<br />

adresatis ufro maRal ierarqiul mdgomareobaze miuTiTebs.<br />

safiqrebelia, rom efremis aseTi Tavmdabluri mimarTva<br />

misi moRvaweobis adreul xanaSia savaraudebeli, roca is<br />

Sav mTaze axali misuli iyo. “uwyeba¡s” da “sadResaswaulo<br />

<strong>wignis</strong>” Seqmnac am periodSia savaraudo. grigol nazianzelis<br />

16-sityvedi ki, rogorc aRvniSneT, efrems Sesrulebuli<br />

aqvs Tavisi moRvaweobis gviandel periodSi.<br />

yovelive amis gaTvaliswinebiT, mimaCnia, rom “sadResaswaulo<br />

wignSi” unda igulisxmebodes efremis homiletikuri<br />

krebuli (S 1276) da ara grigol nazianzelis 16-sityvedi.<br />

mivubrundeT isev ioane mTavaraisZis pirovnebas.<br />

aRniSnul xelnawerSi (S 1276) sami anderZ-minaweria. or<br />

maTganSi efremi madlobas uxdis ioane mRvdels: “ufalo,<br />

15.<br />

Jer. 13, 250r.<br />

16.<br />

grigol nazianzelis TxzulebaTa <strong>qarTuli</strong> Targmanebis Semcvel xelnawerTa<br />

aRweriloba, Tb., 1988.<br />

17.<br />

iqve.

134 waxnagi 1.2009<br />

Seiwyale mRdeli iovane, mbrZanebeli Cuenda amaT sakiTxavTa<br />

Targmanisa¡” 18 ; “ufalo, miec madli mamasa iovanes mRdelsa,<br />

mbrZanebelsa amisisa Targmanebisasa” 19 ; me-3 anderZminawerSi<br />

ki iovane mRvdeli “k¢rikes xucad Seswavebulad”<br />

aris moxseniebuli: “locva yavT... ioanesT¢s mRdelisa da<br />

monazonisa, romlisa brZanebiTa me uRirsman efrem mcireman<br />

vTargmne... ese cxovreba¡... romeli-ese aw qarTuladca<br />

iTargmna... brZanebiTa da sa£mriTa ioane zemo£senebulisa<br />

da k¢rikes xucad Seswavebulisa¡Ta, ufalman miecin madli<br />

Sromisa da warsagebelisa¡” 20 .<br />

rogorc vxedavT, am anderZebis mixedviT, S1276 krebulis<br />

Targmnis mbrZanebeli aris iovane mama, mRdeli da, rac<br />

mTavaria, “k¢rikes xucad Seswavebuli”, romlisa sa£mriTa<br />

da warsagebeliTa iTargmna sakiTxavebi.<br />

msgavseba “k¢rikes xucad Seswavebulsa” (S 1276 krebuli)<br />

da “ioane k¢rikes xucess” Soris (“uwyeba¡”) sruliad TvalsaCinoa.<br />

rogorc “uwyeba¡s” SesavalSi iuwyeba efrem mcire,<br />

ioane kvirikesi aris “sadResaswaulo <strong>wignis</strong>” efremisTvis<br />

damkveTi. Aamave dros, is aris ~uwyeba¡s” Seqmnis iniciatoric:<br />

“jer iyo amasca zeda Cemgan srul-yofad brZaneba¡<br />

Seni, ra¡Ta weriT daidvas mas Sina mosa£senebeli odes<br />

moqcevisa Cuenisa¡ da Tu romelTa wignTa Sina berZenTasa<br />

£senebul ars igi, u£mdes Tu visme gamomeZiebelTagansa<br />

cnobad” 21 . orive krebulis Seqmnis mbrZanebeli da xelisSemwyobi<br />

aris erTi da igive pirovneba da es pirovneba aris<br />

ioane mTavaraisZe.<br />

mivyveT teqstebs. `uwyeba¡s~ mixedviT, ioane k¢rikesi<br />

Sav mTaze qarTvelTa eklesiarxia. eklesiarxi saeklesio<br />

samonastro ierarqiaSi maRali Tanamdebobaa, romelic<br />

eklesiis, monastris qoneba-kuTvnilebas ganagebs 22 . swored<br />

es faqti _ eklesiarxoba _ vfiqrobT, iZleva safuZvels<br />

ioane kvirikesis//iovane k¢rikes xucesis ioane mTavarais-<br />

18.<br />

Jer. 38, 80v.<br />

19.<br />

Jer. 38, 115v.<br />

20.<br />

Jer. 38, 56r.<br />

21.<br />

uwyeba¡ mizezsa..., 3.<br />

22.<br />

A Patristic Greck Lexicon, ed. G.V.H. lampe, Oxford, 1961. Greck Lexicon of the roman<br />

and Bezantine periodes, by E.A. Sophocles, New Jork, 1900. berZnul-<strong>qarTuli</strong> dokumentirebuli<br />

leqsikonis mixedviT, Zvel qarTul werilobiT wyaroebSi<br />

dafiqsirebulia eklesiarxis <strong>qarTuli</strong> Sesatyvisi: “dekanozi”. ix. berZnul<strong>qarTuli</strong><br />

dokumentirebuli leqsikoni, t. II, l. kvirikaSvilis redaqciiT,<br />

Tb., 2003. ~uwyeba¡s” gamomcemlis, T. bregaZis, ganmartebiT, eklesiarxi is<br />

piria, romelic xelmZRvanelobda ucxoeTSi qarTvelebis literaturul<br />

moRvaweobas, aZlevda davalebebs da exmareboda safasuriT. ix. uwyeba¡ mizezsa...,…3.

narkvevi 135<br />

ZesTan identifikaciisaTvis. am faqtTan dakavSirebiT<br />

sruliad gasagebi xdeba anderZ-minawerebSi araerTgzis<br />

moxsenieba imisa, rom igi “sa£mriTa da warsagebeliT” exmareba<br />

efrem mcires. monastris salarosa da meurneobis gamgebels,<br />

albaT, xelewifeboda gaeRo “qaRaldi sawerelad<br />

da puri sazrdelad”.<br />

magram, rogorc irkveva, ioane kvirikesis, imave ioane<br />

mTavaraisZis roli Savi mTis samwignobro keraze mxolod<br />

materialuri daxmarebis gaweviT ar amoiwureboda. ioane<br />

mTavaraisZe ganswavluli da ganaTlebuli pirovneba Cans,<br />

radgan igi aris efrem mciris mTargmnelobiTi saqmianobis<br />

warmmarTveli (“T¢nier mciredTa wignTa¡sa, man aTargmnina”),<br />

misi brZanebiT Seudgenia efrems Tavisi avtografuli<br />

nusxa, homiletikuri krebuli (S1276), misive brZanebiT<br />

Seuqmnia efrems Tavisi originaluri nawarmoebi “uwyeba¡”.<br />

amave dros, sayuradReboa isic, rom, garda iniciativis gamoCenisa<br />

da materialuri daxmarebisa, ioane mTavaraisZe,<br />

rogorc Cans, efremis mTargmnelobiT saqmianobaSic iyo<br />

CarTuli, rasac unda mowmobdes efremis sityvebi ioanes<br />

Sesaxeb: “ufalman miecin madli Sromisa da warsagebelisa”.<br />

warsagebeli materialur safasurs niSnavs, mis gverdiT<br />

“Sromaze” xazgasma ioanes mier uSualod efremis SemoqmedebiT<br />

procesSi monawileobas unda niSnavdes. SesaZlebelia,<br />

“Sroma” gadaweris process gulisxmobdes. rogorc<br />

adre aRvniSneT, ioane xucesi mTavara¡sZe marTlac aris xelnawerTa<br />

gadamweri.<br />

garda im cnobisa, rom ioane mTavaraisZe aris Savi mTis<br />

qarTvelTa eklesiarxi, am pirovnebis Sesaxeb sxva mniSvnelovani<br />

cnobebis mopovebac gaxda SesaZlebeli. rogorc<br />

Cans, mas sxva ufro maRali Tanamdebobac sWeria. amas<br />

mowmobs berTis saxarebaSi (Q 906, XII s.) 23 daculi Semwirvelis,<br />

ioane opizaris, sami anderZ-minaweri. am saxarebis<br />

gadamweri ioane opizari ioane mTavaraisZis diswuli da<br />

gazrdili yofila. amdenad, misi anderZ-minawerebis sandooba<br />

sruliad ueWvelia.<br />

pirveli minaweri aseTia: “me, ioane opizisa moZRuarman,<br />

davwere, gazrdilman da diswulman, berisa ioane<br />

mTavara¡sZisaman”. meore minaweria: “sulkurTxeulsa bersa<br />

mTavara¡sZesa saxareba¡ eboZa Zmisa Cemisa”. mesame: “mas bersa<br />

eboZa juari oqro¡sa¡ WeSmaritiTa nawiliTa” 24 .<br />

23.<br />

qarTul xelnawerTa aRweriloba axali (Q) koleqciisa, Tb., 1958, 317-<br />

322.<br />

24.<br />

Q 906, 319.

136 waxnagi 1.2009<br />

am minawerebidan Cans, rom ioane mTavaraisZes Tavisi<br />

diswulebisTvis uboZebia xelnaweri saxareba da oqros<br />

jvari wminda nawilebiT. aseTi saboZari aSkarad metyvelebs<br />

ioanes maRal mdgomareobasa da SesaZleblobaze.<br />

rogori unda yofiliyo es mdgomareoba, amas isev berTis<br />

saxarebis xelnaweris mixedviT vigebT. am xelnaweris ydaze,<br />

romelic beSqen opizaris mier aris moWedili, aris<br />

amotvifruli warwera: “...obasa ioane mTavara¡sZisasa, m ∼<br />

giorgissa, dekanozobasa miqel k¢rkaiZisasa, vinca ra¡ Segvawia<br />

wm¢disa amis saxarebisa moWedas, yo[v]elTa Seg¢gvn<br />

RmerTman”. warweraSi sami titulia dasaxelebuli: ...oba<br />

(bolo ori marcvalia), m ∼ ( dasawyisi asoa mxolod) da<br />

dekanozoba (sruladaa). nakluli saxiT warmodgenil<br />

titulebSi, rogorc imave berTis saxarebis anderZebsa<br />

da sxva werilobiT wyaroebze dayrdnobiT adre vaCvene,<br />

mocemulia saeklesio-samonastro ierarqiis sami tituli:<br />

winamZRuari, moZRuari da dekanozi 25 . berTis saxarebis<br />

ydis dazianebuli warwera Semdegnairad unda aRdges:<br />

“...[winamZRur]obasa ioane mTavaraisZissa, m[oZRurobasa]<br />

giorgissa da dekanozobasa miqel k¢rkaiZisasa”. rogorc<br />

vxedavT, am warweris mixedviT, ioane mTavaraisZe monastris<br />

winamZRvaric yofila.<br />

amave dros, gamoricxuli araa sxvagvari varaudic:<br />

efrem mciris “uwyeba¡s” saTaurSi miTiTebuli “eklesiarxoba”<br />

da berTis saxarebis “winamZRuroba” _ xom ar<br />

niSnavs orive es ioane mTavaraisZis erTsa da imave Tanamdebobas?<br />

marTalia, berZnuli termini “eklesiarxi” Tavisi<br />

pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT eklesiis salaros gamgebels<br />

niSnavs, magram SesaZlebelia, rom igi efrem mcires<br />

naxmari hqondes ufro farTo mniSvnelobiT, rogorc monastris<br />

gamgebeli. kompozitis _ ekles + arxe _ pirdapiri<br />

Targmani _ eklesiis moTave anu winamZRvari _ amis<br />

daSvebis SesaZleblobas iZleva. gamarTldeba Tu ara es<br />

varaudi, momavali kvleva gamoaCens. rogoradac ar unda<br />

gadawydes es sakiTxi, erTi ram, yovelgvari eWvis gareSe,<br />

cxadia: ioane mTavaraisZes maRali sasuliero-samonastro<br />

Tanamdeboba ekava Savi mTis qarTvelTa savaneSi. SesaZlebelia,<br />

igi saqarTveloSi mobrunda me-12 saukunis<br />

dasawyis wlebSi da aqac igive maRali pativi epyra (amis<br />

eWvs badebs berTis saxarebis moWedil ydaze misi saxelis<br />

amotvifrva).<br />

25.<br />

m. rafava, efrem mciris “uwyeba¡”..., 110.

narkvevi 137<br />

yovelive zemoTqmulis gaTvaliswinebiT, vfiqrob,<br />

srulad ikveTeba ioane mTavaraisZis XI saukunis bolo meo-<br />

TxedSi Sav mTaze da mogvianebiT, SesaZloa, saqarTveloSi<br />

moRvaweobis xasiaTi da masStabebi.<br />

daskvnis saxiT SeiZleba davajamo:<br />

1. ioane mTavaraisZe Sav mTaze imyofeboda efrem mciris<br />

iq Casvlamde, anu XI saukunis bolo meoTxedSi.<br />

2. ioane mTavaraisZem, rogorc gamocdilma kaligrafma,<br />

2-jer gadawera efrem mciris mier Targmnili “daviTnis<br />

Targmaneba”.<br />

3. ioane mTavaraisZe materialurad exmareba efrem<br />

mcires grigol nazianzelis 16 liturgikuli sityvis<br />

TargmnaSi.<br />

4. ioane mTavaraisZe, igive ioane k¢rikes xucad Seswavebuli,<br />

igive ioane k¢rikesi, aris efremis avtografuli nusxis<br />

(S 1276) da “uwyeba¡ mizezsa qarTvelTa moqcevisasa¡”-s Seqmnis<br />

iniciatori da xelis gammarTavi.<br />

5. ioane mTavaraisZe, igive ioane kvirikesi, Sav mTaze<br />

svimeonwmidis monastris eklesiarxia.<br />

6. ioane mTavaraisZe monastris winamZRvaria.<br />

mwignobruli moRvaweobisa Tu samonastro saqmianobis<br />

aseTi masStabebi safuZvels iZleva ioane mTavaraisZe va-<br />

RiaroT Savi mTis samonastro-samwignobro keris erT-erT<br />

aqtiur moRvawed, romelic Tavisi inteleqtualuri da<br />

materialuri TanadgomiT daxmarebas uwevda efrem mcires<br />

mTargmnelobiT-SemoqmedebiT moRvaweobaSi da, savaraudod,<br />

qarTvelTa samonastro saqmeebTan erTad aseve<br />

warmarTavda sxva qarTveli moRvaweebis mwignobrul saqmianobasac.<br />

Tavisi Rvawlisa da damsaxurebebis gamo ioane<br />

mTavaraisZes, vfiqrobT, ufro TvalsaCino adgili unda<br />

daeTmos Zveli <strong>qarTuli</strong> mwerlobis istoriaSi, vidre mas<br />

aqamde ekava.<br />

Maia Rapava<br />

Ioane Mtavaraisdze, a Georgian intellectual on the Black Mountain<br />

The present papar aims at enriching, with certain sources, the history of<br />

the Georgian literary centre on the Black Mountain at the second half of the<br />

eleventh century, gathering biographical and bibliographical data about a<br />

certain Georgian intellectual from the Black Mountain, Ioane Mtavaraisdze,<br />

and revealing character and scope of his activities.

138 waxnagi 1.2009<br />

The information about Iaone Mtavaraisdze is preserved in the written<br />

sources. He is mentioned in various colophons attached to the original or<br />

translated works of Ephrem Mtsire (XI c.). Comparison and juxtaposition<br />

of these colophons made possible to identify Ioane Mtavaraisdze<br />

with persons named Ioane in the same colophons, that is to say, Ioane<br />

of Kvirike (for the moment it is impossible to ascertain whether it is a<br />

person’s name or monastery’s); Ioane, known as a priest of Khirike; and<br />

Ioane, a priest of Kvirike.<br />

It was possible to clarify that Ioane of Kvirike was not only a donor<br />

for the Georgian intellectuals from the Black Mountain, but also commanded<br />

their translation activities. The colophons also helped to reveal<br />

the position occupied by Ioane Mtavaraisdze. First he had been the ecclesiarch<br />

of the Georgian monastery of St. Symeon, and later became its<br />

head. Therefore, Ioane Mtavaraisdze, for his deeds and activities, deserves<br />

a more important place in the history of Georgian litearture than<br />

hitherto had been ascribed to him.

Tamar oTxmezuri<br />

efrem mcire da “berZulad saswavleli” sityvebi<br />

elinofiluri Targmanebis erT-erTi maxasiaTebeli berZnulidan<br />

naTargmn teqstSi uTargmnelad, transliteraciiT<br />

gadmosuli sityvebis arsebobaa. leqsikuri erTeulis etimologiur<br />

TargmanTan 1 erTad, transliteraciiT gadmotanili<br />

sityva leqsikuri kalkis, leqsikuri berZnizmis<br />

erT-erTi saxeobaa. am tipis kalkebi, marTalia, ukve adreul<br />

qarTul TargmanebSi dasturdeba, magram gansakuTrebulad<br />

didi raodenobiT maT qarTvel elinofilTa TargmanebSi<br />

vxdebiT. qarTul elinofilur teqstebSi maT specifikuri<br />

funqcia SeiZines, rac yvelaze kargad pirveli qarTveli<br />

elinofilis, XI saukunis II naxevris Savi mTis qarTveli<br />

moRvawis, efrem mciris Targmanebsa da mis anderZ-minawereb-<br />

Si gamoTqmul Teoriul mosazrebebSi iCens Tavs.<br />

efrem mcires Tavis cnobil kolofonebSi _ sakuTar<br />

Targmanebze darTul istoriul-literturuli xasia-<br />

Tis winaTqmebsa Tu marginalur SeniSvnebSi _ gamoTqmuli<br />

aqvs araerTi Teoriuli mosazreba berZnul-<strong>qarTuli</strong><br />

leqsikisa da leqsikuri mimarTebebis Sesaxeb. berZnul<br />

leqsikur kalkebs (rogorc uTargmnelad gadmotanil<br />

sityvebs, ise leqsikur erTeulTa etimologiur Targmanebs)<br />

efremi “berZulad saswavlels” 2 uwodebs, riTac mia-<br />

1.<br />

termins “etimologia” vxmarobT Suasaukuneobrivi gagebiT: sityvis daSla/Targmna<br />

Semadgeneli nawilebis mixedviT misi WeSmariti mniSvnelobis<br />

Sesacnobad (dionise Trakielis “gramatikis xelovnebis” komentatoris<br />

ganmarteba, Scholia in Dionysii Thracis Artem grammaticum, I, pars III, recensuit et apparatum<br />

criticum indicesque adiecit Al. Hilgard, Lipsiae, 1901, p. 14. terminTa etimologiuri<br />

Targmanis Sesaxeb ix. S. Brock, Aspects of Translation Technique in Antiquity, Greek,<br />

Roman and Byzantine Studies 20 (1979), p. 84-86.<br />

2.<br />

`Seiswave, viTarmed ars berZulad saswavleli, romelsa et¢mologia uwodian,<br />

ese igi ars mzasityuaoba¡~ (Cod. Jer. 8, XII s., grigol RvTismetyvelis 16<br />

liturgikuli sakiTxavis efrem mciriseuli Targmanis Semcveli krebuli).<br />

139

140 waxnagi 1.2009<br />

niSnebs, rom maTi gaazreba da gageba berZnulis gziTaa SesaZlebeli.<br />

Tavis Targmanebze darTul marginalur SeniSvnebSi<br />

efremi naTlad ganmartavs, Tu ra SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba<br />

gadmoitanos mTargmnelma dednidan leqsikuri erTeuli<br />

uTargmnelad. magaliTad, efrems ver upovia berZnuli leqsikuri<br />

erTeulis hJnivoco~ (meetle) Sesatyvisi qarTulSi,<br />

“amisT¢s berZulive davwere _ inioxi” 3 ; efremma qarTulSi<br />

aseve ver moiZia sxvadasxva xelobis aRmniSvneli berZnuli<br />

leqsemebis Sesatyvisi <strong>qarTuli</strong> sityvebi, “amisT¢s dagdebasa,<br />

anu tyuviliT dawerasa, berZuladve dawera¡ virCie”, 4<br />

_ SeniSnavs mTargmneli. am mxriv misabaZi efremisTvis, rogorc<br />

yovelTvis, berZnebi arian, romlebsac aseT SemTxvevaSi<br />

ucxo saganTa aRmniSvneli leqsikuri erTeulebi pirdapir,<br />

transliteraciiT gadmoaqvT ucxouri enidan, magaliTad,<br />

arabulidan Saqari _ saxarad, yulyasi _ kulkasad,<br />

zafrana _ zafarad. efremma verc berZnuli sfai`ra-sa<br />

da hJmisfai`ra-s Sesatyvisi moiZia qarTulSi _ `xolo me,<br />

vina¡Tgan ZueliTgani saxeli qarTulad vera¡ vpoe visgan,<br />

igive berZuli sferi davdev,” 5 _ aRniSnavs mTargmneli.<br />

marTlac, efremis TargmanebSi didi raodenobiT vxvdebiT<br />

leqsikur berZnizmebs, romlebic am sityvaTa <strong>qarTuli</strong><br />

ekvivalentebis ararsebobis gamo berZnulidan uTargmnelad<br />

aris gadmotanili. es gansakuTrebiT iTqmis iseT teqstebze,<br />

romlebic specifikuri TematikiT, da, Sesabamisad,<br />

specifikuri terminologiiT gamoirCeva. magaliTad, fsevdonones<br />

miTologiur komentarTa efremiseul Targman-<br />

Si, saSualo moculobis teqstSi antikur samyarosa da misi<br />

gmirebis, warmarTuli ritualebisa da wes-CveulebaTa<br />

Sesaxeb, ormocdaaTze meti uTargmneli berZnuli sityva<br />

dasturdeba. marTalia, am sityvaTa erTi nawili efremamdea<br />

Semosuli da damkvidrebuli qarTul enaSi zepiri Tu<br />

mwignobruli gziT (magaliTad: andriante, bomoni, barbarozi,<br />

Teatroni, orRano, porfiri, sira, qarta 6 ), magram<br />

3.<br />

Cod. A-689, XII s., 238v; z. sarjvelaZe, <strong>qarTuli</strong> saliteraturo enis istoriis<br />

Sesavali, Tbilisi, 1984, gv. 203 (= sarjvelaZe, <strong>qarTuli</strong> saliteraturo<br />

enis istoriis Sesavali).<br />

4.<br />

Cod. A-1115, XII s., 223r; sarjvelaZe, <strong>qarTuli</strong> saliteraturo enis istoriis<br />

Sesavali, gv. 203-204.<br />

5.<br />

Cods. A-109, 61r, Jer. Iber. 15, 66v, Jer. Iber. 43, 65v, Jer. Iber. 13, 319r _ grigol RvTismetyvelis<br />

16 liturgikuli sakiTxavis krebulebi.<br />

6.<br />

es leqsikuri erTeulebi Zveli, XI saukunemdeli Targmanebidan moyvanili<br />

aqvs i. abulaZes Zveli <strong>qarTuli</strong> enis leqsikonSi, ix. i. abulaZe, Zveli <strong>qarTuli</strong><br />

enis leqsikoni, Tbilisi, 1973 (= abulaZe, Zveli <strong>qarTuli</strong> enis leqsikoni).

narkvevi 141<br />

ucxour sityvaTa umetesoba swored am Txzulebis efremiseuli<br />

Targmanis saSualebiT aris pirvelad Semotanili<br />

qarTulSi. niSandoblivia, rom es leqsikuri erTeulebi,<br />

ZiriTadad, specifikuri terminebia. aSkaraa, rom saTargmni<br />

masalis Tematikam moiTxova qarTul enaSi warmarTul<br />

ritualTa Tu CveulebaTa aRmniSvneli terminebis, aseve<br />

antikur personaJTa zedwodebebis Semotana. bunebrivia,<br />

am sityvebs ar hqonda ekvivalenti qarTulSi, ramac ganapiroba<br />

swored maTi transliteraciiT gadmotana: dilakrion<br />

(deilakrivwn _ xorcis moyvaruli, hermesis epiTeti),<br />

vuT¢nos (bouqoivna _ xaris mWameli, herakles epiTeti),<br />

idolian (eijdwlianov~ _ kerpTmsaxuri, ivliane gandgomilis<br />

epiTeti), pirahi (purjrJivch _ ritualuri cekva), propino<br />

(propivnwn _ saxalxod Sesmuli sasmeli, xalxuri rituali),<br />

triesperos (trievspero~ _ samRamiani, herakles epiTeti) da<br />

sxv. 7 uTargmnelad aris gadmotanili iseTi sityvac, rogoricaa<br />

h{rw~ _ iroel, romlis leqsikur adekvats gmiri<br />

xSirad vxvdebiT Zvel qarTul teqstebSi. magram rogorc<br />

konteqstidan irkveva, pasaJSi, romelSic es sityvaa gamoyenebuli,<br />

saubaria antikuri miTologiis e. w. naxevargmirebze<br />

(“iroel uwoddes, ese igi ars kerZoRmerT, viTarmed<br />

naxevari maTi RmerTTagan ars da naxevari _ kacTagan” 8 ).<br />

swored antikurma konteqstma ganapiroba am sityvis elinuri<br />

formis gamoyeneba mocemul pasaJSi.<br />

aqve SevniSnavT, rom fsevdonones komentarTa efremiseul<br />

TargmanSi dasturdeba iseTi sityvebis berZnulidan<br />

uTargmnelad gadmotanis SemTxvevebi, romlebsac Zvel<br />

qarTul enaSi mkvidri Sesatyvisebi aqvs. mag.: rJovdon_rodo<br />

_ vardi, kuvmindi~ _ k¢mindi _ qori, krokovdeilo~_ krokodilo<br />

_ niangi, romlis Sesatyvisi Zvel qarTulSi aris<br />

x¢Tqi. giorgi aToneli am sityvasTan dakavSirebiT aRniSnavs:<br />

“meg¢pturad mefuT ewodebis, xolo berZulad<br />

krokodilo da qarTulad x¢Tqi”. 9 am leqsikur erTeuls<br />

efremic icnobs, is mas salamandras ganmartebisas iyenebs<br />

fsevdonones miTologiur komentarebSi (“salamandra<br />

cxoveli ars swori isavra¡sa¡ sididiTa, ginaTu mciri-<br />

7.<br />

Th. Otkhmezuri, Pseudo-Nonniani in IV orationes Gregorii Nazianzeni commentarii (Corpus<br />

Christianorum. Series Graeca, 50, Corpus Nazianzenum, 16), Turnhout-Leuven, 2002, p.<br />

292-293, berZnul sityvaTa indeqsi (= Otkhmezuri, Pseudo-Nonniani in IV orationes<br />

Gregorii Nazianzeni commentarii).<br />

8.<br />

grigol nazianzelis 43-e sakiTxavis basili minimusis komentaridan, ganm.<br />

16.<br />

9.<br />

sarjvelaZe, <strong>qarTuli</strong> saliteraturo enis istoriis Sesavali, gv. 213.

142 waxnagi 1.2009<br />

sa krokodilo¡sa¡, romel ars x¢Tqi £melisa¡” 10 ), Tumca<br />

amave teqstSi is upiratesobas elinizebul formas _<br />

krokodilo-s aniWebs. rogorc Cans, sazogadod, florasa<br />

da faunasTan dakavSirebuli terminologiis transliteraciiT<br />

gadmotanis tendencia adreuli periodidan iCens<br />

Tavs (magaliTad, ivi – i[bi~ _ ibisi, koxlio _ kogcuvlion _<br />

moluski, kroko _ krovko~ _ zafrana, k¢kno _ kuvkno~ _ gedi<br />

11 ) da gansakuTrebiT aqtualuri efrem mciresTan, elinofilur<br />

TargmanebSi xdeba.<br />

am TvalsazrisiT sainteresoa leqsikuri erTeuli<br />

pivtu~ da misi ganmarteba efremis TargmanebSi. rogorc<br />

cnobilia, am berZnuli leqsikuri erTeulis <strong>qarTuli</strong><br />

Sesatyvisi fiW¢ berZnulidan sakmaod adreul epoqaSi,<br />

egeosuri migraciebis dros, zepiri gziT uTargmnelad<br />

Semosuli sityvaa 12 . adreul mTargmnelobiT tradiciaSi,<br />

kerZod, bibliis wignTa Zvel qarTul TargmanebSi<br />

leqsikuri erTeuliT fiW¢ gadmotanilia rogorc<br />

pivtu~, ise sxva wiwvovani mcenaris saxelwodebebi: kupavrisso~,<br />

peuvkh, ajrkeuvqina 13 . aseTive viTarebaa SedarebiT<br />

gviandel, winaelinofilur _ aTonur TargmanebSic 14 .<br />

rac Seexeba efrems, mas xelaxla, amjerad ukve werilobiTi<br />

gziT Semoaqvs leqsikuri erTeuli pivtu~ formiT<br />

pit¢. grigol nazianzelis 42-e homiliis efremiseul<br />

TargmanSi vkiTxulobT 15 : “godebdin pit¢, rameTu daeca<br />

naZ¢” (zaqaria, 11, 2), rasac erTvis efremis marginaluri<br />

SeniSvna: “Seiswave, rameTu berZuli ars ese sityua¡.<br />

pit¢ ars ara didi xe, aramed mcire kic¢ fiW¢sa¡<br />

10.<br />

Otkhmezuri, Pseudo-Nonniani in IV orationes Gregorii Nazianzeni commentarii, p. 260.<br />

11.<br />

abulaZe, Zveli <strong>qarTuli</strong> enis leqsikoni, gv. 118, 201, 202, 206.<br />

12.<br />

r. gordeziani, winaberZnuli da qarTveluri, Tbilisi, 1985, gv. 150; E. J.<br />

Furnee, Vorgriechisch-Kartvelisches. Studien zum ostmediterranen Substrat nebst einem Versuch<br />

zu einer neuen pelasgischen Theorie, Leuven-Louvain, 1979, p. 28.<br />

13.<br />

kai; kupavrissoi toiauvtai ejn tw/` paradeivsw/ tou` Qeou,` kai; aiJ pivtue~ oujc o{moiai<br />

tai`~ parafuvasin aujtou` kai; ejlavtai oujk ejgevnonto _ “saroni ara egeviTar<br />

iyvnes samoTxesa RmrTisasa da fiWuni ara msgavs iyvnes morCTa misTa“,<br />

ezekieli, 31, 8 (oSkis biblia); kai; e[koya to; mevgeqo~ th`~ kevdrou aujtou`, ta;<br />

ejklekta; kuparivsswn `movkafe simaRle saroTa¡, rCeul-rCeuli fiWuTa¡“,<br />

mefeTa IV, 19, 23 (oSkis biblia); xuvla kevdrina kai; ajrkeuvqina kai; peuvkana<br />

ejk tou Libavnou _ “Zeli naZ¢sa¡, fiW¢sa¡ da saro¡sa libaniT~ (II neStTa,<br />

2, 8).ejk kuparivssw/ kai; peuvkh/ kai; kevdrw/ _ “saro¡Ta da fiW¢Ta da naZ¢Ta“,<br />

esaia, 60, 13.<br />

14.<br />

basili didi, equsTa dReTa¡, m. kaxaZis gamoc., masalebi saqarTvelosa da<br />

kavkasiis istoriisaTvis, nakv. II (25), Tbilisi, 1946, gv. 170.<br />

15.<br />

jOlolazevtw pivtu~, o{ti pevptwke kevdro~, (PG 36, col. 465, B9-10).

narkvevi 143<br />

uzardi” 16 . msgavsi viTarebaa gvianelinofilur tradiciaSic<br />

17 .<br />

efremis TargmanebSi berZnulidan transliteraciiT<br />

sityvebis gadmotanis mizezi mxolod qarTulSi maTi Sesabamisi<br />

leqsikuri erTeulebis ararseboba ar unda iyos.<br />

efremis erT-erT marginalur SeniSvnaSi, romelSic transliteraciiT<br />

gadmotanili sityvis, “epitafiis” mniSvnelobaa<br />

ganmartebuli, vkiTxulobT: “Seiswave, rameTu epitafia<br />

berZulisagan qarTulad saflavsa-zedad gamoiTargmanebis,<br />

xolo me, vina¡Tgan sxua¡, T¢sagan gankuTnvili Zali<br />

aqunda, amisTvis berZulica sityua davhwere da Zalica<br />

misi” 18 . sqolios mixedviT, efrems leqsikuri erTeuli ejpitavfio~<br />

(sakiTxavis saxeoba _ gardacvlilis sapativcemulod<br />

saflavTan warmoTqmuli sityva) berZnulad imitom<br />

dauweria (anu transliteraciiT _ epitafia _ gadmoutania),<br />

rom am sityvisTvis “sxua~ _ ucxo, misTvis damaxasia-<br />

Tebeli, Taviseburi “Zali~ SeenarCunebina. Tvalsazrisi<br />

sityvaTa “Zalis~ Sesaxeb sakmaod aqtualuri Cans jer kidev<br />

gvianantikur epoqaSi, xolo Semdgom _ bizantiis mwignobarTa<br />

wreebSi. is uSualod ukavSirdeba “wmida teqstebis~<br />

Targmnis teqnikas, Tavisufali da literaluri mTargmnelobiTi<br />

meTodebis sakiTxs, sensus de sensu da verbum e verbo<br />

Targmnis problematikas. “yvela enas aqvs iseTi Taviseburebebi,<br />

romelTa gadatana sxva enaze SeuZlebelia. sityvebi<br />

SeiZleba iTargmnos, magram isini Targmnisas TavianT<br />

Zalas kargaven” (iamblixosi, Teurg., 7,5). amgvari midgoma<br />

mTargmnelobiTi saqmianobis da, zogadad, Targmanis fenomenis<br />

mimarT yovelTvis iCenda Tavs bizantiur azrovnebaSi.<br />

sityvis _ “leqsis” Sesaxeb msjelobisas efremi<br />

kidev ufro Sors midis. is saubrobs “Rrma wignuri sityvebis”<br />

Sesaxeb, romlebic, rogorc misi kolofonebis kvlevis<br />

16.<br />

Cods. Jer. 15, 151 v., Jer. 43, 152 v., A-109, 143 v.; v. l. `Seiswave, berZul _ pit¢,<br />

xolo qarTul _ kicu fiW¢sa¡~ Jer. 13, 119 r., Jer. 8, 163 v., A-292, 120 r., K-9. pit¢-is<br />

am specifikur ganmartebasTan dakavSirebiT detalurad ix. T. oTxmezuri,<br />

fiWvi / pit¢ Zvel qarTul mTargmnelobiT tradiciaSi, logosi. weliwdeuli<br />

elinologiasa da laTinistikaSi, 3, 2005, gv. 303-310.<br />

17.<br />

magaliTad, gelaTur bibliaSi zemoT motanili (sq. 13) bibliuri pasaJi<br />

ezekielis wignidan Semdegnairadaa naTargmni: _ `k¢parozni eseviTareb<br />

samoTxesa Sina RmrTisa¡sa, da pituni ara msgavs iyvnes babiloTa misTa~<br />

(ezekieli, 31, 8).<br />

18.<br />

Cod. A-292, 180, 1800 w., grigol RvTismetyvelis sakiTxavTa efremiseuli<br />

Targmanebis krebuli. sqolioSi aseve ganmartebulia epitafiis Janris sakiTxavTa<br />

saxeobani. am kuTxiT sqolios literaturuli wyaros Sesaxeb ix.<br />

d. TvalTvaZe, efrem mciris literaturul-Teoriuli naazrevidan, z. WumburiZe<br />

_ 70, Tb., 1997, gv. 78-83.

144 waxnagi 1.2009<br />

Sedegad irkveva, ori saxisaa: filosofiur-Teologiuri<br />

terminebi da teqstis mxatvruli ornamentebi, ritorikuli<br />

figurebi 19 . “epitafiis” uTargmnelad gadmotanasa da am<br />

sityvis “Zalaze” saubrisas efremi swored am ukanasknels<br />

unda gulisxmobdes. klasikuri ritorikis Teoriis mixedviT,<br />

“Zali” _ duvnami~ _ ritorikuli terminia, romelic<br />

klasikuri ritorikuli formis mSvenierebas aRniSnavs 20 .<br />

efremi sityvas “epitafia” Tavisi Targmanis, am SemTxveva-<br />

Si homiliis saTauris dasamSveneblad unda iyenebdes, anu<br />

berZnul sityvas teqstSi ritorikuli ornamentis daniSnuleba,<br />

mxatvruli funqcia unda hqondes. dRes Zvel qar-<br />

Tul teqstebSi berZnulad uTargmnelad gadmotanili<br />

leqsikuri erTeulebi Znelad Tu aRiqmeba mxatvrul saxeebad,<br />

magram, rogorc Cans, es sityvebi _ elinuri ganaTlebulobis<br />

simboloebi _ teqsts gansakuTrebul elfers,<br />

ucxour JReradobas, amaRlebulobis, mwignobrulobis<br />

efeqts aniWebda.<br />

magaliTisTvis: efrems berZnulTan gansakuTrebuli<br />

siaxloviT aqvs naTargmni grigol nazianzelis TxzulebaTa<br />

basili minimusis komentrebis winaTqma _ basilis<br />

werili konstantine porfirogenetisadmi. basili minimusi,<br />

grigol nazianzelis stilis, sintaqsis, mxatvruli<br />

samyaros Sesaxeb filologiur-ritorikuli komentarebis<br />

avtori, literaturisa da oratoruli xelovnebis TeoriaSi<br />

sakmaod ganswavluli da ritorikul xelovnebaSi<br />

Tavad gawafuli avtoria. Sesabamisad, misi epistole Sesrulebulia<br />

am Janris ganviTarebis e. w. saSualo bizantiur<br />

periodisaTvis (X_XIV ss.) damaxasiaTebeli wesebis<br />

dacviT, rac epistoleebSi ritorikis elementebis farTo<br />

SeRwevas gulisxmobs. amaRlebuli, maRalfardovani efeqtis<br />

misaRwevad basilis teqstSi amoqmedebulia berZnuli<br />

enis rogorc morfologiuri, ise sintaqsuri SesaZleblobebi.<br />

efremis TargmanSi basilis am mxatvruli teqstis<br />

yvela detali da niuansia asaxuli. am ritorikuli ornamentebiT<br />

datvirTul qarTul teqstSi vxvdebiT dednidan<br />

uTargmnelad gadmotanil erTaderT sityvas uepafrodito<br />

(ajnepafrovdito~_ mSvenierebamoklebuli, uSno. ase<br />

Tavmdablurad ixseniebs basili Tavis naSroms, rac aseve<br />

epistolografiuli ritorikis erT-erTi xerxia. zedsar-<br />

19.<br />

q. bezaraSvili, ritorikisa da Targmanis Teoria da praqtika: grigol<br />

RvTismetyvelis TxzulebaTa <strong>qarTuli</strong> Targmanebis mixedviT, Tb., 2004, gv.<br />

379 (= bezaraSvili, ritorikisa da Targmanis Teoria da praqtika).<br />

20.<br />

bezaraSvili, ritorikisa da Targmanis Teoria da praqtika, gv. 379.

narkvevi 145<br />

Tavis ajnepafrovdito~ adekvaturi <strong>qarTuli</strong> Sesatyvisis mo-<br />

Zieba qarTulSi, ra Tqma unda, ar unda yofiliyo rTuli,<br />

magram teqstis ritorikuli efeqtis gasaZliereblad,<br />

misi elinizebuli saxis gamosakveTad, efremma sityvis<br />

uTargmnelad gadmotanis xerxs mimarTa. “filoTeon istoriis”<br />

kolofonSi mxatvruli saxis, ritorikuli ornamentis<br />

nimuSad efrems mohyavs antikuri mwerlobidan nasesxebi<br />

mxatvruli saxe “stadioni” _ aTletTa wvrTnis adgili<br />

_ gamarjvebaTa mopovebis asparezi. qristian avtorTa<br />

teqstebSi, efremis mixedviT, mas axali Sinaari aqvs SeZenili<br />

(monasteri _ sulieri wvrTnis adgili) 21 . efremi am<br />

mxatvrul saxeze saubrisas sityvis elinur formas iyenebs,<br />

riTac, vfiqrobT, xazgasmulia misi antikuri warmomavloba<br />

22 . msgavsi viTarebaa berZnuli idiomaturi gamoTqmebis<br />

qarTulad gadmotanisas. magaliTad, kerdooba _ cbiereba,<br />

mzakvroba (momdinerobs arsebiTi saxelidan kerdw/`o~ _<br />

mela), aseve evripooba _ meryeoba, cvalebadoba (arsebiTi<br />

saxelidan _ eu[ripo~ _ zRvis miqceva) uTargmnelad aris<br />

gadmotanili qarTulSi. aRsaniSnavia, rom am gamoTqmaTa<br />

mniSvneloba da warmomavloba Tavad berZnul komentareb-<br />

Sia ganmartebuli 23 .<br />

efremis TargmanebSi berZnulidan transliteraciiT<br />

gadmotanili sityvis gamoyenebis kidev erTi specifikuri<br />

funqcia dasturdeba. es aris berZnuli polisemiuri sityvis<br />

(“Rrma wignuri sityvis”) Targmnisas da Sesabamisi<br />

leqsikuri erTeulebis SerCevisas, misi sxvadasxva mniSvnelobis<br />

gamokveTis mizniT, transliteraciis meTodis<br />

21.<br />

fsalmunTa Targmanebis Sesavali da `filoTeon istoriis~ kolofoni, ix.<br />

m. SaniZe, Sesavali efrem mciris fsalmunTa Targmanebisa, Zveli <strong>qarTuli</strong><br />

enis kaTedris Sromebi, 11, miZRvnili Tbilisis universitetis 50 wlisTavs,<br />

1968, gv. 117; sarjvelaZe, <strong>qarTuli</strong> saliteraturo enis istoriis Sesavali,<br />

gv. 204-205; bezaraSvili, ritorikisa da Targmanis Teoria da praqtika,<br />

gv. 548-549.<br />

22.<br />

elinofiluri Targmanebis Semcvel qarTul xelnawerebSi berZnulidan<br />

gadmotanil sityvebs zogjer berZnulis analogiiT dasmuli aqvs maxvili,<br />

romelsac qarTul enaSi aranairi datvirTva ara aqvs da romlis funqcia<br />

qarTul teqstebSi gaurkvevelia. vfiqrobT, berZnul sityvaTa gamoTqmisaTvis<br />

maxasiaTebeli maxvili am sityvaTa berZnul warmomavlobaze formaluri<br />

mimaniSnebeli unda iyos da sxva araferi.<br />

23.<br />

“kerdo ewodebis melsa, romlisa msgavsebiTa melebr mcbiersa kacsa<br />

saxel-edva kerdoos... kerdooba... melisa mzakuareba” _ Otkhmezuri, Pseudo-<br />

Nonniani in IV orationes Gregorii Nazianzeni commentarii, p. 50; “ese sakuTrebiT zR¢sa<br />

mimomqceobisaT¢s iTqumis evripooba¡, romeli gadmoiargmanebis advilmoqceobad,<br />

rameTu ars adgilebi zR¢sa¡, romeli dResa Sina mravalgzis<br />

icvlis odesme gan£mobasa da odesme mwyurnebobasa…da amaTgan moRebiTa Seetyuebian<br />

rqumad ese advil mimomqcevTa kacTa” _ ix. grigol nazianzelis<br />

42-e sityvis basili minimusis komentari (#118).

146 waxnagi 1.2009<br />

moSvelieba. rogorc cnobilia, filosofiva-s partistikul<br />

literaturaSi sxvadasxva mniSvneloba aqvs, romelTagan<br />

CvenTvis sayuradReboa ori: filosofivarogorc “saRvTo sibrZne”<br />

da filosofivarogorc “warmarTuli sibrZne”. grigol<br />

nazianzelis TxzulebaTa da maTi komentarebis efremiseul<br />

Targmanebze dakvirveba cxadyofs, rom efremi cdilobs<br />

leqsikur doneze ganasxvaos es ori mniSvneloba _<br />

iq, sadac grigoli saubrobs saRvTismetyvelo sibrZneze,<br />

efremi iZleva am sityvis etimologiur Targmans _ sibrZnismoyuareba,<br />

xolo iq, sadac saubari warmarTul sibrZnezea,<br />

efrems transliteraciiT gadmoaqvs es sityva _ filosofia<br />

24 . niSandoblivia, rom am leqsikur “xrikze” 25 efremi<br />

mianiSnebs kidec grigol nazianzelis 22-e sityvis TargmanSi,<br />

romelic misi mTargmnelobiTi moRvaweobis adreul<br />

etapzea Sesrulebuli SedarebiT Tavisufali mTargmnelobiTi<br />

meTodiT 26 . teqstSi saubaria antikuri samyaros<br />

sam saswavlo disciplinaze: gramatikaze, sofistikasa da<br />

filosofiaze (cxadia, warmarTulze). qarTulSi filosofiva<br />

gadmotanilia transliteraciiT filosofosoba, rasac<br />

erTvis efremiseuli CanarTi: “rameTu axalman aman da Cuenman<br />

sibrZnismoyuarebaman miuRo mas saxeli ese” _ anu Cuen,<br />

axali (qristiani) sibrZnismoyvareni am saxeliT/terminiT<br />

(igulisxmeba filosofosoba) vixseniebT warmarTul<br />

sibrZnismetyvelebas 27 .<br />

sazogadod, TargmanSi ucxouri leqsikuri erTeulebis<br />

arseboba mTargmnelis bilingvurobis maCvenebelia 28 .<br />

orenovania efremi da Savi mTis mwignobarTa is wrec, sadac<br />

efremi moRvaweobs (Tavisi erT-erTi maswavleblisa<br />

da moZRvris, Savi mTis moRvawis, kvirike aleqsandrielis<br />

Sesaxeb efremi aRniSnavs, rom man “kargad uwyis rabamoba¡<br />

qarTvelTa da berZulTa enebisa¡” 29 ). marTalia, efremi<br />

24.<br />

bezaraSvili, ritorikisa da Targmanis Teoria da praqtika, gv. 179.<br />

25.<br />

termini `xriki~ ritorikuli xerxis aRsaniSnavad gamoyenebuli aqvs Tavad<br />

efrem mcires grigol nazianzelis 39-e sityvis basili minimusis komentaris<br />

TargmanSi, sadac ritorikuli paeqroba morkinalTa SeWidebasTan<br />

aris Sedarebuli (# 13).<br />

26.<br />

e. WeliZe, Zveli <strong>qarTuli</strong> saRvTismetyvelo terminologia I, Tbilisi, 1996,<br />

gv. 544-554; K. Bezarashvili, The Problem of the so-called “Aporeta” in the Georgian Corpus of the<br />

Works of Gregory the Theologian, Le Muséon, Revue d’Etudes Orientales, t. 108 (1995), p. 131-142.<br />

27.<br />

T. oTxmezuri, grigol nazianzelis dasamSvidebel sityvaTa efrem mciriseuli<br />

Targmani, mravalTavi 20 (2003), gv. 132-145.<br />

28.<br />

S. Brock, Greek into Syriac and Syriac into Greek, S. Brock, Syriac Perspectives on Late<br />

Antiquity (Collected Studies Series 199), 1977, p. II, 1-17.<br />

29.<br />

Sancti Gregorii Nazianzeni Opera, Versio iberica I, Orationes, I, XLV, XLIV, XLI, ed. a H.<br />

Metreveli et K. Bezarachvili, Ts. Kourtsikidze, N. Melikichvili, Th. Othkhmezouri, M. Raphava,

narkvevi 147<br />

Tavis Targmanebs ganswavluli, ganaTlebuli mkiTxvelisaTvis<br />

qmnis (grigol nazianzelis liturgikuli saki-<br />

Txavebis efremiseuli Targmani, misive sityvebiT, “iS¢T<br />

vieTT¢sme gulis£mismyofelTaT¢s” aris gamiznuli, xolo<br />

“fsalmunTa komentaris efremiseuli Targmanis mkiTxveli<br />

swavlismoyuarea” 30 ), magram efremi imasac ar iviwyebs, rom<br />

misi mkiTxvelebi qarTvelebi arian. amitom ucxour, “gare-<br />

SeTa” sityvebs umetes SemTxvevaSi urTavs ganmartebebs _<br />

eqspoziciuri xasiaTis komentarebs.<br />

efremis, rogorc elinofili mwignobris mTargmnelobiTi<br />

principia: “sityua¡ Sedarebuli berZulisa da marTebiTi<br />

ara akls”; magram man, rogorc praqtikosma mTargmnelma,<br />

isic kargad icis, rom “yovelsa Targmansa u£ms Semateba¡<br />

sity¢sa¡ reca ganmacxadebelad Zalisa”. amitomac efremi<br />

iqceva ise, rogorc berZeni mwignobrebi _ svimeonwmidis<br />

samonastro biblioTekebis berZnuli xelnawerebis analogiiT,<br />

is ganmartebiTi xasiaTis SeniSvnebs _ faqtobrivad,<br />

teqstis samecniero aparats _ xelnaweris aSiebze aTavsebs,<br />

Tanac momavali gadamwerebis sayuradRebod aRniSnavs:<br />

“yovlad ujero ars visganme kidesa warwerilisa mis Targmanisa¡<br />

Sigan gareviT dawera¡” _ ar SeiZleba aSiaze moTavsebuli<br />

ganmartebiTi SeniSvnis teqstSi CarTva 31 .<br />

magram efremisTvis ar aris ucxo mis mierve sakmaod mkacrad<br />

Camoyalibebuli wesebidan gadaxveva. aris SemTxvevebi,<br />

rodesac is sakuTar SeniSvnebs _ ucxour sityvaTa ganmartebebs<br />

_ TviTonve urTavs xolme TargmanSi. amasac Tavisi<br />

axsna aqvs _ gamonakliss efremi mxolod komentarul<br />

teqstebSi uSvebs, romlebic TavisTavad eqspoziciuri xasiaTisaa<br />

da, TavianTi funqciidan gamomdinare, kanonikuri<br />

teqstebisagan gansxvavebiT, advilad itanen da organulad<br />

iTviseben CanarTebs.<br />

efremis SeniSvnebi ZiriTadad erTi agebulebisaa. transliteraciiT<br />

gadmotanil berZnul sityvas mosdevs ganmarteba,<br />

umetes SemTxvevaSi _ sityvis etimologiuri Targmani 32 :<br />

è ewodebis artemis RmerTi elafivolo¡, ese igi ars Rmer-<br />

M. Chanidze (Corpus Christianorum. Series Graeca, 36. Corpus Nazianzenum, 5), Turnhout-<br />

Leuven, 1998, p. xxxii (= Sancti Gregorii Nazianzeni Opera, Versio iberica I).<br />

30.<br />

Sancti Gregorii Nazianzeni Opera, Versio iberica I, p. xxxiv; SaniZe, Sesavali efrem<br />

mciris fsalmunTa Targmanebisa, gv. 77.<br />

31.<br />

ioane damaskeli, dialeqtika, m. rafavas gamoc., Tb., 1976, gv. 67.<br />

32.<br />

msgavsi tipis ganmartebebi dasturdeba e. w. `fsalmunTa gamokrebili Targmanebis~<br />

anonimur elinofilur TargmanSi, ix. n. doborjginiZe, etimologiur-leqsikologiuri<br />

xasiaTis komentarebi `fsalmunTa gamokrebili Targmanebidan~,<br />

Tsu Zveli <strong>qarTuli</strong> enis kaTedris Sromebi, 30, 2001, gv. 188-194.

148 waxnagi 1.2009<br />

Ti irmis moisari (ejlafhbovlo~: e[lafo~ _ iremi, bolhv _<br />

tyorcna);<br />

è amisT¢s triesperos ewoda, romeli-ese sam Ramed gamoi-<br />

Targmanebis 33 (trievspero~: trei`~ _ sami, e{spero~ _ Rame);<br />

è geneTlia Sobisa dRe, epitafia saflavs-zeda 34 (gevnnhsi~,<br />

ejpitavfio~).<br />

è zog SemTxvevaSi efremi ganmartebis saxiT iZleva sityvis<br />

perifrazirebul Targmans an mis kulturuli ekvivalents:<br />

è ari, romel ars gazafxuli 35 (e[ar).<br />

è `moqalaqe~ uwodian sameufoelTa, romel arian politni<br />

36 (polivth~).<br />

è Seiswave, viTarmed gareSeTani arian gamometyuelebani<br />

ese, rameTu tragikoelni godebaTa metyuel, xolo komikoelni<br />

mokicxaobaTa mweral arian 37 (tragw/diogravfoi,<br />

kwmw/diogravfoi).<br />

diaqronulad rom gavadevnoT Tvali am ori terminis _<br />

tragw/diogravfoi, kwmw/diogravfoi _ gadmotanis process efremis<br />

sxvadasxva dros naTargmn teqstebSi, davinaxavT, rom erTerT<br />

adreul TarmanSi, grigolis 22-e araliturgikul sakiTxavSi<br />

(§ 8), isini Sinaarsobrivad, aRweriTad aris na-<br />

Targmi: kwmw/divaTargmnilia rogorc sasacilo, xolo tragw/<br />

diva rogorc salmoba¡ ese gulisa Cemisa¡. gviandel TargmanSi<br />

ki, basili minimusis komentarebSi, es sityvebi ukve<br />

transliteraciiT aris gadmotanili, magram ganmartebis<br />

gareSe ar aris datovebuli. niSandoblia, rom am erTi magaliTiTac<br />

kargad Cans efrem mciris Tanmimdevruli, mizandasaxuli<br />

gadasvla Tavisufali, mkiTxvelze orientirebuli<br />

mTargmnelobiTi meTodidan zust, dedanze orientirebul<br />

mTargmnelobiT teqnikaze.<br />

ucxouri enidan gadmotanili sityvebis efremiseul<br />

ganmartebebs zog SemTxvevaSi saswavlo-saganmanaTleblo<br />

daniSnulebac aqvs. efremi yovelTvis miuTiTebs, Tu romeli<br />

enidan aris gadmotanili leqsikuri erTeuli (berZnulTan<br />

erTad mis TargmanebSi vxvdebiT ebraulidan gad-<br />

33.<br />

magaliTebisTvis ix. Otkhmezuri, Pseudo-Nonniani in IV orationes Gregorii Nazianzeni<br />

commentarii, p. 244, 48; SeniSvnebi CarTulia teqstSi.<br />

34.<br />

Cod. A-292, 89v; SeniSvna moTavsebulia aSiaze.<br />

35.<br />

grigol nazianzelis 44-e sakiTxavis basili minimusis komentaridan, ganm.<br />

65.<br />

36.<br />

grigol nazianzelis me-19 sakiTxavis basili minimusis komentaridan,<br />

ganm. 64<br />

37.<br />

grigol nazianzelis Or. 21-is marginaluri SeniSvna (cod. Jer. 43, 140v; Jer.<br />

13, 344v).

narkvevi 149<br />

motanil sityvebsac); mis SeniSvnebSi zogjer mocemulia<br />

iseTi informacia, romelic mocemuli sityvisa Tu konteqstis<br />

gasagebad arc unda yofiliyo aucilebeli, Tumca Sua<br />

saukuneebis qarTveli mkiTxvelis Tvalsawieris gafar-<br />

ToebSi is garkveul rols Seasrulebda; sainteresoa, rom<br />

zogjer berZnulidan uTargmnelad gadmotanili sityva<br />

efremis leqsikologiur SeniSvnaSi Cndeba ZiriTad teqst-<br />

Si am sityvis Sesabamisi <strong>qarTuli</strong> Targmanis ekvivalentis<br />

saxiT. magaliTad, grigol xucesis “grigol RvTismetyvelis<br />

cxovrebaSi”, frazas _ “zog-arianoz uwoda... sity¢Ta<br />

mziT” (ou}~ hJmiareivou~ ejkeivno~ ejtuvmw~ (v. l. eJtoivmw~) wjnovmaze (PG<br />

35, col. 276 A 4; 275, n. 89) _ “romlebsac man naxevararianelebi<br />

uwoda” _ erTvis efremis ganmarteba: “Seiswave, viTarmed<br />

ars berZulad saswavleli, romelsa et¢mologia uwodian,<br />

ese igi ars mzasityuaoba¡” (Jer. 8). efremi am SeniSvniT cdilobs<br />

ganumartos qarTvel mkiTxvels Sua saukuneebis bizantur<br />

gramatikul traqtatebSi sakmaod gavrcelebuli<br />

termini ejtumologiva da qarTvel inteleqtualTa wreebSi<br />

mimoqcevaSi Semoitanos es cneba 38 .<br />

berZnulidan transliteraciiT gadmotanil sityvebSi<br />

asaxulia X-XI saukuneebis bizantiuri berZnulis warmo-<br />

Tqmis Taviseburebebi 39 . zog SemTxvevaSi berZnuli kompozitis<br />

gadmotanisas misi erT-erTi Semadgeneli nawili (ZiriTadad,<br />

pirveli) qarTulad aris naTargmni, bolo meore<br />

nawili transliteraciiT aris gadmotanili, magaliTad:<br />

hJmisfairivon _ kerZosferi; uJpodiakovnwn _ kerZodiakoni 40 .<br />

uTargmnelad gadmotanili sityvebi, ZiriTadad, arsebiTi<br />

saxelebia, iSviaT SemTxvevaSi _ xelobis aRmniSvneli<br />

terminebi an abstraqtuli saxelebi, agreTve, sawyisebi.<br />

es sityvebi ZiriTadad denominativebia, romlebic<br />

Zveli <strong>qarTuli</strong> enis gramatikuli normebis mixedviT arian<br />

38.<br />

qarTul azrovnebaSi am cnebis Semotanis mcdelobad unda CaiTvalos<br />

efremis kidev erTi ganmartebiTi SeniSvna, romelSic “et¢mologioba”<br />

ganmartebulia, rogorc `mzapasuxoba~; dabolos, “et¢mologiis” ioane<br />

petriwiseuli Targmani _ “mzametyueleba”, romelic dasturdeba mis e. w.<br />

“bolosityvaobaSi”. s. yauxCiSvili, masalebi ioane petriwis `ganmartebis~<br />

wyaroTa SeswavlisaTvis, saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademiis<br />

moambe, t. II, 8, 1941, gv. 758; Н. Махарадзе, Термин ejtumologiva (этимология) и его<br />

древнегрузинские эквиваленты, Византиноведческие этюды, 1991, c. 90-95 (= Махарадзе,<br />

Термин ejtumologiva; T. oTxmezuri, grigol nazianzelis <strong>qarTuli</strong> Targmanebis<br />

Semcveli krebulebis marginaliebi, korneli kekeliZe _ 125, 2004, gv.<br />

194-206.<br />

39.<br />

n. maxaraZe, bizantiuri berZnulis warmoTqmis sakiTxebi, Tbilisi, 1978.<br />

40.<br />

grigol nazianzelis sakiTxavebis basili minimusis komentarebidan: me-<br />

19 (ganm. 42) da 24-e (ganm. 33).

150 waxnagi 1.2009<br />

nawarmoebi. magaliTad, avl, meavle, meavleoba (aujlov~ — salamuri),<br />

evripooba (eu[ripo~ — zRvis miqceva), enkenioba<br />

( jEgkaivnia _ ganaxlebis dResaswauli), elen-yofa (eJllhnivzein<br />

_ gaelinureba) 41 da sxv. 42<br />

berZnulidan transliteraciiT gadmotanili sityviT<br />

sakmaod Tamami operirebis erT SemTxvevas vxvdebiT fsevdonones<br />

komentarTa TargmanSi, oRond ara efremiseul-<br />

Si, rogorc es iyo mosalodneli, aramed am Txzulebis<br />

adreul, eqvTime aTonelis TargmanSi. transliteraciiT<br />

gadmotanilia warmarTul ritualTan dakavSirebuli<br />

sityva ejnqousiavzw _ gansakuTrebuli sulieri ganwyoba,<br />

romelic eufleba RvTismsaxurs warmarTuli ritualis<br />

Sesrulebis dros. dedanSi es sityva mimReobis formiT<br />

aris warmodgenili _ ejnqousiw`nte~ (Part. act., pl.). eqvTimes is<br />

transliteraciiT, <strong>qarTuli</strong> zmnisa da sawyisis formiT<br />

(enT¢si-ob-des, enT¢si-oba-¡ 43 ) gadmoaqvs _ Sesabamisi qar-<br />

Tuli daboloebebis darTviT aqcevs am sityvas qarTul<br />

gramatikul da sityvawarmoebiT yalibSi 44 .<br />

erTi ram cxadia _ qarTvel mwignobarTaTvis TavianTi<br />

teqstebis “elen-yofa” mxolod enobriv-stilisturi movlena<br />

ar yofila. es iyo amave dros garkveuli poziciis _<br />

gansakuTrebuli mowiwebis gamoxatva, pativis migeba mTels<br />

mwignobrul samyaroSi udidesi prestiJis mqone berZnuli<br />

enisa da daxvewili, maRali elinuri kulturisadmi.<br />

Ephrem Mtsire and the Greek Words<br />

Thamar Otkhmezuri<br />

The presence of Greek transliterated words and lexical etymological calques<br />

is one of the main features of Georgian literal translations. According<br />

the Georgian hellenophile scholar Ephrem Mtsire (XI th century, Black Mountain,<br />

the Antioch region), the Greek word can be used in the translated text<br />

when finding the exact equivalent in Georgian is impossible (Cod. A-1115,<br />

41.<br />

detalurad am terminis Sesaxeb da misi mniSvnelobisaTvis elinofilur<br />

mwignobrul tradiciaSi ix. bezaraSvili, ritorikisa da Targmanis Teoria<br />

da praqtika, gv. 389.<br />

42.<br />

grigol nazianzelis sakiTxavebis basili minimusis komentarebidan: me-<br />

14 (ganm. 37), 42-e (ganm. 118), 21-e (ganm. 82), 43-e (ganm. 70).<br />

43.<br />

niSandoblivia, rom eqvTimeseuli “enT¢sioba¡” gvian saukuneebSi evropuli<br />

enebidan Semosuli enTuziazmis pirvelsaxea.<br />

44.<br />

Otkhmezuri, Pseudo-Nonniani in IV orationes Gregorii Nazianzeni commentarii, p.158.

narkvevi 151<br />

XII c., 223r). The abundance of Greek words in Ephrem Mtsire’s translation<br />

of the Pseudo-Nonnos Mythological Commentaries is determined by<br />

the topic of the writing where specific names and nicknames of pagan gods<br />

and heroes are mentioned, also terms denoting pagan rituals and cusoms<br />

are used. E. g., deilakrivwn _ [dilakrion] _ a lover of meat<br />

(Hermes’ nickname), eijdwlianov~ _ idolian [idolian] _ worshipper<br />

(Julian the Apostate’s nickname), purjrJivch _ pirahi [pirahi] _ Pyrrhic<br />

(the pagan ritual dance).<br />

In some cases the Greek words, though they have lexical equivalents in<br />

Old Georgian, are rendered into Georgian hellenophile texts without translation.<br />

It particularly concerns the botanical and zoological terms in Old<br />

Georgian translations: _ rodo [rodo] _ a rose, _<br />

krokodilo [k’rok’odilo] _ crocodile, i[bi~ _ ivi [ivi] _ ibis, kogcuvlion<br />

_ koxlio [k’oxlio] _ mollusc, kuvkno~ _ k¢kno [k’wk’no] _<br />

a swan.<br />

In special contexts the transliterated Greek words play the role of rhetorical<br />

figures. In one of his colophons Ephrem mentions that he had rendered<br />

the Greek word ejpitavfio~ into his translation without translation, as it has<br />

special force (duvnami~ _ Zali – rhetorical term denoting the beauty of the<br />

rhetorical form). While rendering into Georgian artistic images and ideomatic<br />

expressions of Greek Antiquity, also motives borrowed from a pure pagan<br />

context, Ephrem often employed the transliterate forms of Greek words:<br />

kerdooba [k’erdooba] _ wickedness (kerdw/`o~ _ a fox), evripooba<br />

[evripooba] _ hesitation (eu[ripo~ _ the flow and the ebb of the sea).<br />

Ephrem also makes particular use of the Greek words in rendering polysemantic<br />

lexical unites. filosofiva as pagan philosophy, is direcly removed<br />

by Ephrem from Greek text into Georgian translation _ filosofia [pilosopia],<br />

while the same lexical unite, when it has meaning of a Christian<br />

wisdom, is rendered by etymological translation – sibrZnismoyuareba<br />

(love of the wisdom).<br />

The vast majority of Greek words in Georgian are taken over as nouns,<br />

only in rare cases the verb is rendered into Georgian by transliteration. The<br />

Greek words often are followed by the expositional notes composed by<br />

Ephrem. Most of them have educational function and are aimed at the common<br />

Georgian reader.<br />

The fact that the Greek words were taken over for use in the eleventh<br />

century Georgian translations in different contexts and various functions, reflects<br />

the increasing prestige of Greek as a cultural language in the Christian<br />

East of this period.

qeTevan bezaraSvili<br />

ritorikisa da filosofiis urTierTmimarTebis<br />

literaturul-Teoriuli aspeqti<br />

qarTvel elinofilTa naazrevSi<br />

(efrem mcire, ioane petriwi)<br />

sakiTxis istoria bizantiur literaturaSi<br />

XI saukunis bizantiaSi kvlav aqtualuri gaxda ritorikisa<br />

da filosofiis kavSiris problema RvTismetyvelebisaTvis.<br />

grigol RvTismetyvelis formulireba Sua<br />

saukuneebSi gavrcelebul sazogado gamonaTqvamad iqca,<br />

sadac erTmaneTs upirispirdeba “meTevzurebri” da “aristoteluri”<br />

(Or. 23, c. 12), anu samonastro, asketuri, dogmaturi,<br />

aradiskursiuli, gamocdilebiTi Teologia da filosofiuri,<br />

diskursiuli, logikuri azrovneba, sqolastikuri<br />

Teologiis inteleqtualuri meTodi 1 .<br />

sityva “aristoteluri”/“aristotelurad” terminis<br />

mniSvnelobiT erT-erTma pirvelma grigol RvTismetyvelma<br />

gamoiyena. XXIII homiliaSi (“erTobisaT¢s, romeli vyavT<br />

Semdgomad ganwvalebisa Cuen marTlmadidebelTa”) igi<br />

saubrobs mis mier warmoTqmuli sityvis araritorikuli<br />

da arafilosofiuri xasiaTis Sesaxeb da upirispirebs klasikuri<br />

ritorika-filosofiis garegnul miRwevebs “meTevzurTa”,<br />

anu mociqulTa da pirvelqristian mamaTa, sityvis<br />

(qadagebis) RvTivSTagonebul ubraloebas, eklesiurobas<br />

da sulisaTvis sargeblianobas. grigoli meore sofistikidan<br />

SeTvisebuli ritorikuli xerxebiT _ asonansiani homoiotelevtonebiT<br />

STambeWdavad warmoadgens aRniSnul<br />

dapirispirebas antiTetur kolonebSi, risi saSualebiTac<br />

1.<br />

H. Hunger, Die hochsprachliche profane Literatur der Byzantiner, Bd. I, Münich, 1978, S. 42-<br />

43. D.T. Runia, Festugière revisited: Aristotle in the Greek Patres, in: Vigiliae Christianae, 43,<br />

1989, p. 1-34, spec. 9, 11, 25-26.<br />

152

narkvevi 153<br />

igi ufro dasamaxsovrebeli xdeba. efrem mciriseul TargmanSi<br />

ucvlelad aris SenarCunebuli berZnuli periodebis<br />

ritmuli struqtura:<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

(Gr.Naz. Or.23, c.12. PG 35, 1164C12-D1).<br />

`(ese ukue mciredi warmovTq¢)<br />

sjulisdebiT, ara winaaRmdgomebiT,<br />

meTevzurebr, ara aristotelebr,<br />

sulierebiT, ara borotad gamoZiebiT,<br />

saeklesiod, ara saubnod,<br />

sargebelad da ara saCuenebelad...~<br />

(cod.Tbilis. A292, a. 1800, f. 254r).<br />

rogorc dapirispirebidan vxedavT, erTmaneTTanaa<br />

dakavSirebuli, erTi mxriv, dogmatika (sjulisdeba), me-<br />

Tevzuroba (anu mociqulTa mier qadagebuli rwmena), suliereba<br />

(pnevmatikuroba, igulisxmeba sulieri gamoZieba<br />

qristianuli WeSmaritebisa), saeklesio da sargebeli<br />

(igulisxmeba sulis margebeli ram). meore mxriv, gaerTianebulia<br />

winaaRmdgomeba (antilogikuroba, anu disputi,<br />

kamaTi), aristoteluroba (anu filosofiuri gansja), borotad<br />

gamoZieba (asea Sefasebuli antikuri filosofia da<br />

rotorika, rogorc sicrue, qristianulTan SedarebiT; es<br />

ukanaskneli, igulisxmeba, rom WeSmaritebas emsaxureba), 2<br />

ubnoba (agoris 3 , anu saero TavSeyris adgilebSi saxalxo<br />

2.<br />

antikuri filosofiisa da ritorikis qristianTa mier uaryofiTi Sefasebis<br />

istoriisa da magaliTebisaTvis ix. T. oTxmezuri, q. bezaraSvili, ioane<br />

petriwis e.w. bolosityvaobis erTi fragmentis berZnuli dedani, MNHMH.<br />

eZRvneba al. aleqsiZis xsovnas, Tb., 2000, gv. 213-217.<br />

3.<br />

/ Cveulebriv, antikuri ritorikis da poetikis TeoriebSi<br />

niSnavs ubralo/mdabio metyvelebas da stils _ (Arist.<br />

Rhet.10,11 etc.), magram zogjer igi niSnavs samosamarTlo/samarTlebriv<br />

sityvas _ da aris Sesatyvisi -isa (Philostr. V.Sophist.II,<br />

p.570). L. Hook, The Metaphorical Terminology of Greek Rhetoric and Literary Criticism,

154 waxnagi 1.2009<br />

krebebze qadageba/mWevrmetyveleba, ritorikul-filosofiuri<br />

gansja eklesiaSi qadagebis nacvlad, gamocxadebis<br />

sibrZnis, WeSmariti sulieri xedvis nacvlad) da saCvenebeli<br />

sityva (igive epideiqtikuri, rogorc ritorikis erTerTi<br />

saxeoba 4 ).<br />

aqedan, qristianuli dogmebis rwmeniT miReba dapirispirebulia<br />

kamaTis sofistur xelovnebasTan, anu codnasTan,<br />

romelic klasikur ritorika-filosofias axasiaTebda; me-<br />

Tevzuroba dapirispirebulia aristotelurobasTan, anu<br />

isev rwmena dapirispirebulia codnasTan/mecnierebasTan;<br />

religiuri WeSmaritebis sulieri gamoZieba dapirispirebulia<br />

antikuri filosofiis borotad gamoZiebasTan, anu<br />

sicruesTan; saeklesio qadageba dapirispirebulia agoris,<br />

anu saero qadagebasTan; sulisaTvis sargebeli qristianuli<br />

sityva, anu qristianuli qadageba/ritorika, dapirispirebulia<br />

antikuri ritorikis sadResaswaulo saxeobasTan<br />

_ epideiqtikur, anu saCvenebel, sadResaswaulo sityvasTan,<br />

romelic, igulisxmeba, rom sulisaTvis margebel Sinaarss<br />

ar Seicavs da mxolod garegnuli saCvenebeli ritorikuli<br />

samkaulebiT imoseba. aq termini “apodeiktikuri” rom yofiliyo<br />

maSin logikis dargi unda gvegulisxma<br />

5 . termini ki ritorikas ganekuTvneba (Sdr.<br />

Chicago, 1905, p. 27. I.C.T. Ernesti, Lexicon Technologiae Graecorum Rhetoricae, Darmstadt,<br />

1962, s.v. Sdr. qvemoT aristoteles mier oratoruli sityvis saxeobebad<br />

dayofa. <br />

4.<br />

epideiqtikuri sityva ritorikis sam saxeobaTagan erT-erTia, romelic<br />

aristoteleseuli dayofidan moyolebuli (Arist. Ars Rhetorica, I,3,1358b)<br />

gavrcelebuli iyo ritorikis elinistur da bizantiur TeoriebSi:<br />

(genus demonstrativum) _ sadResaswaulo, saCvenebeli, sazeimo<br />

sityva (igive panegirikuli, Sdr. Basilii Minimi<br />

in Gregorii Nazianzeni orationem XXXVIII commentarii, editi a Th. Schmidt, in: Corpus<br />

Christianorum, Series Graeca, 46; Corpus Nazianzenum, 13, Turnhout, Leuven, 2001, p. 8 7,<br />

9, n. 9); (genus deliberativum) _ saTaTbiro, bWobiTi sityva;<br />

(genus iudiciale) _ samarTlebrivi, sapaeqro sityva. ix. H. Hommel,<br />

Rhetorik, in: Der kleine Pauly Lexicon der Antike, Bd.4, 1911, col. 1397. H. Hunger, Die hochsprachliche<br />

profane Literatur der Byzantiner, I, S. 99.<br />

5.<br />

filosofiis sam saxeobad dayofis (_ “xedviTi”, _ “saqmiTi”,<br />

_ “sity¢erebiTi”) klasikuri da bizantiuri tradiciebisa<br />

da apodiqtikis, rogorc logikuri meTodis saxeobis Sesaxeb (_<br />

“ganCinebiTi", _“gamoTqumiTi”, _ “mesibrZneobiTi".<br />

Or. 43, com. 73. R. Cantarella, Basilio Minimo, II, in: Byzantinische Zeitschrift, 26, 1926, p.<br />

28 6-9<br />

. Cod. Iber. Tbilis. A109, s. XII-XIII, 29r. Sdr. Arist. Anal. Post. 71 b 18) ix. C. Cavarnos,<br />

The Hellenic-Christian Philosophical Tradition, Belmont, Massachusetts, 1989, 92, 103. Т.И.<br />

Долидзе, Вопрос о функции в комментаиях школы Аммония, Tsu<br />

Sromebi, 249 (arqeologia, klasikuri filologia, bizantinistika), 1984,<br />

gv. 325. Sdr. Sdr. –"gamosaCinebelni" (T. oTxmezuri, q. bezaraS-

narkvevi 155<br />

_ “maCuenebloba¡” sanaxaobis: _ “meTeatroneobis”<br />

sinonimad. Gr. Naz. Or. 43, c. 25. PG 35, 529C4) 6 .<br />

aRniSnul pasaJSi dapirispirebani warimarTeba swored<br />

meTevzurobisa da aristotelurobis antiTezis principiT.<br />

dapirispirebaTa danarCeni wyvilebi ki mTlianad dasaxelebul<br />

pirvel antiTezas emorCileba.<br />

es formulireba orgvar gaazrebas gvTavazobs. erTia<br />

msoflmxedvelobrivi dapirispireba codnasa da rwmenas,<br />

meTevzurTa, anu mociqulTa, gamocxadebiT sibrZnesa da<br />

codniT miRebul mecnierul sibrZnes, anu klasikur filosofias,<br />

Soris. meorea sakiTxis literaturul-Teoriuli<br />

aspeqti, romelic gulisxmobs saRvTo werilis enis keTil-<br />

Sobiluri ubraloebis 7 , mociqulTa da pirvelqristianul<br />

TxzulebaTaA enisa da stilis, e.w. evangeluri gamocxadebi-<br />

Ti sisadavis (dapirispirebas maRalfardovan<br />

atikurTan, ritorikul-filosofiur stilTan, agreTve<br />

Semdgom Seqmnil im saRvTismetyvelo TxzulebaTa stil-<br />

Tan, romlebic elinuri filosofiis cnebiT-terminologiur<br />

aparats efuZneboda (Sdr. I kor. 13, 12) 8 . am droisaTvis<br />

erTmaneTis sinonimebia. 9<br />

amgvarad, terminebiT “meTevzurebri”, galilevelTa Tu<br />

meTevzurTa Txzuleba, e.w. sermo piscatorius an da,<br />

vili, ioane petriwis e. w. bolosityvaobis erTi fragmentis berZnuli dedani,<br />

gv. 220, 232-233).<br />

6.<br />

ix. S. Gregorii Nazianzeni Opera. Versio Iberica, IV. Oratio XLIII, edita a B. Coulie, H. Metreveli<br />

et K. Bezarachvili, T. Kourtsikidze, N. Melikichvili, T. Otkhmezuri, M. Rapava (Corpus<br />

Christianorum, Series Graeca, 52; Corpus Nazianzeum, 17), Turnhout, Leuven, 2004, p. 119.<br />

7.<br />

H.A. Wolfson, The Philosophy of the Church Fathers, I, Cambridge (Mas.), 1956, p. 19. E. Norden,<br />

Die antike Kunstprosa vom VI Jahrhundert V.Chr. bis die Zeir der Renaissance, Bd. II, Leipzig,<br />

Berlin, 1918, S. 523.<br />

8.<br />

wm. werilis araeqsplikaciuri enisa da saRvTismetyvelo TxzulebaTa filosofiuri<br />

enis gansxvavebaTa Sesaxeb ix. T. Dolidze, The Logic of Language in Gregory<br />

of Nyssa’s Treatise “Against Eunomius”, in: Phasis. Greek and Roman Studies, 4, Tbilisi,<br />

2001, p. 15-25.<br />

9.<br />

rogorc aRniSnaven, grigol RvTismetyvelis formulireba <br />

igivea, rac da forma-Sinaarsis ur-<br />

TierTmimarTebis problemas exeba bizantiur Teologiur literaturaSi<br />

(H. Beck, Antike Beredsamkeit und Byzantinische Kallilogia, in: Antike und Abendland, 14, Berlin,<br />

1969, S. 93).<br />

10.<br />

meTevzurebi metaforulad ewodeba mociqulebs, adamianTa sulebis mebadurebs<br />

(Sdr.G.W. Lampe, A Patristic Greek Lexicon, Oxford, 1968,<br />

s.v. ). igulisxmeba, rom mociqulebi arian “mesaTxevle kacTa” (mT.<br />

4, 18-19. mrk. 1, 17. Sdr. ier. 16, 16), romelTac TavianTi sityvis, anu RvTis sityvis,<br />

saxarebis badeSi unda moaqcion mTeli samyaro (Gr. Naz. Or. 41, c. 14. PG 36,<br />

448C5). termini “meTevzuroba” aRniSnavs agreTve mociqulTa stilis sisadaves<br />

G.W. Lampe, A Patristic Greek Lexicon, s.v. ix. E. Norden, Die

156 waxnagi 1.2009<br />

meore mxriv, filosofos-ritorTa (an sofistTa) ena, igive<br />

rasac aristotelursac (<br />

uwodebdnen, 11 gamoixateboda maT Soris arsebuli ganmasxvavebeli<br />

ZiriTadi meTodologiuri da stilisturi niSnebi.<br />

maSasadame, sakiTxs hqonda ara mxolod filosofiuri,<br />

aramed ritorikuli mxarec.<br />

grigol RvTismetyvelis es formulireba (meTevzurTa<br />

yaidaze Tu aristoteles yaidaze), romelic, rogorc vTqviT,<br />

sazogado gamonaTqvamadac iqca da gavrcelebuli iyo<br />

Sua saukuneebSi, aisaxa ioane petriwTanac (ix. qvemoT).<br />

maRali, Rrma qristianuli Sinaarsis gamoxatva aseve<br />

maRali klasikuri formiT (axali SinaarsiT datvirTuli<br />

antikuri literaturuli xerxebiT Tu filosofiuri<br />

mza teqnikuri logikuri aparatiT) gansakuTrebiT misaba-<br />

Zi gaxda bizantiuri mwerlobisaTvis kapadokielTa moRvaweobis<br />

Semdeg, romlebmac saukeTesod ganaxorcieles TavianT<br />

TxzulebebSi qristianuli Sinaarsisa da elinuri<br />

formis es kavSiri 12 .<br />

rogorc vTqviT, XI saukuneSi ganaxlda ritorika-filosofiis<br />

kavSiris mniSvneloba. miqael fselosi svimeon<br />

metafrastisadmi miZRvnil enkomiaSi da traqtatSi grigol<br />

RvTismetyvelis stilze saubrobs filosofiis, anu<br />

saRvTo azris, ritorikis mSvenieri samkaulebiT gadmocemaze,<br />

anu forma-Sinaarsis urTierTmimarTebaze axali,<br />

qristianuli Sinaarsis gadmosacemad (PG 114, 188A11; Psellos,<br />

Ad Pothum, c. 13 243-245<br />

; 17 317-318<br />

) 13 . miqael fselosi aRniSnavs, rom<br />

am avtorebma filosofiiT aamaRles ritorikuli xelovneba<br />

da piriqiT.<br />

antike Kunsprosa, II, S. 512-516. Sdr. rom. 9, 28; I kor. 3, 19; 1, 22; 2, 6. Sdr. Gr. Naz. Or. 27,<br />

c. 1. PG 36, 12. Gr. Naz. Or. 16, c. 2. PG 35, 936C; <br />

“ese arian Txrobani Cuen galilevelTani... amas<br />

aRvwerT Cuen meTevzurTa da uswavlelTa mowafeni” (Greg. Naz. Or. 5, c. 25. PG 35,<br />

693B9; Sdr. “uswavlelni da meTevzurni”. Gr. Naz. Or. 5, c. 30. PG<br />

35, 701C8-10. Cod. Iber. Tbilis. A292, 208r).<br />

11.<br />

da _ meTevzuri da atikuri dapirispirebulia erTmaneTTan,<br />

rogorc barbarosuli _ elinur mWevrmetyvelebasTan (G.W. Lampe,<br />

A Patristic Greek Lexicon, s.v. . E. Norden, Die antike Kunstprosa, II, 1918, S. 522-<br />

523. U.v. Wilamowitz-Möllendorff, Asianismus und Atticismus. Hermes. Zeitschrift für klassische<br />

Philologie, 35, Berlin, 1900, S. 4, 44). meore mxriv, qristianul literaturaSi,<br />

meTevzurTa sibrZne aRemateba filosofosTa da ritorTa maRalfardovan<br />

mWevrmetyvelebas (C.A.Trypanis, Fourteen Early Byzantine Cantica, Wien, 1968, p. 37).<br />

12.<br />

E. Norden, Die antike Kunstprosa, II, S. 460-464. G.A. Kennedy, Greek Rhetoric under Christian<br />

Emperors, Princeton, New Jersey, 1983, p. 50, 185.<br />

13.<br />

A. Mayer, Psellos’ Rede über den rhetorischen Character des Gregorios von Nazianz, in: Byzantinische<br />

Zeitschrift, 20, 1911, S. 27-100; spec. 48-60.

narkvevi 157<br />

amave periodSi arsdeba sami ierarqis (grigol RvTismetyvelis,<br />

basili didisa da ioane oqropiris) erTad xsenebis<br />

dResaswauli, romelzedac pasuxismgebelia ioane<br />

mavropusi _ konstantinopolis universitetis damaarsebeli,<br />

filologi da mWevrmetyveli (saubaria mis xilvaze<br />

1084 w. sami ierarqis Tanaswori pativis Sesaxeb). misi<br />

azriT, sami ierarqis Semoqmedebis saSualebiT aRdga harmonia<br />

sityvasa da suls, filosofia-Teologiasa da ritorikas<br />

Soris (-s Soris), rac aklda saxarebas 14 .<br />

sami ierarqi ara mxolod Teologiuri modelebia bizantiisaTvis,<br />

aramed _ ritorikuli.<br />

sakiTxis gaazreba qarTveli elinofilebis mier<br />

qarTveli elinofilebi _ efrem mcire da ioane petriwi<br />

TavianTi Tanamedrove bizantiuri azrovnebis simaRleze<br />

dganan.<br />

efrem mcire exmaureba ritorika-filosofiis erTianobis<br />

problemas Tavisi mosaxsenebliT svimeon loRoTetis<br />

saxelze, sadac saubrobs sxva xilvis Sesaxeb, romelsac svimeoni<br />

Tavisi ritorika-filosofiiT sami ierarqis Tanabar<br />

doneze ahyavs 15 . igi marTebulad iazrebs ritorika-filosofiis<br />

da maTi Teologiisadmi damokidebulebis saki-<br />

Txs, iTvaliswinebs ra berZnuli literaturis procesebs<br />

aRniSnul sakiTxebze. svimeonis sityvas efremi axasiaTebs<br />

rogorc “ritorebrivTa maT gangrZobaTa da filosofosebrivTa<br />

maT SemkobilebaTa”.<br />

ioane damaskelis “dialeqtikaze” darTul kolofonSic<br />

efremi, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom Tavisi Tanamedrove azrovnebis<br />

doneze dgas. igi saubrobs “gareSe” sibrZnisadmi, ker-<br />

Zod, antikuri filosofiisadmi, damokidebulebis Sesaxeb.<br />

aRsaniSnavia, rom amave dros, efremi imave kolofonSi saki-<br />

Txis literaturul-Teoriul moazrebasac gvTavazobs da<br />

am problemas igi ukavSirebs stilis sakiTxebze msjelobas.<br />

igi saubrobs “safilosofoso” TxzulebasTan dakavSirebul<br />

stilTa doneebze, kerZod, metafrastikis Teoriaze. erTi<br />

14.<br />

H.G. Beck, Antike Beredsamkeit und Byzantinische Kallilogia, S. 95-96. G.L. Kustas, Studies<br />

in Byzantine Rhetoric (Analecta Blatadōn,17), Thessalonike, 1973, p. 124-125. gavixsenoT,<br />

rom kapadokielma mamebma da ioane oqropirma ganaviTares filosofiuri<br />

safuZveli qristianuli doqtrinisaTvis da ritorikuli forma _ sakiTxavisaTvis.<br />

ix. G.A.Kennedy, Greek Rhetoric, p. 50, 185.<br />

15.<br />

efrem mcire, “mosa£senebeli mcire s¢meonisaT¢s loRoTetisa”. К. Кекелидзе,<br />

Симеон Метафраст по грузинским источникам, etiudebi, V, Tb., 1957, gv. 219, 224-<br />

225.

158 waxnagi 1.2009<br />

SexedviT, TiTqos ucnauri unda iyos logikur Txzulebas-<br />

Tan mimarTebiT metafrastikaze msjeloba (miT umetes, rom<br />

metafrastikaze efremi sagangebod msjelobs calke kolofonSi<br />

_ svimeon metafrastis mosaxsenebelSi). magram gavixsenoT,<br />

Tu ra konteqstSi gadadis efremi erTi sakiTxidan<br />

meoreze. igi afrTxilebs Tavis Tanamemamuleebs, romlebic<br />

aqamde miCveulni ar yofilan safilosofoso wignebs, rom<br />

sxvis mier “Sekazmulad”, anu gadametafrasebulad, ar miiCnion<br />

es wigni _ ioane damaskelis “dialeqtika”: “kualad eseca<br />

sacnaur iyavn, viTarmed ara jer-ars, ra¡Ta sx¢sa visganme<br />

Sekazmulad vhgonebdeT wignsa amas, viTar-igi guasmies<br />

s¢meon loRoTetisa da sxuaTa mecnierTa berZenTagan kazmva¡<br />

wignebisa¡...” (Cod. Iber. Tbilis. A24, s. XII, 3v); 16 Semdeg efremi<br />

xsnis stilTa doneebs, Tu ra aris mdabiuri, “uSueri” stili<br />

da ra _ maRali, metafrasuli, gardakazmuli, gamSvenebuli;<br />

rogori Txzulebis gadametafraseba SeiZleba da rogoris<br />

_ ara da a.S. ase rom, igi mijnavs metafrastikis ritorikul<br />

stils mdabiuri stilisagan (rasac berZnuli terminologiiT<br />

tapeinov” Seesabameba). amave dros, aqve igi erTmaneTisagan<br />

ganasxvavebs mdabiuri stilis TxzulebaTa simartives<br />

wm. werilisa da sxva wm. mamaTa Txzulebebis “litonobisagan”<br />

(rasac Seesabameba swored zemoxsenebuli berZnuli<br />

terminebi: aJplovth” da aJlieutikov”), romelic sul sxva ram aris<br />

Tavisi saRvTo warmomavlobis gamo da xelSeuxebelia 17 .<br />

es axsna-ganmarteba efrems, cxadia, imisTvis dasWirda,<br />

rom ioane damaskelis Txzulebas igi swored maRali stiliT<br />

Seqmnilad miiCnevda (mxolod ara Semdgom gadametafrasebulad<br />

sxvis mier, aramed Tavidanve Tavad avtoris<br />

mierve Rrmad da maRlad Seqmnilad), anu “aristotelurad”,<br />

romelic gansxvavebulia “meTevzurisagan”, litonisagan.<br />

maSasadame, efremma SesaniSnavad icis rwmenisa da<br />

codnis urTierTdamokidebulebis sakiTxis orive mxare _<br />

filosofiuric da ritorikulic.<br />

es movlena ucnaurad ar mogveCveneba, Tu gavixsenebT,<br />

rom ritorikuli da filosofiuri, miuxedavad maT Soris<br />

16.<br />

kolofonis dasawyisSi igi aseve afrTxilebs gadamwerT, rom ar gamotovon<br />

“dialeqtika” gadawerisas da ar miiCnion igi gamousadegarad<br />

misi siRrmis gamo: “ara dauteoT amaTi dawera¡ reca siRrmisaTvs u£mar<br />

sagonebelobisaT¢s” (A24, XII s., 1v). ioane damaskeli, dialeqtika, m. rafavas<br />

gamocema, Tb., 1976, gv. 66.<br />

17.<br />

ix. q. bezaraSvili, ritorikisa da Targmanis Teoria da praqtika grigol<br />

RvTismetyvelis TxzulebaTa <strong>qarTuli</strong> Targmanebis mixedviT, Tb., 2004,<br />

gv. 385-387. q. bezaraSvili, “gareSe” sibrZnisadmi damokidebulebisaTvis<br />

efrem mciris kolofonebSi, macne, els, 1-4, 2001, gv. 155-157.

narkvevi 159<br />

winaaRmdegobisa, ganuyofeli iyo erTmaneTisagan antikurobidan<br />

moyolebuli. es problema, rogorc zemoT vTqviT,<br />

aqtualuri iyo XI saukuneSi da Semdgomac; isic aRvniSneT,<br />

rom mas exmaureba ioane petriwi.<br />

fsalmunis ganmartebaTa winasityvis bolos ioane petriwi<br />

saubrobs sakuTari Tavis Sesaxeb 18 da gulistkiviliT<br />

aRniSnavs TanamemamuleTa siverages, gonebiT xedveb-<br />

Si dabrZenebuli kacis xelSewyobis nacvlad. misi TqmiT,<br />

TanamemamuleTa siyvaruli da Sewevna rom Cveneboda, RvTis<br />

gangebis Tanadgomas mihyveboda da am saRvTo xedvaTa survils<br />

ficavs, rom [qarTul] enasac [berZnul] enisad gaawyobda,<br />

filosofiuri gancdis xedvebSic iaristotelurebda<br />

da nivTisagan miuxebel RvTismetyvelebasac warmoayenebda:<br />

“vina¡, Tumca me ra¡ve Tansiyuaruli da Sewevna¡<br />

mCueneboda maTgan, Tana vxde dgomasa RmrTisa gangebaTasa.<br />

da T¢T maT xedvaTa vfucav survilsa, romel ena¡mca enisada<br />

gamewyo da xedva¡mca filosofosTa gancdisa¡ mearistotelura<br />

da RmrTismetyueleba¡ nivTisagan miuxebeli<br />

warmomeyena” 19 . “xedva” da “gancda” sinonimuri mniSvnelobis<br />

terminebia da niSnavs mistikur an gonebiT Wvretas, Semmecneblis<br />

xedvas, gagebas 20 . ase rom, “xedva¡ filosofosTa<br />

gancdisa¡” niSnavs filosofiuri Wvretis Teorias (qewriva<br />

– xedva). “xedva¡mca filosofosTa gancdisa¡ mearistotelurao”<br />

ki niSnavs: filosofiuri Teoria mearistotelura,<br />

anu misTvis aristoteleseuli filosofiuri gansjis,<br />

anu diskursiuli xasiaTi mimeniWebinao.<br />

rogorc vTqviT, grigol RvTismetyvelis formulirebidan<br />

momdinare termini “aristoteluri” sazogado gamonaTqvami<br />

iyo Sua saukuneebSi da niSnavda RvTismetyvelebisaTvis<br />

aristoteleseuli diskursiuli xasiaTis miniWebas,<br />

logikuri dasabuTebis meTodis Seqmnas wminda Wvreti-<br />

Ti TeologiisaTvis 21 . am sityvebiT ioane petriwi aviTarebs<br />

18.<br />

damana meliqiSvilis TargmanSi am nawils ewodeba Pro domo sua. ioane petriwis<br />

teqstis perifrazirebisas yvelgan veyrdnobiT d. meliqiSvilis<br />

mier Tanamedrove qarTulze gadmoRebul teqsts: ioane petriwi, ganmarteba<br />

prokle diadoxosis “RmrTismetyvelebis safuZvlebisa”, Tanamedrove<br />

qarTul enaze gadmoiRo, gamokvleva da leqsikoni daurTo d. meliqiSvilma,<br />

Tb., 1999.<br />

19.<br />

ioane petriwi, Sromebi II, S. nucubiZis da s. yauxCiSvilis gamocema, tf.,<br />

1937, gv. 222 17-22.<br />

20.<br />

d. meliqiSvili, Zveli <strong>qarTuli</strong> filosofiur-Teologiuri terminologiis<br />

istoriidan, Tb., 1999, gv. 131-132. ix. “xedvisa gancda-Wuretani” (ioane<br />

petriwi, Sromebi, II, gv. 107 12<br />

) da sxv.<br />

21.<br />

aseve iyo es gamonaTqvami interpretirebuli samecniero literaturaSi<br />

(g. TevzaZe, filosofiis istoriis zogierTi sakiTxi, istoriul-filo-

160 waxnagi 1.2009<br />

misi winamorbedis _ efrem mciris moRvaweobis mizandasaxulobas.<br />

ioane damaskelis “dialeqtikis” miseuli Targmanis<br />

winasityvaSi (romelic warmoadgens aristoteles logikur<br />

meTods qristianuli Teologiis samsaxurisaTvis)<br />

efrem mcire ambobs, rom “sxua¡ arara¡ odes Targmnila safilosofosoTa<br />

wignTagani” 22 . ioane petriws ki surs, rom qar-<br />

Tuli azrovneba miiyvanos sqolastikuri Teologiisaken<br />

mas Semdeg, rac am azrovnebam ukve gaiara asketikis, samonastro<br />

Teologiis gza. rwmenisa da codnis urTierTmimarTebis<br />

sakiTxSi ioane petriwi da mTeli <strong>qarTuli</strong> elinofiluri<br />

skola (anu gelaTis skola) efuZneba aleqsandrieli da<br />

kapadokieli mamebis naazrevs. amdenad, sruliad bunebrivia<br />

imis daSveba, rom fsalmunTa ganmartebis miseul winasityvaSi<br />

ioane petriwi topos “aristotelobas” grigol<br />

RvTismetyveliseuli antiTeturi formulirebis sqemiT<br />

unda warmoadgendes codnisa da rwmenis zemoT ganxiluli<br />

urTierTmimarTebis warmosaCenad 23 .<br />

logiuri Ziebani, II, Tb., 1984, gv. 85). terminis jAristotelikov” gagebisaTvis<br />

Sua saukuneebSi ix. Sen. 1-Si dasax. literatura. aristoteles terminis<br />

“nivTisagan miuxebeli” (a[neu u{lh”, cwrista; th’” u{lh”) gagebisaTvis ix. C. Cavarnos,<br />

The Hellenic-Christian Philosophical Tradition, Balmont, Massachusetts, 1989, p. 40-42;<br />

amonios ermisis Txzulebebi qarTul mwerlobaSi, m. rafavas gamocema, Tb.,<br />

1983, 12 30-35.<br />

Ammonius in Aristotelis Categorias Commentarius, ed. A. Busse [Commentaria in<br />

Aristotelem graeca, IV, 4], Berolini, 1895, p. 11 27-28<br />

. am sakiTxis interpretaciisaTvis<br />

ioane petriwis Sromis mixedviT ix. q. bezaraSvili, ioane petriwis e. w. bolosityvaobis<br />

zogierTi adgilis gagebisaTvis: “mearistotelura”, weliwdeuli<br />

elinologiasa da laTinistikaSi, 3, Tb., 2005, gv. 17-44.<br />

22.<br />

Cod. A 24, XIIs., 1v. ioane damaskeli, dialeqtika, m. rafavas gamocema, gv. 66.<br />

23.<br />

winamdebare statiis mizania ioane petriwis formulirebis wyaros gamovlena<br />

da misi stilisturi Rirebulebis Cveneba, rac mas aqvs filosofiur-<br />

Tan erTad. rogorc cnobilia, azrTa sxvadasxvaoba arsebobs ioane petriwis<br />

“aristotelurobis” gagebasTan dakavSirebiT da am diskusiaSi CarTva Cvens<br />

miznebs scildeba. lela aleqsiZis azriT, gansaxilveli toposi erTgvari Sejamebaa<br />

petriwis aristotelesadmi damokidebulebisa. igi unda gulisxmobdes<br />

imas, rom petriwi qarTulenovani filosofiis gatolebas cdilobda<br />

berZnulenovanTan adekvaturi terminologiis SemuSavebiT da “TeoretikosobiT”,<br />

oRond qarTveli aristotele _ petriwi Tavad aristoteles imiT<br />

“ajobebda”, rom Teologias _ metafizikas, anu RvTismetyvelebas, fizikis<br />

kanonebisagan damoukideblad Camoayalibebda (L. Alexidze, Zum verhältnis zwischen<br />

neuplatonischem und Christlichem im Prokloskommentar des Ioane Petrizi, in: Metaphysik<br />

und Religion. Zur Signatur des spätantiken Denkens. Akten des Internationalen Kongresses vom<br />

13-17 März 2001 in Würzburg, herausgegeben von T. Kobusch und M. Erler, München, 2002,<br />

S. 438-439, n. 24). damana meliqiSvilis azriT, toposi gulisxmobs, rom ioane<br />

petriwi dogmaturi RvTismetyvelebis sferoSi silogisturi gzis nacvlad,<br />

Cvenebis, nimuSebis (xatebisa da igavebis) analogiis gzis gamoyenebas mimar-<br />

Tavs elinur filosofiaSi damuSavebuli cnebiTi aparatis meSveobiT (d. meliqiSvili,<br />

ioane petriwi da ioane italosi ori sawyisis Sesaxeb, quTaisis<br />

universitetis moambe, 4, 1995, 169-176) da sxv. vfiqrob, rom ioane petriwi am<br />

formulirebiT gamoxatavs imas, Tu ris gakeTebas apirebda da ara imas, Tu ra

narkvevi 161<br />

“nivTisagan miuxebeli” filosofiis msoflmxedvelobrivi<br />

gaazrebis Semdeg ioane petriwi iqve saubrobs stil-<br />

Ta sxvadasxva doneze _ advil da CueulebiT Targmanebze<br />

da upirispirebs maT rTul filosofiur Txzulebebs: Cven-<br />

Si Cveulebadaa enis Txzva da morTva advil da CveulebiTs<br />

TargmanebSi, magram rTul azrovnebiTsa da filosofiur<br />

TxzulebebSi enis martivad miyolas vcdilob manamdis,<br />

sanam meti silitoniT azrs daSla da vneba ar SeemTxvevao<br />

(“Cueuleba¡ ars Cuenda advilTa da CueulTa saTargmanoTa<br />

Soris Txzvad da morTvad enisad, aramed ZnelTa Soris gonebiTa<br />

da filosofosTasa yovelsa silitonesa da Tanmiyolasa<br />

enisaebr vemxarkebi dadebad vidre sadamdis metiTa<br />

silitoniTa daSla¡ da vneba¡ gonebasa ar SeemTxueodis” -<br />

ioane petriwi, Sromebi, II, 222 26-31<br />

).<br />

maSasadame, termini “aristoteluroba” ioane petriwTan,<br />

grigol RvTismetyvelisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli<br />

antiTeturobis mixedviT warmodgenili, stilTa<br />

doneebis _ litoni saRvTo stilisa da maRalfardovani<br />

ritorikul-filosofiuri stilis dapirispirebasac gulisxmobs;<br />

Tumca sakuTriv “meTevzurobas”, rogorc “aristotelurobis”<br />

sapirispiro stilistur cnebas, ioane petriwi<br />

aq ar axsenebs.<br />

niSandoblivia agreTve, rom amave pasaJSi da konteqstSi<br />

ioane petriwi yuradRebas amaxvilebs filosofiuri enis Seqmnaze<br />

(ix. “ena¡ enisada gamewyo” _ ioane petriwi, Sromebi,<br />

II, 222 20<br />

); gansaxilveli pasaJis (sakuTar Tavze saubris) zemoT<br />

bibliuri wignebis Targmanis xelovnebis gansjisas ioane<br />

petriwi saubrobs enis srulyofilebaze zrunvis Sesaxeb.<br />

misi sityviT, rac ufro maRalganviTaebulia eri, miT ufro<br />

warmatebulia misi ena. vinc ar flobs enas da misi gadmocemis<br />

wesebs srulyofilad _ metyvelebis nawilebs da Sewyobis,<br />

morTvis, sinarnaris da a. S. xelovnebas (anu gramatikisa da<br />

ritorikis xelovnebas) 24 , is ver miswvdeba RvTismetyvelegaakeTa.<br />

amasTan, gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom cnebebi sxvadasxva doneze<br />

sxvadasxva Sinaarss iZenen, rogorc TviTon petriwi ganmartavda amas (ioane<br />

petriwi, Sromebi, II, 17-18).<br />

24.<br />

am pasaJSi Cans gramatikis xelovnebis codnis auciloblobaze miniSneba:<br />

ioane petriws metad saWirod miaCnia metyvelebis nawilTa (“nawilni Tqumisani”)<br />

codna, saxelisa da zmnis (“saxeli da sityua”) erTmaneTisagan gar-<br />

Ceva da maTi erTmaneTTan Sewyobis (e. i. sintaqsis) codniT, “pirTa SecvalebiT”<br />

enis “morTvisa” da gadmocemis sinarnaris miRweva (d. meliqiSvili,<br />

ioane petriwis filosofiur SromaTa ena da stili, Tb., 1975, 65-66). Sdr.<br />

_ “Sewyobileba¡ sityuaTa¡” (basili minimusis epistole<br />

_ Basilii Minimi... commentarii, ed. Th. Schmidt, p. 6 43<br />

; T. oTxmezuri, grigol nazianzelis<br />

TxzulebaTa komentirebis istoriidan. mravalTavi, XV, 1989,

162 waxnagi 1.2009<br />

biT xedvebs da gonebis maukvdavebel naTels (“ar moigos da<br />

amaT yovelTa sanTlad dRe RmrTismetyuelebiTTa xedvisa¡<br />

da maukudavebeli naTeli gonebisa¡” _ II, 220 5-10<br />

). amitom igi<br />

Tavs ar zogavda, raTa Tavisi TanamemamuleebisaTvis Seeqmna<br />

mecnieruli ena: aRviSurve me Cemi gvar-tomisaTvis Semeqmna<br />

ena sityvamdidari da gansxvavebuli mdabioTagano (“da aRvi-<br />

Surve tomisaT¢s guarTa CemTasa me midmooba¡ enisa¡ galeqsebuli<br />

da mesxue¡ mdabrionTagan” _ II, 220 24-25<br />

).<br />

ioane petriwi eklesiastes imowmebs imis dasamtkiceblad,<br />

rom sityvieri xelovneba 25 gamocxadebulia sibrZnis<br />

nawilad (“kerZod sibrZnisad” _ II, 220 26<br />

, anu CvenTvis<br />

28 49<br />

). termini garda sityvaTa wyobis aRmniSvneli gramatikuli<br />

terminisa, niSnavs sazogadod organizebas, ritmul Sewyobas, asoTa da<br />

xmovanTa, sityvaTa kombinacias ritorikaSi, bgerebisa da kilos Sewyobas<br />

musikaSi (H.G. Liddel, R. Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, 1961; E.A. Sophocles, A Greek<br />

Lexicon of the Roman and Byzantine Periods, Boston, 1970, s.v. <br />

25.<br />

aqac “enis qcevaSi” da sityvaTa axsnasa da daSlaSi gramatika igulisxmeba<br />

(d. meliqiSvili, ioane petriwis filosofiur SromaTa ena da stili, gv.<br />

65-66). Tumca, aRsaniSnavia, rom sityvaTa axsna (da daSla (_<br />

Senawevreba-gaerTianeba-gavrcoba da daSla-darRveva-Semokleba ritorikuli<br />

xelovnebis nawilicaa (Psellos, Ad Pothum, c. 20). amas adasturebs<br />

isic, rom petriwTan iqve qvemoT saubaria sityvis garegnul mokazmvasa<br />

da morTvaze, Sewyobasa da sinarnareze, rasac, Cveulebriv, ritorikul<br />

sityvaze ambobdnen xolme, mag., _ morTuloba, mokazmuloba;<br />

_ sityvaTa Sewyoba; <br />

_ mSve niereba, momxibvleloba, igive sinarnare da a.<br />

S. (am terminebisaTvis ix. J. Martin, Antike Rhetorik. Technik und Methode, Münich,<br />

1974. H. Lausberg, Handbuch der literarischen Rhetorik, Münich, 1960. Античные теории<br />

языка и стиля, под ред. О. М. Фрейденберг, М. -Л.,1936. am terminebis mimoxilvisa<br />

da klasikuri wyaroebisaTvis ix. q. bezaraSvili, ritorikisa da Targmanis<br />

Teoria da praqtika grigol RvTismetyvelis TxzulebaTa <strong>qarTuli</strong> Targmanebis<br />

mixedviT, Tb., 2004, gv. 530-588). amitom, SesaZlebelia, aq marto gramatikaze<br />

ar iyos saubari, aramed masTan erTad ritorikazec, anu zogadad<br />

sityvis xelovnebaze. marTalia, gansaxilvel pasaJSi saubaria enis qcevaze<br />

da mas uSualod mosdevs kiTxvis wesebze da prosodiis niSnebze msjeloba,<br />

rac gramatikis sferoSi Sedioda (ix. Dionysii Thracis Ars Grammatica et Scholia in<br />

Dionysii Thracis Artem Grammaticam. Grammatici Graeci, I, ed. G. Uhlig, Lipsiae, 1883, 105-<br />

114), magram sayuradReboa, rom hermenevtikuli gramatikisa da ritorikis<br />

Teoriis funqciebi xSirad faravdnen erTmaneTs Sua saukuneebis Teoriul<br />

azrovnebaSi (ix. R. Browning, Byzantinische Schulen und Schulmeister, in: Das Altertum,<br />

9, 1963, S. 105-118. T. Conley, Byzantine Teaching of Figures and Tropes: An Introduction, in:<br />

Rhetorica. A Journal of the History of Rhetoric, Berkley, California, 4, 1986, 337, 349-355. R.A.<br />

Kaster, Guardians of Language: The Grammarian and Society in Late Antiquity, Berkley, Los<br />

Angeles, London, 1988, 35-50, 71-94. The Cambridge History of Literary Criticism, vol. 2. The<br />

Middle Ages by A. Minnis, I. Johnson, Cambridge, 2005, p. 285-290). kiTxvis wesi, romelsac<br />

prosodiis sistema emsaxureboda, swored ritorikuli xelovnebis<br />

wesi iyo da mas emsaxureboda. igi mianiSnebda, Tu rogor unda Sewyobiliyo<br />

ritmuli periodebi da gaerTianebuliyo Txrobis nawilebi, raze unda yofiliyo<br />

gakeTebuli intonaciuri aqcenti teqstis sworad gasagebad.

narkvevi 163<br />

nacnob rusTveliseul “sibrZnis dargad” _ “viTar dasdebs<br />

eklesiaste kerZod sirZnisad qcevasa enisasa da aR£snasa da<br />

darRuevasa sityuaTasa” _ II, 220 25-27<br />

) 26 . eklesiastes sityvidan<br />

gamomdinared miiCnevs petriwi imas, rom morTulad da<br />

mokazmulad unda gvqondes enis arsebis (“aobis”) aRmniSvneli<br />

garemosili [sityva] da misi saSualebiT SevaRwioT<br />

Sinagani sulieri logosis (sityvis) sazRvrebSi, anu CavwvdeT<br />

suliTi sityvis arss (romlis gamoc gvewodeba swored<br />

metyveli [arsebebi]), raTa es Sinagani sityva (logosi)<br />

wargviZRves zesTaarsis Secnobisaken da a.S. (“ra¡Ta mor-<br />

Tulad da aRkazmulad guaqundis garemosili da meniSne<br />

aobaTa enisaTa da mis mier naziuanTa SevimaloT Soris<br />

mdebarisa da suliTisa sity¢sad, romlisa meqoneobiTa<br />

guerquas sity¢er...” _ II, 220-221). maSasadame, sityvis garegnuli<br />

xelovnebis floba aucilebelia Sinagani sityvis,<br />

anu saRvTo logosis Sesacnobad. Lovgo” _ lovgo”-is, anu ritorikuli<br />

da saRvTo sityvis antiTeza, metad gavrcelebuli<br />

iyo bizantiur mwerlobaSi. rogorc vTqviT, ritorikisa<br />

da RvTismetyvelebis Tanaarseboba aqtualuria adrebizantiuri<br />

patristikidan, mag., kapadokielebidan moyolebuli<br />

sqolastikosTa, mag., miqael fselosis CaTvliT 27 .<br />

ase rom, ioane petriwi gulisxmobs meTevzurobisa da<br />

aristotelurobis dapirispirebas ara mxolod saRvTo ga-<br />

26.<br />

gamosakvlevia, Tu eklesiastes <strong>wignis</strong> romeli muxli igulisxmeba aq. SesaZloa,<br />

es iyos Semdegi: “friad iZia eklesiaste sityuani nebisani” - <br />

<br />

(ekl. 12, 9-10).<br />

gnomuri, aforistuli, igavuri gamonaTqvamebi ebrael brZenT axasiaTebdaT,<br />

gansxvavebiT berZenTagan (А.П. Лопухин, Толковая Библия, V, Петербург],<br />

1908-1910). voluntas nebas, survils niSnavs da qarTuladac Sesabamisad<br />

aris naTargmni, magram sayuradReboa, rom klasikuri ritorikis<br />

Teoriebis mixedviT, ()dakavSirebulia sityvaTa gamoTqmasTan<br />

(H. Lausberg, Handbuch der literarischen Rhetorik, S. 920); rusuli Targmanic gadmoscems<br />

am niuanss: И составил много притчей. Старался Екклесиаст приискиватъ<br />

изящные изречения, и слова истины написаны им верно. maSasadame, eklesiastes<br />

sityvis garegnuli mSveniereba, aforistuloba da igavuroba, marTebulad<br />

da sworad gamoxatavs saRvTo WeSmaritebas. ix. eklesiastes ganmarteba:<br />

“gamokulevad Semkobasa igavTasa xatovnebiTTa maT magaliTTa” (<br />

) mier warmoaCens saxarebis WeSmaritebaso (<br />

). k. kekeliZe, Targmaneba¡ eklesiastesi mitrofane<br />

zm¢rnelisa¡, tfilisi, 1920, gv. 175. es Txzuleba aRmoCnda grigol akrakantelis<br />

ganmarteba: PG 98, 1168A7-15. amis Sesaxeb ix. e. WeliZe, ioane petriwis<br />

cxovreba da moRvaweoba, werili I, “religia”, 3-5, 1994, gv. 122.<br />

27.<br />

ix. mag., grigol RvTismetyvelTan. M. Guignet, St.Grégoire de Nazinaze et la rhétorique,<br />

Paris, 1911. q. bezaraSvili, patristikaSi da grigol xanZTelis<br />

cxovrebis mixedviT, kreb. xanZTa _ sulierad mSobeli qarTvelTa, Tb.,<br />

2002, gv. 65-74.

164 waxnagi 1.2009<br />

mocxadebiTi litonobisa da logikur-filosofiuri me-<br />

Todis dapirispirebis TvalsazrisiT, aramed gulisxmobs<br />

agreTve meTevzurobisa da atikurobis (igive elinurobis)<br />

dapirispirebas enobriv-stilisturi litonobisa da sir-<br />

Tule-simaRlis dapirispirebis TvalsazrisiTac. orive es<br />

ki mWidrodaa gadajaWvuli erTmaneTTan. filosofiisa da<br />

ritorikis, azrisa da stilis erTad warmodgeniT kidev<br />

erTxel gamoikveTeba ioane petriwis formulirebis kavSiri<br />

grigol RvTismetyvelisa da bizantieli moazrovneebis<br />

sxva zemoT warmodgenil formulirebebTan.<br />

ioane petriwi exmaureba elinistur da bizantiur<br />

stilTa Teoriebs maRal saRvTismetyvelo da samecniero<br />

stilze Teoriuli msjelobiT da, meore mxriv, “elinTa<br />

enamzeobis” mibaZvisa da mdabiuri enisagan gansxvavebuli<br />

maRali stilis samecniero enis praqtikulad SeqmniT.<br />

Ketevan Bezarashvili<br />

Literary-theoretical Aspect of the Interrelation of Rhetoric<br />

and Philosophy in the Writings of Georgian Hellenophiles<br />

(Ephrem Mtsire, Ioane Petritsi)<br />

The interrelation of faith and reason was formulated in the Middle Ages<br />

from the wide-spread assertion of Gregory the Theologian: “Like fishers<br />

and not in an Aristotelian way” (Gr.Naz.<br />

or.23, c.12. PG 35, 1164C). The assertion distinguishes the monastic, ascetic,<br />

experiential, dogmatic theology from philosophical, discursive, logical<br />

thinking and proof, from the intellectual method of scholastic theology. The<br />

interrelation of faith and reason expressed as interrelation of philosophy and<br />

rhetoric was still actual in the 11th century, e.g., in the treatises of Michael<br />

Psellos, etc. The problem has also stylistical value along with philosophical<br />

aspect. It means the difference between “sermo piscatorius” as evangelic<br />

plainness and high rhetorical-philosophical style. The Georgian scholars –<br />

Ephrem Mtsire and Ioane Petritsi are on the level of the thinking processes<br />

taking place in Byzantium. They discuss the literary-theoretical aspect of<br />

the interrelation of rhetoric and philosophy (expressed in the analysis of the<br />

levels of style) along with the philosophical aspect of this problem.

nestan sulava<br />

SoTa rusTvelis poemis saTauris gaazrebis<br />

saRvTismetyvelo-Teoriuli safuZvlebi<br />

saRvTismetyvelo literaturaSi, mxatvrul saazrovno<br />

sistemaSi saxeldeba, adamianis zedwodeba personaJis, pirovnebis<br />

Sinagani bunebis sulier-inteleqtualuri samyaros<br />

gamoxatvisa da Secnobis erT-erTi uZiriTadesi saSualebaa,<br />

romelic mis arssa da cnobierebas gansazRvravs, misi zneobrivi<br />

saxis Camoyalibebis urTules process warmoaCens.<br />

saxeli sagnis arss gamoxatavs 1 . Sesabamisad, mxatvruli<br />

nawarmoebis saTauri Txzulebis arss gamoxatavs.<br />

qristianuli msoflmxedvelobis mixedviT, saxeldeba<br />

bibliuri Sesaqmiseuli procesis Semadgeneli nawilia,<br />

rac Sesaqmis <strong>wignis</strong> pirvelsave TavebSia asaxuli: “da-vehbada<br />

ufalman RmerTman yoveli m£eci velisa¡, yoveli<br />

mfrinveli cisa¡ da moiyvanna igini adamisa xilvad da yovelTa<br />

mS¢nvierTa cxovelTa, romelica uwoda adam, igi ars<br />

saxeli maTi, ra¡Zi uwodos maT. da yoveli, romeli uwoda<br />

maT adam saxelebi yovelTa sacxovarTa da yovelTa mfrinvelTa<br />

cisaTa da yovelTa m£ecTa qveyanisaTa, xolo adamisi<br />

ara epova Semwe msgavsi misi” (Ses. 2, 19-20). swored bibliuri<br />

saxeldeba da saxelis wodeba aris safuZveli yoveli<br />

sagnisa Tu movlenisaTvis saxelis darqmevisa.<br />

bibliuri swavlebiT, adami, viTarca RvTis nebiT<br />

saxelmdebeli yoveli arsisa, RmerTis SemoqmedebiTi, anu<br />

Sesaqmuri saqmianobis gamgrZelebelia. saxeli yovel arss,<br />

yovel arsebas sxvaTagan gamorCeulobas, individualobas<br />

aniWebs, xolo saxelmdebeli, anu adami, RvTis qmnilebaTagan<br />

ierarqiulad umaRles safexurze ahyavs Tavad RmerTs.<br />

1.<br />

saxelSi moiazreba rogorc sakuTari saxeli, ise zedwodeba da is saxelebi,<br />

romlebic sagnis simbolur saxeebs warmoaCens. es ori ukanaskneli, cxadia,<br />

sakuTari saxeli ar aris, isini damatebiT informacias iZleva ama Tu im<br />

sagnis Sesaxeb da sagnis Sinaarsze, mis Sinagan mdgomareobaze miuTiTebs.<br />

165

166 waxnagi 1.2009<br />

adamis mier yoveli sagnisTvis saxelis darqmeva TviT sagnis<br />

bunebis, misi Tvisebriobis gamocnobas utoldeba. zurab<br />

kiknaZem moses xuTwigneulis komentarebSi aRniSna:<br />

“is, visac saxels arqmev, Seni gaCenilia... saxeli mas arsobas<br />

aniWebs, ga-mo-a-Cen-s. aseTi aqti ki mxolod Sinaganad<br />

Tavisufali moqmedisagan aris mosalodneli. da swored<br />

“RvTisxatoba” adamianis Tavisuflebas, misi, rogorc Semoqmedis,<br />

Tavisufali Semoqmedebis unars gulisxmobs. amave<br />

dros, RvTisxatoba adams aniWebs uflebas yvela qmilebaze,<br />

xolo saxeldeba, rogorc ioane oqropiri wers, aris<br />

niSani (simbolo) uflobisa” (kiknaZe 2004: 24).<br />

rodesac adamma yovel arss, yovel sagans Tavisi saxeli<br />

daarqva, es ar iyo ubralo saxeldeba, sagnisTvis rame saxelis<br />

ubralod wodeba. sagnis arsis, bunebis, Tvisebriobis<br />

gamocnoba, zurab kiknaZis ganmartebiT, “win uZRvis saxeldebas,<br />

raTa saxeli Sesatyvisi iyos saxelis matareblis arsebisa,<br />

adekvaturad gamoxatavdes mas. swored amitom aris,<br />

rom adamis mier Tavisi Sesaferisis migneba da amorCeva<br />

cxovelTa Soris maTi saxeldebis procesSi xdeba. saxeli<br />

ar aris ubralod sagnis aRmniSvneli sityva; saxeli imitom<br />

aris is, rac aris, rom saxeldebuli gamoepasuxos am<br />

saxels. saxelis siswore imiT Semowmdeba, rom viRac gamoexmaureba<br />

mas. amrigad, yoveli cocxali arseba exmaureba im<br />

saxels, romelic adamma daarqva mas. es ki imas niSnavs, rom<br />

adams (saxelmdebels) da cxovelebs (saxeldebulT) Soris<br />

sityvieri urTierToba damyarda” (kiknaZe 2004: 24).<br />

amrigad, adami sagans saxels arqmevs maTi Secnobisa da<br />

wvdomis mizniT, vinaidan aRsaniSnsa da aRniSnuls Soris<br />

kavSiri arsiseulia; adamis mier gakeTebuli pirveli saqme<br />

SemoqmedebiTi xasiaTisaa, rac saqmisa da sityvis erTianobis<br />

(πραξις και θεορια) dadasturebaa. adamis mier RvTis nebiT<br />

sagnis saxeldeba ipodigmuria bibliis, literaturis, sazogadod,<br />

xelovnebisa da mecnierebis yoveli dargisaTvis,<br />

sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis yvela sferosaTvis.<br />

sayuradReboa bibliuri movlena saxelTa gamocvlisa,<br />

kerZod, abram _ abraam (abraham), rac mravalTa mamas niSnavs;<br />

iakobs ewoda israel, rac, wmida ioane oqropiris ganmartebiT,<br />

“RvTis morkinals” an “RvTismxilvels” niSnavs. es<br />

ki imas moaswavebs, rom “amieridan isakis Ze “gaixdis” Zvels<br />

da “imoseba” axliT. man Zveli unda datovos iabokis gaRma<br />

napirze. axali saxeliT iwyeba axali xana misi, rogorc patriarqis,<br />

cxovrebaSi. sikoWle am gardamtexi gamocdilebis<br />

xiluli niSania da, SesaZloa, sasjelic imisaTvis, rasac<br />

is, rogorc iakobi, sCadioda... misi Zveli bunebiTi saxeli,

narkvevi 167<br />

romelic niSnavs “qusls moWidebuls”, aRar Seesatyviseba<br />

mis mowodebas. amieridan, rasac is gaakeTebs, gaakeTebs ara<br />

motyuebiT da xrikebiT, aramed sulieri ZalisxmeviT. iakobi<br />

kvlav ibrZolebs, magram icvleba brZolis saxe. netari<br />

avgustine wers, rom saxelis gamocvla iyo swored kurTxeva<br />

da rom erTma da imave iakobma miiRo kurTxevac da sikoWlec:<br />

kurTxeva imaTTvis, vinc misi modgmidan aRiarebs qristes,<br />

sikoWle ki _ urwmunoTaTvis (“RvTis qalaqisaTvis”, 16,<br />

XXXIX)” (kiknaZe 2004: 83). magram mTavari isaa, rom iakobi,<br />

aw ukve israelad saxeldebuli, mainc araa mzad uflis saxelis<br />

Sesacnobad, vinaidan igi kiTxvas usvams morkinals, anu<br />

uflis angelozs, vin aris igi. uflis angelozis pasuxi, SekiTxvis<br />

saxiT mocemuli, miuTiTebs, rom iakobi//israeli<br />

RvTis, misi saxelis Semcnobi da Semmecnebeli ar aris; ufali<br />

mxolod mose winaswarmetyvels unda gamocxadeboda sinas<br />

mTaze da mas miecemoda SesaZlebloba RvTis Secnobisa.<br />

saxels, mis saRvTismetyvelo da filosofiur arss Teoriulad<br />

ganmartaven wmida mamebi, RvTismetyvelebi da<br />

filosofosebi. kerZod, aristoteles SexedulebiT, “zogadi,<br />

romelic poezias Tavisi gmirebisaTvis saxelebis micemis<br />

drosac ki ukve miznad aqvs, is aris, rom warmoadgino,<br />

Tu romel kacs rogori sityva an qceva Seefereba albaTobisa<br />

an aucileblobis kanonis mixedviT” (poetika, Tavi 9).<br />

wmida klementi aleqsandrielis SexedulebiT, “yvela<br />

saxeli emsaxureba upirvelesad cnebis gamoxatvas, anu simboloebs,<br />

da Semdeg sagnis arsisa” (Clem. Alex. Str. VIII, 8; 23,1).<br />

areopagituli Txzulebis “saRmrToTa saxelTaTvis”<br />

paximeriseul komentarebSi saxeli Semdegnairad aris<br />

ganmartebuli: “saxeli aris arsebuli saxeldebuli sagnis<br />

WeSmariti gamoxatva” (Το δε ονομα ετυμολογια τις εστιν εκ των<br />

προσοντων τω ονομαζομενω πραγματι – P.G., T. 3, col. 608B); aqve na-<br />

Tqvamia: “saxelebi aris sagnis arsSi nagulisxmevis gancxadeba”<br />

(Τα γαρ ονοματα δηλοτικα εισι πραγματων υποκειμενων – P. G., T.<br />

3. col. 623B-D) (florenski 1990: 435) .<br />

ioane petriwi saxelTa da saxeldebis Sesaxeb aRniSnavs:<br />

“rameTu saxelebi ganmkargvelisa maTda RmrTisagan dabunebebuli<br />

ars, ars eqmnebis maTda myofTa maTTa¡sa” (petriwi<br />

1937: 211); xolo “bolosityvaobaSi” saxelTa alegoria<br />

gramatikis erT-erT sferod, xolo sityva cnobieri<br />

arsebobisa da yofierebis Rirebulebad, sazrisad, arsad<br />

aris miCneuli: “rameTu Rramatikosoba¡ ars gamomcdeli<br />

moqmedTa¡ anu aRmwerelTa¡, viTarca mravalTa raTme zeda<br />

gamomTqumelobisa¡ da gamoaCinebs moqmedebiTTa saxeTa,<br />

Tu viTar jer ars gamoTquma da enaT-metyuelebaTa, ese igi

168 waxnagi 1.2009<br />

ars saxelisagan TargmanebaTa moipovebs da Sesatyvisoba-<br />

Ta gadmoscems da umjobesi ars naqmarTa ganmrCeveloba¡”<br />

(petriwi 1937: 225) 2 .<br />

saRvTismetyvelo swavlebiT, saxeli or Sres moicavs,<br />

masSi moiazreba sagnis RvTaebrivi arsi da sagnis martivi<br />

aRqmis Sedegad miRebuli STabeWdileba. aqedan gamomdinare,<br />

sagani saxelSi ki ar aris moqceuli, aramed saganTa buneba<br />

qmnis saxels misi, sakuTari arsis Sesabamisad.<br />

pavel florenskim ramdenime naSromSi ganixila saxelis<br />

arsis problema. misi azriT: “saxeli aris is saidumlo,<br />

romelic saxeldebulia. rom ara saidumlo, is ara mxolod<br />

usicocxloa, aramed sulac araa saxeli _ mxolod carieli<br />

bgeraa... saxeli, ai, ra uxsnis samyaros saidumlos”<br />

(florenski 1990: 316), anu saxeli gacxadebuli saidumloa.<br />

saxelma sagnis arsi unda warmoaCinos da sagnis garegnuli<br />

saxe mis Sina-arss unda Seesabamebodes. pavel florenskis<br />

sityviT: “garegnuli saxe aris TvaliT xiluli, xolo saxeli<br />

_ mosmenili saxe (garegnoba)” (florenski 1990: 319).<br />

aleqsei losevis azriT, saxeli sagnis fenomenaluri arsis<br />

arsobrivi gamoxatvaa (losevi 1990: 135). “saxelis gareSe adamiani<br />

sakuTari Tavis maradiuli tyvea, arsobrivad da principulad<br />

antisocialuria, arakomunikabeluria, arataZrulia<br />

da, aqedan gamomdinare, araindividualuria, araarsobrivia,<br />

is mxolod cocxali organizmia; xolo Tu kidevaa adamiani,<br />

gonebisagan daclili adamiania” (losevi 1990: 38). man axsna<br />

saxelSi akumulirebuli sagnis fizikuri, fiziologiuri,<br />

ontologiuri, fsiqikuri, fenomenomenologiuri, logikuri<br />

sferoebi (losevi 1990: 25), aq erTmaneTs xvdebian aRmqmeli<br />

da aRsaqmeli, Semcnobi da Sesacnobi, yofierebis realuri<br />

da SesaZlebeli gaazrebebi. saxeli sagnis arsis azrobrivi<br />

energiaa, simbolur-azrobrivi, gonebriv-simboluri energia<br />

(losevi 1990: 135). iuri lotmanisa da boris uspenskis azriT,<br />

“saxelwodebisa da saxeldebulis gaigiveba gansazRvravs maT<br />

ontologiur arss, warmodgenas sakuTar saxelTa arakonvenciur<br />

xasiaTze” (lotmani, uspenski 1973: 282).<br />

saxeli (agreTve, zedwodeba da simboluri saxeli)<br />

saukuneTa manZilze dagrovili codnis anareklia, igi samyarosa<br />

da cxovrebis Secnobis Sedegad warmoiqmneba da sx-<br />

2.<br />

aqve davimowmebT damana meliqiSvilis komentars: “gramatikosoba poetebisa<br />

Tu mwerlebis gamomcdelia, rogorc mravali ramis gamomTqmelebisa.<br />

da igi gamoaCens poetur saxeebs, Tu rogoraa saWiro gamoTqma, msjelobs<br />

enaTmetyvelebaze, matianeTa gadmocemaze, mzametyvelebaze, e. i. saxelisagan<br />

ganmarteba gamohyavs da Sesatyvisobebs gadmoscems. da Semoqmedebis<br />

saukeTeso gamrCevia” (petriwi 1999: 217).

narkvevi 169<br />

vadasxvagvari funqciiT gamoiyeneba, ZiriTadad, saxeldebiTi,<br />

gramatikuli, mxatvruli. sagnis saxelis codna mis<br />

arsTan wvdomis saSualebaa, rac urTierTobis, azrTa ur-<br />

TierTgaziarebis safuZvels qmnis (losevi 1990: 155).<br />

amrigad, saxeli sityvierad gamoxatavs sagnis arss, bgerebiT<br />

xorcSesxmuli saxelis, misi sulieri arsis wvdoma<br />

SesaZlebelia misi bgeriTi samoslis SegrZnebis saSualebiT.<br />

asevea saTauric. is gamoxatavs Txzulebis ZiriTad<br />

arss, masSia akumulirebuli mwerlis ZiriTadi saTqmeli<br />

filosofiuri, fenomenologiuri, fizikuri, religiuri,<br />

esTetikuri TvalsazrisiT.<br />

yovelive amis gaTvaliswineba aucilebelia sazogadod<br />

mxatvruli nawarmoebis, kerZod, am konkretul SemTxveva-<br />

Si, _ SoTa rusTvelis mxatvruli azrovnebis Sesaswavlad,<br />

misi poemis saxelwodebis raobis gansasazRvrad, vinaidan<br />

mTeli nawarmoebis ZiriTad arss swored saTauri gamoxatavs.<br />

SoTa rusTvelis poemis saxelwodeba _ “vefxistyaosani”<br />

_ Rrmaazrovani da mravalSriania, igi, rogorc xatovani<br />

da saxismetyvelebiTi arsis mqone, mTel poemas msWvalavs.<br />

rusTvelologiur samecniero literaturaSi rusTvelis<br />

poemis saxelwodeba _ “vefxistyaosani” da mis personaJTa<br />

saxelebis metaforuli, simboluri, alegoriuli aspeqtebi<br />

yovelTvis iwvevda cxovel interess. axsnilia “vefxistyaosnis”<br />

personaJTa saxelebis etimologia, simbolika, alegoria<br />

(iustine abulaZe, zviad gamsaxurdia), agreTve, gamoiTqva<br />

Sexedulebebi tarielis vefxistyaosnobisa da misi arsis Sesaxeb.<br />

Tumca, vfiqrobT, problema kvlav moiTxovs kvlevas,<br />

vinaidan yoveli winareliteraturuli movlena axal kulturul<br />

konteqstSi, axal politikur-socialur viTarebaSi,<br />

axal filosofiur, literaturul, mxatvrul-esTetikur kategoriaTa<br />

da mimarTulebaTa gaTvaliswinebiT axleburad<br />

ikiTxeba da aixsneba. aqedan gamomdinare, tarieli, rogorc<br />

vefxistyaosani moyme, pirveli gamoCenidanve, ukve teqstia,<br />

romelic mimRebma unda aRiqvas da axsnas.<br />

SoTa rusTvelis poemis saTauri mravalmxriv saintereso,<br />

mniSvnelovani mxatvruli saxea, romelSic erTdroulad<br />

warmoCndeba miTosuri, religiuri, zneobrivi,<br />

mxatvrul-esTetikuri Sreebi da problemebi; rusTvelis<br />

poemis saxelwodebad “vefxistyaosnis” SerCeva konceptualuria,<br />

igi globaluri mniSvnelobis metaforaa, simboloa,<br />

alegoriaa, aluziaa, enigmaa, romelic Txzulebis<br />

mxatvrul-esTetikur fenomens, mis siRrmes gansazRvravs<br />

da misi ZiriTadi koncefciis gamomxatvel mxatvrul sa-<br />

Sualebad gvevlineba; saTauri nawarmoebSi gadmocemul

170 waxnagi 1.2009<br />

mxatvrul faqtebsa da movlenebs ufro met masStaburobas<br />

aniWebs, rac TviT poemis zogadkacobriul arsze miuTi-<br />

Tebs; igi mTavar personaJTa xasiaTs, Tvisebebs, sulierebas,<br />

cxovrebis urTules da winaaRmdegobebiT aRsavse gzas<br />

warmogvidgens. “vefxistyaosani”, rogorc poemis saxelwodeba,<br />

mravalSriania, qaragmulad kulturis istoriis<br />

mraval faqts mianiSnebs, romelic masSi gansxvavebul doneze<br />

aisaxeba da vlindeba. maTgan wamyvani, cxadia, mxolod<br />

rusTveluria, sakuTriv vefxistyaosnuria, xolo danar-<br />

Ceni Sreebi _ miTosuri, folkloruli, literaturuli,<br />

religiuri, saRvTismetyvelo, zneobriv-eTikuri, politikur-ideologiuri<br />

_ farulia, SeniRbulia, Tumca impliciturad<br />

nagulisxmebi. poemis saTauris yovelmxrivi<br />

gaazreba mwerlis Tanamedrove codnis uRrmesi Sreebisa<br />

da ganaTlebis maRali donis gaTvaliswinebas moiTxovs.<br />

SoTa rusTvelis poemis saTauri gasaRebia rusTveluri<br />

mxatvruli samyaros gamomsaxvelobiTi saSualebebisa<br />

da enobriv-stilisturi fenomenis aRsaqmelad, xolo misi<br />

swori gaazreba moiTxovs masSi Caqsovil da Cakirul sxvadasxva<br />

rigis informaciaTa sinqroniul-diaqroniul aspeqtebSi<br />

wakiTxvas, poemis mikro da makrokonteqstebis si-<br />

Rrmiseul aRqmas.<br />

unda aRiniSnos, rom rusTvelologiur literaturaSi<br />

araerTgzis gamoiTqva mosazreba vefxistyaosnobis arsis<br />

Sesaxeb, iTqva, rom vefxistyaosnoba tarielisaTvis tragediaa,<br />

tariels ar unda, rom iyos vefxistyaosani moyme (revaz<br />

siraZe, nana gonjilaSvili, xvTiso zariZe). daiwera<br />

sagangebo naSromi rusTvelis poemis saxelwodebis saxismetyvelebiTi<br />

aspeqtis Sesaxeb, kerZod, samecniero literaturaSi<br />

gamoTqmuli Sexedulebani Tanmimdevrulad ganixila<br />

nana gonjilaSvilma (gonjilaSvili 2000: 30-52).<br />

miuxedavad amisa, mainc aris ramdenime problema, romelic<br />

poemis saTaurTan dakavSirebiT kvlav moiTxovs kvlevas.<br />

daismis mravali kiTxva, romelTagan ramdenime gansaku-<br />

TrebiT mniSvnelovnad gvesaxeba, vinaidan maTi garkveva<br />

xels Seuwyobs rusTvelis mxatvruli azrovnebisa da msoflmxedvelobis<br />

Seswavlas. upirveles yovlisa, unda ganisazRvros<br />

rusTvelis poemis saTauris raoba da arsi. ra<br />

aris tarielis vefxistyaosnoba arsobrivad _ dadebiTi<br />

Tu uaryofiTi RirebulebiTi mniSvnelobis mqone metafora,<br />

simbolo, alegoria, enigma Tu aluzia? gamoitanda<br />

Tu ara SoTa rusTveli Tavisi poemis saTaurSi negatiuri<br />

RirebulebiTi mniSvnelobis mqone saxeldebas? xom ar<br />

aris igi orgvari mniSvnelobisa, anu binaruli opoziciis

narkvevi 171<br />

momcveli da am TvalsazrisiT gansaxilveli? am mimarTulebiT<br />

gvmarTebs imis gaTvaliswineba, rom saxelSi, zogadad<br />

sityvaSi, Cadebulia arsobrivi da araarsobrivi antinomia,<br />

romelSi CaRrmavebac enobriv antinomiaSi CaRrmavebas<br />

niSnavs. antinomiuroba esTetikuri fenomenis erT-er-<br />

Ti myari safuZvelia, vinaidan masSi ori urTierTsapirispiro<br />

arsobrivi niSani moiazreba, xolo ramdenime sagnisa<br />

Tu movlenis Sedareba ukvea esTetikurobis safuZveli da<br />

esTetikuri fenomenis momcveli.<br />

“vefxistyaosanSi”, rogorc saTaurSi, moqceulia avtoriseuli<br />

mxatvruli koncefciis uRrmesi Sreebi, kerZod,<br />

miTosuri, folkloruli, religiuri, literaturuli,<br />

esTetikuri Sreebi. mas aqvs drosivrculi ganzomileba; vefxistyaosnoba<br />

warsulis Sedegia, romelic arsebobs awmyo-<br />

Si da momavalSi aucilebelia misgan gaTavisufleba. masSi<br />

vlindeba tradicia, kultura, gamocdileba. igi uZvelesi<br />

miTologemis literaturuli gardasaxvaa, romelic Soreuli<br />

warsulidan iRebs saTaves; igi bibliuri simbolikiTaa<br />

gajerebuli da mTavar personaJTa _ tarielisa da<br />

nestan-darejanis Sinagani bunebis, sulieri samyaros, maTi<br />

inteleqtis srulyofilebisaken swrafvis gamoxatulebaa.<br />

ukve aRvniSneT, tarielis vefxistyaosnoba mravalmxriv<br />

mniSvnelovani mxatvruli saxea, romelSic erTdroulad<br />

warmoCndeba avtoris mxatvruli koncefciis sxvadasxva<br />

ganzomileba. marTalia, poemis saxelwodeba gulisxmobs<br />

tariels da mis mijnurs nestan-darejans, magram vefxistyaosnoba,<br />

rogorc pirovnebis cxovrebis, misi arsebobis<br />

tragikuli periodis gamovlineba, sulieri TviTCaRrmavebis,<br />

saRvTo gzisaken svlis simbolo, alegoria, enigma,<br />

aluzia, poemis yvela personaJisaTvis arsebiTia.<br />

viktor nozaZis gamouqveynebel naSromSi “vefxistyaosanis<br />

fsiqologiismetyveleba” aRniSnulia, rom tariel-<br />

Si nestan-darejani asociaciurad vefxvze warmodgenas<br />

daukavSirda da apercepciiT vefxvisa da nestanis msgavseba<br />

TiTqmis namdvilad dasaxa. “da roca nestani tariels daekarga,<br />

nestanis es msgavseba vefxTan mas gardaeqca ganuyrel<br />

warmodgenad, rac vefxisa da nestanis msgavsebaSi gamoixata<br />

ara marto pirgamexebiT, aramed Svenieri saxiTac. es asociacia<br />

ukve tarielis SemecnebaSi appercepciad gardaiqca... asmaTsac<br />

ki tarielis gavleniT nestani vefxad warmoudgenia<br />

da iseT pirobas uqmnis, rac ganuyrelad vefxis msgavsebasTan<br />

aris dakavSirebuli. asmaTi mas vefxis tyavis samosels ukeravs...<br />

tarielisTvis vefxi aris namdvili fsiqologiuri<br />

appercepcia da es urTierTobiTi warmodgena iqamde midis,

172 waxnagi 1.2009<br />

rom asmaTi amisaTvis mas Sesaferis pirobebsac uqmnis” (nozaZe,<br />

arqivi). tarieli ara mxolod CacmulobiTaa vefxistyaosani<br />

moyme, aramed mTeli Tavisi arsebiT myofobs vefxvis<br />

garemoSi, vefxviviT “wavarnaSi” cxovrobs:<br />

viTa vefxsa wavarna da qvabi aqvso saxlad, menad (702/700).<br />

sajdom-wamosawolic vefxvis tyavisa aqvs; avTandilic<br />

monawile xdeba am tyavisa, gamoqvabulSi isic vefxvis<br />

tyavis natebze jdeba. rogorc tarieli xocavs vefxvs, _<br />

amitomac aqvs samoseli, Tavsaburavi, Tavisi da stumris<br />

misaRebi sajdom-wamosawoli vefxvisa, _ aseve, avTandilic<br />

xocavs lom-vefxvs, Tumca amas akisria ara simboluri,<br />

aramed metaforuli funqcia. avTandilis SemTxvevaSi igi<br />

personaJis fizikuri SesaZleblobebis, Zlierebisa da va-<br />

Jkacobis gamoxatvis mxatvruli wamosaxvaa:<br />

sadaca naxnis, daxocnis lom-vefxni moSambnareni (1330).<br />

nana gonjilaSvilma aRniSna, rom tarielis vefxistyaosnobas<br />

saTave edeba maSin, rodesac farsadan mefis mier Tavisi<br />

erTaderTi asulis gasaTxoveblad mowveul didebulTa<br />

TaTbirze tarieli, gaerTianebuli indoeTis samefos saxelovani<br />

amirbari, taxtis memkvidris _ nestan-darejanis<br />

mijnuri, Tavisi da nestanis siyvarulis dasacavad sityvas<br />

ver ambobs, dros miandobs samarTliani gzisa da gamosavlis<br />

Ziebas (gonjilaSvili 2000: 35-36). mijnuris siyvarulSi<br />

daeWvebulma nestan-darejanma TavisTan ixmo tarieli, romelsac<br />

vefxviviT ganrisxebuli dauxvda. tarielma avTandilTan<br />

saubrisas, rac tarielis mxridan aRsarebis Tqmas<br />

utoldeba, nestan-darejani pirgamexebul vefxvs Seadara:<br />

qve wva, viT kldisa napralsa vefxi pir-gamexebuli (525/522),<br />

xolo Txrobis dasasruls aRniSna, rom vefxvis tyavisagan<br />

Sekerili samoseli Tavisi mijnuris mosagoneblad<br />

acvia:<br />

rome vefxi Svenieri saxed misad damisaxavs,<br />

amad miyvars tyavi misi, kabad Cemad mominaxavs (659/657).<br />

samecniero literaturaSi araerTgzis iTqva, rom SoTa<br />

rusTvelis mier poemis saxelwodebad “vefxistyaosnis” Ser-<br />

Cevis safuZveli tarielis mier ganrisxebuli nestan-dare-

narkvevi 173<br />

janis pirgamexebul vefxvad aRqma gaxda. SoTa rusTvelma,<br />

rogorc Rrma saxismetyvelebiTad moazrovne udidesma<br />

Semoqmedma, nestan-darejanis rTuli Sinagani samyaro, suliereba<br />

da inteleqti misi xasiaTis Sesatyvisi mxatvruli<br />

saxe-simboloTi gadmogvca, gmiris sulieri mdgomareoba<br />

ki garegnobaSic gamovlinda: “vefxi pirgamexebuli” aris<br />

nestanis Sinagani mdgomareobis garegnuli gamoxatuleba,<br />

romelic misi sulieri da inteleqtualuri, Sinagani<br />

samyaros silamazeSi gadaizarda da sabolood mogvevlina<br />

viTarca “vefxi Svenieri”. aseTad SemorCa igi tarielis<br />

mexsierebas. tarielis gonebaSi nestan-darejani, viTarca<br />

“vefxi pirgamexebuli”, maSinve iqna aRqmuli mSvenierad,<br />

rac TviT tariels udides esTetad warmogvadgeninebs, da<br />

aseTadve darCa, rasac adasturebs tarieliseuli Sefaseba,<br />

romelSic nestanis pirgamexebuloba da mSveniereba Serwymul-Sexamebulia.<br />

tarielis mier nestan-darejanis Sedareba<br />

vefxvTan mariam karbelaSvilma tarielis esTetikuri<br />

aRqmis safuZvlad miiCnia da ganacxada, rom tarieli<br />

udidesi esTetia, “Sedareba da metafora tarielis azrovnebisa<br />

da metyvelebis mudmivi elementebia” (karbelaSvili<br />

1997: 31-32). amrigad, zemoTqmulis safuZvelze Sei-<br />

Zleba iTqvas, rom poemis saxelwodeba, upirveles yovlisa,<br />

esTetikuri fenomenis gamoxatulebaa, romelSic miTosuri,<br />

folkloruli, literaturuli, religiuri aspeqtebi<br />

ikveTeba da mas zneobriv-eTikuri samyaro marTavs.<br />

“vefxistyaosani”, rogorc SoTa rusTvelis poemis saTauri,<br />

aris saTauri-metafora, romelic asociaciur, kontrastul<br />

mxatvrul azrovnebas emya reba da romelic Rrma<br />

esTetikuri funqciisa da drosivrculi poetikis momcvelia.<br />

“vefxistyaosanSi”, rogorc saTaurSi, grZnobadkonkretuli<br />

sagnidan, misi Tvisebebidan momdinare az ri<br />

cnobierdeba, rac metaforulobis safuZvels qmnis. ferTametyvelebis<br />

TvalsazrisiT, kontrastuloba TviT vefxis<br />

Tvi sebaTa winaaRmdegobrivobas, aqedan gamomdinare, mTavari<br />

perso naJebis winaaRmdegobriv xasiaTs miuTiTebs, rac<br />

saTauri-meta foris Sinaarss gamosacnobs xdis. gamosacnobia<br />

saTauri, ro gorc erTi mTlianoba, aseve masSi Caqsovili<br />

calkeuli mxatv rul-esTetikuri saxe, romelTa gaTvaliswinebis<br />

gareSe adami anis dasazRvruli gonebisaTvis<br />

SeuZlebelia misi srulyofili gaazreba da interpretacia.<br />

poemis saTauri gamWvirvale ar aris, igi Rrmaa da swored<br />

es siRrme, anu mxatvrul-esTetikuri informaciis sidide,<br />

ganusazRvreloba aniWebs mas momxibvlelobas. SoTa<br />

rusTavelma sityvaSi dafaruli idumaleba gaamJRavna da

174 waxnagi 1.2009<br />

axali sicocxle mianiWa, saTauri poemisa mravalwaxnagovani<br />

da mravalmniSvnelobiani gaxada. agreTve, poemis saTauri<br />

personificirebulia, masSi ori personaJi igulisxmeba,<br />

orives xvedri vefxvis ferebiviT monacvleobs, rac<br />

saTaurs iSviaTi metaforuli azrovnebis gamoxatulebad<br />

warmogvadgeninebs.<br />

“vefxistyaosani” aris saTauri-enigma da igi gamosacnobia.<br />

aristoteles SexedulebiT, roca saTqmeli metaforisgan<br />

Sed geba, igi gamocanacaa, enigmacaa. enigmuri<br />

azrovnebis mizania ara-Cveulebrivi, gasaidumloebuli<br />

saxeebiT WeSmari tebis warmoCena. vefxistyaosnoba enigmaa,<br />

romelic ara mxolod mkiTxvelma, TviT rusTvelis poemis<br />

yvela personaJma unda amoxsnas, igi miTiTebaa, enigmuri<br />

Tqmaa tarielisa da nestan-darejanis cxovrebis wuTisofluri<br />

cvalebadobis Sesaxeb.<br />

“vefxistyaosani”, rogorc saTauri-simbolo, mima ni-<br />

Snebe lia, mauwyebelia tarielis sulieri mdgomareobisa,<br />

agreTve, nestan-darejanis mZime xvedrisa da sulieri<br />

mdgomareobisa; tarielisa da nestan-darejanis cxovreba<br />

xom urTierTgada jaWvulia. tarielis vefxistyaosnoba,<br />

Sesabamisad, tarielis vefxistyaosnobisas nestan-darejanis<br />

yofa samoTxidan devnili adamisa da evas yofas, naTlis<br />

samoslisgan ganZarcvuli da edemis baRidan devnili<br />

pirveli adamianebis yofas mogvagonebs, im adamianebisa,<br />

romelnic RmerTma samoslis nacvlad tyavis samosliT<br />

Semosa: “uqmna... samoselni tyavisani da Sehmosna maT” (Ses.<br />

3,21), rac iSviaTi saRvTismetyvelo siRrmiT warmoaCina<br />

wmida andria kritelma “did kanonSi”. misi sityviT, TviT<br />

pirvelma adamianebma ganbZares “samoseli pirveli, romeli<br />

pirveliTgan miqsova RmerTman, da vZe me SiSueli...<br />

mmosies me xeneSi kuarTi, romeli miqsova guelman edems<br />

ganzraxviTa da kdebul var Sengan... Semikerna tyavisa samoselni<br />

codvaman Cemman da RvTivqsovili samoseli ganm-<br />

Zarcua” (andria kriteli 2002: 34-35). tarielic, naTlis<br />

samosli sagan ganZarcvuli, vefxvis Wreli, Sav-yviTliT<br />

daferili tyavis samosliT Seimosa, rac misi sulieri<br />

mdgomareobis cvlis mauwyebelia; simbolurad igi tarielis<br />

TviTCaRrmavebis, mRvi meSi cxovrebis, ganmartoebis<br />

niSania, rac uTuod unda dasruldes personaJis sulieri<br />

aRmasvliTa da srulyofiT.<br />

“vefxistyaosani”, rogorc saTauri-alegoria, vefxistyaosnobis,<br />

rogorc zogadi movlenis konkretul saxeebze<br />

SeniRbulad miuTiTebs, anu vefxvisa da vefxvis tyavis<br />

TvisebebiT tarielisa da nestan-darejanis Tvisebebisa da

narkvevi 175<br />

mdgomareobis fonze kacobriobis istorias, awmyosa da momavals<br />

gad mogvcems.<br />

“vefxistyaosani” aris saTauri-aluzia. zogadad,<br />

aluzia avtoris subieqtur TvalTaxedvas moicavs da mki-<br />

Txvelis ga naTlebulobazea orientirebuli, vinaidan aRmqmelisaTvis<br />

igi mxatvrul na warmoebSi samyaros avtoriseuli<br />

xatis amokiTxvis enobrivi saSualebaa. misi mixvedra<br />

sakmaod rTuli inteleqtualuri da sulieri procesia,<br />

rac mkiTxvelisagan moiT xovs mwerlis Canafiqris TxzulebaSi<br />

asaxvis wvdomas. “vefxis tyaosnis”, rogorc poemis<br />

saTauris, aluziuroba mTel nawar moebSi vlindeba, dawyebuli<br />

saTauridan _ damTavrebuli boloTqmiT. “vefxistyaosani”,<br />

rogorc saTauri, erT drouladaa aluziac, enigmac,<br />

metaforac, simboloc, alegoriac, vinaidan aluzirebulia<br />

vefxvi Tavisi feradovnebiT da vefxvis tyavi, rac<br />

miniSnebaa mTavar personaJebze, maT xasiaTze, Tvi sebebze,<br />

cxovrebuliseul sirTuleebze. igi poemis zogadkacobriul<br />

arsze migviTiTebs, qaragmulad igi kulturis istoriis<br />

mraval faqts warmogvidgens. SeiZleba isic iTqvas,<br />

rom igi kulturaTa Soris amyarebs kavSirsa da dialogs,<br />

rac, Tavis mxriv, epoqis moTxovnebiTaa nakarnaxebi.<br />

amrigad, “vefxistyaosani”, rogorc rusTvelis poemis<br />

saTauri, aris metaforac, sim boloc, alegoriac, enigmac,<br />

aluziac, vinaidan vefxvi, misi tyavi, misi ferebi, misi<br />

siWrele samyarosa da adamianis mravalferovnebas mianiSnebs,<br />

zogadad adamianis, konkretulad rusTvelis poema-<br />

Si mTavar personaJTa sulier mdgomareobas gamoxatavs.<br />

vefxvisa da vef xistyaosnobis mxatvrul saxeSi ramdenime<br />

kulturuli fenomeni warmogvidgeba, oRond ise, rom rus-<br />

Tveluri, viktor nozaZis sityviT _ vefxistyaosnuri,<br />

sruliad gansxvavebulia winarekulturulisagan, rac poemis<br />

personaJTa sulieri ganaxlebis sawyisad, Sesabamisad<br />

mTeli samyaros ganaxlebad moiazreba.<br />

damowmebuli literatura:<br />

andria kriteli 2002: andria kriteli, didi kanoni, nekresis<br />

eparqia, 2002.<br />

aristotele 1893: Аристотель. Об искусстве поэзии. Греческий текст с<br />

переводом. М., 1893.<br />

gonjilaSvili 2000: gonjilaSvili n. SoTa rusTvelis poemis<br />

saTauris saxismetyveleba, macne, enisa da literaturis seria,<br />

2000, #1-4.

176 waxnagi 1.2009<br />

karbelaSvili 1997: karbelaSvili m. vefxistyaosnis ~dRe aRvsebisa”<br />

bibliuri paraleliT da ramdenime SeniSvniT (rusTavelis<br />

poeturi enis sakiTxisaTvis), macne, enisa da literaturis<br />

seria, 1997, # 1-4.<br />

kiknaZe 2004: kiknaZe z. xuTwigneulis Targmaneba, Tb., 2004.<br />

losevi 1990: Лосев А.Ф. Философия имени. В кн.: Из ранних произведений,<br />

М., 1990.<br />

lotmani, uspenski 1973: Лотман Ю. М. , Успенский Б. А. Миф – Имя –<br />

Культура, Труды по знаковым системам, IV, Тарту, 1973.<br />

nozaZe, arqivi: nozaZe v. ~vefxistyaosanis” fsiqologiismetyveleba,<br />

xelnaweri Sroma saarqivo masalis mixedviT gamosacemad<br />

moamzada manana kvataiam (Sroma inaxeba manana kvataiasTan).<br />

petriwi 1937: ioane petriwi, Sromebi, II, Tb., 1937.<br />

petriwi 1999: ioane petriwi, ganmarteba prokle diadoxosis<br />

`RmrTismetyvelebis safuZvlebisa~, Tanamedrove qarTul enaze<br />

gadmoiRo, gamokvleva, leqsikoni da SeniSvnebi daurTo damana<br />

meliqiSvilma, Tb., 1999.<br />

rusTveli 1966: SoTa rusTveli, vefxistyaosani, I, akaki SaniZisa<br />

da aleqsandre baramiZis redaqciiT, Tb., 1966.<br />

florenski 1990: Флоренский П. А. У водоразделов мысли, т.II, М., 1990.<br />

Nestan Sulava<br />

Theological-Theoretical Basic of Shota Rustveli’s Poem Title<br />

In theology, in poetic system person’s pseudonym is the main item how<br />

to express his spiritual-intellectual world. Name is the contain of thing, so<br />

the title is the contain of composition.<br />

In article is shown the meaning of Shota Rustveli’s poem title with connection<br />

to methology, folklore, philosophy, theology, literature and is said it<br />

was an enigma, symbol, allegory.It is said the title of the poem is the poetric<br />

face in the space and time. It is the name history, which contains variety of<br />

information.<br />

Tiger and its skin, its colour, its colourfull shows us the variety of the<br />

world and person, esspecialy the nature of the poem’s characters. In the poetic<br />

face of the tiger is shown variety of cultural phenomenon. To say by the<br />

words of V. Nozadze –`very different from earlier culture`. Poem’s heroes’<br />

character is the face of renewal world.

zurab kiknaZe<br />

guramiSvilis igavi<br />

I. “daviTianis” dasasruli leqsebi<br />

“daviTiani” Sedgeba oTxi <strong>wignis</strong>gan. bolo wigni “wigni<br />

ese mxiaruli zafxuli~ krebulis bolo nawarmoebia, xolo<br />

is Svidi leqsi (ie-ka), romelic mas mosdevs, aRar ekuTvnis<br />

“daviTians”, _ isini Seicavs informacias “daviTiansa” da<br />

mis avtorze, rasac Tavad maTi saTaurebi mowmobs:<br />

1. id. adamis saCivari. aq poeti adamis saxiT imasve mo-<br />

Tqvams, rasac Tavad mTels “daviTianSi” moTqvamda. araferi<br />

yofila mis cxovrebaSi iseTi, rac zogad adamians,<br />

adams, ar gardaxdomoda Tavs, garda imisa, rac leqsis dasasrulisken<br />

gvecnoba:<br />

daviT, galad danerguli,<br />

var uSrto da me ufeso.<br />

2. ie. meoTxe daviTis Sesxma da “daviTnis” qebis igavi.<br />

es aris daviTis Semajamebeli Sesxma im sami Sesxmis Semdeg,<br />

romlebic daviT mefsalmunis da qristes “mamis”<br />

sxvadasxva aspeqtebs aCendnen (wigni b: md, nd, nv). es Sesxma<br />

mTlianad agebulia “igavT xis” Temaze. aq erTxel kidev<br />

da sabolood gvicxadebs mkiTxvelebs, rom misi “davi-<br />

Tiani” aRmocenda daviTis baRSi (walkotSi), sxvanairad,<br />

“daviTiani” aris im daviTis xeze mobmuli nayofi; kidev<br />

sxvanairad, am daviTma Tavis baRSi amyno im daviTis “cxovrebis<br />

xeni”| da, amdenad, is ukvdavebis xis nayofTan da<br />

sasmelTan aris naziarebi. da Tumca es daviTi im daviTis<br />

cudi (avi) “mosaxea”, mainc sabolood, “daviTiani” amarTlebs<br />

Tavis amocanas, rogorc “xe kaciani da RvTiani”, anu<br />

rogorc sxvagan aqvs naTqvami, “orgziTve nayofs miscemda,<br />

visganac moirxeoda”.<br />

177

178 waxnagi 1.2009<br />

daviTis es Sesxma, misi arqiteqtonika, gvarwmunebs, rom<br />

miuxedavad imisa, rom ~daviTianSi~ avtoris saxeli iki-<br />

Txeba, wigni mainc im daviTis saxelzea monaTluli:<br />

amad am wignsa saxelad uwode `daviTiani~,<br />

daviT Sevawyev, Sevkone, viT vardni da viT iani (ie, 8).<br />

es “amad” ajamebs zemo strofebSi naTqvamebs: “daviT mogviTxrobs”,<br />

“daviT iSena walkoti”, “daviTis baRis xili<br />

sjobs”, “baRi daviTis baRisebr”, “man daviT Tavis baRSia”.<br />

amrigad, “daviTians” sxvas verafers vuwodebT, Tu ara daviTis<br />

baRs, sadac erTi daviTi damrgvelia, meore _ damynobi<br />

da gamxarebeli.<br />

3. iv. am wignTa gamleqsavis gvarisa da saxelis gamocxadeba,<br />

sadac avtori mTeli “daviTianis” manZilze pirvelad<br />

Tavisi piriT axsenebs Tavis saxelsa da gvars (am 18-strofian<br />

leqss sagangebod qvemoT Sevexebi: II-VI).<br />

4. iz. anderZi daviT guramiSvilisa. es 15-strofiani<br />

leqsi am saTauriTve gvauwyebs, rom misi avtori cocxali<br />

aRaraa, aRar ekuTvnis arc am sofels, arc “daviTians”,<br />

romlis mudmivi mTavari personaJi iyo. is “mcxedrad mdebare,<br />

gul-xel-krefulia”; da sabolood gvaxsenebs: “umkvidro<br />

viqmen, ar damrCa Svili”, rac misi udidesi satkivari<br />

aRmoCnda am sofelSi, Tumca am uSvilobam “daviTians” dauviwyari<br />

igavi Seuqmna.<br />

5. iÀ. mRrdelT vedreba daviT guramisSvilisa, sadac<br />

sxva ganzomilebidan (miwier da ciur samyaroebs Soris<br />

myofi) amunaTebs mRvdels, axsenebs ra misTvis miniWebuli<br />

madlis usasyidlobas: “ase gibrZana: viT Sen mogeca, usasyidloda<br />

sxvaT miec Senca”.<br />

6. iT. saflavis qvazed dasaweri. am “epitafiaSi” mocemuli<br />

informacia erTgvarad azustebs “daviTianis” ZiriTad<br />

nawilSi Tqmuls “me viyav erTi Tavadi, mosaxle gorisubansa”,<br />

romelic konkretuls arafers gveubneba poetis warmomavlobis<br />

Sesaxeb. Tu am saxelwodebis sofeli, romelic<br />

poetis Sobis adgilad unda miviCnioT, saqarTvelos yovel<br />

kuTxeSia mosalodneli, zedazeni kaxeTSi da SiomRvime<br />

qarTlSi _ erTaderTia.<br />

7. k. sulis ambavi. Tu epitafia, rogorc xorci, materia,<br />

am sofels ekuTvnis, gaSiSvlebul suls Tavisi gza<br />

aqvs gasavleli saboloo gankiTxvis dRemde. xorcisa da<br />

sulis Temas, romelic msWvalavs mTels “daviTians”, es<br />

34-strofiani Tavi axal rakursSi warmogvidgens: suli<br />

xorcs adanaSaulebs adamianis hubrisSi: igi ar dasjer-

narkvevi 179<br />

da miwis xelmwifebas, risTvisac Seiqmna, da cis mitaceba<br />

moindoma.<br />

8. da bolos, ukanaskneli _ ka. am <strong>wignis</strong> gamleqsavis sulis<br />

moxseneba _ Seicavs aRsarebas da vedrebas RvTisadmi<br />

codvebis Sesamsubuqeblad. aRsaniSnavia, rom am bolo Tav-<br />

Si samgzis aris naxsenebi “daviTianis” avtoris saxeliT da<br />

gvariT. aq “daviTiani”, rogorc avtoris mxolodSobili<br />

Ze, SeiZleba misi sulis meoxe iyos gankiTxvis dRes:<br />

es wigni, leqsad Tqmuli, aris sul imisi,<br />

RmerTman ixsnas warwymendisagan suli misi.<br />

da kvlav da ukanasknelad, saboloo akordad, Semodis<br />

ori daviTis Tema da Tavi Tavdeba uCveulo metaforiT:<br />

amad qaCalman mis Tmis navarcxni<br />

qoCrad movisxi, Tavzeda viTme.<br />

amgvari siTamamiT gamoxata poetma Tavisi memkvidreoba<br />

daviT mefsalmunidan. Tu Tavisi “daviTianiT” igi rus-<br />

TvelTan SedarebiT “Calis Ziria”, Tavad “daviTiani” im<br />

daviTis “Tmis navarcxnia” 1 .<br />

II. vinaobis gamocxadeba<br />

SevCerdeT 18-strofian tirada-monologze iv. am wignTa<br />

gamleqsavis gvarisa da saxelis gamocxadeba 2 . am Tavs<br />

1.<br />

es “Tmis navarcxni” mutatis mutandis imis analogiuria, rac egnate antioqielma<br />

Tqva Tavis Tavze, rom igi mtveria, jvarcmidan Camoyrili.<br />

2.<br />

avtoris nebis sawinaaRmdegod, “daviTianis” yvela bolodroindel gamocemaSi<br />

es teqsti prologad aris qceuli im motiviT, TiTqos (rogorc “sabWoTa<br />

saqarTvelos~ 1980 wlis gamocemis winasityvaobaSia naTqvami) “igi faqtiurad<br />

krebulis Sesavals warmoadgens”. Tumca arsaidan ar Cans, rom es monakve-<br />

Ti mainc da mainc Sesavali unda iyos. “daviTiani” erTaderTi wignia, romlis<br />

avtori, amave dros, misi Semdgenel-redaqtoric aris. intuiciam mas ukarnaxa,<br />

swored ase da ara sxvanairad ganelagebina sxvadasxva dros, rogorc Tavad<br />

ambobs erTgan, “oblad” dawerili leqsebi. <strong>wignis</strong> agebulebac xom misi Semoqmedebis<br />

nayofia, Semoqmedeba ki _ pirovnebis gamomxatveli. amas ki Seswavla<br />

esaWiroeba da ara koreqtireba. SemCneulia, rom “daviTianis” kompozicia myife<br />

da gauwonasworebelia” [RaRaniZe 2002: 134], rac savsebiT Seesatyviseba misi<br />

avtoris sulier mdgomareobas im xanad, roca krebuls adgenda. meore mxriv,<br />

aseTma pirovnebam Seqmna `daviTianis~ leqsebis polifoniuri musikaloba.<br />

“daviTianis” absoluturi dasawyisi RmerTia: “RmerTo, romelsa gxadian...”,<br />

rasac meore SairSi mosdevs “Sevamko erTi ufali, RvTiv zeciT qveynad<br />

mkobili”. sqema da tradicia rusTveluria: “romelma Seqmna samyaro” _<br />

“misgan ars yovli xelmwife saxiTa mis mieriTa”.

180 waxnagi 1.2009<br />

ase ewodeba, Tumca avtoris gvari da saxeli <strong>wignis</strong> sa-<br />

TaurTan erTad ukve mTeli `daviTianis~ absolutur dasawyisSivea<br />

gacxadebuli: “q. wigni ese, romelsa ewodebis<br />

saxelad daviTiani, Tqmuli guramisSvilis daviTisagan”<br />

(ix. avtografi S-1598). magram am teqsts sxva mizanic aqvs,<br />

garda vinaobis ganmeorebiTi gacxadebisa: aq, am damasrulebel<br />

monologSi, CamoTvlilia yvela is Tema da problema,<br />

rasac misi poemebi da calkeuli leqsebi eZRvneba.<br />

yvelaze naklebad aq avtoris vinaobazea laparaki. vinaobaze<br />

arc iq gvecnobeba bevri, sadac es mosalodnelia.<br />

iSviaTia, TiTqmis ar ipoveba, mis nawerebSi rame yofiTi<br />

niSani, romelic cocxlad warmogvidgenda saqarTvelo-<br />

Si mis yofnas. <strong>wignis</strong> im adgilas, sadac poeti Tavisi Tavgadasavlis<br />

Txrobas iwyebs, TiTqos dasaxelebulia misi<br />

“qveynis” zusti misamarTi:<br />

me viyav erTi Tavadi, mosaxle gorisubansa,<br />

jvarobas Cveni qal-rZalni icvemden ar avs jubansa.<br />

magram es aris da es. Cans, mSobliuri gorisubani, guramianTkaris<br />

erTi ubani, jvarobiT da koxta jubebSi<br />

gamowyobili qal-rZaliT daamaxsovrda. Cans, jvarobebi<br />

da misi feradovani samoseli Rrmad CabeWdila mis<br />

mexsierebaSi. magram siWabukis es gamocdileba (soflis<br />

dResaswaulebSi monawileoba) gakvriT aris naxsenebi.<br />

sxvagan leqsis saTaurmac asaxa es mogoneba 3 . suraTs<br />

naxevrad paganisturi jvarobebisa, sadac gaismoda kopales<br />

saxeli, upirispirdeba zedaznisa da SiomRvimis<br />

sakralizmi. teqstis es adgili mniSvnelovania, rogorc<br />

am ori savanis saswaulmoqmedi siwmidis dadastureba<br />

im adamianis piriT, romlis sagvareulo samarxebic<br />

isini iyo:<br />

wminda ione kaxeTs zedazens<br />

saswaulobiT qvitkirs cremls adens;<br />

qarTls wminda Sio Rvimes Zvlebs avlens,<br />

orniv Svrebian saswauls amdens.<br />

saflavis qvaze dasaweri es sityvebi Cafiqrebulia im<br />

kontrastis saCveneblad, Tu raoden didia gza am siwmideebsa<br />

da misTvis madlsmoklebul im miwas Soris, sadac<br />

3.<br />

ix. wigni b: mv. xarebobis dRis Sesxma: “axa, wmida kopales” sanaclod naTqvami”;<br />

n. “simRera qa[rT]l-kaxeTis jvarobas sanaclod saTqmeli”.

narkvevi 181<br />

damarxva moeloda. “aq xorciT vlpebi”, TiTqos iq, sagvareuli<br />

samarxSi, wmidaTa mezoblobaSi, misi xorci uxrwnelad<br />

unda Senaxuliyo.<br />

sazogadod, unda iTqvas, rom “daviTiani”, miuxedavad<br />

imisa, rom masSi gansakuTrebiT Zlierad Cans avtoris<br />

meoba, Raribia Tavisi “wamxdari” da dakarguli qveynis<br />

konkretuli suraTebiT. igi yvelafers Tavis TavgadasavalSi<br />

didi siswrafiT, TiTqos sulmouTqmelad, gviambobs,<br />

TiTqos weris procesSic isev is gaqceuli tyve iyos<br />

da saamboblad dro ar hqondes. da rasac ixsenebs, naklebad<br />

arsebiTia, SeiZleba iTqvas, kuriozuli im “igavT xis”<br />

fonze, romelic ekranad gasdevs “daviTians”. magram es<br />

ararsebiTi detalebi, rogorc xdeba xSirad, misi mexsierebis<br />

Tanamdevi gaxda, erTxelve ise Rrmad CaibeWda mis<br />

cnobierebaSi, rogoric iyo Tundac ori kitri da damWknari<br />

sazamTros naxevari, romlebic man RvTisgan gamogzavnil<br />

sazrdod miiCnia, magram sulmokleobis mizeziT<br />

dakarga (wigni a: T., lz). am metismetad yofiT, Tumca mis<br />

dReSi adamianisTvis, SesaZloa, simbolur epizods cxra<br />

strofi aqvs daTmobili, romelic sinanulis locvaSi gadadis.<br />

ras inaniebs?<br />

kitri momec da wamarTvi, ver moviTmine TmeniTa;<br />

Sevswuxdi, maze gayvedre, gcode piriTa, eniTa.<br />

Sen, RmerTman, igi damiTme sulgrZelebiTa SeniTa.<br />

_ erTi mxriv, RvTisadmi sayvedurs (“kitri momec da<br />

wamarTvi”), meore mxriv, daudevrobas (“ver moviTmine TmeniTa”),<br />

romelmac aq mSieri datova igi, magram sxvagan radikalurad<br />

Seucvala cxovreba. im sabediswero diliT<br />

wyalze piris sabanad Casulma damSvidebiT aixsna Tofi da<br />

xmali, da muxis Ziras miayuda, rom rogorc wesi da rigia<br />

(magram ara “qveynis waxdenis” dros), Seesva wyali. nacvlad<br />

imisa, rom iaraRi xelSi CaebRuja im samasi msvlepeliviT,<br />

romlebic RmerTma airCia midiamelebze gasamarjveblad 4 .<br />

4.<br />

“da uTxra ufalma gedeons: mainc bevria xalxi. wyalze Caiyvane da iq gamigirCev<br />

maT. viszec getyvi, gamogyves-meTqi, gamogyves. viszec getyvi, nu gamogyveba-meTqi,<br />

nu gamogyveba. da Caiyvana man xalxi wyalze. da uTxra ufalma<br />

gedeons: vinc eniT Sesvleps wyals, rogorc ZaRlebi svlepen, calke daayene,<br />

agreTve isinic, vin Caimuxlebs da ise dalevs. eniT msvlepelTa ricxvi samasi<br />

iyo. da narCenma Caimuxla da ise dalia wyali. da uTxra ufalma gedeons:<br />

samasi msvlepeliT gixsniT da xelSi CagagdebinebT midians, danarCeni xalxi<br />

Sin wavides” (msaj. 7: 4-7).

182 waxnagi 1.2009<br />

III. “igavT xe”<br />

yvela qmedebas da saqciels Tavisi igavi aqvs. daviT mefis<br />

codvas misi erTguli uria xeTelis mimarT (rac sabolood<br />

RvTis winaSe Secodeba aRmoCnda, ix. fsalm. 50: 4) naTan winaswarmetyvelis<br />

mier moTxrobili igavi (Raribi kacisa<br />

da misi erTaderTi batknis Sesaxeb _ 2mef. 14:1-4), rogorc<br />

amgvari codvis pirvelsaxe, ganmartavs. magram Tavis mxriv,<br />

amieridan daviTis codva TavisTavad am tipis codvaTa igavis<br />

Zalas iZens. Tu im daviTma naTanis igavSi sakuTari Tavi<br />

Seicno, es daviTi Tavis qmedebebSi, mTels Tavis gzaSi erT<br />

mTlian igavs xedavs.<br />

“igavT xe” erTi mniSvnelovani, metic, arsebiTi toposia<br />

jer, Tavad “daviTianSi” da mere masze daweril samecniero<br />

teqstebSi. sakuTari gzis igavuri xedva msWvalavs “davi-<br />

Tians”. Tu vaxtang mefe “vefxistyaosans” ganmar tavs igavurad,<br />

radgan darwmunebulia, rom igavuroba misi avtoris<br />

Canafiqria, guramiSvili, romelic “igavT xis” dasabamad<br />

rusTvelis poemas miiCnevs, Tavisi cxovrebis monakveTs<br />

_ motacebas, tyveobaSi yofnas da tyveobidan gaqcevas _<br />

igavis niSniT xedavs da, raki es gacnobierebuli aqvs, Tavadve<br />

kisrulobs Tavisi gamocdileba-gansacdelis egzegeziss<br />

5 . cxovreba amicanaa, amitomac amosacnobi. amitomac<br />

Tavgadasavlis aRweraSi naklebad ipoveba iseTi momentebi,<br />

romlebic, SesaZloa, TavisTavad saintereso iyos<br />

mkiTxvelisTvis Tu istorikosisTvis, magram egzegetika<br />

masSi fexis mosakideblad siRrmes ver poulobs. samagierod,<br />

gansakuTrebul wonas iZens erTi, TavisTavad umniSvnelo<br />

SemTxveva, romelic misi tyved Cavardnis sababi<br />

Seiqmna. “odes daviT guramisSvili kistrinis omSi cxeni-<br />

TurT liaSi daefla, imis monasibad RvTismSoblis Sesxma”<br />

(wigni b: me). ar gvaqvs mizezi, ar verwmunoT avtors,<br />

rom is marTlac WaobSi cxenianad Caeflo, rom es SemTxveva<br />

realurad moxda, rom Caeflo da amotomac Cavarda<br />

tyved, Tumca tyveobis peripetiebs is ar aRadgens leqsSi.<br />

5.<br />

vin iyo “vefxistyaosnis” igavurad ganmartebis Taosani _ mefe vaxtangi Tu<br />

vinme uCino inteleqtuali (esec SesaZlebelia!), guramiSvilma is imdenad<br />

gaiTavisa, rom qveynis xedvis erTaderT principad aqcia, sakuTari Tavic ki<br />

igavuri xedvis obieqtad warmoadgina. leqsTweris am meTodiT is amayobda<br />

kidec. gavixsenoT, rogor uwunebs igi vinme meleqse Tomas brtyel, uigavo<br />

leqsebs: “Sens qalTamzes bevriTa sjobs Cemi mzeTamzeo” (qalTamze yofi-<br />

Ti, erTganzomilebiani lamazmania; mzeTamze rac aris, amas Tavad daviTi<br />

ganmartavs, wigni a: k, 349-350). pirdapiria, cota ar iyos, Seuracxmyofelic,<br />

rasac daviTi Tomas eubneba: “gamovarCie me ifqli, Sen saxvete bzeo” (wigni<br />

a: l, 396).

narkvevi 183<br />

RvTismSoblis am SesxmaSi “kistrinis lia” “codvis liad”<br />

aris gardaqmnili:<br />

codvis liad ukuvardi, Rrmad Sig davefalo,<br />

da Tu Sen ar aRmomiyvan, Znelad aRmovalo.<br />

aq aSkaraa im pirveli tyveobis, xaroSi jdomis, gamocdilebis<br />

gamoZaxili, sabolood, ki es orive SemTxveva erT<br />

gamocdilebad aris aRqmul-gaazrebuli. aqac Tavs iCens<br />

RvTismSoblis saxe, rogorc iq, pirvel tyveobaSi. maSin<br />

RvTismSobeli iyo misi mxsneli, WeSmariti gzis maCvenebeli.<br />

is xma, romelic ZilSi Caesma mas da aRviZebda xvrinvisgan<br />

6 “Sin wasasvlelad” (wigni a: la), RvTismSoblis xmaa; da<br />

is vinc “joxiT daaSina”, aseve RvTismSobelia, romelic sxva<br />

leqsSi isev da isev joxs (“did kets”) scems TavSi swor gzaze<br />

dasayeneblad (wigni b: nT. simRera daviTisa zubovka).<br />

Tu “daviTiani” Raribia araigavuri empiriul-yofiTi<br />

faqtebiT (niSandoblivia, rom “daviTianSi” arc erTi<br />

striqoni ar eZRvneba mis ukrainul yofas), amas ver vityviT<br />

“qarTlis Wirze”, romelic konkretul istoriul faqtebs<br />

da viTarebis gadmogvcems. istoriuli nawili “daviTianisa”<br />

sruliad moklebulia igavurobas, igi ar aris<br />

damynobili “igavT xeze”, is ar xarobda “daviTis baRSi”.<br />

igavs istoriul nawilSi analizi cvlis 7 . Tumca guramiSvili<br />

mainc Tavis igavur gansacdels uSualod qveynis<br />

bedTan, “qveynis waxdenasTan” akavSirebs, riTac igi amkvidrebs<br />

Tavs, rogorc homo historicus, romelic aris Tavisi<br />

qveynis istoriis monawilec da Sedegic. “daviTianis”<br />

kompozicia asaxavs amas. qarTl-kaxeTis istoriis Txroba<br />

droebiT wydeba, roca “erTi Tavadi, mosaxle gorisubnisa”<br />

Semodis asparezze Tavisi TavgadasavliT, da ganaxldeba,<br />

roca tyveobidan Tavdaxsnili kaci SeuerTdeba gadaxvewil<br />

mefes da mis kars, raTa kvlav gagrZeldes istoriis<br />

Txroba erTi periodis saboloo dasasrulamde, roca<br />

<strong>qarTuli</strong> emigracia arCevanis winaSe dgeba _ samSobloSi<br />

6.<br />

“xma mesma Zilsa Sinao: ras xvrinav, rasa fSvinao!<br />

aq ras uwevxar saZilod, ratom ar waxval Sinao!”<br />

aq “xvrinva”, “Zili” scildeba tyveobis gamocdilebas da uqmi cxovrebis<br />

simboloebad iqceva, “Sin wasvla” misgan Tavis daRwevad.<br />

7.<br />

analizis sferos unda mivakuTvnoT cnobili “viT mamali sxvis mamalsa” _<br />

fraza, Tumca figuraluri, romelsac “qarTlis Wiris” avtori qarTl-kaxe-<br />

Tis uerTierTSuRls usadagebs; an kvlav figuraluri “kaxelebis aRma xnuli<br />

qarTvelebma daRma farcxes”, aseve, unda gavigoT, rogorc ukuRmarToba,<br />

romelic amoZravebs istorias.

184 waxnagi 1.2009<br />

dabruneba Tu “rusT xelmwifis samsaxurSi ganweseba” (wigni<br />

a: T. mg). qveynis Tavgadasavlis aseTi dasasruli providenciulia,<br />

aq Txroba ramdenime aTeuli wliT win uswrebs<br />

istoriul faqts. amieridan “daviTianis” avtori am dasasrulSi<br />

ipovebs axal identobas _ is aRar laparakobs gorisubneli<br />

Tavadis, qveynis Svilis saxeliT, aramed masSi<br />

laparaks adami iwyebs. am gaigivebiT guramiSvili TiTqos<br />

Tavis Tavs, rogorc pirovnebas, ubrundeba.<br />

III-a. wisqvilis igavi<br />

guramiSvilis xedvas (sulier Tvals) ar unda gamoparvoda<br />

wisqvilis, rogorc aseTis, igavuroba. yovel SemTxvevaSi,<br />

mTesvelis saxarebiseuli igavi misTvis xom cnobili<br />

iqneboda (maTe 13:3). mesmis, rom verbalurad mas gauZneldeboda<br />

wisqvilze imgvari laparaki, rogorc mzeze, rogorc<br />

mzeTamzis xatze laparakobda. SesaZloa, naZaladevi<br />

iyos im sityvebSi igavuri azris amokiTxva, romlebic man<br />

wisqvilis sqemas waumZRvana:<br />

RmerTo, maCvene yanebi,<br />

am sarwyavT monayvanebi;<br />

RmerTo, damaswar zafxulsa,<br />

fqvils am, wisqvilze dafqulsa.<br />

mainc ar SeiZleba ar monawileobdes mis am proeqtSi<br />

igavuroba im nayofis saxiT, romelic egzegeturi ganmartebis<br />

simbolod aris miCneuli “daviTianSi”:<br />

scan am leqsTa igavi, Targmne, Tu giyvardeo!<br />

qrTilis puris qerqSia Sig TaTuxo Cavdeo!<br />

qerqi gafrcven, ganagde, SigniT ki guls sWamdeo (wigni a: ke).<br />

igavurobis gareSe rom ar tovebs daviTi Tavis gamogonebas,<br />

romlis aRweriloba man “daviTianis” ydaSi moaTavsa,<br />

amas Semdegi minaweri mowmobs:<br />

q. axsirkis mRTisSoblis xatisa da imis win sanTlisa da kolofis<br />

igavi is aris: kaci rom dgas da ilocavs, magizgan SeTqmuloba<br />

ase aris: am wisqvilman rom fqva Seqmnas, mis dros imis pirvelad<br />

mnaxavs kacsa Tu dedakacsa TviTo deniSka sTxoos, mag kolofSi<br />

Tavisis sulisaTvis Caagdos sanTlisaTvis. mag rigi xati<br />

unda im wisqvilSi esvenos da RamiT gauqroblad sanTeli enTos.

narkvevi 185<br />

Tu “daviTianSi” Wama, SimSili, sazrdeli, ifqli da TavTuxi<br />

fizikur mniSvnelobasTan erTad (upiratesadac ki!)<br />

sulier mniSvnelobasac Seicavs 8 , wisqvili am simbolikis<br />

misaRebad gamzadebulia.<br />

IV. karavi 9<br />

adamis saxeliT laparaks (moTqmas) an adamis alaparakebas<br />

istoriulad dasazRvruli kacis piriT, rogorc amas<br />

vkiTxulobT epiloguri leqsis iv. am wignTa gamleqsavis<br />

gvarisa da saxelis gamocxadeba me-16 strofSi:<br />

mamao, Tavsa mfaravi, dagedga kargi karavi,<br />

ganiari da maRali, xelTagan miukaravi,<br />

Sig viyav, sadRac gamagde, paRuri amamkar avi,<br />

miT cremli Cemi zRvad gaxda, TvalTagan nawanwkaravi _<br />

aqvs Tavisi pirvelsaxe “igavT xis” iniciatoris Saireb-<br />

Si, maT Soris mkafiod:<br />

vin uwin edems nazardi alva mrgo, momrwyo, maxia,<br />

dRes sawuTroman laxvarsa mimca, danasa maxia,<br />

dRes guli cecxlsa uSretsa dabmiT damiba, maxia,<br />

awya vcan, saqme soflisa zRaparia da Cmaxia.<br />

avTandili, romelsac ekuTvnis es sityvebi, arc motacebulia,<br />

arc qveynidan maradsaxetialod gagdebuli tyvea<br />

(tyvis meore mniSvnelobiT 10 ), ar Sexebia mas sawuTros<br />

8.<br />

ix. Tundac iambikod wodebuli locvis saTauri “locva, odes daviTs tyveobasa<br />

Sina moSivda da RmerTs puri sTxova” (wigni a: kz), an es galoba mama-<br />

RmerTisadmi:<br />

mWmeo, msmeo, Cemo tanTa mcmeo!<br />

ver mogeSvebi cocxali, Tunda mawameo,<br />

miboZe sazdo sulisa, mSian, maWameo...” (wigni a: lv. 448).<br />

9.<br />

Zirs ‘hl sityvisa, romelic ebraul, ugaritul, finikiur da arameul eneb-<br />

Si “karavs”, rogorc materialur Senobas niSnavs, sxva semituri enebi _ aqaduri<br />

da arabuli “krebulis” mniSvnelobas aniWeben. arabulad ahlu es aris<br />

xalxi, aqadurad alu qalaqi, rogorc Temi, mosaxleobiTurT. Tuki aqadurad<br />

daiwereboda avgustines “RvTis qalaqis” (Civitas dei) msgavsi wigni, misi<br />

saxelwodeba iqneboda alu ilim. wigni ara, magram amgvari sintagma arsebobs<br />

aSurul-babilonur enaze da aRniSnavs zeciur qalaqs _ karavs, romlis yaidaze<br />

agebulia yoveli miwieri qalaqi.<br />

10.<br />

“Svid weliwads tyved iara” (arsenas leqsidan).

186 waxnagi 1.2009<br />

msaxvrali xeli, radgan es sawuTro misTvis arc arsebobda.<br />

magram mas surs adamiviT moTqvamdes, radgan qveynidan<br />

Tundac nebayoflobiT gasvlis win winaswarve a priori Seicno<br />

warmavali da uxano wuTisoflis mTeli arseba. unda<br />

damdgariyo ganSorebis wuTi, rom mas, aqamde galaRebuls,<br />

“sarosa mjobsa nazards”, es ganecada. misTvis am wamebSi<br />

arabeTi, rostevanis kari, samoTxea 11 , sadac igi izrdeboda<br />

rogorc edemSi darguli alva. da es unda yofiliyo misi<br />

erTaderTi samyofeli, romelic ar eqvemdebareba drois<br />

gamanadgurebel Zalas. magram aRmoCnda, rom am samoTxes<br />

gars akravs ukidegano qveyana, sadac iRvreba cremli. da<br />

igi unda gavides im sivrceSi, sadac adamiani cis mfarvelobis<br />

gareSea. magram mainc unda iTqvas, rom avTandils<br />

araferi aqvs cremlis saRvreli, misi piriT Tavad poemis<br />

avtori moTqvams Tavis bedze, rac imaze migvaniSnebs, rom<br />

poema qveynis gareT, eqsoriobaSia, dawerili. avtoris ukan<br />

ki maradiuli adami dgas.<br />

davubrundeT guramiSvilis Sairs “mamao, Tavsa mfaravi”,<br />

romelic Zveli aRTqmidan sazrdoobs. karvis, rogorc<br />

safarvelis 12 , metafora Zveli aRTqmidan modis 13 . rom igi<br />

`ganiari da maRalia~ da `xelTagan mikaravia~, TiTqos caze<br />

unda miuTiTebdes. guramisSvili am metaforasac icnobs:<br />

`romelman cani viTarca karavni Segvimzadisa~ 14 . magram am<br />

SairSi karavi arc mxolod safarvelia da arc ca. am Sairis<br />

tragikuli gmiris sityvebi mowmobs, rom aqac aSkarad ismis<br />

adamis xma, es adamis sityvebia. adamis sityvebSi karavi samo-<br />

Txea, imTaviTve misTvis samyofelad, samSoblod Seqmnili.<br />

~Sig viyav, gareT gamagde~ 15 _ aseTi lakonizmiT aris gadmocemuli<br />

adamisgan samoTxis dakargva. Sin da gareT _ adamis<br />

ori mdgomareobaa. gareT mimdinareobs istoriis procesi:<br />

11.<br />

Tamaris istoria _ “istoriani da azmani”, romelic leqsikurad did<br />

msgavsebas iCens “vefxistyaosanTan”, swored aseTad warmoadgens Tamaris samefos:<br />

“viTarca samoTxe, dasxmuli £eliTa RmrTisaTa”. am samoTxidan aris<br />

gandevnili giorgi rusi: “viTarca ese xilulisa amis samoTxisa da ubrwyinvalesisa<br />

edemisada Seumzadebia eqsoria-qmna”.<br />

12.<br />

“daviTianSi” karavi da mfaravi (farva) sariTmo wyvilia: mfaravi/karavi,<br />

karavsa/mfaravsa, karvad/farvad.<br />

13.<br />

“rameTu damfara me karavsa missa dResa borotsa, Semivedra safarvelsa<br />

karvisa misisa” (fsalm. 26: 5-6).<br />

14.<br />

“gardaTxen cani viTarca karavni” (fsalm. 103: 2). Sdr. “ityvian uflis<br />

akvansa mun da abrahamis karavsa, mdgoms usuetod, usablod” [vaxuSti 1973:<br />

357-8]. “abrahamis karavi” aq aSkarad cis metaforaa.<br />

15.<br />

Sdr. “moikveTeba karvidan, Tavisi saesavidan, da Seiyvans sikvdili saSinel<br />

meufesTan... naTlidan bnelSi gadaisvrian da am soflidan gariyaven”<br />

(iob. 18:14).

narkvevi 187<br />

kacobrioba gareT aris, rogorc TiToeuli adamiani, bedis<br />

ukuRmarTobisgan usaxlkarod darCenili. epilogis leqsSi<br />

(wigni d: id) samoTxe mkvidrad naSeni saxlia, romelic mterma<br />

daungria adams. adami jer uflis mcnebidan gamovida, mereRa<br />

samoTxe-saxlidan, romelic misTvis dangreulia:<br />

mterman ase wamaxdina,<br />

mamatyua, mamaRora;<br />

RvTis mcnebasa gardmaxdina,<br />

dids pativsa mamaSora.<br />

saxli mkvidrad agebuli<br />

damiqcia, mamiSala.<br />

amieridan usaxlkaro adami gareT aris darCenili. da<br />

ocnebobs saxlze, Sinaze da maspinZelze:<br />

vinc rome saxlSi SemiSva, gamaTbo, gamomSuSao,<br />

damidga kargi sadili, win RviniT savse SuSao (wigni b: md).<br />

gareT yofna “daviTianis” erT-erTi toposia, romlis<br />

saSualebiTac adamTan erTad Tavad poetis tragikuli<br />

xvedria gamoxatuli. mis gamocdilebaSi amosavalia gareT<br />

yofna. gareT yofna aris samkvidro qveynidan gaZeveba, gareT<br />

dgoma da rekva Sin Sesasvlelad, bneli RamiT dakargva,<br />

farexis gareT darCena mglis kerZad, marcxena adgilad, sadac<br />

Tiknebi dgebian ukanasknel samsjavroze, karvis gareT<br />

aris “eSmakeulT axo”, uRrani tye, sadac saxifaTo gza elis<br />

usagzlod gaSvebul satrfos (adamianis suls); karvis gareT<br />

wuTisofelia, sadac tyvevdeba da ikargeba adamianis<br />

suli; karvis gareT aris “sxvisi baRi”, sadac “mgelni jdebian”<br />

(sapirispirod daviTis baRisa, sadac kravi zis); karvis<br />

gareT aris “ormo”, “xaro”, “codvis flato”, “codvis<br />

xnarcvi”, “codvis lia”, “codvis muxruWi”, maxe da bade _ es<br />

yvelaferi win xvdeba adamians karvidan gasvlisas; iq elis<br />

mas ukeTuri gza, kacebrivi saxis dakargvis safrTxe (“nu<br />

xval gzasa ukeTursa, nu gardiqajeo”); iq aris urjuloTa<br />

qveyana, `qristianT mterT samZRvari~, romlis iqiT WeSmariti<br />

rjulisTvis ikargeba adamiani (“aw momZebnos dakarguli...”);<br />

karvis gareT aris bneli Rame (`vikargvi bnelis<br />

RamiTa, dRev, rad ar momiZiebo~)...<br />

“daviTiani” mravalmxrivad amuSavebs am Temas.<br />

“gareT yofnis” sevda da SiSi nacvlad “Sig yofnis” netarebisa<br />

da uzrunvelobisa, rac adamis bunebrivi mdgomareoba<br />

unda yofiliyo, adamis ganuSorebeli Tanamdevia.

188 waxnagi 1.2009<br />

cxadSi Tu sizmrad mis Tvalwin aris samoTxis daxSuli<br />

kari. “daviTianSi” es toposi mravalgzis, daJinebiT da<br />

mravalsaxad aris gamoTqmuli. erT-erTi gamoxatuleba<br />

aseTia:<br />

sizmrad vixile, kars gareT vrekdi,<br />

qorwilSi Sesvlad SigniT viwevdi (wigni b: ng, 4).<br />

poeti grZnobs qorwilis gareSe darCenis perspeqtivas,<br />

mas esizmreba aTi qalwulis igavi, siZis molodinSi<br />

is Zrwis, vai Tu, ver ifxizlos da lampari Cauqres. sulis<br />

Zili codvaa, sulis sifxizle _ siqvele. es WeSmariteba<br />

man tyveobaSi myofma Seicno, roca ZilSi Caesma mxsnelis<br />

xma, romelic aRviZebda:<br />

xma mesma Zilsa Sinao: ras xvrinav, rasa fSvinao!<br />

aq ras uwevxar saZilod, ratom ar waxval Sinao?<br />

. . . .<br />

damawvenelman aq Senman aq aRar dagawvinao,<br />

masTan gibrZana dawola, visTanac gaqorwinao (wigni a: la).<br />

daRestnis tyves sZinavs, is xvrinavs udardelad, Ti-<br />

Tqos gaTavisuflebis yoveli neba daukargavs. Tumca sxva<br />

leqsSi mas gaqcevis gadawyvetileba Tavad aqvs miRebuli<br />

zebunebrivi Zalis Caurevlad (“gulman miTxra: adeo, ra-<br />

Rad maicadeo!”, wigni a: ke). aSkaraa, zemoTmoyvanili striqonebi<br />

(“xma mesma...”) imaze mets gveubneba, rac SeiZleba<br />

daRestnis tyveze Tqmuliyo: es mZinare suli wuTisoflis<br />

tyvea, “Zili” da “xvrinva” wuTisoflis niSnebia, romlebic<br />

abrkoleben adamianis suls siZesTan Sesaxvedrad, karvis<br />

ufalTan, iobis sityvisamebr: “roca RmerTi ijda Cemi karvis<br />

Tavze” (29: 4).<br />

V. “movkvdi, damrCa unaTlavi~<br />

kidev erTi mniSvnelovani, sruliad originaluri, toposi<br />

“daviTianSi” uSvilo avtoris mier Tavisi <strong>wignis</strong> Svilebaa.<br />

am Temas “am wignTa gamleqsavis gvarisa da saxelis<br />

gamocxadebaSi” oTxi Sairi eZRvneba. Svileba meore Semoqmedebaa<br />

im pirvelis Semdeg, romelic wlebis manZilzea<br />

gaSlili. es ki, SeiZleba iTqvas, myisieria. man, rogorc<br />

kruxma, mouyara Tavi “TiTo oblad” naTqvam leqsebs da erT<br />

wignad Sekra mirian ufliswulis molodinSi.

narkvevi 189<br />

me uSvilom es oboli mZliv gavzarde didis WiriT:<br />

rac vicodi sacodneli, mas vaswavle sibrZnemciriT.<br />

movkvdi, damrCa unaTlavi, ver SeviZel me simwiriT.<br />

vinc monaTlavs, me mas vlocav codvilisa Cemis piriT<br />

(wigni d: iv, 9).<br />

magram wigni TiTqos ar aris zrdadasrulebuli (“rac<br />

me vSobe, Svilad vsjervar, Tu es mzrdelman gamizarda”,<br />

“aw rom me iq wamiyvanon, vin gamizrdis am obolsa?”) da mounaTlavic<br />

aris, _ mSobeli ise mokvda, rom ver moaswro misi<br />

monaTvla. mSobeli anu avtori ukve mkvdaria, roca mkiTxveli<br />

am sityvebs waikiTxavs:<br />

brZensa kacsa vexvewebi, es oboli maminaTlos;<br />

Tu ram iyos sxvis rjulisa, momiqcios, gamiqarTlos,<br />

an Tu iyos matyuara, ecados, rom ganmimarTlos,<br />

sxvasi nuras moindomebs mazed metsa usamarTlos (str. 11)<br />

Tu bolomde mivyeviT <strong>wignis</strong> Svilebis metaforas Tu alegorias,<br />

Znelia warmovidginoT ukve dawerilis, Tu is sxva<br />

“rjulisaa”, moqceva-monaTvla. an vin Seecdeba “Tu iyos matyuara”,<br />

gaamarTlos? an rogor unda Sehmatos sxvam, rac unda<br />

brZeni iyos, is, rac avtorma daaklo? vin unda iyos es “brZeni”<br />

da “mzrdeli” an, ufro sworad, brZeni gamzrdeli, romelzec<br />

amyarebs avtori cxonebis imeds? ras unda niSnavdes <strong>wignis</strong> gazrda,<br />

Tu ara momavali brZeni mkiTxvelis xelSi moxvedras,<br />

roca namdvilad izrdeba wigni, ufro meti emateba, vidre<br />

avtors hqonda Cafiqrebuli. mSobeli Tu mSvilebeli uTuod<br />

gulisxmobs “igavT xis” swor hermenevtikas, Tumca is gzadagza<br />

axorcielebda am amocanas, rac sxva unda ganexorcielebina.<br />

miuxedavad imisa, rom man gasca “igavT xis” amicanas gasa-<br />

Rebi, vxedavT, rom mama-avtori mudmivad SeSfoTebulia,<br />

ra bedi elis mis naSvilebs da mis obols, mis erTaderTs.<br />

“daviTianis” momaval bedze avtoris amgvari kveTeba “mxiaruli<br />

zafxulis” im ymawvilis sinanulis analogiuria, romelmac<br />

usagzlod gaistumra udabur tyeSi arseba, Tavisi<br />

satrfo, romelic sabolood misi suli aRmoCnda. sxva analogiur<br />

strofebSi amovarCioT es strofi:<br />

vame Tu, sulo, Sena gciodes,<br />

anu gwyurodes, anu gSiodes,<br />

an rame gtkiodes,<br />

miT cremli gdiodes,<br />

CemgniT guls gakldes! (wigni d, 301)

190 waxnagi 1.2009<br />

avtoris naSvilebi mounaTlavi wigni da misi suli, bedis<br />

anabara gaSvebuli wuTisoflis tyeSi da RameSi, mSivrad<br />

da usagZlod (300), erTi bedisani arian. raRa ganuki-<br />

Txavi oboli da raRa ganumartavi (daxuruli) wigni! rogorc<br />

Tavis sulze adamiania pasuxismgebeli, ise _ Tavis<br />

wignze avtori. ra daskvna SeiZleba gamovitanoT am gantolebidan?<br />

_ “daviTiani” poetis sulis oreulia, misi<br />

gamoxatulebaa. poets imedi aqvs, rom “daviTiani” mis sanacvlod<br />

darCeba sofelSi. es wigni misi sulis obieqtivaciaa.<br />

da is gaiziarebs avtoris sulTan erTad ukvdavebas.<br />

poetis ZvelaRTqmiseuli daTrgunuloba uSvilobis<br />

gamo, siberwis perspeqtiva, romelic didi tkiviliT msWvalavs<br />

“daviTians”, TiTqos daamebulia sulieri Svilobis<br />

upiratesobiT fizikur STamomavlobaze, rac, es icis,<br />

avtorma, warmavalia, “daviTis walkoti” ki, sadac man, Tumca<br />

“mosaxed aviT”, mainc sakuTaric dargo, maradiulia. da,<br />

rac mTavaria, am naSvilebiT moigeria yvela mteri, romelic<br />

berwobis dayvedrebiT amcirebda mas.<br />

imas Svilad vervina sjobs, daviT vinc Zed moigera,<br />

vinc gamoTqva, is iSvila, mteri imiT moigera (wigni a: mb, 565).<br />

gamoTqmulis Svileba aZlierebs mis rwmenas, ramdenadac<br />

es warmosaxviTi aqti Zis ganxorcielebaSi poulobs analogs.<br />

rogorc Ze aris mamis sityva, “sityva _ Zed RvTisad<br />

Txrobili” (wigni b: nz, 4), “sityva gaqvs Zed moTxrobili”<br />

(wigni a: kg, 414), _ amis kvalze daviTmac, “vinc gamoTqva, is<br />

iSvila”, romlis ukeTesi Svili arc SeeZlo mas enatra.<br />

VI. “rac damrCa, ver vTqvi”. cdis cda<br />

“iv. am wignTa gamleqsavis gvarisa da saxelis gamocxadeba”<br />

Seicavs Sairs (14), romlis Temas `daviTianSi~ sxvagan<br />

versad SevxvdebiT:<br />

rac damrCa, ver vTqvi, mewada meTqva grZlad, Tavi mecada.<br />

vera vsTqvi, moclas ucdidi, netamca ara mecada!<br />

meswrafa sevdis laxvari, sakvdavad gulsa meca da<br />

aw amas vRonob, ar vici, qvesknad waval Tu me cada.<br />

aq poeti ukanaskneli gankiTxvis molodinSia: jer kidev<br />

ar aris gadawyvetili, sad iqneba misi saboloo samyofeli,<br />

ra moelis mas cxovrebis jildod Tu sasjelad. amave<br />

dros, mas nawvnevi aqvs am soflis warmavaloba da uxanoba.

narkvevi 191<br />

adamianma cxovreba TiTqos moaswro, magram Semoqmedeba _<br />

vera. Vita brevis, ars longa. cda (Semoqmedeba) da cda (mocda)<br />

SeuTavsebeli aRmoCnda. aq dasaxelebulia is mdgomareoba,<br />

rusTvelma mijnurobis erT-erT aucilebel pirobad<br />

rom CaTvala _ mocaleoba: “vera vsTqvi, moclas ucdidi”.<br />

“daviTianis” avtori moclas (=mocaleobas) Semoqmedebis<br />

pirobad saxavs.<br />

es majamuri strofi virtuozulad SeaTamaSebs erTi<br />

da imave Ziridan aRmocenebul fonetikurad identur<br />

(cd), magram gansxvavebuli, metic, urTierTsawinaaRmdego<br />

eksistencialuri Sinaarsis sityva-cnebebs. iSviaTia<br />

majama, romelic, garda evfoniisa, konceptualur sazrissac<br />

yovelgvari xelovnurobis gareSe gadmoscemdes, rogorc<br />

aq vxedavT. “meTqva grZlad, Tavi mecada” _ rusTveluri<br />

“grZlad Tqmis” esTetikis reminiscenciaa, rogorc<br />

sasinji qva, romelsac unda gamoecada poetis SesaZleblobebi.<br />

“Tavis gamocda” Semoqmedebas gulisxmobs, rac,<br />

poetis azriT, mocaleobis Jams hpovebs ganxorcielebas.<br />

rogorc mijnurobis Semoqmedeba (“var mzrdeli siyvarulisa...”),<br />

aseve inteleqtualuri Semoqmedeba mxolod da<br />

mxolod moclilobis Jams aris SesaZlebeli. ai, poetic<br />

ucdida, rom movidoda mocla, rogorc Semoqmedebis asparezi,<br />

roca (sadac) grZlad TqmulSi gaiSleboda yovelive<br />

gancdili. amrigad, poetis cxovreba sami periodisgan<br />

Sedgeba: erTia, romelic gamoixateba sityviT “cda” (gamocdilebis<br />

mniSvnelobiT) da meorea, amave `cda~ sityviT<br />

gamoxatuli, roca im pirvel cdaSi mopovebulis gaazreba-gardaqmna<br />

xdeba. es aris SemoqmedebiTi aqtivoba. am or<br />

cdas Soris periodic aris cda (mocda), molodini, rom<br />

dadgeba cdis (meore mniSvnelobiT) Jami. es periodi Ti-<br />

Tqos uqmad yofnaa, TiTqos Jamis gacdenaa. magram Semoqmedeba<br />

swored maSin iwyeba, roca Sewydeba an amoiwureba<br />

cxovrebiseuli cda (gamocdileba) da adgils uTmobs<br />

moclas. mxolod cdisgan gaTavisuflebis SemTxvevaSia<br />

SesaZlebeli Semoqmedeba, roca adamiani ukan moxedavs yovelive<br />

gan-cd-ils. moclilobis, cxovrebiseuli cdisgan<br />

daclilobis, periodSi xdeba warsuli cdis aqtualizeba.<br />

mxolod am niadagze amoizrdeba “igavT xe”. es imas niSnavs,<br />

rom mis nawerSi araferi iqneba iseTi, rac mis cdaSi<br />

ar iyo mocemuli.<br />

SeniSvna. mocla, mocaleoba _ am sityvebis Ziri amosaval-<br />

Si cal/si-cal-ieris ideas Seicavs. fizikur samyaroSi gasagebia,<br />

risgan SeiZleba iyos raime carieli. magram roca saqme

192 waxnagi 1.2009<br />

gvaqvs adamianis sulier-fsiqikur mdgomareobasTan, rogor<br />

unda gavigoT sicariele? sulxan-saba orbelianis “sityvis<br />

kona” orive mniSvnelobas acnobierebs: “dacla _ savses warmocla”,<br />

“mocla – saqmisgan mocaleba”. idea erTia, xolo mo- da<br />

da- prefiqsebi specifikas aniWebs erTsa da imave Zirs (cal/<br />

cl). mo-cla, romlis drouli ganzomileba aSkaraa, kvlav cad<br />

ZirTan poulobs saerTos swored droJamuli niSniT. “sityvis<br />

kona” amasac acnobierebs: “macale _ mocda momec”, an “macale _<br />

momicade”, “daacala _ adrova”, “damacala _ macada”, “clevineba<br />

_ saqme adroos”.<br />

ra xdeba im dros, roca adamiani moclilia an, maSin, rac<br />

igivea, roca is icdis, roca molodinSia? mocliloba da cda<br />

(molodini) sxvadasxva mdgomareobaa, magram maT saerTo niSani<br />

aqvT: moclilobisas da mocdisas dro gadis adamianis gareSe,<br />

mis gareT. dro adamians ar ekuTvnis, dro mocdenilia.<br />

adamianma gaacdina dro, drom mis gareSe Caiara, adamianma<br />

dakarga kontroli droze, dro gauuucxovda adamians. xolo<br />

cdisas, gansacdelisas, gamocdilebisas, gancdisas dro adamianTan<br />

aris, masTan “erTad” gadis ise, rom adamiani ver amCnevs<br />

mas. dro da adamiani erTianobaSia. es aris is mdgomareoba,<br />

romelsac zrunvas uwodebs eksistencialuri filosofia.<br />

paradoqsia TiTqos: roca dro gaucxoebulia molodinSi, mas<br />

vxedavT, ganvicdiT, Tumca is carielia. magram gansacdelSi,<br />

cdaSi, roca dro moculia zrunviT, me mas ver vamCnev, ver vxedav,<br />

is savsea.<br />

damateba I<br />

gavimeoroT me-16 Sairis bolo ori striqoni:<br />

Sig viyav, sadRac gamagde, paRuri amamkar avi,<br />

miT cremli Cemi zRvad gaxda, TvalTagan nawanwkaravi.<br />

adamis gandevna samoTxidan groteskulia: warmovidginoT<br />

gapaRurebuli adami. paRuris amokvra “daviTianSi”<br />

kidev orgzis Segvxvdeba: “Tu amas avad vambobde, paRuri<br />

amamkaria”; “gavepare, damiWires, rad waxvelo, dampaRures”.<br />

kuriozulia adamis gapaRureba, roca gaqceuli tyvesac ase<br />

eqcevian. Tumca adamis “avi” paRuri am kuriozulobas sxva<br />

TvaliT dagvanaxebs. es ukve aRar aris damcirebis, agdebuli,<br />

Tundac, ironiuli damokidebulebis paRuri. epiTeti<br />

“avi” im risxvis gamomxatvelia, romelic adamma savsebiT<br />

daimsaxura. Tumca karvis SairSi adami arafers ambobs im<br />

mizezze, romelmac misi gagdeba gamoiwvia. mamam moaTavsa

narkvevi 193<br />

karavSi da mamamve gaagdo gareT, “sadRac”. es ganadgurebuli<br />

iobis amoZaxils hgavs: “ufalma momca da ufalma waiRo”<br />

(iob. 1: 21).<br />

XIX saukunis pirveli meoTxedis gamocanebis xelnawer<br />

krebulSi [aTaneliSvili 1975: 39] erTi aseTi amocanaa:<br />

mamaman saxli amigo kekluci banis baniTa,<br />

gZeli da camdin maRali sigZe da misis ganiTa,<br />

Seval, gamoval siciliT, simReriT bani baniTa,<br />

is damiqcia satanam, var mas ukaniT naniTa. 16<br />

amocanas kriptogramulad (saidumlo anbaniT) miwerili<br />

aqvs pasuxi: samoTxe. “daviTianis” Sairis da am<br />

gamocanis struqturisa da Sinaarsis igiveoba eWvs ar<br />

unda iwvevdes. isic ueWvelia, guramiSvilis “karavic”<br />

amocanaa da mis avtors SeeZlo misi amgvari dasaTaureba:<br />

“amicanad igavi, asaxsnelad advili”, rogorc erTgan<br />

asaTaurebs Zveli da axali dRis igavs (ix. wigni b: ¡z).<br />

am or teqsts Soris gansxvaveba is aris, rom gamocanaSi<br />

samoTxe xalxurad gagebuli uzrunvelobis _ sicilisa<br />

da simReris adgilia da adami pirdapir asaxelebs sabediswero<br />

macdunebels _ satanas, rac guramiSvilisTvisac<br />

ar aris ucxo:<br />

mterman ase wamaxdina,<br />

mamatyua, mamaRora;<br />

RvTis mcnebasa gardmaxdina,<br />

dids pativsa mamaSora.<br />

saxli mkvidrad agebuli<br />

damiqciva, mamiSala (wigni d: id, 5-6).<br />

cxadia, es “saxli mkvidrad agebuli” igive “ganiari da<br />

maRali” karavia. gamocanis adami gagdebuli ki ar aris,<br />

aramed daqceuli saxlis (gauCinarebuli samoTxis) winaSe<br />

dgas sinanuliT savse. samoTxis gareT yofnis periodi sinanulis<br />

periodia, magram ar Cans sinanulis nayofi (maTe<br />

3:8). guramiSvilis adamis cremli zRvad aris qceuli da<br />

es zRva cremlisa adamisgan nabarty mTel kacobriobas<br />

ekuTvnis. es aris cremlis periodi.<br />

16.<br />

am gamocanis identuri teqsti Cawerilia petre umikaSvilis mier 1871<br />

wels kaxeTSi, arsebobs misi aseve identuri qarTluri varianti. informatorma<br />

Camwers teqsti aseve gamocanad miawoda [umikaSvili 1937: #1965].

194 waxnagi 1.2009<br />

damateba II<br />

Tu “daviTiani”, avtorisave gansazRvrebiT, Tavis mTlianobaSi<br />

erTi igavia, metaforulad “igavTa xea”, es Sairi<br />

am xis iseTi Sto da, Tundac iseTi nayofia, romelSic<br />

unaklod, mTeli sisavsiT aris gamoxatuli misi igavurobis<br />

ganzogadebuli Sinaarsi. es strofi TiTqos SemoWrilia<br />

prologSi romeliRac, sxva “grZlad saTqmeli” simReridan,<br />

rac darCa da ver Tqva poetma moclis (mocaleobis)<br />

amao molodinSi, an is aris ukiduresad dawnexili igavi Tu<br />

daskvna kacobriobis religiuri istoriisa, sadac avtorisgan<br />

dalocvili mkiTxveli misi TiToeuli striqonis<br />

ganSlilad amokiTxvas SeZlebda.<br />

zemoT Tqmuli _ “mis nawerSi araferi iqneba iseTi, rac<br />

mis cdaSi ar iyo mocemuli” _ “daviTianis” avtobiografiulobaze<br />

laparakobs. es imasac niSnavs, rom qveynis istoriac<br />

misi biografiaa; qveynis istoriam ganumzada mas<br />

is gansacdeli, romelmac mis cxovrebas igavuroba (alegoriuloba)<br />

SesZina.<br />

“daviTianSi” aris ori plani: erTi _ gansacdelis yofi-<br />

Ti aRwera dawyebuli lamisyanis wyarodan vaxtang mefis<br />

karamde moskovs, swored is monakveTi, romlis Tqma ewada<br />

mas grZlad. aq aris savsebiT realuri kuriozuli sami kitri<br />

da sazamTros namusrevi, “dai xleba lazari” da “fxovleli<br />

ianvara”, da meore _ fizikuri Tavgadasavlis Tanmxlebi<br />

egzegetika. magaliTisTvis, striqonSi<br />

damedva didi imedi, vTqvi, Turme RmerTi mfaravsa<br />

Tu CemTvis kargi ar swaddes, ar damidgemdes karavsa<br />

karavi aSkarad alegoriulia, simboluric ki, radgan<br />

“gamoqobuli”, romelic gaqceul tyves elvam apovnina, fizikuri<br />

TvaliT Tu SevxedavT, gamoqvabulic ki ar iyo, aramed<br />

kldidan “lod-gaZrobili” viwro saTavsi, romelic<br />

poetis ganmartebiT ufro xvrelia, vidre gamoqvabuli.<br />

magram poets hqonda meore Tvali momarjvebuli, ramac<br />

mas daanaxa am “lod-gaZrobili” xvrelis namdvili saxe. es<br />

“xvreli”, romelic erT adamians Tu daitevda, alegoriulobis<br />

maRal xarisxs aRwevs, imis gaTvaliswinebiT, Tu ra<br />

surda eTqva poets am sityvebiT: “avdeq, iela, mivadeq kars<br />

mTa-xvrels lod-gaZrobilsa”. es lodi sxva araferia, Tu<br />

ara macxovris prefigurativi, romelic dasabams danielis<br />

wignidan (dan. 2: 34, 44) iRebs, misi egzegezisi aseTia:<br />

mTa RvTismSobelia (“mTad gamosCndi sacnaurad, danielis

narkvevi 195<br />

sityvisamebr” [iadgari 1980: 286]), misgan gamosrolili<br />

lodi _ qriste. da, amrigad, “daviTianis” es saxe, romelsac<br />

fizikur-realuri warmoSoba aqvs, Tavis mTlianobaSi<br />

soteriologiur saxeTa marags ekuTvnis.<br />

SeniSvna. aq ukuprocesia: simboluri prefigurativi,<br />

romlis wyaro winaswarmetyveluri xilvaa (Tundac is nabuqodonosors<br />

ekuTvnodes), dakarguli tyvis gamocdilebaSi<br />

nivTier gamoxatulebas iZens. mas gzaze xvdeba realuri<br />

gamoqvabuli: prefigurativi ubrundeba Tavis nivTier<br />

saxes da soteriologiur ganzomilebasTan erTad fizikuri<br />

xsnis ganzomilebas iZens. gadarCenili amgvarad mimar-<br />

Tavs RmerTs: “Cvenad xsnad, Senad saqebrad mis mTiT mis<br />

lodis mZrobelo”.<br />

gamoqvabulis gamocdileba imdenad mniSvnelovania<br />

avtorisTvis, rom am Temas sami Tavi eZRvneba. Tavebi<br />

amgvarad aris dasaTaurebuli: “odes daviT avis drisagan<br />

Sewuxebuli svindisis mxilebiT elvisagan gamoqobili<br />

klde ipova da imas Saefara, iqidam gamosulman iloca”, “vedreba<br />

RvTis-mSoblisa daviTisagan, odes im zeiT Tqmuls<br />

lod-gamokveTils kldes Saafara avis dris mizeziT”,<br />

“odes zeiT xsenebulis kldidam wamosuls daviT guramisSvils<br />

ucxoni Sexvdnen da maTis SiSiT muxli moeWra”.<br />

tyvisTvis es lod-gamokveTili xvreli, romelic gamotyorcnili<br />

lodis adgilas warmoiqmna, swored karavia,<br />

romelic RmerTma aRmouCina (daudga) mas gaWirvebis Jams.<br />

karavi aq xsnis simboloa. RvTismSoblisadmi mimarTul<br />

vedrebaSi RvTismSoblis sxva prefigurativebis gverdiT<br />

“abramis karavic” ixseneba:<br />

saxiT abramis karao, RvTis tevniT gulTa myrdnobelo.<br />

literatura<br />

aTaneliSvili 1975: lili aTaneliSvili, <strong>qarTuli</strong> kriptogramebiani<br />

gamocanebi, mravalTavi, IV, Tb.: mecniereba, 1975.<br />

vaxuSti 1973: vaxuSti, aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa, qarTlis<br />

cxovreba IV, Tb.: sabWoTa saqarTvelo, 1973.<br />

iadgari 1980: uZvelesi iadgari, Tb.: mecniereba, 1980.<br />

umikaSvili 1937: petre umikaSvili, xalxuri sityviereba, Tb.:<br />

federacia, 1937.<br />

RaRaniZe 2002: merab RaRaniZe, sinamdvile da warmosaxva daviT<br />

guramiSvilis `mxiarul zafxulSi~, Tb.: lomisi, 2002.

196 waxnagi 1.2009<br />

Guramishvili’s Parable<br />

Zurab Kiknadze<br />

1. The allegorical standpoint of his own life imbues the poetry of Davit<br />

Guramishvili. The poet reads one period of his life – the kidnapping, the<br />

captivity and the escaping – as a parable of human history in general. And<br />

since it becomes fully conscious for him, he himself undertakes the task of<br />

exegesis of his own experience and trial.<br />

2. One of the main (central) parables is a parable of Tent (Eden, Home).<br />

To be in the Tent and out of it – are two historical and existential situations<br />

of the man. To be outside represents together with Adam’s trial the tragic lot<br />

of the poet himself.<br />

3. The book as the son. The depression caused by perspective of hearlessness<br />

is solved by adopting his own book, named by his own name Davit<br />

– Davitiani. But there is an allusion of David, Psalmist in whose garden he<br />

has planted his own tree laden with fruit.

iuza evgeniZe<br />

vaJa-fSavelas biografiis erTi sakiTxi<br />

vaJa-fSavelas fenomenisadmi qarTveli sazogadoebis<br />

mimarTebis Seswavla didi mgosnis sicocxleSi da dResac<br />

uaRresad saintereso socialur-literaturuli problemaa.<br />

mZafrad aRiqmeba am problemis Rirebuleba imitomac,<br />

rom Cveni erovnuli cxovrebis wiaRSi urTulesi sazogadoebriv-politikuri<br />

da kulturuli procesebis pirobebSi<br />

movlenili es marTlac sakacobrio fiqrTa mpyrobeli<br />

poeti swored rom “<strong>qarTuli</strong> xelovnebis sulis ganmasaxierebeli<br />

geniosi” (artur laisti) aRmoCnda. aseTi movlena<br />

yvela drosa da sivrceSi gamokveTilad inaxavs da asxivebs<br />

unikaluri erovnuli koloriT aRbeWdil zogadkacobriul<br />

sulier faseulobebs. albaT, amitomacaa, rom eris<br />

rCeulTa Soris vaJas mimarT TavCenili siTbo-siyvarulis<br />

amouwuravi grZnobis gverdiT, TvalSisacemia totalitarizmisa<br />

da neototalitarizmis epoqaSi XIX da XX saukunis<br />

saqarTvelos tragikuli xvedris gamo, Tavis droze<br />

rusuli biurokratiuli oficiozis mier danergili, kanonizirebul<br />

dokumentTa gafetiSebis kompleqsi. Aaqedan<br />

iRebs saTaves is gaorebuli mimarTeba vaJa-fSavelas fenomenisadmi,<br />

romlis danaleqebma nihilizmis, zedapirulobis,<br />

indiferentizmis formiT araerTxel iCina Tavi XIX,<br />

da gansakuTrebiT, XX-XXI saukunis saqarTveloSi.<br />

sxva drosac araerTgzis Tqmula da amjeradac SeiZleba<br />

gavixsenoT, rom es exeba ara mxolod vaJa-fSavelas mxatvruli<br />

samyaros Sefasebis Jams warmoSobil gaugebrobebs, aramed<br />

am WeSmaritad diadi Semoqmedis yofiTi cxovrebis,<br />

misi biografiis mimarT agorebul “Woris Wurebsac”, sicocxleSic<br />

rom uwamlavdnen genialur mgosans wuTisofels<br />

da sikvdilis Semdegac ar asveneben mis naTel suls. magram<br />

unda iTqvas, rom es movlena araa oden <strong>qarTuli</strong> mentalobis<br />

Strixi. is globaluri movlenaa da saTanado interesis gamomJRavnebisas<br />

mas SeiZleba mravali analogia-paraleli<br />

197

198 waxnagi 1.2009<br />

daeZebnos sxvadasxva qveynis sazogadoebriv-literaturul<br />

cxovrebaSi. ase, rom am mxriv arc vaJa-fSavelaa gamonaklisi.<br />

amiT kidev erTxel dasturdeba goeTes cnobili maqsimis<br />

_ “Zlieri Suqi Zlier Crdils gamoscems” _ fsiqologiuri<br />

safuZvlis WeSmariteba; miT ufro, rom vaJa-fSavela mxolod<br />

Suqi ki ara, <strong>qarTuli</strong> poeziis da erTianad Cveni erovnuli<br />

kulturis mzecaa, _ mze, romelsac, qarTvelTaTvis<br />

mainc, Casvla ar uweria. aseT viTarebaSi yuradRebas iqcevs<br />

erTi faqti vaJa-fSavelas biografiidan.<br />

vfiqrobT, sagangebo axsna ar sWirdeba imas, Tu ramdenad<br />

didi mniSvneloba aqvs mweralTa da, sazogadod, xelovanTa<br />

SemoqmedebiT samyarosTan dasaaxloeblad maTs<br />

pirovnul cxovrebas. TumcaRa mainc gavixsenebT zogierT<br />

rCevas. iyo xana, roca xelovanTa biografiis maTsave SemoqmedebasTan<br />

koregirebisas calkeuli romantikulad<br />

ganwyobili moazrovne da mwerali daJinebiT imasac ki<br />

amtkicebda, rom “Seqspiris erTaderTi biografi Tavad<br />

Seqspiria” 1 , misive nawarmoebebiao. magram arc Tu didi<br />

xnis Semdeg isic gairkva, rom “literaturis istoriis da<br />

kritikis sferoSi, SeiZleba iTqvas, ar aris ufro sayuradRebo,<br />

ufro sasiamovno da amasTan kidev ufro didad<br />

samoZRvro sakiTxavi, vidre did adamianTa Sesaxeb dawerili<br />

biografiebia~ 2 . ufro metic: saxelovan mweralTa<br />

da xelovanTa saqveynod cnobili biografi, Tavad SesaniSnavi<br />

mwerali andre morua ki ase gvmoZRvravs: “biografia<br />

SesaniSnavi literaturuli Janria,” magram “literaturis<br />

istorikosebi mas saTanado adgils ar uTmoben” 3 .<br />

literaturismcodneobis ganviTarebis Tanamedrove doneze<br />

aseve fiqroben, rom “biografia mwerlis fenomenologiis<br />

STambeWdavi realizebaa” 4 . misi Rirebuleba da specifika<br />

ki `saxeldobr imaSi mdgomareobs, rom masSi Qjerovnad vlindeba<br />

mwerlis adamianuri naturis dasrulebuli mTlianobanairferovneba<br />

da imaSic, rom literaturul nawarmoebTa<br />

SemweobiT is gvabrunebs misi avtoris cxovrebis sferoSi” 5 .<br />

am konteqstSi xSirad imarjveben karl gustav iungis gamona-<br />

Tqvams, rom “goeTes ki ar Seuqmnia ‘fausti’, aramed ‘faustis’<br />

1.<br />

Р. Эмерсон, Представители человечества (Шекспир или поэт), Собр. соч. T. 3. Перевод<br />

с английского, 1903, с. 78.<br />

2.<br />

Ш. Сент-Бев, Литературние портреты: Критичесие очерки. Перевод с французского.<br />

М., 1970, с. 47.<br />

3.<br />

a. morua, Cemi literaturuli cxovrebis samoci weli. literaturuli<br />

etiudebi. frangulidan Targmna T. qiqoZem. Tb., 1988, gv. 25.<br />

4.<br />

М. Верли, Общее литературоведение. Перевод с немецкого. М., 1957, с. 165.<br />

5.<br />

m. verli, iqve, gv. 162.

narkvevi 199<br />

sulierma komponentebma Seqmna goeTes pirovneba” 6 . Aamitomacaa,<br />

rom, pol valeris Tqmisamebr, mweralTa biografiebSi<br />

moqceuli `auxsneli patara faqtebi yovelTvis Seicavs ra-<br />

Rac iseTs, rasac SeuZlia Tavdayira daayenos didi faqtebis<br />

nebismieri interpretacia” 7 ; xolo sxva SemTxvevaSi, andre<br />

moruas sityviT, am faqtTagan “saWiroa davimaxsovroT mxolod<br />

is, rac misi avtoris gagebaSi dagvexmareba” 8 .<br />

saxelganTqmuli moazrovne da mwerali, eqsistencializmis<br />

erT-erTi mTavari warmomadgeneli Jan pol sartri<br />

xelovanTa biografiuli monacemebis SemoqmedebiTi<br />

Rirebulebebis gasacnobiereblad, sakuTar TviTdakvirvebebze<br />

damyarebiT, aseT rCevas gvTavazobs: “me vcdilob,<br />

gavigo adamiani misi wignebis saSualebiT da Cemi amocanaa,<br />

adamianisagan miRebuli STabeWdilebebis niadagze gaviazro<br />

misi wignebi... es erTiani dialeqtikuri procesia” 9 .<br />

aseTia evropul literaturul sivrceSi saxelovan<br />

mweralTa da swavlulTa mier xelovanTa SemoqmedebiTi<br />

cxovrebis Sesaswavlad biografiis Rirebulebis Sesaxeb<br />

mowodebuli zogierTi moTxovna.<br />

am TvalsazrisiT, qarTul sinamdvileSi, Tuki vinmes<br />

mTeli sigrZe-siganiT hqonda gacnobierebuli mweral-<br />

Ta SemoqmedebiTi biografiebis gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba,<br />

es, pirvel yovlisa, TviT vaJa-fSavelas mier `eris<br />

mamad” wodebuli ilia WavWavaZe iyo. man kargad uwyoda,<br />

rom `poezia madlia, niWia, romelic eZleva mxolod kacTa<br />

QRvTivrCeulTa” 10 . misi arsis axsnas da poeziis, xelovnebis<br />

saidumloebaTa wvdomas anu WeSmariti SemoqmedebiTi biografiis<br />

agebas mxolod maSin moaxerxebs mkvlevari, Tuki is<br />

mwerlis gare da Sina samyaros urTierTkavSirs daadgens.<br />

ilias azriT, am SemTxvevaSi literaturis istorikosis<br />

mizani saTaves iRebs “adamianis bunebis wyurvilSi”, wvdes,<br />

“waikiTxos da Tvalwin gagvitaros” ama Tu im mwerlis pirovnuli<br />

da SemoqmedebiTi cxovreba, radgan “amisTana kacis istoria<br />

xom Cveni sakuTari istoriaa” 11 . sakuTriv literatu-<br />

6.<br />

m. verli, iqve, gv. 160.<br />

7.<br />

p. valeri, azrebi, mxatvruli proza. frangulidan Targmna baCana bregva-<br />

Zem, Tb., 1983, gv. 77.<br />

8.<br />

a. morua, iqve, 255.<br />

9.<br />

Ж.-П. Сартр, Самое главное для меня – это деиствие, Иностранная литература, 1966,<br />

№ 9, с. 244.<br />

10.<br />

i. WavWavaZe, sityva Nnikoloz baraTaSvilis neStis gadmosvenabaze, ilia<br />

WavWavaZe literaturisa da xelovnebis Sesaxeb, t. II, Tb., 1998, gv. 257.<br />

11.<br />

i. WavWavaZe, iona meunargias momavali leqciebi grigol orbelianze, iqve,<br />

gv. 149.

200 waxnagi 1.2009<br />

ris istorikosis erT-erT amocanad ilia imas miiCnevs, rom<br />

mwerlis `sulSi da gulSi Cagvaxedos”. Ees damyarebuli unda<br />

iyos sabuTianobaze, romlis erTi pirvelwyaroTagani, sxva<br />

masalaTa Soris, mwerlis biografiaa. misi azriT, erovnuli<br />

cnobierebis gamosafxizleblad da “ramdenime safexuriT<br />

maRla aswevad” literaturis istorikosis Rvawls<br />

ilia WavWavaZe “TvalsaCino da Tavmosawonebel” saqmianobad<br />

saxavs.Aamitomacaa. rom igi “siamovnebiT da madlobiT” 12<br />

egebeba xolme am mimarTulebiT gaSlil muSaobas.<br />

vfiqrobT, esaa mainc adamianis SesaZleblobebisadmi<br />

rwmeniT aRvsil da GjansaRi sulieri GRirebulebebisadmi<br />

erTgul mweral-moazrovneTa pozicia, xedva im tipis moazrovnisa,<br />

romelic safuZvelSive ucxadebs oms XIX saukunis<br />

dasasrulisa da XX saukunis, _ am yvelaze `sastiki da<br />

sisxliani saukunis” 13 , _ uaryofiTi niSniT daRdasmul<br />

“cruaristokratias”, “cruinteligents”, aTeizmiT, kosmopolitizmiT,<br />

nihilizmiT daSxamuli janyisa da revoluciis<br />

molodinsa Tu mis wiaRSi Sobil “ganebivrebul<br />

bavSvs” anu “amboxebul velurs” 14 . Aam fonze, roca igor stravinskis<br />

TqmiT, “adamiani kargavs Rirsebis grZnobas”, absurdis<br />

gancda batondeba samyaroSi da, RirebulebaTa gaufasurebis<br />

pirobebSi, bunebrivia, nihilisturi midgoma fexs<br />

ikidebs ara mxolod yofaSi, aramed sulieri Semoqmedebis<br />

sferoSi da maT Soris mweralTa individualebis, TviT biografiebis,<br />

SefasebaSic. magram esaa ara sent biovis an ilia<br />

WavWavaZisnair gaubzaravi sulis mweral-moazrovneTa Tav-<br />

Si Sobili azri, aramed iseT adamianTa pozicia, romlebis-<br />

Tvisac miuRebelia “RvTaebrivi samyaros parametrebi” 15 .<br />

vaJa-fSavela ki Tavisi mrwamsiT, aRzrdiT, yoveldRiuri<br />

cxovrebis wesiT swored rom gaubzaravi, mTliani,<br />

jansaRi sulierebis matarebeli adamianis mexotbea da,<br />

rogorc moazrovne da inteleqtuali, TanamedroveTagan<br />

ilia WavWavaZis Rirseuli sulieri memkvidre. Tumca, tician<br />

tabiZis TqmiT, man “gaiara Tanamedrove poeziis Sxamiani<br />

gza; man icoda XIX saukunis yvela sawamlavi” 16 , magram<br />

sadReiso gadasaxedidan sagulisxmo mainc isaa, rom “kul-<br />

12.<br />

i. WavWavaZe, iqve, gv. 149-151.<br />

13.<br />

T. faCulia, neototalitarizmi, Tb., 2003, gv. 63.<br />

14.<br />

xose Oortega i gaseti, masebis amboxi, espanuridan Targmna baCana bregvaZem.<br />

Tb. 1993, gv. 99.<br />

15.<br />

T. faCulia, dasax. wigni, gv. 67.<br />

16.<br />

t. tabiZe, vaJa-fSavela, qarTveli mwerlebi vaJa-fSavelas Sesaxeb, krebuli<br />

Seadgines iuza evgeniZem, lado minaSvilma da jumber WumburiZem, Tb.,<br />

2003, gv. 350.

narkvevi 201<br />

turis krizisis” fazaSi myof globalur sivrceSic igi<br />

adamianTa Soris siyvarulis, sicocxlis Rirebulebebis<br />

mouRlel qadagad darCa. A<br />

amitom araferia moulodneli imaSi, rom Tavisi cxovrebis<br />

garkveul etapze igi asrulebs gulSematkivar megobarTa<br />

Txovnas da iwyebs sakuTari biografiis weras,<br />

saTauriT _ “Cemi wuTisofeli”, sadac mgosani mkiTxvels<br />

auwyebs: “rasac vwer, rac ki SemiZlian vecdebi simarTle davicva,<br />

vsTqva ise, rogorc iyo, uferadod, gadauWarbeblad.<br />

vgoneb aseT avtobiografias ufro didi mniSvneloba unda<br />

hqondes kritikisTvisa da mkiTxvelisTvisac, vidre mogonilsa<br />

da nakeTebs” 17 . ukanasknelad, 1912 wels, sakuTar biografiaSi<br />

gaparul uzustobaTa gamo, vaJa kvlav daubrunda<br />

am sakiTxs da presis saSualebiT (gaz. ”saxalxo furceli~,<br />

1912, # 584) mTeli saqarTvelos gasagonad ganacxada: “Tu<br />

biografia iwereba, unda daiweros simarTliT, nametnavad<br />

siyalbe unda Seswordes Cems sicocxleSive, radgan igi Cemi<br />

sikvdilis Semdegac ibartyebs sakmaod” 18 . Aaq warmodgenili<br />

prognozi _ “siyalbe Cemi sikvdilis Semdegac ibartyebs<br />

sakmaod” _ didi mgosnis mraval winaswarmetyvelur prognozTa<br />

Soris gamarTlda, da mere rogor? “siyalbem” sworedac<br />

rom “ibartya” vaJas saxelis garSemo mravalgzis,<br />

magram mere ra?!. “cudas rad unda mteroba, kargia mudam<br />

mtriani!” ra daaklda amiT vaJas? gamJRavnda mxolod qar-<br />

Tuli sazogadoebis indiferentizmi did pirovnebaTa mimarT,<br />

Cveni cxovrebis socialur-kulturul dinamikas rom<br />

aferxebda yovel droSi da garkveulwilad dResac Tavis<br />

Sinagan moumwifeblobas rom adasturebs.<br />

aRniSnulis erTi gamovlenaa poetis biografiis, ker-<br />

Zod, misi dabadebis TariRis dadgenasTan gaparuli is<br />

erTi SexedviT, “mcire” uzustoba, romelic vaJas “mcire SeniSvnis”<br />

saxelwodebiT cnobili replikis presaSi gamoqveynebis<br />

sababi gamxdara. rogorc irkveva, poets “mcired” ki<br />

ara, metad mniSvnelovan movlenad miuCnevia is garemoeba,<br />

rom mis TxzulebaTa gamomcemlebi faqtobriv Secdomebs<br />

uSvebdnen biografiis Sedgenisas.<br />

Tavis droze es sakiTxi sagangebod Seiswavla solomon<br />

yubaneiSvilma da Tavis wignSi “vaJa-fSavela (dokumente-<br />

17.<br />

vaJa-fSavela, Cemi wuTisofeli, vaJa-fSavela literaturisa da xelovnebis<br />

Sesaxeb, krebuli Seadgines, komentarebi da saZiebeli daurTes grigol<br />

kiknaZem, niko yiasaSvilma, vano Sadurma, jumber WumburiZem da solomon xuciSvilma,<br />

Tb., 1967,Ggv. 27.<br />

18.<br />

vaJa-fSavela, mcire SeniSvna, iqve, gv. 206-207.

202 waxnagi 1.2009<br />

bi da masalebi)”, _ romelic orjer gamoica 1937 da 1961<br />

wlebSi, _ calke Tavadac gamoyo es problema. man misTvis<br />

Cveuli keTilsindisierebiT sayuradRebo dokumenturi<br />

masala miawoda mkiTxvel sazogadoebas. am TvalsazrisiT<br />

arsebuli viTarebis cxadsayofad, Tu ramdenad Rirebulia<br />

es masala da ufro metad _ masze darTuli komentari, publikacias<br />

movixmobT srulad.<br />

aq ki Semdegs vkiTxulobT:<br />

vaJas dabadebis TariRi<br />

vaJas dabadebis TariRSi azrTa sxvadasxvaoba arsebobs,<br />

zogi mis dabadebas 1861 wels miawers, zogi 1862 w., amitom<br />

saWirod migvaCnia specialurad SevexoT am sakiTxs, rom<br />

erTxel da sabolood gamoirkves poetis dabadebis namdvili<br />

TariRi, miT umetes, rom, rogorc sCans, TviT vaJasac<br />

ki ar scodnia, Tu romel welsa da TveSi daibada is.<br />

1911 wlis miwurulSi qarTvelTa Soris w. k. gam. sazogadoebis<br />

WiaTuris ganyofilebam gamosca vaJa-fSavelas<br />

sami saymawvilo moTxroba, romelsac iv.Ggomelaurma va-<br />

Jas mokle biografia daurTo. aRniSnul biografiaSi iv.<br />

gomelaurs vaJas dabadebis TariRi 1861 w. aqvs naCvenebi<br />

da amasTan erTad moTxrobili aqvs, TiTqos vaJas pirveldawyebiTi<br />

swavla tfilisis sasuliero saswavlebelSi<br />

mieRos, Semdeg goris saostato seminariaSi, xolo kursdamTavrebuli<br />

axalgazrda vaJa TiTqos sof. CargalSi<br />

daeniSnoT maswavleblad da sxva, rac, ra Tqma unda, simarTles<br />

ar Seefereba. rogorc sCans, vaJa am yalb cnobebs<br />

auRelvebia da 1912 wlis “saxalxo gazeTis” 584 nomerSi<br />

“mcire SeniSvnis” saTauriT aTavsebs Semdeg werils:<br />

“Cemi nawerebis gamomcemlebis sayuradRebod vwer am<br />

SeniSvnas, rom dRevandeli Secdoma ar gameordes: b. iv.G gomelaurma<br />

dabeWda calke wignakad Cemi sami saymawvilo mo-<br />

Txroba saTauriT: ‘sami saymawvilo ambavi”. aqve CaurTavs<br />

Cemi biografia, sadac blomad Secdomebi Sehparvia pativcemul<br />

gamomcemels. saWiroa am Secdomebis Sesworeba: Tu<br />

biografia iwereba, unda daiweros simarTliT, nametnavad<br />

siyalbe unda Seswordes Cem sicocxleSive, radgan igi<br />

Cemi sikvdilis Semdegac ibartyebs sakmaod.<br />

me davibade sof. CargalSi 1862 w. 15 maiss, ara dros<br />

me Cem sofelSi saswavlebelSi ar miswavlia da arc<br />

maswavleblad vyofilvar. Ppirvelad mamaCemma mimabara<br />

Telavis sasuliero saswavlebelSi. am saswavleblis me-

narkvevi 203<br />

same klasidan me Sevedi tfilisis samoqalaqo skolaSi,<br />

romelic institutTan arsebobs. samoqalaqo skolaSi<br />

rom davasrule kursi, Semdeg goris seminariaSi Sevedi.<br />

roca iqac swavla davamTavre, damniSnes maswavleblad<br />

toladsofelSi (erwoSi), sadac erTi weliwadi davyavi<br />

da Semdeg peterburgSi wavedi universitetSi leqciebis<br />

mosasmenad... danarCen cnobebze, rac b. iv. gomelaursa<br />

aqvs moyvanili Cems biografiaSi, araferi meTqmis”.<br />

am sayuradRebo dokumentidan sCans, rom vaJa 1862 w.<br />

maiss 15 dabadebula da erTis SexedviT TiTqos saki-<br />

Txi amowurulid unda CaiTvalos, magram oficialuri<br />

dokumentebi am sakiTxis Sesaxeb sawinaaRmdego cnobebs<br />

gvawvdian.<br />

Cven xelT aris vaJa-fSavelas naqoni Semdegi metrikuli<br />

amonaweri, romelic mas tf. Aaleqsandres sax.<br />

samaswavleblo institutTan arsebul orklasian samoqalaqo<br />

saswavlebelSi Sesvlis dros auRia.<br />

Свидетельство<br />

Дано сие священническому сыну Луке Разикову в том, что он,<br />

Разиков, в метрической книге Чаргальской Святогеоргиевской<br />

церкви, за тысяча восемьсот шестьдесят первый год в графе<br />

мужескаго пола под №8 записана статья, родился четырнадцатого<br />

июля, а двадцтать второго того же ме месяца крещен (Лука).<br />

Родители его: житель селения Чаргали, причетник Чаргальской<br />

Святогеоргиевской церкви Павел Разиков и законная жена его<br />

Варвара, оба православного вероисповедания. Восприемником<br />

был благочинный и Кавалер Тионетского Округа Иов Цискаров,<br />

а таинство крещения совершил Священник Чаргальскаго прихода<br />

Йоссей Давидов сын Геладзе с причетником Василием Цоцкораули.<br />

В чем подписью моею и приложением церковной печати<br />

удостоверяю Священник Чаргальской Святогеоргиевской церкви<br />

Георгий Геладзе.<br />

1877 года 17 сентября.*<br />

[*dokumentebi inaxeba yazbegis muzeumSi]

204 waxnagi 1.2009<br />

rogorc sCans, am metrikuli amonaweriT, vaJa dabadebula<br />

1861 w. 14 ivliss. ase rom arc weli da arc Tve dabadebisa<br />

vaJas mocemul cnobebs ar eTanxmeba.<br />

aRsaniSnavia Semdegi garemoebac: goris seminariis yof.<br />

maswavlebelma sudakovma, romelic daaxloebiT icnobda<br />

vaJas, werilobiT gvacnoba da pirad saubris drosac da-<br />

JinebiT gamimeora Semdegi: “seminariaSi misaRebad vaJam<br />

kancelariaSi gadmomca Tavisi sabuTebi, magram miRebas<br />

xels uSlida misi wlovanebis sidide. maSin vaJa metrikiT<br />

ukve 20 wlisa iyo, amitom vurCie wasuliyo sofelSi da<br />

wlovaneba daklebuli metrika moetana. Aasec moiqca. wavida<br />

Tavis sofelSi da moitana axali metrika, romelSiac<br />

namdvil wlovanebas sami weli hqonda daklebuli”.<br />

ase rom sudakovis cnobiT, vaJa 1859 wels yofila dabadebuli.<br />

ismeba kiTxva, am sam TariRs Soris (1859, 1861, 1862)<br />

romelia swori? Cveni azriT, zedmetia laparaki sudakovis<br />

mier mocemuli cnobis sinamdvileze. aRniSnuli<br />

cnobis gamosarkvevad, Cven mivmarTeT saq. mmaCis sammarTvelos,<br />

sadac 1861 wlis metrikul Canawer wignSi<br />

vaJas dabadebis TariRi aRmoCnda ise, rogorc zemoT<br />

moyvanil metrikul amonawerSia aRniSnuli. Tanac araviTar<br />

gadasworebebs iq adgili ar aqvs. vaJa aRniSnul<br />

wignSi Cawerilia Semdegi saxiT:<br />

a) saTvalavi dabadebulTa: mamaTa sqesi: 8.<br />

b) Tve da dRe: dabadeba _ ivlisis id.<br />

naTlisReba _ ` kb.<br />

g) saxelebi dabadebulTa: luka.<br />

d) wodeba, saxeli, mamis saxeli da gvari mSobelTa da<br />

romlisa sarwmunoebisa arian: Carglis w-is giorgis<br />

eklesiis priCetniki pavle razikovi da sjulieri<br />

coli amisi barbale fxiklesSvilis daviTis asuli.<br />

oriveni marTmadidebelis sarwmunoebis aRsarebisani.<br />

e) wodeba, saxeli, mamis saxeli da gvari mimrqmelTa: mimrqmeli<br />

TianeTis okruRis blaRoCini da kavaleri<br />

ivobi ciskarovi.<br />

v) vin aRasrula saidumlo naTlis Reba: Carglis w-is<br />

giorgis eklesiis mRvdelma iase gelaZem (amave eklesiis<br />

priCetnikis pavle razikovisaTa).**<br />

[**frCxilebSi moTavsebuli sityvebi dedanSi waSlilia.<br />

dokumenti amowerilia saq. mmaCis sammarTvelos<br />

arqividan]

narkvevi 205<br />

arc TviT vaJa-fSavelas cnoba aris swori, rom Ti-<br />

Tqos is 1862 w. 15 maiss iyo dabadebuli. 1862 wlis Carglis<br />

eklesiis metrikul wignSi arcerTi razikaSvil-<br />

Tagani ar aris dabadebulad aRniSnuli.<br />

Cvens mosazrebas mxars uWers Semdegi faqtic: 1879 w.<br />

vaJam daamTavra tfilisis samoqalaqo saswavlebeli da<br />

imave wlis seqtemberSi goris saostato seminariaSi Sevida.<br />

seminariaSi misaReb sagamocdo JurnalSi vaJa 18<br />

wlisad aris aRniSnuli da sworicaa, radganac kursis<br />

damTavrebisas, 5 ivniss, is sruli 17 wlisa iyo da me-18-<br />

Si imyofeboda, xolo 14 ivliss Seusruldeboda 18 weli<br />

da me-19-Si gadadgeboda; es faqtic imas adasturebs, rom<br />

vaJa marTlac 1861 w. ivlisis TveSi yofila dabadebuli.<br />

ase rom, arsebuli sabuTebis mixedviT, vaJa-fSavelas<br />

dabadebis TariRi 1861 w. 14 ivlisi unda iqnes miCneuli. 19<br />

rogorc vxedavT, s. yubaneiSvilis mier dawvrilebiTaa<br />

aRnusxuli vaJa-fSavelas dabadebis TariRTan dakavSirebuli<br />

TiTqmis yvela detali: oRondac, avtori _ oficialurad<br />

dadasturebul dokumentebze damyarebiT Tavis<br />

simarTleSi darwmunebuli _ kategoriulad askvnis: “rogorc<br />

sCans, TviT vaJasac ki ar scodnia, Tu romel welsa<br />

da TveSi daibada is” (dasax. wigni, gv. 46), riTac ukve imTaviTve<br />

gamoricxavs poetis statiis _ “mcire SeniSvna” _ Seqmnis<br />

mizezs. miT ufro, rom ratomRac Tavis am uapelacio<br />

ganacxads urTavs komentars, romlis Tanaxmad, “arsebuli<br />

sabuTebis mixedviT, vaJa-fSavelas dabadebis TariRi 1861<br />

w. 14 ivlisi unda iqnes miCneuli” (dasax. wigni, gv. 49). aSkaraa,<br />

rom mkvlevari sabuTis Zalas ar aniWebda mgosnis da-<br />

Jinebul moTxovnas da srul undoblobas ucxadebda mas. Ees<br />

meordeba aRniSnuli <strong>wignis</strong> meore gamocemaSic (1961).<br />

vaJa-fSavelas dabadebis TariRis amgvar kanonizacias,<br />

albaT, xeli imanac Seuwyo, rom poetis dabadebis 100 wlis-<br />

Tavis saiubileo mzadebasTan dakavSirebiT gamoqveynda<br />

vaJas mier jer kidev siymawvileSive poeziaSi gzadalocvili<br />

saxelovani poetis, giorgi leoniZis mier moZiebuli<br />

metrikuli Canaweri, sadac vaJa-fSavelas dabadebis Tari-<br />

Rad swored 1861 wlis 14 (26) ivlisia miTiTebuli.<br />

unda aRiniSnos, rom <strong>qarTuli</strong> literaturis istoriis<br />

mkvlevarTa umetesobac vaJa-fSavelas dabadebis TariRad<br />

1861 wlis 14 (26) ivliss miiCnevs.<br />

19<br />

sol. yubaneiSvili. vaJa-fSavela, Tb., 1937, gv. 46-49.

206 waxnagi 1.2009<br />

am mxriv, erTaderTi gamonaklisia geronti qiqoZe, romelmac<br />

1935 wels, vaJas gardacvalebidan 20 wlisTavis da<br />

mis mTawmindaze gadasvenebasTan dakavSirebiT gamoqveynebul<br />

statiaSi “vaJa-fSavela” aRniSna: “vaJa mokvda ise<br />

stoikurad, rogorc Tavisi sicocxlis 53 weli gaatara” 20 .<br />

sxva drosac gamoCenili moazrovne da mkvlevari rusul<br />

enaze beWdavs narkvevs, sadac vaJas dabadebis TariRad 1862<br />

wels afiqsirebs.<br />

Cven ramdenjerme mogveca SesaZlebloba, poetisadmi<br />

miZRvnil monografiebsa da narkvevebSi (1. vaJa-fSavela:<br />

cxovrebisa da SemoqmedebiTi istoriis sakiTxebi, Tb. 1989,<br />

gv. 56; 2. vaJa-fSavela, <strong>qarTuli</strong> mwerloba, t. 17, Tb. 2000,<br />

gv. 528; 3. narkvevebi <strong>qarTuli</strong> literaturis istoriidan,<br />

t. II, Tb., 20003, gv. 349), SeniSvnis formiT, magram mainc Segvexsenebina<br />

mkiTxvelTaTvis vaJas sawuxari: “Secdoma ar<br />

ganmeordes”, “siyalbe unda Seswordes”, TumcaRa dRemde<br />

aravin ismina poetis vedreba...<br />

erTi SexedviT, marTlac, ra mniSvneloba aqvs 1861 Tu<br />

1862 wels daibada mwerali, magram Tavad vaJa xom aniWebda<br />

mas arsebiT xasiaTs? erTis mxriv, SeiZleba pragmatulad<br />

momarTulma pedanturma gonebam skeptikuri TvaliT Sexedos<br />

vaJas biografiisadmi amgvar midgomas, “Wiqa wyalSi<br />

qariSxlad” miiCnios erTi wlisTvis esoden gazviadebuli<br />

msjeloba, magram, meore mxriv, mxedvelobaSia misaRebi, rom<br />

erT wels diaRac aqvs didi SemoqmedebiTi Rirebuleba yoveli<br />

xelovanisaTvis da maT Soris iseTi SemoqmedisaTvis,<br />

rogoric vaJa-fSavela iyo. marTlac, poetis cxovrebaSi,<br />

Tavisi sicocxlis mimwuxris Jams, sul eqvsiode Tvis manZilze,<br />

mZime avadmyofobis miuxedavad, vaJa-fSavelas Seqmnili<br />

aqvs 14 nawarmoebi, maT Soris iseTi poeturi da publicistur-filosofiuri<br />

Sedevrebi, rogoricaa: “didi Tamari”,<br />

“simRera” (“me Seni trfobiT ver gavZeR”), “Cemi angelozebi”,<br />

“simRera” (“balRi rasaca vxedavdi”), “zogi ram fiqrebidam”,<br />

“sagazafxulo fiqrebi” da sxva. bevr SesaniSnav poets, mweralsa<br />

da moazrovnes ver Seuqmnia erTi wlis manZilze ase-<br />

Ti Txzulebebi. Ees mxolod vaJa-fSavelas SesaZleblobis<br />

mqone Semoqmedis xvedria. nawarmoebTa am statistikasac<br />

aqvs Ggarkveuli mniSvneloba literaturis istoriisTvis.<br />

genialuri vaJa profeturad Wvrets movlenaTa arss da<br />

wuxilis mizezic araa umniSvnelo, radgan misi fiqriT, Tu<br />

mcire “Secdoma” ar gasworda, romelic araa Turme “mcire”,<br />

20.<br />

g. qiqoZe, vaJa-fSavela, g. qiqoZe, rCeuli Txzulebani sam tomad, t. I, Tb;<br />

1963, gv. 246.

narkvevi 207<br />

man SeiZleba iseT “siyalbed” “ibartyos”, rom cxovrebis wesad<br />

iqces da daRi daasvas TaobaTa azrovnebas. zemoaRniSnulis<br />

gaTvaliswinebiT, undobloba vaJasadmi, rom ucxoel-<br />

Taganac “geniosad” aRiarebul poets (artur laisti) iseTi<br />

elementaluri faqtis ucodinaroba davabraloT, rogoric<br />

sakuTari dabadebis TariRis codnaa, sxva araferia, Tu ara<br />

kuriozi. Nndobas vucxadebT vaJa-fSavelas uSreti fantaziis<br />

wyalobiT ukvdavyofil mxatvrul samyaros, mis winaswarmetyvelur<br />

xedvas, xolo ar vendoT mas sakuTari biografiis<br />

dadgenaSi, vfiqrobT, gaugebrobaa. solomon yubaneiSvilis<br />

mier moxmobili dokumentebidanac Cans da sxva<br />

monacemebiTac irkveva, rom naTlobis mowmobaSi, praqtikuli<br />

miznebisaTvis dabadebis TariRis Secvla XIX saukune-<br />

Si Cveulebrivi movlena yofila. amis TvalsaCino nimuSad<br />

meore, aseve didi qarTveli mgosnis akaki wereTlis mier,<br />

ukvdav “Cem TavgadasavalSi”, sakuTari biografiis gadmocemisas,<br />

analogiur sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT mowodebuli<br />

cnobis gaxsenebac kmara: “davbadebulvar me 9 ivniss, ganTiadisas<br />

1840-Si, Tumca naTlobis mowmobaSi ki 1841 miweria”-o,<br />

_ brZanebs poeti da <strong>qarTuli</strong> literaturis uklebliv yvela<br />

mkvlevari uryev WeSmaritebad saxavs akakis azrs. ismis<br />

kiTxva: Tuki erT SemTxvevaSi uyoymanod vujerebT akaki wereTels<br />

msgavs sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, ratom vucxadebT<br />

undoblobas vaJa-fSavelas, roca mas koreqtivi Seaqvs sxvis<br />

SecdomaSi? rogorc Cans, am undoblobam marTlac “ibartya”<br />

da amis wyalobiTaa, rom <strong>qarTuli</strong> literaturis istorikosTa<br />

nawerebSi vaJa-fSvelas biografiasTan dakavSirebiT<br />

araa gaTvaliswinebuli TviT poetis Txovna da cnoba.<br />

aleqsandre xaxanaSvili, jer kidev 1913 wels, vaJas dabadebis<br />

TariRad 1859 wels acxadebs 21 , xolo yvela sxva<br />

avtori: kita abaSiZe 22 , vaxtang kotetiSvili 23 , mixeil zandukeli<br />

24 , Salva radiani 25 , dimitri benaSvili 26 , akaki gawerelia<br />

27 , apolon maxaraZe 28 , grigol kiknaZe 29 1861 wlis 14<br />

21.<br />

a. xaxanaSvili, <strong>qarTuli</strong> sityvierebis istoria, tf., 1913.<br />

22.<br />

k. abaSiZe, etiudebi XIX saukunis <strong>qarTuli</strong> literaturis istoriidan,<br />

Tb., 1962.<br />

23.<br />

v. kotetiSvili, <strong>qarTuli</strong> literaturis istoria (XIX s.), Tb., 1959.<br />

24.<br />

m. zandukeli, vaJa-fSavela, Tb., 1953.<br />

25.<br />

S. radiani, axali <strong>qarTuli</strong> literatura, Tb., 1954.<br />

26.<br />

d. benaSvili, vaJa-fSavela: Semoqmedi da moazrovne, Tb., 1961.<br />

27.<br />

a. gawerelia, vaJa-fSavela, <strong>qarTuli</strong> literaturis istoria, IV, Tb., 1974.<br />

28.<br />

a. maxaraZe, razikaSvilebis poezia, Tb., 1987.<br />

29.<br />

g. kiknaZe, vaJa-fSavelas Semoqmedeba, g. kiknaZe, Txzulebani xuT tomad, t. I.<br />

Tb., 2005.

208 waxnagi 1.2009<br />

(26) ivliss miiCnevs. ZiriTadad aseTia vaJa-fSavelas biografiis<br />

erT detalis _ dabadebis TariRis _ Sesaxeb arsebuli<br />

faqtobrivi mxare.<br />

Cveuli patiosnebiT, poeti damarwmuneblad aRwers Tavis<br />

biografias daumTavrebel, magram brwyinvale, avtobiografiuli<br />

xasiaTis nawarmoebSi “Cemi wuTisofeli”,<br />

moTxrobaSi “mogoneba”, xolo bolos “mcire SeniSvnaSi”<br />

(1912) naTlad gvidgens Tavisi cxovrebis faqtobriv mxares.<br />

“Cems wuTisofelSi” poeti STambeWdavad acocxlebs<br />

mkiTxvelis TvalSi Tavis yrmobas, roca wers: “rva wlamde<br />

vizrdebodi Zvel wignebze: “vefxistyaosani”, “mzeWabukisa<br />

da jimSedis ambavi” (CubinaSvilis qrestomaTia), gribuli<br />

JorJ zandisa Seiqmna Cems sayvarel wignebad”. mamamisis,<br />

mRvdel pavle razikaSvilis mier Canergili siyvaruli<br />

Zveli da axali aRTqmis wignebisadmi laRi warmosaxvis,<br />

gamorCeuli niWierebis ymawvilis fantazias aRviZebda:<br />

“Cems yuradRebas izidavda daviTisagan goliaTis damarcxeba,<br />

samson Zlieris moqmedebani, ZmaTa makabelTa Tavdadeba<br />

da sxv.” “unda mogaxsenoT, rom Cemi Tavi samson Zlierad<br />

myavda warmodgenili,” wers poeti da iqve miuTiTebs:<br />

“rva wlisa Telavis sasuliero saswavlebelSi mimabares”<br />

(“Cemi wuTisofeli”), xolo moTxrobaSi “mogoneba” vaJa<br />

aRniSnavs, rom TelavSi klasSi asakiT yvelaze patara yofila;<br />

amitomac patara lukas uadgilobis gamo buxarSi<br />

svamdnen: “buxari iyo Cemi skami mTeli ori weli, radgan<br />

adgili aRar iyo SegirdisaTvis da erTTavad nacarSi amogangluli<br />

davdiodi”-o (“mogoneba”, 1888). misi TqmiT, “am<br />

saswavlebelSi yofnam Cems gulsa da gonebas veraferi Sehmata,<br />

Cems fantasias, gonebis moTxovnilebas ver akmayofilebda<br />

laTinuri da berZnuli frazebis zepiroba” (“Cemi<br />

wuTisofeli”).<br />

Cven vvaraudobT, rom Tu SemdgomSi metrikuli Canaweris<br />

_ naTlobis mowmobis gadasworebazea saubari, vaJas ki<br />

ar daakles dabadebis weli, aramed moumates, imitom, rom<br />

im dros, rva wlis asakis bavSvs saswavlebelSi ar iRebdnen.<br />

ojaxSi mdidar sulier sazrdos dawafebuli, araCveulebrivi<br />

monacemebis luka razikaSvilis saswavlebelSi adre<br />

Seyvana, rogorc Cans, Tavad maZiebeli sulis, mkvircxli<br />

gonebis, ganaTlebisa da <strong>wignis</strong> trfial pavle razikaSvilisaTvis<br />

gardaual aucileblobad iqca. Zneli iyo biblias,<br />

qarTul da evropuli klasikis nimuSebs naziarebi<br />

ymawvilis TviTdinebaze miSveba da usistemo garemocvaSi<br />

yofna saxlSi. miT ufro, am pirobebSi dabadebis mowmobis<br />

Sedgena, fSavSi Tavisi mdgomareobiT cnobil iseTi sasu-

narkvevi 209<br />

liero moRvawisaTvis, rogoric pavle razikaSvili iyo,<br />

problemas ar warmoadgenda, rac man, rogorc Cans, ganaxorciela<br />

kidec. amitomacaa vaJa, roca SesaZlebloba eZleva,<br />

daJinebiT Seaxsenebs mkiTxvels, rom is 8 wlisa miabares<br />

saswavlebelSi...<br />

amrigad, poeti dabadebuli aris ara 1861 wlis 14 (26)<br />

ivliss, aramed 1862 wlis 15 maiss.<br />

bolos da bolos, visac surs ndoba gamoucxados genialur<br />

vaJas, unda irwmunos sxvadasxva konteqstSi warmodgenili<br />

naambobi da replika, romelic cxra aTeulze meti<br />

xnis win, 1912 wels, gamoaqveyna didma poetma.<br />

yvela qveyanaSi met-naklebad Znelia geniosis bedi, magram<br />

CvenSi ki ufro metad, rac vaJas biografiis garSemo<br />

arsebuli am mcire detalis gaxsenebamac cxadyo. araerTgzisi<br />

miniSneba-gancxadebis miuxedavad, erTianad qarTulma<br />

sazogadoebam (iSviaTi gamonaklisis garda), Tavi daiyrua<br />

genialuri poetis nawerebSi gacxadebuli faqtebisa<br />

da TviT misi kategoriuli Txovnis mimarT, rac, samwuxarod,<br />

kidev erTxel dasturyofs mware realobas: saqarTveloSi<br />

Turme dRemde ufro metad endobian da pativs miageben<br />

caristul biurokratiul samyaroSi kancelaristTa<br />

mier gacemul beWdian qaRalds, rogorc simarTlis umaRles<br />

instancias, vidre geniosis sityvas...<br />

rasakvirvelia, esec, totalitarizmisa da neototalitarizmis<br />

xanaSi, qarTvelTa cxovrebis Znelbedobis pirobebSi,<br />

sanimuSod gaxednili, anu rogorc erTgan pol valeri<br />

brZanebs, “moTvinierebuli publikis” fsiqologias<br />

warmoaCens da dagvafiqrebs, raTa momavalSi mainc aseTi<br />

ram aRar unda ganmeordes.<br />

Tumca biurokratiulad momarTuli pedanturi goneba<br />

yovelTvis imazea orientirebuli, Tundac am mcire faqtis<br />

Sesworebam ra sirTuleebi SeiZleba warmoSvas sxvadasxva<br />

instanciebSi. SeiZleba bevrma dagvamunaTos: Rirs ki yvelaferi<br />

es amad? Uunda Caswordes saskolo da umaRles saswavlebelTa<br />

saxelmZRvaneloebSi, sxvadasxva kulturul dawesebulebebsa<br />

(muzeumebi, arqivebi, mweralTa kavSiri da sxv.)<br />

da TviT saerTaSoriso organizaciebSic vaJa-fSavelas dabadebis<br />

TariRTan dakavSirebuli dokumentacia da a. S.<br />

rasakvirvelia, yvelaferi es asea _ sirTuleebi arsebobs<br />

da zogierTi uxerxulobanic, magram faqti erTia: yvelafer<br />

amaSi xom didi poeti araa damnaSave?<br />

nuTu ar dadga Jami, yurad viRoT geniosi vaJa-fSavelas<br />

miniSnebani da vedrebis xarisxSi ayvanili Txovna?!

210 waxnagi 1.2009<br />

One issue from the Biography of Vazha-Pshavela<br />

Iuza Evgenidze<br />

The essay describes creative values of the writers’ biographies taking<br />

into consideration the literary-theoretical observations made in the Euro-<br />

American space (R. Emerson, Saint-Beuve, A. Maurois, P. Valéry, J.-P. Sartre,<br />

K. G. Jung, etc.) and Georgian reality (I. Chavchavadze, Vazha-Pshavela<br />

and others).<br />

In this context based on the corrections of the literary-documentary materials<br />

concerning Vazha-Pshavela’s life and the information supplied by the<br />

writer himself, against the traditional estimation that Vazha-Pshavela was<br />

born on the 14 th (26 th ) July of 1861 it has been determined that the writer was<br />

born on the 15 th (27 th ) May of 1862.

OK qeTevan bezaraSvili<br />

Tamar lomiZe<br />

amaRlebulisa da gansacvifreblis cnebebi<br />

Zvel literaturul-Teoriul naazrevSi<br />

da galaktion tabiZesTan<br />

winamdebare statiaSi ganvixilavT ramdenime nawarmoebs,<br />

romlebSic aisaxa antikuri xelovnebisa da qristianuli<br />

kulturis galaktioniseuli aRqma. SevniSnavT,<br />

rom es nawarmoebebi SevarCieT ara marto imis gamo, rom<br />

isini STagonebulia antikuri miTologiiTa da xelovnebiT,<br />

aramed imitomac, rom maTSi, Cveni azriT, SeiniSneba<br />

antikuri da Sua saukuneebis esTetikis zegavlena poetis<br />

msoflaRqmaze. amitom saWirod miviCnieT, gagveanalizebina<br />

amaRlebulisa da gansacvifreblis cnebebi (romel-<br />

Tac antikuri epoqis moazrovneebi xelovnebis ZiriTad<br />

principebad miiCnevdnen) ise, rogorc isini ganixileboda<br />

antikur da qristianul esTetikaSi da ise, rogorc isini,<br />

Cveni azriT, xorcSesxmulia galaktionis qmnilebebSi.<br />

yovelTvis, rodesac analizis sagania iseTi mxatvruli<br />

teqstebi, romlebic STagonebulia antikuri (an, saerTod,<br />

nebismieri ucxo) kulturiT, dasaSvebia SesaZlebloba,<br />

rom ucxo kulturis avtoriseuli interpretacia erTgvarad<br />

modernizebulia da ar emTxveva antikuri xelovnebis<br />

gaazrebas TviT antikur esTetikaSi. ra Tqma unda, kvlevis<br />

dasawyisSi Cvenc a priori ar miviCnevdiT, rom gansacvifreblisa<br />

da amaRlebulis kategoriebi aucileblad monawileobs<br />

galaktionis nawarmoebebSi. Cveni mizani iyo imis<br />

dadgena, safuZvlad udevs Tu ara es kategoriebi gansaxilvel<br />

teqstebs, iqcnen Tu ara isini galaktionis esTetikis<br />

organul nawilad. amasTan, es problema zogadad ukavSirdeba<br />

antikuri da qristianuli esTetikis aRqmis sakiTxs<br />

simbolistebis mier, iseve rogorc konkretulad erovnuli<br />

da evropuli poeturi tradiciebis recefciis sakiTxs<br />

galaktionTan (rac, Tavad galaktionis definiciis mixed-<br />

211

212 waxnagi 1.2009<br />

viT, aris evropuli axali poeziis formisa da <strong>qarTuli</strong> sulis<br />

sinTezi _ galaktion tabiZis Jurnali, 1922) 1 .<br />

amaRlebulisa da gansacvifreblis cneba<br />

literaturis antikur TeoriebSi<br />

ritorikisa da poetikis antikur TeoriebSi, sadac upiratesad<br />

formobrivi mSvenierebis kanonebi ganixileboda,<br />

axal sityvas warmoadgenda Semoqmedebis musiuri warmoSobis<br />

platoniseuli idea, poeziisa da, zogadad, xelovnebis<br />

filosofiurobis aristoteleseuli idea da mis mierve SemuSavebuli<br />

kaTarzisis cneba, aseve _ moqmedebis erTianobis<br />

idea. am fonze literaturis TeoriaSi Semodis longinosis<br />

koncefcia amaRlebulis Sesaxeb. miiCneven, rom longinosis<br />

traqtatma amaRlebulis Sesaxeb axali ena daamkvidra<br />

literaturis kritikaSi, sadac manamde aristoteles<br />

poetikas gabatonebuli pozicia ekava. aristoteles Teoriis<br />

kvalobaze, romlis mixedviT, literaturis saboloo<br />

mizani siamovnebaa, longinosi amaRlebulobas da didebulebas<br />

diadi sulis gamoZaxilad ganixilavs. misi azriT,<br />

mxatvruli stilic pirovnulobis niSniT aris aRbeWdili,<br />

da es ara mxolod mSvenieri sityvieri qsoviliT miiRweva,<br />

aramed _ ufro metad _ amaRlebuli SinaarsiT. swored<br />

amaRlebulis arseboba faravs SesaZlo teqnikur lafsusebs<br />

da aris sawindari imisa, rom sicocxle Rirebulia 2 .<br />

amgvarad, amaRlebulis cneba esTetikuri kategoriis<br />

mniSvnelobiT pirvelad ganixila ax. w. I saukuneSi fsevdolonginosad<br />

wodebulma ucnobma literatorma da Teoretikosma<br />

(am terminis tradiciul mniSvnelobasTan _ maRali<br />

stilis aRniSvnasTan erTad). miCneulia, rom amaRlebulis<br />

cneba fsevdo-longinoss sabolood ara aqvs Camoyalibebuli<br />

da mis zust da amomwurav definicias ar iZleva (ix. amaRlebulisaTvis,<br />

T. 6) 3 . amis dasturad miiCneven imas, rom igi<br />

1.<br />

evropul poeziasTan galaktionis poeziis konceptualuri siaxlovis<br />

Sesaxeb ix. T. doiaSvili, “artistuli yvavilebis” prologi, galaktionologia,<br />

II, 2003, gv. 41-61. qristianuli azrovnebisa da saxeobriobis, simbolisturi<br />

da qristianuli kodebis, rogorc galaktionis Semoqmedebis<br />

bunebrivi konteqstis Sesaxeb (rac axsnilia erovnuli da modernistuli<br />

kulturuli tradiciebiT), ix. b. wifuria, galaktionis teqsti swor/mcdar<br />

konteqstSi, galaktionologia, III, 2004, gv. 218.<br />

2.<br />

Aristotle, The Poetics; Longinus, On the Sublime, with an English Translation and Introduction<br />

by W. H. Fyfe, London, 1960, p. IX-XX.<br />

3.<br />

ix. fsevdo-longine, amaRlebulisaTvis, Zveli berZnulidan Targmna, winasityvaoba<br />

da komentarebi daurTo b. bregvaZem, Tb., 1975, gv. 39-40.

narkvevi 213<br />

sinonimebad xmarobs iseT sityvebs, rogoricaa: amaRlebuli,<br />

maRali, gansacvifrebeli, diadi, didebuli; amas SeiZleba<br />

davumatoT: sidiade, simaRle, mSvenieri da sxv. longinosis<br />

mixedviT, “amaRlebuli ki ar arwmunebs msmenels, aramed<br />

aRelvebs da aRafrTovanebs mas, vinaidan gansacvifrebeli<br />

yovelTvis ufro mZafr zemoqmedebas axdens, vidre sarwmuno<br />

da sasiamovno. marTlac, sarwmunos dajereba an ardajereba<br />

Cveni nebaa, xolo gansacvifrebeli imdenad Zlieria da winaaRudgomeli,<br />

rom misi zemoqmedeba savsebiT damoukidebelia<br />

Cveni neba-survilisgan” (T. 1); “maS, dae, SenTvis mSvenieri<br />

da WeSmaritad amaRlebuli iyos mxolod is, rac yvelas-<br />

Tvis da yovelTvis mSvenieria da amaRlebuli” (T. 7); “rac<br />

ufro met gulgrilobas iCenen kacni yovelive Cveulebrivis,<br />

yoveldRiurisa da, ase gasinje, TviT maTTvis aucilebelis<br />

mimarT, miT ufro metad acvifrebs maT yovelive uCveulo da<br />

moulodneli” (T. 35). amdenad, amaRlebulisa da gansacvifreblis<br />

cnebebs erTad ganvixilavT.<br />

cnobilia, rom amaRlebulis (da Sesabamisad, gansacvifreblis)<br />

cnebas fsevdo-longinosi sam aspeqtSi warmoadgens:<br />

bunebaSi, adamianis (kerZod, Semoqmedis) sulsa da<br />

mxatvrul SemoqmedebaSi.<br />

bunebasTan mimarTebaSi amaRlebulis cneba man RvTaebrivTan,<br />

mSvenierebasTan da sidiadesTan daakavSira, rac,<br />

misive azriT, adamianis arsebobis gamarTlebaa. amaRlebuls<br />

ukavSirdeba gansacvifreblis cneba: “dedabuneba...<br />

gvinergavs sulSi uZlevelsa da Seumusrvel siyvaruls<br />

yovelive diadis mimarT, vinaidan misi buneba aTaswilad<br />

ufro RvTaebrivia, vidre Cveni; masSi yvelafers sWarbobs<br />

mSveniereba da sidiade; is mTlianad gvicxadebs Cveni amqveyniuri<br />

arsebobis mizans” (T. 35).<br />

Semoqmedis sulTan mimarTebaSi amaRlebulis cneba aer-<br />

Tianebs esTetikur da eTikur momentebs, radgan “amaRlebuli<br />

sulieri simaRlis gamoZaxilia”. mxolod Semoqmedis<br />

ganwmendili suli wvdeba da gamoxatavs mas: “amaRlebuli<br />

maRali azris nayofia, xolo misi Semoqmedi Tavadac maRalia<br />

da maRlad mxedi” (T. 9). radgan baZvis antikuri cneba<br />

winamorbed SemoqmedTa miRwevebis baZvasac gulisxmobs<br />

(mis platoniseul da aristoteliseul sayovelTaod cnobil<br />

gagebasTan erTad), bunebrivia, rom es cneba fsevdolonginossac<br />

aqvs warmodgenili, oRond sxvisi STagonebis<br />

safuZvelze sakuTari STagonebis warmoqmnis mniSvnelobiT:<br />

“Cveni sulebi xarbad unda ewafebodnen amaRlebuls<br />

da, amrigad, gamudmebiT nayofierdebodnen sxvisi Tandayolili<br />

STagonebiT” (T. 9); “platoni amaRlebulTan Ta-

214 waxnagi 1.2009<br />

naziarebis kidev erT gzas gvTavazobs. mainc ra gzaa es?<br />

warsulis didi mwerlebisa Tu poetebis mibaZva da maT<br />

kvaldakval svla; Zveli mwerlebis diad qmnilebaTa suli<br />

cxovelmyofeli ZaliT avsebs maT mimbaZvelebs... am RvTaebrivi<br />

Zalis wyalobiT TviT saSualo niWis mweralic ki<br />

eziareba xolme amaRlebuls” (T. 13). Semoqmedis amaRlebuloba<br />

mkiTxvelzec axdens zegavlenas. amitom bunebrivia,<br />

rom fsevdo-longinosi saubrobs mkiTxvelis Tanagancdisa<br />

da amaRlebis Sesaxeb, ris safuZvelsac xelovnebis qmnilebisagan<br />

mogvrili sixaruli da siamovneba warmoadgens:<br />

“Cveni suli Tavisi bunebiT eqosaviT exmianeba WeSmaritad<br />

amaRlebuls, romelic iseTi sixaruliTa da zviadi Tvi-<br />

TrwmeniT aRavsebs mas, TiTqos TviT iyos misive aRmvsebis<br />

Semoqmedi da Semqmneli” (T. 7).<br />

mxatvrul SemoqmedebasTan dakavSirebiT fsevdo-longinosi<br />

ganixilavs amaRlebulis xuT arsebiT niSans, romelTagan<br />

zogi Semoqmedis sulis simaRlesa da siTamames,<br />

agreTve paToss (vnebas) gamoxatavs, zogi ki _ mWevrmetyvelebis<br />

naswavl xelovnebas (azrobrivi da sityvieri figurebis<br />

mwyobr erTobliobas da sityvakazmulobas); dabolos,<br />

maTi organuli mTlianobis amaRlebulis xarisxSi<br />

ayvanil erTobliobas (T. 8, 40). fsevdo-longinosma stilis<br />

ganmsazRvreli normatuli kanonebis paralelurad<br />

Semoqmedis individualuri msoflSegrZneba, misi vnebebi,<br />

movlenebis miseuli aRqmisa da interpretaciis manera gamoacxada<br />

mxatvruli stilisa da amaRlebulis, rogorc<br />

harmoniuli struqturis, gamsazRvrel faqtorad: “sityvieri<br />

harmonia, Tavisi bunebiT, ara marto arwmunebs da<br />

siamovnebas aniWebs msmenels, aramed amaRlebulisa da WeSmarit<br />

vnebaTa gamovlenis gansacvifrebel saSualebadac<br />

gvevlineba ... gana azrebisa da sityvebis urTierTSerwymiT<br />

es sityvieri simfonia harmoniulad ar exmianeba amaRlebuls?<br />

gana is meyvseulad ar eufleba Cvens nebas da yovelwamierad<br />

ar migvaqcevs sidiadis, siwmindis Tu simaRlis<br />

mimarT?” (T. 39) 4 .<br />

amaRlebulis cnebasTan dakavSirebulia, rogorc vTqviT,<br />

gansacvifrebeli. sagulisxmoa, rom gaoceba, aristoteledan<br />

moyolebuli, xelovnebasTan miaxlebis saSualebaa.<br />

xelovnebis sagani gansacvifrebeli unda iyos. aristotele<br />

ar icnobda amaRlebulis cnebas, magram am cnebis<br />

4.<br />

fsevdo-longinosis traqtatis interpretaciisaTvis da samecniero literaturisaTvis<br />

aRniSnul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT ix. fsevdo-longine,<br />

amaRlebulisaTvis, b. bregvaZis winasityviT, gv. 20, 23, 33, 53, 59, 89-90.

narkvevi 215<br />

funqcias didi filosofosis traqtatebSi met-naklebad<br />

asrulebda gansacvifreblis cneba, rogorc esTetikuri<br />

siamovnebis mimniWebeli faqtori. aristoteles mixedviT,<br />

eposSic da tragediaSic saocari unda gamoisaxos, swored<br />

is aris saamo (Poet. 24, 1460a15-17). meore mxriv, gakvirvebas<br />

iwvevs ucxo, xolo sakvirveli _ sasiamovnoa (Rhet. III,<br />

2,1404b3).<br />

sagulisxmoa, rom, gansacvifreblis esTetikuri gagebis<br />

garda, aristoteles Tavis “metafizikaSi” warmodgenili<br />

aqvs am cnebis filosofiuri gagebac; ufro sworad,<br />

miCneulia, rom gancvifreba yovelTvis aris filosofosobis<br />

sawindari; miTic gansacvifreblis safuZvelze iqmneba,<br />

amitom miTebis moyvaruli raRac gagebiT filosofosia<br />

(Metaph. II, 982b10-15). am TvalsazrisiT, aristotele<br />

uaxlovdeba amaRlebulisa da gansacvifreblis Sinaarsobriv<br />

gagebas, romelic metafizikaSi umaRles WeSmaritebas<br />

gamoxatavs.<br />

aRsaniSnavia erTi garemoebac: miuxedavad imisa, rom fsevdo-longinosi<br />

aSkara platonistia (rasac misi mkvlevarni<br />

aRniSnaven), vfiqrobT, rom igi ar iziarebs SemoqmedebiTi<br />

aqtivobis platoniseuli musiuri, anu RvTaebrivi, warmoSobis<br />

ideas (Plat. Ion. 533d-535a; Apolog. Sokr. 22a-c; Phaedr. 245a; Leg.<br />

IV, 719c) da zebunebrivi sawyisis nacvlad STagonebis wyarod<br />

aRiarebs Semoqmedis bunebriv niWs (Serwymuls, imdroindeli<br />

Teoriebis mixedviT, profesionalizmTan, anu teqne-<br />

Si, ostatobaSi ganswavlulobasTan). amaRlebuli maRal<br />

azrTan da, amave dros, srulyofil stilTan mimarTebaSi<br />

ganixileba fsevdo-longinosis traqtatSi (T. 5, 40), magram<br />

transcendenturTan igi ar unda yofiliyo dakavSirebuli.<br />

sagulisxmoa, rom fsevdo-longinosi sityva “RvTaebrivs”<br />

intuiciurad araerTxel axsenebs SemoqmedebiTi aqtivobis<br />

konteqstSi (T. 34; 35; 36). marTalia, kritikosi gvTavazobs<br />

zeadamianurisa da zebunebrivis gamomxatvel amaRlebul<br />

pasaJebs homerosis qmnlebebidan da bibliuri Sesaqmis wignidan,<br />

magram es ganxilulia Semoqmedis bunebrivi niWis wyalobiT<br />

amaRlebulis wvdomisa da gamoxatvis nimuSad (T. 9).<br />

amdenad, amaRlebuli, misi azriT, umetesad bunebriv niWad<br />

gvevlineba (ix. T. 2, 36). am TvalsazrisiT igi aristotelesa<br />

da sxvaTa mimdevaria (aristoteledan dawyebuli, warmodgenas<br />

Semoqmedebis saRvTo warmoSobis Taobaze Seenacvla<br />

Tvalsazrisi xelovanis bunebrivi niWis Sesaxeb (Arist. Poet. I,<br />

1447a18). es arc aris gasakviri. fsevdo-longinosis droisaTvis<br />

literaturis TeoriaSi ukve aristoteles Tvalsazrisi<br />

iyo gabatonebuli.

216 waxnagi 1.2009<br />

amaRlebulisa da gansacvifreblis cneba<br />

literaturis qristianul TeoriebSi<br />

sagulisxmoa, Tu rogor iqna gaazrebuli amaRlebuli<br />

da gansacvifrebeli qristianul literaturaSi. cnobilia,<br />

rom mSvenierebis cnebam qristianul TeoriebSi esTetikuri<br />

sferodan ontologiur, gnoseologiur, eTikur<br />

sferoebSi gadainacvla (RvTaebrivi mSveniereba _ grigol<br />

noseli; zenaari mSveniereba _ dionise areopageli da sxv.),<br />

rasac win uZRvoda metafizikuri silamazis platonuri da<br />

neoplatonuri gaazreba (Plat. Sympos. 210E-211D. Plotin. Ennead.<br />

I,6,1-2) 5 . sayovelTaod cnobilia, rom neoplatonizms udidesi<br />

mniSvneloba hqonda esTetikuri kategoriebis transcendenturTan<br />

miaxloebis saqmeSi. plotini xelovnebis<br />

qmnilebis mSvenierebas, mis formalur daxvewilobas, misi<br />

ideuri Sinaarsis siRrmes da simdidres xelovanis Sinagani<br />

maformebeli sawyisis _ “eidosis” garegnul TviTgamovlenad<br />

miiCnevda (Plot. Ennead. V, 8). magram, rogorc aRniSnaven,<br />

antikurma berZnulma kulturam SemoqmedebiTad veRar<br />

aiTvisa es umniSvnelovanesi monapovari 6 ; Tumca, rogorc<br />

vnaxavT, es azri Semdgom ganviTarda ritorikis qristianul<br />

TeoriebSi.<br />

literaturis TvalsaCino bizantieli Teoretikosis,<br />

miqael fselosis traqtatSi “saRvTismetyvelo stilis Sesaxeb”<br />

amaRlebuli tradiciulad maRalfardovan stils<br />

gamoxatavs (Psellos, Ad Pothum, Mayer ed., c. 13; c. 20; c. 15); amaRlebulis<br />

longinosiseuli esTetikuri gageba ki miqael<br />

fselosTan ar Cans, magram sayuradReboa, rom Sinaarsobrivad<br />

fselosis traqtati mraval siaxles Seicavs. mSvenierebis,<br />

sidiadis cnebebi aq transcendenturs ukavSirdeba<br />

da mas saRvTismetyvelo mSveniereba an zeciuri mSveniereba<br />

da sidiade ewodeba (Psellos, Ad Pothum, c. 12; c.12 da sxv.). ase-<br />

Tive gaazreba hqonda am cnebebs zogadad qristianul literaturaSi.<br />

“mSveniereba CvenTvis, anu qristianTaTvis,<br />

WvretaSia”; “aw ganicaden mun myofni igi Suenierebani”, _<br />

ambobda grigol RvTismetyveli; mSvenierebis qristianuli<br />

cneba iwodeba mistikur mSvenierebad, saRvTo mSvenie-<br />

5.<br />

W. Tatarkiewicz, The Great Theory of Beauty and its Decline, The Journal of Aesthetics and<br />

Art Criticism, Winter, 1972, p. 165-180; В. В. Бычков, Эстетика поздней античности, М.,<br />

1981, с. 231-232; В. В. Бычков, Малая история византийской эстетики, киев, 1991, с. 9,<br />

26, 29-30, 69, 221, 236-238; q. bezaraSvili, ritorikisa da Targmanis Teoria da<br />

praqtika, Tb., 2004, gv. 530-546.<br />

6.<br />

fsevdo-longine, amaRlebulisaTvis, b. bregvaZis winasityva, gv. 86-87.

narkvevi 217<br />

rebad, zeciur mSvenierebad da sxv. (grigol RvTismetyveli,<br />

fotiosi).<br />

aseve axali SinaarsiT unda itvirTebodes miqael fselosTan<br />

gansacvifreblis cneba. igi fselosTan gvxvdeba im<br />

konteqstSi, sadac saubaria grigol RvTismetyvelis RvTaebriobaze,<br />

misi sityvis cxovelmyofelobaze (cocxali saRvTo<br />

sityvis mniSvnelobiT), misi Txzulebebis mSvenierebisa<br />

da sidiadis zeciur, saRvTo warmomavlobaze, romelic aRemateba<br />

stilistur mSvenierebas da Tavisi transcendenturobis<br />

gamo iwvevs gancvifrebas: “zeciuri mSveniereba da sidiade<br />

TavisTavad sakmarisia yoveli sulis SesaZvrelad da<br />

qebaTa gareSec gansacvifrebelia” (Psellos, Ad Pothum, c. 6). Tavad<br />

grigol RvTismetyveli swored misi STagonebis zeciuri<br />

warmomavlobis gamo araerTgzis moixsenieba fselosis<br />

mier, rogorc “gansacvifrebeli da sakvirveli kaci” (c. 2; c.<br />

7) da igi Tavisi SemoqmedebiT “bunebaze aRmatebuli” Cans (c.<br />

2) 7 . gansacvifrebels uwodebs fselosi grigolis stilis Taviseburebas,<br />

radgan igi cxadia da bundovani erTsa da imave<br />

dros. gansacvifrebeli aq exeba saRvTo Sinaarsis mifarulebis<br />

gadmocemas stilisturi sisadaviT: “gansacvifrebeli<br />

is aris, rom sityvebSi igi naTelia, rogorc nebismieri sxva,<br />

Tumca TiTqmis yvelasaTvis gaugebaria amave dros” (c. 21) 8 .<br />

ase rom, Tu gansacvifreblis cneba longinosTan amaRlebul<br />

SinaarsTan, uCveulosa da moulodnelTan iyo dakavSirebuli,<br />

igive cneba fselosTan mTlianad saRvTo Sinaarss<br />

eqvemdebareba. am transformaciisaTvis mniSvnelovani<br />

unda yofiliyo swored longinosis traqtati amaRlebulis<br />

Sesaxeb, radgan Txzulebis amaRlebuli Sinaarsidan<br />

erTi nabijiRa rCeboda saRvTo azris didebulebisa da<br />

amaRlebulobis moazrebamde. gasaTvaliswinebelia gansacvifreblis<br />

cnebis filosofiasTan dakavSirebis zemoT<br />

warmodgenili aristoteleseuli debulebac.<br />

sayuradReboa, rom aseTive saRvTo gaazreba unda hqonoda<br />

am cnebas zogadad qristianul literaturaSi. magaliTad,<br />

grigol RvTismetyveli advilad sacnobel sagneb-<br />

7.<br />

cnebis “bunebaze aRmatebuli” RvTis gangebasTan dakavSirebis Sesaxeb<br />

qristianul literaturaSi da suliwmidis STamagonebeli Zalidan warmomavlobis<br />

Sesaxeb ix. C. Cavarnos, The Hellenic Christian Philosophical Tradition, Belmont,<br />

Massachusetts, 1989, p. 28-29, 52.<br />

8.<br />

A. Mayer, Psellos’ Rede über den rhetorischen Character des Gregorios von Nazianz, Byzantinische<br />

Zeitschrift, 20, 1911, S. 27-100; 48-60. q. bezaraSvili, miqael fselosis<br />

epistole-traqtati saRvTismetyvelo stilis Sesaxeb (gamokvleva, Targmani,<br />

komentarebi), bizantiuri mwerlobis qrestomaTia (X-XII ss.), III, Tb.,<br />

1996, gv. 108-156.

218 waxnagi 1.2009<br />

ze umaRlesad, misi RvTaebrivi bunebis gamo, miiCnevs imas,<br />

rac Znelad misawvdomia da adamianur cnobierebaze aRmatebuli,<br />

rac gansacvifrebelia da sakvirveli: “amisT¢s<br />

ucnaur arian Cuen mier siRrmeni gangebulebaTa misTani<br />

(=RmrTisani), ra¡Ta Zniad saxilvelobiTa maTiTa umetesad<br />

gank¢rvebul viyvneT da uaRres cnobisa didebisa<br />

misisaT¢s; rameTu advilad sacnobeli yoveli sawunelad<br />

Cans, xolo romeli uaRres cnobaTa CuenTa iyos, raodenca<br />

Zniad misawTomel ars, egodenca usak¢rveles ars” (grigol<br />

RvTismetyveli, or. 14, c. 33). igulisxmeba, rom advilad misawvdomi<br />

Tavis sidiades kargavs.<br />

miqael fselosis traqtatis mixedviT, Semoqmedis sulieri<br />

simaRle ganapirobebs ara marto qmnilebis amaRlebul<br />

Sinaarss, aramed mis formalur srulyofilebasac,<br />

rogorc es fsevdo-longinoss esmoda 9 , im gansxvavebiT, rom<br />

fselosTan Semoqmedis sulieri simaRle RvTaebrivi warmoSobisaa<br />

10 .<br />

maRali azri mTlianad trancendenturi da, konkretulad,<br />

qristianuli SinaarsiT Seimosa miqael fselosTan.<br />

sagulisxmoa isic, rom gansacvifrebelisa da mSvenieris<br />

RvTaebriv wyaroebs grigol RvTismetyvelis Txzulebeb-<br />

Si fselosi longinosiseuli aRtacebiT ganixilavs.<br />

Cven dawvrilebiT veRar ganvixilavT am cnebebs Semdgom<br />

epoqebSi. mokled aRvniSnavT, rom kantma ganacalkeva mSvenierebis<br />

cneba amaRlebulisagan. Ppirveli masTan sazRvruli<br />

da miwieria, xolo meore _ transcendenturi da usazRvro<br />

(Kritik der Urteilskraft, 1790). Hhegelis “esTetikaSic” (1835)<br />

amaRlebuli trancendenturia da saRvTo 11 . saRvTo amaRlebulobis<br />

cneba gavrcelebuli iyo “vercxlis saukunis”<br />

da “meore kulturis” periodis rusul poeziaSic 12 .<br />

9.<br />

Sdr. fsevdo-longine, amaRlebulisaTvis, b. bregvaZis winasityva, gv. 90.<br />

10.<br />

dawvrilebiT ix. q. bezaraSvili, miqael fselosis traqtati saRvTismetyvelo<br />

stilis Sesaxeb; ix. agreTve zemoT, Sen. 6.<br />

11.<br />

sagulisxmoa, rom terminulad nikoloz baraTaSvilic ganasxvavebs erTmaneTisagan<br />

miwier da zeciur mSvenierebas, anu esTetikursa da religiurs,<br />

rasac gamoxatavs xiazmis ritorikuli xerxiT (xorcielis gamomxatveli<br />

termini silamaze ritmuli periodis Semadgenili kolonis dasawyisSia<br />

gamokveTili, xolo ukvdavebisa da sulierebis gamomxatveli termini mSvenieri<br />

momdevno ritmuli erTeulis dasasrulisken aris warmodgenili):<br />

silamazea niWi mxolod xorcielebis, // TviT ukvdaveba mSveniersa sulSi<br />

mdgomarebs.<br />

12.<br />

P. Couvée, Aspects of Sublime and Istinnost’ in Contemporary Russian Poetry: The Mystic<br />

Sublime in the Poetry of Leonid Aronzon and Olga Sedakova, Eastern Chrsitian Studies, 6,<br />

2005, p. 81-100.

narkvevi 219<br />

amaRlebuli da gansacvifrebeli galaktion tabiZesTan<br />

samecniero literaturaSi aRniSnuli iyo, rom galaktionis<br />

saxeebi “bindi”, “burusi”, “aCrdili”, “mTvrali”,<br />

“siSore”, “siRrme”, “dafaruli”, “uCinari” idumalebis<br />

mistikas da esTetikas gamoxatavs, riTac poeti sakuTar<br />

poezias axasiaTebs. literaturaSi mistikis gardatexis<br />

TvalsazrisiT galaktionis erovnul winamorbedad rus-<br />

Tavelis “ucxo da sakvirvelia” moxseniebuli, xolo ucxour<br />

da evropul interteqstad miCneulia gaurkvevelis, cxadisa<br />

da aracnobieris edgar poseuli kavSiri, aseve misi ucxo<br />

qveynis, eldorados saxe. interteqstualur paralelad motanilia<br />

agreTve pol verlenis mier poeziis arsis gansazRvrisas<br />

pirbadiT daburuli (anu daxuWuli) Tvalebis xseneba<br />

13 . aRsaniSnavia, rom konceptualur sibrtyeze, dasaxelebuli<br />

saxeebis mixedviT, SeiZleba vimsjeloT amaRlebulisa<br />

da gansacvifreblis klasikuri da Suasaukuneobrivi gagebis<br />

Sesaxeb galaktionTan. igive cnebebi ukve ganvixileT<br />

rusTavelTan 14 . qvemoT warmovadgenT galaktionis ramdenime<br />

leqsis analizs “artistuli yvavilebidan”, rogorc am<br />

cnebaTa axal poeziaSi damkvidrebis nimuSebs.<br />

galaktionis adreul poeziaSi (1915 w.) yuradReba miiqcia,<br />

upirveles yovlisa, orma nawarmoebma _ “marmarilo”<br />

da “SiSveli”, romlebic klasikuri xelovnebis ori gansakuTrebuli<br />

da tipuri ZegliTaa STagonebuli: praqsiteles<br />

(gvianklasikuri periodi) hermesiTa da Cvili dioniseTi<br />

da elinisturi periodis venera miloseliT.<br />

samstrofian leqsSi “marmarilo~ sagangebo mniSvnelobis<br />

mqone vizualuri xatebi danawilebulia sxvadasxva<br />

strofSi: sfinqsi, romelic qvebs efereba (pirveli strofi),<br />

yrma dionise (meore strofi), praqsitelis Tvalebi<br />

(mesame strofi).<br />

pirvel strofSi qvebi (marmarilo) da sfinqsi (idumaleba)<br />

erT mTlian xats warmoqmnis. sagulisxmoa, rom<br />

zmna efereba SeiZleba orgvarad ganvmartoT _ rogorc<br />

enigmuri poeturi xati marmarilos moalerse sfinqsisa<br />

da, meore mxriv, rogorc sfinqsisa da marmarilos (xelovnebis)<br />

identuroba (efereba, Seefereba = Seesabameba), rac<br />

13.<br />

g. kvaracxelia, idumaleba, sicrue-TamaSi Tu ufro Rrma WeSmariteba, galaktionologia,<br />

II, 2003, gv. 62-82.<br />

14.<br />

Qq. bezaraSvili, amaRlebulisa da gansacvifreblis cneba Zvel literaturul-Teoriul<br />

azrovnebaSi da rusTavelTan, rusTvelologia, IV, Tb.,<br />

2006, gv. 74-90.

220 waxnagi 1.2009<br />

gasakviri araa galaktionTan, misi ltolviT polisemantikuri<br />

gamoTqmebisken. cxadia, orivenairi interpretacia<br />

_ meore maTgani ufro aSkarad _ migvaniSnebs xelovnebis<br />

idumalebaze, klasikuri periodis qmnilebebis Sinagani<br />

simSvidisa da faruli moZraobis Tanafardobis principebze,<br />

umaRlesi samyarouli wesrigisa da harmoniis gamovlenaze.<br />

meore strofSi gamokrTeba sxivze mdgari yrma dionises<br />

landi, romelTanac lirikul gmirs ukvdavi msgavseba akav-<br />

Sirebs, (erTnair sulebSi erTnairi mze brwyinavs), anu poeti<br />

antikuri Semoqmedis sulis Tanaganmcdelia, da, vinaidan<br />

mesame strofi iwyeba da mTavrdeba striqonebiT _ ca<br />

siyvarulis da sicocxlis Zvirfasi Tasi... rom Sens gvirgvinze<br />

waSlilia Savi naprali, oh! ramdenia, ramdenia amgvarad<br />

mTvrali; amdenad, SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom xelovneba,<br />

STagoneba da misiT mogvrili RvTaebrivi amaRlebuloba<br />

da eqstazi am SemTxvevaSi erTdroulad ukavSirdeba<br />

dionisur Trobas da apolonur sinaTles (romelsac tanjvis<br />

Crdili, anu tragediis Savi naRveli ar axlavs; mocemuli<br />

mxatvruli saxeebis mixedviT, paTosis, vnebis xTonuri<br />

Savi naprali zeciuri RmerTis olimpiur gvirgvinze waSlilia).<br />

es asec iyo mosalodneli, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT,<br />

rom leqsSi xelovnebiT mogvril SemoqmedebiT sixarulzea<br />

saubari, xelovneba ki misi mfarveli apolonis gareSe<br />

warmoudgenelia. garda amisa, leqsSi mocemuli es orgvari<br />

atributika, vfiqrobT, cxadad warmoaCens galaktionis<br />

mier epoqaluri movlenebis, simbolistur-modernistuli<br />

esTetikis Rrma codnas (simbolistebis esTetikaSi apolonis<br />

nicSeseul warmosaxulobas upirispirdeba samyaros<br />

mSvenierebis WeSmaritad elinuri, bavSvuri, naTeli<br />

da gulubryvilo apolonur-homerosuli gaazreba; imave<br />

esTetikaSi dionise apolonis delfuri misteriebis ganuyofel<br />

xTonur nawilad aris miCneuli). aSkaraa, rom galaktionis<br />

am leqsis saxeebi apolonisa da dionises saxeebs<br />

aseve ganuyoflad warmosaxavs: yrma dionise, rogorc<br />

Zeobis gamovlena, apolonur sxivze mdgarad aris warmodgenili<br />

15 . am TvalsazrisiT, sxivze mdgari yrma dionises<br />

15.<br />

vgulisxmobT imas, romF f. nicSes mier apolonursa da dionisurs Soris gamovlenili<br />

winaaRmdegobis sapirispirod mecnierebaSi es cnebebi ganxilulia,<br />

rogorc berZnul esTetikaSi arsebuli organuli urTierTkavSiri,<br />

antinomiuri harmonia, erTiani RvTaebrivi Zalis ori mxare da vnebaTa ka-<br />

Tarzisis mizezi delfuri da orfikuli misteriebis mixedviT, sadac sinaTlis<br />

da mzis kulti apolonurs ukavSirdeba, Troba _ dionisurs, xolo Zis<br />

hipostasobas dionises yrmoba gamoxatavs (В. Иванов, Дионис и Прадионисийство,

narkvevi 221<br />

xseneba galaktionis mier praqsiteles qandakebaze ufro<br />

metad (hermesi da Cvili dionise) apolon-dionises dasaxelebul<br />

kavSirze unda mianiSnebdes.<br />

mesame strofSi lirikul gmirs, romelic ocnebaSi mihyveba<br />

marmarilos kibeebs, yovel mxriT elandeba praqsitelis<br />

Tvalebi. praqsiteles qandakebaTa mSveniereba<br />

ganapiroba maTi Semoqmedis Tvalebma, “Sinaganma Wvretam”<br />

(Cicer. Orator, II, 8), anu praqsiteles ltolvam, vizualurad<br />

Seesxa xorci mSvenierebisa da amaRlebulis idealisTvis.<br />

aq praqsitelis Tvalebi, iseve, rogorc leqsis saxelwodeba<br />

“marmarilo” metonimiurad aRniSnavs xelovnebas.<br />

leqsis ZiriTadi motivia zeaRsvla marmarilos (rogorc<br />

ukve viciT, am SemTxvevaSi _ xelovnebis) kibeebze _<br />

zeaRsvla antikuri xelovnebisken, xelovnebis idealur<br />

samyarosTan miaxloeba. SemTxveviTi araa, rom poeti mimarTavs<br />

strofuli paralelizmis xerxs _ samive strofi<br />

iwyeba zmniT ahyve ( I strofi: ahyve kibeebs, sadac sfinqsi<br />

qvebs efereba...; II strofi: ahyve vardisfer safexurebs da<br />

ahyve ise...; III strofi: ahyve ocnebiT marmarilos Tlil<br />

safexurebs...). amdenad, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT marmarilos<br />

konceptis mniSvnelobas am leqsSi, zeaRsvla marmarilos<br />

kibeebze unda gaviazroT, rogorc gacocxleba _ ocneba-<br />

Si, fantaziaSi _ antikuri samyarosi da antikuri xelovnebisa,<br />

sadac awmyo da antikuroba, subieqturi (ocnebis)<br />

dro da obieqturi dro erTmaneTs erwymis. amaRlebulis<br />

gancdiT droisa da sivrcis samani gadalaxulia, klasikuri<br />

maradiuloba SeCerebulia. Semoqmedis mier Semoqmedis<br />

Tanagancda ueWvels xdis poeziisa da zogadad xelovnebis<br />

saSualebiT ukvdavebasTan da WeSmaritebasTan ziarebis<br />

SesaZleblobas.<br />

aseTive strofuli paralelizmiT da Tanabrad aris<br />

warmodgenili leqsis samsave strofSi SemoqmedebiTi Tanagancdisa<br />

da Tanasworobis ideac (gavixsenoT am ideis interpretacia<br />

longinosTan). xelovnebiT mogvrili bednie-<br />

Баку, 1923, с. 19, 40, 180, 188, 211; В. Вересаев, Аполлон и Дионис /О Ницше/, Москва,<br />

1924, с. 17, 27, 31, 36, 56-60, 71). sakiTxisadmi amgvari damokidebuleba, romelic<br />

rusi simbolistis viaCeslav ivanovis damsaxurebaa, zogadad simbolistebis<br />

esTetikaSic aisaxa (О. кириллова, Дмитрий Мережковский: Русский символист<br />

между религиозным и эстетическим, Eastern Christian Studies, 6, Leuven, Paris, 2005, p.<br />

115-123). dionisurTan galaktionis sulieri naTesaobis Sesaxeb, dionises,<br />

rogorc galaktionis sakuTari “mes” oreulis Sesaxeb ix. agreTve q. gardafxaZe,<br />

antikuroba da galaktioni, galaktionologia, I, 2002, gv. 179-185.<br />

galaktionTan Trobis mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb ix. agreTve z. SaTiriSvili,<br />

galaktionis poetika da ritorika, Tb., 2004, gv. 179.

222 waxnagi 1.2009<br />

rebis gancda RvTaebriv Zrwolas iwvevs (da SiSSi grZnobde,<br />

rom axloa bedniereba ... sulSi geniiT atexili rekavs<br />

lerwami – I strofi). es grZnoba ara mxolod antikuri qandakebis,<br />

aramed zogadad maRali xelovnebis gacnobierebiT<br />

mogvrili netarebaa (ahyve kibeebs, sadac sfinqsi qvebs efereba...<br />

da van deikis landebiviT mwvandeba Rame – I strofi).<br />

galaktioni ara mxolod winamorbed didebul xelovanTa<br />

geniis ubralod Tanaganmcdelia, aramed igi grZnobs maT<br />

Tanabar SemoqmedebiT Zalas da amaRlebulobas, maradiuli<br />

xelovnebiT STagonebas: grZnobde, rom isev ukvdavia Tqveni<br />

msgavseba: erTnair sulSi erTnairi mzis moTavseba, erTgvari<br />

saxe, erTi cecxli da siTamame (II strofi). Semoqmed<br />

sulTa msgavseba da siaxlove am netarebis maradiulobasa<br />

da sicxoveles gamoxatavs, rac warmodgenilia agreTve mravaljeradobisa<br />

da ganmeorebadobis niSniT: da yofna ase,<br />

molandeba asi aTasi (III strofi; SesaZlebelia, es fraza<br />

dionises cnobil mravalsaxeobriobasac mianiSnebdes).<br />

strofuli paralelizmis zegavleniT leqsis teqsti<br />

ufro mkveTradaa danawevrebuli, vidre am xerxis gamouyeneblobis<br />

SemTxvevaSi iqneboda _ ahyve...ahyve...ahyve... warmogvidgens<br />

leqsis struqturas, rogorc safexurebrivs.<br />

Aam STabeWdilebas kidev ufro aZlierebs strofebis bolo<br />

striqonTa paralelizmi (I–II strofebi: oh! ramdenia, ramdenia<br />

aseTi rame! III strofi: oh! ramdenia, ramdenia amgvarad<br />

mTvrali!). amitom TiToeuli strofi warmogvidgeba, rogorc<br />

TviTkmari, dasrulebuli mTlianoba, calke “safexuri”.<br />

sityvebi ramdeni, ramdeni... miemarTeba Tlili marmarilos<br />

safexurebis usasrulo raodenobas (anu anawevrebs<br />

dros usasrulo raodenobis momentebad da sami maTgani _<br />

am saocnebo kibis sami safexuri _ obieqtivirebulia TviT<br />

“marmarilos” struqturaSi), gzas xelovnebis idealisken<br />

_ antikuri samyarosken, romelic, amgvarad, imdenad maRalia,<br />

rom masTan miaxloeba usasrulod grZeldeba.<br />

nawarmoebis mixedviT, antikuri xelovneba amaRlebulia<br />

_ Tanamedrove xelovnebasTan SedarebiT Tvisebrivad<br />

ufro maRalia (masTan miaxloebis mcdeloba lirikul<br />

gmirs warmoudgeba, rogorc ocnebaSi molandebul marmarilos<br />

kibeze zeaRsvla) da gansacvifrebeli (idumali,<br />

uCveulo). amitom SeiZleba iTqvas, rom gansacvifreblisa<br />

da amaRlebulis kategoriebi galaktionTan warmogvidgeba,<br />

rogorc TviT antikuri epoqis, antikuri xelovnebis<br />

idealuri (wamosaxviTi) xatis atributebi.<br />

galaktionis ltolva mSvenierebisaken, daxvewili<br />

formisken da Sinaarsis amaRlebulobisken, agreTve _

narkvevi 223<br />

forma-Sinaarsis idealuri kavSirisken misi Semoqmedebis<br />

dasawyisidanve aSkaraa. sixaruliT da SuqiT Semoburvili<br />

poeziis sakralurobisa da pirvelqmnilobis ideac, dakav-<br />

Sirebuli Semoqmedis ganwmendil sulTan (anu SemoqmedebiTi<br />

sulis amaRlebulobasTan eTikurisa da esTetikuris<br />

longinosTan warmodgenili kavSiriT) galaktionma aseve<br />

Tavisi Semoqmedebis dasawyis periodSi (1920 w.) gamoTqva:<br />

suli gvqondes uspetakes Tovlisa... sikvdilamdis meqneba<br />

mxolod erTi sixarulis Segneba: poezia upirveles yovlisa.<br />

Ggalaktioni agrZelebs poetis daniSnulebis _ amaRlebulTan<br />

wilnawyarobis ideas, romelic sazogadod axalma<br />

poeziam, xolo konkretulad axalma qarTulma poeziam gamoimuSava<br />

(ilia, akaki, vaJa). rogorc aRniSnaven, bibliuri<br />

winaswarmetyvelis poetiT Canacvlebam gamoiwvia sakraluri<br />

teqstebis poeziiT Secvla an zogadad sekularizebuli<br />

kulturiT Canacvleba 16 . amitom SeiZleba iTqvas, rom<br />

galaktioni exmianeba agreTve misi epoqisaTvis damaxasia-<br />

Tebel im axal kulturul kods, romelmac poetis daniSnulebisa<br />

da poeturobis gagebis sakiTxSic iCina Tavi da<br />

konkretulad simbolizmisaTvis gaxda damaxasiaTebeli:<br />

poeziisa da musikis uzenaesobis idea verlenis Semoqmedebidan<br />

momdinared miiCneva, romelsac galaktioni araerTgzis<br />

moixseniebs, rogorc Tavis winamorbeds. galaktionis<br />

mxolod erTi sixarulis SegrZneba da poezia upirveles<br />

yovlisa exmianeba swored im konceptualur cvlilebas,<br />

romelic axalma drom moitana da romlis mixedviT, xelovneba<br />

filosofias aRemateba, xolo esTetika _ eTikas 17 .<br />

ramdenadac poezia upirveles yovlisa gulisxmobs esTetikurisa<br />

da eTikuris longineseul kavSirs, anu Semoqmedis<br />

sulis ganwmendas, srulyofilebisaken da mSvenierebisaken<br />

warmarTvas, riTac igi Tavis TavSi itevs mTels<br />

samyaros, amdenad igi unda niSnavdes saRvTo mSvenierebis,<br />

WeSmaritebisa da harmoniis Semecnebis sixaruls da amaRlebulobas.<br />

am TvalsazrisiTac poeziis uzenaesobis idea<br />

amaRlebulis antikur gagebasTan aris axlos.<br />

imave periodSi (1915 w.) Seqmnili leqsis _ “SiSveli” _<br />

saxelwodeba SeiZleba ganmartebul iqnas bolo strofidan<br />

gamomdinare:<br />

16.<br />

Ю.М. Лотман, История русской культуры, IV, (XVIII- начало XIX века), Москва, 1996, с.<br />

88-89; P. Couvée, Aspects of Sublime and Istinnost’ in Contemporary Russian Poetry, p. 88.<br />

17.<br />

ix. O. Tabachnikova, Treatment of Aesthetics in Lev Shestov’s Search for God, Eastern Christian<br />

Studies, 6, 2005, p. 188-189.

224 waxnagi 1.2009<br />

elada, elada!<br />

aq suli atarebs Tvis msubuq samosels,_<br />

aseTi sinaTliT Subli uelavda<br />

venera milosels!<br />

anu elinuri suli gamWvirvalea (“msubuqi samoseli”<br />

aqvs, zeciuri pirvelqmnili siSiSvliT, silamaziT da naTliT<br />

aris Semosili) da uSualod gamoixateba adamianis<br />

garegnobaSi (sxeulsac simsubuqes da silamazes aniWebs).<br />

swored am niSniT adarebs lirikuli gmiri satrfos mSvenierebas<br />

antikuri silamazis ideals _ imas, rac srulyofilia<br />

da, amdenad, uCveulo, gansacvifrebeli.<br />

meore mxriv, leqsis pirvelsave striqonebSi gansazRvrulia<br />

simaRlis cneba. esaa simaRle laJvardTa, varskvlavTa<br />

simaRle, simaRle zambaxis!<br />

aSkaraa, rom aq mocemulia simaRlis samgvari atribucia:<br />

mravlobiTi ricxvis forma simbolistTa mxatvruli enis-<br />

Tvis damaxasiaTebel polisemantikurobas aniWebs sityvas<br />

laJvardTa _ is warmogvidgeba ara rogorc feris saxeli,<br />

aramed _ rogorc zerealuri samyaros aRmniSvneli sityva<br />

(Sdr. bibl. “caTa”). misi zegavleniT simaRlec sagangebo semantikiT<br />

aRiWurveba da amaRlebulis mniSvnelobiT gvevlineba;<br />

varskvlavTa simaRle fizikuri simaRlis, varskvlavTa<br />

siSoris aRsaniSnavadaa moxmobili da, bolos, simaRle zambaxis,<br />

poeziaSi gavrcelebuli ubiwoebis, sevdis, miuwvdomlobis<br />

metaforiT, ra Tqma unda, mSvenierebas da amaRlebulobas<br />

aRniSnavs. amgvarad, msazRvrel-sazRvrulis Cveulebrivi<br />

wyoba simaRlis Cveul mniSvnelobas Seesabameba, inversiuli<br />

wyobisas ki es sityva gadataniTi mniSvnelobiT gamoiyeneba.<br />

varskvlavTa simaRle (II striqoni), xiazmis ritorikuli<br />

xerxiT gamoxatuli, xazs usvams simaRlis, rogorc amaRlebulis<br />

(pirveli da mesame striqonebi) semantikas.<br />

maSasadame, nawarmoebSi amaRlebuli da gansacvifrebeli<br />

moicavs qandakebas, laJvardT, agreTve _ zambaxis, qalis<br />

gedisebri maRali yelisa da dafniT Semosili Tmebis,<br />

sinaTliT moelvare Sublis mSvenierebas. es aris elinuri<br />

suli, daxvewilad gamoxatuli qvis natifi samosliT. mTlianad<br />

xorcieldeba “kalokagaTias” antikuri principi _<br />

lamazi sxeulisa da lamazi sulis harmonia.<br />

imave periodSi (1915 w.), roca Seiqmna antikuri xelovnebiT<br />

aRtacebis gamoxatveli zemoT ganxiluli ori leqsi,<br />

galaktioni qmnis kidev erT nawarmoebs (saRamov, vici, baR-<br />

Si Sexval eklesiidan da gaocebis mwuxarebas masTan miitan),<br />

sadac gansacvifrebeli da amaRlebuli sruliad sxva-

narkvevi 225<br />

gvaradaa warmodgenili. es arc aris gasakviri. galaktioni<br />

Ziebis procesSia. Semoqmedis winaSea kacobriobis sulieri<br />

gamocdilebis yvela safexuri. mas arCevanis saSualeba<br />

aqvs. Teoria, anu Wvreta, aq metafizikur sawyisebTan aris<br />

dakavSirebuli. gaocebis mwuxareba religiuri gancdaa da<br />

ara esTetikuri (saRamo, mwuxri baRSi Sedis eklesiidan da<br />

ara baRidan eklesiaSi). amitomac aris es gancda mwuxareba<br />

da ara sixaruli. magram es mwuxareba RvTaebrivi sixarulis<br />

dasawyisia, romelic ar aris leqsSi cxadad gamoTqmuli,<br />

magram igulisxmeba “surnelebiT avsebuli locvanis”,<br />

“mxevalTa galobis”, “RamiT nagrZnobi samebis”, “vardebis<br />

cvaris” saxeebSi, Tundac maT safuZvels konkretuli literaturuli<br />

informacia warmoadgendes 18 .<br />

galaktioniseuli gaocebis mwuxareba mxolod Teologiuri<br />

interpretaciiT Tu aixsneba, radgan antikur TeoriaSi<br />

gaocebas sixaruli moaqvs uSualod da ara mwuxarebis<br />

gziT 19 . igi TeologiaSi ganimarteba, rogorc RvTaebrivi<br />

sibrZniT gaoceba. samecniero literaturaSi gamoTqmulia<br />

azri, rom gaocebis mwuxareba tkivilia am sibrZnis wvdomisa,<br />

tkivilia sacnauri saxedvelis farTod gaxelisa,<br />

radgan TvalTa dawuxva (daxuWva) dafarulis xedvis sawindaria.<br />

amasTanave miiCneven, rom RvTaebrivi sibrZne poetisaTvis<br />

udris did xelovnebas 20 . SeiZleba ganvsazRvroT,<br />

rom es aris amaRlebuli mwuxareba, RvTaebrivi sixarulis<br />

momtani mwuxareba, romelsac, patristikis mixedviT, naTlisRebis<br />

Zala aqvs. imave patristikaSi gansxvavebulia<br />

saRvTo mwuxareba da codvis mwuxareba. leqsSi gamoTqmuli<br />

lirikuli gmiris mwuxarebac araamqveyniuria, ufro<br />

sworad, warmaval amqveyniur mwuxarebaze maRlamdgomia,<br />

radgan RmerTis gulisaTvis danaRvlianeba warmoSobs monaniebas<br />

gadasarCenad, xolo amqveyniuri naRveli sikvdilis<br />

mSobelia, pavle mociqulis mixedviT (“rameTu RmrTisamieri<br />

igi mwuxareba¡ sinanulsa cxorebisasa Seunanebel-<br />

18.<br />

gamoTqmulia mosazreba, rom galaktionis leqsi exmaureba mixail lermontovis<br />

poema “demonis” da anton rubinSteinis opera “demonis” motivebs:<br />

monasterSi mlocvel TamarTan mimavali demonis SeeWvebas Tavisi gadawyvetilebis<br />

sisworeSi, mxevalTa galoba-locvas RmerTisaTvis Tamaris mfarvelobisaTvis,<br />

Tamaris sikvdils Secodebis gamosasyidad da sxv. (r. burWulaZe,<br />

mxolod integralebi, Tb., 1980, gv. 94-100).<br />

19.<br />

biografebi galaktionis ganaTlebis maRal dones ukavSireben mis sasuliero<br />

warmomavlobas (rogorc mamis, ise dedis mxridan), sasuliero seminariaSi<br />

miRebul Rrma ganswavlulobas, saRvTo werilis, RvTismetyvelebis,<br />

filosofiis, logikis, fsiqologiis gulmodgine Studirebas da a.S.<br />

20.<br />

l. kvirikaSvili, “mwuxarebis” semantikisaTvis, macne, els, 3, 1983, gv. 128,<br />

131.

226 waxnagi 1.2009<br />

sa Seiqms; xolo soflisa amis mwuxareba¡ sikudilsa Seiqms”<br />

_ II kor. 7, 10). amis magaliTad patristikidan damowmebulia<br />

iovane oqropiris homiliebi: “saRmrTo¡ mwuxareba¡<br />

gansdevnis codvisa mwuxarebasa”; “sinanulisa cremlTa<br />

Zali naTlisRebisa¡ aqus” (iovane oqropiri, SiSisaT¢s<br />

RmrTisa da sinanulisa).<br />

mwuxarebis Teologiuri gageba SeiZleba davaxasiaToT,<br />

rogorc codvis mwuxarebisagan gaTavisufleba ufro ma-<br />

Ral safexurze asvlisas, rogorc WeSmaritebis, umaRlesi<br />

sibrZnis ZiebiT, miRmuris, maradiulis, dafarulis WvretiT<br />

gamowveuli Rrma Sinagani mwuxareba; sakuTari Tavisa<br />

da RvTis SeucnoblobiT miRebuli saRvTo mwuxareba,<br />

romelic sakuTari nebis RvTis nebisadmi damorCilebiT<br />

da gonebis mokrebiT miiRweva. maSasadame, brZeni, maRlad<br />

mxedveli amsofliuri mwuxarebisagan Tavisufldeba saRvTo<br />

mwuxarebisaTvis. es aris sulis mwuxareba, romelic<br />

srulyofilebisas ufro da ufro ivseba ukmarisobis grZnobiT,<br />

iseve rogorc metis codna-SemecnebiT kidev ufro<br />

aSkaravdeba Cveni ucodinroba 21 . amisi magaliTi isev patristikidanaa<br />

moyvanili: “odes moikueTos kacman neba¡<br />

T¢si da ara hxedvides kacTa codvasa, maSin Seikribnes gulissityuani<br />

T¢sni, da odes Sehkribne gulissityuani, Svan<br />

maT mwuxareba¡ saRmrTo¡, da mwuxarebaman Svnes cremlni<br />

da glova¡” 22 .<br />

galaktionis “gaocebis mwuxarebas”, rogorc vTqviT,<br />

akavSireben xelovnebiT mogvril aristoteleseul gansacvifreblis<br />

cnebasTan 23 . vfiqrobT, rom SesaZlebelia<br />

21.<br />

sagulisxmoa, rom axal qarTul poeziaSi arsebobda tradicia am orgvari<br />

mwuxarebis cnobisa da gamijvnisa. nikoloz baraTaSvilisaTvis ucxo ar<br />

aris codna amgvari mdgomareobisa, roca igi ambobs: “magram, sulo, igi cremli<br />

ar stiroda am sofelsa, // saxe Seni mowyenili ar hgavda xorcielsa”.<br />

aqac amqveyniuri cremlis nacvlad araxorcielze, aramiwierzea miniSneba,<br />

magram es ufro esTetikuri gancdaa, vidre piradi sulieri religiuri gamocdileba;<br />

ufro sworad, sulieri gancda da sasuliero literaturidan<br />

miRebuli codna esTetizebulia.<br />

22.<br />

mamaTaA swavlani (X-XI ss. xelnawerebis mixedviT), gamosca i. abulaZem, Tb.,<br />

1955, gv. 5, 316 (l. kvirikaSvilis dasaxelebuli naSromidan).<br />

23.<br />

l. kvirikaSvili, dasax. Sroma, gv. 131. aRsaniSnavia, rom mkvlevari Rrmad<br />

aanalizebs sakiTxs galaktioniseuli mwuxarebis semantikis patristikuli<br />

warmomavlobis Sesaxeb. man miakvlia mwuxarebis Teologiuri gagebis<br />

saintereso ganmartebebs paterikebSi, rasac galaktioniseuli gageba<br />

uaxlovdeba. mas Semdeg, rac Seswavlil iqna gansacvifreblis cnebis arsi<br />

qristianuli literaturis mixedviTac (ix. zemoT), cxadi gaxda, rom galaktioni<br />

sakmaod kargad icnobda agreTve Sua saukuneebis literaturis<br />

esTetikas da mis azrobriv da enobriv-mxatvrul aspeqtebs, Tumca oden leqsikur<br />

doneze gansacvifreblis cneba, iseve rogorc ritorikis da poetikis<br />

sxva cnebebi, klasikuri warmomavlobisaa.

narkvevi 227<br />

eklesiidan baRSi Sesuli gaocebis mwuxarebis dakavSireba<br />

gansacvifreblis cnebis zemoT warmodgenil Teologiur<br />

gagebasTan (romelic saRvTismetyvelo Txzulebis zeciuri,<br />

trancendenturi warmoSobiT aris ganpirobebuli<br />

da miqael fselosis traqtatSi aris ganmartebuli). galaktionis<br />

leqsis SemTxvevaSi Wirgamovlili sulis Sinagani<br />

saxedvelis farTod gaxela da miRmurisa da uCveulos<br />

xilva aris gaocebis mwuxarebis mauwyebeli.<br />

dabolos, SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom galaktionma gansacvifreblis<br />

sakuTari wyaro da gza ipova. es ar aris arc<br />

xelovnebiT mogvrili bedniereba da arc, zogadad, religiuri<br />

mwuxareba, romelic RvTaebrivi sixarulis dasawyisia.<br />

amaRlebuli da gansacvifrebeli aq (leqsSi `Warxali~,<br />

1916 w.) kolorituli bunebis peizaJis bavSviseul<br />

gancdaSia warmoCenili.<br />

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom am nawarmoebis Tema aris ena _<br />

bavSvobis, siymawvilis ena, romelic iseve specifikuria,<br />

rogorc samyaros Zalze konkretuli da danawevrebuli<br />

suraTi (vgulisxmobT imas, rom leqsSi asaxulia sinamdvilis<br />

urTierTdaukavSirebeli fragmentebi, romelTac<br />

aerTianebs mxolod maTi “bavSvuri” xedva, teqstobriv doneze<br />

ki _ dialeqtizmebi da evfoniuri kavSirebi). is zustad<br />

Seesabameba garesinamdvilis aRqmas bavSvis mier, romelsac<br />

ar ZaluZs grZnobadi STabeWdilebebis ganzogadeba<br />

(ca wamoiwyebs msxvil wvimis srolas da ablabudas krebs<br />

boborika... uceb mohyveba Warxali xarxars da qali kivis im<br />

“doi-dois”). es ena dialeqtizmebiTaa gajerebuli, Sesabamisad,<br />

leqsis Sinaarsi `gabundovanebulia~ 24 .<br />

boborikas, anu obobas qseli SeiZleba miwieri codvis<br />

simbolod gaviazroT sasuliero teqstebis analogiiT<br />

(es mniSvneloba aqvs “dedazardals” Zvel qarTulSi, galaktioni<br />

ki, rogorc aRvniSneT, kargad icnobda sasuliero<br />

mwerlobas). ymawvilis boborikas ablabudasagan<br />

daubindavi, e.i. ucodveli TvalebiT aRqmuli samyaro ki<br />

aramiwiers hgavs (es Tema _ yrmobis samyaros amaRlebuloba,<br />

xSirad gamoxatuli mistikuri bundovanebis amsaxveli<br />

saxeebiT, kidev ufro xazgasmulia imave periodSi Seqmnil<br />

24.<br />

gamoTqmulia azri, rom am leqsis mowesrigebuli bgeriTi forma, dialeqtizmebSi<br />

gamoxatuli ganmeorebadi bgerebis evfonia mis Sinaarsobriv<br />

struqturas asaxavs. erTi mxriv, ucnobi dialeqtizmebis es bgerwera Ti-<br />

Tqos abundovanebs Sinaarss, magram meore mxriv, es aris bavSvobis xmebis<br />

gaxseneba, vizualuri STabeWdilebis bgeriTi reproducireba. es aris cda<br />

bavSvobis ganumeorebeli samyaros xmieri gadmocemisa, bgerebSi “ametyvelebuli”<br />

siymawvile (T. doiaSvili, leqsis evfonia, Tb., 1981, gv. 113-115).

228 waxnagi 1.2009<br />

momdevno leqsSi, iseve rogorc sxva leqsebSi: Semosilno<br />

gamWvirvale blondebiT, yrmobis qarno, neta, rad magondebiT?).<br />

amitom ymawvili didi simartividan, sisadavidan<br />

Wvrets amaRlebulobas da ucodvelobas. zemoTqmuli Sinaarsi<br />

gamokveTili unda iyos mxatvruli xerxebiTac _ anaforebiT<br />

(ezoSi yefda bambura mura, // ezoSi mwvane hyvaoda<br />

bao), riTac iwyeba miwieridan (ezos mwvane molidan) 25<br />

zeciurisaken amaRleba. zeciuri amaRlebuloba ki Semdgom<br />

striqonebSi buruli cis bundovanebiT unda iyos gamoxatuli.<br />

buruli gurul-imerul dialeqtSi islis saxuravs<br />

an isliT daxurul nagebobas niSnavs da aSkarad arsebiTi<br />

saxelia 26 . sagulisxmoa, rom sintagmaSi buruli ca poeti am<br />

leqsemas zedsarTavis mniSvnelobiT iyenebs. amiT igi axal<br />

Sinaarss debs masSi da qmnis kidev erT enigmur poetur<br />

xats, romelic SinaarsiT uaxlovdeba leqsemas daburuli/<br />

burusi (iseve rogorc bgerwerulad nislis analogiuria<br />

isli, anu burulis Tavdapirveli mniSvneloba). es saxeebi<br />

araerTgzisaa gamoyenebuli galaktionis mier amave periodis<br />

sxva leqsebSi 27 . amave dros, es bgerweruli analogia<br />

unda exmaurebodes poetis ltolvas polisemantikuri<br />

gamoTqmebisken, rac zemoTac aRvniSneT. Seucnobel mistikur<br />

samyaroze gadasvla xdeba Suamavali striqonis sa-<br />

SualebiT, sadac vazebSi mocurave suris mxatvruli saxea<br />

warmodgenili. yovelive es gaZlierebulia aliteraciebiTac,<br />

riTac xazgasmulia mocurave surisa da buruli cis<br />

moZraobis paralelizmi: vazis bardebSi scuravda sura, //<br />

Sen bancalebdi burulo cao (bancali burulisa, rogorc<br />

islis saxuraviani saxlisa, aseve moaswavebs simyurdovisa<br />

25.<br />

bao mols niSnavs raWulad, xolo Cvils, ZuZuTa bavSvs qiziyurad. am sityvis<br />

dialeqturi polisemantikuroba kidev erTxel usvams xazs bavSvis mier<br />

aRqmul samyaros, rogorc leqsis Temas, da warmoaCens poetis Segnebul ar-<br />

Cevans (yvaoda mwvane moli da yvaoda siymawvile erTdroulad). leqsemas<br />

bao exmianeba dialeqtizmebiT gamoxatuli sxva aliteraciuli sityvebi:<br />

bardebi, bobri, birkvili. vazis bardebis, bobris (qera ymawvilis) da birkvilis<br />

(saxlis rikulis, gurul-imerulad) bavSvur idilias da simyudroves<br />

upirispirdeba uecrad amovardnili qaris kveTeba da mis mier mogvrili<br />

(morekili) dabneuloba.<br />

26.<br />

ix. a. Rlonti, qarTul kilo-TqmaTa sityvis kona, I, Tb., 1974, s.v. bao, buruli.<br />

27.<br />

burusis saxis metafizikur da igavur mniSvnelobaze galaktionis poezia-<br />

Si da mis kavSirze adreqristianul apofatikasTan, sufiur mistikasTan da<br />

pol verlenis Ars poetique-Si dasmul problemebTan ix. z. kiknaZe, galaktionis<br />

cecxli da burusi, galaktionologia, I, Tb., 2002, gv. 79-85. dafarulisa<br />

da zeciuri safarvelis, mistikurisa da gamouTqmelis Wvretis Sesaxeb<br />

qristianul egzegetikaSi da aristoteles aleqsandriel komentatoreb-<br />

Tan ix. q. bezaraSvili, ritorikisa da Targmanis Teoria da praqtika, Tb.,<br />

2004, gv. 260-275.

narkvevi 229<br />

da simyaris gamoxatulebis gadasvlas moulodneli movlenebisaken).<br />

aliteraciebiT warmarTulia Semdgomi<br />

striqonebic (wamoiwyebs msxvil wvimis srolas // ablabudas<br />

krebs boborika), rac strofebis dasawyisSi gadadis<br />

aliteraciebiT gamdidrebul kvazianaforebSi (ca... II<br />

strofi // uceb... III strofi // uceb... IV strofi) 28 . am ukanaskneli<br />

xerxiT dafiqsirebulia gawyvetili kavSiri yrmobisdroindel<br />

aRqmasa (ca) da zrdasrul samyaros Soris<br />

(uceb), gamoxatulia tradiciuli binaruli opoziciebi:<br />

harmonia da disharmonia, zeciuri da miwieri (aRsaniSnavia,<br />

rom saxels ca upirispirdeba zmnizediT uceb gamoxatuli<br />

epoqaluri movlenebis moulodneloba).<br />

mkiTxvels bunebrivad ebadeba kiTxva: ratom uwoda galaktionma<br />

Tavis am nawarmoebs `Warxali~? savaraudod,<br />

amis mizezi SeiZleba iyos is, rom striqonSi, sadac naxsenebia<br />

sityva Warxali, gvxvdeba erT-erTi (amasTan, erTaderTi<br />

_ leqsis mTel teqstSi) ganumartavi enigmuri saxe<br />

(uceb daiwyebs Warxali xarxars) im galaktioniseul saxe-<br />

Tagan, romelTa racionaluri axsna, simbolisturi poetikis<br />

Tanaxmad, SeuZlebelia. Tumca leqsis struqtura,<br />

SesaZloa, iZleodes ganmartebis gasaRebs: III da IV strofebis<br />

leqsema uceb erTmaneTTan azrobrivad akavSirebs<br />

Warxalis xarxars, qalis kivilsa da qaris kveTebiT 29 bavSvobasTan<br />

asocirebuli birkvilis, bardebis, islisa da<br />

Celtebis aSfoTebas, anu gamokveTs drois ukuRmarTobas,<br />

disharmonias da tragedias, SesaZloa, sisxlian epoqasac 30<br />

28.<br />

Eparonomasiisa da aliteraciis Sesaxeb am leqsSi ix. agreTve z. SaTiriSvili,<br />

galaktionis poetika da ritorika, Tb., 2004, gv. 179. es xerxebi, klasikuri<br />

ritorikidan moyolebuli, cnobili saazrovno modelebis gamokveTas<br />

emsaxureba da SemTxveviT arasodes yofila moxmobili (ix. q. bezaraSvili,<br />

ritorikisa da Targmanis Teoria da praqtika, Tb., 2004). sagulisxmoa, rom<br />

samecniero literaturaSi aRniSnulia galaktionis mier gamoyenebuli<br />

bgerweris xerxebis ara TavisTavadi mniSvneloba, aramed maTi saSualebiT<br />

Sinaarsis, azris adekvaturobis miRweva. ix. T. doiaSvili, leqsis evfonia,<br />

Tb., 1981, gv. 23-34. d. werediani, “musika upirveles yovlisa”, galaktionologia,<br />

I, Tb., 2002, gv. 107-116.<br />

29.<br />

qaris saxe calke problemaa poeziaSi. igi xSirad nislTan, Camaval mzesTan<br />

da mwuxrTan erTad aris warmodgenili galaktionis leqsebSi. qarTan dakavSirebuli<br />

motivebis Sesaxeb “artistul yvavilebSi”, romlebic sisxlisferi<br />

Wrilobis, sikvdilis, dakargvis, oblobis, Zveli samyaros ngrevisa<br />

da ganadgurebis gamoxatulebaa, ix. z. SaTiriSvili, “artistuli yvavilebis”<br />

erTi invariantuli motivi, galaktionologia, I, 2002, gv. 151-161.<br />

30.<br />

madlobas vuxdiT rusudan canavas, miToritualuri modelebisa da simboloebis<br />

mkvlevars, romelmac migviTiTa Warxalis xarxaris analogiaze<br />

cxovelis daRebul xaxasTan. am analogiidan asociaciiT erTi safexuriRa<br />

rCeba apokalifsuri wiTeli m£ecis saxemde (gamocx. 17, 3), “romeli aRmovals<br />

ufskruliT” (gamocx. 11, 7). egzegetikuri ganmartebis mixedviT, “m£eci

230 waxnagi 1.2009<br />

(uceb mohyveba Warxali xarxars da qali hkivis ... // uceb aSfoTda<br />

isli, Celtebi), romelic Tavis mxriv, asamarebs da<br />

aboloebs siymawvilis amaRlebulobas (bavSvobis daiss<br />

cxadyofs samxarisa da saRamo drois xazgasma leqsis poetur<br />

enaSi). es gamoxatulia agreTve xiazmiTa da aliteraciebiT<br />

gamdidrebuli distanciuri simetriuli paralelizmiT<br />

(qarma moreka... // ekveTa qari...). am Sinaarss unda<br />

cxadyofdes agreTve imave periodis momdevno leqsSi warmodgenili<br />

saxeebi, romlebic aseve ukuRmarTi drois sisastikes<br />

da sulier problemebs gamoxatavs: tydeba guli,<br />

erTxel gaibzara ra, // sastikia suli uamindoTa da striqoni:<br />

arara beds CemTvis ar aqvs arara.<br />

amgvarad, leqsSi “Warxali” erTmaneTs upirispirdeba<br />

orgvari “bundovaneba”, orgvari gansacvifrebeli _ is, romelic<br />

bavSvobisdroindeli STabeWdilebebis gadmosacemadaa<br />

moxmobili da is, romelic simbolizmis poetikis kanonebiTaa<br />

nakarnaxevi. aseve, erTmaneTs upirispirdeba ori<br />

samyaro _ bavSvoba (warsuli) da zrdasruloba (awmyo).<br />

ibadeba kidev erTi kiTxva: ra unda iyos leqsSi antikuri<br />

esTetikis gamomxatveli? vfiqrobT, rom aseTia aRqmis<br />

ymawviluri sicxade da sicocxlis sixalisis elinurad gulubryvilo<br />

gancda 31 . bavSvobis wlebis gancda moicavs yrmobis,<br />

sulieri siCvilis sixaruls (rogorc kacobriobis<br />

elinuri periodis bavSvobas, oden esTetikur xedvas platoniseuli<br />

ganmartebiT) 32 , rac gardaiqneba mowifulobis<br />

periodis sevdaSi pirvelqmnili harmoniis dakargvis<br />

gamo (anu kacobriobis da kacTa sulieri sisrulis miRweva<br />

da saRvTo WeSmaritebis wvdoma sulieri gzaa, romelic<br />

miiRweva cxovrebiseul tanjvaTa gadalaxvis gziT; Sdr.<br />

ebr. 5, 12-14; I kor. 3, 1-2). am TvalsazrisiT, leqsSi “Warxali”<br />

orive es gza _ sekularuli da sulieri Taviseburad<br />

gaerTianebulia. leqsis dasasruls cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebiT<br />

da tanjviT miRebuli codnis gacxadeba, rom siyda<br />

mewamuli feri misi mZ¢nvarebisa da kacismklvelobisa saxÀ ars” (andria<br />

kesaria-kabadukieli, Targmaneba¡ iovanes gamocxadebisa¡, i. imnaiSvilis<br />

gamocema, Zveli <strong>qarTuli</strong> enis kaTedris Sromebi, 7, 1961, gv. 55). miuxedavad<br />

am varaudisa, Warxalis enigmuri saxe bolomde ganumartavi rCeba.<br />

31.<br />

В. Иванов, Дионис и Прадионисийство, Баку, 1923, с. 188.<br />

32.<br />

Sdr. platonis mixedviT, oden esTetikuri xedva berZnuli sazogadoebis<br />

bavSvobas moaswavebs. Tavis ~saxelmwifoSi~ platoni poezias, miTologias,<br />

xelovnebas balRur garTobad, TamaSobad miiCnevs, filosofias ki _ gonebrivad<br />

momwifebul kacTa saqmed (Respubl. II. 377ac, 378c; X 602 b), xolo filosofoss<br />

_ mSvenieris, WeSmaritebis Semmecneblad saxavs (Resp. V 474cd, 476e;<br />

VI, 485 c, 487 c).

narkvevi 231<br />

mawvile awi arasdros imgvarad aRar ametyveldeba, cxadyofs<br />

zemoTqmuls: yrmis siwrfeliT danaxul harmonias da<br />

mowifuli adamianis cxovrebiseul sevdas, romelsac ubiwo<br />

TvaliT aRar SeuZlia pirvelqmnili harmoniis da mSvenierebis<br />

danaxva. poetis bavSvobis wlebi kacobriobis sulieri<br />

cxovrebis bavSvobis gamoxatulebaa, elinuri aRtacebaa<br />

yovelive mSvenieris mimarT (ezoSi mwvane hyvaoda bao, vazis<br />

bardebSi curavda sura, Sen bancalebdi, burulo cao).<br />

poetis mowifuloba ki tanjvis gzaa (ekveTa qari bardebsa<br />

da rtos, uceb aSfoTda isli, Celtebi); da am gansacdeliT<br />

miRweuli da sulieri sisruliT gamowveuli gacnobierebaa<br />

codviT dacemuli bunebisa, romelic igulisxmeba sinanuliT<br />

naTqvamSi: o, siymawvile! awi arasdros imgvarad<br />

aRar ametyveldebi.<br />

AmaSasadame, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom am bolo gansaxilvel<br />

leqsSi antikuri da qristianuli esTetikis erTgvari sin-<br />

Tezia warmodgenili.<br />

galaktionis kidev araerTi leqsi SeiZleba iqnes<br />

ganxiluli gansacvifreblisa da amaRlebulis TvalsazrisiT<br />

(mag., “amaRldi, sulo, TeTr akldamebze // mSvenierebis<br />

leqsiT mqebeli” da misT.). zemoT warmodgenili<br />

leqsebi mSvenierebasTan wilnayari poeturi samyaros mxolod<br />

erTi nawilia da misi sxvadasxva kuTxiT warmoCenis<br />

saSualebaa.<br />

amgvarad, amaRlebulisa da gansacvifreblis cnebebi galaktionTan<br />

warmodgenilia longineseuli samive aspeqtiT<br />

da horizontaluri principiT: mxatvruli Semoqmedebis,<br />

Semoqmedis sulisa da bunebis peizaJis TvalsazrisiT; meore<br />

mxriv, es cnebebi masTan warmodgenilia vertikaluri<br />

principiTac: tradiciuli antikuri da qristianuli gagebiT<br />

da maTi sinTeziT. SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom es kategoriebi<br />

namdvilad udevs safuZvlad gansaxilvel teqstebs<br />

da warmoadgenen galaktionis esTetikis organul nawils,<br />

rogorc istoriulad gancdilni.<br />

sabolood SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom galaktionis SemoqmedebaSi<br />

gvxvdeba ara marto antikuri xelovnebiT da qristianuli<br />

kulturiT STagonebuli saxeebi, antikuri poetikis<br />

kvali 33 , aramed SeimCneva antikuri da qristianuli<br />

esTetikis erTgvari gamoZaxili. calke kvlevis sakiTxia,<br />

erTi mxriv, Seswavlili cnebebis antikuri da qristianu-<br />

33.<br />

mag., “qebaTa qeba nikorwmindas” ganxilulia rogorc antikuri ekfrasisis<br />

poetikiT Seqmnili. ix. T. doiaSvili, frTebi da diadema, galaktionologia,<br />

III, 2004, gv. 48.

232 waxnagi 1.2009<br />

li gaazrebis gavlena simbolizmis msoflmxedvelobrivesTetikur<br />

sistemaze, zogadad axal poetikasa da stilistikaze,<br />

xolo meore mxriv, galaktionis ganxilul leqsTa<br />

interteqstualuri kavSirebi (Tuki aseTi arsebobs) simbolist<br />

poetTa teqstebTan. sagulisxmoa, rom simbolizmis<br />

Tematika, esTetikuri sistema da sivrce, frazeologia,<br />

tropuli metyveleba ganmartebulia rogorc sxvadasxva<br />

gardasuli msoflmxedvelobisa da mxatvruli saSualebis<br />

recefcia (А. Белый, Символизм). amitom galaktionis aRniSnuli<br />

leqsebis analizi am amocanis Sesrulebis erT-erT<br />

mosamzadebel safexurad migvaCnia.<br />

On the Concepts of Sublime and Wonder<br />

in Ancient Literary-theoretical Thought<br />

and Galaktion Tabidze’s Poems<br />

Ketevan Bezarashvili<br />

Tamar Lomidze<br />

The paper touches upon the problem of the concepts of sublime and wonder<br />

deeply related to each other in Ancient literary-theoretical thought and<br />

considered by Classical philosophers as the main characteristic features of<br />

art. In Christian esthetics the concept of wonder is related to the concept of<br />

religious divine sublimity. The both aspects of the concepts are revealed and<br />

studied according to some poems of Galaktion Tabidze. It becomes obvious<br />

that Galaktion Tabidze, the most prominent Georgian poet of the 20 th<br />

century, uses not only the images of Classical mythology and art, but he is<br />

influenced by the Classical and Medieval esthetics, as well. The unity of<br />

the characteristic features of Classical and Medieval aesthetics in Galaktion<br />

Tabidze’s poetry and its relation to the aesthetics of symbolists is a topic of<br />

further study.

leqcia<br />

guram lebaniZe<br />

filologiis Sesavali<br />

(leqciebis kursi)<br />

leqciebi 1-4<br />

leqcia 1<br />

winamdebare saleqcio kursis mizani gamomdinareobs<br />

misi saxelwodebidan _ “filologiis Sesavali”: gvsurs<br />

gaverkveT imaSi, Tu ras warmoadgens (an ras unda warmoadgendes)<br />

azrovnebisa da codnis is sfero, romelsac “filologia”<br />

ewodeba. davrwmundebiT, albaT, rom am miznis<br />

misaRwevad aucilebelia garkveuli gzis gavla, xsenebul<br />

gzaze ki mogvixdeba iseT cnebaTa da TvalsazrisTa gaTaviseba,<br />

romelTa gareSe ver iarsebebda filologia rogorc<br />

humanitaruli (anu adamianis arsTan da arsebobasTan<br />

dakavSirebul movlenaTa mwvdomi) azrovnebis umniSvnelovanesi<br />

mimarTuleba.<br />

Tumca, sanam zemoT sxenebul gzas davadgebodiT, gavixsenoT,<br />

rom TviT sityva “filologia” CvenTvis met-naklebad<br />

nacnobia _ nacnobia imdenad, ramdenadac mas SeiZleba SevxvdeT<br />

sityvaTxmarebis yoveldRiur, ese igi, mecnierebisgan<br />

sakmarisad daSorebul sferoSi. magram sakiTxavia: risTvis<br />

dagvWirda yoveldRiurobis gaxseneba swored maSin, roca<br />

gvsurs gadavdgaT pirveli nabiji mecnieruli azrovnebis<br />

erT-erTi mimarTulebisken? am kiTxvaze pasuxs gavcemT Tanamedrove<br />

azrovnebis or gansxvavebul (Tumca, ra Tqma unda,<br />

Sinaganad urTierTdakavSirebul) sferoze dayrdnobiT: a)<br />

pirvel aseT sferod unda vigulisxmoT socialuri fsiqologia<br />

(an iqneb TviT socialuri filosofiac ki), romelic<br />

bevr sxva kiTxvasTan erTad svams kiTxvas imis Taobazec, Tu<br />

ra warmoSobisaa (saidan “modis”) mecnieruli azrovneba,<br />

anu kiTxvas am azrovnebis genezisis Sesaxeb. miiCneva, rom<br />

mecnieruli azrovnebis, ise rogorc mxatvruli Semoqmedebis<br />

erTian wyaros da warmomSob wiaRs warmoadgens “sasico-<br />

233

234 waxnagi 1.2009<br />

cxlo sivrced” aRiarebuli yoveldRiuroba. Cven kidev mogvixdeba<br />

laparaki imis Sesaxebac, Tu ra kavSiria azrovnebis<br />

iseT or gansxvavebul tipsa Tu dones Soris, rogoricaa<br />

yoveldRiuri da mecnieruli azrovneba (am etapze ki sakmarisad<br />

migvaCnia xazi gavusvaT yoveldRiurobis rogorc<br />

“sasicocxlo sivrcis” Semdeg niSan-Tvisebas: mis farglebSi,<br />

ese igi, erTi da imave sasicocxlo sivrcis farglebSi<br />

adamianebi xasiaTdebian sinamdvileze Zireul warmodgenaTa<br />

iseTi TanxvedriT, romlis gareSe SeuZlebeli iqneboda<br />

maTi Tanacxovreba da, rac mTavaria, am Tanacxovrebis<br />

safuZvelTa safuZveli _ urTierTkomunikacia); b) meore<br />

sferod ki unda vigulisxmoT TviT filologia, anu humanitaruli<br />

azrovnebis is mimarTuleba, romlis Seswavlasac<br />

viwyebT. filologia adasturebs imas, rac zemoT iTqva<br />

azrovnebis yoveldRiur da mecnierul doneTa urTierTmimarTebis<br />

Sesaxeb, ese igi, adasturebs azrs imis Sesaxeb, rom<br />

mecnieruli azrovneba, miuxedavad yoveldRiuri azrovnebisgan<br />

misi Tvisobrivi gansxvavebisa, mainc “ibadeba” am<br />

ukanasknelis wiaRSi da SeuZlebeli iqneboda mis gareSe. am<br />

zogadi Sinaarsis Teziss (mtkicebas) filologia akonkretebs<br />

sityvasa da terminis urTierTmimarTebis Semdegnairi<br />

xedviT: ar arsebobs mecnieruli azrovneba terminebis<br />

gareSe, yoveli termini ki warmoadgens sityvas, “nasesxebs”<br />

yoveldRiurobis (anu “sasicocxlo sivrcis”) wiaRidan.<br />

amitom, Tu gvsurs gaverkveT terminTa mniSvnelobaSi (maT<br />

semantikaSi), garkvevis es procesi unda daviwyoT imis dadgeniT,<br />

Tu ra mniSvnelobiT ixmareboda CvenTvis saintereso<br />

sityva yoveldRiurobis farglebSi manam, sanam moxdeboda<br />

misi terminad qceva (anu misi terminologizacia). winaswar<br />

vityviT, rom “Cveulebriv”, anu yoveldRiurobis fargleb-<br />

Si xmarebul sityvasa da termins Soris am mimarTebis dadgenas<br />

gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs filologiisTvis<br />

Tundac imitom, rom azrovnebis am mimarTulebis kvlevis<br />

sagans warmoadgens swored sityviereba mTeli misi SesaZlo<br />

moculobiT. da ras gveubneba termin “filologiis” yoveldRiuri<br />

xmarebis praqtika? imas, rom filologad, ese igi,<br />

filologiis rogorc codnisa da azrovnebis sferos warmomadgenlad,<br />

rogorc wesi, iwodeba xolme: a) enaTmecnieri,<br />

anu is, vinc ikvlevs enas (am sityvis zogadi Tu konkretuli<br />

mniSvnelobiT); b) literaturismcodne, anu is, vinc ikvlevs<br />

literaturas (am sityvis aseve zogadi Tu konkretuli<br />

mniSvnelobiT); da g) kulturis istoriis mkvlevari _ imdenad,<br />

ramdenadac miiCneva, rom kvleva am SemTxvevaSi eyrdnoba<br />

kulturis istoriis amsaxvel teqstebs.

leqcia 235<br />

ra SeiZleba davaskvnaT termin “filologiis” (da Sesabamisad<br />

– “filologis”) xmarebis am praqtikaze dayrdnobiT?<br />

ras gveubneba Cveni yoveldRiuroba filologiis<br />

Sesaxeb? ra Tqma unda, is, rasac am SemTxvevaSi yoveldRiuroba<br />

gveubneba, SemdgomSi mravalgzis dasakonkretebeli<br />

iqneba (da swored dakonkretebis es procesi unda miviCnioT<br />

filologiis arsSi garkvevis im gzad, romelic zemoT<br />

iqna naxsenebi). magram kvlav gvsurs xazgasmiT vTqvaT:<br />

rogoric unda iyos Cveni gza mecnierebisken, is unda iwyebodes<br />

im Sinagani kavSiris aRniSvniT da ganmartebiT, romelic<br />

mudam da garduvalad arsebobs mecnierebasa da yoveldRiurobas<br />

Soris, Tumca, bunebrivia, am kavSiris arsi<br />

da mniSvneloba ver iqneba yvela SemTxvevaSi erTnairi<br />

(da ras niSnavs es kavSiri im SemTxvevaSi, roca saqme exeba<br />

filologias? vnaxavT, rom am kiTxvaze pasuxs gansaku-<br />

Trebuli mniSvneloba eqneba azrovnebis am mimarTulebis<br />

gaazrebisa da gagebisTvis).<br />

gaviTvaliswinoT zemoT naTqvami da gadavdgaT pirveli<br />

nabiji filologiis im gagebis dasakonkreteblad, romelzec<br />

migvaniSnebs yoveldRiuroba: yoveldRiuri sityvaTxmarebis<br />

Tanaxmad, filologia unda gavigoT rogorc codnis<br />

iseTi sfero (an azrovnebis iseTi mimarTuleba), romelic<br />

mowodebulia gansxvavebuli saxeobis teqstTa kvlevis<br />

gziT dainaxos, daadginos da gasagebi gaxados Sinagani<br />

kavSiri adamianuri sinamdvilisTvis damaxasiaTebel iseT<br />

fenomenebs (movlenebs) Soris, rogoricaa ena, literatura<br />

da kultura (sxvanairad rom vTqvaT: filologia aris<br />

azrovnebis is mimarTuleba, romelic teqstobrivi sinamdvilis<br />

kvlevis safuZvelze erTi sazrisobrivi mTlianis<br />

(saxeldobr swored filologiis) “wevrebad” aqcevs<br />

zemoT xsenebul fenomenTa Semswavlel mecnierebebs (anu<br />

enaTmecnierebas, literaturismcodneobasa da kulturis<br />

istorias). filologiis aseTi gansazRvra, ra Tqma unda,<br />

jer kidev mravalgzis dakonkretebas (da dazustebas) moi-<br />

Txovs, magram SegviZlia, albaT, Tavidanve aRvniSnoT am<br />

gansazRvris Tanmxlebi Semdegi sami urTierTdakavSirebuli<br />

momenti:<br />

a) filologia zemoT mocemuli gansazRvris (definiciis)<br />

mixedviT, ver iqneba verc calke aRebuli enaTmecniereba,<br />

literaturismcodneoba an kulturis istoria da<br />

verc am mecnierul disciplinaTa ubralo (“meqanikuri”)<br />

gaerTianeba, radgan nebismier aseT SemTxvevaSi TviT cnebatermini<br />

“filologia” dakargavda im uaRresad seriozul<br />

mniSvnelobas (im funqciur “datvirTvas”), romlis matare-

236 waxnagi 1.2009<br />

beli is tradiciulad iyo (da kvlavac aris): filologia<br />

unda gavigoT swored ise, rogorc ukve iTqva _ rogorc xsenebul<br />

fenomenTa Soris im Sinagani kavSiris kvleva da wvdoma,<br />

romelic vlindeba iseTi fenomenis farglebSi (iseT<br />

fenomenze dayrdnobiT), rogoricaa teqsti;<br />

b) rogorc vxedavT, pirvel rigSi swored teqsti unda<br />

miviCnioT filologiisTvis centralur, misTvis “sasicocxlo<br />

mniSvnelobis mqone” fenomenad (movlenad), rac<br />

sruliadac ar ewinaaRmdegeba zemoT gamoTqmul azrs imis<br />

Taobaze, rom filologiis kvlevis sagans warmoadgens sityvierebis<br />

sfero: filologia ikvlevs swored verbalur,<br />

anu sityvier teqsts (amitom SeiZleba iTqvas, rom filologiis<br />

sakvlevi sferos es ori gansazRvra _ sityviereba<br />

da/an teqstobrioba _ erTmaneTs gulisxmobs da erTmaneTs<br />

avsebs).<br />

yoveli mecniereba, ra Tqma unda, ikvlevs sinamdvilis<br />

ama Tu im aspeqts (gansxvavebiT RmrTismetyvelebisgan an<br />

filosofiisgan, romlebic cdiloben swvdnen sinamdviles<br />

mis mTlianobaSi) da, am TvalsazrisiT, TiTqos filologiac<br />

ver unda iyos gamonaklisi. magram gavixsenoT filologiis<br />

gansazRvrasTan dakavSirebuli da zemoT Cvens mier<br />

ukve xazgasmuli ori momenti da davinaxavT, rom Znelia<br />

filologiac ar miakuTvno (filosofiasTan da RmrTismetyvelebasTan<br />

erTad) azrovnebis im mimarulebebs, romelTa<br />

mizania _ rogorc ukve iTqva _ sinamdvilis wvdoma<br />

mis mTlianobaSi. rogorc ukve viciT, es ori momentia:<br />

a) filologia cdilobs daadginos Sinagani kavSiri enas,<br />

literaturasa da kulturis istorias Soris. magram saqme<br />

isaa, rom sayovelTao aRiarebis Tanaxmad, samive am dasaxelebul<br />

fenomenTagan, ese igi, enac, literaturac da kulturac,<br />

asaxavs da areklavs, _ erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebulad,<br />

ra Tqma unda, _ sinamdviles swored mis mTlianobaSi;<br />

amitom unda vifiqroT: SeuZlebelia filologiac ar iyos<br />

dakavSirebuli sinamdvilesTan rogorc mTlianTan, Tumca<br />

es kavSiri naklebad pirdapiri, ufro gaSualebuli da,<br />

Sesabamisad, naklebad gamWvirvale xasiaTisaa (naklebad<br />

gamWvirvale ki SeiZleba niSnavdes ufro mniSvnelovans da<br />

ufro siRrmiseulsac ki); b) da ara nakleb mniSvnelovania<br />

meore momentic: sinamdvile filologiisTvis arsebobs<br />

da sainteresoa mxolod imdenad, ramdenadac is vlindeba<br />

teqstis saxiT. sxvanairad rom vTqvaT: filologiis sagans<br />

warmoadgens teqstad qceuli (“gateqstebuli”) sinamdvile.<br />

davrwmundebiT imaSi, rom pirvel rigSi swored am “gateqstebuli”<br />

sinamdvilis (da saerTod teqstis rogorc

leqcia 237<br />

fenomenis) gaRrmavebuli gageba mogvcems TviT filologiis<br />

gaRrmavebuli gagebis saSualebas. magram sinamdvilis<br />

is “gateqsteba”, romliTac interesdeba filologia, xdeba<br />

swored zemoT dasaxelebul sferoebSi _ enaSi, literaturaSi<br />

da kulturis istoriaSi. da Tu es asea, SegviZlia,<br />

albaT, Semdegnairadac gamovTqvaT filologiis Cveneuli<br />

xedva: filologia aris azrovnebis mimarTuleba, romelic<br />

ikvlevs gateqstebul (teqstad qceul) sinamdviles gateqstebis<br />

gansxvavebul modusTa (nairsaxeobaTa) Sepirispirebisa<br />

da siRrmiseulad urTierTdakavSirebis gziT;<br />

g) dabolos: Tu aqamde vcdilobdiT filologiis<br />

arsis gagebas misi sagnis gansazRvris saSualebiT (ras<br />

ikvlevs filologia? _ aseTi iyo kiTxva, romelsac vupasuxebdiT),<br />

axla SegviZlia _ kvlav yoveldRiurobaze<br />

dayrdnobiT da mis mier nakarnaxevis dakonkretebis gziT<br />

_ miaxloebiT mainc ganvsazRvroT is mizani, romelsac<br />

sakuTari Tavis winaSe isaxavs filologia da romelsac is<br />

unda “emsaxurebodes”.<br />

Cven varsebobT teqstobriobiT “gajerebul” sinamdvileSi<br />

da sxvanairad verc iqneboda, radgan teqsts (nebismier<br />

teqsts!) “badebs” metyveleba (sxvanairad _ diskursi:<br />

laTinurad metyvelebas “diskursi” ewodeba da dReisTvis<br />

swored es terminia farTod gamoyenebuli ara mxolod<br />

enaTmecnierebaSi, aramed mTel humanitarul azrovneba-<br />

Sic ki), metyvelebis gareSe ki adamianuri sinamdvile warmoudgenelia:<br />

filosofosic da poetic metyveleben, roca<br />

isini qmnian TavianT teqstebs da, aqedan gamomdinare, saWiroa,<br />

rom am sityvas (anu “metyvelebas”, ese igi, “diskurss”)<br />

Tavidanve mivaweroT maqsimalurad farTo mniSvneloba.<br />

teqsti ki, ese igi, amgvari sinamdvilis ZiriTadi “moqmedi<br />

piri”, mravalnairi SeiZleba iyos. Cveni kursis farglebSi,<br />

ra Tqma unda, SevecdebiT imis ufro safuZvlianad ganmartebas,<br />

Tu ras unda niSnavdes es mravalnairoba. am etapze<br />

ki, albaT, sakmarisi iqneba imis Tqma, rom teqsti SeiZleba<br />

iyos rogorc zepiri, ise dawerili (an dabeWdili) da rom<br />

is, garda amisa, SeiZleba ekuTvnodes Cveni adamianuri sinamdvilis<br />

sxvadasxva sferos (literaturuli, anu mxatvruli<br />

teqsti, Jurnalisturi teqsti, mecnieruli teqsti da<br />

a.S.). Tumca isic unda iTqvas, rom Tanamedrove azrovnebaSi<br />

teqstis rogorc fenomenis gagebis sifarTove metyvelebis<br />

(diskursis) farTod gagebasTan erTad kidev ufro “Sors”<br />

midis: dRes laparakoben ara mxolod sityvier, anu verbalur<br />

(verbum laTinurad “sityvas” niSnavs), aramed arasityvier,<br />

anu araverbalur teqstzec, rasac iqamde mivyavarT,

238 waxnagi 1.2009<br />

rom teqstad miiCneva adamianTa Soris urTierTobis, ese<br />

igi, komunikaciis mizniT warmoqmnili da raRac mniSvnelobis<br />

(sxvanairad _ semantikis) matarebeli nebismieri<br />

fenomeni; da Tu am Tvalsazriss gaviziarebT, maSin esa Tu<br />

is musikaluri melodia iseve unda miviCnioT teqstad, rogorc<br />

Cvens urTierTobaSi raRacis mimniSnebeli Jesti. magram<br />

filologias rogorc azrovnebis mimarTulebas saqme<br />

aqvs _ aseTia misi myari tradicia _ mxolod da mxolod<br />

sityvier, anu verbalur teqstTan. da aseve unda iTqvas,<br />

rom teqsti aseTi farTo gagebiT, ese igi, rogorc verbaluri,<br />

ise araverbaluri teqsti (da zogadad teqstobrioba<br />

rogorc movlena) arsebobs ara mxolod Cvens garSemo<br />

(Cvens “gareT”), aramed CvenSic (igulisxmeba Sinagani teqsti,<br />

anu teqsti, romelsac “badebs” Sinagani metyveleba _<br />

Sinaganad ki SeiZleba velaparakebodeT rogorc sakuTar<br />

Tavs, ise sxva adamiansac da, rogorc viciT, TviT RmerTsac<br />

ki). magram, rogoric ar unda iyos teqsti, Cveni mimarTeba<br />

masTan _ Tu, ra Tqma unda, is, ama Tu im gagebiT, Cveni xedvisa<br />

da smenis TvalsawierSi moeqca _ SeiZleba ganisazRvros<br />

Semdegnairad: teqsti unda aRviqvaT _ wavikiTxoT<br />

am sityvis rogorc pirdapiri (Tu Cvens winaSea verbaluri<br />

teqsti), ise gadataniTi, anu metaforuli, gagebiT da gavigoT,<br />

ese igi, CvenTvis xelmisawvdomad gavxadoT is, rasac<br />

is Tavisi mniSvnelobiT (semantikiT) “gvamcnobs”. zogjer<br />

es advilad xdeba _ an, iqneb, mxolod gveCveneba, rom xdeba<br />

_ zogjer ki, SeiZleba, amisTvis Rrma filologiuri da<br />

istoriuli ganaTlebac ar iyos sakmarisi.<br />

rogorc vxedavT, orive es sityva “wakiTxvac” da “gagebac”<br />

unda vixmaroT maqsimalurad FfarTo mniSvnelobiT: teqsts<br />

_ sulerTia, zepirs Tu dawerils, verbalurs Tu araverbalurs<br />

_ wavikiTxavT, Tu vflobT enas, romlis safuZvelzec<br />

(romlis “gamoyenebiT”) is iqna “agebuli” da teqsts<br />

gavigebT, Tu vicnobT misi warmoSobis wyaros da im situacias<br />

(an situaciaTa erTobliobas), romelsac is Sinaarsobrivad<br />

ukavSirdeba da asaxavs. magram ramdenad vflobT am<br />

enas da ramdenad vicnobT am situacias? sakmarisia, albaT,<br />

am kiTxvis dasma, rom davinaxoT is usasrulod didi gansxvaveba,<br />

romelic SeiZleba arsebobdes teqstebs Soris “ki-<br />

Txvadobisa” da “gagebadobis” TvalsazrisiT. kursis dasawyisSi,<br />

bunebrivia, jer ver SevZlebT am sakiTxze ufro<br />

safuZvlianad msjelobas, magram, samagierod, ukve Segvi-<br />

Zlia vTqvaT: filologiis mizania Seqmnas (aagos) cnebaTa<br />

da meTodTa iseTi sistema, romelic SesaZlebels gaxdida<br />

teqstTa (ufro) adekvatur wakiTxvasa da (ufro) gaRrmave-

leqcia 239<br />

bul gagebas. (Tumca aqve unda aRiniSnos ara mxolod filologiisTvis,<br />

aramed mTeli humanitaruli azrovnebisTvis<br />

uaRresad mniSvnelovani faqti: iseTi sityvebis mniSvnelobaTa<br />

farTo gageba, rogoricaa “metyveleba”, “teqsti”,<br />

“wakiTxva” da “gageba”, badebs TviT “enis”, rogorc sityvis<br />

mniSvnelobis, aseve farTo gagebis aucileblobasa da garduvalobas.<br />

da marTlac: Tanamedrove azrovnebis farglebSi<br />

ganasxvaveben verbalur da araverbalur enebs, laparakoben<br />

“Jestebis enaze”, saxviTi da misikaluri xelovnebis<br />

“enebze” da a.S. amiT igulisxmeba, rom nebismieri teqsti<br />

(ar dagvaviwydes am sityva-terminis maqsimalurad farTo<br />

gagebis aucilebloba!) mudam aris ama Tu im saxis diskursisTvis<br />

gankuTvnili sakomunikacio sistemis, ese igi, enis<br />

(Tu am sityva-terminsac maqsimalurad farTod gavigebT)<br />

“moqmedebaSi moyvana”, anu “aqtualizacia”. magram, rogorc<br />

ukve iTqva, filologias “saqme aqvs” verbalur teqstebTan<br />

da, Sesabamisad, verbalur enasTan (an enebTan), radgan ama<br />

Tu im kulturasTan dakavSirebuli yoveli erovnuli ena<br />

_ magaliTad, <strong>qarTuli</strong> ena _ amave dros aris pirvel rig-<br />

Si verbaluri enac; vambobT: “pirvel rigSi”, radgan nebismieri<br />

amgvari enis aqtualizaciis Sedegad miRebuli diskursi<br />

garduvalad Seicavs ara mxolod verbalur teqsts<br />

am sityvis pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT, aramed mis Tanmxleb<br />

iseT araverbalur elementebsac, rogoricaa, magaliTad,<br />

sametyvelo intonacia, metyveli piris (anu diskursis subieqtis)<br />

mimika, poza da Jestikulacia. magram, amave dros,<br />

gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom diskursis am araverbalur<br />

elementebsac aqvT Tavisi sakuTari semantika, rac imis mimniSnebelia,<br />

rom erTobliobaSi isinic _ es elementebic<br />

_ qmnian teqsts, Tanac iseTs, romlis semantika garkveul<br />

SemTxvevebSi iqneb arc emTxveodes masTan Serwymuli verbaluri<br />

teqstis semantikas (ase, magaliTad, verbalurad<br />

iqneb vinmes simpatias vucxadebdeT, Cveni mimika ki am dros<br />

_ Tundac Cvenive survilis sawinaaRmdegod _ sapirispiro<br />

grZnobas gamoxatavdes). vfiqrobT, naTqvamic sakmarisia<br />

imis dasanaxavad, rom teqstobrioba, rogorc fenomeni, gulisxmobs<br />

ara mxolod teqstTa mTeli SesaZlo simravlis<br />

ubralo dayofas verbalur da araverbalur teqstebad, anu<br />

am simravlis diqotomias (terminad qceuli es sityva berZnulad<br />

swored rame mTlianis or nawilad “dayofas”, ufro<br />

zustad ki _ “kveTas” – niSnavs), aramed imis principul SesaZleblobasac,<br />

rom realobaSi teqstobriobis es ori varianti<br />

_ verbaluroba da araverbaluroba _ Serwymuli<br />

saxiT gvxdebodes.

240 waxnagi 1.2009<br />

is, rac iTqva, mniSvnelovania ara mxolod zogadad teqstobriobis,<br />

rogorc fenomenis, ukeT Secnobis TvalsazrisiT:<br />

termini “filologia” nominaciurad sityvas ukavSirdeba<br />

(berZnuli “logos” da laTinuri “verbum” sinonimebia) da<br />

Tavisi pirdapiri semantikiT niSnavs “sityvis siyvaruls”<br />

(ra aris sityva rogorc fenomeni da ras unda niSnavdes<br />

“sityvis siyvaruli”? filologiisTvis mniSvnelovan am<br />

kiTxvebze pasuxis gacemas Semdgom leqciebSi SevecdebiT).<br />

swored am nominaciis Sesabamisad filologias rogorc<br />

azrovnebis mimarTulebas mudam hqonda da aqvs kidec saqme,<br />

pirvel rigSi, verbalur (sityvier) teqstebTan. magram,<br />

rogorc vxedavT, sinamdvileSi ar arsebobs “wminda” saxiT<br />

da sruli TanmimdevrobiT ganxorcielebuli verbaluroba:<br />

nebismier teqsts warmoSobs esa Tu is diskursi, diskurss<br />

ki mudam Tan axlavs misi araverbaluri (arasityvieri)<br />

aspeqti. amitom bunebrivia miviCnioT: teqstis sruli<br />

“wakiTxva” unda niSnavdes im diskursis araverbaluri aspeqtis<br />

ama Tu im gziT gaTvaliswinebasac, romelmac warmoSo<br />

CvenTvis saintereso teqsti. amiT, ra Tqma unda, ar uqmdeba<br />

is faqti, rom filologiis yuradRebis centrSi aris da iqneba<br />

verbaluri teqsti, magram, amave dros, imasac vxedavT,<br />

Tu raoden rTuli SeiZleba iyos teqstobriobis, rogorc<br />

Sinaganad erTiani fenomenis, farglebSi verbalurobisa<br />

da araverbalurobis urTierTmimarTeba.<br />

axla ki mivaqcioT yuradReba filologiis zemoT mocemuli<br />

gansazRvris meore mxares: vambobT, rom filologia<br />

aris azrovnebis mimarTuleba. magram romel azrovnebas<br />

(azrovnebis romel tips) vgulisxmobT am SemTxveva-<br />

Si? adamiani azrovnebis gareSe ar arsebobs. Cven gvixdeba<br />

azrovneba yovel wuTs, yovel nabijze raRac problemas-<br />

Tan, raRac situaciasTan dakavSirebiT. es ki imas niSnavs,<br />

rom arsebobs egreT wodebuli “yoveldRiuri azrovneba”.<br />

magram, garda yoveldRiuri azrovnebisa, arsebobs kidev<br />

azrovneba, romelic, ra Tqma unda, efuZneba yoveldRiurobis<br />

faqtebs da monacemebs, magram, amave dros, dgams gadamwyvet<br />

nabijs swored azrovnebisadmi sruliad axali<br />

formisa da Sinaarsis miniWebis mizniT. zogadad, SeiZleba<br />

vTqvaT, rom yoveldRiurobas dafuZnebuli da, amave<br />

dros, misgan gansxvavebuli es azrovneba aris mecnieruli<br />

azrovneba (Tumca arsebobs, amave dros, azric, rom yoveldRiurisgan<br />

gansxvavebuli azrovneba SeiZleba iyos es-<br />

Tetikuric, anu iseTic, romlis safuZvelze _ an romlis<br />

saSualebiT _ iqmneba mxatvruli teqsti. magram ar unda<br />

dagvaviwydes, rom msgavs SemTxvevebSi mudam saqme gvaqvs

leqcia 241<br />

SemoqmedebasTan, anu, garkveuli gagebiT, axali, jer ararsebuli<br />

realobis SeqmnasTan; da amitom ismis kiTxva: sakmarisi<br />

kia azrovnebis cneba imisTvis, rom ganmartebul iqnas<br />

Semoqmedebis arsi da buneba? amitom swored moviqceviT,<br />

albaT, Tu am SemTxvevaSi _ an am etapze _ ar SevexebiT<br />

“esTetikuri azrovnebis” problemas da arayoveldRiuri<br />

azrovnebis rogorc fenomenis tipiur “warmomadgenlad”<br />

miviCnevT swored mecnierul azrovnebas).<br />

magram rogor, ris saSualebiT xdeba aseTi, anu yoveldRiurobas<br />

dayrdnobili, magram ukve principulad arayoveldRiuri<br />

azrovnebis ganxorcieleba? rogor, ra gziT<br />

miiRweva aseTi azrovneba? gadasvla yoveldRiuri azrovnebidan<br />

mecnierul azrovnebaze xdeba adamianuri azrovnebisaTvis<br />

zogadad damaxasiaTebeli iseTi fenomenis<br />

Tvisobrivi gardaqmnis (transformaciis) gziT, romelsac<br />

“refleqsia” ewodeba (“refleqsia” aris pirveli zogadmecnieruli<br />

mniSvnelobis termini, romelic Semovida Cvens<br />

urTierTobaSi. SeiZleba iTqvas: es termini, misiT nagulisxmevi<br />

cneba iqneba Cveni pirveli nabiji ara mxolod filologiaSi,<br />

aramed, albaT, zogadad mecnierul azrovnebaSic).<br />

winaswar SegviZlia vTqvaT: mTeli Cveni kursis man-<br />

Zilze saqme gveqneba swored filologiur refleqsiasTan<br />

da am refleqsiis sxvadasxva doneebTan).<br />

magram ras niSnavs zogadad termini “refleqsia”?<br />

bunebrivia, gavcemT pasuxs zemoT dasmul kiTxvaze, magram<br />

jer SevecadoT gvqondes Tundac Zalian zogadi warmodgena<br />

imaze, Tu ras warmoadgens saerTod termini (Sei-<br />

Zleba iTqvas: termini rogorc fenomeni). roca sakuTriv<br />

filologiaze daviwyebT laparaks, vityviT, rom, ra Tqma<br />

unda, azrovnebis mTeli im mimarTulebis aRmniSvneli sityvac<br />

(“filologia”) terminia. yoveldRiurad Cven, rogorc<br />

wesi, terminebiT ar vlaparakobT, magram mecniereba<br />

(romeli mecnierebac unda iyos) terminebis gareSe SeuZlebelia<br />

(Tundac imitom, rom swored terminologia Tavisi<br />

metad Tu naklebad “mkacrad” gansazRvruli semantikiT<br />

inaxavs da “afiqsirebs” mecnieruli kvlevis Sedegad<br />

miRebul gamocdilebas). roca gvsurs gavigoT romelime<br />

terminis Sinaarsi, pirvel rigSi, ar unda daviviwyoT, rom<br />

terminic sityvaa (Tumca ki sityva, romlis mniSvnelobamac<br />

ganicada garkveuli transformacia, anu gardaqmna),<br />

nebismieri sityvisTvis ki damaxasiaTebelia da arsebiTad<br />

aucilebelia ori ZiriTadi funqcia (amis TqmiT vdgamT<br />

kidev erT nabijs filologiis wiaRSi). romelia es funqciebi?<br />

pirvel rigSi, sityvas unda hqondes mniSvneloba:

242 waxnagi 1.2009<br />

is raRacas unda niSnavdes da es “raRaca” unda ekuTvnodes<br />

sinamdviles (xiluls Tu uxilavs? konkretuls da “xel-<br />

Sesaxebs” Tu mxolod warmosaxviTs? es ukve sxva sakiTxia<br />

_ is sakiTxi, romelic mudam badebda da badebs azrTa<br />

sxvadasxvaobas enis problemebiT daintersebul mklevarebs<br />

Soris). is, rac sityvis mniSvnelobad miiCneva, mudam<br />

aris amgvarad, anu farTod gagebuli sinamdvilis ama Tu<br />

im monakveTis (sxvanairad, anu terminologiurad _ segmentis)<br />

amsaxveli, am monakveTis miniSnebis funqciiT Cvens<br />

mexsierebaSi arsebuli warmodgena-xati. enaTmecnierebaSi<br />

da ara marto enaTmecnierebaSi, roca laparakia sityvis<br />

mniSvnelobaze (da ara marto sityvis, aramed winadadebis<br />

da teqstis mniSvnelobazec, an rodesac laparakia romelime<br />

kulturisTvis damaxasiTebeli faqtis mniSvnelobazec<br />

ki), ixmareba termini “semantika”. magram sityvebi da, maT<br />

Soris, terminebic Tavisi aRnagobiT SeiZleba iyvnen rogorc<br />

martivi, ise rTulic, ese igi, SeiZleba sityva ar Seicavdes<br />

Tavis TavSi, Tavis JRerad formaSi, sakuTari mniSvnelobis<br />

mqone erT elementze mets _ magaliTad, table: Cven<br />

ver SevZlebT gavyoT es sityva or Tavisi mniSvnelobiT<br />

erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebul elementad. magram CvenTvis am<br />

SemTxvevaSi saintereso termini “refleqsia” ar aris Tavisi<br />

formiT da, Sesabamisad, SinaarsiTac martivi. is Sedgeba<br />

ori garkveulad damoukidebeli mniSvnelobis mqone elementisagan:<br />

“re-” da “-fleqsia”. pirveli elementi, romelsac<br />

lingvistikaSi “afiqsi” ewodeba, CvenTvis kargad cnobilia<br />

Tundac iseTi sityvebidan, rogoricaa, magaliTad,<br />

“reanimacia”, “reorganizacia” da a.S. magram ras niSnavs zogad<br />

es “re-”? afiqsi “re-” mis Semcvel sityvaTa farglebSi<br />

niSnavs imis gameorebas _ an imasTan dabrunebas _ razec<br />

miuTiTebs am sityvis is nawili, romelic mosdevs am afiqss<br />

da swored esaa misi semantika (magaliTad, “reorganizacia”<br />

niSnavs raRac iseTis xelaxla organizebas, rac aqamdec rogorRac<br />

_ kargad Tu cudad _ ukve iyo organizebuli). “refleqsiis”<br />

SemTxvevaSi ki afiqsi “re-” niSnavs Semdegs: Seni<br />

azriT da fiqriT unda daubrunde raRac iseTs, rac realobis<br />

Seneul aRqmaSi (Tu gancdaSi) refleqsiis gareSec iyo<br />

mocemuli, ukve arsebobda (rac Seexeba element “fleqsias”:<br />

is nawarmoebia laTinuri zmnisgan flecto: “raimes moxra” an<br />

“ramesTvis mimarTulebis Secvla”).<br />

imisTvis, rom bolomde gavigoT termin “refleqsiis”<br />

mniSvneloba, aucilebelia Cvens azrovnebaSi SemovitanoT<br />

kidev erTi termini _ saxeldobr, termini “fenomeni”. rogorc<br />

ukve iTqva, “reflexio” niSnavs dabrunebas; rasTan dabru-

leqcia 243<br />

nebas? im fenomenTan dabrunebas, romelic mis gareSec (ese<br />

igi, refleqsiis gareSec) arsebobda, magram romelze Cveni<br />

yuradRebis koncentrirebasac gulisxmobs refleqsia; da<br />

ras niSnavs sityva (an sityva-termini) “fenomeni”? es sityva<br />

(berZnulad “phainomenon”) nawarmoebia zmnisgan “phainomai”,<br />

romelic niSnavs “movlenili var”. aqedan gamomdinare: fenomeni<br />

aris is (is movlena, is faqti), rasac Cven aRviqvamT<br />

uSualod _ imisgan damoukideblad, vaqcevT Tu ara Cven am<br />

faqts Tu movlenas refleqsiis sagnad. rogorc iTqva, yovel<br />

sityvas aqvs ori funqcia: pirvelze ukve gvqonda saubari _<br />

es aris semantika da, garda amisa, yoveli sityva swored am<br />

Tavisi semantikiT (misi meSveobiT) raRacas asaxelebs. sityvis<br />

am funqciis, anu dasaxelebis funqciis aRsaniSnavad<br />

ixmareba laTinuri warmoSobis termini “nominacia” (nomen<br />

“saxelia”, nominatio ki _ “dasaxeleba”). aqedan gamomdinare,<br />

SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom yovel sityvas da maT Soris terminsac<br />

(riTi gansxvavdeba termini “Cveulebrivi” sityvisgan?<br />

_ amazec gveqneba saubari) aqvs ori funqcia: 1. semantikuri<br />

da 2. nominaciuri (amitom, rodesac mogvixdeba laparaki<br />

“filologiaze”, rogorc terminze, vilaparakebT mis semantikaze<br />

da mis nominaciur funqciazec, ese igi, imaze, rasac<br />

is asaxelebs).<br />

davubrundebiT, ra Tqma unda, sityvaTa (terminTa) nominaciuri<br />

funqciis sakiTxs; magram msjelobis am etapze<br />

gvsurs davazustoT is, rasac gulisxmobs termini “semantika”.<br />

ukve viciT, rom sityva Tavisi aRnagobiT SeiZleba<br />

iyos martivic da rTulic; da roca sityva martivia, sakmarisia<br />

vilaparakoT “ubralod” mis semantikaze. magram<br />

rogor moviqceT maSin, roca saqme gvaqvs semantikuri (anu<br />

mniSvnelobiTi) TvalsazrisiT ukve iseT rTul sityvas-<br />

Tan, rogoricaa, magaliTad, “refleqsia” (an Tundac TviT<br />

“filologia”, romelic, ra Tqma unda, Cven gansakuTrebiT<br />

gvainteresebs)? roca laparakoben rTuli Semadgenlobis<br />

mqone rame fenomenze, saganze an sityvaze (CavTvaloT, Tundac<br />

pirobiTad, rom erTze meti elementis arseboba ukve<br />

garkveul sirTules niSnavs), xmaroben termins “struqtura”.<br />

ase rom, SeiZleba vilaparakoT nebismieri fenomenis _<br />

Tundac sityvis, qveynis da TviT samyaros struqturazec ki,<br />

Tu ki am terminiT vigulisxmebT dasaxelebul fenomenTa<br />

Sinagan aRnagobas an Semadgenlobas. Sesabamisad, roca laparakia<br />

rTuli aRnagobis sityvaze, maSin ar aris sakmarisi<br />

vilaparakoT mis semantikaze (ese igi, amisTvis “ar gvyofnis”<br />

termini “semantika”) _ aucilebeli xdeba vilaparakoT mis<br />

semantikur struqturaze. ras niSnavs gamoTqma “semantiku-

244 waxnagi 1.2009<br />

ri struqtura”? roca sityva Sedgeba ori an orze meti elementisagan,<br />

TavisTavad igulisxmeba, rom yovel am elements<br />

aqvs Tavisi sakuTari mniSvneloba da swored am mniSvnelobaTa<br />

erToblioba qmnis sityvis semantikur struqturas.<br />

termin “struqturis” zemoT mocemuli ganmarteba iZleva<br />

imis saSualebas, rom ufro gaazrebulad aRviqvaT “refleqsia”<br />

_ termini, romelsac, rogorc ukve viciT, aqvs<br />

Tavisi semantikuri struqtura da swored am semantikuri<br />

struqturis wyalobiTaa, rom is raRacas (garkveuli saxis<br />

movlenas _ aqtsa Tu process) asaxelebs. rogorc iTqva,<br />

termini “refleqsia” gulisxmobs, rom is, vinc asrulebs<br />

refleqsiis aqts (anu refleqsiis subieqti), raRacas<br />

ubrundeba, ese igi, ubrundeba ukve garkveuli saxiT aRqmul<br />

(an iqneb gancdil) fenomens imisTvis, rom moaxdinos<br />

masze yuradRebis koncentracia da, Sesabamisad, aqcios is<br />

refleqsiis obieqtad (anu imad, razedac an rasTan dakav-<br />

SirebiTac xorcieldeba refleqsiis aqti). rogorc vxedavT,<br />

aseTia refleqsiis aqtisa (Tu procesis) struqtura _<br />

is garduvalad gulisxmobs rogorc refleqsiis subieqts,<br />

ise refleqsiis obieqts (Tumca mivaqcioT yuradReba Semdeg<br />

faqts: refleqsiaze msjelobisas vambobT: “aqti Tu<br />

procesi” da amiT gvsurs erTdroulad xazi gavusvaT am<br />

fenomenisTvis _ Tumca ara mxolod misTvis _ damaxasia-<br />

Tebel Semdeg or moments: termini “aqti” mianiSnebs imaze,<br />

rom saqme gvaqvs ara raRac iseTTan, rac xdeba adamianis<br />

gareSe da misgan damoukideblad, aramed piriqiT – raRac<br />

iseTTan, rac xorcieldeba adamianis mier, ese igi, risi subieqtic<br />

aris adamiani. ase, magaliTad, vambobT: “metyvelebis<br />

aqti”, “SemoqmedebiTi aqti” da a.S. sxvanairad rom<br />

vTqvaT, terminiT “aqti” xazi gaesmis CvenTvis saintereso<br />

faqtis Tu xdomilebis _ am SemTxvevaSi refleqsiis _<br />

warmomavlobas. termini “procesi” ki mianiSnebs imas, rom<br />

yoveli aqti (ise, rogorc saerTod yovelive, rac xdeba)<br />

saWiroebs dros (Tundac umcires droiT monakveTs) imis-<br />

Tvis, raTa ganxorcieldes. aqedan gamomdinare: refleqsia<br />

rogorc procesi _ es aris refleqsiis aqti, danaxuli misi<br />

realuri, anu droiTi ganxorcielebis TvalsazrisiT).<br />

zemoT ukve iTqva, _ Tumca jer mxolod miniSnebis saxiT,<br />

_ rom refleqsia gvaqvs yoveldRiurobaSic. amjerad ki<br />

gvsurs xazi gavusvaT am TvalsazrisiT mniSvnelovan Semdeg<br />

or moments: a) yoveldRiurobisTvis refleqsia ar aris<br />

imdenad tipuri da arsebiTad damaxasiaTebeli, rogorc<br />

mecnieruli azrovnebisTvis da b) is Tvisobrivad gansxvavdeba<br />

mecnieruli refleqsiisagan (amitomac iTqva ukve, rom

leqcia 245<br />

azrovnebis mecnieruli done miiRweva yoveldRiurobis-<br />

Tvis damaxasiaTebeli refleqsiis Tvisobrivi gardaqmnis<br />

gziT. raSi unda mdgomareobdes es Tvisobrivi gardaqmna?<br />

am kiTxvaze Semdeg leqciebSi gavcemT pasuxs). davuSvaT,<br />

magaliTad, raRaca moxda Tqvens garSemo da erTdroulad<br />

_ TqvenSic. davuSvaT, viRac dainaxeT da igrZeniT, rom<br />

aucileblad gindaT am adamianis meored naxva, masTan meored<br />

Sexvedra. erTi sityviT, viRacam Tqven mogxiblaT. Tu<br />

Tqven SeCerdebiT da SeekiTxebiT Tqvens Tavs: “raSia saqme,<br />

ra moxda? ram momxibla am adamianSi?” _ es iqneba swored<br />

refleqsia, radgan mis mier Tqveni moxiblva ukve moxda. magram<br />

Tqven Tu SeCerdiT da dasviT aseTi kiTxva, maSin Tqven<br />

daubrundiT imas, rac ukve iyo, rac ukve moxda. ufro xSirad<br />

aseTi (yoveldRiurobis farglebSi momxdari) refleqsia<br />

gamoixateba msgavsi kiTxvebiT; yovelive is ki, rasac vubrundebiT<br />

refleqsiis gziT, aris swored esa Tu is fenomeni<br />

_ zogadad Tqvens gareSe arsebuli Tu Tqvens Soreul an<br />

axlo warsulSi momxdari. ra Tqma unda, SeiZleba SeekiTxoT<br />

Tqvens Tavs: “ra xdeba?” (an “ra moxda?”) da SeiZleba _ ara,<br />

ese igi, SeiZleba arsebobdeT metad Tu naklebad refleqsiurad<br />

da SeiZleba _ ara. magram es ukve sul sxva sakiTxia.<br />

gadavdgaT kidev nabiji, romelic migvaaxlovebs ara<br />

mxolod filologiur, aramed saerTod mecnierul azrovnebasTan.<br />

riTi unda daiwyos is rasac Cven “refleqsia”<br />

vuwodeT? refleqsia, ra Tqma unda, gulisxmobs, rom unda<br />

SevCerdeT (“SeCereba” am SemTxvvaSi niSnavs: aRar mivyveT<br />

daufiqreblad cxovrebiseul nakads), radgan sxvanairad<br />

ver davubrundebiT ukve aRqmul fenomens masze yuradRebis<br />

koncentraciis mizniT. magram SeCereba ar aris sakmarisi:<br />

refleqsiis aqti gulisxmobs imasac, rom unda davsvaT ki-<br />

Txva im fenomenTan dakavSirebiT, romelmac miipyro Cveni<br />

yuradReba. ase rom, nebismier SemTxvevaSi refleqsia iwyeba<br />

kiTxviT _ “ra aris es”? magram amave dros aRsaniSnavia<br />

Semdegi: refleqsiis “wamomwyebi” (amboben: “mainicirebeli”)<br />

kiTxva warmodgenili saxiT atarebs erTgvari formulis<br />

(dasakonkretebeli ganyenebuli struqturis) saxes da<br />

mudam SesaZlebelia, rom mocemul konkretul SemTxvevaSi<br />

man garkveuli saxecvlileba ganicados (Tumca arc is aris<br />

gamoricxuli, rom is swored aq warmodgenili saxiT mogvevlinos).<br />

sxvanairad rom vTqvaT, am “formulis” orive Ziri-<br />

Tadma elementma _ rogorc zmnam “aris”, ise nacvalsaxelma<br />

“es” gansxvavebul konteqstSi SeiZinos gansxvavebuli saxe.<br />

ganvixiloT gancalkevebiT es ori SesaZlo SemTxveva:

246 waxnagi 1.2009<br />

a) zmnis “aris” SesaZlo konteqsturi mniSvnelobebi<br />

SesaZlebelia, rom zmna “aris” romelime sxva, ufro<br />

konkretuli mniSvnelobis mqone zmniT Seicvalos. ase, magaliTad,<br />

imis magivrad, rom vTqvaT: “ra aris es?”, SeiZleba<br />

vTqvaT: “ras niSnavs es?”, an, davuSvaT: “ra xdeba?” (rogorc<br />

zemoT ukve iTqva); magram, miuxedavad refleqsiis<br />

gamomxatveli kiTxvis sityvieri struqturis amgvari da<br />

kidev sxva SesaZlo variaciisa, refleqsia mainc refleqsiad<br />

darCeba, radgan msgavs SemTxvevaSi zmna, romelsac<br />

vixmarT zmnis “aris” nacvlad, Tavisi mniSvnelobiT Zalian<br />

“miuaxlovdeba” am zmnas (anu zmnas “aris”) da, rogorc<br />

enaTmecnieri ityoda, iqceva mis “konteqstualur sinonimad”.<br />

(“sinonimebad” msgavsi mniSvnelobis sityvebi iwodeba,<br />

“konteqsti” ki ornairad SeiZleba gavigoT: an rogorc<br />

is sityvieri garemocva, romelic mocemul sityvas “wilad<br />

xvdeba” mocemul teqstSi, an is azrobrivi situacia, romelic<br />

ganapirobebs mocemul momentSi TviT am sityvis xmarebas.<br />

TavisTavad cxadia, rom konteqstis es ori aspeqti<br />

erTmaneTs gulisxmobs).<br />

ukve vilaparakeT imis Sesaxeb, rom kiTxvam “ra aris es?”<br />

SeiZleba ganicados sityvieri saxecvlileba. magram, aseve,<br />

SesaZlebelia, rom refleqsiis “dabadebis” momentSi es ki-<br />

Txva Riad da cxadad, anu, _ rogorc am SemTxvevaSi amboben<br />

xolme, _ eqspliciturad arc iyos dasmuli, arc iyos formulirebuli:<br />

zemoT naxsenebi “SeCereba” ukve TavisTavad<br />

(amboben: impliciturad) SeiZleba gulisxmobdes am kiTxvis<br />

dasmas, anu refleqsiis rogorc procesis “wamowyebas”. isic<br />

ki SeiZleba iTqvas, rom yoveldRiuri, ese igi, aramecnieruli<br />

refleqsiisTvis iqneb ufro tipuric ki iyos swored<br />

aseTi araeqsplicituroba. magram am SemTxvevaSic mTavari<br />

da gadamwyvetia swored is, rac igulisxmeba eqsplicituri<br />

formulirebis gareSec _ refleqsiis gamomxatveli, misi<br />

“dabadebis” faqtze mimTiTebeli kiTxva “ra aris es?”.<br />

b) nacvalsaxel “es”-s SesaZlo konteqsturi mniSvnelobebi<br />

magram ara nakleb aucilebelia SevexoT im konteqstur<br />

mniSvnelobebs, romlebic refleqsiis aqtis farglebSi<br />

SeiZleba SeiZinos nacvalsaxelma “es” (rogorc ukve viciT,<br />

is miuTiTebs swored im fenomenze, romelmac gamoiwvia<br />

Cveni interesi, ese igi, romlis gamoc “SevCerdiT” zemoT<br />

ganmartebuli mniSvnelobiT). gamovyofT or aseT ZiriTad<br />

mniSvnelobas:

leqcia 247<br />

a) “es” im kiTxvis farglebSi, romelic safuZvlad edeba<br />

refleqsias, SeiZleba miuTiTebdes ukve saxelis mqone<br />

(saxeldebul, sxvanarad: nominirebul) fenomenze, magaliTad:<br />

“ra aris adamiani?” (“es”-is adgils am SemTxvevaSi<br />

daikavebs sityva “adamiani”, romelic miuTiTebs adamianze,<br />

anu fenomenze, romelsac ukve aqvs saxeli qarTul enaSi).<br />

msgavsi SemTxvevebia: “ra aris ena?” da a.S. saboloo angariSSi<br />

yoveli arsebiTi saxeli mocemul enaSi Tavisi arsebobiT<br />

miuTiTebs imaze, rom misgan saxeldebuli fenomeni<br />

gamoyofilia sxva fenomenebisgan. magram ramdenad niSnavs<br />

amgvari gamoyofiloba imas, rom mocemuli fenomeni ukve<br />

yofila (an ukve aris) refleqsiis sagani? SeuZlebelia, ra<br />

Tqma unda, am kiTxvaze zusti pasuxis gacema, radgan yoveldRiuri<br />

sinamdvile, anu is fuZemdebeli sinamdvile, romelsac<br />

pirvel rigSi da uSualod asaxavs ena Tavisi nominaciuri<br />

stuqturiT, ar “gvabarebs Cven angariSs” fenomen-<br />

Ta refleqtirebulobis Taobaze. es sinamdvile mudam da<br />

principulad Riaa refleqsiisTvis _ misi nebismieri tipisa<br />

Tu donisTvis _ iseve, rogorc Riaa gamoxatvisTvis, anu<br />

imisTvis, risTvisac arsebobs xelovneba am sityvis maqsimalurad<br />

farTo gagebiT (Cven kidev wina gvaqvs refleqsiuri<br />

msjeloba imis Taobaze, Tu rogor unda iqnas gagebuli enis<br />

zemoT xsenebuli “nominaciuri struqtura”. magram, amave<br />

dros, gvsurs ukve am etapze naTqvams davumatoT Semdegi:<br />

ena ara mxolod gamoyofs fenomenebs, _ es imdenad cxadia,<br />

rom am faqtze, SeiZleba iTqvas, naTlad miuTiTebs Tundac<br />

nebismieri enis nebismieri leqsikoni, _ aramed gansazRvravs<br />

da adgens kidec mimarTebebs maT Soris. magram es meore<br />

momenti ekuTvnis enis naklebad cxad, anu siRrmiseul<br />

ganzomilebas da, Sesabamisad, misi Cvens mier gacnobierebac<br />

(ese igi, impliciturobidan eqspliciturobaSi “gadayvana”)<br />

SesaZlebeli xdeba mxolod siRrmiseulive analizis<br />

Sedegad). magram nu vifiqrebT, rom enis es ori funqcia<br />

_ nominaciuri da mimarTebaTa ganmsazRvreli _ arsebobs<br />

da moqmedebs erTmaneTisgan damoukideblad. piriqiT:<br />

isini erTmaneTs gulisxmobs da sxvanairad SeuZlebelic<br />

iqneboda, radgan yoveli sityva Tavis nominaciur funqcias<br />

asrulebs im sxva sityvebTan erTad, romlebic Tavisi<br />

semantikiT ganekuTvneba sinamdvilis imave sferos, rac<br />

SeuZlebeli iqneboda misi (am sferos) struqturis iseTi<br />

asaxvis gareSe, romelic faqtobrivad mis Seqmnasac niSnavs<br />

_ Seqmnas imitom, rom yoveli ena sinamdvilis am struqturirebas<br />

axdens Taviseburad da ganumeoreblad. amitomac<br />

miiCnevs Tanamedrove humanitaruli azrovneba, rom yove-

248 waxnagi 1.2009<br />

li ena (igulisxmeba erovnuli verbaluri enebi, iseTebi,<br />

rogoricaa, magaliTad, <strong>qarTuli</strong>, inglisuri da a.S.) aris<br />

samyaros pirveladi da ganumeorebeli xati (ese igi, yoveli<br />

ena Taviseburad aRiqvams da gaiazrebs sinam dviles).<br />

b) “es”-is meore SesaZlo konteqsturi mniSvneloba uSualod<br />

ukavSirdeba zemoT naTqvams: ena (yoveli ena!) aris<br />

samyaros (ufro farTod Tu vityviT _ sinamdvilis) xati<br />

da, Sesabamisad, yoveli diskursi mis farglebSi agebuli<br />

teqstiT aris am xatis aqtualizacia (Tumca axlave unda<br />

iTqvas, rom sinamdvileSi samyaros enobriv xats mudam<br />

erwymis samyaros kulturuli xati, anu is xati, romelsac<br />

Cven gviqmnis Cvenive kultura, ase rom saboloo angariSSi<br />

diskursi-teqstic aris ara ubralod enis, aramed im organzomilebiani<br />

kompleqsis (anu rTuli struqturis mqone<br />

warmonaqmnis) aqtualizacia, romelsac pirobiTad “enakultura”<br />

SeiZleba vuwodoT. magram, ra Tqma unda, enisa<br />

da kulturis urTierTmimarTebaze ufro safuZvlianad<br />

vilaparakebT Semdgom, _ maSin, roca gveqneba am ori fenomenis<br />

(rogorc enis, ise kulturis) ufro srulad gaazrebuli<br />

konceptebi. am etapze ki miviRoT im kompleqsis SedarebiT<br />

gamartivebuli sqema (modeli), romlis aqtualizaciac<br />

xdeba diskurs-teqstiT.<br />

davimaxsovroT zemoT naTqvami da mis fonze mivuTiToT<br />

Semdeg or SesaZlo SemTxvevaze:<br />

a) marTalia, ena qmnis samyaros (sinamdvilis) pirvelad<br />

da sawyis xats, magram es ar niSnavs, rom xsenebul xats ZaluZs<br />

moicvas samyaros wiaRSi arsebul saganTa Tu fenomenTa<br />

mTeli SesaZlo erToblioba (sityva “xati”-s semantika<br />

arc gulisxmobs amgvar yovlismomcvelobas _ is gulisxmobs<br />

mxolod mis mier SemoqmedebiTad da, Sesabamisad,<br />

yvela calkeul SemTxvevaSi ganumeorebeli TaviseburebiT<br />

areklili sinamdvilis struqturas _ mis konfiguracias).<br />

amitom mudam SesaZlebelia, rom adamiani Tavis cxovrebiseul<br />

gzaze “gadaeyaros” romeliRac jer arasaxeldebul<br />

da am TvalsazrisiT axal (ucnob) sagansa (am sityvis far-<br />

To mniSvnelobiT) Tu fenomens. msgavs SemTxvevaSi, ra Tqma<br />

unda, kiTxvaSi “ra aris es?” elementi “es” miuTiTebs raRac<br />

ucnobze Tu Seucnobelze.<br />

b) enis, rogorc samyaros xatis, aqtualizacia ki xdeba<br />

imisTvis, raTa Seiqmnas im situaciis xati, romelic warmoadgens<br />

ama Tu im konkretuli diskurs-teqstis Temas,<br />

radgan nebismier SemTxvevaSi, roca adamianTa Soris adgili<br />

aqvs komunikacias (ese igi, fenomens, romlis gareSe<br />

diskursi ar warmoiSoba), mudam laparakia (am sityvis far-

leqcia 249<br />

To mniSvnelobiT) garkveul situaciaze. magram yovelma<br />

Cvenganma icis: rogorc Cvens Sida samyaroSi (Cvens “SigniT”),<br />

ise gare samyaroSi Cndeba xolme situaciebi (is, rac<br />

xdeba), romlebic ver eqvemdebarebian “gateqstebas”, anu<br />

teqstiT asaxvas Tu gamoxatvas. es swored isaa, rasac adamianebi<br />

“eniT gamouTqmels” uwodeben. am SemTxvevaSic, ra<br />

Tqma unda, “es” miuTiTebs raRac ucnobze da Seucnobelze,<br />

oRond Semdegi gansxvavebiT: Tu wina SemTxvevaSi “ucnobis<br />

da Seucnobelis” rolSi gamodioda raRac sagani (rogorc<br />

iTqva, am sityvis farTo mniSvnelobiT), am meore SemTxvevaSi<br />

imave rolSi gamodis esa Tu is situacia.<br />

dabolos: davuSvaT, Cven gaveciT pasuxi kiTxvaze,<br />

romliTac, rogorc iTqva, iwyeba (sulerTia, eqsplicituri<br />

Tu implicituri saxiT) nebismieri refleqsia. cxadia,<br />

rom es pasuxi SeiZleba iyos rogorc mokle da martivi, ise<br />

SedarebiT rTulic. magram, rogoric ar unda iyos is, pasuxs<br />

kiTxvaze _ “ra aris es?” _ ewodeba am “es”-iT nagulisxmevi<br />

sagnis Tu fenomenis gansazRvra, anu definicia; definiciis<br />

uSualo Sedegs ki ewodeba Cvens mier gansazRvruli (definirebuli)<br />

sagnisa Tu fenomenis “cneba”.<br />

leqcia 2<br />

gavimeoroT: yoveli refleqsia _ sulerTia, xdeba is<br />

yoveldRiurobis farglebSi Tu mecnierul azrovnebaSi<br />

_ iwyeba imiT, rom ismis _ eqsplicituri Tu implicituri<br />

saxiT _ kiTxva: “ra aris es?” magram aqve aRsaniSnavia<br />

Semdegi momenti: nebismier fenomenze SeiZleba vilaparakoT<br />

ori erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebuli TvalsazrisiT:<br />

an aRviqvaT da gaviazroT is (es fenomeni) rogorc erTi<br />

Sinaganad ganuyofeli mTliani, an vilaparakoT mis romeliRac<br />

erT, calke aRebul aspeqtze. fsiqologia, magaliTad,<br />

Seiswavlis adamianis fsiqikas, literaturismcodneoba<br />

_ adamianuri Semoqmedebis iseT “produqts”,<br />

rogoricaa literatura; istoria Seiswavlis adamianis<br />

yofnas istoriul droSi, ase vTqvaT, “droiT vertikal-<br />

Si”; ese igi, yoveli dasaxelebuli mecniereba Seiswavlis<br />

adamians romeliRac mis erT aspeqtSi da arcerTi maTgani<br />

ar svams kiTxvas: “ra aris adamiani?”, anu adamiani rogorc<br />

adamiani, _ adamiani rogorc erTi da ganuyofeli<br />

mTliani (da ara misi romelime aspeqti). fsiqologia,<br />

rogorc iTqva, svams kiTxvas: “ra aris (ras warmoadgens)<br />

adamianis fsiqika?” da es iqneba fsiqologiuri refleqsiis<br />

dasawyisi. magram xom SeiZleba davsvaT aseTi ki-

250 waxnagi 1.2009<br />

Txvac: “ra aris damiani?” _ anu kiTxva, romelic, albaT,<br />

adamians _ Tu igi, saerTod, midrekilia azrovnebisken<br />

_ yvelaze ufro awuxebs. aseT kiTxvas svams azrovnebis<br />

mxolod ori sfero – RmrTismetyveleba da filosofia<br />

da, Sesabamisad, es SeiZleba xdebodes mxolod RmrTismetyveluri<br />

da filosofiuri refleqsiis farglebSi<br />

(terminebi ZiriTadad modis berZnulidan an laTinuridan;<br />

laTinurad adamiani iqneba homo da aqedan _ zedsarTavebi<br />

“humanuri” da “humanitaruli”; berZnulad ki<br />

adamiani iqneba anthropos). rogorc ukve iqna miniSnebuli,<br />

kiTxvas “ra aris adamiani (rogorc yofieri)?” svams an<br />

RmrTismetyveluri (anu Teologiuri) anTropologia,<br />

an filosofiuri anTropologia (pirvel SemTxvevaSi,<br />

anu maSin, roca saqme gvaqvs Teologiur refleqsiasTan,<br />

zemoT dasmuli kiTxva gulisxmobs adamianis raobas<br />

RmerTTan, rogorc zebunebriv realobasTan, mimarTebaSi:<br />

“theos” berZnulad “RmerTs” niSnavs; Afilosofiuri<br />

refleqsiis SemTxvevaSi ki gvainteresebs adamianis<br />

raoba yofierebasTan, rogorc erT mTlianTan, mis<br />

mimarTebaSi).<br />

rogorc vxedavT, adamianTan (ise, rogorc nebismier<br />

sxva fenomenTan) dakavSirebuli refleqsia SeiZleba<br />

atarebdes ornair da erTmaneTisgan principulad gansxvavebul<br />

xasiaTs: es refleqsia SeiZleba momdinareobdes<br />

kiTxvidan: “ra aris (ras warmoadgens) adamiani?”<br />

da am SemTxvevaSi is (es refleqsia) iqneba mimarTuli<br />

adamianze rogorc erT da ganuyofel mTlianze da es<br />

iqneba – Tu Tanamedrove azrovnebaSi xSirad gamoyenebul<br />

termins vixmarT – adamianis holisturi xedva<br />

(berZnulad “holos” “mTlians” niSnavs); magram, rogorc<br />

ukve viciT, adamianTan dakavSirebuli refleqsia aseve<br />

SeiZleba momdinareobdes araholisturad dasmuli ki-<br />

Txvidan, ese igi, es kiTxva SeiZleba mimarTuli iyos adamianis<br />

(adamianuri sinamdvilis) romeliRac erT da gamoyofil<br />

aspeqtze: Sesabamisad am SemTxvevaSi gveqneba<br />

adamianis ara holisturi, aramed aspeqturi xedva _ is<br />

xedva, romelic, rogorc wesi, damaxasiaTebelia ama Tu<br />

im humanitaruli (anu adamianis erTi romelime aspeqtis<br />

kvlevasTan dakavSirebuli) mecnierebisaTvis (Tumca,<br />

amave dros, unda iTqvas: holistur da aspeqtur xedvaTa<br />

(da, Sesabamisad, holistur da aspeqtur refleqsiaTa)<br />

Soris msgavs gansxvavebasTan SeiZleba saqme gvqondes<br />

ara mxolod adamianTan, aramed nebismier femomenTan<br />

dakavSirebiT, ese igi, nebismieri fenomeni _ Tundac

leqcia 251<br />

iseTi, rogoricaa, magaliTad, ena, kultura, teqsti da<br />

a.S. _ SeiZleba danaxuli da refleqtirebuli (ese igi,<br />

refleqsiis sagnad qceuli) iqnas rogorc holisturad,<br />

ise aspeqturad). AD<br />

magram ratom dagvWirda yovelive amis Tqma filologiis<br />

kursis farglebSi da, rac mTavaria, ukve am kursis<br />

msvlelobis pirvelsave etapze? ratom miviCnieT aucileblad<br />

gagvemaxvilinebina yuradReba fenomenTa xedvis<br />

(da, Sesabamisad, maTTan dakavSirebuli refleqsiis) holistur<br />

da aspeqtur variantTa Soris arsebul gansxvavebaze?<br />

am kiTxvaze pasuxi SeiZleba gaices Semdeg sam (ra<br />

Tqma unda, urTierTdakavSirebul) Tvalsazrisze dayrdnobiT:<br />

1) pirveli Tvalsazrisi atarebs Zalian zogad, Sei-<br />

Zleba iTqvas – zogadlogikur _ xasiaTs (da swored ama-<br />

Si mdgomareobs, albaT, misi gadamwyveti mniSvneloba): ra<br />

sirTuliTac ar unda xasiaTdebodes fenomenis rogorc mTlianisa<br />

da misi romelime aspeqtis urTierTmimarTeba, saboloo<br />

angariSSi, swored mTeli gansazRvravs aspeqts da<br />

ara piruku (rogorc amboben, logikurad mTeli “win uswrebs”<br />

nawils). rogorc cxovrebiseuli gamocdileba, ise nebismieri<br />

SemecnebiTi procesic (anu ama Tu im fenomenTan<br />

dakavSirebuli refleqsia) gveubneba: fenomenis _ Tundac<br />

ama Tu im adamianis _ nebismieri aspeqtis Cveneuli xedva<br />

SeiZleba mcdari aRmoCndes, Tu mas Tan ar axlavs mTlianis<br />

(adamianis SemTxvevaSi mTlians “pirovneba” ewodeba) xedva<br />

da gancda, ese igi, fenomenis holisturi xedva unda miviCnioT<br />

misi aspeqturi xedvis adekvaturobis (sisworis, Seumcdarobis)<br />

winapirobad;<br />

2) ar unda iyos, albaT, Zneli imis danaxva, rom RmrTismetyveluri<br />

da filosofiuri anTropologia warmoadgens<br />

adamianis holistur, yoveli humanitaruli mecniereba ki<br />

_ mis aspeqtur xedvas. filologia, romelic, rogorc ukve<br />

iTqva, tradiciulad cdilobs daamyaros kavSiri iseT humanitarul<br />

mecnierebebs Soris, rogoricaa enaTmecniereba,<br />

literaturismcodneoba da kulturologia, gvevlineba,<br />

ra Tqma unda, humanitaruli azrovnebis mravalaspeqtovan<br />

da, amave dros, Sinaganad erTian sferod, magram Tavisi<br />

uSualo mizandasaxulobis mixedviT is, albaT, mainc ar<br />

warmoadgens adamianis holistur xedvas da rCeba aspeqturobis<br />

farglebSi (Tumca kidev erTxel unda vaRiaroT: es<br />

iseTi aspeqturobaa, romelsac Tavisi sul axlaxans xazgasmuli<br />

specifikis wyalobiT ZaluZs iqces holisturi<br />

xedvis umniSvnelovanes sayrdenad, winapirobad, an, iqneb,

252 waxnagi 1.2009<br />

TviT amgvari xedvis ara “pirdapiri”, magram siRrmiseuli<br />

mniSvnelobis mqone ganxorcielebadac ki). amitom, Tu viqnebiT<br />

Tanmimdevrulni da daveyrdnobiT wina punqtSi<br />

gamoTqmul mosazrebebs, aucilebeli iqneba xazgasmiT<br />

iTqvas: adamianis aspeqturi xedva (yoveli humanitaruli<br />

disciplina ki saboloo angariSSi mainc aseTi xedvis mcdelobas<br />

warmoadgens) mxolod maSin SeiZleba iyos adekvaturi<br />

(da Sesabamisad – warmatebuli), Tu is ara mxolod<br />

gaiTvaliswinebs adamianis holisturi xedvisa da kvlevis<br />

monacemebs, aramed Tanmimdevrulad daeyrdnoba kidec maT.<br />

amitom, rodesac ufro konkretulad, magram im cnebebze<br />

dayrdnobiT, romlebsac axla vecnobiT, davsvamT kiTxvas<br />

ukve filologiis Sesaxeb, mogvixdeba mivmarToT anTropologiasac<br />

(rogorc RmrTismetyveluri, ise filosofiuri<br />

gagebiT);<br />

3) zemoT warmodgenili yvela mosazreba atarebs metad<br />

Tu naklebad zogad xasiaTs da, Sesabamisad, SeiZleba gamo-<br />

Tqmul iqnas nebismier humanitarul disciplinasTan dakavSirebiT.<br />

magram aqvs Tu ara filologias Tavisi, mxolod<br />

misTvis specifikuri argumenti im azris sasargeblod, rom<br />

filologiuri refleqsia arsebiTad da Tanmimdevrulad<br />

unda ukavSirdebodes anTropologiur, anu holisturad<br />

gamiznul refleqsias? imisTvis, raTa am kiTxvaze pasuxi<br />

gavceT, mogvixdeba kidev erTxel gavixsenoT filologiis<br />

is gansazRvra, romelic efuZneba, erTi mxriv, termin “filologiis”<br />

yoveldRiur gagebas, meore mxriv ki, filologiuri<br />

kvlevis rogorc tradiciul, ise arsebul praqtikas:<br />

filologia aris azrovnebis mimarTuleba, romelic<br />

ikvlevs teqstSi (teqstebSi) gamovlenil Sinagan kavSirs<br />

iseT fenomenebs Soris, rogoricaa ena, literatura<br />

da kultura. Tu kidev erTxel _ da axleburad, anu ukve refleqsiurad<br />

_ davukvirdebiT am gansazRvras, SevniSnavT,<br />

rom is iZleva orgvari aqcentis gakeTebis (anu mTavarisa<br />

da ZiriTadis gamoyofis) saSualebas: a) erTi mxriv, filologisTvis<br />

mTavari da gadamwyveti SeiZleba iyos kavSiri<br />

enasa, literaturasa da kulturas Soris, ese igi, literaturuli<br />

teqstis ganxilvisas yuradRebis centrSi moeqceva<br />

an ena, an kultura, an orive erTdroulad (sxvanairad rom<br />

vTqvaT, saqme gveqneba an lingvocentrizmTan, an kulturocentrizmTan,<br />

an maT SerwymasTan _ lingua laTinurad “enas”<br />

niSnavs). am SemTxvevaSi filologisTvis teqsti iqneba<br />

mxolod (an ZiriTadad) enasa da kulturas Soris kavSiris<br />

dadgenisa da kvlevis saSualeba; b) meore mxriv ki, misTvis<br />

mTavari da gadamwyveti SeiZleba iyos TviT teqsti (teqs-

leqcia 253<br />

tobrioba) rogorc adamianuri sinamdvilisTvis arsebiTi<br />

da fuZemdebeli fenomeni da am SemTxvevaSi ukve ena da kultura<br />

iqcevian teqstobriobis kvlevis saSualebad. amitom<br />

ar iqneba, albaT, Secdoma, Tu filologias ganvsazRvravT<br />

sxvanairadac – amJamad ukve ise, rom yuradRebis centr-<br />

Si moeqces TviT teqsti (anu, rogorc msgavs SemTxvevebSi<br />

amboben xolme, teqstocentristulad); da Tu ase moviqceviT,<br />

maSin filologia ganisazRvreba rogorc teqstis<br />

wakiTxvisa da gagebis iseTi xelovneba, romelic efuZneba<br />

am fenomenis (anu teqstis) refleqsiur wvdomas. es refleqsiuri<br />

wvdoma, ra Tqma unda, kidev erTxel daadasturebs<br />

im ukve sayovelTaod aRiarebul WeSmaritebas, rom yoveli<br />

teqsti warmogvidgens ara mxolod garkveul enasa da<br />

garkveul kulturas (magaliTad, qarTul enasa da qarTul<br />

kulturas am fenomenTa istoriuli arsebobis garkveul<br />

momentSi), aramed _ da es kidev ufro arsebiTia _ Sinagan,<br />

siRrmiseul kavSirsac maT Soris. da Tu saqme gvaqvs literaturul<br />

teqstTan, anu filologiuri kvlevis umTavres<br />

obieqtTan, maSin xsenebuli “Sinagani kavSiris” struqtura<br />

garTuldeba: masSi “Caebmeba” teqstSi warmodgenili<br />

mxatvruli sinamdvilis xedvisa da agebis (konstruirebis)<br />

is avtoriseuli principi, romelsac “poetika” ewodeba da,<br />

romlis gareSe, mocemul SemTxvevaSi, verc ena da verc kultura<br />

ver iqceodnen teqstis warmomSob wyarod.<br />

Tu zemoT ganviTarebul msjelobas _ da jerjerobiT<br />

mxolod mas! _ daveyrdnobiT, nebismieri teqsti unda warmoadgendes<br />

im Sinagani kavSiris realizacias (umjobesia<br />

vTqvaT _ aqtualizacias), romelic garduvalad unda arsebobdes<br />

Semdeg sam fenomens Soris: esenia: 1. ena _ radgan<br />

yoveli teqsti enobrivi movlenaa (oRond ar unda dagvaviwydes<br />

enobriobis is farTo gageba, romelic Cvens mier<br />

zemoT iqna SemoTavazebuli); 2. kultura _ radgan yoveli<br />

teqsti, amave dros, kulturuli movlenacaa (kulturaze<br />

rogorc fenomenze – iseve, rogorc enazec _ ufro arsebiTad<br />

qvemoT gveqneba saubari); 3. garda amisa, yoveli teqsti<br />

aucileblad warmogvidgens adamianuri sinamdvilis<br />

ama Tu im iseT sferos, romelic xasiaTdeba misTvis specifikuri,<br />

mxolod da mxolod “miseuli” diskursiT (nu dagvaviwydeba,<br />

rom teqsts mudam warmoSobs diskursi da warmoudgenelia<br />

mis gareSe): ar arsebobs “teqsti zogadad” _<br />

nebismier teqstze vambobT, rom is aris an yoveldRiuri,<br />

an mxatvruli (ese igi, literaturuli), an mecnieruli, an<br />

Jurnalisturi da a.S. ese igi, yoveli teqsti garduvalad<br />

ekuTvnis diskursis ama Tu im konkretul tips, sxvanairad

254 waxnagi 1.2009<br />

_ mocemuli teqstiT aqtualizirebuli enis konkretul<br />

funqciur stils (amitomac terminebs “diskursis tipi” da<br />

“funqciuri stili” xSirad xmaroben rogorc sinonimebs;<br />

magaliTad: “mxatvruli diskursi” da “mxatvruli literaturis<br />

ena rogorc funqciuri stili”, “Jurnalisturi diskursi”<br />

da “Jurnalistikis funqciuri stili”...).<br />

romelia is zogadi daskvna, romlis gakeTebis saSualebas<br />

iZleva zemoT ganviTarebuli msjeloba? is mdgomareobs<br />

SemdegSi: teqsti (nebismieri teqsti _ aq SeuZlebelia<br />

arsebobdes gamonaklisi) mudam warmoadgens zemoT xsenebuli<br />

sami fenomenis _ enis, kulturisa da ama Tu im funqciuri<br />

stilis (diskursis tipis) aqtualizaciis Sedegs<br />

(“produqts”). ra Tqma unda, naTqvamis azri da mniSvneloba<br />

bolomde maSin gaxdeba gasagebi, roca ufro axlos gavecnobiT<br />

aq dasaxelebul fenomenebs _ enas, kulturas, funqciur<br />

stils da davsvamT kiTxvas imis Taobazec, Tu rogor<br />

unda iqnas gagebuli TviT aqtualizaciis fenomeni. magram<br />

am etapze da mocemuli leqciis mTeli konteqstis gaTvaliswinebiT,<br />

CvenTvis mniSvnelovania imis Tundac zogadi<br />

saxiT garkveva, Tu ramdenad aucilebelia filologiis-<br />

Tvis, rogorc azrovnebis teqstocentristulad orientirebuli<br />

mimarTulebisTvis, Sinagani kavSiri anTropologiur,<br />

anu adamianis holistur xedvaze orientirebul<br />

refleqsiasTan. sxvanairad: ramdenad aris sasurveli da<br />

aucilebeli, rom filologiuri kvleva efuZnebodes filosofiuri<br />

(da RmrTismetyveluri) anTropologiis monacemebs?<br />

gavixsenoT is, rac zemoT ukve xazgasmiT iTqva:<br />

zogadlogikuri TvalsazrisiT, am kiTxvaze ukve gvaqvs<br />

pasuxi: romel fenomenTanac unda gvqondes saqme, ar unda<br />

dagvaviwydes, rom am fenomenis nebismieri aspeqtis (an Tundac<br />

aspeqtTa Soris kavSiris) adekvaturi (ese igi, swori<br />

da gamarTlebuli) xedva unda efuZnebodes misi, ese igi,<br />

mocemuli fenomenis mTlianur xedvas. axla ki gvsurs davakonkretoT<br />

zogadi saxiT gamoTqmuli es WeSmariteba filologiasTan<br />

mimarTebaSi.<br />

xsenebuli dakonkreteba, bunebrivia, unda moxdes im fenomenze<br />

dayrdnobiT, romelic warmoadgens filologiuri<br />

refleqsiis upirates da centralur obieqts _ sxvanairad<br />

is ver iqceva zemoT dasmul kiTxvaze ramdenadme mainc Rirebul<br />

pasuxad. aseT obieqts _ da es Cven ukve kargad viciT<br />

_ warmoadgens teqsti. garda amisa, viciT isic, rom nebismieri<br />

teqsti aris Sesabamisi enis, kulturisa da funqciuri<br />

stilis aqtualizacia, xolo es aqtualizacia ki xdeba,<br />

uwinares yovlisa, diskursSi _ metyvelebis im aqtSi, ro-

leqcia 255<br />

melic warmoSobs ama Tu im teqsts (gavigoT fenomeni, romelsac<br />

asaxelebs sityva “metyveleba”, maqsimalurad far-<br />

Tod _ ise, rogorc zemoT ukve iTqva amis Sesaxeb da maSinve<br />

davinaxavT: marTalia, filologs saqme aqvs, ra Tqma unda,<br />

uSualod teqstTan, magram, _ mas Tavidanve unda esmodes<br />

da man Tavidanve unda gaiTvaliswinos, _ rom es teqsti sxva<br />

araferia, Tu ara romeliRac diskursis mier datovebuli<br />

“kvali” _ sulerTia, sul axlaxans “hqonda adgili” am diskurss<br />

Tu saukuneebis win). magram aseve cxadia, albaT, isic,<br />

rom veraviTari aqtualizacia ver moxdeba imis gareSe,<br />

vinc axdens aqtualizacias, ese igi, aqtualizaciis subieqtis<br />

gareSe, es subieqti ki, rogorc viciT, mudam adamiania.<br />

da marTlac: eWvgareSea, rom CvenTvis cnobil samyaroSi,<br />

anu im samyaroSi, romelSic Cven varsebobT, SeuZlebelia<br />

diskursi da, Sesabamisad, am diskursis Sedegad “dabadebuli”<br />

teqsti, adamianis gareSe. is, rom yovel teqsts (mis<br />

formalur da Sinaarsobriv, anu semantikur struqturas)<br />

gansazRvraven is ena da kultura, romelTa aqtualizaciasac<br />

warmoadgens am teqstis warmomSobi diskursi, savsebiT<br />

cxadia: romeli <strong>qarTuli</strong> teqstic ar unda aviRoT, davinaxavT,<br />

rom is aucileblad iqneba erTdroulad <strong>qarTuli</strong><br />

enisa da <strong>qarTuli</strong> kulturis “anarekli” (rogor unda davinaxoT<br />

es? am kiTxvaze pasuxis gacemas cdilobs Tanamedrove<br />

filologiis is mimdinareoba, romelsac “lingvokulturologia”<br />

ewodeba; ufro konkretulad lingvokulturologias<br />

SevexebiT maSin, roca ukve gveqneba enisa da kulturis<br />

is ganmarteba, romelsac moiTxovs Cveni kursi). magram<br />

gansazRvravs Tu ara teqstis ragvarobas (mis formas,<br />

mis Sinaarss da a.S.) is, visac uSualod ekuTvnis mocemuli<br />

diskursi da misgan (mis farglebSi) warmoSobili teqsti?<br />

sxvanairad rom vTqvaT: namdvilad “ekuTvnis” Tu ara teqsti<br />

im adamians, im pirovnebas, romelsac Cven tradiciulad<br />

“avtors” vuwodebT, Tu piriqiT _ nebismieri “avtoroba”<br />

mxolod iluziaa da meti araferi, ese igi, sinamdvileSi<br />

swored (da mxolod) ena da kultura warmoadgenen nebismieri<br />

diskursisa da, Sesabamisad, am diskursis “Tanmxlebi”<br />

teqstis realur avtorebs, ese igi, orive es fenomeni Ti-<br />

Tqosda “urTierTSeTanxmebulad” “gviyenebs” Cven TviTgamovlenis,<br />

TviTgamoxatvis mizniT?<br />

Tu gvsurs bolomde gaviazroT zemoT dasmuli kiTxvis<br />

mniSvneloba, SevadaroT erTmaneTs pasuxebi, romlebsac<br />

iZlevian masze, erTi mxriv, tradicia (anu filologiis winasaukuneebrivi<br />

istoria), meore mxriv ki, Tanamedroveoba<br />

(ufro zustad ki Tanamedrove filologiis uaxlesi, “post-

256 waxnagi 1.2009<br />

modernistulad” wodebuli etapi): miuxedavad imisa, rom<br />

tradicia mudam miiCnevda enasa da kulturas teqstis Seqmnis<br />

(“agebis”) didmniSvnelovan faqtorebad, “saboloo angariSSi”<br />

is mis (anu teqstis) namdvil da WeSmarit Semoqmedad<br />

mainc aRiqvamda ama Tu im konkretul adamians (konkretul<br />

pirs): laTinuri auctor (Cveneburi “avtori”) niSnavs swored<br />

“Semoqmeds” am sityvis sruli da WeSmariti gagebiT. magram<br />

radikalurad gansxvavebul pasuxs imave kiTxvaze iZleva<br />

zemoxsenebuli postmodernizmi: is miiCnevs, rom nebismieri<br />

Cvengani imyofeba garkveuli enisa da kulturis srul<br />

“tyveobaSi” da agebs “Tavis” teqsts ise, rogorc es “surT” am<br />

enasa da am kulturas. Sesabamisad, unda miviCnioT (Tu, ra<br />

Tqma unda, davdgebiT postmodernistul poziciaze), rom<br />

nebismieri teqstis namdvili “avtori” aris swored enisa<br />

da kulturis zemoT nagulisxmevi erTianoba, konkretuli<br />

piri ki (Tundac es iyos iseTi vinme, rogoricaa, magaliTad,<br />

galaktioni) sxva araferia, Tu ara am “ena-kulturis” (ese<br />

igi, WeSmariti “avtoris”) mier Seqmnili teqstis mxolod<br />

“Camweri” _ “skriptori” (scriptor laTinurad).<br />

romeli pozicia gaviTavisoT _ is, romelsac gvTavazobs<br />

tradicia, Tu is, romelsac gvTavazobs uaxlesi filologia?<br />

kiTxvis amgvarad dasma gulisxmobs, rom Cvens<br />

winaSea dilema (“dilema” berZnuli warmoSobis terminia<br />

da niSnavs, rom iZulebulni varT arCevani gavakeToT or<br />

urTierTdapirispirebul gadawyvetilebas Soris _ zogjer<br />

maSinac, roca, iqneb, arcerTi maTgani ar iyos CvenTvis<br />

bolomde misaRebi). mocemul SemTxvevaSi pirveli SesaZlo<br />

gadawyvetilebaa: 1) yovelgvari refleqsiis gareSe “mivemxroT”<br />

tradicias an Tanamedroveobas _ tradicias im SemTxvevaSi,<br />

Tu Cvenze moqmedebs azrovnebis mravalsaukunovani<br />

inercia, xolo Tanamedroveobas ki im SemTxvevaSi,<br />

Tu ubralod migvaCnia, rom sinamdvilis nebismier sfero-<br />

Si da yvela fenomenTan mimarTebaSi is, rac Tanamedrovea,<br />

mudam da garduvalad ufro swori da gamarTlebulia,<br />

vidre aqamde arsebuli (ese igi, is, rac warsuls ekuTvnis,<br />

ubralod “Zvelia” da ukve amitom moZvelebulicaa. dilemis<br />

“gadaWris” amgvari varianti, ra Tqma unda, yvelaze<br />

martivia _ is am SemTxevaSi ubralod arCevanis gakeTebas<br />

ufro niSnavs, vidre gadawyvetilebis miRebas; 2) meore SemTxvevaSi<br />

ki SeiZleba gvqondes ori gansxvavebuli varianti:<br />

a) SeiZleba tradiciac da Tanamedroveobac CvenTvis<br />

erTnairad misaRebi (an, davuSvaT, erTnairad miuRebeli)<br />

iyos, an b) SeiZleba arsebiTad vemxrobodeT an tradicias,<br />

an Tanamedroveobas, magram, amave dros, vfiqrobdeT (an

leqcia 257<br />

Tundac vgrZnobdeT), rom rac SeiZleba srulad unda iqnas<br />

gaTvaliswinebuli sapirispiro variantic. cxadia, rom<br />

bolo or SemTxvevaSi mogvixdeba Cveni gadawyvetileba<br />

davafuZnoT im mimarTebaTa gaazrebas (refleqsiur wvdomas),<br />

romlebic unda vigulisxmoT iseT fenomenebs Soris,<br />

rogoricaa, erTi mxriv, diskursi, teqsti, ena da kultura,<br />

meore mxriv ki, adamiani rogorc individi da pirovneba.<br />

vin aris adamiani zogadad da, _ rac CvenTvis, bunebrivia,<br />

gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa, _ Semoqmedi (Tundac poeti)<br />

sakuTar teqstTan mimarTebaSi _ marTla avtori Tu mxolod<br />

skriptori?<br />

Tu ganvazogadebT “proavtorul” da “proskriptorul”<br />

poziciaTa dapirispirebis faqtis mniSvnelobas, ma-<br />

Sin unda iTqvas: es faqti areklavs tadiciuli, SeiZleba<br />

iTqvas _ klasikuri _ anTropocentrizmisa da Tanamedrove<br />

(an iqneb “ultraTanamedrove”) kulturocentrizmis<br />

bevrad ufro principul urTierTdapirispirebas _ im ur-<br />

TierTdapirispirebas, romelic, rogorc vnaxeT, uSualod<br />

aisaxeba teqstisadmi filologiis damokidebulebaSi. QqvemoT,<br />

ese igi, Semdgom leqciebSi, SevecdebiT Riad davsvaT<br />

filologiuri tradiciisa da Tanamedrove filologiis<br />

urTierTmimarTebis problema da, Sesabamisad, SevexebiT<br />

anTropozentrizmisa da kulturocentrizmis urTierTmimarTebasac,<br />

_ imdenad, ra Tqma unda, ramdenadac amas<br />

moiTxovs teqstis filologiuri gagebis problematika.<br />

vityviT winaswar, rom xsenebuli problebis gadaWras SevecdebiT<br />

sinTezis gziT: SevecdebiT ganvaxorcieloT<br />

tradiciisa da Tanamedroveobis sinTezi. magram ras Sei-<br />

Zleba niSnavdes es, ese igi, ras niSnavs termini “sinTezi”<br />

zogadad da ras unda niSnavdes is mocemul SemTxvevaSi?<br />

“sinTezi” iseTive rTuli terminia, rogorc “refleqsia” da<br />

Sedgeba ori enobrivi elementisgan: misi ZiriTadi nawili<br />

(“Zirad” wodebuli) aris berZnuli warmoSobis “thesis”, rac<br />

niSnavs “mtkicebas”, “sin-” ki momdinareobs berZnulive winsarTisgan<br />

(prefiqsisgan) “syn-”, romelic mis Semcvel sityvebSi<br />

miuTiTebs an a) ama Tu im qmedebaTa erTdroulobaze<br />

(magaliTad, “sinqronuli Targmani”), an b) Sinaarsobrivad<br />

gansxvavebul (ufro xSirad urTierTdapirispirebul)<br />

mtkicebaTa iseT Serwymaze, roca Sedegad viRebT sruliad<br />

axal (mesame) mtkicebas _ iseTs, romelSic gadalaxuli iqneba<br />

wina mtkicebaTa Sinaarsobrivi calmxrivoba.<br />

is, rom Cvens winaSea mxatvruli teqstis “proavtoruli”<br />

an “proskriptoruli” gagebis dilema, cxadia; magram filologiaSi<br />

Seqmnili am “dilemuri situaciis” mTel mniSvne-

258 waxnagi 1.2009<br />

lobas gavicnobierebT mxolod maSin, roca gvecodineba,<br />

rom dRes, ese igi, maSin, roca sakmarisad didi gavleniT<br />

sargeblobs “proskriptoruli (anu skriptorulobas mimxrobili)<br />

pozicia”, am poziciis mimdevrebi pirdapir laparakoben<br />

“avtoris sikvdilze”: is, vinc sakuneebis ganmavlobaSi<br />

avtori egonaT, sinamdvileSi skriptoria da meti araferi<br />

_ igulisxmeba, ra Tqma unda, “sikvdili” am sityvis ara<br />

pirdapiri, aramed wminda Teoriul-konceptualuri (azrobriv-refleqsiuri)<br />

gagebiT: rusTvelic da galaktionic<br />

rCebian rusTvelad da galaktionad, magram maT _ Tu Sei-<br />

Zleba ase iTqvas _ “ecvlebaT statusi”: miCneul iyvnen avtorebad,<br />

axla ki unda miviCnioT skriptorebad. (ratom xdeba<br />

es, anu ra warmoadgens “skriptoruli” poziciis wyaros da<br />

safuZvels? am kiTxvaze sruli pasuxis gacema SesaZlebeli<br />

iqneboda, ra Tqma unda, mxolod im Tanamedrove kulturuli<br />

nakadis safuZvlianad gacnobis SemTxvevaSi, romelsac<br />

“postmodernizmi” ewodeba. Cven, bunebrivia, ver davisaxavT<br />

amgvar amocanas mTeli misi SesaZlo sisruliT, Tumca<br />

vityviT imas mainc, rac uSualod ukavSirdeba zemoT naxseneb<br />

“sikvdilis” Temas: postmodernistuli poziciis mixedviT,<br />

enisa da kulturis “tyveobaSi” Cveni yofnis “xarisxi”<br />

imdenad maRalia (ese igi, imdenad “vimarTebiT” am CvenSi<br />

“davanebuli”, Cveni adamianuri struqturis gamWolad ganmsazRvreli<br />

fenomenebis mier), rom, wminda konceptualuri<br />

TvalsazrisiT, iluziulad unda miviCnioT TviT adamianis<br />

(rogorc WeSmaritad avtonomiuri, ese igi, damoukidebeli<br />

“me”-s mflobeli yofieris) da sinamdvilis (samyaroseuli<br />

realobis) konceptebic ki: is, rac sinamdviled (realobad)<br />

migvaCnia, sxva araferia, Tu ara eniTa da kulturiT (enakulturiT)<br />

Seqmnili, Sinaganad erTiani da CvenTvis bolomde<br />

Seucnobeli “didi” teqsti (“megateqsti”, Tu gamoviyenebT<br />

prefiqsad qceul berZnul “mega”-s, romelic swored<br />

“dids” niSnavs). gamodis, rom is, rac Cven sinamdviled migva-<br />

Cnia, siRrmiseulad aris erTi da erTiani, yovlismomcveli<br />

teqstobrivi nakadi, xolo is ki, rac adamianad migvaCnia,<br />

sxva araferia, Tu ara arseba (am SemTxvevaSi mas “yofiersac”<br />

ki ver vuwodebT), romelic qceviTa Tu gamonaTqvamiT mxolod<br />

“axmovanebs” imas, rac misi monawileobis gareSe ukve<br />

gansazRvruli da gadawyvetilia ena-kulturis “wiaRSi” _<br />

ase rom, gvaqvs safuZveli vilaparakoT (da laparakoben kidec)<br />

TviT “adamianis sikvdilzec”.<br />

vfiqrobT, zemoT naTqvami sakmarisi sicxadiT gviCvenebs<br />

rogorc im dilemis mTel seriozulobas, romlis winaSe<br />

imyofeba Tanamedrove filologia (da ara mxolod filo-

leqcia 259<br />

logia, aramed mTeli humanitaruli azrovnebac!), ise im<br />

sinTezis aucileblobasac, romelic igulisxmeba am dilemis<br />

arsebobiT.<br />

vfiqrobT, cxadad gamoikveTa yovelive Tqmulis kavSiri<br />

kiTxvasTan, romelsac fundamenturi mniSvneloba unda<br />

hqondes filologiisTvis: ras unda warmoadgendes is fu-<br />

Zemdebeli mTliani, romelsac uSualod da, pirvel rig-<br />

Si, unda eyrdnobodes filologiuri refleqsia ? anTropologiurad<br />

gaazrebul adamians Tu kulturologiurad<br />

gaazrebul kulturas (an: lingvokulturulad gaazrebul<br />

ena-kulturas?). pasuxi erTia: zemoT Cvens mier ganviTarebuli<br />

msjeloba gveubneba, rom WeSmariti filologiuri<br />

refleqsia ver Sedgeba amgvari mTlianis gareSe, masze (am<br />

mTlianze) warmodgena ki unda Segviqmnas tradiciisa da<br />

Tanamedroveobis sinTezma.<br />

leqcia 3<br />

Tu viarsebebT ara mxolod ise, rogorc amas umetes SemTxvevaSi<br />

moiTxovs yoveldRiuroba, aramed refleqsiuradac,<br />

maSin garduvalad mogvixdeba davsvaT kiTxvebi,<br />

romlebsac gulisxmobs refleqsia (magaliTad,A iseTi ki-<br />

Txva, rogoricaa “ra aris adamiani?”). zemoT, Cveni pirveli<br />

leqciis dasasruls, ukve iqna miniSnebuli, rom nebismieri<br />

refleqsia iwyeba kiTxviT: “ra aris es?” da am kiTxvaze<br />

uSualo pasuxi iqneba is, rasac vuwodebT “definicias” (gansazRvras).<br />

magram rogoria TviT dafiniciis Sinagani aRnagoba,<br />

anu misi struqtura? gamoviyenoT ubralo magaliTi<br />

da davsvaT kiTxva: ra aris mobiluri telefoni? am kiTxvaze<br />

pasuxi, albaT, iqneba: is aris ukabelo telefoni. maS<br />

rogor viqceviT, rodesac gvsurs gavceT pasuxi kiTxvaze:<br />

“ra aris es?”. mobiluri telefoni mivakuTvneT romeliRac<br />

saganTa jgufs, klass – saxeldobr, telefonebis klass da,<br />

amave dros, gamovyaviT is am klasidan da vTqviT, riTi gansxvavdeba<br />

is am klasSi Semaval sxva telefonebisgan, anu telefonTa<br />

sxva saxeobebisgan. ese igi, rogor viqceviT maSin,<br />

rodesac gvsurs gvqondes sagnis an fenomenis definicia?<br />

pirvel rigSi, vakuTvnebT mocemul sagans an fenomens saganTa<br />

an fenomenTa romeliRac klass, _ logikaSi amboben:<br />

romeliRac gvars (telefonTa klasi am SemTxvevaSi iyo<br />

swored gvari) da gamovyofT CvenTvis saintereso fenomens<br />

an sagans am gvaridan rogorc saxeobas. aseTia definiciis<br />

struqtura. magram, amave dros, ar iqneboda swori gveTqva:<br />

“mobiluri aris sagani, romelic gvakavSirebs sxva adamia-

260 waxnagi 1.2009<br />

nebTan kabelis gareSe”. es iqneboda araswori (arakoreqtuli)<br />

definicia. ratom? roca viZleviT sagnis an fenomenis<br />

definicias da gvsurs xolme am mizniT davasaxeloT gvari,<br />

romlisganac is unda gamovyoT rogorc saxeoba, am gvariT<br />

unda davasaxeloT ara saganTa an fenomenTa nebismieri,<br />

aramed uaxloesi klasi. davsvaT kidev erTi kiTxva: ra aris<br />

es auditoria? es aris, ra Tqma unda, oTaxi, magram rogori?<br />

Cven vlaparakobT auditoriaze rogorc umaRlesi skolis<br />

struqturul elementze. amitom definiciis dros unda<br />

davasaxeloT uaxloesi klasi, romelsac ekuTvnis mocemuli<br />

fenomeni da vTqvaT: “auditoria aris umaRlesi skolis<br />

Senobis iseTi oTaxi (ese igi, aucileblad “umaRlesi skolis<br />

Senobis esa Tu is oTaxi” rogorc uaxloesi klasi da<br />

ara “oTaxi zogadad », radgan es iqneboda swored rom “uSoresi”<br />

da ara uaxloesi klasi), sadac tardeba xolme leqcia<br />

an praqtikuli mecadineoba”. (SevamCnevdiT, albaT, rom definiciis<br />

sruqturaze saubrisas xSirad vambobT: “sagani an<br />

fenomeni”. ras unda niSnavdes am ori sityvis _ “sagani” da<br />

“fenomeni” _ msgavs konteqstSi amgvarad erTad xmarebis<br />

SesaZlebloba? rogoria am sityvebis urTierTmimarTeba<br />

zogadad da mocemul konteqstSi? erTi mxriv, SeiZleba<br />

iTqvas, rom “fenomeni” aRniSnavs raRac ufro zogads da<br />

masStaburs, vidre “sagani”, raRac iseTs, rac saganTa mTeli<br />

simravliTac SeiZleba iyos warmodgenili _ ase, magali-<br />

Tad: samyaro rogorc fenomeni, sicocxle rogorc fenomeni<br />

da a.S. mobiluri telefonic, ra Tqma unda, am TvalsazrisiT<br />

fenomenia _ magram, amave dros, iseTi fenomeni, romelic<br />

yoveli Cvenganis individualur sinamdvileSi uaRresad<br />

“sagnobrivad” aris warmodgenili; amitom SeiZleba<br />

iTqvas, rom Cveni aRqmisTvis mobiluri “ufro” sagania, vidre<br />

fenomeni. rogorc vxedavT, es ori sityva _ “fenomeni”<br />

da “sagani” _ naTlad gviCvenebs, Tu rogori araerTniSna da<br />

winaaRmdegobrivic ki SeiZleba iyos sityvaTa semantikuri<br />

urTierTmimarTeba: “fenomeni” da “sagani” semantikurad,<br />

erTi mxriv, upirispirdeba erTmaneTs, meore mxriv ki, Sei-<br />

Zleba aRmoCndes konteqstur sinonimTa rolSic).<br />

da kidev erTi, CvenTvis (filologebisTvis) bevrad<br />

ufro mniSvnelovani magaliTi. “ra aris ena?” _ es aris ki-<br />

Txva, romliTac viwyebT refleqsias enaze. vupasuxebT: ena<br />

aris fenomeni, romelic arsebobs imisTvis, rom SesaZlebeli<br />

iyos adamianTa Soris komunikacia, ese igi, ena aris komunikaciis<br />

saSualeba. ra Tqma unda, es enis Zalian martivi<br />

(SeiZleba iTqvas, uaRresad gamartivebuli) definiciaa,<br />

magram CvenTvis, am SemTxvevaSi, mTavaria davinaxoT kavSiri

leqcia 261<br />

definiciasa da refleqsias Soris. garda enisa, rogorc fenomenisa,<br />

arsebobs sxva fenomenebic, romelTa funqcia, aseve,<br />

aris adamianTa Soris kavSiris damyareba, anu komunikacia.<br />

magaliTad, iseTi fenomenebic, rogoricaa kultura<br />

da civilizacia, gvakavSireben erTmaneTTan (mag. mobiluri<br />

telefoni aris civilizaciuri, “vefxistyaosani” ki _<br />

kulturuli fenomeni). amitom im SemTxvevaSi, roca gvsurs<br />

gvqondes enis definicia, uaxloesi klasi iqneba “adamianTa<br />

damakavSirebeli fenomeni”, enas ki ganvsazRvravT, rogorc<br />

“adamianTa Soris kominikaciis damyarebis sityvier (sxvanairad<br />

_ verbalur) fenomens”. aseTi definiciiT, ra Tqma<br />

unda, yuradRebis gareSe davtoveT iseTi mniSvnelovani<br />

momenti, rogoricaa kavSiri enas, kulturasa da civilizacias<br />

Soris, magram am etapze CvenTvis, _ rogorc ukve iTqva,<br />

_ mTavari iyo sxva kavSiris, saxeldobr, im kavSiris danaxva,<br />

romelic arsebobs definiciasa da refleqsias Soris.<br />

SegviZlia ki vTqvaT, rom enis zemoT mocemuli definiciiT<br />

ukve movaxdineT is, rasac SeiZleba ewodos “refleqsia enaze”?<br />

ara, ar niSnavs: definicia unda gvqondes (Tumca, Sei-<br />

Zleba, arc gvqondes, radgan xSirad Zneldeba xolme definiciis<br />

monaxva) refleqsiis sawyis, sastarto etapze. kiTxviT<br />

“ra aris es?” da masze gacemuli (Tu gasacemi) pasuxiT<br />

refleqsia mxolod iwyeba da SeuZlebelia iTqvas, Tu rodis<br />

dasruldeba is (da dasruldeba ki rodesme? rac ufro<br />

mniSvnelovani, rac ufro masStaburia CvenTvis fenomeni, _<br />

ena ki, ra Tqma unda, swored aseT fenomenTa ricxvs ekuTvnis<br />

_ miT ufro metia imis albaToba, rom refleqsiis procesi<br />

usasrulo iyos). definiciisgan gansxvavebiT ki, refleqsiis<br />

mizania gvqondes is, rasac Tanamedrove azrovnebaSi<br />

fenomenis “koncepti” ewodeba (ese igi, cneba warmoadgens<br />

refleqsiis mxolod erTi, saxeldobr, im “sastarto” momentis<br />

Sedegs, romelsac “definicia” ewodeba, koncepti ki<br />

unda iyos fenomenze mTeli Cveni refleqsiis Sedegi, anu<br />

is maqsimalurad gamTlianebuli azrobrivi warmodgena<br />

fenomenze, romelsac saboloo angariSSi iZleva refleqsia.<br />

ras warmoadgens koncepti imisgan gansxvavebiT, rasac<br />

definicia iZleva, anu cnebisgan gansxvavebiT? am kiTxvaze<br />

metad Tu naklebad sruli pasuxi gveqneba imdenad, ramdenadac<br />

SevZlebT SevimuSavoT filologiis koncepti).<br />

magram ras niSnavs gvqondes filologiis definicia, Tu<br />

mivyvebiT definiciis im gagebas, romelic ukve gvqonda? es<br />

niSnavs Semdegs: unda mivuCinoT filologias adgili fenomenTa<br />

misTvis im uaxloes klasSi, romelic CaiTvleba<br />

mis gvarad. filologia aris azrovnebis mimarTuleba da,

262 waxnagi 1.2009<br />

Sesabamisad, misTvis, rogorc saxeobisTvis, unda arsebobdes<br />

azrovnebis mimarTuleba ufro farTo gagebiT, vidre<br />

es TviT filologiaze iTqmis, anu azrovnebis iseTi mimar-<br />

Tuleba, romlis erT-erTi momenti iqneboda filologia.<br />

magram, rogorc ukve viciT, es iqneba filologiaze Cveni<br />

refleqsiis mxolod dasawyisi.<br />

msjelobis am etapze vsvamT kiTxvas ara uSualod imis<br />

Taobaze, Tu ras unda niSnavdes filologiuri refleqsia<br />

am gamoTqmis pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT (filologiis zemoT<br />

mocemuli da, rogorc ukve iTqva, jer kidev dasakonkretebeli<br />

gansazRvris mixedviT, es unda iyos kiTxva imis<br />

Taobaze, Tu rogor unda iqnas gagebuli Sinagani kavSiri<br />

enas, literaturasa da kulturas _ an kulturis istorias<br />

_ Soris), aramed TviT filologiis Taobaze. amitom ki-<br />

Txva JRers Semdegnairad: ra aris filologia? aqedan gamomdinare<br />

SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom refleqsias aqvs Tavisi<br />

safexurebi: arsebobs filologiuri refleqsia, roca filologia<br />

svams kiTxvas mTel im sferos Taobaze, romelsac<br />

is Seiswavlis; magram, rogorc ukve viciT, SesaZlebelia<br />

refleqsia TviT filologiazec. aseTi safexurebis aRsaniSnavad<br />

Tanamedrove azrovnebaSi (da ara marto Tanamedrove<br />

azrovnebaSi) ixmareba berZnuli termini (ufro<br />

zustad _ afiqsi) “meta-” (magaliTad, “metafizika”). roca<br />

vsvamT kiTxvas: “ra aris filologia?”, es iqneba Cveni im<br />

metafilologiuri refleqsiis dasawyisi, romelic unda<br />

ganvasxvavoT sakuTriv filologiuri refleqsiisagan.<br />

metafilologiuri refleqsiis mizani sawyis, anu definiciur<br />

etapze iqneba: ganvsazRvroT filologia, ese igi,<br />

mivuCinoT mas adgili mecnieruli azrovnebis mTeli sistemis<br />

farglebSi. magram imdenad, ramdenadac gagrZeldeba<br />

Cveni metafilologiuri refleqsia, gveqneba filologiis<br />

konceptic (sxvanairad: filologiis Cveneuli koncefcia).<br />

ese igi, verc erTi definicia, romlis mizania mogvces fenomenis<br />

cneba, ver mogvcems srulad imis warmodgenas, rasac<br />

gulisxmobs termini koncepti, Tumca konceptic SeuZlebeli<br />

iqneboda, Tuki winaswar ar gveqneboda definiciis mier<br />

SemoTavazebuli cneba.<br />

leqcia 4<br />

wina leqciebma gagvacno termini, romlis mniSvneloba<br />

uaRresad didia ara mxolod filologiisTvis, aramed<br />

mTeli Tanamedrove azrovnebisTvisac ki. es terminia “refleqsia”.<br />

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom am terminis ganmartebis

leqcia 263<br />

done mTlianad eqvemdebareboda Cvens mier ganviTarebuli<br />

msjelobis logikas (ese igi, misi Sinaarsi “ixsneboda” mxolod<br />

ise da imdenad, ramdenadac es sWirdeboda msjelobas).<br />

magram xsenebul termins aqvs sakuTari, anu mocemuli<br />

konkretuli msjelobisgan metad Tu naklebad damoukidebeli<br />

logikac _ is logikac, romelic mTlianad gamomdinareobs<br />

misi statusidan (misi “funqciuri datvirTvidan”)<br />

ara mxolod Tanamedrove filologiis, aramed mTeli Tanamedrove<br />

humanitaruli (da iqneb ara marto humanitaruli)<br />

azrovnebis farglebSi. aqedan gamomdinare, kidev er-<br />

Txel SevCerdeT termin “refleqsiiT” nagulisxmebi cnebis<br />

zogierT momentze da amiT davakonkretoT misi Sinaarsi _<br />

bunebrivia imdenad, ramdenadac es aucilebelia Cveni kursisTvis.<br />

refleqsia da misi doneebi<br />

wina leqciebSi faqtobrivad ukve gamovyaviT im fenomenis<br />

sami ZiriTadi done, romelsac “refleqsia” vuwodeT. es<br />

doneebia:<br />

1. yoveldRiuri refleqsia. rogorc ukve viciT, es is<br />

refleqsiaa, romelic xorcieldeba yoveldRiurobis<br />

sferoSi (wiaRSi) ama Tu im fenomenTan dakavSirebiT. xazi<br />

unda gaesvas Semdeg moments: refleqsiis amgvar xasiaTs<br />

(mis yoveldRiur da ara mecnierul xasiaTs) ganapirobebs<br />

ara masTan dakavSirebuli fenomenis tipi Tu masStaburoba<br />

an TviT refleqsiis meti Tu naklebi siRrme _ yoveldRiurobis<br />

wiaRSi aRqmuli fenomenic SeiZleba masStaburi<br />

iyos da TviT am fenomenze mimarTuli refleqsiac<br />

(ese igi, am refleqsiis fargleSi dasmuli kiTxvac da am<br />

kiTxvaze pasuxis gacemis mcdelobac), _ Zalian Rrmac ki.<br />

nu dagvaviwydeba, rom, rogorc Cvens adamianur arsebobasa<br />

da bed-iRbalTan dakavSirebuli TiTqmis yvela kiTxva,<br />

iseTebi, magaliTad, rogoricaa “rani varT, saidan movdivarT<br />

da saiT mivimarTebiT?”, “ra azri aqvs Cvens arsebobas?”<br />

da a.S., ise am kiTxvebiT “dabadebuli” refleqsia<br />

Cndeba swored Cvens yoveldRiurobaSi _ im yoveldRiurobaSi,<br />

romlis refleqsiur siRrmes, pirvel rigSi, xalxuri<br />

Semoqmedeba gamoxatavs (“folklorad” wodebuli<br />

xalxuri sibrZne; gavixsenoT Tundac Cveni “ra aris Cveni<br />

sicocxle? CitiviT gagvifrindeba”, _ aq kiTxvac aris da<br />

am kiTxviT dabadebuli refleqsiis Sedegic). magram, ra<br />

siRrmisac unda iyos es yoveldRiuri refleqsia, amiT<br />

TviT refleqsiis done mainc ar Seicvleba, sanam is ar mii-

264 waxnagi 1.2009<br />

Rebs sistemur xasiaTs (am SemTxvevaSi ki “sistemuroba”<br />

niSnavs Semdegs: yoveli Sinaarsobrivad mniSvnelovani<br />

kiTxva badebs Sinaganad masTan dakavSirebul kiTxvaTa<br />

mTel _ da vin icis, iqneb usasrulo _ rigs da, bunebrivia,<br />

am kiTxvebze gacemuli yoveli pasuxic moiTxovs Semdgom<br />

gacemuli pasuxebiT dakonkretebas, ese igi, moiTxovs, rom<br />

Cvens mier ganxorcielebul refleqsias hqondes Tanmimdevruli<br />

xasiaTi da swored aseTi Tanmimdevroba unda miviCnioT<br />

am SemTxvevaSi sistematurobad). amitom SeiZleba<br />

vTqvaT: swored sistemuroba (da ara imdenad masStaburobisa<br />

da siRrmis done) aniWebs refleqsias mecnierul (ese<br />

igi, ukve arayoveldRiur) xasiaTs. (da SeiZleba, albaT,<br />

vTqvaT Semdegic: rodis gveqneba WeSmariti siRrmis mqone<br />

filosofiuri refleqsia? maSin, roca yoveldRiuroba-<br />

Si ganxorcielebul da folklorSi cxadqmnil siRrmes<br />

Seerwymis mecnierulad gagebuli sistemuroba; da rodis<br />

gveqneba WeSmariti siRrmis mqone RmrTismetyveluri, anu<br />

Teologiuri refleqsia? maSin, roca yoveldRiurobaSi<br />

dasmul siRrmiseul kiTxvebs pasuxs aZlevs RmrTaebrivi<br />

gamocxadeba, xolo RmrTismetyveluri refleqsia Tavisi<br />

sistemurobiT efuZneba am gamocxadebas; “gamocxadebad”<br />

ki iwodeba is zebunebrivi, Tumca, amave dros, realuri<br />

istoriis farglebSi ganxorcielebuli aqti, romlis sa-<br />

SualebiTac RmerTi, anu samyarosa da adamianis Semqneli<br />

usasrulo pirovneba, adamians amcnobs Tavisi arsebobisa<br />

da Tavisi nebis Sesaxeb).<br />

2. mecnieruli refleqsia. zemoT naTqvamidan gamomdinare<br />

ukve SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom mecnieruli refleqsia<br />

mudam da aucileblad atarebs sistemur xasiaTs (ras<br />

niSnavs ufro konkretulad es sistematuroba? amaze pasuxs<br />

filologiuri refleqsiis im doneebze miviRebT,<br />

romlebic Semdgom gveqneba realizebuli). magram, garda<br />

amisa, mecnieruli refleqsia xasiaTdeba imiTac, rom is<br />

ukve (yoveldRiurisgan gansxvavebiT) ekuTvnis azrovnebis<br />

ama Tu im mimarTulebas, xolo TviT mimarTulebas ki<br />

gansazRvravs is konkretuli fenomeni, romelic iqceva<br />

refleqsiis sagnad. filologiis SemTxvevaSi fenomenis<br />

“rolSi” gamodis is Sinagani kavSiri, romelic moiazreba<br />

enas, literaturasa da kulturas Soris. rogorc<br />

vxedavT, fenomenic SeiZleba iyos sakmarisad rTuli da<br />

ukiduresad rTulic ki im SemTxvevaSi, Tu mas aRviqvamT<br />

rogorc mimarTebaTa garkveul erTobliobas (swored<br />

amgvar erTobliobaze miuTiTebs zemoT gamoyenebuli<br />

sityva “kavSiri”);

leqcia 265<br />

3. mecnieruli metarefleqsia. es ki is SemTxvevaa, roca<br />

esa Tu is ukve formirebuli mecnieruli disciplina (ufro<br />

farTod ki vityviT _ azrovnebis mimarTuleba) TviTon<br />

aqcevs Tavis Tavs refleqsiis sagnad.<br />

risTvis dagvWirda refleqsiis doneTa ganmeorebiTi<br />

(da ramdenadme dakonkretizebuli) ganxilva? imisTvis,<br />

raTa xazi gagvesva doneTa TanmimdevrobasTan dakavSirebuli<br />

Semdegi faqtisTvis: refleqsiis doneTa dasaxelebisa<br />

da ganxilvis Cvens mier zemoT ganxorcielebuli Tanmimdevroba<br />

emTxveva TviT am doneTa “dabadebis” qronologiur<br />

da etapobriv Tanmimdevrobas: mecnieruli refleqsia<br />

ver Sedgeba, Tu jer ar Sedga yoveldRiuri refleqsia, yovelgvar<br />

metarefleqsias ki aucileblad win unda uswrebdes<br />

mecnieruli refleqsia am terminis “Cveulebrivi”, anu<br />

ara “meta-” gagebiT.<br />

refleqsiis Cvens mier “moxazuli” doneebrivi struqtura<br />

sqemurad warmogvidgens nebismieri mecnieruli disciplinis<br />

istoriul da Sinaasobriv dinamikas: mecniereba<br />

ibadeba yoveldRiuri refleqsiis wiaRSi da sabolood<br />

aRwevs (unda miaRwios!) metarefleqsiis dones. magram Cveni<br />

saleqco kursis dinamika (is, Tu rogor, ra mimarTulebiT<br />

viTardeba am kursSi zogadfilologiuri msjeloba) ukve<br />

gviCvenebs, rom mecnieruli disciplinis _ am SemTxvevaSi<br />

filologiis _ aTviseba da gaTaviseba SeiZleba moxdes<br />

(da umjobesia kidec moxdes) Sebrunebuli (invertirebuli)<br />

mimarTulebiT (laTinurad inversio “Sebrunebas” niSnavs):<br />

Cven viwyebT metafilologiuri doniT, radgan vsvamT<br />

kiTxvas: “ra aris filologia?” da mivyvebiT am donis “logikas”,<br />

anu azris “amdoniseul” msvlelobas imdenad, ramdenadac<br />

vcdilobT gavceT pasuxi dasmul kiTxvaze termin<br />

“filologiis” semantikur da nominaciur analizze dayrdnobiT.<br />

mxolod amis Semdeg gadavalT sakuTriv filologiuri<br />

analizis doneze, es analizi ki garduvalad mogviyvans<br />

kiTxvamde: ra mimarTebaa refleqsiis filologiur<br />

da yoveldRiur doneebs Soris? Tumca SegviZlia imave ki-<br />

Txvis ufro farTo (ufro “masStaburi”) saxiT formulirebac:<br />

ra mimarTebaa filologiis mier sakvlev realobasa<br />

da yoveldRiurobas (Cvens yoveldRiur realobas) Soris?<br />

amgvari kiTxvis dasmis garduvalobaca da mniSvnelobac gamomdinareobs<br />

ara mxolod filologiis rogorc azrovnebis<br />

mimarTulebis gaazrebis im logikidan, romelsac Cven<br />

mivyvebiT (rogorc ukve viciT, es logika gulisxmobs Cveni<br />

azris svlas “metarefleqsiidan yoveldRiur refleqsiamde”),<br />

aramed zogadad Tanamedrove azrovnebisTvis damaxa-

266 waxnagi 1.2009<br />

siaTebeli Semdegi momentidanac: sul ufro da ufro mniSvnelovnad<br />

gvevlineba yoveldRiurobis rogorc fenomenis<br />

roli mecnierebis, xelovnebis da, zogadad, kulturis<br />

gaazrebis TvalsazrisiT. mTeli Cveni kursis Semdgomi<br />

msvleloba gviCvenebs: marTalia, zogadad, mecnieruli da,<br />

kerZod, filologiuri azrovneba SeiZleba iyos (da aris<br />

kidec) ufro sistemuri da ufro zustic, vidre yoveldRiuri<br />

azrovneba, magram, samagierod, yoveldRiuroba<br />

mis mTlianobaSi xasiaTdeba Semdegi ori Sinaarsobrivi<br />

niSniT: a) is niSnavs mets, vidre TviT azrovnebac ki, _ is<br />

aris Cveni pirveladi, sawyisi saarsebo sivrce (sxvanairad :<br />

Cveni egzistencialuri sivrce, radgan Tanamedrove azrovnebaSi<br />

“egzistencia” _ laTinurad existentia _ niSnavs swored<br />

adamianur arsebobas siRrmiseuli gagebiT); b) amgvarad<br />

gagebuli yoveldRiuroba ki aris yoveli azrovnebis<br />

farulad warmmarTveli wyaro da safuZveli.<br />

“filologiis Sesavlis” momdevno leqciebi<br />

gamoqveyndeba weliwdeulis Semdgom gamoSvebebSi.<br />

Introduction to Philology<br />

Lecture 1-4<br />

Guram Lebanidze<br />

In the initial lectures of his Introduction to Philologhy the autor seeks to<br />

analyze the foundation of philology from logical, theoretical dan methodoligal<br />

point of view. Philology is understood as an integrative humanitarian<br />

science studing textually revealed relations between literature, language and<br />

history of culture. Some basic notions such as those of text, discourse and<br />

functional styles as well as those of reflection’s everyday and scientific levels<br />

are introduced ans discussed. First steps are made towards distinguishing<br />

traditional and modern variaties of philological thinking and the idea of a<br />

synthesis is suggested.

publikacia<br />

lela xaCiZe<br />

<strong>qarTuli</strong> himnografiis aqamde ucnobi nimuSebi –<br />

“kapraSiulni”<br />

aTonuri koleqciis qarTul xelnawerebze muSaobisas<br />

Cveni yuradReba miiqcia #85 xelnawerma, romelic Zlispir-<br />

Ta krebuls – irmologions warmoadgens. xelnaweri X-XI<br />

saukuneebiT TariRdeba (aRweriloba 1986: 123-132). masSi<br />

daculi anderZebisa da minawerebis Seswavlam saSualeba<br />

mogvca dagvedgina, rom igi Seqmnili unda iyos X-XI saukuneebis<br />

mijnaze an XI saukunis I naxevarSi aTonze, uSualod<br />

Tornike erisTavis garSemo myof an masTan dakavSirebul<br />

qarTvelTa wreSi (xaCiZe 2000: 161).<br />

“Zlispirni”, rogorc ukve kargadaa cnobili, erTgvari<br />

saxelmZRvaneloa Sua saukuneebis himnografTaTvis.<br />

ZlispiriT an masze miTiTebiT iwyeba Sua saukuneebis sagalobelTa<br />

umetesoba. Zlispiri erTgvari gasaRebi, qarga,<br />

winaswar gamzadebuli formaa sagaloblisaTvis. bunebrivia,<br />

rom igi sagalobelSi Sinaarseuladac aisaxeboda<br />

xolme. amis gaTvaliswinebiT sruliad bunebrivia,<br />

rom rogorc bizantiur, ise sxvaenovan irmologionebSi<br />

batonobs bizantiuri himnografiis yvelaze didi warmomadgenlebis<br />

– andria kritelis, ioane damaskelis, kozma<br />

ierusalimelisa da germane patriarqis saxelebi. <strong>qarTuli</strong><br />

“Zlispirnis” SeswavlaSi gansakuTrebuli Rvawli miuZRvis<br />

akademikos elene metrevels (metreveli 1971).<br />

aToni-85-c ZlispirTa krebuls warmoadgens. himnografiaSi<br />

damkvidrebul ZlispirTa repertuarTan erTad,<br />

masSi Sesuli aRmoCnda sagalobelTa erTi jgufi, romelsac<br />

miwerili aqvs “kapraSiulni”. rogorc gairkva, es termini<br />

am sagalobelTa avtorze migvaniSnebs (xaCiZe 2000:<br />

162-163). “kapraSiulni” isevea nawarmoebi, rogorc “mer-<br />

Culiulni” an “minCxurni”. ioane minCxisadmi miZRvnil monografiaSi<br />

Cven saSualeba mogveca dagvedgina, rom termini<br />

“minCxurni” aRniSnavs minCxis avtorobas (xaCiZe 1987:<br />

267

268 waxnagi 1.2009<br />

138-140). igive SeiZleba iTqvas termin “merCuliulnis”<br />

mimarTac.<br />

erTi SexedviT ucnauri saxelis _ “kapraSis” kvlevam<br />

saintereso Sedegi mogvca. TuSur dialeqtSi dRemde arsebobs<br />

analogiuri sityva _ “kapraS/kapraSa”, rac “mowiTalo-moyviTalo”<br />

fers niSnavs. T. uTurgaiZis naSromSi “Tu-<br />

Suri kilo” es sityva ganmartebulia, rogorc “yviTeli”<br />

(uTurgaiZe 1960: 201), p. xubutias mier ki, rogorc “wiTelnarevi<br />

yviTeli feri” (xubutia 1969: 108). es sityva gvxvdeba<br />

eTer TaTaraiZis leqsebSic (TaTaraiZe 1979: 9). ingilour<br />

dialeqtSi es sityva niSnavs “nargizisfers’’, xevsurulSi<br />

ki _ “laRwiTels’’ (Rlonti 1984: 272). TuSur dialeqtSi,<br />

_ iseve, rogorc mTis kiloebSi saerTod, _ xSirad Zveli<br />

<strong>qarTuli</strong>s viTarebaa daculi (SaniZe 1984: 11). Zveli <strong>qarTuli</strong>danve<br />

unda modiodes TuSurSi “moyviTalo-mowiTalo”<br />

feris aRmniSvneli sityvac. am garemoebas sruli ueWvelobiT<br />

adasturebs sulxan-saba orbelianis “sityvis kona”,<br />

sadac sityva “kapraSi” Sesulicaa da axsnilic: “kapraSi –<br />

yviTel-mowiTalo” (orbeliani 1965: 356).<br />

amrigad, aToni-85-Si Sesuli sagaloblebis erTi jgufis<br />

avtors zedwodeba “kapraS” Serqmeuli unda hqondes<br />

garegnuli niSnis mixedviT da Tanamedrove qarTulze es<br />

unda niSnavdes “mwiTurs”.<br />

gamokvlevaSi “ucnobi qarTveli himnografi” Cven zogadad<br />

mimovixileT misi saxeliT Semonaxuli sagaloblebi,<br />

romlebic ZiriTadad RvTismSoblisadmia miZRvnili (xa-<br />

CiZe 2000: 159-167). avtori iyenebs RvTismSoblis mraval<br />

epiTets, romlebic mxatvrul srulyofasTan erTad, Rrma<br />

Teologiur Sinaarss Seicavs. am sagaloblebSi “gixarodenis”<br />

ganwyobileba Warbobs, rac kapraSis poeziis kidev<br />

erTi sagulisxmo Taviseburebaa.<br />

am sagaloblebis kiTxvisas ikveTeba kidev erTi sayuradRebo<br />

garemoeba. macxovris qveynad “momyvanebel” wmida<br />

qalwuls avtori ZiriTadad zogadadamianuri saTxovariT<br />

mimarTavs – evedreba Suamavlobas uzenaessa da kacTa<br />

Soris. maSinac, roca igi qebas aRavlens RvTismSoblisadmi,<br />

esaa ara erTi, konkretuli adamianis, aramed mTeli kacobriobis<br />

mier gamoTqmuli xotba. lirikuli subieqti<br />

scdeba pirovnebis farglebs da zogadad “morwmuneTa”,<br />

“yovelTa qristianeTa” piriT metyvelebs. Tu X saukunis<br />

didi qarTveli lirikosebi ZiriTadad sakuTari sulis<br />

gradacias da emociebs gadmogvcemen, kapraSis sagaloblebi<br />

erTgvari “universalizmiTaa” moculi. es, albaT, bunebrivicaa,<br />

radgan amave niSniTaa aRbeWdili TviT aTonis

publikacia 269<br />

literaturuli skola, romlis warmomadgenelicaa am sagalobelTa<br />

avtori.<br />

kapraSis sagaloblebis teqsti aToni-85-Si nevmirebulia,<br />

rac imas mowmobs, rom maT Tan axlda melodia, Zveli<br />

<strong>qarTuli</strong> musika. amis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe SeuZlebelia<br />

himnografiis nimuSebis srulyofilad aRqma. unda vivaraudoT,<br />

rom am sagalobelTa melodiac iseve, rogorc<br />

maTi ritmuli sazomebi, kapraSs ekuTvnoda.<br />

kapraSis Cvenamde moRweuli, Zlispirebad qceuli,<br />

troparebi himnografiaSi arsebuli wesis Tanaxmad, misi<br />

“TviTZlispiri” (sakuTari ritmuli sazomisa da melodiis<br />

mqone) sagaloblebis dasawyis strofebs unda warmoadgendes.<br />

amrigad, TiToeuli maTganis miRma unda vivaraudoT<br />

Sesabamisi sazomebiT dawerili sruli sagaloblebi.<br />

kapraSis es sagaloblebi saxelwauwerlad aRmoCnda<br />

Sesuli ZlispirTa sxva krebulSic – e. w. “iordaneseul<br />

ZlispirnSi” (xelnaweri A-603), romelic X saukunis damleviTa<br />

da XI saukunis dasawyisiT TariRdeba (kiknaZe 1982).<br />

A-603-Si kapraSis sagaloblebi Sesuli aRmoCnda Zlispirebad,<br />

romlebsac axlavs Sesabamisi sazomebiT dawerili<br />

RmrTismSoblisanebi.<br />

axali avtoris gamoCena ZlispirTa repertuarSi _ Sua<br />

saukuneebis sasuliero poeziis yvelaze dakanonebul sferoSi<br />

– mowmobs kapraSis Semoqmedebis uCveulo aRiarebas<br />

Tanamedroveebisa da memkvidreebis mier. yovelive es<br />

ki gvavaraudebinebs kapraSis saxelTan dakavSirebul did<br />

himnografiul memkvidreobas.<br />

kapraSisadmi miZRvnil gamokvlevaSi, Tavis droze, gamovaqveyneT<br />

mxolod misi ramdenime sagaloblis fragmenti.<br />

qvemoT pirvelad vaqveynebT misi saxeliT dReisaTvis<br />

cnobil yvela sagalobels. publikaciis safuZvlad aRebulia,<br />

bunebrivia, aToni-85 xelnaweri.<br />

kapraSiulni<br />

(X-XI ss.)<br />

wmidasa mas wmidaTasa RmrTismSobelsa,<br />

sulTa CuenTa meoxsa, mas<br />

ubiwosa<br />

qalwulsa<br />

yovelni morwmuneni vadidebdeT m[aradi]s.

270 waxnagi 1.2009<br />

“gixarodensa” giRaRadebT morwmuneni<br />

£masa mas gabrielis(a)sa,<br />

romelman Sev satyua¡ RmrTisa¡,<br />

gixarodeniT<br />

meox gueyav Cuen.<br />

S(e)n mier ganaTlebulni<br />

morwmuneni SevswiravT dRes<br />

qebasa Senda<br />

wm(ida)Ta ------------<br />

Sen, romelman sixaruli sulieri<br />

mTavarangelozisagan<br />

Seiwynare, Rirso<br />

qalwulo, gixaroden,<br />

ufali Sen Tana!<br />

miiRe vedreba¡ uRirsTa monaTa SenTa¡,<br />

dedao qristes RmrTisao,<br />

da Sewire winaSe<br />

Zisa Senisa da RmrTisa Cuenisa.<br />

qriste, daicev sofeli Seni vnebaTagan<br />

da mas Sina myofTa moec<br />

Sendoba¡ bralTa uricxuTa¡<br />

qalwulisa wmidisa meoxebiTa.<br />

Sen, samebasa samguamovnebiT cnobilsa,<br />

erTarsebiT(a) [dide]bulsa<br />

gonebiTa miuwdomelsa<br />

------------dasni---------gadidebT.<br />

evedre aw Zesa Sensa, sanatrelo,<br />

ra¡Ta mohmadlos mefesa<br />

Zleva¡ mterTa barbarozTa¡<br />

da dacva¡ eklesiaTa<br />

Seuryeveli.<br />

“gixaroden RmrTismSobelo”, _ morwmuneni giRaRadebT,<br />

rameTu Sengan iSva RmerTi, meufe saukuno¡,<br />

ixilva msgavs[ad] ZeTa kacTa,<br />

ierusalemisa asulno,<br />

mo[v]ediT da galobiTa RaRadebdiT:

publikacia 271<br />

“kurTxeul xar, romelman gviSev<br />

xorcielad RmerTi yovelTa¡”.<br />

movediT, morwmuneno, naTelsa RmrTeebisasa,<br />

uzeSTaessa ufro¡s<br />

dabadebulTa<br />

samguamovnad cnobilsa,<br />

erTarsebiT didebulsa _<br />

mamasa dausabamosa, Zisa Tana dausabamo¡sa<br />

da sulsa wmidasa Tanaarssa<br />

daucxromelad vadidebdeT.<br />

gixaroden, qalwulTa Suenierebao,<br />

mtuirTvelo mTavrobaTa umTavresisa _<br />

sityuasa mamisa mier movlinebulsa,<br />

romeli y(o)lad ganuSorebel ars arsebasa,<br />

romelsa evedre £snisaTuis Cuenisa,<br />

ra¡Ta gadidoT.<br />

ca¡ sulieri Seguimzada meufeman,<br />

wmidao dedufalo Cueno,<br />

rameTu iSena Sengan sibrZneman saxli<br />

da udidebules gyo yovelTa<br />

£elmwifebisa<br />

misisa dabadebulTa.<br />

ca¡, qerabini da<br />

qebisa sud(a)rni, qalwulo,<br />

iqmnnes Senda saxÀ,<br />

rameTu RmerTi itvirTe, romelmanca<br />

udi[debules gyo yovelTa<br />

£elmwifebisa<br />

misisa dabadebulTa].<br />

gixaroden, qalaqo RmrTisao,<br />

qalwulo ubiwoo,<br />

gixaroden, maradis kurTxeulo,<br />

gixaroden, dedufalo<br />

dabadebulTao,<br />

gixaroden, zRudeo<br />

da navTsayudelo<br />

yovelTa qristeaneTao.

272 waxnagi 1.2009<br />

samebao dausabamoo,<br />

bunebiT ganuyofelo mamao,<br />

Zeo, sulo saxiero,<br />

Sen xar RmerTi da ufali Cuen yovelTa¡<br />

Sen Tayuanis gcemT morwmuneni<br />

wyaloba yav Cuen zeda.<br />

Sen gnatris yoveli Teslebi,<br />

qalwulo y(o)lad didebulo,<br />

rameTu iqmen deda meufisa, romelman<br />

hSev soflisa macxovari.<br />

mas evedre cxovrebisaT¢s Cuen, mosavTa S(en)T(a)¡sa.<br />

vadidebT, qriste,<br />

ubiwosa dedasa Sensa,<br />

romelman uaRres bunebaTa gituirTa<br />

da gSva Sen Semoqmedi yovelTa dabadebulTa¡.<br />

uTeslod muclad Rebaman<br />

............... edisaman<br />

gamouTqumelad<br />

da uxrwnelad Sobaman<br />

ganaaxla buneba¡ Cueni<br />

dabnelebuli, amisTuis, RmrTismSobelo, yovelni<br />

dabadeb[ulni]...<br />

Sen, mxoloo mamao,<br />

mSobelo mxolodSobilisa<br />

---- romelTa Soris sufevs mxolo¡<br />

suli cxoveli.<br />

--- erTarsebao<br />

daguicven uvnebelad.<br />

sarwmunoebiT, galobiT gadidebT Sen.<br />

saidumlo¡ Sobisa Senisa¡ ganakuirvebs<br />

gonebasa Cuensa,<br />

viTar saSoman Senman da[itia]<br />

caTa dautevneli?!<br />

Sen, viTarca dedufalsa---<br />

[da]badebulTasa galobiT gadidebT da sarwmunoebiT....<br />

sakuirvel ars:<br />

saidumlo¡ didebuli Sobisa<br />

Senisa¡, asulo adamiso,

publikacia 273<br />

rameTu Sen xar kibe, aRmyvanebeli kacTa¡ zecaTa sasufevelsa.<br />

amisTuis daucxromelad<br />

Sen, RmrTismSobelo, galobiT gadidebT!<br />

cxoreba¡ soflisa¡,<br />

mizezi keTilTa¡,<br />

naTeli miuwvdomeli,<br />

sulTa CuenTa ganmanaTlebeli<br />

Sen xar, qalwulo mariam,<br />

dedufalo dabadebulTao!<br />

gixaroden, mariam,<br />

gundni zecisani<br />

moxarulni Sen m[ie]r;<br />

gnatrian Sen queyanisani<br />

moqadulni SeniTa,<br />

dedufalo dabadebulTao!<br />

wmidao qalwulo,<br />

romelman Sev qriste, RmerTi Cueni,<br />

nu daiviwyeb naTesavsa kacTasa,<br />

aramed ismine vedreba¡<br />

Cueni da iTxove Zisa Senisagan.<br />

cxoreba¡ saukuno¡,<br />

ra¡Ta uRirsiTa bagiTa<br />

daucxromelad gadidebdeT.<br />

damowmebani:<br />

aRweriloba 1986: qarTul xelnawerTa aRweriloba, aTonuri koleqcia,<br />

I, Tb.: mecniereba, 1986.<br />

TaTaraiZe 1979; TaTaraiZe e. imedis gvirilao, Tb.: nakaduli,<br />

1979.<br />

kiknaZe 1982: kiknaZe g. nevmirebuli Zlispirni, Tb.: mecniereba,<br />

1982.<br />

metreveli 1971: Zlispirni da RmrTismSoblisani, gamosca da gamokvleva<br />

daurTo elene metrevelma. Tb.: mecniereba, 1971.<br />

orbeliani 1965: sulxan-saba orbeliani, Txzulebani. t. IV, 1, Tb.:<br />

sabWoTa saqarTvelo, 1965.<br />

uTurgaiZe 1960: uTurgaiZe T. TuSuri kilo, Tb.: Tbilisis saxelmwifo<br />

universitetis gamomcemloba, 1960.<br />

Rlonti 1984: qarTul kilo-TqmaTa sityvis kona, Semdgeneli al.<br />

Rlonti, Tb.: ganaTleba, 1984.

274 waxnagi 1.2009<br />

SaniZe 1984: SaniZe a. <strong>qarTuli</strong> kiloebi mTaSi, Txzulebani, t. I,<br />

Tb.: mecniereba, 1984.<br />

xaCiZe 1987: xaCiZe l. ioane minCxis poezia. Tb.: mecniereba, 1987.<br />

xaCiZe 2000: xaCiZe l. <strong>qarTuli</strong> qristianuli kulturis istoriidan,<br />

Tb.: s.s. orbelianis sax. Tbilisis saxelmwifo pedagogiuri<br />

universitetis gamomcemloba, 2000.<br />

xubutia 1969: xubutia p. TuSuri kilo. Tb.: Tbilisis saxelmwifo<br />

universitetis gamomcemloba, 1969.<br />

Lela Khachidze<br />

Newly Discovered Hymns of Georgian Hymnography<br />

The current study deals with the Georgian manuscript – Ath. 85 preserved<br />

on mount Athos.The manuscript is dated by X – XI centuries and represents<br />

Hirmologion – collection of the Hirmoi.The manuscript shows a collectionof<br />

hymns by title ‘’Kaprashiulni”. We argue that this term represents the name<br />

of the author of these hymns - ‘’KAPRASH’’.<br />

We were driven to this conclusion after taking into consideration data of<br />

old Georgian and Geoorgian dialects.In modern Georgian ‘’Kaprash’’ means<br />

‘’Ginger’’.This author is yet unknown to Georgian hymnography.<br />

The newly discovered collection of hymns by Kaprash is decorated with<br />

neumes and is devoted to Saint Virgin.These hymns appear to be part of another<br />

collection of the Hirmoi – A 603 (X - XI cc) where the author is classed<br />

as anonymous.<br />

The introduction of a new author into the repertoire of Hirmoi may be<br />

explained by a high authority of this person.<br />

The article presents the first publication of these hymns.

akaki wereTeli<br />

ocneba<br />

kaxeTi Semoviare,<br />

alaznis piri srulada;<br />

xalxi moyvrulad damixvda<br />

da miwa-wyali _ mtrulada.<br />

saamo edem qveyanas<br />

da mis atexil Walebsa,<br />

siamovnebiT avsili,<br />

mimovavlebdi Tvalebsa.<br />

vambobdi: ha, sad yofila<br />

swor-upovari qveyana!...<br />

bevrgan vyofilvar, magram jer<br />

sxva ar minaxavs misTana.<br />

es dacemuli vake ram,<br />

rom mibjenia maRal mTebs!...<br />

dRisiT mze, RamiT mTvarec ki<br />

zed Tavmomwoned danaTebs!<br />

yvavilovani tye-veli<br />

baRebiT, venaxebiTa.<br />

Tvali ver ZReba yurebiT<br />

da ena maTis qebiTa.<br />

alazani da iori<br />

erTmaneTs SeTanxmebian<br />

dedis rZesaviT malamod<br />

kideebs Seergebian.<br />

keTilad Sezavebulsa,<br />

sulis Camdgmelsa haersa,<br />

sad naxav, kaxelebis mets,<br />

miniWebodes sxva ersa?<br />

magram amdeni sikeTe,<br />

riTac cxovreba tkbilia,<br />

veRar axarebs dRes kaxeTs<br />

da raRac mowyenilia.<br />

275

276 waxnagi 1.2009<br />

alazans vkiTxe, mTis cremlebs:<br />

xom saqarTvelos Svili xar?<br />

gulCaTxrobili dudunSi,<br />

rad magre mowyenili xar?<br />

Senasisxlxorci kaxeTis,<br />

ram gagitexa eg guli?<br />

aki Tavs sdebda is SenTvis<br />

da Senc iyavi erTguli?<br />

utyuvrad SenakavSiri<br />

erTad WiriT da lxiniTa,<br />

xan Tavs ibandiT sisxliTa,<br />

xan iRebavdiT iniTa?<br />

da oriv arad migaCndaT,<br />

ambobdiT: wamavalia!<br />

gvirgvini erovnobisa<br />

keTili momavalia!!<br />

sadRaa axla es Tqveni<br />

gmiruli aRTqma da mcneba?<br />

da ase saTvaldaTvalod<br />

ram SegicvalaT guneba?<br />

mdinares, mTasa da velsa,<br />

gatyviaT mowyeniloba!<br />

da nu Tu ar grZnobT rom eris<br />

cudia daRrejiloba?<br />

mdinarem miTxra qviTiniT:<br />

sxvisa Wiri Robes Cxiri,<br />

Sen ra ici momavalSi<br />

ra mogvelis gasaWiri?<br />

Sen rom gvxedav aRtacebiT<br />

da mogwonvarT erTad yvela,<br />

sapatronod sul sxvis xelSi<br />

gadavdivarT nela-nela.<br />

Cven patronad da mpyrobelad<br />

veRar vxedavT qarTvel kacebs,<br />

“Ze”da “Svili” ganaxevrda<br />

vrCebiT “ovebs” da “iancebs”.

publikacia 277<br />

ra gveqneba Cven saerTo,<br />

maTTan lxinSi anu WirSi?<br />

erTmaneTisaTvis ucxo,<br />

CavvardebiT gasaWirSi!!<br />

magram ucxo ras daeZebs<br />

an siaves an sikarges?!<br />

vai imaT vinc Cven mxolod,<br />

mogviZules da dagvkarges!<br />

ucxoeli ki, mis rjulze<br />

mosapnul Tavs, sxva mxriT gvikravs,<br />

sisxls gamogvwovs wveTa-wveTad,<br />

rbils gagvaclis, Zvals gamogvxravs.<br />

da mSvidobiT, miwa-wyalo,<br />

masTan erTad qarTlis ero,<br />

gul-uxvo da ena tkbilo<br />

Cveno “mravalJamiero”!<br />

sul usisxlod movispobiT,<br />

aRarc kvla da aRarc Jleta,<br />

saklav iaraRad mxolod<br />

gamodgeba “mnogi leta”!<br />

ai, Tu ram dagvaRona!<br />

agviria gza da kvali<br />

sasikeTos qarTvelisTvis,<br />

ver amzadebs momavali!<br />

es miTxra da daeqana<br />

cremliT zRvaSi CasanTqmelad<br />

da ocneba mec naTeli<br />

gadameqna ufskrul bnedad!<br />

rogorc deda ver imetebs<br />

sasikvdilod verc erT Svilsa<br />

da ocnebas saimedos<br />

miecema raRac tkbilsa,<br />

ise meca, rom qarTveli<br />

gadarjuldes, ara mjera!<br />

sul sxvagvarad mexateba<br />

momavali bedis wera.

278 waxnagi 1.2009<br />

gadamTiels aq ra unda?<br />

ras moixmars Cvens miwa-wyals?<br />

waxdeba da Cvenc wagvaxdens,<br />

Segviforxebs miT momavals.<br />

magram mainc sabolood<br />

is Cvenskenve dabrundeba<br />

winaaRmdeg bunebisa,<br />

araferi ar moxdeba!<br />

xes ver damyni ise xeze<br />

Tu ar aris misi gvaris<br />

SeiZleba gana sadme<br />

gasworeba “mTa da baris”?<br />

ara! da Senc, alazano,<br />

cremliT nu rwyav Sens napirsa!<br />

“Wirsa Sigan gamagreba<br />

ase unda, viT qviTkirsa”.<br />

rac rom unda Wiri naxos,<br />

saqarTvelo ar gaqreba!<br />

mosuli da monaberi<br />

mas pativad daedeba!<br />

gaexarda alazansa,<br />

sanugeSod Cemgan Tqmuli;<br />

gadiyara sevdis qafi<br />

moibruna isev guli.<br />

da mimarTa isev kaxeTs,<br />

mSvenierma mSveniersa!..<br />

Cveulebriv amRerebda<br />

kaxur “mravalJamiersa!”.

publikacia 279<br />

akakis `ocneba~<br />

nana fruiZe<br />

1935 wels “literaturul gazeTSi” (#7, 12/11) nikolo<br />

miwiSvili aqveynebs werils “iRbliani”. igi mogviTxrobs<br />

qarTvel mweralTa tragikul bedze da aRniSnavs, rom maT<br />

Soris “akaki iyo gamonaklisi, triumfatori, iRbliani da<br />

bednieri adamiani”. “TiTqos yvela Cveni poetis ukuRmarTma<br />

bedma im WaRara elinis winaSe daircxvina: triumfiT atara<br />

igi ormocdaaTi weliwadi rogorc saxalxo poeti, rogorc<br />

marto akaki da orfeosi <strong>qarTuli</strong> sityvisa da ase dafniT<br />

mofenil gziT miiyvana igi kapitoliumSi... akakis bedma gaanaTa<br />

yvela dautirebeli saflavi <strong>qarTuli</strong> poeziisa”, _<br />

wers miwiSvili. SesaZloa, garkveuli TvalsazrisiT mar-<br />

Tali iyos werilis avtori, magram isic faqtia, rom akakis<br />

cxovreba paradoqsebiT iyo savse da am didebulma poetma<br />

saflavSi Caitana ocneba, srulad enaxa gamoqveynebuli Tavisi<br />

nawerebi.<br />

erma mas “saqarTvelos bulbuli” Searqva, mTel saqarTvelos<br />

atkbobda misi Cangis JRera, magram TxzulebaTa<br />

araTu sruli, arasruli krebulebis gamocemac ki ver iqna<br />

da ver moxerxda poetis sicocxleSi. Tumca survili akakis<br />

nawerebis Tavmoyrisa jer kidev 1884 wels gamoxata niko<br />

nikolaZem, roca qarTvel “poetTa krebis” 15 tomad gamocema<br />

gadawyvita da akakis peterburgSi swerda: “minda erTi<br />

tomi Seni nawerebs davuTmovo”, Semdeg qarTvelTa Soris<br />

wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebelma sazogadoebam gadawyvita<br />

akakis nawerebis gamocema, magram maT mxolod krilovis<br />

igavebis akakiseuli Targmanebi gamoaqveynes, 1892 wels<br />

qarTvelTa <strong>wignis</strong> gamomcemelma amxanagobam (al. jabadaris<br />

xelmZRvanelobiT) xelSekruleba daudo iliasa da<br />

akakis da maTi Txzulebebis aT tomad gamocema ganizraxa,<br />

magramA 1893 welsE akakis TxzulebaTa mxolod ori tomi<br />

daibeWda da saqme amis iqiT aRar wasula. xalxuri zepirsityvierebisa<br />

da sakuTari nawerebis Tavmoyris mizniT<br />

daarsa poetma “akakis Tviuri krebuli”, magram verc maSin<br />

moxerxda misi survilis asruleba, radgan mwvave xasiaTis<br />

werilebis gamo cenzuram akrZala Jurnalis gamocema. 1910<br />

wels akakim kvlav ganizraxa sakuTari literaturuli memkvidreobis<br />

patronoba. poeti apirebda yovelTviuri krebulis<br />

gamocemas, romelSic srulad unda dabeWdiliyo<br />

misi nawerebi “Zveli da axali”, komentarebis TandarTviT,

280 waxnagi 1.2009<br />

sadac naTqvami iqneboda, Tu ra mizeziT daiwera esa Tu is<br />

nawarmoebi. “ori wlis masala ukve mzad maqvso”, _ swerda<br />

igi ivane eliaSvils.<br />

1912 wlis dekemberSi gazeT “mercxalSi” daibeWda isidore<br />

kvicariZis statia “akakis nawerebis gamocemis gamo”.<br />

avtori siamovnebiT aRniSnavda: “ilias nawerebs iseTi ker-<br />

Zo gamomcemeli gamouCnda [eqimi mix. gedevaniSvili], rogoric<br />

qarTvel mwerlebis nawerebs, garda “vefxistyaosnisa”,<br />

aqamdi aravis Rirsebia. mxoloT aseTi bedi ar wvevia<br />

Cveni samSoblo mwerlobis meore mnaTobis akakis nawerebs.<br />

mas, dRidan mwerlobis dawyebisa, aqamde kalami xelidan<br />

ar gauSvia, gulmodgineT emsaxureboda mas... dRes ki, zogi<br />

Cveni Zveli moRvaweebis da maTi axalgazrda Sovinisturi<br />

mimdevrebisagan aTvaliswunebul moxuc akakis nawerebsac<br />

gauRima bedma, mis nawerebsac aRmouCnda gulmodgine da<br />

gulwrfeli gamomcemeli. es gaxlavT Cveni uxvi qvelmoqmedi<br />

b. iakob mansvetaSvili”. marTlac male gamovida akakis<br />

“Cemi nawerebis” pirveli tomi poetisave winasityvaobiT.<br />

meore tomis gamo ki, romelic 28 dekembers gaugzavna mestambe<br />

iv. kilaZem sacenzuro komitets, quTaisis policiam<br />

meore dResve miiRo gankarguleba <strong>wignis</strong> gavrcelebis SeCerebis<br />

Sesaxeb. im saRamos boqauli gamocxadda stambaSi da<br />

moiTxova wignebi. 1913 wlis ianvarSi, gaz. “Temis” cnobiT,<br />

kavkasiis beWdviTi saqmis komitetma <strong>wignis</strong> 2800 egzemplari<br />

daakava. mxolod amave wlis 9 maiss Seatyobina komitetma<br />

quTaisis policmaisters sasamarTlos dadgenileba<br />

akakis nawerebis meore tomis Sesaxeb, _ kerZod, mosTxova<br />

wignidan poemis “voroncovi da misi dro!” (gv. 3-58) amoWra<br />

da ganadgureba aqtis SedgeniT. akaki “Cemi nawerebis” meore<br />

tomi mxolod agvistos meore naxevarSi gamovida. samwuxarod,<br />

iakob mansvetaSvilma sxva tomebis gamocemis dafinanseba<br />

veRar SeZlo.<br />

akakis qmnilebebis Sekreba da gamocema bevrma moRvawem<br />

scada, magram amaod. zogs SeZlebam SeuSala xeli da zogsac<br />

_ garemoebam. poetis am sanukvar ocnebas axdena ar ewera.<br />

akakis gardacvalebis Semdeg mwerlis TxzulebaTa ramdenime<br />

gamocema ganxorcielda: oTxtomeuli al. abaSelisa<br />

da s. gorgaZis redaqciiT (1925-1928), TxzulebaTa<br />

sruli krebuli Svid tomad pavle ingoroyvasa da sxvaTa<br />

redaqtorobiT (1940-1961) da TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli<br />

TxuTmet tomad _ SoTa rusTavelis saxelobis <strong>qarTuli</strong><br />

literaturis institutis gamocema (1950-1963). Tumca<br />

“sruli” arc es gamocema aRmoCnda. rogorc maleve gairkva,<br />

mas araerTi nakli aRmoaCnda. tomebSi, koniunqturuli mo-

publikacia 281<br />

sazrebiT, ar Seitanes poetis araerTi cnobili nawarmoebi:<br />

religiuri poziciis gamo ver daibeWda poemebi “wminda<br />

nino” da “andria pirvelwodebuli” da araerTi leqsi, erovnuli<br />

poziciisa da mwvave antirusuli Tu antisomxuri<br />

paTosis gamo _ bevri leqsi da ramdenime poema, ar gamoqveynebula<br />

akakis werilebi somex-qarTvelTa polemikis<br />

Sesaxeb, “werilebi profesor marris pasuxad” da sxv.; aseve<br />

mizanSewonilad ar miiCnies akakis yvela piradi werilis<br />

gamoqveynebac; “dawunebulTa” Soris aRmoCnda leqsi “ocnebac”,<br />

romelic poetma kaxeTSi mogzaurobis Semdeg dawera.<br />

akaki WeSmaritad saxalxo poeti iyo. mas sagangebod iwvevdnen<br />

saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeSi da didi aRtacebiT<br />

xvdebodnen. kaxeTs mgosani samjer estumra. bolo stumroba<br />

1911 wlis 8 ivniss Sedga da mTeli Tve gagrZelda. es viziti<br />

mcire gaugebrobiT daiwyo. sadgurze poets wera-kiTxvis<br />

gamavrcelebeli sazogadoebis warmomadgenlebi unda daxvedrodnen,<br />

SuamTasTan ki etliT mihgebebodnen. am Canafiqris<br />

Sesrulebas xeli sxvadasxva mizezma SeuSala. “saxalxo<br />

gazeTis” Telavel korespodents sinanuli rom gamouTqvams,<br />

poets ubrZanebia: “eg araferi, sul metia da arc miyvars<br />

sazogadoebis Sewuxebao”. kaxeTSi vizitisas kidev erTi,<br />

ufro arsebiTi gulistkena Sexvda akakis. mas mouwadinebia<br />

sofel qistaurSi rafiel erisTavis saflavze paraklisis<br />

gadaxda. saflavi imdenad mouvleli daxvedriaT, rom poets<br />

uTqvams: “im didebuli adamianis saflavi unugeSo mdgomareobaSia,<br />

xis moajiri sul dampala da male aRar daetyoba,<br />

rom araTu iq mwerali rafiel erisTavi asaflavia, aramed<br />

TviT saflavis niSanic aRar darCeba. Cven marto brtyeli<br />

laparaki viciT da saqmes ki yvela gavurbivarT” (“saxalxo<br />

gazeTi”, 1911, 10 agvisto, #373, gv. 3).<br />

swored kaxeTSi mesamed mogzaurobis STabeWdilebebi<br />

aisaxa leqsSi “ocneba”, romelic imave 1911 wels calke<br />

wignakad gamoica quTaisSi. am gamocemis erTi egzemplari<br />

1912 wlis 25 aprils poets uCuqebia megobris, ivane eliaSvilisaTvis,<br />

warweriT: “Cems sayvarel Tanamekalmes da megobars<br />

vano eliaSvils saxsovrad. akaki”. teqstSi variantuli<br />

nairwakiTxvac dasturdeba: meoTxe strofSi poetma<br />

`daxarebs~ Secvala sityviT `danaTebs~. meored leqsi<br />

Tavad poetma dabeWda 1913 wels `Cemi nawerebis~ meore<br />

tomSi. amis Semdeg arc poetis sicocxleSi da arc misi gardacvalebis<br />

Semdeg akakis TxzulebaTa arcerT gamocemaSi<br />

`ocneba~ aRar dabeWdila. mizezi advili asaxsnelia. leqsi<br />

mZafri publicisturi JReradobiT gamoirCeva. masSi<br />

wamoWrilia <strong>qarTuli</strong> miwebis gasxvisebis sakiTxi.

282 waxnagi 1.2009<br />

mxolod meoce saukunis miwuruls ixila kidev erTxel<br />

qarTvelma mkiTxvelma akakis `ocneba~. 1990 wels saiubileo<br />

dReebSi gamomcemloba `saqarTvelom~ daTeSiZiseuli<br />

publikaciis faqsimiluri gamocema ganaxorciela,<br />

romelsac jumber qorCilavas mokle boloTqma erTvoda.<br />

es patara wignaki, cxadia, Cinebuli saCuqari iyo sazogadoebisaTvis.<br />

leqsi dialogis formiTaa dawerili. masSi erTmaneTs<br />

poeti da mdinare alazani esaubrebian. pirvelive strof-<br />

Si igrZnoba sagangaSo ganwyoba. akaki, erTi mxriv, aRwers<br />

kaxeTis Tvalwarmtac peizaJs, meore mxriv ki mkiTxvelis<br />

yuradRebas miapyrobs im uCveulo sevdas, romliTac garemoa<br />

gaJRenTili.<br />

alazans vkiTxe, mTis cremlebs:<br />

xom saqarTvelos Svili xar?<br />

gulCaTxrobili dudunSi,<br />

rad magre mowyenili xar?<br />

poeti Seaxsenebs mdinares, rom wina saukuneebSi, marTalia,<br />

kaxeTs umZimesi gansacdelisTvis Tavis garTmeva rom<br />

gasWirvebia, zogjer qedi mouxria, magram es kompromisi<br />

mxolod droebiT xasiaTs atarebda da fizikur gadarCenas<br />

isaxavda miznad.<br />

xan Tavs ibandiT sisxliTa,<br />

xan iRebavdiT iniTa..<br />

da oriv arad migaCndaT,<br />

ambobdiT: warmavalia!..<br />

gvirgvini erovnobisa<br />

keTili momavalia.<br />

poetis TqmiT, gulgatexiloba arc axla SeSvenis kaxeTs<br />

da rusTveliseul frazas iSveliebs:<br />

mdinares, mTasa da velsa,<br />

gatyviaT mowyeniloba!<br />

da nu Tu ar grZnobT rom eris<br />

cudia daRrejiloba?<br />

mdinaris piriT akaki metad saWirboroto sakiTxs<br />

wamoWris. axalma drom axali iaraRi misca mters xelSi _<br />

fuli. ekonomikur omSi Casabmelad qarTveli kaci moumzadebeli<br />

aRmoCnda. swored aman ganapiroba, rom Cveni umTa-

publikacia 283<br />

vresi faseuloba _ <strong>qarTuli</strong> miwa _ erTbaSad ori mtaceblis,<br />

rusisa da somxis, sakbilo gaxda.<br />

Cven patronad da mpyrobelad<br />

veRar vxedavT qarTvel kacebs,<br />

“Ze” da “Svili” ganaxevrda<br />

vrCebiT “ovebs” da “iancebs”.<br />

sxvaTa Soris, sagulisxmoa, rom 1913 wlis ianvarSi Tavad<br />

akakim waago saqme saolqo sasamarTloSi miwis Taobaze<br />

madaTovTan. rogorc Tavad poeti aRniSnavda: “madaTovma<br />

majoba, rasakvirvelia, fuliT, yvela Seisyida”.<br />

akaki wereTlis azriT, Tu miwas davkargavT, es dasasrulis<br />

dasawyisi iqneba. Camosaxlebuli ucxotomelebi<br />

arasodes gaiTaviseben Cvens Wirsa da lxins. amaod gveqneba<br />

maTi TanagrZnobisa da <strong>mxardaWeris</strong> imedi. piriqiT, isini<br />

yvela Rones ixmaren, raTa sabolood aRmogvfxvran da gagvaZevon<br />

samSoblodan.<br />

sastiki iqneba sasjeli im adamianebisa, romelTac gro-<br />

Sebze gacvales winaparTa sisxliT morwyuli miwa. `vai<br />

imaT, vinc Cven mxolod mogviZules da dagvkarges~, _ aTqmevinebs<br />

akaki alazans. sul umtkivneulod aRsruldeba is,<br />

rasac RmrTis SewevniT warmatebiT umklavdeboda qarTveli<br />

kaci.<br />

sul usisxlod movispobiT<br />

aRarc kvla da aRarc Jleta,<br />

saklav iaraRad mxolod<br />

gamodgeba “mnogi leta”.<br />

miuxedavad amgvari mZime suraTis daxatvisa, leqsi mainc<br />

optimisturad mTavrdeba. “tkbili da saimedo” ocneba saqarTvelos<br />

momavals naTel ferebSi warmoudgens poets:<br />

gadamTielni aq fexs ver moikideben, rac Cveni sakuTrebaa,<br />

Cvenve dagvibrundeba.<br />

rac rom unda Wiri naxos,<br />

saqarTvelo ar gaqreba!<br />

mosuli da monaberi<br />

mas pativad daedeba!<br />

SoTa rusTavelis <strong>qarTuli</strong> literaturis instituti<br />

ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetTan<br />

erTad gamosacemad amzadebs akaki wereTlis

284 waxnagi 1.2009<br />

TxzulebaTa akademiur octomeuls. momavali gamocemis<br />

meoTxe tomSi kuTvnil adgils daikavebs leqsi “ocneba”,<br />

iseve rogorc Tavis droze caristuli Tu komunisturi<br />

cenzuris mier dawunebuli an koniuqturuli mosazrebis<br />

gamo ugulebelyofili mravali nawarmoebi. miT ufro, rom<br />

poetis mier 100 wlis winaT “ocnebaSi” wamoWrili sakiTxi,<br />

samwuxarod, dResac aqtualuria.<br />

Akaki Tsereteli’s Dream<br />

Nana Pruidze<br />

The poem by Akaki Tsereteli “Otsneba” (“Dream”) was published as a<br />

seperate book in 1911 in Kutaisi. The poet republished it in second volume<br />

of the book “ My works” in 1913. Since then, neither in poet’s lifetime nor<br />

after his death has this poem been published for it’s distinguished sharpness<br />

because the problem of selling of Georgian land was raised in it. Only once,<br />

in 1990, during the poet’s jubilee, the readers came across this poem again<br />

when the publishing house “ Georgia” published the poem according 1911<br />

edition.

masala<br />

mTiulur-gudamayruli andrezebi<br />

(ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo<br />

universitetis folkloruli arqividan _ Tsufa)<br />

aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTis (fSav-xevsureTi,<br />

mTiuleT-gudamayari, xevi, TuSeTi) Temebi samarTlianadaa<br />

miCneuli miTologiuri zepiri teqstebis gavrcelebis<br />

Zlier arealad. isini aq erTian sistemas qmnian, maTi adgili<br />

xalxis yofiT da sulier cxovrebaSi sruliad gansaku-<br />

Trebuli iyo warsulSi da dResac aranakleb mniSvnelovan<br />

rols asrulebs. aRmosavleT saqarTvelos barSi mosaxle<br />

mTielebisTvis es teqstebi, romlebic adgilobriv dialeqtze<br />

andrezebad iwodeba, saerTo warsulis xsovnisa da<br />

awmyoSi konsolidaciis qmediTi saSualebaa.<br />

andrezebi moicavs xalxis yofa-cxovrebis da sulieri<br />

interesebis yvela sferos; maTSi gamoxatulebas poulobs<br />

sakulto yofa, religiuri warmodgenebi, sulieri gamocdilebani,<br />

zneobrivi principebi, egzistencialur-pirovnuli<br />

momentebi da sxva.<br />

teqstebi sainteresoa TavisTavad, rogorc xalxuri<br />

sityvierebis nimuSebi, aseve rogorc wyaro adamianis mravalmxrivi<br />

aqtivobis Sesaswavlad gansxvavebuli (fsiqologiuri,<br />

filosofiuri, eTikuri, religiuri, esTetikuri...)<br />

kuTxiT.<br />

1. aRebis Ramis saswauli<br />

mama ityoda, es yvelieri rom wavida da movida didi<br />

marxvao, aRebis Rameao. am aRebis Ramesa, kvira Rames, dajda<br />

sami kaci kerazed da kvercxebi nacarSi daawyves, sami cali,<br />

da laparakoben, saubroben. am kacebs, wesi iyo, am kvercxiT<br />

unda daemarxulaT. gind xorci xqoniyo, gind erbo xqoniyo,<br />

imiT ar daimarxulebdnen, sabolood kvercxiT daimarxulebdnen.<br />

hoda, unda SeWamon es kvercxi da daiZinon. Svidma<br />

285

286 waxnagi 1.2009<br />

kviram ise ganvlo, ro dila ro gaTenda, “qriste aRdgao”,<br />

daiZaxes. da am samma kacma, iseTi nawiliani xalxi iyo, ro<br />

ise gaatares es Rame, ro Svidma kviram ganvlo da ver gaiges,<br />

rogor gavida es dro. es kvercxebi isev cecxlSia da `qriste<br />

aRdgao” uTxres. da miixed-moixedes, es ra moxdao.<br />

ai, iseTi xalxi iyo Turme, RmerTTan nawiliani xalxi.<br />

Tsufa 25548<br />

gudamayari, sof. dumacxo,<br />

katuSa afciaurisgan, 1982<br />

2. saRmTo maRali I<br />

adre yofila iseT gorze, ro exla kaci ver miva iqa, iseT<br />

mTaze yofila. maRali mTa ari, ro me iq verc mivsulvar,<br />

arc axalgazrdobaSi, iseTi saSiSaria, kacs eSinia. adre<br />

iq yofila samRvTo maRali, modenila mlocavi, qobic mohqonebia.<br />

mere akvniani dedakaci yofila, bavSvi hyolia.<br />

dahgorebia is akvani iqidana da, didi mTa ari, da xevSi<br />

gadmovardnila es akvani. Tqves, ro mokvda, mokvda. ra gadaarCenda,<br />

iqidan dagorda, TiTqmis ori kilometria. Camoiden,<br />

naxes es balRi da isev iseTia, rogorc iyo, tredi<br />

azis da daRuRunebs da arTobs. mere xorciani qobi yofila,<br />

roca moxda es ambavi, iqa Turme. es xorciani qobi afrenila<br />

da aba ram aafrina, albaT xatma, da gamofrenila Releze,<br />

exla saca arsebobs is xati, saca loculoben, iq damdgara<br />

is qobi. wamosula es mlocavica da imas mihyolia da iq dabinavebula.<br />

da ai, dResac isiv iq dResaswauloben, loculoben. iq<br />

kaciSvili veRar miva, iq iseTi gverdo mTa ari. samRvTo ma-<br />

Rals veZaxiT exla im adgils.<br />

Tsufa 24673<br />

gudamayari, sof. dumacxo,<br />

giorgi afciaurisgan, 981<br />

3. saRmTo maRali II<br />

gaRma erTi wveria, kldezed ari. iqa mdinaran. bal-<br />

Riani yofila Saxvewili, akvniani. akvniT yofila da,<br />

Tqvianke, metad Zriali iyoo, ar uxdenia iq. is akvani dagorebula,<br />

aduRebuli qobi dagorebula. kldea iseTi,

masala 287<br />

ro, ra vici, tyuilia Tu ambavia. dahyolia. TavmoWrili<br />

kurati amamdgara da, saca exla ician, iq gamasula, TavmoWrili<br />

kurati dawolila iq. dahyva Turme xalxi im<br />

balRsa, Camovida. ai, xevia qveviT, zovebia, da qobi damdgara<br />

zovze. Turme duRs da, ai, tredi zis da arc akvani<br />

dalewila, arc balRi mamkvdara. akvanze tredi zis<br />

da arwevs. dahyolia deda, aukidnia, iq aunTia sanTeli,<br />

erTi mtkaveli sanTeli da, manam is serze ava, is sanTeli<br />

ar damwvara. akvnis kamalebze miukrav. iq asula, is ar damwvara,<br />

is sanTeli.<br />

memre iq mauSliaT xatoba da axla aiq, saca adian, iq.<br />

Tsufa 24676<br />

gudamayari, sof. dumacxo,<br />

burTa afciaurisgan (magnitoCanaweri), 1981<br />

4. saRmTo maRali III<br />

ega.. ai, ese yofila, ro iqa maRali qedi aris. exla, me<br />

cxorSi davdiodike balRobaSia da... iseni wamosulan,<br />

uvlia, aq mwyemsada yofila erTi xandodan, hoda, xati<br />

mouparav ai, iq, wveris angelozs veZaxiT, aTnoxis Tavze,<br />

is wauRia imas. hoda, meeliso, ra vici, ubrZanebia, aq mizezi<br />

miucia, roca maipara esa da, ubrZanebia imaTa iqidan,<br />

ro, hoda, gzebia, axla, nakeTari. iq saZovaria, ai, iqa, ise-<br />

Ti kldeebia, ro gaxedo, eldani gecema. amaTa, ro gaiaros,<br />

ai, exla, iqidan kuret wamaiyvans, saklavs wamaiyvans, iqidan<br />

i droSas wamaiyoleben. ho, dReobaa Turme maRla serzeda.<br />

marmarilos qvebi ari iq dawyobili, ai, niSia. saca<br />

is samkvidre aris, iq dedakaci ver mividoda. iq mividoda<br />

da¡turi, dekanozi. dedakaci ver avidoda. zeiT niSania<br />

da qveiT iyo kidev, vake ari, qveiTkena da imaSi i akvanic<br />

iq daudgam, xorcic iq - kuratic dauklav. xorci uxarSav.<br />

meranisa, iq kurati ro dauklav, ra vi, ise ityvianke, ro<br />

isi akvani xo dagorda, dagorda es akvani, daugorda im<br />

dedakacs. motrialda aqaT, motrialda, wamoida, dahyva<br />

tiriliT. hoda, saca dadga es akvani, Camovida kargad,<br />

rogorc ai, Tqve ro mosCenixarT, emdenze egora im akvansa.<br />

minam es Cavalis, deda bavSvisa, manamde mtredi misula<br />

da da¡jdomia imaze, akvnisa imaze, da arc gatexila i<br />

akvani da daRuRunebs i tredi. mivida e deda, daxeda, Tqo,<br />

roma gana ra cocxali iqneba. dakles kurati iq, qveiT, sac

288 waxnagi 1.2009<br />

is akvani iyo. aiq, imaSi dakles. es kurati memrenis, es TavmoWrili<br />

afrinda. raki iseTi is iyo da qveiT aris vake,<br />

didi vake aris, ra, iqa da deeca TavmoWrili kurati. egre<br />

ityvianke, aba, me ar movswrebivar da. deeca iqa da memre<br />

ifiqra xalxma, dastur-dekanozTa, albaTao, ai, ese, eseao,<br />

aq aRar xdinilobso.<br />

Tsufa 25614<br />

gudamayari, sof. dumacxo,<br />

ivane afciaurisgan, 1983<br />

5. zegardis wmida giorgi I<br />

ai, ese aris:<br />

mand yofilan, iqiT, mTiuleTs, xalxi yofilan iq, didi<br />

ojaxi yofila da damdinaran nadirobad. ho, axla, rogorc<br />

me wavide da gadavide am sers iqiT da... ho. nadiris gamo<br />

uvlia, uvlia da gadmosulan iqidan da, manda yofila, ra<br />

vici, berebi yofila, nasaxlarebi yofila iq. da darCenila<br />

da daRamebia iq. merenis, dawolila, aba, exla, sa wavidoda.<br />

iqa mtredi yifila ai, iqa, imas ukeTebia sabudari iq, im berebis<br />

nasaxlarSi. ra vi, i berebi rodindeli iqneboden. hoda,<br />

kai sizmari unaxav iq. amdgaran, wasulan, uambnia, rogorc ai,<br />

axla CemTan Tqven moxvediT, ra, erTi jalafi yofila, iseni,<br />

erTi ojaxi hqoniaT. ese, ese ariso, iqo vnaxeTo ai, eseTio,<br />

rogorc exla nakoWvario, ra vici. hoda, iqao mtredi akeTebdao.<br />

gaigeTao, wadiTao. wasulan, gaugzavniaT hoda, TqvensaviT<br />

jeelebi yofilan isini. wamasulan, daRamebiaT iqa da<br />

damdgaran. hoda, is ro akeTebs sabudars, mivida i ufrosi, ho.<br />

daadgnen. magram, isa, exla eg Cvenia, iseni ucxoebia, es Cveni<br />

xatia, ega. ho, nasaxlari iyo, eklesiad iqneboda naSenebi. aa-<br />

Senes eklesia imaTa, im ucxoebma, im mTiulebma. aaSenes, Seni<br />

Wirime, es eklesia. exla, am Cvenebs uxaris ra, am Cvens, vinc<br />

ymani varT im xatisa, afciaurebs [qalis xma: eklesia agviSeneso!].<br />

ho, eklesia agviSenes. mere moiyara Tavi am afciaurebma<br />

da Tqves, roma, ra mivceT amaTao? mivsceT, gavuswordeT,<br />

eklesia agviSenesao. Saiyara es xalxi, daibares is ojaxi,<br />

romelmac aaSenes is eklesia, qarCaiZeebi. hoda, uTxres, ro<br />

ra gindao, exlao, ra mogceTao magis aSenebaSiao? saqoneli<br />

gindaTo, fuli gindaTo, Tu cxori gindaTo. gviTxariTo,<br />

ra fasi gadavwyvitoTo da CagabaroTo.<br />

waviden da uTxres, exla, im biWebma, ai, rogorc Tqven<br />

moxvediT CemTana da, hoda, SeekiTxen im ufross, ese, ese gvi-

masala 289<br />

Txreso. es ufrosi daadga – ocdarva suli xizani yofila<br />

erTad, erTi ojaxi, daadga kacebs, biWebsa, ra gamovarTvaT,<br />

rao. fuli gamovarTvaTo, saqoneli gamovarTvaTo, Tu ras<br />

gvetyviTo. ho, is ufrosi ekiTxeba qalebsac, dedakacebsac,<br />

raRa, qalebsaca, biWebsaca. erTi biWi yofila erTi Tvis naqorwilari,<br />

hoda, patarZali yofila da winaT eseTi wesi<br />

yofila, ro TiTqmis verc ki elaparakebian, ise xaTri qoniaT<br />

erTimeoresi. hoda, Sen raRas ityvio, ufrosi mivida,<br />

Cemo qaloo (jer ufros dedakacebs dahkiTxa). “aba, meo ra<br />

mekiTxebao”, egre Tqo, “ufrosebi Tqvena xarTo”. hoda, em<br />

qals eTqo: “Cemis fiqriTao, me ese girCevT: yvelaferi gaqvTo,<br />

saqonelic gyavTo, cxorica gyavTo, fulica gaqvTo.<br />

samlocvelad daagdeT eg eklesiao, rom imi dReoba roca<br />

iqnebai, winwinisao Tqveni saklavi unda daklano, Tqven<br />

SagaxvewoTo”, am qalma uTxra. meewona ufross es ambavi.<br />

miubrunda am jalafTa: aba, me Zalian WkuaSi momividao,<br />

rogori darigeba ari esao. gauxarda yvelasa, kargia, kargi<br />

iqneba, kargi iqnebao. hoda, exla. ai, exla, SarSan iyvnen,<br />

weldawelSua dadian mudam wels [qalis xma: ar da¡klaven<br />

saklavs, minam imaTi saklavi ar miva, imdeni ymani arian,<br />

amaTze meti]. SarSanwin iyvnen. me viyav ufrosi mag xatisa.<br />

saidan modian? iq arian qarCani, ai, iq arian. qarCaT eZaxian<br />

im mekomes. ho, mleTas gamoRma arian, ai. davilocebiT: swyalobde<br />

qarCaTa! eklesia aaSene da fasi ar aiRe, samlocvelad<br />

daagde. qal-qaliSvilsa, sadac vinme wasuli aris, ga-<br />

Txovili SviliSvilis. ese dailoceba da... mand erT 50-80-<br />

mde saklavi daikvlisye, Svidi kurati.<br />

Tsufa 25613<br />

gudamayari, sof. dumacxo,<br />

ivane afciaurisgan (magnitoCanaweri), 1983<br />

6. zegardis wm. giorgi II<br />

...xe uWria aqa da moa tredi, da¡cems WoWsa (niskarts) da<br />

waiRebs. dafiqrda e kaci, sad miaqvs es nafotio tredso.<br />

adga, roca moWra e xe, da gaxyva am tredsa. gafrindeba, dajdeba,<br />

gafrindeba, dajdeba da, Cirdilia didi da, iq augia,<br />

aquCebs, eklesia. dafiqrda, salocavia, ra ari? rogorc<br />

eklesia, ise agebs. amdgara, gonieri kaci yofila, da eklesia<br />

uSenebia im kacsa iq, wminda giorgisi. da wasula, misula da<br />

uTqom am afciaurebsa, ro: rasac mogvTxovT, mogcemT. xars<br />

mogvTxovT, Zroxas mogvTxovT, Tu rasac mogvTxovT, mogce-

290 waxnagi 1.2009<br />

mT. uari ar ari. wasula, jalabT devekiTxebio. misula - jalafni,<br />

isini cxra Zmani yofilan. “jalafno, ese, ese maZleveno<br />

da ra gamovarToo. fuli gamovarToo, Tu Zroxao, Tu<br />

cxorio?” zogs cxori uTqom, zogs Zroxa uTqom, zogs xari<br />

uTqom. patarZali hyolia erTi da modio, patarZalsac<br />

SavkiTxoTo. “ra gamovarToTo”, uTqomT patarZlisaTvis.<br />

“me Tu mkiTxavTo, arc cxori gindaTo, arc Zroxa gindaTo.<br />

uwin ro movao, saklavi ro daikvlis, Tqveni daiklaso, Tu<br />

iq iqnebiTo da - ro mudam xatobaSi: wyalobde qarCaiZesa!<br />

gamrevldes qarCaiZeebi! wyalobde! araferi gindaT magaze<br />

metio”.<br />

da dResac ro ai, mudam wels xatoba da Tu isenia mosuli,<br />

imaTi saklavi unda daiklas dRemdi, qarCaiZeebisi. “qarCai-<br />

Zeebo, vin ari, moides! swyalobdes, eklesiis amSenebelsa!”<br />

Tsufa 25551<br />

gudamayari, sof. dumacxo,<br />

burTa afciaurisgan (magnitoCanaweri), 1981<br />

7. zegardis wmida giorgi III<br />

hoda, imas uTlia xeebi, im xelosansa, qarCaiZe yofila.<br />

erTxel mofrinda mtredi, meored, mesameda da em kacs guli<br />

ro Seuwuxda da wavida mere, mihyva am mtredsa da aq asula<br />

maRla, aim tyeSi. gadaufarebia is nafotebi. mere es kaci<br />

_ raRaca mouazrebia da auSenebia eklesia am kacsa. mere<br />

wavida aiq, mTiuleTSi, Tavis saxlSi, uTxra, ro eseo, eklesia<br />

avaSene gudamayarSiao da fuli gamovarTo Tu cxvari<br />

iyos, Tu xario. mere erT qals eTqva, sami dRis moyvanili<br />

patarZali yofila, iyoso samwyalobnadao, Cveni saklavi<br />

daiklas pirveladao. ai, egre darCa eg ambavi.<br />

Tsufa 25547<br />

gudamayari, sof. dumacxo,<br />

joyola afciaurisgan (magnitoCanaweri), 1982<br />

8. zegardis wmida giorgi IV<br />

es qarCaiZeni Zalian didi ojaxi yofila. erTi axalgazrda<br />

wasula im dumacxosken. wavida sanadirod da moxvda<br />

iq, dumacxoSi. hoda, erT adgilas Camojda, ro unda

masala 291<br />

daisvenos da mtredi iRebs nafotebs da alagebs erT adgilze.<br />

hoda, iman yuradReba miaqcia, es ratom akeTebso<br />

eseo. mere adga da wavida mkiTxavTan. hoda, mkiTxavma<br />

uTxra, ro iqao salocavis imasa Txoulobso is mtredi,<br />

imitom aSenebso, ro salocavi unda dabZandeso im qedzedao.<br />

maRla aris. wamoida memre es qarCaiZe, adga, yvelaferi<br />

Tavisas daavala da aaSena saydari. aaSena saydari<br />

da es saydari ro aaSena da daamTavra, mere movida Tavis<br />

saxSia, lakaTxevSi. mTeli ojaxi erTad ari, saRamo iqneboda<br />

Tu ra iqneboda, magas ver getyvi. hoda, uTxra, ro me<br />

ai, eseTi, eseTi niSani vnaxeo da im adgilzeo meo saydari<br />

avaSeneo da is xalxi meo melaparakebao, iq mcxovrebeli<br />

xalxio, ro Sen ro eseTi pativi gveco da es saydari aa-<br />

Seneo, ra gindao, ro miiRo Seni gasamrjeloo. da Tqven<br />

ras metyviTo, ra aviRoTo. isenio cxvarsac meubnebiano,<br />

Zroxasaca, fulsacao da ai, romeli varCioTo, romeli<br />

aviRoTo. iTaTbires mere yvelam, iTaTbires da arvis<br />

araferi ar uTqvia da erTi axalmoyvanili rZali hyolia,<br />

patarZali. am moxucs imisaTvis uTqvia, Tavis mamamTils,<br />

ro Sviloo, Senc Cveni ojaxis wevri xaro da ai,<br />

Sen ras ityvio. iqneba Senma rCevam amjobinoso. am qalma<br />

uTxra, ro me kio, Cemi saqme araferiao, rogorc axalmosuli<br />

ki ar unda Caverioo, magramao meo imas vityodio,<br />

ro iq xatio iyoso TqvenTvis samlocvelodao. arc cxvari<br />

gindaT, arc Zroxa gindaT, bodiSi, arc cxeni gindaT,<br />

arc fuli gindaT. es yvelaferi wavao da am xatSi Tqven<br />

wildebulebi iqnebiTo da Tqveni salocavic iqnebao. am<br />

qalis Tqmaze yvelam Tqva, ro es kargi sityva Tqva axlagazrdam,<br />

am axalma mosulma rZalma. “ese darCeba, Svilo,<br />

am moxucma kacma uTxra, ai, rogorc patarZalma Tqva, es<br />

saqme ese darCeba”. darCa, darCa.<br />

movida da uTxra, ro me araferi mindao. ai, em salocavSi<br />

Cven wili gvedvaso, Cven sadidebod samTeli aenTebao, ginda<br />

aq ar viyveniTo, da dagvamwyalobnoTo. meti araferi ar<br />

minda meo. ese miTxres ojaxSio, arafers ar aviRebTo. adgen<br />

mere imaT da erTi didi moedani, Zalian didi moedani aCuqes.<br />

ai, imas uTxres: Svilo, roca im Senma ojaxma egre Tqo,<br />

Tqven aq wildebulebi unda gaxdeT, pirvel rigSi am salocavSi<br />

unda daiklas qarCaiZis saklavi, Cveni dekanozi iqneba,<br />

Tu vin iqneba, pirvel rigSi is qarCaiZes daamwyalobnis<br />

da Tqveni mosasvleli da wasasvleli, rom moxvideT da Tavisuflad<br />

daisvenoT, iqneba dagezaroT ojaxebSi misvla,<br />

ai, es adgili iqneba qarCaiZeebis adgili. ai, is mamulia<br />

qarCaiZeebisa im dumacxoSi darCenili.

292 waxnagi 1.2009<br />

rodesac is dReoba ari, jer ikiTxaven, ro qarCaiZe Tu<br />

vinme ari aq, an qal-qaliSvili, imaTi saklavi unda iyos da<br />

sanTels avanTebT, iseni unda davamwyalobnaT. Tu arvin<br />

ar viqnebiT im dros iq, mere afciaurebisi daikvlis, mere<br />

kidev, vinc miva da visaca surs xatSi misvla, miyolebiT<br />

daikvleba.<br />

Tsufa 25619<br />

mTiuleTi, sof. qveSeTi,<br />

nato jaRmaiZisgan (magnitoCanaweri) , 1983<br />

9. zegardis wmida giorgi V<br />

...iqa eklesiaa, saca xatia da loculobs mlocavi. mand<br />

ar yofila eg xati adre. memre erT kacsa xe uWria. xe uWria<br />

mTiul kacsa, qarCaidan arian, mleTidan. qarCaiZe yofila.<br />

xe uTlia da Turme Tlis xesa, aba, saxlisTvina da midis<br />

tredi da nafotebi maaqvs. aiRebs nafotsa da wamaiRebs.<br />

erTxel xedavs, orjer, uyurebs, sad miaqvo e treds e nafotebio.<br />

hoda, mohyva, mohyva am tredsa. modis da moaqvs<br />

e nafotebi. iara, iara da maitana aq da mosula e kacic, da<br />

uquCebia treds da Turme awyobs erTmaneTze am nafotebs,<br />

saca eklesia aris exla. moyva es kaci, es qarCaiZe, da naxa.<br />

hoda, daainteresa amaT, qarCaiZeebsa, ro e xatisagan aris<br />

da albaT raRaca aris da xatis niSania esa. wamoiden es<br />

qarCaiZeebi da eklesia aaSenes. eklesia am qarCaiZeebma im<br />

tredis monatans nafotebze da daiwyo iq xatoba mere, midioda<br />

mlocavi da iq loculobdnen. hoda, adre sxvagan<br />

iyo es salocavi. hoda, roca xatoba, didi dReoba modioda,<br />

zegardoba, pirvel rigSi, im qarCaiZeebis saklavi unda<br />

dakluliyo. ar SeiZleboda, sxva saklavs ar dahklavden.<br />

es gamigonia mena.<br />

Tsufa 24675<br />

gudamayari, sof. dumacxo,<br />

giorgi afciaurisgan, 1981<br />

10. zegardis wmida giorgi VI<br />

monadireebi yofilan qarCani. dumacxoSi wamovidnen.<br />

ormocamde suli yofilan. sizmarSi raRac eCvenebodaT,<br />

treds uSenebia budeo. mtredi saxlobda goraze. nawili

masala 293<br />

iqnebao, xatis nawili, uTqvams ufross. niSi aageTo. augiaT<br />

niSi. ufrosic nawiliani yofila. eklesia aaSeneTo, ukeTesi<br />

iqnebao. mosulan da auSenebiaT eklesia. afciaurebma<br />

gaiges, exmarebodnen kidec. aaSenes es eklesia. ra mogceTo,<br />

ukiTxavT afciaurebs, saqoneli Tu fulio? SevekiTxebiTo,<br />

ras ityviano. SeekiTxa da zogma fuli Tqva, zogma saqoneli.<br />

patarZalsac hkiTxes. uTqvams: yvelaferi gaqvT. mos-<br />

TxoveT, Tqven daglocon pirvelad eklesiaSio. pirveli<br />

saklavi Tqveni daklano. moswonebiaT misi rCeva.<br />

saklavis dakvla rom iwyeba, daviZaxebT: “qarCaTi vin<br />

ari aqo!”<br />

Tsufa 25537<br />

gudamayari, sof. dumacxo,<br />

vano afciaurisgan, 1981<br />

11. zegardis wmida giorgi VII<br />

zegarda uSenebiaT. xan vin mouyvania, xan vin. mainc ingreoda.<br />

albaT fass Rebulobdnen da ar kadrulobda xati,<br />

ingreoda. qarCaTi vinme mosula. “ra gindaT, mogcaTo?” -<br />

Saxvewebian. ro daumTavrebia, saxSi wasula da jalafs SahkiTxvia:<br />

“aviRo Tu ara xelfasio?” rZali hyoliaT, Zalian<br />

Wkviani: “Tu Cemsas gaigonebTo, ar ginda nafasurio, eg ra<br />

bedenaao”.<br />

memre damdgara. exla pirvelad qarCaT saklavsa hklven.<br />

gindac imaTi aravin iyos, win-win imeebs da¡locaven.<br />

Tsufa 26789<br />

gudamayari, sof. zanduki,<br />

aleqsi wiklaurisgan, 1985<br />

12. didgoris (wminda giorgis) jvaris daarseba<br />

...SarvanSi ro Cavedi, mtredi amyvao. ro davisvenebdi,<br />

Sors wavidodao. ro avdgebodi wasasvlelad, axlos modiodao.<br />

saZelis uReltexilze ro movedi, samjer Semoxkra<br />

mxrebi erTmaneTs da gaenTo cecxli, cecxlis burjRumi wamovidao.<br />

wamovida cecxli da goraze, roSkis samxreTiT,<br />

Tavberaulis simagreSi cecxlis ali Caikrifao...<br />

maSin daarsebula iq. maSin qmosti da roSka gaerTebuli<br />

iyo. xatic erTi qmnila da locvac erTi dauwesebiaT.

294 waxnagi 1.2009<br />

qmosteli mangiuri gaqadagebula: qmostis mxares unda<br />

daarsdeso. mere uTqvams (jvars), adgili ara maqvs da<br />

qmost-roSkis sisworeze _ didgorze daarsda. amis Semdeg<br />

TxuTmeti mama-papa iqneba.<br />

xevsureTi, sof. roSka,<br />

jurxa kagas Ze wiklaurisgan, 1980<br />

13. begoT saRvTo da midelauri I<br />

...yofila sofeli [midelaurTa] da cxra Zmani yofila.<br />

da wavida es monadire da saRamos moida da iaraRi aiyara da<br />

dahkida boZze... hoda, Camocvivnila is iaraRi. kidev daukidnia,<br />

Camacvivnila da mamas uTqvia, rom sad iyav, Svilo,<br />

dRes sad iareo? sada ra naxeo da _ araferi ar moutania _<br />

da begoT xatis tyeSi viyavo da mtreds vesroleo, davWer<br />

frTaSiao da wavida isio. “gagiwyra RmerTio, begoT saRvTo<br />

dagiWriao...”<br />

Tsufa 30232<br />

14. begoT saRvTo da midelauri II<br />

wkeridan dagorebula xorcwveniani qobi, ise Camosula,<br />

ro ar daRvrilao, WalaSio. eg dReoba ro momarjvdeba,<br />

lomisidan gadmodis, ai ese brtyelia, bolo grZelia, rogorc<br />

varskvlavi, didia, anaTebs, barjRlebs amaiqnis. lomisis<br />

dReoba momarjvdeba da aqedan gadadis, TviTmfrinavis<br />

bolo rogorc aris, da brWyvialaa, TiTqos cecxliao.<br />

lakaTxevis saRvToSic gadadis es naTeli am begoT saRvTodan.<br />

amis damnaxavi xSirada var.<br />

Tsufa 26757<br />

xada, sof. muRure,<br />

qeTo wamalaiZisgan, 1985<br />

15. wveris angelozi da mirianeuli<br />

mirianeuli yofila erTi da Rorebi hyolia mravali. es<br />

Rorebi, saca e xati bZandeboda, wveris angelozi, iq uvlevia.<br />

uvlevia iq es Rorebi da es xati gafrenila memre da<br />

iqiT gadasula, ga¡ridebia. iqac miurekav, iqidan afreni-

masala 295<br />

la da, koSkis maRals veZaxiT, iq ari yore, iq dabZanebula.<br />

iqac aurekav Rorebi. memre aTnoxs gasula iqidan (aTnoxs<br />

ician axla es wveroba). mere gamosula moTminebidan es xati<br />

da sul gauTavebia mirianeuli Tavis ojaxianaTa.<br />

Savxe da savxe, Sagecaleo,<br />

Samamyev, miarianeuloo,<br />

xo migayene da migayene<br />

da qali-qalzeda dagayeneo!<br />

egre daloca, daswyevla es kaci. me egre gamigonia da<br />

momswre aravin aris. mamaCemi asi wlisa mokvda, magram imasac<br />

gaugonia da, rodis iqneboda, aravin icis.<br />

nakoWvaria xatisi, Cven iqa vloculobT isiva. Cven aTnoxs<br />

ar mivdivarT, Tu naTqomoba ara gvaqv. Tu ara da, Seni<br />

nebaa, ginda iq waxval, ginda aq iqnebi.<br />

Tsufa 25562<br />

gudamayari, sof. didebani,<br />

aleqsi beqaurisgan (magnitoCanaweri), 1982<br />

Cawera da gamosacemad gaamzada<br />

zurab kiknaZem

“moqceva¡ qarTlisa¡” da “wmida ninos cxovreba”<br />

ucxour enebze<br />

(masalebi bibliografiisaTvis)<br />

“moqceva¡ qarTlisa¡” da “wmida ninos cxovreba” sxvadasxva<br />

dros araerTi ucxoeli mkvlevrisa Tu mTargmnelis<br />

yuradRebis sagnad qceula. arsebiTad, verc erTma ucxoelma<br />

mecnierma, vinc ki dainteresda zogadad saqarTvelos<br />

istoriis, <strong>qarTuli</strong> mwerlobisa Tu Cveni qveynis gaqristianebis<br />

sakiTxebiT, gverdi ver auara am Txzulebebs. amas-<br />

Tanave, “moqceva¡ qarTlisa¡” da “wmida ninos cxovreba”<br />

iTargmna araerT ucxo enaze.<br />

winamdebare naSromi aris cda am TxzulebaTa da maTi<br />

Targmanebis Sesaxeb qarTul da ucxour enebze gamoqveynebuli<br />

masalebis aRnusxva-klasifikaciisa.<br />

teqstebi:<br />

berZnul enaze<br />

1. jArcim. Timoqevou Kaqhgoumevnou JI. Monhv~ Paraklhvtou. Agioi thv~<br />

Gewrgiva~ (epiloghv kai; suvnqwsi~ a;po; rwsika; sunaxavria) ïEldovsei~<br />

ïIerav~ Monhv~ Paraklhvtou. jWropov~ jAttikhv~ – 1986, 21-72.<br />

2. Dhmhtrivou G. Tsavmh. Mhterikovn. (Dihghvsei” kai Bivoi twn Agivwn<br />

Mhtevrwn th~ erhvmou askhtrivwn kai osivwn gunaikwvn th~<br />

Orqodovxou Ekklhsiva~), tovmo~ STV. Qessalonivkh 1996, 366-371.<br />

literatura:<br />

1. mesxi T. <strong>qarTuli</strong> hagiografia berZnulad, “samSoblo”,<br />

# 15, 1988.<br />

2. uruSaZe a. wignebi saberZneTidan, “komunisti”, 10 ivnisi,<br />

# 135, 1988.<br />

296

masala 297<br />

teqstebi:<br />

germanul enaze<br />

1. Dschanelidse N. Die Apostelin Nino. Eine georgische Legendengestalt.<br />

Herausgegeben von Nikolos Dschanelidse. Itzehoe in Hollstein, 1961.<br />

2. Pätsch G. Die Bekehrung Georgiens. Bedi Kartlisa: Revue de Kartvélologie,<br />

vol. XXXIII, Paris: 1975, S. 288-337.<br />

3. Pätsch G. Das Leben Kartlis. Eine Chronik aus Georgien, 300-1200. Herausgegeben<br />

von Gertrud Pätsch, Leipzig, 1985, S. 131-187.<br />

literatura:<br />

1. Baumgartner A. Geschichte der Weltliteratur. Freiburg, 1897, S. 256-268.<br />

2. Baumstark A. Die georgische Literatur. Die christliche Literaturen des<br />

Orients. Sammlung Göschen, II, Leipzig, 1911, S. 99-110.<br />

3. Deeters G. Georgische Literatur, in Handbuch der Orientalistik, erste<br />

Abteilung. Der Nahe und der Mittlere Osten, siebenter Band. Leiden-<br />

Köln, 1963, S. 129-155.<br />

4. Fähnrich H. Die Georgische Literatur (Ein überblich). Tb.: “sabWoTa<br />

saqarTvelo”, 1981, S. 39-40.<br />

5. Laschauri M. Die heilige Nino, die Erleuchterin der Georgier und die<br />

Rolle des Christentums in Georgien, wignSi: laSauri m. wm. nino<br />

qarTvelTa ganmanaTlebeli da qristianobs roli saqarTveloSi,<br />

miunxeni, 1958, gv. 31-32.<br />

6. Tarchnishvili M. Das Christentum in Georgien. Der Christliche Orient in<br />

Vergangenheit und Gegenwart, 1, 1936. Munchen, #1, #2.<br />

7. Tarchnishvili M. Die Legende der heiligen Nino und die Geschichte des<br />

georgischen Nationalbewußtseins, Byzantinische Zeitschrift, 40, 1940.<br />

8. Tarchnishvili M. Die heilige Nino, Bekehrerin von Georgien. Analecta<br />

Ordinis Saneti Basili Magni. Rom, 1953, S. 572-581.<br />

9. bregaZe l. “qarTlis cxovreba” germanulad, “literaturuli<br />

saqarTvelo”, 23 ianvari, 1987.<br />

10. bregaZe g. wminda ninos cxovrebis germanuli Targmani,<br />

almanaxi “karibWe”, III, Tbilisi-foTi: “laSari”, 2000,<br />

gv. 164-173.<br />

11. TarxniSvili m. werilebi. seria: <strong>qarTuli</strong> eklesiis istoria<br />

(masalebi da gamokvlevebi), krebuli Seadgina da<br />

gamokvleva daurTo T. WumburiZem, Tb.: “kandeli”, 1994,<br />

gv. 104-132; 299-308.<br />

12. menabde l. Zveli <strong>qarTuli</strong> literaturis Seswavlis<br />

istoria da Tanamedrove mdgomareoba (Seadgina, gamosacemad<br />

moamzada da saZieblebi daurTo d. menabdem),<br />

Tb.: Tsu gamomcemloba, 2005, gv. 70, 78.

298 waxnagi 1.2009<br />

13. mimomxilveli, Die Apostelin Nino..., “kavkasioni”, IX, parizi:<br />

1964, gv. 140.<br />

14. peCi g. zogierTi nominaluri funqciis gansazRvrebisaTvis<br />

“moqceva¡ qarTlisa¡s” teqstSi, Tsu Sromebi,<br />

B 2(140) (germanul enaze), 1971.<br />

15. reviSvili S. <strong>qarTuli</strong> literaturis germaneli mkvlevarebi.<br />

wignSi: germanul-<strong>qarTuli</strong> etiudebi, Tb.: Tsu<br />

gamomcemloba, 1977, gv. 144-187.<br />

teqstebi:<br />

inglisur enaze<br />

1. Lang D. M. Lives and Legends of the Georgian Saints. Selected and<br />

Translated from the original texsts, London, 1956, pp. 13-39.<br />

2. Thomson R. The Medieval Armenian Adaptation of the Georgian Chonikles<br />

(The original Georgian texts and the Armenian adaptation).<br />

Translated with Introduction and Commentary by Robert W. Thomson.<br />

Rewriting Caucasian History, Oxford, 1996, pp. 84-145.<br />

3. Wardrop M. and Wardrop O. Life of st. Nino. Studia Biblica and Ecclesiastica.<br />

v. V. p. I. Oxford, 1900, pp. 1-88.<br />

literatura:<br />

1. Lang D. The Georgians. London-New York, 1966, pp. 28, 88, 91, 330.<br />

2. Wardrop O. The Kingdom of Georgia. Notes of Travel in a Land of Women,<br />

Wine end Song, London, 1888.<br />

3. gogiberiZe s. <strong>qarTuli</strong> literatura evropul TargmanebSi.<br />

wignSi: <strong>qarTuli</strong> literatura evropul mecniereba-<br />

Si. Tb.: “qarTvelologi”, 2003, gv. 180-184.<br />

4. TaqTaqiSvili-uruSaZe l. marjori uordropi. Tb.: literatura<br />

da xelovneba, 1965.<br />

5. sxvadasxva ambavi, “kvali”, #26, 1896.<br />

6. SaraZe g. bednierebisa da saTnoebis saunje (uordropebi<br />

da saqarTvelo). Tb.: “sabWoTa saqarTvelo”, 1984, gv.<br />

36-45.<br />

7. cxovreba wm. ninosi marJori da o. uardropebisa, “kvali”,<br />

#51, 1900, 817-818.<br />

8. xaxanaSvili a. q-n uordropis da b-n uordropis axali<br />

Sromis Sesaxeb [cxovreba wm. ninosi inglisur enaze,<br />

prof. konebiris winasityvaobiT], “iveria”, # 280, 24.XII.<br />

1900.<br />

9. xinTibiZe e. evropaSi <strong>qarTuli</strong> literaturis kvlevis<br />

mecnieruli RirebulebisaTvis. wignSi: <strong>qarTuli</strong> li-

masala 299<br />

teratura evropul mecnierebaSi (e. xinTibiZis redaqciiT).<br />

Tb.: “qarTvelologi”, 2003, gv. 185-240.<br />

literatura:<br />

italiur enaze<br />

1. Castellino G. Letteratura georgiana: Storia della letteratura d’Oriente,<br />

diretta da O. Botto, sotto il patrocinio della Commissione Nazionale Italiana<br />

dell’ UNESCO. I, Milano, 1969.<br />

2. Prampolini G. La letteratura georgiana, Storia della letteratura universale.<br />

II, Torino, 1949.<br />

3. Sauget J.-M. Nino (Nouné, Teognosta, Cristiana), in: Bibliotheca Sanctorum,<br />

9, 1967.<br />

4. Tarchnishvili M. Georgia. Enciclopedia Cattolica, 6, Città del Vaticano,<br />

1951, pp. 64-79.<br />

5. RvTis wyalobiT, ar gvWirdeba warsulis gasalamazeblad<br />

istoriis gamogoneba [interviu prof. g. SurRaias-<br />

Tan, esaubra z. sturua]. gaz. “saqarTvelos respublika”,<br />

3 ivnisi, 2001.<br />

6. SurRaia g. Santa Nino e le Georgia: Storia e spiritualita Cristiana nel<br />

Paese del Vello d’oro~ [“wminda nino da saqarTvelo: oqros<br />

sawmisis qveynis istoria da sulieri kultura”], I saer-<br />

TaSoriso qarTvelologiuri simpoziumis masalebi,<br />

g. SurRaias redaqciiT. romi, 30 ianvari, 1999 (seria: Sua<br />

saukuneebi, 4), Roma: Antonianum, 2000.<br />

7. SurRaia g. italiurenovani qarTvelologia da <strong>qarTuli</strong><br />

mwerloba. wignSi: <strong>qarTuli</strong> literatura evropul<br />

mecnierebaSi (e. xinTibiZis redaqciiT), Tb.: “qarTvelologi”,<br />

2003, gv. 140-169.<br />

teqstebi:<br />

polonur enaze<br />

1.<br />

Nawrôcenie Kartlii (Mokcewai Kartlisai): Ze Starogruzińskiego przetoźył<br />

i przypisami opatrzył Dawid Kolbaja. Warzawa, 1995. s. 11-90.<br />

rusul enaze<br />

teqstebi:<br />

1.<br />

Житие святой равноапостольной Нины, просветительницы Грузии.<br />

М., 1886.

300 waxnagi 1.2009<br />

2. Житие святой равноапостольной Нины, просветительницы Грузии.<br />

Одесса, 1890; 1894; 1900.<br />

3. Житие святой равноапостольной Нины, просветительницы Иверии<br />

(Грузии). Одесса, 1915.<br />

4. Кипиани Д. Нина _ Просветительница Грузии. “Закавказский<br />

Вестник”, № 12-18, 1849.<br />

5. Сабинин М. П. Полное жизнеописание святых грузинской церкви.<br />

Составил и перевёл с грузинских подлинников М. П. Сабинин.<br />

СПб., I _ 1871; II _ 1872; III _ 1873.<br />

6. Такаишвили Е. С. Источники грузинских летописей. Три хроники<br />

(Обращение Грузии в xристианство; Жизнь и извеcтие о Богратидах,<br />

царях наших грузинских, откуда oни явились в эту страну, или с<br />

какого времени владеют они царством Грузинским, которое написал<br />

Сумбат, сын Давида; Хроника Месхийской Пластыри). СМОМПК,<br />

Вып. XXVIII, 1900, c. 1-126.<br />

7. Чхартишвили М. Обращение Грузии. Перевод с древнегрузинского<br />

Е. С. Такаишвили, Редакционная обработка, исследование и<br />

комментарии М. С. Чхартишвили, Тб.: “Мецниереба”, 1989. c. 23-58.<br />

literatura:<br />

1. Барамидзе А., Гамезардашвили Д. Грузинская литература. Тб.:<br />

Изд. ТГУ, 1968, c. 8.<br />

2. Барамидзе А., Радиани Ш., Жгенти Б. История Грузинской<br />

литературы. Тб.: “Заря Востока”, 1958. c.17.<br />

3. Буачидзе Г. Мари Броссе. Тб.: “Мерани”, 1983, c. 265-271.<br />

4. Нонна, просветительница Грузии, “Воскреснее Чтение”, № 36,<br />

1841.<br />

5. Джавахишвили И. Проповедническая деятельность апостола<br />

Андрея и св. Нины в Грузии. 1. Cв. Нина // ЖМНП, 1901.<br />

6. Джавахов И. Грузия (Библиография), Византийский временник,<br />

1904, т. XI, вып. 1-2.<br />

7. Джанашвили М. История грузинской церкви. Т., 1898.<br />

8. Иоселиани П. Св. Нина, просветительница Грузии христианской<br />

верою. “Закавказский Вестник”, № 1, 1845.<br />

9. Иоселиани П. Жизнеописание святых, прославляемых провославною<br />

грузинскою церковью. Т., 1850.<br />

10. Марр Н. Я. Рецензия: М. Wardrop and I. O. Wardrop. Life of St. Nino<br />

(Oxsford: 1900). ЗВОРАО, XIII (1900), СПб., 1, c. 01-34, 01-39.<br />

11. Марр Н. Я. Критика и мелкие статьи, ТР, кн. V, СПб., 1903.<br />

12. Менабде Д. Русские переводы памятников древнегрузинской<br />

литературы, Грузинская и русская средневековые литературы. Тб.:<br />

Изд. ТГУ, 1992. c. 110-116.<br />

13. [ Муравёв А.]. Грузия и Армения, СПБ., ч. III, 1848.

masala 301<br />

14. [ Муравёв А.]. Житие святых Российской церкви, также иверских<br />

и славянских. Месяц январь. СПБ., 1857.<br />

15. [Муравёв А.]. Житие святых Российской церкви, также иверских<br />

и славянских. Месяц январь. СПБ., 1860.<br />

16. Пурцеладзе Д. О праздниках, установленных православною<br />

грузинскою церковью. T.: 1862.<br />

17. Сабинин М. П. История грузинской церкви до конца VI века. СПб.,<br />

1877.<br />

18. Сабинин М. П. Сад святой Нины. История Иверской Церкви первых<br />

веков. Одобрено Издательским Советом Русской Православной<br />

Церкы. М.: 2003. c. 32-65.<br />

19. Селезнёв М. О Нине и введении христианства в Грузии, “Маяк”, т.<br />

15, 1844. c. 31-33.<br />

20. Селезнёв М. Рассказы о чудесах Нины Классических верных<br />

писателей, “Маяк”, т. 15, 1844, c. 33-34.<br />

21. Хаханов А. Очерки по истории грузинской словесности. M., 1897.<br />

22. bancaZe m. eqvTime TayaiSvilis mTargmnelobiTi principebi,<br />

“ciskari”, # 5-6, 2001, gv. 131-134.<br />

23. “ boris sp. esaZes ganuzraxavs...”, “iveria”, 5 oqtomberi,<br />

# 212, 1903.<br />

24. ruxaZe tr. qarTul-rusuli literaturuli erTier-<br />

Tobis istoriidan (XVI-XVIII ss.), Tb.: Tsu gamomcemloba,<br />

1961, gv. 113, 115.<br />

25. cixisTavi n. “wm. ninos cxovrebis” <strong>qarTuli</strong> da rusuli<br />

teqstebis istoriografia, “macne” (els), 1990, gv. 35-42.<br />

26. cixisTavi n. “wminda ninos cxovrebis” <strong>qarTuli</strong> da rusuli<br />

redaqciebis zogi epizodis urTierTmimarTeba,<br />

“macne” (els), # 2, 1993, gv. 65-75.<br />

teqstebi:<br />

ungrul enaze<br />

1. Biró M. Az Életadó oszlop legendaja és m¡s történetek. Georgiai szentek<br />

élete és vértanüs¡ġa és m¡s történetek. Georgiai szentel élete és<br />

vértanüs¡ģa. V¡loģatta, óġrúz eredetiból fordította, az utószót és a<br />

jeġyzeteket készítette: Biró Margit. Éietünk kőnyvek, 1990, S. 7-70.<br />

literatura:<br />

menabde l.<br />

1. Zveli <strong>qarTuli</strong> literaturis Seswavlis<br />

istoria da Tanamedrove mdgomareoba (Seadgina, gamosacemad<br />

moamzada da saZieblebi daurTo d. menabdem).<br />

Tb.: Tsu gamomcemloba, 2005, gv. 75.

302 waxnagi 1.2009<br />

teqstebi:<br />

frangul enaze<br />

1. Brosset M. Histoire de la Géorgie depuis l’ antiquité jusqu’ au XIX-e siècle.<br />

Traduite du géorgien par M. Brosset. II, 1, St.- P., 1849, pp. 90-129.<br />

2. Brosset M. Additions et éclaircissements à l’Histoire de la Géorgie depuis<br />

l’ antiquité jusqúen 1469 de J.-C., St.-P., 1851, pp. 19-32.<br />

3. Chavichvili Ch. Sainte Nino..., Geneve, 1964.<br />

literatura:<br />

1. Aleksidzé Z. Le nouveau manuscrit Géorgien sinaitique # Sin 50. Edition<br />

en fac-similé introduction par Z. Aleksidzé, traduite du Géorgien<br />

par J.-P. Mahé. Corpus Scriptorum Christianorum Orientalium. Editum<br />

Consilio. Universitatis Catholicae Americae. Universitatis Catholicae<br />

Lovaniensis. Vol. 586. Subsidia. Tomus 108. Lovanii, 2001.<br />

2. Baron de Baye. En Géorgie. Paris, 1898.<br />

3. Daras A. Sainte Nina, communément nommée Sininte Chrètienne, Notice<br />

historique par le P. Daras Auguste, del a compagnie de Iesus, Lyon,<br />

1874.<br />

4. Garitte G. Une édition commentée du calendrier palestino-géorgien de<br />

Jean Zozime, Bedi Kartlisa, vol. IV-V, 1958, pp. 18-20.<br />

5. Karst J. Littérature géorgienne chrétienn, Bibliothéque Catholique des<br />

Sciences Religieuses. Paris, 1934, pp. 66-71.<br />

6. Peeters P. Les débouts du christianisme en Géorgie d’après les sources<br />

hagiographiques, “Analecta Bollandiana”, t. 50, 1932.<br />

7. Salia N. Notice sur la conversion de la Géorgie par sainte Nino, Bedi<br />

Kartlisa: Revue de Kartvélologie, vol. XXI-XXII, Paris, 1966, pp. 52-<br />

64.<br />

8. Thélamon F. Le récit de la conversion de la Georgie. Crétiens et Paiens<br />

au IVs: L’histoire Ecclésiastigue de Rufn. Paris, 1982, pp. 87-122.<br />

9. b. vardani [nozaZe v.], Khariton Chavichvili _ Sainte Nino..., “kavkasioni”,<br />

XII, parizi, 1967, gv. 173-174.<br />

10. dodaSvili r. mari brose, <strong>qarTuli</strong> mwerlobis mkvlevari.<br />

Tb.: “sabWoTa saqarTvelo”, 1962, gv. 106-122.<br />

11. z., wminda nino, mama ogust darasi, “droeba”, 15 ianvari,<br />

# 7, 1875.<br />

12. karbelaSvili a. saqarTvelos frangi megobari, “mwignobari-91/92~,<br />

Tb.: saqarTvelos i. WavWavaZis sax. <strong>wignis</strong><br />

moyvarulTa sazogadoeba, 1992, gv. 152-167.<br />

13. fanCuliZe d. qarTul-franguli literaturuli ur-<br />

TierTobis istoriisaTvis, Tb.: “sabWoTa saqarTvelo”,<br />

1969, gv. 267-331.

masala 303<br />

14. ciciSvili v. wmida nino _ wmida kretien, “jvari vazisa”|,<br />

#3, 1989.<br />

15. wminda mociqulT sworis ninos saxelis pativiscema<br />

safrangeTSi, “mwyemsi”, #21, 1899, gv. 10.<br />

16. wm. ninos Tayvanis cema safrangeTSi, “iveria”, 29 oqtomberi,<br />

# 232, 1899.<br />

17. WumburiZe T. fransuaz telamoni, qarTlis moqcevis ambavi<br />

(anotacia), “mravalTavi”, XIV, 1987, gv. 210-211.<br />

18. xanTaZe S. mari brose (istoriografiuli narkvevi), Tb.:<br />

“sabWoTa saqarTvelo”, 1966, gv. 85-95.<br />

Seadgina<br />

darejan menabdem

usudan dauSvili<br />

qarTvel mweralTa<br />

saiubileo TariRebis aRniSvna emigraciaSi<br />

(XX s. 20-30-iani ww.)<br />

1921-30 wlebSi axali reJimis gamo samSoblo bevrma<br />

qarTvelma datova da sami kontinentis mraval qveyanaSi<br />

gaifanta. <strong>qarTuli</strong> emigraciis pirvelma talRam adgilobriv<br />

pirobebTan adaptaciis, konsolidaciis, urTierTdaxmarebisa<br />

da erovnuli saxis SenarCunebisaTvis <strong>qarTuli</strong><br />

koloniebi, saTvistomoebi da asociaciebi Seqmna. saer-<br />

TaSoriso organizaciebis, erTa ligis, <strong>qarTuli</strong> politikuri<br />

da saqvelmoqmedo organizaciebis mravalwlian<br />

mcdelobas saqarTvelos gaTavisufleba da ltolvilTa<br />

samSobloSi dabruneba ar mohyolia. amitom emigraciam<br />

mTeli energia saqarTvelos sakiTxis gaxmaurebis, axalgazrda<br />

Taobis aRzrda-ganaTlebis, <strong>qarTuli</strong> mentalitetis<br />

SenarCunebisa da fizikuri gadarCenisaken mimarTa.<br />

“qarTul emigraciaSi politikuri interesebi sWarbobs<br />

da bunebrivicaa, magram calmxrivad, yvelafris daviwyeba<br />

politikanobis iers aZlevs. cxovreba ki ekonomiur da<br />

kulturul Tu sxva sakiTxebsac Seicavs. ekonomiuri mouwyobloba<br />

aferxebs sazogadoebriv muSaobas”, _ werda samson<br />

fircxalava (1). mas <strong>qarTuli</strong> koloniis Tavmjdomare<br />

vaxtang RambaSiZec eTanxmeboda: “Cvens politikur muSaobas<br />

unda kvebavdes da amagrebdes mudam Cveni kulturulliteraturuli<br />

saqmianoba” (2).<br />

“ekonomiuri mouwyoblobis” miuxedavad, politikuri,<br />

saqvelmoqmedo da profesiuli kavSirebis garda, emigraciaSi<br />

mravali saganmanaTleblo da kulturuli organizacia<br />

daarsda: “<strong>qarTuli</strong> kera”, “promeTes klubi”, “kavkasiis<br />

Semswavleli sazogadoeba”, “<strong>qarTuli</strong> samecniero<br />

wre”, “parizSi mcxovreb qarTvel mweralTa da JurnalistTa<br />

asociacia”, “dramatuli wre”, “filarmoniuli<br />

wre”, sasporto sazogadoeba “Sevardeni”, romlebmac udi-<br />

304

masala 305<br />

desi roli Seasrules emigraciis konsolidaciisa da axali<br />

TaobisaTvis <strong>qarTuli</strong> enis, literaturis, istoriis,<br />

tradiciebis SeswavlaSi, kulturul RonisZiebebiT maT<br />

daaxloebaSi.<br />

emigraciis kulturuli cxovrebidan aRsaniSnavia<br />

qarTveli mwerlebisadmi, kerZod, akaki wereTlis, ilia<br />

WavWavaZis, vaJa-fSavelasa da giorgi wereTlisadmi miZRvnili<br />

xsovnis dReebisa da saiubileo TariRebis aRniSvna.<br />

pirveli aseTi saRamo akaki wereTels mieZRvna,<br />

1926 wlis 16 ianvars parizis <strong>qarTuli</strong> koloniis gamgeobis<br />

TaosnobiT kaTolikuri institutis darbazSi akaki<br />

wereTlis gardacvalebis 10 wlisTavis aRsaniSnavi saRamo<br />

gaimarTa, romelsac TiTqmis mTeli kolonia daeswro, maT<br />

Soris iyo poetis vaJi aleqsi wereTeli da sruluflebiani<br />

ministri akaki Cxenkeli. saRamo koloniis Tavmjdomare<br />

daviT sxirtlaZem gaxsna. ivane andronikaSvilma pianinoze<br />

“dideba” Seasrula. Salva amirejibma akakis poeziaze<br />

isaubra, Semdeg ki literaturul-musikaluri nawili Catarda.<br />

leqsebi lida papuaSvilma, simon bereJianma da 10<br />

wlis a. ciciSvilma waikiTxes, mixeil xundaZem violinoze<br />

Seasrula kavatina meliton balanCivaZis operidan “Tamar<br />

cbieri”, cnobilma pianistma irakli orbelianma _ mili<br />

balakirevis nawarmoebi. gansakuTrebuli aRtaceba parizis<br />

grand-operis tenoris, miSel darialis (mixeil nanobaSvili)<br />

mier Sesrulebulma romansma “aRmarT-aRmarT”,<br />

qalbaton cincaZis “sulikom” da sxva qarTulma simRerebma<br />

gamoiwvia (3).<br />

1932 wlis 9 ivniss virofleiSi sofio kedias TaosnobiT<br />

bavSvTa wrem akakis saRamoze cocxali suraTebi warmoadgina,<br />

bavSvebma <strong>qarTuli</strong> leqsebi, simRerebi da cekvebi<br />

Seasrules (4).<br />

1935 wlis 9 marts sofio kedias iniciativiT daarsebulma<br />

`qarTulma keram~ akaki wereTlis gardacvalebidan<br />

20 wlisTavis aRsaniSnavi saRamo Caatara, romelsac<br />

<strong>qarTuli</strong> dramatuli dasis mier momzadebuli sakoncerto<br />

nawilic axlda (5).<br />

1935 wels parizSi Jurnal “brZolis xmaSi” leispirelis<br />

werili “ilia WavWavaZe da akaki wereTeli” gamoqveynda<br />

(6), berlinSi, gazeT “kldeSi” _ vasil sadaTieraSvilis<br />

“akaki wereTeli” (7).<br />

ramdenime saRamo mieZRvna ilia WavWavaZes.<br />

1928 wlis 18 oqtombers parizelma qarTvelebma ilia<br />

WavWavaZis gardacvalebidan 20 wlisTavis aRsaniSnavad<br />

dila gamarTes. mogonebebiT da moxsenebiT gamovidnen:

306 waxnagi 1.2009<br />

eqvTime TayaiSvili, samson fircxalava, daviT SaraSiZe,<br />

Salva amirejibi, studentTa gundma <strong>qarTuli</strong> simRerebi<br />

Seasrula (8). berlinSi mowyobil saRamoze darbazi dro-<br />

SebiT, RerbiT, yvavilebiTa da ilias suraTiT iyo gaformebuli.<br />

moxsenebiT gamovida mixeil wulukiZe, mogonebebiT<br />

_ gela gelazania da ioseb iremaSvili. waikiTxes leqsebi.<br />

saRamo himniT damTavrda (9).<br />

1932 wlis 30 agvistos ilia WavWavaZis gardacvalebidan<br />

25 wlisTavis aRsaniSnavad qarTulma saTvistomom germaniaSi<br />

saRamo moawyo. sityviT gamovidnen: grigol diasami-<br />

Ze, vaxtang RambaSiZe, tite margvelaSvili, mixeil wulukiZe,<br />

gela gelazania da niko nakaSiZe (10). 27 seqtembers<br />

“Musee Sociale”-s darbazSi saRamo parizelma qarTvelebmac<br />

Caatares. ilias biografiaze daviT xarisWiraSvili isaubra,<br />

mogonebiT “ilias Soriaxlo dgomiT” gamovida giorgi<br />

Juruli, sityviT iliaze _ Salva amirejibi, moxsenebiT<br />

“ilia da erovnuli sinamdvile” _ isidore manwkava, “ilia<br />

da damoukideblobis sakiTxi” _ viktor nozaZe. bavSvebma<br />

waikiTxes leqsebi (11).<br />

30-ian ww. qarTvel mweralTa iubileebis Catarebis<br />

erT-erTi iniciatori da ganmaxorcielebeli iyo<br />

1935 wels cnobili politikuri da sazogado moRvawis,<br />

mwerlisa da mTargmnelis giorgi gvazavas mier daarsebuli<br />

“parizSi mcxovreb qarTvel mweralTa da JurnalistTa<br />

asociacia”, romelic saganmanaTleblo-propagandistul<br />

miznebs isaxavda. asociaciis wevrebs presis,<br />

gamocemebis, leqcia-saubrebisa da saiubileo RonisZiebebiT<br />

emigrantebisa da ucxoelebisaTvis <strong>qarTuli</strong> literatura<br />

unda gaecnoT. 1936 wlis 13 Tebervals Catarebul<br />

pirvel saangariSo krebas 17 wevri eswreboda.<br />

dRis wesrigSi sami sakiTxi idga: 1. gasuli wlis angariSi;<br />

2. SoTa rusTavelis saiubileo wlisTavis mowyoba;<br />

3. axali gamgeobis arCevnebi. gamgeobis Tavmjdomare<br />

giorgi gvazavam saangariSo moxsenebaSi aRniSna, rom<br />

asociacias jerovani aqtivoba jer ar gamouCenia, mxolod<br />

erTi, vaJa-fSavelas gardacvalebis 20 wlis aRsaniSnavi<br />

saRamo Caatara. gairkva, rom wevrebis nawili<br />

saqmianobas gulgrilad ekideba da sawevroc ar gadauxdia.<br />

msjelobis Semdeg axal gamgeobas daevala: qarTul<br />

literaturaze, istoriasa da xelovnebaze moxsenebebis<br />

momzadeba, literaturuli gasamarTlebebis Catareba,<br />

biblioTekis mowyoba. gadawyda: axali sawevro baraTebis<br />

damzadeba, im wevrTa garicxva, visac sawevro 1 wlis<br />

ganmavlobaSi ar gadauxdia. SoTa rusTavelis 750 wlis

masala 307<br />

iubilis Rirseulad aRsaniSnavad unda Seqmniliyo komisia,<br />

romelic RonisZiebaTa gegmas SeimuSavebda. axali<br />

gamgeoba kenWisyriT airCies: giorgi gvazava (Tavmjdomare),<br />

ivane zurabiSvili, ivane WavWaniZe, aleqsandre<br />

manveli Svili da simon bereJiani (12).<br />

1937 wlis 16 maiss asociaciis sxdomaze ilia WavWavaZis<br />

saiubileod momzadebuli ori moxseneba waikiTxes: ivane<br />

zurabiSvilma “ilia WavWavaZe _ poeti, mwerali da sazogado<br />

moRvawe”, vlasa inwkirvelma “ilia WavWavaZe qarTul<br />

sinamdvileSi” (13).<br />

farTo masStabis iyo 1937 wlis 31 oqtombers <strong>qarTuli</strong><br />

asociaciis gamgeobis mier parizSi ilia WavWavaZis 100<br />

wlisTavis aRsaniSnavad mowyobili dila. kaTolikuri<br />

institutis darbazs suros foTlebiT morTuli, ilias<br />

ferweruli portreti, erovnuli Rerbi da droSebi amSvenebda.<br />

dila vaxtang RambaSiZem gaxsna, giorgi yifianma mis<br />

biografiaze isaubra, giorgi Jurulma _ Rvawlze. giorgi<br />

gvazava mogonebiT gamovida, leqsebi waikiTxes: elene mamulaiSvilma,<br />

zeinab kediam, ivane zurabiSvilma, giorgi<br />

yifianma, simon bereJianma, Tengiz abduSelma. dasasrul,<br />

or moqmedebad “mgzavris werilebi” warmoadgines. monawilileobdnen:<br />

baduri (aleqsandre baduraSvili), Temo<br />

TaqTaqiSvili da simon bereJiani. bolos, am ukanasknelma,<br />

ilia WavWavaZis nawarmoebebidan nawyvetebi da leqsebi<br />

waikiTxa (14). 22 dekembers iubile berlinelma qarTvelebmac<br />

gadaixades. mogonebebiT gamovidnen grigol diasamiZe<br />

da vladimer axmeteli (15). am ukanasknelma jer kidev<br />

1936 wels, ilias 100 wlis saiubileod, werili “ilia<br />

brZenis gamo” gamoaqveyna gazeTSi “klde” (16). zafxulSi<br />

ilia WavWavaZis saiubileod briuselSi literaturuli<br />

saRamo Catarda. ilias suraTiTa da samferovani droSebiT<br />

morTul darbazSi Tavi qarTvelebma, ukrainelebma<br />

da sxva erTa warmomadgenlebma moiyares. markoz tuRuSma<br />

iliaze vrceli moxseneba waikiTxa, ana zegersis frangulad<br />

Targmnili axali leqsebi _ irakli jafariZem, iliaze<br />

leqsi _ irakli oTxmezurma. qarTulma gundma ilias<br />

teqstze dawerili simRerebi “ra kargi ram xar” da “tyem<br />

moisxa foToli” Seasrula (17).<br />

1937 wlis bolos Jurnal “samSoblos” redaqciam<br />

mrewvel bagrat samxaraZisagan 700 franki miiRo ilia<br />

WavWavaZis saiubileo literaturuli premiis dasaweseblad.<br />

marTlac, 1938 wlis ianvarSi Jurnalma konkursis<br />

pirobebi gamoacxada: erTi premia _ saukeTeso leqsisaTvis<br />

iliaze (25 taepi) 200 frankis odenobiT da meore _

308 waxnagi 1.2009<br />

saukeTeso dramatuli, an beletristuli nawarmoebisaTvis<br />

qarTvelTa cxovrebidan (20 gverdi), romlebic unda<br />

warmoedginaT 1 maisamde saiubileo komisiaSi elise patariZesTan<br />

(18). Sedegebi gamocxadda da premiebi gadaecaT<br />

simon bereJians da viktor nozaZes (19).<br />

1937 wels JurnalSi “brZolis xma” daibeWda konstantine<br />

gvarjalaZis statia “ilia WavWavaZe _ mxatvari da politikuri<br />

moRvawe” (20), 1938 wels imave JurnalSi _ noe<br />

Jordanias “ori poeti (ilia da akaki)” (21).<br />

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom emigraciaSi yvelaze xSirad swored<br />

ilia WavWavaZeze iwereboda, rasac mowmobs dali sinjaraZisa<br />

da naTia bebiaSvilis mier Sekrebili da aleqsandre<br />

orbelianis sazogadoebis mier gamocemulin ortomeuli<br />

“ilia emigrantTa TvaliT” (22).<br />

SedarebiT naklebia vaJa-fSavelasadmi miZRvnili<br />

RonisZiebebi. 1935 wels vaJa-fSavelas gardacvalebis<br />

20 wlisTavze Jurnalma “damoukidebelma saqarTvelom”<br />

isidore manwkavas werili dabeWda (23), gazeTma “kldem”<br />

_ grigol diasamiZis “margalitis mTesveli” (24). salome<br />

dadianis TaosnobiT Catarebul qarTul-frangul<br />

konferenciaze wardgenil iqna Salva beriZis moxseneba<br />

“«gvelis mWameli» _ <strong>qarTuli</strong> poema”(25). am TariRis aRsaniSnavad<br />

parizelma qarTvelebma gadawyvites saliteraturo<br />

dilis Catareba. marTlac, 1936 wlis 19 ianvars<br />

qarTvel mweralTa da JurnalistTa asociaciam vaJa-fSavelas<br />

gardacvalebis 20 wlisTavis aRsaniSnavi saliteraturo<br />

dila gamarTa. darbazs amSvenebda simon bereJianis<br />

mier daxatuli vaJas didi portreti. dila asociaciis<br />

Tavmjdomare giorgi gvazavam gaxsna. poetis biografia<br />

damswreT ivane zurabiSvilma gaacno, misi proza,<br />

poezia da poemebi _ isidore manwkavam, <strong>qarTuli</strong> kultura<br />

vaJas SemoqmedebaSi _ aleqsandre manveliSvilma, vaJa da<br />

misi aforizmebi frangulad _ Salva beriZem. vinaidan<br />

moxsenebebi gagrZelda, vlasa mgelaZis mogonebebi veRar<br />

moismines. Semdeg patara Teziko abduSelma vaJas ori leqsi<br />

moxdenilad waikiTxa, simon bereJianma ki _ “CxikvTa<br />

qorwili”. programis garda, erTma ucxoelma frangulad<br />

vaJas sami leqsi waikiTxa, ramac stumarTa didi aRfrTovaneba<br />

gamoiwvia (26).<br />

1934 wlis aprilSi parizSi daarsda “<strong>qarTuli</strong> samecniero<br />

wre”, romelmac farTo saganmanaTleblo da samecniero<br />

misia ikisra. mizani iyo sxvadasxva sakiTxebis ga-<br />

Suqeba, moxsenebaTa arCeva-ganxilva, momxsenebelTa waxaliseba<br />

da auditoriis SerCeva. “damoukidebel saqarTve-

masala 309<br />

loSi” gamocxadebuli iyo moxsenebaTa programa da<br />

Tanmimdevroba: 1. a. SaTiriSvili (marqsistuli Teoria<br />

da misi Sefaseba, samSoblos natvra, enis sazogadoebrivi<br />

mniSvneloba, eri da klasebi socialistur Teoria-<br />

Si), pirovnebis ganviTarebis etapebi; 2. S. kalandaZe _<br />

TviTmkvlelobis Sesaxeb; 3. i. xoWolava _ eri da rasa;<br />

4. r. gabaSvili _ inglisis aRmosavluri politika;<br />

5. i. xananaSvili _ qarTveli israelebi eTnologiuri<br />

da anTropologiuri TvalsazrisiT; 6. a. manvelaSvili<br />

_ saqarTvelos diplomatiuri urTierTobebis istoriidan;<br />

7. g. Juruli da s. fircxalava _ mogonebani;<br />

8. i. manwkava _ dRevandeli <strong>qarTuli</strong> literatura. wris<br />

muSaobaSi monawileobdnen: a. zurabiSvili, S. amirejibi,<br />

a. kobaxiZe, i. gobeCia, g. yifiani, k. gvarjalaZe, v. inwkirveli,<br />

a. asaTiani, g. modebaZe, r. arseniZe, d. vaCnaZe, e.<br />

patariZe, n. uruSaZe, f. SaraZe, g. jayeli, x. SaviSvili, z.<br />

avaliSvili, i. nucubiZe da sxvebi.<br />

moxsenebaTa garda, wre marTavda saRamoebs. magaliTad,<br />

1937 wlis 7 Tebervals “Musee Sociale”-s darbazSi eqvTime TayaiSvilis<br />

TavmjdomareobiT giorgi wereTlis dabadebidan<br />

85 wlisTavisadmi miZRvnili sxdoma gaimarTa. mis biografiaze<br />

isaubra mirian meluam, mogonebebiT gamovida eqvTime<br />

TayaiSvili, moxsenebebiT _ isidore manwkava da raJden arseniZe.<br />

nawyveti giorgi wereTlis moTxrobidan “kikolika,<br />

Cikolika da kudabzika” simon bereJianma waikiTxa. saRamo<br />

imdenad saintereso aRmoCnda, rom mravalricxovanma auditoriam<br />

survili gamoTqva, amgvari saRamoebi sxva mwerlebis<br />

Semoqmedebis gasacnobadac Catarebuliyo (27).<br />

sxva mwerlebis Semoqmedebisa da saiubileo TariRebisadmi<br />

miZRvnili RonisZiebebi 20-30 wlebSi Cven ver moviZieT,<br />

yvelaze mniSvnelovani, rusTavelis 750 wlis iubilis<br />

aRniSvna ki imdenad grandiozulad Catarda, rom mas<br />

calke werili mieZRvneba.<br />

amrigad, emigraciaSi Catarebul akaki wereTlis, ilia<br />

WavWavaZis, vaJa-fSavelasa da giorgi wereTlisadmi miZRvnili<br />

xsovnis dReebisa da saiubileo TariRebis aRniSvnas<br />

udidesi mniSvneloba hqonda, pirvel rigSi, samSoblos<br />

mowyvetil emigrantebSi <strong>qarTuli</strong> mentalitetis Senar-<br />

Cunebis, axalgazrda <strong>qarTuli</strong> enis, literaturis, istoriis,<br />

tradiciebis gacnobaSi, amgvari RonisZiebebiT maT<br />

daaxloebaSi. amasTan, am Sekrebebs xSirad ucxoelebic<br />

eswrebodnen da es xels uwyobda <strong>qarTuli</strong> literaturisa<br />

da kulturis propagandas evropaSi.

310 waxnagi 1.2009<br />

literatura<br />

1. fircxalava s. Kkulturuli saqmianobisaTvis _ Jurn. “damoukidebeli<br />

saqarTvelo”, parizi, 1934, #102, gv. 8-9.<br />

2. diasamiZe gr. mimarTva _ Jurn. “damoukidebeli saqarTvelo”,<br />

1934, #104, gv. 4-5.<br />

3. qarTvelebi parizSi. akakis saRamo _ gaz. “damoukidebeli saqarTvelo”,<br />

parizi, 1926, #2, gv. 4.<br />

4. qarTvelebi parizSi _ Jurn. “damoukidebeli saqarTvelo”,<br />

1932, #79, gv. 15.<br />

5. kedia s. redaqcias (akakis saRamo) _ Jurn. “axali iveria”, parizi,<br />

1932, #5, gv. 32.<br />

6. leispireli, ilia WavWavaZe da akaki wereTeli _ Jurn. “brZolis<br />

xma”, parizi, 1935, #51, gv. 3.<br />

7. sadaTieraSvili v. Akaki wereTeli _ gaz. “klde”, berlini, 1935,<br />

#7-8, gv. 2-6.<br />

8. qarTvelebi safrangeTSi _ Jurn. “damoukidebeli saqarTvelo”,<br />

1928, #25, gv. 16.<br />

9. qarTvelebi germaniaSi _ Jurn. “damoukidebeli saqarTvelo”,<br />

1928, #34, gv. 16.<br />

10. qarTvelebi germaniaSi _ Jurn. “damoukidebeli saqarTvelo”,<br />

1932, #83, gv. 15.<br />

11. ilia WavWavaZis iubile _ Jurn. “samSoblo”, parizi, 1932, #12,<br />

gv. 58; qarTvelebi safrangeTSi, ilia WavWavaZis gardacvalebis<br />

25 wlisTavi _ Jurn. “damoukidebeli saqarTvelo”, 1932,<br />

#84, gv. 13.<br />

12. qarTvel mweralTa da JurnalistTa asociaciis kreba _ Jurn.<br />

“damoukidebeli saqarTvelo”, 1936, #121, gv. 18.<br />

13. qarTvel mweralTa da JurnalistTa sazogadoeba – Jurn. “damoukidebeli<br />

saqarTvelo”, 1937, #134, gv. 16.<br />

14. ilia WavWavaZis dRe parizis qarTul koloniaSi _ Jurn. “kavkasioni”,<br />

parizi, 1937, #6, gv. 31-32; ilias dila parizSi _ Jurn.<br />

“qarTlosi”, parizi, 1937, #8, gv. 120.<br />

15. werili germaniidan _ Jurn. “damoukidebeli saqarTvelo”,<br />

parizi, 1938, #144, gv. 1.<br />

16. axmeteli vl. ilia brZenis gamo _ gaz. “klde”, berlini, 1936,<br />

#20-21, gv. 11.<br />

17. ilia WavWavaZis saRamo briuselSi _ gaz. “TeTri giorgi”,<br />

parizi, 1938, #102, gv. 4.<br />

18. literaturuli premia Jurnal `samSoblos~ _ Jurn. “damoukidebeli<br />

saqarTvelo”, parizi, 1938, #142, gv. 15-16.<br />

19. ilia WavWavaZe emigraciaSi _ Jurn. “samSoblo”, 1938, #22-23, gv. 83.<br />

20. gvarjalaZe k. ilia WavWavaZe _ mxatvari da politikuri moRvawe<br />

_ Jurn. “brZolis xma~, 1937, #75, gv. 2-4.

masala 311<br />

21. Jordania n. ori poeti (ilia da akaki) _ Jurn. “brZolis xma”,<br />

1937, #72, 73, gv. 2-3.<br />

22. ilia emigrantTa TvaliT, t. I-II, Tb. 1996.<br />

23. manwkava i. vaJa-fSavela _ Jurn. “damoukidebeli saqarTvelo”,<br />

1935, #9-10, gv. 16.<br />

24. diasamiZe gr. margalitis mTesveli _ gaz. “klde”, 1936, #20-21,<br />

gv. 11-12.<br />

25. <strong>qarTuli</strong> emigraciis mier Catarebuli literaturuli saRamoebisa<br />

da Sekrebebis mosawvevi baraTebi da programebi, literaturis<br />

matiane, Tb. 1992, gv. 388-411.<br />

26. vaJa-fSavelas dila _ “damoukidebeli saqarTvelo”, 1936,<br />

#121, gv. 15.<br />

27. <strong>qarTuli</strong> samecniero wre _ “damoukidebeli saqarTvelo”, 1937,<br />

#131, gv. 16.

portreti<br />

kaxaber loria<br />

ana kalandaZe:<br />

~ar Seval taZrad, uwminduri sadac Sevida”<br />

meoce saukunis Sua periodSi Cveni xalxis kulturul<br />

cxovrebaSi angariSgasawevi cvlilebebi moxda. qarTul<br />

mwerlobaSi movidnen axali saxeebi, romelTa gareSec<br />

dRes ukve warmoudgenelia uaxlesi <strong>qarTuli</strong> literatura.<br />

Aam Taobis literaturuli profilis CamoyalibebaSi ana<br />

kalandaZem sruliad gamorCeuli roli Seasrula. es iyo<br />

xana, roca samwerlo asparezze moRvaweobdnen <strong>qarTuli</strong><br />

sityvis WeSmariti didostatebi: galaktion tabiZe, konstantine<br />

gamsaxurdia, giorgi leoniZe, ioseb griSaSvili,<br />

simon Ciqovani, leo qiaCeli da mravali sxva. swored am periodSi<br />

gaisma ana kalandaZis poeziis Tavankara xma, romelic<br />

erTgvar nugeSad eqca meore msoflio omis tanjviTa<br />

da gansacdeliT daTrgunul adamianebs.<br />

SeiZleba calsaxad iTqvas, rom ana kalandaZis fenomenis<br />

movlinebam myisierad ganacvifra yvela, magram amgvarive<br />

xelaRebiT SeuZlebelia iTqvas, rom aseve yvela aRafrTovana.<br />

anas imJamindeli oponentebi imTaviTve miiCnevdnen,<br />

rom misi leqsebi moklebuli iyo WeSmarit sazogadoebriv<br />

paToss, jansaR moqalaqeobriv pozicias. maT miaCndaT, rom<br />

intimuri motivebi, literaturuli TviTrealizebis faqizad<br />

lirikuli manera, principis TvalsazrisiT, ar aris<br />

da arc SeiZleba iyos moqalaqeobrivi JReradobis matarebeli.<br />

amasTan erTad, faqti faqtad rCeba _ anas literaturul<br />

debiuts gamorCeuli sixaruliT Seegebnen Cveni<br />

mwerlobis TvalsaCino warmomadgenlebi. ai, ras ambobda<br />

geronti qiqoZe: ~1946 wlis 25 maisi didi TariRia qar-<br />

Tuli literaturis cxovrebaSi. mweralTa sasaxleSi ocdaori<br />

wlis qaliSvilma ana kalandaZem Tavisi leqsebis<br />

rveuli wagvikiTxa msmenelebiT savse darbazSi. am dRidan<br />

iwyeba <strong>qarTuli</strong> lirikis aRorZineba. vaJa-fSavelas Semdeg<br />

313

314 waxnagi 1.2009<br />

pirveli didi poeti mogvevlina. mas aqvs metad originaluri<br />

religiuri msoflSegrZneba, sruliad axali poeturi<br />

metyveleba. misi STagonebis wyaroebs qarTlis cxovreba,<br />

biblia, daviT guramiSvili, guriis folklori warmoadgens.<br />

gasaocaria erotiuli motivebis uqonloba, misi leqsebi<br />

ufro religiur himnebs hgavs, vidre pirad lirikul<br />

aRsarebas... misi xmis musika axlac mesmis. Tu Cems asakSi an<br />

mdgomareobaSi kidev SeiZleba bednieri wuTebis gancda, me<br />

is guSin ganvicade”.<br />

arc konstantine gamsaxurdia yofila sityvaZunwi: ~yo-<br />

CaR, ymawvilo asulo! mindoda meTqva, dReis amas iqiT mavanma<br />

da mavanma zog-zogebma kalams xeli unda SeuSvan-me-<br />

Tqi, magram _ ara, piriqiT moxdeba: bevr axalgazrda poets<br />

sagrZnob stimuls miscems dRevandeli ambavi, isini ufro<br />

moimarjveben kalams, anasTan erTad ganadideben Cvens isedac<br />

didebul poezias”.<br />

saocrad gulwrfeli iyo SefasebaSi aleqsandre abaSelic:<br />

~albaT, arasodes dagvWirvebia msgavsi ram, rogorc<br />

dRes. mere ra drosa da rogor viTarebaSia Tqmuli es? swored<br />

amas aqvs udidesi mniSvneloba”.<br />

Tumca, jer kidev ar ganelebuliyo pirveli aRfrTovanebuli<br />

emociebi qarTul poeziaSi WeSmaritad gamor-<br />

Ceuli talantis dabadebis gamo, rom Tavi meore ukiduresobam<br />

iCina. yovelive amas, rogorc Cans, biZgi mainc avadsaxsenebeli<br />

komunisturi partiis 1946 wlis 14 agvistos<br />

ybadaRebulma dadgenilebam misca Jurnalebis ~zvezdasa”<br />

da ~leningradis” Sesaxeb. am dadgenilebaSi ~miwasTanaa<br />

gasworebuli” gamoCenili mwerlebis ana axmatovasa da<br />

mixeil zoSCenkos literaturuli moRvaweoba. ai, ras ~Ra-<br />

Radebs” es dadgenileba:<br />

~Jurnal «zvezdaSi» ukanasknel xans gamoCnda mravali<br />

uideo, ideologiurad mavne nawarmoebi. «zvezdas» uxeSi<br />

Secdomaa is, rom literaturuli tribuna dauTmo mweral<br />

zoSCenkos, romlis nawarmoebebi ucxoa sabWoTa literaturisaTvis...<br />

Jurnali «zvezda» agreTve yovelnairad uwevs<br />

popularizacias mweral axmatovas nawarmoebebs, romlis<br />

literaturuli da sazogadoebriv-politikuri fizionomia<br />

didi xania, cnobilia sabWoTa sazogadoebriobisaTvis.<br />

axmatova tipuri warmomadgenelia uSinaarso, uideo<br />

poeziisa, romelic ucxoa Cveni xalxisaTvis. pesimizmisa<br />

da dacemulobis suliskveTebiT ganmsWvaluli misi leqsebi,<br />

romlebic burJuaziul-aristokratiuli esTetobisa<br />

da dekadantobis poziciebze gayinuli Zveli salonuri<br />

poeziis _ «xelovneba xelovnebisaTvis» gemovnebas ga-

portreti 315<br />

moxataven, poeziisa, romelsac ar surs Tavisi xalxis mxardamxar<br />

iaros, zians ayeneben Cveni axalgazrdobis aRzrdis<br />

saqmes”.<br />

axla vnaxoT, rogor ~exmatkbileba” kompartiis zemoaRniSnul<br />

dadgenilebas is, rac 1946 wlis 5 seqtembers qar-<br />

Tulenovan (Znelia mas <strong>qarTuli</strong> uwodo!) gazeT ~komunist-<br />

Si” daibeWda:<br />

~Jurnal «mnaTobSi» dabeWdilma ucxo da miuRebelma<br />

nawarmoebebma, upirveles yovlisa, dabneuloba Seitanes<br />

axalgazrda mwerlebSi. zogierT axalgazrda mwerals aSkarad<br />

daetyo dekadenturi, apolitikuri motivebiT gataceba.<br />

amis yvelaze mkafio gamoxatulebas warmoadgens ana<br />

kalandaZis leqsebi, romlebic Jurnal «mnaTobis» mimdinare<br />

wlis meoTxe nomerSi daibeWda. axalgazrda avtors,<br />

rogorc Cans, aqvs sakmao poeturi niWi, magram mas aklia<br />

Camoyalibebuli codna cxovrebisa, unari movlenebis sworad<br />

danaxvisa. ar xelmZRvanelobs mowinave ideebiT, dekadenturi<br />

motivebis tyveobaSia moqceuli.<br />

erT leqsSi ana kalandaZe «udabnos mwirs~ uwodebs Tavis<br />

Tavs. Dda marTlac, misi zogierTi leqsi Zveli samonastro<br />

cxovrebis himnografebs gvagonebs. magaliTisaTvis<br />

davasaxelebT leqss:<br />

«xatTan anTia sanTeli ori, oriv pawia da Tanaswori,<br />

sulis meoxad Seni erTasi. Aan var beTanSi, an Tu mcxeTaSi,<br />

wminda samTavros... alvis sadaro, daxrili wamiT, moxrili<br />

muxliT xatis win Sveni. Sen ambob: _ iyavn nebai Seni! _<br />

me vambob: _ amin!»<br />

ra saocar anaqronizmad gaismis es sityvebi dRes.<br />

RvTismSoblisa da ieso qristes Sesaxeb amaze ufro aRgznebuli<br />

himnebi meaTe saukunis himnografebsac ar SeuqmniaT.<br />

vis esaWiroeba dRes amgvari leqsebi? vis sulier ganwyobilebas<br />

gamoxataven isini?<br />

ana kalandaZis meore leqsSi «mkvdarTa mze var», vkiTxulobT:<br />

«ori qveynis, ori qveynis sazRvrad vdgevar, gulo,<br />

risad mexurebi? sxivmimkrTali, sxivmimkvdari mkvdarTa<br />

mze var, Cems sxivebSi TamaSoben beRurebi. korCiotas Tesli<br />

galxva, orTqlad midis nestiani sunTqva miwis, nakadulis<br />

simRerebSi sZinavs RalRas, lxeniT vismen beRurebis<br />

wiv-wiv, wiv-wivs».<br />

formalizmi, uideoba, apolitikuroba amaze Sors ver<br />

wava.<br />

ana kalandaZis leqsebSi adgili aqvs meore ucnaurobasac,<br />

romelic aseve dekadenturi, gardasuli drois poeziis<br />

damaxasiaTebelia. Ppoeti raRac ucxo sevdas Seupyria da

316 waxnagi 1.2009<br />

buzRunebs: «dardiani Rvinos vsvam da vTvrebi». Ees SemTxveviTi<br />

striqoni rodia. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom ana kalanda-<br />

Zis leqsebSi simTvralis, loTobis apologiasTan gvaqvs<br />

saqme. «Rviniani Wiqa», «qudmoxdili qvevri», «Rviniani<br />

kope», «Rvinom damaxrCos», «Rvino doqebiT», _ aseTia am<br />

qalis poeturi leqsika.<br />

Cveni literaturisaTvis es sruliad ucxo motivebi _<br />

loTobis apologia, misticizmi _ am damwyebi poetis SemoqmedebaSi<br />

imis Sedegia, rom mweralTa kavSiri da Jurnal<br />

«mnaTobis» redaqcia sustad xelmZRvaneloben axalgazrda<br />

mwerlebis ideur aRzrdas. sxva mxriv, riT unda aixsnas<br />

ana kalandaZis leqsebis dabeWdva Jurnal «mnaTobSi»?!...~<br />

Segnebulad ar vasaxeleb am werilis avtors. is sinamdvileSi<br />

srulebiTac ar iyo ugemovno literatori, da ar<br />

mjera, gulwrfeli yofiliyo zemoxsenebuli striqonebis<br />

werisas, magram imjerad misi piriT ana kalandaZis Sesaxeb<br />

erTi kritikosi ki ara, aramed mTeli sabWoTa sistema laparakobda.<br />

da es ~gamoxmaureba” sulac ar iyo erTaderTi.<br />

imave 1946 wlis seqtemberSi gaimarTa saqarTvelos mweralTa<br />

mesame yriloba. yrilobaze ”bolSevikuri principulobiT<br />

ganmsWvaluli” moxsenebiT gamovida saqarTvelos<br />

kompartiis erT-erTi xelmZRvaneli petre Saria,<br />

romelmac tradiciuli iqednuri qilikiT ana kalandaZis<br />

poeziasac gahkra kbili:<br />

~aq erT-erTi oratori, mgoni amx. Ggawerelia, specialurad<br />

SeCerda damwyebi poeti qalis dadebiT subieqturmoralur<br />

Tvisebebze. sxvaTa Soris, obieqturad sruliad<br />

gaumarTlebelia is sensacia, rac am axalgazrdis garSemo<br />

Seiqmna. gaumarTleblad mimaCnia isic, rom am yrilobaze<br />

ase bevri ilaparakes mis garSemo... gazviadebulia rogorc<br />

misi originaloba da siaxle, ise misi SemoqmedebiTi miRwevebic.<br />

am ueWvelad perspeqtivian axalgazrda poet qals<br />

daTvuri samsaxuri gauwies imaT, vinc mzrunvelobiTi<br />

kritikisa da megobruli rCevis nacvlad Tavbrudamxvevi<br />

xotba Seasxes... amboben da es sasixaruloa, rom TviT axalgazrda<br />

avtori Zalian Tavmdabali da TviTkritikulad<br />

ganwyobiliao. es aacdens mas Tavbrudaxvevas da namdvili<br />

poeziisaken gzas gaukafavs~.<br />

dRevandeli gadasaxedidan SeiZleba sruliad daujereblad<br />

mogveCvenos, magram im periodSi ana kalandaZis<br />

erTi gamouqveynebeli leqsic ki gamxdara gaumarTlebeli<br />

kritikis sagani. gazeT ~literatura da xelovnebis” 1946<br />

wlis 16 noembris nomerSi adgili hqonda vinme k. zumbuli-<br />

Zis sakmaod arakoreqtul gamoxdomas. gamoqveynebul pask-

portreti 317<br />

vilSi ~ganxilulia~ sergo zaqariaZis mxatvruli kiTxvis<br />

saRamoebi:<br />

~msaxiobis es Taosnoba, _ wers avtori, _ TavisTavad<br />

Zalian kargia. magram rogoria misi gamosvlebis programa?<br />

msaxiobi TiTqo cdilobs Tavis saRamoebze msmenels warmodgena<br />

misces rogorc klasikuri, ise Tanamedrove sabWo-<br />

Ta poeziis Sesaxeb. am mizniT igi kiTxulobs, erTis mxriv<br />

klasikosebis (ilia WavWavaZe, n. baraTaSvili, ak. wereTeli,<br />

vaJa-fSavela) leqsebs, xolo TanamedroveTagan mas ratomRac<br />

ori poeti aurCevia _ lado asaTiani da ana kalandaZe.<br />

gaugebaria, ra principiT xelmZRvanelobda msaxiobi,<br />

roca aseT arCevans mimarTavda.<br />

magram Cven amazec arafers vityviT, rom msaxiobs TviT<br />

zemoxsenebuli ori poetis leqsebSi mainc aerCia ufro<br />

mowinave, ideurad gamarTlebuli leqsebi... mweralTa<br />

klubis darbazSi, swored im tribunaze, saidanac sul<br />

mokle xnis win, mweralTa mesame yrilobaze sastikad iqna<br />

gakritikebuli uideobisa da apolitikuri tendencia<br />

poeziaSi, swored am tribunaze msaxiobi kiTxulobs pesimisturi<br />

ganwyobilebis Semcvel da uideo leqsebs. aseTia,<br />

magaliTad, «loculobs gveli» _ savsebiT mistikuri,<br />

dekadenturi nawarmoebi, romelic TviT avtormac ki dabeWvdis<br />

Rirsad ar scno. maS, raRa saWiroa axla am leqsis<br />

sajarod kiTxva da popularizacia? arafriT ar SeiZleba<br />

gavamarTloT s. zaqariaZis aseTi upasuxismgeblo da dauSvebeli<br />

gamosvlebi”.<br />

kidev ufro metic: ana kalandaZis Semoqmedebis erTerTi<br />

saukeTeso mkvlevari _ mwerali SoTa zoiZe, sxva moyvanil<br />

saintereso faqtebTan erTad, imasac aRniSnavs, rom<br />

ana kalandaZis arqivSi inaxeba erTi metad “sayuradRebo”<br />

dokumenti, romelic poets 1951 wels miuRia saq. ssr ministrTa<br />

sabWosTan arsebuli kulturul-saganmanaTleblo<br />

dawesebulebis saqmeTa komitetisagan. Ees aris ~saorientacio<br />

Tematika”, romlis mixedviTac ana kalandaZes axali<br />

nawarmoebebi unda Seeqmna. TemaTa CamonaTvali “waruSlel<br />

STabeWdilebas” axdens: 1. samgoris Sesaxeb, 2. rus-<br />

Tavis Sesaxeb, 3. brZola marcvleulisaTvis (puris aReba<br />

kombainiT, puris beReli), 4. brZola mecxoveleobisaTvis<br />

(mwyemsebi, momTabareoba, binebi da sxva), 5. sakolmeurneo<br />

mgzavruli (kolmeurneTa samuSao adgilebze gasvla),<br />

6. xvna-Tesvis Sesaxeb, 7. maRaroelTa simRera, 8. simRera<br />

samSobloze (patriotizmi), 9. sayofacxovrebo da saxumaro<br />

(Sairebi, gabaaseba), 10. simRera axalgazrdobaze da<br />

axalgazrdobisaTvis. 11. simRera pionerebze da bavSvebze,

318 waxnagi 1.2009<br />

agreTve pionerebisa da bavSvebisaTvis, 12. xalxTa da erovnebaTa<br />

stalinur megobrobaze, 13. gmirobis, vaJkacobisa<br />

da Tavdadebis Sesaxeb, 14. mTasvlelTa simRera, 15. simRera<br />

fizkulturelebze... 17. simRera rTvelze, 18. simRera<br />

baRebisa da xilis Sesaxeb... 20. Kkomunizmis diadi mSeneblobis<br />

Sesaxeb da a.S. es ~saxaliso~ CamonaTvali kidev gr-<br />

Zeldeba!<br />

RvTis SewevniT, ana kalandaZes debiutisTanave dakavebuli<br />

hqonda Tavisi niSa WeSmarit poeziaSi. magram axalgazrda<br />

poeti qalisaTvis aseTi tendenciuri da zogjer,<br />

ubralod, uxamsi damokidebuleba advilad gadasaxarSi<br />

mainc ver iqneboda. albaT, amitomac iyo, rom 1947-1948<br />

wlebSi leqsi aRar dauweria. TiTqmis ar werda momdevno<br />

ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSic. Tumca, am dumilis Semdeg,<br />

rogorc igive SoTa zoiZe moxdenilad SeniSnavs, “TiTqos<br />

zemodan SemoTavazebuli Tematikis «sapasuxod» daiwera~<br />

es mcire formis, magram saocrad mravlismTqmeli leqsi:<br />

~ Sen mismen ise,<br />

viT mze usmens okeaneebs.<br />

da cimcimeb,<br />

brwyinav masaviT...<br />

moefarebi male kldeebs,<br />

moefarebi,<br />

miaSureb mZimed dasavals...<br />

Sen kvlav momismen,<br />

viT mze usmens<br />

okeaneebs,<br />

gabrwyindebi<br />

CemTvis masaviT? ~<br />

diax, swored es iyo pasuxi: ana kalandaZes ar SeeZlo<br />

sxvagvarad ewera da misi poezia ar SeiZleba ar yofiliyo<br />

is, rac aris. Sedegad mTeli Svidi (!!!) wliT, 1953 wlamde<br />

dagvianda misi pirveli krebulis dabeWdva, miuxedavad<br />

imisa, rom 1946 wlis maisSi mweralTa kavSiris sasaxleSi<br />

misi saswrafod gamocema iyo gadawyvetili. Tanac xelnawerebis<br />

saxiT xalxSi gavrcelebuli Sedevrebidan araerTi<br />

am krebulSi avtors ar Seatanines, maT Soris iseTebi, rogoricaa:<br />

~me mivaSureb urartus qvabebs”, ~modioda nino<br />

mTebiT”, ~Sen ise Rrma xar”, ~tyem pirsaburi Camoicila”,<br />

~meufev Cemo”, ~xmoben kakbebi”, ~Weqda mazurka”, ~qeTevan<br />

dedofali”, ~mkvdarTa mze var”, ~boSa qali”, ~loculobs<br />

gveli” da bevri sxva. ~loculobs gveli” rogorc ~savsebiT

portreti 319<br />

mistikuri da dekadenturi” mxolod Semdgom gamocemaSi<br />

daubeWdes da isic usaTaurod. saTauri TvalSi xvdebaT da<br />

afeTebTo, uTqvams poetisTvis erT ufros kolegas da kidev<br />

ramdenime sxva leqsis usaTaurod dabeWdvac urCevia.<br />

dagvianebuli pirveli krebulis gamosvliT yvelaferi<br />

ar damTavrebula. wamovida RvarZlisa da Zagebis xelaxali<br />

talRa. ase, magaliTad, ~ieriSi iqna mitanili” (~kritikos”<br />

v. maWavarianis mier ~literaturul gazeTSi”) iseT<br />

iSviaT poetur qmnilebaze rogoricaa ana kalandaZis ~Soria<br />

Tamar”:<br />

~...unda aRiniSnos, ana kalandaZe cdeboda da axlac<br />

cdeba, rodesac romantikuli leCaqiT Tvalebze (!!! _<br />

k. l.) gahyurebs feodalur saqarTvelos (~Soria Tamar”).<br />

es Sua saukuneebis fliori, rac ufro male Camocildeba<br />

mis poezias, miT ufro gaizrdeba da davaJkacdeba is. namyo,<br />

Zveli saWiroa da aucilebelic, magram mxolod awmyosaTvis<br />

da momavlisaTvis da ara TavisTavad. saqarTvelo imdenad<br />

warmtaci da kargia dRes, rom mis Sesaqebad guSindeli<br />

saWiro aRar aris... Cveni individualuri samyaro gamsWvalulia<br />

koleqtivizmis grZnobiT. axalma poetma unda igrZnos<br />

da SeamCnios es fenomeni da mas adekvaturi poeturi<br />

forma mounaxos...”<br />

ase aswavlida wera-kiTxvis zogierTi viTommcodne aramkiTxec<br />

ki ~adekvaturi formis” Ziebas genialuri SesaZleblobebis<br />

axalgazrda poets.<br />

mogvianebiT nodar dumbaZem Tqva: ~ana kalandaZis gakilvas<br />

ra unda, qebaa Zneli ana kalandaZisa... guriidan Camosuli<br />

biWi viyavi, biZamisis wisqvilSi RamenaTevi biWi<br />

da sizmridan axaldabrunebuliviT maSin pirvelad mivxvdi,<br />

rom es yvelaferi: saxlSi SemoWrili TuTac, Wiamaiac,<br />

CaxlarTuli Robec, Tolias yefac, qvevrSi damwyvdeuli<br />

Winkac, Tovlze darCenili nadiris nakvalevic, CiCilakic,<br />

kalandac, boSa qalica da TaTris gogonac _ adre rom<br />

araferi megona, Turme RvTaebrivi leqsi da RvTaebrivi<br />

poezia yofila?!” _ ai, swored amas ver (an ar) xedavda anas<br />

bevri moSurne Tu oponenti.<br />

gava dro da guram asaTiani dawers: ”ana kalandaZes hyavs<br />

oponentebi rogorc qarTul mwerlobaSi, ise mkiTxvelTa<br />

garkveul wreebSic. erTi am braldebaTagani aseTia: Ti-<br />

Tqos misi Semoqmedeba moklebuli iyo aqtualobas, namdvil<br />

socialur simZafres. aseT Sexedulebas aqvs Tavisi<br />

safuZveli. marTlac, ana kalandaZes ar SeuZlia zogierT<br />

iseT Temaze wera, rac sxva poetebs exerxebaT. ar SeuZlia<br />

Tavisi poeturi bunebis gamo. magram, amave dros, mTeli

320 waxnagi 1.2009<br />

misi poeturi Semoqmedeba, mTeli misi cxovreba qarTul<br />

poeziaSi Rrma sazogadoebrivi azris, diax, metad Rrma<br />

da mniSvnelovani sazogadoebrivi, socialur-zneobrivi<br />

azris mauwyebeli magaliTia”, _ marTlac zedmiwevniTi<br />

Sefasebaa anas naTeli biografiisa da WeSmaritad fenomenuri<br />

literaturuli memkvidreobisa. amaze ukeT Znelad<br />

Tu ityvi...

oTar CxeiZis Rvawli<br />

rusudan niSnianiZe<br />

“istoria is Senobaa, romelsac veranairi CaliT ver<br />

daxurav,” _ sjeroda galaktions.<br />

literaturis istoria...<br />

araerTi gadafasebis mowmeni vxdebiT: ara mxolod calkeuli<br />

avtorebis, aramed im adamianebis Semoqmedebis<br />

mimarTac, romlebic arcTu didi xnis win “kurss gansazRvravdnen”<br />

mwerlobaSi, TumcaRa, bevris mimarT damokidebuleba<br />

ucvleli darCa...<br />

gamoqveynebisTanave miiqcia yuradReba oTar CxeiZis<br />

erTma mogonebam: “ukanaskneli Tari”. giorgi SatberaSvilis<br />

RiRini, _ Tars ayolili RiRini, _ Taobebs gaswvdeba.<br />

melodias ahyva da “albaT, Tu me manugeSebda, ro ambobda,<br />

ro yvelaferi gadaivliso, dabneulobac gadaivliso, avTa<br />

siavec gadaivliso, moeZebneba yvelafers adgili, keTils<br />

Tavisio, borots Tavisio, mxolod esaa, gaZleba undao...”<br />

es mxolod erTi Tanamokalmis gasaxseneblad araa dawerili;<br />

aq epoqis niSania _ mkacri, sastiki epoqis. es Taobis ni-<br />

Sanicaa _ ase “aZlebinebdnen” erTmaneTs, ase amxnevebdnen...<br />

oTar CxeiZis pirveli literaturuli ganacxadi gasuli<br />

saukunis 40-ian wlebs ukavSirdeba. II msoflio omi<br />

axali damTavrebuli iyo. qarTul mwerlobaSi uniWieresi<br />

Taoba movida, uniWieresi da erTmaneTisagan, dastur, gansxvavebulnic<br />

(oTar CxeiZe, ana kalandaZe, vaxtang WeliZe,<br />

giorgi SatberaSvili, ioseb noneSvili, murman lebani-<br />

Ze... sxvebic). pasuxismgebloba miT ufro TvalsaCino imadac<br />

iyo, rom jer kidev erTmaneTis gverdiT ibeWdebodnen<br />

konstantine gamsaxurdia, galaktion tabiZe, leo qiaCeli,<br />

giorgi leoniZe, ioseb griSaSvili...…da kidev araerTi pirovneba,<br />

romlebic ara mxolod ,,didi mwerlobis” simaRles<br />

gansazRvravda. sabWoTa xelisufleba ki mtkiced icavda<br />

Tavis poziciebs. ara mxolod icavda, afarToebda kidec.<br />

SemTxveviTad sruliadac ar miuCneviaT Tundac cota xnis<br />

321

322 waxnagi 1.2009<br />

Semdeg da Tundac odnav sxva politikur garemoSi komunisturi<br />

partiis centraluri komitetis pirveli mdivnis,<br />

nikita xruSCovis, SeTavazeba: mwerlobas partiis TanaSemwe<br />

rom uwoda. bevrma daijera. aqtiurebma kremlis TeoretikosebTan<br />

TanamSromloba gaaCaRes, viRaceebma _ nebayoflobiT,<br />

umetesobas _ davalebuli hqonda. es “tradicia”<br />

xom Semosvlis dReebidanve daamkvidres bolSevikebma.<br />

oTar CxeiZem 1942 wels daamTavra Tbilisis saxelmwifo<br />

universitetis filologiis fakulteti _ dasavleT<br />

evropis enebis ganxriT; Carlz dikensis Semoqmedeba gaxda<br />

misi sakandidato disertaciis kvlevis Tema. samuSao adgili<br />

araerTxel gamoicvala: erTxans soflis skolaSi germanuls<br />

aswavlida, Semdeg baTumis, mogvianebiT, ki goris<br />

pedagogiur institutSi sazRvargareTis literaturis<br />

istoriis kurss kiTxulobda. misi literaturuli dakvirvebisa<br />

da gansjisaTvis mimzidveli areali vrcel Tvalsawiers<br />

moicavda: tomas sternz elioti, bernard Sou,<br />

ernest heminguei, jon stainbeki, jeimz joisi, jon ueini...<br />

esseebSi qarTvel mkiTxvels dasavluri poeziis modernistul<br />

procesebsa da sivrceebze TandaTan, erTgvari TanamimdevrobiTac,<br />

esaubreba (es is periodia, roca avangarduli<br />

xelovneba Tu “danaSaulad” ara, yovel SemTxvevaSi, usagno<br />

da usargeblo makulaturad miiCneva). Tavadac mwerals,<br />

sxva aqcentebi aqvs ama Tu im avtoris stilur siaxleze, iumorze,<br />

nawarmoebSi finalis azrobriv da mxatvrul funqciaze.<br />

mniSvnelovania misi monografia “italiuri dRiurebi<br />

baironisa”. Teoriuli informaciis garda, sakuTari<br />

gemovnebiT da SesaZleblobebiT jon miltonis ,,dakarguli<br />

samoTxis” 200 striqonis Targmani SesTavaza mkiTxvels...<br />

wlebis Semdeg, amas stiven kreinis leqsebis cikli<br />

mohyva, emili dikinsonisa da eliotis poeturi teqstebis<br />

<strong>qarTuli</strong> versiebi...<br />

amgvari masStabebi cxadad mianiSnebda, rom qarTul<br />

literaturismcodneobaSi ganswavluli da mravalmxrivi<br />

moazrovne muSaobda. …<br />

evropuli da amerikuli kulturis mkvlevari sabWoTa<br />

kulturis sivrceSi cxovrobda, magram Tavad tradiciuli,<br />

erovnuli mwerlobis wiaRSi gaizarda. misTvis umTavresi<br />

“<strong>qarTuli</strong> safiqrali”, saqarTvelos lamis maradiuli,<br />

“wyevla-krulviani” tkivili gaxldaT. aman ubiZga XX<br />

saukunis “matianis” wera daewyo, ar gamorCenoda arc erTi<br />

mniSvnelovani TariRi Tu faqti, romelTa gavlena aTwleulebis<br />

manZilze grZeldeboda. es sistemis mier motanili<br />

movlenebi iyo. aqedan cxadi xdeboda, ras unda dapirispi-

portreti 323<br />

reboda mwerali. pirveli nawarmoebebis gamoCenisTanave<br />

miiqcia mkiTxveli sazogadoebis yuradReba, xelisuflebisac.<br />

isic unda iTqvas, arCevanis winaSe ar damdgara, arc<br />

yoymanis da orWofobis wuTebi yofila grZeli; egreT wodebuli<br />

“istoriis kritikis” ufleba TviT gadawyvita da<br />

saTqmelic TavisTavad dalagda.<br />

oTar CxeiZis personaJebi uwarsulo gmirebi ar arian.<br />

istoriuli sinamdvilis Cvenebas genetikuri memkvidreobiTobis<br />

mxatvruli qargiT axerxebs. ase daiwereba biografiuli<br />

Janris, aseve, heroikuli 1924 wlis, 1937-is avbediTi,<br />

1956-is martis tragediis amsaxveli romanebi (“tinis<br />

xidi”, “jebiri”, “boriayi”, “burusi”, “meCeCi”, “cdomilni”,<br />

“aRmarT-daRmarTi”, “kvernaqi”, “landebi”, “nakrZali”,<br />

“gamocxadebai”, “cxrawyaro”). “matiane qarTlisa” Tormet<br />

romans moicavso, _ acxadebda Tavad.<br />

oTar CxeiZeze bevrs werdnen... “gamoxmaureba” da Sefaseba<br />

jer kidev maSin daiwyo, vidre (rogor uCveulodac<br />

ar unda JRerdes) misi pirveli moTxroba daibeWdeboda.<br />

jer kidev ucnobi (daustambavi) nawarmoebebis Sesaxeb recenzia<br />

gamoqveynda (“Cveni Taoba”, #2, 1939). axalgazrda<br />

avtoris debiuti did mwerlobaSi ucnaurad Sedga. cenzoris<br />

da ideologis fxizel Tvals araferi unda gamohparvoda;<br />

mTavari _ sabWoTa mkiTxvelisTvis gankuTvnili sa-<br />

Tqmeli iyo. ideologia _ ai, ra iyo umTavresi. mxatvruli<br />

nawarmoebis ganxilvac am aspeqtidan unda dawyebuliyo.<br />

kritikosebic gaaqtiurdnen: “safuZvelSive mcdari nawarmoebi”,<br />

_ dawers amgvar ucnaurobas erTi cnobili avtori;<br />

““meCeCi” ideurad mcdari nawarmoebia,” _ ar CamorCeba<br />

meore; “avtori ar endoba sityvas”, _ ityvis mesame da Tu<br />

maincadamainc qilikis gunebaze ar xar, egeb kiTxvac dasva:<br />

es adamianebi romanze (mxatvrul nawarmoebze) weren “literaturul<br />

werilebs” Tu partiul dadgenilebebs iReben?!<br />

amgvari damokidebuleba saqarTvelos mwerlobas ar<br />

gulisxmobda mxolod, es sabWoTa gamocdileba iyo, Tumca<br />

“moZme”respublikebis literaturaze sagangebo simkacriT<br />

vrceldeboda. erTi magaliTi: sabWoTa kavSiris mweralTa<br />

plenumze nikolai tixonovma Tavis gamosvlaSi oTar Cxei-<br />

Zis nawarmoebebic (novela “geri” da moTxroba “mimqrali<br />

naTeli”) aRiniSna. TavisTavad, literaturul forumze<br />

yuradRebis centrSi moqceva, axalgazrda avtoris gvaris<br />

xsenebac ki warmatebis niSania. miT ufro, rom moxseneba<br />

erT-erT centralur sakavSiro gazeTSic daibeWda. amiT<br />

ar dasrulebula, metic, broSuradac gamoica. ram gaaCina<br />

amxela yuradReba? gavrcelebuli informacia (yvelas

324 waxnagi 1.2009<br />

Tu ara, bevrs mainc) sabWoel mkiTxvels unda scodnoda _<br />

vrceli, mravalferovani, diadi sabWoTa kavSiris literaturis<br />

aRmavlobas sami qarTveli mwerali uSlida xels:<br />

konstantine gamsaxurdia, levan goTua da oTar CxeiZe.<br />

“bneli anaqronizmebiT gatacebuli”, _ es ukve Sefaseba<br />

araa, aramed miniSneba... albaT, imdenad saSiSi, rom meore<br />

CxeiZem (borisma), am dros sakmaod cnobilma avtorma, sagangebo<br />

gancxadeba gaakeTa: “amx. n. tixonovis moxsenebaSi...<br />

ganxiluli moTxroba “geri” CxeiZisa _ me ar mekuTvnis.”<br />

sworedac rom kuriozuli SemTxvevaa. literaturis istoriam<br />

araerTi faqti icis, roca aRSfoTebuli avtori saku-<br />

Tar siuJets, personaJs Tu saxe-simbolos viRac plagiatorisagan<br />

rom icavs; “gadamwers” amxels da arcTu iSviaTad,<br />

mkveTr sityvebs amgvarive saqcielic rom sdevs (sasicocxlod<br />

mniSvnelovania es misTvis); magram sabWoTa sinamdvileSi<br />

aranakleb xSiri iyo frazebi: me es ar migulisxmia,<br />

amgvarad ar mivaraudiao, an aforiaqebuli ganmarteba: es<br />

me ar damiweriao...<br />

ramdenime wlis Semdeg cnobil qarTvel mecniers, aleqsandre<br />

manveliSvils, erT-erT radiogadacemaSi miiwveven.<br />

es is manveliSvilia, wlebis ganmavlobaSi sxvadasxva<br />

saxelmwifoSi saqarTvelos istorias da literaturas<br />

rom ikvlevda, wignebs gamoscemda, parizSi patriotul<br />

organizacias _ “TeTri giorgi” _ ideologiurad rom<br />

xelmZRvanelobda da gansaxilvel Temebsac sruliad gansxvavebuli<br />

rakursiTa da codniT rom sTavazobda sazogadoebas.<br />

magaliTad, amgvars: “vefxis-tyaosani da rusTvelis<br />

zneobrivi ideologia”...<br />

“saqarTvelosac Tavisi pasternaki gauCnda. es aris mwerali<br />

oTar CxeiZe”, _ iTqva araerTi adamianis gasagonad da<br />

romanis (“meCeCi”) ucxoeTSi mcxovrebi radiomsmenelisaTvis<br />

gacnobas da, imavdroulad, ganxilvasac Seudga. sayuradRebo<br />

recenzia ramdenime varaudis (versiis) SesaZleblobas<br />

itovebs. amjerad mxolod erT niSans minda mivaqcio<br />

Tqveni yuradReba: “saqarTvelos pasternaki” _ raze<br />

mianiSnebs? es xom ara mxolod erTi avtoris gvar-saxelia,<br />

aramed sabWoeTSi moRvawe protestanti inteleqtualis<br />

simboloc.<br />

1956 wlis 18 ianvari (martis movlenebamde ori TviT<br />

adre). saqarTvelos komunisturi partiis centraluri komitetis<br />

pirveli mdivnis, vasil mJavanaZis, gamosvlidan:<br />

“zogierTi Cveni mwerali, romlebmac sworad ver gaiges<br />

partiis moTxovna, nacvlad imisa, rom gabedulad gamoaaSkaravos<br />

cxovrebis winaaRmdegobani da konfliqtebi, meo-

portreti 325<br />

re ukiduresobaSi moeqca. isini azviadeben Cveni cxovrebis<br />

uaryofiTs, aratipiur mxareebs. swored amgvari naklovanebani<br />

axasiaTebs oTar CxeiZis nawarmoebs «buruss»”.<br />

konkretuli mwerali, konkretuli nawarmoebi, konkretuli<br />

braldeba _ arcTu “dabali” tribunidan. metic, im<br />

tribunas, romelzec albaT, momxsenebelia dayrdnobili,<br />

wina mxridan namgali da uro aqvs mixatuli. “burusi” Jurnal<br />

“mnaTobis” 1955 wlis nomrebSi ibeWdeboda. “marTali<br />

literatura” – daiwereba mogvianebiT.Nnurc imgvarad<br />

warmovidgenT, rom kargi, vTqvaT ase, gabeduli araferi<br />

iwereboda. rasakvirvelia, ara! urTules epizodebSic ki<br />

qarTul mwerlobas ar Semolevia amayi SeZaxili, gamxneveba,<br />

Tanadgoma. namdvili Sefasebebic iwereboda (bevr<br />

avtors vgulisxmob!) es ar iyo erTferovani suraTi, rogoradac<br />

arcTu iSviaTad ixateba erovnuli literaturuli<br />

cxovreba. arc oTar CxeiZis SemTxveva yofila gamonaklisi.<br />

“didebuli mweralia oTar CxeiZe”, _ Seafasebs erTi Tanamokalme;<br />

“oTar CxeiZe martodmarto iyo Sebmuli amxela<br />

imperias,” _ ar daukargavs damsaxurebas sxva...<br />

axali nawarmoebebis _ romanebis seria: “veneciuri WaRi”,<br />

“Cemi savane”, “mTagrexili,” “amaRleba” mxatvrul-dokumenturi<br />

yaidis teqstebia. dokumenturi proza Tavisi arsiT<br />

_ Tamamia. mxatvrul nawarmoebSi meti Tavisuflebaa, aq _<br />

kidev ufro meti pasuxismgebloba. saTqmels realuri (da<br />

ara gamogonili gvar-saxelis) personaJebis konteqstSi gacilebiT<br />

meti simZafrec eniWeba. “moqalaqeobrivi uxerxulobis<br />

gancda”, rogorc amgvar SemTxvevebSi ityvian xolme.<br />

ai, Tundac “artistuli gadatrialeba”. 90-iani wlebis<br />

araCveulebrivi dokumenturi romani. araCveulebrivi ramdenime<br />

ganzomilebiT: ara-Cveulebrivi simarTliT, ara-<br />

Cveulebrivi personaJebiT, ara-Cveulebrivi saTqmeliT<br />

dawerili wigni.<br />

“eri eria Tu erTiania. gaxleCili erTi erTi aRar aris.<br />

gaxleCili Eerica aRar aris erio. amovardeba. aRmohxdeba:<br />

eri ideaa da xorcielebacaa eri. ganxorcielda ideai axla<br />

am erTSi da unda viwamoT swored es erTi, rogorc ro kaci,<br />

rogorc ro idea da rogorc ro erio anu erTi da ganuyofelio.”<br />

alaparakda Tbilisi. ara mxolod literaturuli<br />

Tbilisi... movlenebi, romlebzec mwerali werda, sazogadoebisaTvis<br />

ara mxolod “nacnobi” iyo, aramed TviTon qmnida<br />

mas. sakuTari Tavis Zebna an mimsgavseba (mixvedra) ar<br />

sWirdebodaT. isedac dasaxelebuli iyo yvela, magram es<br />

ar gaxldaT faqtebis dafiqsireba. mxatvrul nawarmoebs<br />

gacilebiT didi funqcia hqonda _ saTqmeli, romelic

326 waxnagi 1.2009<br />

faqts ganazogadebda. magaliTisaTvis: “mxolodRa brmebi<br />

mihxvdnen, risxva ro daatydaT, jer brmebi mihxvdnen da<br />

SemosZaxes simRerai omaxiani, ar SegeSindeTo: cxra laxvari<br />

rom dagvartyan cxrajer gulSi, mtris jinaze cxrajer<br />

mwared gavicinebTo. mihxvdnen. SemosZaxes. da ahyva xalxi.”<br />

es 9 aprilis Ramea. saerTo ganwyobis xatvis garda, am epizodSi<br />

simReras Tavisi datvirTva (dramaturgiuli) aqvs.<br />

es araa “quCis msmenelTa” gasarTobad namReri. musikaluri<br />

raoba da idea (gnebavT, ideologia) identuria. “cxra<br />

laxvari rom dagvartyan...” mravlobiTSi namReri (arada,<br />

saleqso teqstSi avtors mxolobiTSi aqvs). aq ki igi am Sekrebili<br />

adamianebis moqmedebis Semadgeneli nawilia.<br />

sxvagvari nimuSic:<br />

“mzad iyo yvelaferi. moaxseneben. dgeba, rukas ro ar<br />

aSorebs Tvalsa, ro SehRimis, sanTlis ali ro dasTamaSebs<br />

gafiTrebul saxezeda. dgeba. dgas. dgas. fanqars dauSvebs<br />

mere. dadebs. gaasworebs.<br />

“...iqneba... Cveni... Cveni... Cveni iqneba...” gadis. Tvali ro<br />

rCeba rukisakena. fanqari tao-klarjeTze devs. egrisi daTvis<br />

tors CaubRujia, Siga qarTlic CaubRujia daTvis torsa.<br />

mTlad ruqas iTrevs, WmuWnis da fxrews, fxrews da ReWavs,<br />

ReWavs da afurTxebs, afurTxebs da ilokavs tuCebsa.”<br />

dinamika. azrobrivi dinamika. “didi saqarTvelos” maradiuli,<br />

verSeleuli ocneba. iseT umZimes dReebSic ki,<br />

roca tao-klarjeTi ki ara, dRevandeli saqarTvelos damoukidebloba<br />

gecleba xelidan. egeb davsva ritorikuli<br />

kiTxva: iqneb es erTsa da imaves niSnavs? urTules situaciaSic<br />

poulobs Zalas, ipovos optimizmis sababi. es<br />

fataluri optimizmia. daTvis tori _ gamWvirvale simbolo.<br />

win wamoweuli detali _ fanqari. egeb esaa perspeqtivac?<br />

personaJi ki moqmedebs maSinac, roca dums. ra<br />

SeiZleba iTqvas imaze mniSvnelovani, rogorc amjerad<br />

(Tu amJamad) Camomdgari siCumea. omis win Camomdgari garindebuli<br />

siCume.<br />

oTar CxeiZe romanebSi arcTu iSviaTad mimarTavs igavur<br />

xerxs. “saxifaTo epizodebSic” SeuZlia “gariskos” _<br />

sarkazmi erTi damaxasiaTebeli Taviseburebaa misi prozisa.<br />

SesaZloa, is stilur xerxadac iqces, magram avtorisaTvis<br />

Sinagani tragizmis nawilic aris. mwerali saTaursac<br />

seriozul mniSvnelobas aniWebs. Sesabamisad, isini friad<br />

metyvelia: “uSreti Tvali”, “mozare gmirTa varamisa”,<br />

“burusi”, “ra gadaarCens saqarTvelos”, “bermudis samku-<br />

Txedi”. Tundac “bermudis samkuTxedi” _ romanis dasaTureba,<br />

is interpretaciis araerT SesaZleblobas uSvebs.

portreti 327<br />

“bermudis samkuTxedi” _ saidumlo, romlis axsna kacobriobam<br />

ver SeZlo.<br />

“bermudis samkuTxedi” _ sadac uCinardeba (Tu nadgurdeba)<br />

yvelaferi, rac mis arealSi moxvdeba.<br />

“bermudis samkuTxedi” _ romelic geografiulad erT<br />

konkretul sivrceSi arsebobs, magram ras moicavs Tavad,<br />

yovlad gaurkvevelia.<br />

bermudis samkuTxedSi moqceuli XX saukunis miwurulis<br />

saqarTvelo.<br />

“TeTri daTvi”, “bermudis samkuTxedi”, “2001 weli”, _<br />

es bolo xanebSi gamoqveynebuli romanebia. saTqmeli ar<br />

ileoda, arc fantazia iSriteboda, arc mkiTxveli dahklebia.<br />

muSaobda, TavauReblad muSaobda. arc gansakuTrebul<br />

daRlas grZnobda. 83 wlis asakSi gamoaqveyna romani “mor-<br />

Cili”, ukve 84-isa iyo, roca sazogadoebas misi axali romani<br />

_ “lazerSou” _ hqonda xelT.<br />

XX saukunis <strong>qarTuli</strong> sazogadoebis tragikuli, faTerakiani,<br />

Rirseuli Tavgadasavali _ 22 romani, 22 mxatvruli<br />

Tavgadasavali.<br />

Seulamazebeli, marTali, amayi istoria...

gamoxmaureba<br />

rezo marsagiSvili<br />

kulturaTa dialogi da orenovani leqsikoni<br />

A Comprehensive Georgian-English Dictionary,<br />

Vol. I-II, London: Garnett Press, 2006 – didi<br />

qarTul-inglisuri leqsikoni, tomi<br />

I-II, londoni: garneti, 2006, 1730 gv.<br />

rogorc unda icvlebodes enaTmecnieruli paradigmebi<br />

Tu kvlevis formebi, droisa da sivrcis ama Tu im monakveT-<br />

Si enobrivi sistemis romel aspeqtsac unda aniWebdnen<br />

mecnierebi prioritets, enis RerZi iyo da iqneba misi<br />

leqsikuri Sedgeniloba. swored masSia warmodgenili<br />

upiratesad enis mier danawevrebuli samyaro rogorc garemomcveli<br />

sinamdvilis pirveladi aRqmisa da gacnobierebis<br />

Sedegi. Eenis mier segmentirebuli da saxeldebuli<br />

realoba is Sualeduri garemoa, romelSic Cven vcxovrobT.<br />

masSi davanebuli xedviT _ mniSvnelobaTa da RirebulebaTa<br />

erTobliobiT _ vikvlevT gzas mTeli Cveni arsebobis<br />

manZilze.<br />

amas garda, samyaros Secnobisa da gaTavisebis uwyvetoba<br />

aseve upirvelesad leqsikur fondSi aisaxeba da amdenad<br />

leqsikis sistematizaciisa da misi mecnierulad Seswavlis<br />

procesic usasruloa, rac erTniSnad gulisxmobs mudmivad<br />

ganaxlebadi leqsikonebis Sedgenis aucileblobas. erovnuli<br />

enis TiToeuli amgvari leqsikoni ki imis sawindaria,<br />

rom ena mzadaa warmarTos warmatebuli kulturuli<br />

dialogi leqsikis doneze, ramac, Tavis mxriv, realizacia<br />

orenovan leqsikonSi unda povos.<br />

erovnuli enis leqsikiT ganivTebuli enobrivi realoba<br />

unikaluria. amdenad, orenovani leqsikonis avtorebis,<br />

rogorc or enasa da or kulturas Soris Suamavlebis, ur-<br />

Tulesi amocanaa ori gansxvavebuli samyaroseuli xatis<br />

warmoCena maT urTierTkavSirSi, rac gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania<br />

Tanamedrove transnacionalur epoqaSi, rodes-<br />

329

330 waxnagi 1.2009<br />

ac xdeba TviT enis rogorc warmatebuli komunikaciis kulturologiuri<br />

fenomenis axleburi gaazreba da Seswavla.<br />

leqsikis sferoebi, romlebic enaSi gansxeulebuli samyaros<br />

xatis xelSesaxebi da aRqmadi saxiT warmodgenis saSualebas<br />

iZleva, umTavresad emociur-eqspresiuli, Sefasebi-<br />

Ti da sociokulturuli konotaciis mqone leqsemebisagan<br />

Sedgeba. Aam fenas agreTve realiebi (toponimebi, anTroponimebi)<br />

da egreT wodebuli “kulturuli simboloebi“ miekuTvneba.<br />

xSirad swored orenovani leqsikoni amkvi drebs<br />

maT fonetikur, orTografiul, gramatikul formebs samizne<br />

enebSi. yvela amgvar leqsikur erTeuls Sesabamisi gamokveTili<br />

komentari esaWiroeba. zemoCamoTvlili momentebis<br />

sruli gaTvaliswineba ufro iolia, Tu leqsikonis<br />

SedgenaSi ramdenime avtori monawileobs (rac subieqturobis<br />

faqtors mniSvnelovnad abaTilebs) da Tu avtorTa<br />

SemadgenlobaSi arian orive enis matareblebi.<br />

Zalian mniSvnelovania agreTve, Tu ras niSnavs “ena“<br />

leqsikonis avtorebisaTvis: Semoifargleba ena maTTvis<br />

mxolod normatiuli saliteraturo eniT Tu mis gverdiT<br />

isini aRiareben agreTve enobriv variantebs: dialeqturs,<br />

sociokulturuls (Jargoni, dargobrivi ena...), stilisturs.<br />

ukanasknel SemTxvevaSi maT mouwevT markerebis mTeli<br />

sistemis SemuSaveba.<br />

aRniSnul sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT avtorebma Tavidanve<br />

calsaxad unda daafiqsiron pozicia. swored amazea<br />

damokidebuli, iqneba sityvanis speqtri farTo Tu viwro.<br />

Aaq wydeba agreTve ZiriTadad sakiTxi, Tu visTvisaa gamiznuli<br />

leqsikoni da ra amocanebis gadaWras emsaxureba is.<br />

metad mniSvnelovania agreTve sityvanSi im uaxlesi leqsikis<br />

Setana, romelic ukve damkvidrda masobrivi komunikaciis<br />

saSualebebSi, bolo wlebis mxatvrul literaturaSi<br />

da, SesaZloa, akademiur gamocemebSi jer dafiqsirebuli<br />

ar aris.<br />

rogor upasuxebs am moTxovnebs 2006 wels londonSi<br />

donald reifildis redaqtorobiT or tomad gamocemuli<br />

didi qarTul-inglisuri leqsikoni?<br />

xelSi aRebisTanave leqsikoni pativiscemas da ndobis<br />

grZnobas iwvevs: pativiscemas tipografiuli xarisxi ganapirobebs,<br />

xolo ndobas – SemdgenelTa jgufis “<strong>qarTuli</strong>nglisuri”<br />

Semadgenloba: Tavad donald reifildi, rusudan<br />

amirejibi, Suqia afridoniZe, lorens broersi, TinaTin<br />

margalitaZe, levan CxaiZe, ariane Wanturia.<br />

aqve unda aRiniSnos is garemoeba, rom amJamad _ globalizaciis<br />

xanaSi _ inglisuri enis gansakuTrebuli roli

gamoxmaureba 331<br />

aSkaraa, vinaidan igi xuTive kontinentze uproblemo<br />

saerTaSoriso komunikacias uzrunvelyofs da msoflio<br />

masStabiT “lingva frankas” statuss dRiTidRe imyarebs.<br />

amdenad Tanamedrove leqsikografiis miRwevebis gaTvaliswinebiT<br />

Sedgenili orenovani _ inglisurisa da nebismieri<br />

enis _ leqsikonis gamosvla did mniSvnelobas iZens.<br />

xolo qarTul-inglisuris SemTxvevaSi es mniSvneloba kidev<br />

ufro izrdeba. saqme isaa, rom dRemde arsebuli mcire<br />

moculobis qarTul-inglisuri leqsikonebi veRar upasuxeben<br />

Tanamedroveobis gamowvevebs: mxedvelobaSi maqvs,<br />

erTi mxriv, <strong>qarTuli</strong> mosaxleobis swrafva, daeuflos inglisuri<br />

enis koreqtul gamoyenebas rac SeiZleba met sakomunikacio<br />

sferoSi, xolo meore mxriv _ qveynis gareT qar-<br />

TuliT dainteresebul pirTa ricxvis intensiuri zrda,<br />

rac saqarTvelos rogorc damoukidebeli saxelmwifos<br />

saerTaSoriso sarbielze gasvlas ukavSirdeba.<br />

<strong>qarTuli</strong> enis leqsikuri <strong>fondi</strong>s srulad warmodgenisaTvis<br />

leqsikonis Semdgenlebma gamoiyenes xuTi ZiriTadi<br />

wyaro: <strong>qarTuli</strong> enis ganmartebiTi leqsikonis rvatomeulis<br />

yvela sityva-statia, 1999-2002 wlebis <strong>qarTuli</strong><br />

yoveldRiuri da kvireuli presis masala daaxloebiT ori<br />

milioni sityva-formis moculobiT, Tanamedrove qarTveli<br />

romanistebis ormocamde teqstis yvela sityva-forma,<br />

Zveli <strong>qarTuli</strong>s, aseve dialeqturi, terminologiuri leqsikonebi<br />

da savele muSaobis dros Tanamedrove sasaubro<br />

metyvelebidan moZiebuli masala. amdenad, yovelgvari gadaWarbebis<br />

gareSe SeiZleba iTqvas, rom saxeze gvaqvs metnaklebad<br />

sruli <strong>qarTuli</strong> sityvani da misi Sesabamisi inglisuri<br />

ekvivalentebi.<br />

didi qarTul-inglisuri leqsikonis maqsimaluri sisrule<br />

ganpirobebulia im garemoebiT, rom leqsikonis Semdgenlebi<br />

enas xedaven rogorc variantul sistemaTa sistemas:<br />

enobrivi variaciebi calkeul sistemebs qmnian da am sistemebis<br />

erTianoba enis erTian sxeulad warmogvidgeba. <strong>qarTuli</strong>,<br />

romelic ase mdidaria dialeqturi formebiT, leqsikonSi<br />

warmodgenilia Sesabamisi markerebiT, rac didad daexmareba<br />

leqsikonis inglisurenovan momxmarebels ara mxolod<br />

dialeqturi variantebiT uxvad gajerebuli <strong>qarTuli</strong> literaturis<br />

kiTxvisas, aramed sagrZnoblad gauadvilebs mas<br />

qarTulenovan garemoSi saTanado enobriv orientacias. sociolingvisturi<br />

markerebiTaa aRniSnuli aseve konkretul<br />

socialur garemoSi gamoyenebuli leqsikuri erTeulebi.<br />

swori enobrivi qmedeba gulisxmobs adekvaturi enobrivi<br />

repertuaris SerCevas. leqsikonis specifikidan gamom-

332 waxnagi 1.2009<br />

dinare, am repertuaris sistemuri asaxva arcaa savaldebulo,<br />

Tumca did qarTul-inglisur leqsikonSi araerTi<br />

SemTxvevaa imisa, rom Sesabamisi TargamaniT gakeTdes erTi<br />

da igive intenciis gamomxatveli formebis diferencireba<br />

qmedebis situaciis mixedviT. mag. damSvidobebis intenciis<br />

gamomxatveli enobrivi erTeulebi qarTulSi “naxvamdis!”,<br />

“jerjerobiT!”, “droebiT!” gadmocemulia saTanado enobrivis<br />

qcevis formebiT: “Goodbye!”, “See you soon!”, “See you<br />

later!”. magram, warmatebuli komunikaciis ucilobel winapirobad<br />

miCneuli marTebuli pragmatikuli kompetenciis<br />

daxvewis mcdeloba leqsikonSi mxolod amiT ar Semoifargleba:<br />

pragmatikuli markerebia gamoyenebuli leqsemebis<br />

Sinaarsis emociuri komponentis gadmosacemad, rac leqsikonis<br />

momxmarebels akvalianebs rogorc sakomunikacio<br />

strategiis swor ganxorcielebaSi, ise uzualuri emociuri<br />

Sinaarsebis gamomxatveli leqsikis diferencirebulad<br />

aRqmaSi.<br />

leqsikur sistemaSi arsebuli emociuri Seferilobis<br />

mqone fena Zalze vrcelia. emociuri Sinaarsebi, romlebsac<br />

molaparake mimarTavs maSin, rodesac surs verbalurad<br />

gamoxatos Tavisi damokidebuleba obieqtisadmi, kodirebulia<br />

yvela enis sitemaSi da met-naklebad saerToa am enis<br />

yvela matareblisaTvis. swored emociuri informaciis<br />

kodirebis diapazoni da wesi, Cveni azriT, didwilad<br />

amJRavnebs ama Tu im enis mier samyaros interpretaciis TavisTavadobas.<br />

Tumca aRniSvnis Rirsia is faqtic, rom leqsemis<br />

emociuri Seferiloba mniSvnelovnad ukavSirdeba<br />

dekodirebis aqts da amdenad molaparakis pragmatikul<br />

kompetencias. leqsikografebsac, cxadia, gansxvavebuli<br />

pragmatikuli kompetencia aqvT, rac zogadad gamoixateba<br />

leqsikur erTeulebSi kodirebuli emociuri Sinaarsis<br />

gansxvavebul, ramdenadme subieqtur interpretaciaSi. ase<br />

magaliTad, <strong>qarTuli</strong> enis ganmartebiT leqsikonSi gvxvdeba<br />

uaryofiT-emociuri Sinaarsis gamomxatveli markerebi<br />

“salanZRavi”, “upativcemulobisa”, “dacinviTi”; isidore<br />

da Tamar gvarjalaZeebis inglisur-qarTul leqsikonSi<br />

aRar figurirebs markeri – “upativcemuloba”, sanacvlod<br />

zemoaRniSnul markerebs emateba _ “agdebuloba”. sxadasxvagvaradaa<br />

miniSnebuli uaryofiT-emociuri Sinaarsebi<br />

inglisur erTenovan leqsikonebSic: Longman Dictionary of<br />

Contemporary English mimarTavs mxolod erTi saxis aRniSvnas<br />

– “derogatory”, maSin roca The Oxford English Dictionary imave Sinaarss<br />

uaRresad danawevrebulad warmoadgens: “execrative”,<br />

“reprobation”, “vituperation”, “depreciatory”, “abusive”, “opprobrious”,

gamoxmaureba 333<br />

“derisive”, “disparagement”, “contempt”. i. galperinis redaqciiT<br />

gamocemul “did inglisur-rusul leqsikonSi” fiqsirebuli<br />

markerebia: “бранное”, “неодобрительно”, “презрительное”,<br />

“пренебрежительное”, “грубое”. sarecenzio leqsikonSi uaryofiT-emociuri<br />

Sinaarsis gadmosacemad gamoyenebulia Semdegi<br />

markerebi: “damcirebiTi”, “ironiuli”, “uaryofiTi”.<br />

sruliad naTelia, rom subieqturobisagan bolomde Tavisufali<br />

leqsikonis Semdgenlebi ver iqnebodnen, Tumca sasurveli<br />

iqneboda pragmatikuli Sinaarsebis ufro mkafio<br />

niuansireba. miuxedavad amisa, leqsikonSi gamoyofili<br />

stilistikuri markerebi mniSvnelovan informacias awvdis<br />

mkiTxvels Sesabamisi registris SesarCevad.<br />

dabolos, aSkaraa, rom saxezea saetapo mniSvnelobis<br />

mqone leqsikografiuli movlena, romelsac SeuZlia hqondes<br />

sruli pretenzia gansazRvros mravali lingvisturi<br />

faqtis axleburi xedva da Caanacvlos damkvidrebuli,<br />

Tumca ki araswori, formebi axali, magram marTebuli,<br />

formebiT. ase magaliTad, geografiuli saxelebis gadmosacemad<br />

inglisurSi rusulidan Sesuli <strong>qarTuli</strong> toponimebis<br />

aRmniSvneli leqsemebis nacvlad, vfiqrobT, upriani<br />

iqneboda am realiebis pirdapiri transliteraciT gadmocema,<br />

magaliTad, “kaxeTis”, “imereTis”, “afxazeTis” da sxv.<br />

leqsikonSi gamoyenebuli “Kakhetia”, “Imeretia”, “Abkhazia” -s<br />

nacvlad, “Kakheti”, “Imereti”, “Abkhazeti”- is damkvidreba.<br />

miuxedavad imisa, rom sarecenzio naSromi gamiznulia<br />

<strong>qarTuli</strong>T dainteresebuli ucxoenovani mkiTxvelisaTvis,<br />

darwmunebiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom didi qarTul-inglisuri<br />

leqsikonis momxmarebelTa speqtri gacilebiT mravalferovani<br />

iqneba _ is aseve did samsaxurs gauwevs inglisuris<br />

Semswavleli <strong>qarTuli</strong> mosaxleobis yoveldRiurad<br />

mzard auditorias, enis specialitebsa da mTargmnelebs.

merab RaRaniZe<br />

guruli dialeqtis<br />

monografiuli Seswavlis nagvianebi nayofi<br />

grigol imnaiSvili, guruli dialeqti:<br />

Seswavlis istoria, gramatikuli mimoxilva,<br />

teqstebi leqsikoniTurT, Tb.:<br />

arn. Ciqobavas enaTmecnierebis instituti;<br />

gamomcemloba “universali”, 2006,<br />

416 gv.<br />

avtoris gardacvalebis Semdeg, 17 wlis dayovnebiT,<br />

gamoqveynda wigni, romelic <strong>qarTuli</strong> dialeqtebis TvalsaCino<br />

da nayofier mkvlevars, grigol imnaiSvils, Tavad<br />

gaumzadebia gamosacemad da romelic moicavs guruli dialeqtis<br />

Seswavlis mimoxilvas, Tavad dialeqtis aRwerilobas,<br />

Caweril teqstebs, am teqstebis leqsikonsa da Temis<br />

bibliografias.<br />

uTuod RirsSesaniSnavia am naSromis gamosvla, Tundac<br />

dagvianebuli (samecniero ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT<br />

droSi amgvarad CamorCena umTavresad siaxleTa gauTvaliswineblobis<br />

gardauvalobaSi aisaxeba xolme): xangrZlivi<br />

droiTi Sualedis Semdeg mowadine mkiTxvels<br />

miewoda guruli dialeqtis monografiuli Seswavlis<br />

axali da yvelaze sruli mcdeloba (wina, sergi JRentiseuli<br />

pirveli _ da aqamde erTaderTi _ monografia gurulis<br />

Sesaxeb Svidi aTeuli wlis winaT daibeWda [JRenti<br />

1936]).<br />

lingvistTa mier aRiarebulia gurulis mniSvnelovani<br />

da gamorCeuli adgili qarTul dialeqtTa Soris da,<br />

bunebrivia, aseve aRiarebulia, rom gurulis monacemebis<br />

gaTvaliswinebis gareSe SeuZlebelia, zogadad, qar-<br />

Tuli dialeqtologiis sakiTxebis kvleva da gadaWra.<br />

gurulis gansakuTrebuloba ki, jer erTi, gamowveulia<br />

masSi aSkarad aRbeWdili kolxuri (zanuri) enis gavle-<br />

334

gamoxmaureba 335<br />

niT, radgan gurulad molaparakeni erTaderTi qarTulenovani<br />

tomia, romelic kolxuri enis or dialeqtze<br />

_ megrulsa da lazurze _ molaparakeTa Sorisaa<br />

SeWrili (“SeWrili” pirdapiri mniSvnelobiTac, radgan,<br />

damkvidrebuli mecnieruli TvalsazrisiT, es qar-<br />

Tulenovani tomi samxreT-aRmosavleTi saqarTvelodan<br />

abargebula da dasavleT saqarTveloSi, zRvasTan<br />

axlos dabanakebula, _ kolxurenovan tomebs Soris);<br />

amasTanave, am garemoebaTa gamo misma izolaciurobam<br />

ganapiroba, rom baris dialeqtTa Soris guruli, erTi<br />

mxriv, metad inarCunebs Zveli <strong>qarTuli</strong> enis sxvadasxva<br />

morfologiur Tu leqsikur formebs da, meore mxriv,<br />

yvelaze daSorebulia, _ Cans, aWarul-imerxeulTan er-<br />

Tad, _ saliteraturo qarTuls, rac asaxulia mraval<br />

enobriv gadaxalisebaSi, gansakuTrebiT, sintaqsSi. am<br />

mxriv, guruli sainteresoa ara oden TavisTavad, ara<br />

oden mis am TaviseburebaTa gamo, _ rogorc dialeqti,<br />

sadac “organuladaa Sexamebuli arqauli formaciisa<br />

da sakuTriv dialeqturi inovaciis Sedegad warmoqmnili<br />

movlenebi” [jorbenaZe 1989: 514], aramed, amasTanave,<br />

tipologiuradac, _ rogorc nimuSi centridan<br />

moSorebisa, da aq xazgasasmelia swored moSoreba da<br />

ara mowyveta. Tu izolaciuri ganviTarebisa da CamoyalibebisaTvis<br />

Cveulia rogorc formaTa degradacia, ise<br />

imgvar arqaul formaTa SenarCuneba, romlebic centrSi<br />

ukve dakarguli da miviwyebulia, guruli dialeqtis-<br />

Tvis erTica da meorecaa damaxasiaTebeli, magram is,<br />

amasTanave, am erTmxriv daSorebas uTavsebs meoremxriv<br />

gamijvnas, raki aSkarad ar kargavs kavSirs centrTan _<br />

saerToerovnul enasTan: myarad inarCunebs qarTul metyvelebas<br />

da, enobrivi mezoblobis miuxedavad, emijneba<br />

im garemocvas, sadac mis irgvliv mcxovrebi qarTveli<br />

tomebi araqarTulad _ kolxurad _ metyveleben.<br />

amas garda, guruli sayuradRebo monacemebs iZleva, _<br />

miT umetes, misTvis xvdomil izolaciur enobriv sivrceSi,<br />

_ zogadad, im mimarTebaTa gasarkvevad, romelic dgindeba<br />

saliteraturo enis normirebul SezRudvasa da dialeqtis<br />

ganviTarebis silaRes Soris (Tundac es ganviTareba<br />

_ xSir SemTxvevaSi _ erozias gulisxmobdes, Tundac enis<br />

Sefaruli Sidapotenciis gamovlenas). am sferoSi gamokve-<br />

Tilma sakiTxebma Semdgom, SesaZloa, biZgi misces ara marto<br />

sufTa lingvistur, aramed lingvofsiqologiur, lingvosocialur,<br />

lingvoeTnologiur da lingvokulturul<br />

kvlevebs.

336 waxnagi 1.2009<br />

dabolos, gurulis gamorCeuloba imaSic gamoixata,<br />

rom, rogorc Cans, sxva arc erT qarTul dialeqts ara aqvs<br />

ase Zveli teqstobrivi literaturuli dadastureba (rac<br />

metad sayuradReboa <strong>qarTuli</strong> istoriuli dialeqtologiisaTvis):<br />

gurulis formebi daculia Suasaukuneebis<br />

qarTul prozaul TxzulebaSi _ “rusudaniani”, romelic<br />

XVII saukuneSi an, SesaZloa, kidev ufro adrea dawerili<br />

[rusudaniani 1957: XXVII-XXVIII]. es garemoeba ki metad<br />

xelsayrelia guruli dialeqtis diaqroniuli ganviTarebis<br />

suraTis ara marto warmosadgenad, aramed xelSesaxebad<br />

saCveneblad da dasadasturebladac.<br />

grigol imnaiSvilis axalgamosul wignze msjelobamde<br />

uTuod unda iTqvas, rom aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi<br />

lingvistebs, _ niko maridan dawyebuli, _ uyuradRebod<br />

ar darCeniaT guruli dialeqti. gurulis vrceli gramatikuli<br />

aRweriloba, rogorc iTqva, ekuTvnis sergi JRents<br />

[JRenti 1936]; gurulis STambeWdavi leqsikoni Seudgenia<br />

gigo SaraSiZes [SaraSiZe 1938: 1-96]; aleqsandre Rlonts<br />

gamocemuli aqvs guruli teqstebis mozrdili krebuli<br />

[Rlonti 1937], romelic gamosadegia rogorc folkloristTaTvis,<br />

aseve lingvistTaTvis; polievqt jajaniZis<br />

“guruli dialeqti” [jajaniZe 1977] moicavs sayuradRebo<br />

teqstebsa da mozrdil leqsikons da sxv. <strong>qarTuli</strong> dialeqtologiis<br />

zogad saxelmZRvaneloebSi gurulis mokle,<br />

magram mkafio daxasiaTeba ekuTvnis ivane gigineiSvils<br />

[gigineiSvili 1961: 413-415], xolo ufro mozrdili da<br />

sistemuri _ besarion jorbenaZes [jorbenaZe 1989: 514-<br />

539], _ orive maTgani, moculobiT kompaqturi, maRali<br />

lingvisturi profesionalizmis niSniTaa aRbeWdili.<br />

grigol imnaiSvilis <strong>wignis</strong> _ “guruli dialeqtis”<br />

_ mniSvnelovani nawili eTmoba gurulis Semxeb swored<br />

winamorbed gamokvlevaTa mimoxilvas, Tumca es mimoxilva,<br />

romlis Rirsebad unda CaiTvalos misi sisrule da<br />

amomwuraoba, arcTu mowesrigebulia da is sinamdvileSi<br />

calkul naSromTa araTanazomieri, mokle Tu vrceli, calkeuli<br />

referatebis nakrebia, xolo Tavad mimomxilveli,<br />

rogorc Cans, masalis arc imdenad qronologiur da<br />

arc imdenad sistemur klasificirebas cdilobda.<br />

kvlevaTa mimoxilvas mosdevs Tavad guruli dialeqtis<br />

fonetikuri da gramatikuli daxasiaTeba, _ yvelaze<br />

sruli aqamde ganxorcielebul mcdelobaTa Soris, _<br />

rasac, dialeqtis paradigmuli da struqturuli modelis<br />

uCveneblad, ufro CamonaTvalis saxe aqvs, amasTanave,<br />

sailustracio masalac xSirad Raribulad aRiqmeba. naS-

gamoxmaureba 337<br />

romis es monakveTi metwilad aRwerilobiTia da naklebadaa<br />

analitikuri, xolo calkeul monacemTa aRwerilobas<br />

aklia sistemuroba, integraluroba da sisrule. amas<br />

garda, misi kidev erTi nakli isicaa, rom metad mwiradaa<br />

gamoyenebuli Tundac SedarebiT-istoriuli meTodi da<br />

isic, rom mkiTxveli iq versad naxavs am dialeqtis sxvadasxva<br />

kolokavTa diferencirebul aRwera-daxasiaTebas.<br />

<strong>wignis</strong> momdevno, yvelaze mozrdili nawili eTmoba<br />

mkvlevris mier gasuli saukunis 60-ian wlebSi guriaSi<br />

Caweril teqstebs. maTi Rirebuleba, rogorc mopovebuli<br />

pirvelwyarosi, uTuo da saWiroa, magram isic unda<br />

iTqvas, rom verc lingvisturi da verc kulturuli mniSvnelobiT<br />

isini ver Crdilavs im teqstebis mniSvnelobas,<br />

romlebic ara marto aleqsandre Rlontis vrcel nakrebSia<br />

Sesuli, aramed im metad yuradsaRebi teqstebisac,<br />

romlebic polievqt jajaniZes Seukrebia da mouTavsebia<br />

Tavis wignSi 1 .<br />

wigni mTavrdeba guruli dialeqtis leqsikoniT, romelic,<br />

molodinis miuxedavad, mokrZalebuli zomisaa da<br />

ar scildeba wignSi gamoqveynebuli teqstebis leqsikis<br />

farglebs.<br />

sxvaTa Soris, imave niSniT xasiaTdeba jajaniZiseuli<br />

ufro vrceli leqsikonic, romelic, aseve, mxolod mis<br />

wignSi gamoqveynebuli masalis leqsikas moicavs, rac im<br />

SemTxvevaSi, albaT, imiTacaa ganpirobebuli, rom polievqt<br />

jajaniZis wigni guruli dialeqtis kvlevaTa mxolod<br />

pirvel nakveTad ivaraudeboda. dRemde Rirebulebas ar<br />

kargavs gigo SaraSiZis vrceli leqsikonic, romelSic, faqtobriv,<br />

daculia XIX saukunis miwurulisa da XX saukunis<br />

dasawyisis guruli yofis amsaxveli leqsika. amdenad,<br />

miuxedavad imisa, rom arsebobs ramdenime sakmaod mozrdili<br />

guruli leqsikoni, guldasawyvetia, rom aqamde ver<br />

moxerxda da isev ausrulebel miznad rCeba sruli guruli<br />

leqsikonis Sedgena, da ara marto srulisa, _ Tundac<br />

imgvari leqsikonisa, romelic Sekrebda, gaaerTianebda,<br />

daajamebda mTel im leqsikur masalas, rac aqamde dagrovebula<br />

gurul leqsikografiaSi.<br />

1.<br />

sxvaTa Soris, grigol imnaiSviliseul masalebs Soris moTavsebulia erTi<br />

(erTaderTi) poeturi teqsti _ leqsi “firal” daTiko SevardnaZis (SavardnaZis)<br />

Sesaxeb, rac erT, mciredad gansxvavebul versias SesZens guruli folkloris<br />

im farTo nakads, romelsac mixeil Ciqovanma Tavis droze amgvarad<br />

uwoda: “firalis eposi guriaSi” [Ciqovani 1934: 109-141] (Sdr. [sixaruliZe<br />

1967: 96, Smd.]; gansakuTrebiT, daTiko SevardnaZis Sesaxeb ix. [iqve: 127-138,<br />

402-420]; Tavad am leqsis odnavad saxecvlili versia ix. [iqve: 407-409]).

338 waxnagi 1.2009<br />

naSroms erTvis guruli dialeqtis Sesaxeb gamoqveynebul<br />

gamokvlevaTa, cnobaTa, TezisTa, avtoreferatTa Ti-<br />

Tqmis sruli bibliografia, rac ueWvelad gamoadgeba yvela<br />

im mkiTxvels, vinc am dargSi apirebs kvlevas. samwuxarod,<br />

rogorc Cans, bibliografiis Semdgenels miznad ar<br />

dausaxavs srulad aRenusxa guruli folkloris gamocemebi,<br />

_ teqstebi, romlebic, bunebrivia, nayofieri wyaroa<br />

guruli dialeqtis Sesaswavlad (magaliTad, masalebi<br />

anton xinTibiZis [xinTibiZe 1938], qsenia sixaruliZis<br />

[sixaruliZe 1967] an sxvaTa istoriul-eTnografiul-folkloristuli<br />

krebulebidan).<br />

albaT, naklebmniSvnelovania, magram wigniT sargebloba<br />

metad mouxerxebelia imis gamo, rom samecniero wyaroebi<br />

SeniSvnebSi miTiTebulia avtorebis dasaxelebis gareSe<br />

(im SemTxvevaSi, Tu es avtori teqstSia moxseniebuli).<br />

da mainc, wigni RirsSesaniSnavia imiT, rom is yvelaze<br />

mozrdili naSromia, romelic mkiTxvels mTlianad<br />

wamoudgens imas, rac aqamde gakeTebula guruli dialeqtis<br />

Seswavlis saqmeSi: pirvel yovlisa, kvlevaTa srul<br />

mimoxilvas da, meore mxriv, gurulis erTian fonetikurgramatikul<br />

daxasiaTebas. amas garda, mniSvneloba aqvs<br />

wignSi gamoqveynebuli teqstebsa da saleqsikono masalas.<br />

amdenad, grigol imnaiSvilis “guruli dialeqti”<br />

unda miviCnioT gasaTvaliswinebel, saWiro, aucilebel<br />

safuZvladac da moxmobadac _ moxmobad saqmis gasagr-<br />

Zeleblad _ yoveli imisTvis, vinc guruli dialeqtis<br />

ufro gaRrmavebul, sistemur da konceptualurad gaazrebul<br />

Seswavlas gadawyvets da yoveli imisTvisac, vinc momavalSi<br />

guruli sruli leqsikonis Sedgenas Seudgeba.<br />

damowmebani:<br />

gigineiSvili 1961: gigineiSvili i., Tofuria v., qavTaraZe i. qar-<br />

Tuli dialeqtologia, I: <strong>qarTuli</strong> enis kiloTa mokle ganxilva,<br />

teqstebi, leqsikoni, Tb.: Tsu gam-ba, 1961.<br />

JRenti 1936: JRenti s. guruli kilo: gamokvleva, teqstebi, leqsikoni,<br />

tf.: ssrk mecn. akad. saq. filialis gam-ba, 1936.<br />

rusudaniani 1957: rusudaniani, ilia abulaZisa da ivane gigineiSvilis<br />

redaqciiT, Tb.: sabWoTa mwerali, 1957.<br />

sixaruliZe 1967: <strong>qarTuli</strong> xalxuri saistorio sityviereba, III,<br />

teqstebis momzadeba, redaqcia, Sesavali da SeniSvnebi qsenia<br />

sixaruliZis, Tb.: mecniereba, 1967.<br />

Rlonti 1937: Rlonti a. guruli folklori: teqstebi, nawili I,<br />

Tb.: sax. un-tis gam-ba, 1937.

gamoxmaureba 339<br />

SaraSiZe 1938: SaraSiZe g. guruli leqsikoni, qarTvelur enaTa<br />

leqsika, I, Tb.: ssrk mecn. akad. saq. filialis gam-ba, 1938.<br />

Ciqovani 1934: Ciqovani mix. firalis eposi guriaSi, marqsistuli<br />

enaTmecnierebisaTvis, tf.: sax. un-tis gam-ba, 1934.<br />

xinTibiZe 1938: xinTibiZe ant. guruli firalebi, Tb.: saq. samxareTmcodneo<br />

saz-bis gamoc., 1938.<br />

jajaniZe 1977: jajaniZe p. guruli dialeqti, I: teqstebi, leqsikonis<br />

masalebi, Tb.: quTaisis saxelmw. pedagog. instituti,<br />

1977.<br />

jorbenaZe 1989: jorbenaZe b. <strong>qarTuli</strong> dialeqtologia, I, Tb.:<br />

mecniereba, 1989.

zaza firaliSvili<br />

<strong>qarTuli</strong> literaturismcodneobis<br />

axali perspeqtiva<br />

literaturis Teoria: XX saukunis ZiriTadi<br />

meTodologiuri koncefciebi<br />

da mimdinareobebi, Tb.: literaturis<br />

institutis gamomcemloba, 2008, 362 gv.<br />

SoTa rusTavelis <strong>qarTuli</strong> literaturis institutma<br />

gamosca avtorTa jgufis werilebis krebuli “literaturis<br />

Teoria: XX saukunis ZiriTadi meTodologiuri koncefciebi<br />

da mimdinareobebi”. es aris meore _ Sevsebuli da<br />

gadamuSavebuli gamocema da is faqti, rom es wigni zedized<br />

meored gamoica, ukve mravlismTqmelia. Cans, moTxovnileba<br />

_ maT Soris samecniero da inteleqtualuri literaturis<br />

moTxovnileba _ arsebobs. ubralod, misi amocnobaa<br />

saWiro. humanitaruli samecniero literaturis mimarT ki<br />

umTavresi moTxovna, rac SeiZleba arsebobdes dRes, pirvel<br />

rigSi, albaT, es aris cocxali kavSiri mTeli danarCeni<br />

samyaros sulier procesebTan da es gamocema swored mas<br />

upasuxebs.<br />

mecniereba, cxadia, erTian samecniero sakomunikacio<br />

sivrceSi CarTulobas gulisxmobs. es aris aucilebeli piroba,<br />

romlic gareSec mxolod hermetul kvazimecnierul<br />

saqmianobasTan gveqneba saqme, romelsac CvenSi, raRac manqanebiT,<br />

zogjer erovnul samecniero tradiciasac uwodeben<br />

xolme da amiT cdiloben, Tavi aaridon im Zalisxmevas,<br />

romelsac globalur konteqstSi CarTuloba moiTxovs.<br />

arada, TviTizolirebul humanitarul azrovnebaze antierovnuli<br />

Zneli warmosadgenia, iseve, rogorc lukrimasis<br />

mdgomareobaze, rodesac individi Tu sazogadoeba<br />

miiswrafis “namdvili” arsebobisaken da uaryofs sakuTars,<br />

rogorc “aranamdvilsa” da “simulaciurs”. arc erTsa da<br />

arc meores saqme ara aqvs mecnierebasTan, anu sulis im mdgo-<br />

340

gamoxmaureba 341<br />

mareobasTan, romelic gulisxmobs rogorc cxovelmyofel<br />

komunikaciebs, ise sakuTari Tavis mniSvnelobis gancdas.<br />

Cvens SemTxvevaSi rogorc pirveli, ise meore ukiduresobebi<br />

samocdaaTi wlis ganmavlobaSi humanitaruli mecnieruli<br />

konteqstidan amovardnis Sedegia. Tu zogadad<br />

da erTgvari gadaWarbebiT vityviT, cocxali da Tanac<br />

droSi acdenili kavSirebi, umetesad, arsebobda rusuli<br />

revoluciis wina, _ ukeTes SemTxvevaSi, 20-iani wlebis<br />

samecniero cxovrebasTan. amis Semdeg iwyeboda vakuumi da<br />

mxolod dResRa vaxerxebT mis Sevsebas. wigni, romelic<br />

avtorTa jgufma SemogvTavaza, am TvalsazrisiT, Zalze<br />

mniSvnelovan mcdelobas warmoadgens.<br />

ra Tqma unda, <strong>qarTuli</strong> humanitaruli mecnierebaSi ar<br />

gvqonia mxolod sruliad izolirebuli da mxolod saku-<br />

Tar an sabWoTa fundamentze dafuZnebuli gamokvlevebi.<br />

cxadia, gvyavda mkvlevrebi, romlebic nebismier samecniero<br />

tradiciaSi moZebnidnen adgils, magram isic cxadia, rom<br />

isini umeteswilad Cndebodnen yovelgvari logikis gareSe,<br />

radgan mTeli sabWoTa samecniero industria mimarTuli<br />

iyo iqiT, rom amgvarTa gaCena ar daeSva, raTa hermetuli,<br />

mTeli danarCeni samyaros winaaRmdeg SeTqmuli samecniero<br />

sivrce Camoeyalibebina. da mainc, isini iyvnen da swored es<br />

iyo sabWoTa postmoderni: oficialuri versiiT, maT mxolod<br />

mecnierebis periferiebze ganekuTvnebodaT adgili<br />

da amiT, erTgvari ironiiT Tu vityviT, verc sabWoTa mecnierebam<br />

aarida Tavi postmodernis mdgomareobas.<br />

kidev erTxel: Cven viyaviT unikalur situaciaSi, rodesac<br />

principulad SesaZlebeli iyo, yofiliyavi humanitari<br />

mecnieri ise, rom ar gezruna kavSirze yvelafer imas-<br />

Tan, rac mTels danarCen samecniero samyaroSi xdeboda. es<br />

ukanaskneli TiTqmis arafers gvavaldebulebda da TiTqmis<br />

arafriT gangvsazRvravda. cxadia, amgvari sruliad<br />

arabunebrivi mdgomareoba didxans ver SenarCundeboda da<br />

ukve 60-ian wlebSi gaCnda niSnebi imisa, rom odnavi daTbobac<br />

ki sakmarisi iyo bunebrivi mdgomareobis aRdgenisaken<br />

mimarTuli moZraobis gasaCenad. 80-ianma wlebma ki<br />

sabolood daadastura, rom ideologizebuli samecniero<br />

industria zedmetad myife niadagzea nagebi saimisod, rom<br />

mcire Tavisuflebis pirobebSic ki gaZlos.<br />

Cven SeiZleba dausruleblad vikamaToT imaze, Tu ras<br />

warmoadgens literaturis kritika: “arnaziarebTa” profanul<br />

mcdelobas, Seiqmnas mxatvruli sityvis hermetulobis<br />

winaaRmdeg mimarTuli diskursi, am ukanasknelis<br />

“mxilebis” instrumentalur arsenalze rom iqneba dafuZ-

342 waxnagi 1.2009<br />

nebuli da romelic gansazRvravs im sivrces, rac mxatvarma<br />

Tavis normad da legalur ganzomilebebad unda aRiqvas,<br />

_ Tu es aris mcdeloba imisa, rom mxatvruli Semoqmedebis<br />

mTeli mravalferovneba da perspeqtiuli siRrme<br />

kulturis lingvistur qsovilSi “iqnas amocnobili” da<br />

raRac miaxloebaSi mainc gansazRvros is veli, romelzec<br />

mxatvruli azrovnebis mTeli drama TamaSdeba. mkvlevar-<br />

Ta am da mraval sxva mizandasaxulebaTa Soris gansxvavebam<br />

XX saukuneSi mogvca iseTi meTodologiuri “polarobebi”,<br />

rogorebicaa rusuli formalizmi da bevri niSniT misi<br />

monaTesave franguli struqturalizmi, erTi mxriv, xolo<br />

meore mxriv, hermenevtika, fenomenologia da (garkveuli<br />

azriT) poststruqturalizmi. rusuli formalizmisaTvis<br />

damaxasiaTebel sociologizmTan da istorizmTan<br />

erTad am saukunem mogvca Tomas eliotiseuli “axali kritika”,<br />

romlisTvisac poetis arseba depersonalizebuli<br />

mediumis roliT ganisazRvreba da romlisTvisac poetur<br />

aqtSi mocemuli inteleqtisa da emociis, “msoflSegrZnebiTi”<br />

mTlianobis aRdgena umTavresi principia. da amis sapirwoned<br />

aqve ar SeiZleba is gavlena ar gavixsenoT, romelic<br />

XX saukunis literaTuraTmcodneobaze moaxdina fridrix<br />

Slaiermaxeriseulma hermenevtikam da romantikulma<br />

individualizmma, romlis wiaRSic hermenevtikosi umal<br />

TanaSemoqmedad gaiazreba.<br />

mTeli es giganturi Zalisxmeva mimarTulia iqiT,<br />

rom mxatvruli sityvis raoba iqnas gaazrebuli, gagebuli<br />

iqnas is meqanizmebi, romliTac avtori socialur<br />

lingvistikaSi sruliad gansakuTrebul mdgomareobas<br />

mopovebs _ rodesac individi mxolod ki ar adasturebs<br />

sakomunikacio sivrcesa da mis mtyvelebas, anu kulturis<br />

narativis kidev erT SemTxvevas ki ar gvTavazobs,<br />

aramed Tavisi metyvelebiT acocxlebs am ukanasknelis<br />

substancias da axal paradigmatul elfers aZlevs mas.<br />

literaturismcodneoba cdilobs, gaiazros, Tu rogor<br />

yalibdeba mxatvruli sityvis wiaRSi kulturis axali<br />

dinamika da rogor eniWeba axali naratiuli elferi<br />

marad adamianur kiTxvas “ra xdeba?”. am azriT, literaturismcodneoba,<br />

albaT, SeiZleba ganixilebodes, rogorc<br />

im paraleluri gamocdilebis produqti, romelic<br />

mxatvruli nawarmoebis gaazrebis aqtSi iqmneba da romelic<br />

erTgvar mediumur rols asrulebs avtorsa da kulturas<br />

Soris. es aris aqti, romelic Semoqmeds Svelis,<br />

rom sayovelTao lingvisturi qsovilis energetikuli<br />

centris roli moipovos.

gamoxmaureba 343<br />

cxadia, amas axlavs Tavisi uaryofiTi mxarec: rogorc<br />

merab mamardaSvili aRniSnavda Tavis “leqciebSi prustis<br />

Sesaxeb”, Cndeba saSiSroeba imisa, rom avtors Caenacvleba<br />

misi socio-kulturuli oreuli, misi socio-kulturuli<br />

xati, romelic Tavad mas adgils ar dautovebs. albaT, es<br />

gaxlavT is wyalgamyofi, romelze gavlac uwevs yovel kritikossa<br />

da xelovnebis Teoretikoss. Tavis moRvaweobaSi<br />

igi yovelTvis im safrTxis winaSea, rom SedevrTa araadekvatur<br />

socio-kulturul enaze TargmniT da mwerlis<br />

mier ganxorcielebul sulier aqtTa tiraJirebiT uneburad<br />

avtori da da teqsti maTi simulaciebiT SeiZleba Canacvldes.<br />

da mainc, gavimeorebT, rom nebismieri mecniereba da,<br />

cxadia, maT Soris humanitaruli, erTgvari paraleluri<br />

gamocdilebis wyalobiT viTardeba _ gamocdilebiT, romelic<br />

grovdeba, miuxedavad mecnierebaSi arsebuli tradiciuli<br />

sicxadeebisa da inteleqtualuri pirobiTobebisa,<br />

miuxedavad mecnierul interaqciaSi Camoyalibebuli<br />

sakomunikacio imperativebisa. swored es qmnis humanitaruli<br />

mecnierebis giganturi, mravalsaxa da dinamikuri panoramis<br />

sicocxles, romelic, erTi mxriv, kavSirSia Tavis deklarirebul<br />

obieqtTan, literaturasTan da, meore mxriv,<br />

viTardeba da percefciis aqtSi yalibdeba, rogorc avtonomiuri<br />

inteleqtualuri sxeuli, rogorc avtonomiuri<br />

sakomunikacio diskursi da rogorc kulturis reJimis umniSvnelovanesi<br />

gamoxatuleba.<br />

axlad gamosuli krebuli, misi avtorebis sasaxelod<br />

unda iTqvas, yovelive amis sakmaod damajerebel gamoxatulebas<br />

warmoadgens. Cven ar SevexebiT mis naklovanebebs.<br />

amgvari naklovanebebis SemCneva nebismier gamocemaSi Sei-<br />

Zleba. mTavari aq sxvaa: krebuli warmoadgens Zalze damajerebel<br />

mcdelobas imisa, rom mkiTxvelebs mxatvruli sityvis<br />

raobis SesaZlo gaazrebaTa mTeli mravalferovneba<br />

SesTavazos.

ela wifuria<br />

antiutopiuri realoba da antiutopiuri romani<br />

irma ratiani, qronotopi antiutopiur<br />

romanSi: esqatologiuri antiutopiis<br />

interpretaciisaTvis, Tb.:<br />

Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba,<br />

2005, 288 gv.<br />

antiutopiis (an distopiis) rogorc literaturuli<br />

fenomenis kvleva saqarTveloSi xangrZliv istorias ar<br />

iTvlis, Tumca Cven xangrZlivad mogviwia antiutopiur istoriul<br />

droSi cxovreba. maSin, roca dasavlur kultura-<br />

Si utopiuri modelis opoziciuri, antiutopiuri saazrovno<br />

modelis Camoyalibeba da utopiis realizaciis precedentebis<br />

gaanalizeba xdeboda, sabWour sinamdvileSi<br />

moqceuli adamianebi realurad ganicdidnen, Tu ra Sedegi<br />

SeiZleba mohyves kacobriobis utopiuri ocnebis istoria-<br />

Si xorcSesxmis mcdelobas.<br />

iqmneboda Tu ara im periodis saqarTveloSi antiutopiuri<br />

teqstebi, anu xdeboda Tu ara sakuTari sinamdvilis<br />

adekvaturi gacnobiereba? SeiZleba Tu ara sabWouri periodSi<br />

Seqmnili <strong>qarTuli</strong> teqstis wakiTxva dasavluri<br />

antiutopiuri modelis gamoyenebiT? bevr sxva kiTxvasTan<br />

erTad irma ratianis wigni am kiTxvebsac upasuxebs (an, Tu<br />

gnebavT, am kiTxvebsac aRZravs).<br />

sanam mkiTxvels <strong>qarTuli</strong> literaturuli teqstis antiutopiuri<br />

modeliT gaazrebas SesTavazebdes, wignSi<br />

“qronotopi antiutopiur romanSi: esqatologiuri antiutopiis<br />

interpretaciisaTvis” avtoris mier Catarebulia<br />

vrceli analitikur-diskripciuli samuSao da wamoWrilia<br />

mTeli rigi literaturismcodneobiTi problemebisa:<br />

rogor xdeboda utopiuri da antiutopiuri modelebis<br />

ganviTareba; rogor yalibdeboda utopia da antiutopia<br />

literaturuli Janris saxiT da rogori filosofiuri<br />

344

gamoxmaureba 345<br />

wanamZRvrebi hqonda am literaturul movlenebs; ra rols<br />

asrulebs droisa da sivrcis kategoriebi antiutopiis,<br />

rogorc literaturuli Janris determinaciaSi; rogor<br />

qmnis individi materialuri dro-sivrcis alternatiul,<br />

zRvrul da Sualedur, liminarul samyaros da rogor xdeba<br />

literaturuli diskursi alternatiuli liminaluri<br />

samyaros saarsebo garemo, rogor iqmneba mxatvruli teqstis<br />

aramaterialuri dro-sivrce, romelic materialuri<br />

epoqis bunebas amxels mas Semdegac, rac am epoqis arseboba<br />

warsuls Cabardeba.<br />

irma ratianis wignSi, mis mier gaanalizebuli literaturuli<br />

teqstebis Sesabamisad, naTel pasuxs ipoviT im ki-<br />

Txvaze, Tu ra aqcevs utopiuri mizandasaxulebis sivrces<br />

antiutopiad _ am Sedegs iwvevs pirovnebis ugulebelyofa,<br />

misi daTrgunvis mcdeloba idealuri wesrigis SemqmnelTa<br />

da mcvelTa mier, individualobis msxverplad gaRebis mo-<br />

Txovna swored idealuri wesrigis saxeliT. literaturuli<br />

teqstebi, romlebic am azrisken istoriuli da pirovnuli<br />

gamocdilebis safuZvelze mogviZRvian, amave dros,<br />

gviCveneben, Tu rogor daikarga meoce saukuneSi idiliuri<br />

miwieri samyaros Seqmnis imedi. es aris saukune, roca mwerals<br />

aRar uCndeba utopiis xilvis molodini da amgvar<br />

molodins ucruebs im mkiTxvelsac, romelsac jer kidev<br />

sjera miwieri idealuri samyarosi, amgvari TavdajerebiT<br />

cxovrobs da kiTxulobs. magram kiTxvisas sul male xdeba<br />

sacnauri, rom perfeqcionistuli, organizebuli samyaro<br />

sinamdvileSi fiqciaa da mis miRma boroteba imaleba. amitom<br />

meoce saukune antiutopiuri romanebis saukunea.<br />

antiutopiuri modelis ganviTareba utopiuri idealisadmi<br />

frustraciis uSualo Sedegia. Tuki utopiis, rogorc<br />

filosofiuri Temis da literaturuli Janris Seqmna, _<br />

platonidan Tu Tomas moridan dawyebuli, _ ararsebuli<br />

(arsad arsebuli) idealuri samyarosaken swrafvam ganapiroba,<br />

antiutopiis saboloo formireba, _ evgeni zamiatinidan<br />

moyolebuli, _ realobaSi Seqmnil fsevfoidealur<br />

samyarosTan Sejaxebam gamoiwvia. Tumca niSandoblivia<br />

isic, rom meoce saukuneSi uxvad producirebuli antiutopiuri<br />

romanebis absoluturi umravlesoba swored totalitaruli<br />

reJimebis moqmedebis gareT iqmneboda. ra uSlida<br />

xels am Janris farTo ganviTarebas reJimebis samoqmedo<br />

sivrcis farglebSi? am mizezebs Soris aris cenzura,<br />

kulturul da SemoqmedebiT aqtivobaze kontroli, aseve<br />

_ kulturuli da samoqalaqo poziciis gamoxatvis uaxlesi<br />

tendenciebisagan izolireba. im SemTxvevaSic, roca esa

346 waxnagi 1.2009<br />

Tu is tendencia sabWouri reJimis gamefebamde erTian modernistul<br />

sivrceSi iyo Casaxuli, totalitaruli ideologiuri<br />

cenzura axerxebda rogorc SemoqmedebiTi mimar-<br />

Tulebis CaxSobas, aseve Semoqmedis fizikur likvidacias<br />

_ rogori bedic mixeil javaxiSvils xvda, an mis fizikur<br />

gandevnas _ rogorc es zamiatins mouwia.<br />

mixeil javaxiSvili erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi avtoria,<br />

romlis SemoqmedebiTi da pirovnuli magaliTiTac<br />

SeiZleba vimsjeloT sabWouri sistemisadmi <strong>qarTuli</strong><br />

mwerlobis rezistentobaze. misi SemoqmedebiTi biografia<br />

modernizmis individualistur kulturul sivrceSi<br />

daiwyo, amdenad, misTvis miuRebelia is samyaro, romelic<br />

danaSaulebrivia swored individis, misi uflebebis, misi<br />

materialuri da moraluri kuTvnilebis winaSe, rac “jayos<br />

xiznebSi” naTlad gamoTqva kidec. es romani, rogorc antitotalitaruli<br />

teqsti, irma ratianis mier antiutopiuri<br />

Teoriis safuZvelzea aRqmuli, xolo komparatistuli<br />

meTodiT is vladimir nabokovis romanebTan “mopatiJeba<br />

sikvdilze” da “Bend Sinister” erTad aris gaanalizebuli.<br />

nabokovs yofierad da fizikurad ar ugemia sabWoTa sinamdvile,<br />

Tumca is, rogorc rusuli emigrantuli ojaxis<br />

warmomadgeneli, verasodes iqneboda sruliad gareSe piri<br />

am sinamdvilisadmi. antiidealuri politikuri realobis,<br />

pirovnebisa da totalitarizmis mimarTebaze orive<br />

avtori piraduli da pirovnuli gadasaxedidan wers. es<br />

personalizebuli damokidebuleba problemisadmi warmoadgens<br />

irma ratianisaTvis maTi romanebis esqatologiuri<br />

antiutopiuri tipologiis gansazRvris erT-erT<br />

arguments. gaanalizebul romanebs marTlac aerTianebs<br />

sabWouri konteqsti, irma ratianisaTvis politikuri konteqsti<br />

maTi Janruli gamTlianebisaTvis zogadi fonia,<br />

am niadagze iqmneba romanebis konceptualuri da motivaciuri<br />

maxasiaTeblebi. Tumca wignSi “qronotopi antiutopiur<br />

romanSi” nabokovisa da javaxiSvilis romanebis<br />

komparatistuli analizi, uwinaresad, dro-sivrcis kategoriebisadmi<br />

avtoris, personaJebisa da teqstis mimarTebis<br />

niSniT, struqturuli maxasiaTeblebis mixedviT aris<br />

Catarebuli. <strong>wignis</strong> literaturul-Teoriuli poziciac<br />

swored im azrs emyareba, rom antiutopiis Janruli determinaciis<br />

safuZveli teqstis qronotopuli sistemaa. aseve,<br />

“qronotopuli kategoriebis subieqturi gaazreba ganapirobebs<br />

antiutopiis Janris determinacias calkeuli tipis<br />

antiutopiebad: mecnieruli antiutopia, fantastikuri<br />

antiutopia, satiruli antiutopia da sxva” (gv. 158).

gamoxmaureba 347<br />

javaxiSvilisa da nabokovis romanebs irma ratiani esqatologiuri<br />

antiutopiis rakursSi kiTxulobs, Tavis mxriv,<br />

literaturuli teqstebis analizisas ki, zogadad, Janris<br />

determinaciis kriteriumebs gamokveTs: “esqatologiuri<br />

antiutopiis centraluri problema aris ara mxolod<br />

groteskuli protesti arsebuli reJimis mimarT, aramed<br />

“idealuri wesrigis”, “koleqtiuri” paTosisa da “masobrivi”<br />

ideologiis wiaRSi Cakarguli pirovnebis gamoRviZeba,<br />

individualuri “me”-s sabediswero janyi realobis winaaRmdeg,<br />

arsebul dro-sivrcul garemosTan misi sruli<br />

SeuTavseblobisa da sxva alternatiuli dro-sivrculi<br />

ganfenilobisaken ltolvis demonstrireba” (gv. 158).<br />

irma ratianis “qronotopi antiutopiur romanSi” literaturuli<br />

antiutopiis Teoriuli kvlevisa da Janruli<br />

determinaciis axal safexurs warmoadgens. literaturis<br />

TeoriaSi am gziT iqmneba antiutopiis JanrSi esqatologiuri<br />

antiutopiis tipologiis gansazRvris, liminalobis<br />

TeoriasTan antiutopiis Janris dakavSirebis, mxatvruli<br />

dro-sivrcis JanrganmsazRvreli da transformaciuli<br />

funqciis gamokveTis precedentebi. amave gziT miRebulia<br />

uSualod <strong>qarTuli</strong> literaturismcodneobiTi sivrcis<br />

erT-erTi umTavresi gamowveva; Sesrulebulia ara mxolod<br />

dasavluri Teoriuli kulturis aTvisebis, aramed misi gamdidrebis<br />

amocana. kidev erTi mniSvnelovani amocana ukavSirdeba<br />

zogadad <strong>qarTuli</strong> kulturuli memkvidreobisa<br />

da konkretuli teqstebis interpretacias aqamde ucnobi<br />

rakursiT, rac qarTul kvleviT sivrceSi inteleqtualuri<br />

pluralizmis niadags qmnis. amave dros, gadadgmulia<br />

kidev erTi nabiji <strong>qarTuli</strong> kulturis antitotalitaruli<br />

gamocdilebis kvlevaSi, rac, Sesabamisad, Tanamedrove<br />

saqarTvelos kulturul-inteleqtualuri liberaciis<br />

mizanTan gvaaxlovebs.

eqvTime koWlamazaSvili<br />

giorgi mTawmidelis “Tvenis” gamocemisaTvis<br />

giorgi mTawmidelis Tveni (seqtemberi),<br />

gamosca, gamokvleva, saZieblebi da<br />

leqsikoni daurTo lali jRamaiam, Tb.:<br />

naTlismcemeli, Tbilisi, 2007, 562 gv.<br />

“Zveli <strong>qarTuli</strong> mwerlobis Zeglebis” serias, romelsac<br />

gamoscems saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis korneli<br />

kekeliZis saxelobis xelnawerTa instituti (amJamad _ xelnawerTa<br />

erovnuli centri), amas winaT Seemata IX gamoSvebis<br />

– giorgi mTawmidelis `Tvenis~ – pirveli nakveTi,<br />

romelSic seqtembris sagaloblebia gamoqveynebuli. teqsti<br />

gamosca, gamokvleva, saZieblebi da leqsikoni daurTo<br />

lali jRamaiam.<br />

wigni STambeWdavi moculobisaa: is didi formatis (A4)<br />

562 gverds moicavs. amitomac mkiTxvels ar gaukvirdeba,<br />

rom misi momzadebisa da daxvewisaTvis mkvlevars ramdenime<br />

weliwadi moundomebia _ 1962-dan 1967 wlamde. kvlevis<br />

pirveli Sedegebi, avtoris sityviT, gzadagza qveyndeboda<br />

da bolos Sejamda sadisertacio naSromSi _ “XI saukunis<br />

<strong>qarTuli</strong> himnografiis istoriidan (giorgi mTawmidelis<br />

Tveni)” (gv. 6). samwuxarod, am naSromis wignad<br />

gamocema didi xniT Seyovnda (gamoica 2007 wels), magram,<br />

meore mxriv, am Seyovnebam avtors saSualeba misca, naSromis<br />

calkeuli detalebi Seesworebina da Seevso. saxeldobr,<br />

uSualod gamocemis win Seadgina avtorma saZieblebi<br />

(heortologiur xsenebaTa, himnografTa, ZlispirTa<br />

da RmrTismSoblisaTa, troparTa da, rac gansakuTrebiT<br />

mniSvnelovania, qristes da RmrTismSoblis epiTetebisa).<br />

amrigad, Cvens winaSea mravalwliani Tavdadebuli<br />

Sromis nayofi: giorgi mTawmidelis monumenturi liturgikul-himnografiuli<br />

naSromis _ `Tvenis~ – <strong>qarTuli</strong><br />

Targmanis monografiuli Seswavlis pirveli etapi _ seqt-<br />

348

gamoxmaureba 349<br />

embris Tve (winaa “Tvenis” Semdegi nakveTebis _ TerTmeti<br />

uzarmazari tomis _ mecnieruli Seswavla da gamocema).<br />

vfiqrobT, aq uadgiloa saubris gagrZeleba im Rvawlis<br />

Sesaxeb, rac giorgi mTawmidels miuZRvis <strong>qarTuli</strong> mwerlobis<br />

da, gansakuTrebiT, liturgikul-himnografiuli<br />

krebulebis qarTulad Targmnis saqmeSi. am Rvawls jerovnad<br />

warmoaCens lali jRamaia sarecenzio naSromSi (gv.<br />

8-31). mkvlevari Tvenis mravalricxovan nusxebSi daculi<br />

teqstebisa da mTargmneliseuli anderZebis kritikuli<br />

Seswavlisa da samecniero literaturaSi gamoTqmuli mosazrebebis<br />

analizis safuZvelze Tavis gamokvlevaSi na-<br />

Tel warmodgenas gviqmnis giorgi mTawmidelis mTargmnelobiTi<br />

muSaobis specifikasa da <strong>qarTuli</strong> Tvenis Taviseburebebze;<br />

warmoaCens am Zeglis udides rols <strong>qarTuli</strong> da<br />

berZnuli himnografiis istoriis mravali sakiTxis kvlevisaTvis.<br />

gamokvlevas erTvis teqstis dadgenisaTvis gamoyenebul<br />

nusxaTa mokle aRweriloba (gv. 32-34), SeniSvnebi “teqstisaTvis”<br />

(gv. 35) da seqtembris “Tvenis” sruli teqsti oTxi<br />

uZvelesi xelnaweris (Jer.110, Jer.124, Sin.7 da Ath.73) mixedviT<br />

(gv. 40-386), aseve, sami damateba [“oxiTani sekdenberisani”<br />

(gv. 387-391), seqtembrisave “stiqaronni” (gv. 392-462)<br />

da giorgi mTawmidelis anderZebi (gv. 463-468)], zemoaRniSnuli<br />

saZieblebi (gv. 478-554), leqsikoni (gv. 555-562)<br />

da reziumeebi (gv. 469-477).<br />

mkiTxvelTa farTo wris gansakuTrebul interess aRZravs<br />

“Tvenis” kritikuli teqsti, romelic amjerad pirvelad<br />

qveyndeba. giorgi mTawmidelis RmrTivbrwyinvale naSromis<br />

mimarT interesi gamoixata jer kidev imiT, rom anonimma<br />

mkvlevrebma ramdenime wlis winaT ukve scades misi gamocema<br />

praqtikul-liturgikuli saWiroebisaTvis (gamosces kidec<br />

ianvrisa da dekembris “Tvenebi” bodbis dedaTa monastris<br />

xelSewyobiT). rakiRa es gamocemebi, calkeuli Rirsebebis<br />

miuxedavad, teqstobrivad bolomde gamarTuli ar<br />

aRmoCnda (ix. Cveni recenzia Jurnal “religiaSi”, # 4-5-6,<br />

2006, gv. 89-91), bunebrivia, lali jRamaias mier mecnierulkritikuli<br />

aparatis darTviT gamocemuli seqtembris “Tvenis”<br />

gamoCenisas mkiTxvels uTuod Caesaxeboda imedi, _<br />

giorgi mTawmidelis am didebuli naSromis gacnobis saSualeba<br />

axla mainc gveZlevao iseTi ubiwo saxiT, rogoriTac<br />

igi mTargmnelis xelidan gamovida, _ magram, samwuxarod,<br />

es molodini bolomde ver marTldeba.<br />

mcire recenziaSi gansaxilveli publikaciis yvela xarvezis<br />

CamoTvla SeuZlebelia maTi simravlis gamo: isini

350 waxnagi 1.2009<br />

<strong>wignis</strong> TiTqmis yvela gverdze iCens Tavs (zogierT gverdze<br />

_ ramdenimec). amitom davkmayofildebiT ramdenime<br />

tipuri cdomilebis CvenebiT:<br />

1. teqstis araswori amokiTxva.<br />

zogierT adgilas gamocemis teqsti bundovania xelnaweridan<br />

calkeuli sityvebis araswori amokiTxvis gamo.<br />

magaliTad, 1 seqtembris erT-erT gangebaSi (“wmidaTa ormeocTa<br />

qalwulTa¡”) “ufalo RaRatyavis” dasdebelSi vki-<br />

TxulobT: “qalwulTa wmidaTa erTi ganzraxva¡ aCuenes<br />

ormeocTa guamTa Sina da monazonebisa ufalTa mianiWes<br />

Ruawli wamebisa¡” (gv. 59). dasdeblis pirveli fraza Zalze<br />

gamWvirvalea (wmida ormoci qalwuli erTi ganzraxviT<br />

yofila aRZruli, e. i. erT sulad Sekrulan), magram amas<br />

mosdevs sruliad gaugebari Txroba: “...da monazonebisa<br />

ufalTa mianiWes Ruawli wamebisa¡”. vinaa “monazonebis<br />

ufali”? an rogor SeiZleba “wamebis Rvawlis” miniWeba?<br />

bundovanebis mizezi isaa, rom xelnaweridan ori sityva<br />

mcdarad amoukiTxavs mkvlevars: “ufalTa” nacvlad unda<br />

iyos: “RuawlTa”; “mianiWes” nacvlad ki _ “SeaerTes” (Secdomis<br />

mizezi, rogorc Cans, am sityvebis grafikuli msgavsebaa).<br />

amrigad, swori amokiTxvis SemTxvevaSi gveqneboda:<br />

“...da monazonebisa RuawlTa SeaerTes Ruawli wamebisa¡”,<br />

e. i. ormoci qalwuli samonazvno moRvaweobasTan erTad<br />

mowameobis RvawliTac gabrwyinvebula. amasve mowmobs<br />

momdevno dasdebeli: “cecxliTa SemwuarTa da m£ecTa<br />

miTxeulTa da tanjvaTa mier gankafulTa da max¢liTa<br />

daWrilTa ara uvar-gyves Sen ormeocTa qalwulTa mowame-<br />

Ta, qriste, rameTu iwylnes Sen uxrwnelisa siZisa trfialebiTa”.<br />

xelnaweridan teqstis araswori amokiTxvis Sedegia<br />

bundovaneba sxva mraval dasdebelSic: “¥ sanatrelo an-<br />

Timos... sisxli Seni Seswire qristes m£snelisa, Seswirevd<br />

wmidad, Sewynarebulad da kadniereba¡ didebuli gaqus<br />

Sen mis winaSe. meox gueyav, dido mamaTmTavaro, survilT<br />

aRmsarebelTa yovlad patiosnisa dResaswaulisa SenisaTa”<br />

(gv. 82). rogorc vxedavT, am sityvebis warmomTqmeli<br />

Tavis Tavs dResaswaulis “survilT aRmsareblad” moixseniebs.<br />

magram gaugebaria: dResaswauls ra “survilebi”<br />

SeiZleba hqondes, an ras niSnavs am survilebis “aRsareba”<br />

(e. i. aRiareba) vinmes mier? bundovanebas iwvevs is, rom<br />

“survilT aRmsarebeli” mkvlevars SecdomiT amoukiT xavs<br />

“surviliT aRmasrulebelis” nacvlad. am SesworebiT<br />

frazaSi gamoTqmuli azri naTeli xdeba. Tumca winamdebare<br />

sagalobelSi sxva Secdomacaa: “Seswirevd wmidad”, _

gamoxmaureba 351<br />

amis nacvlad unda iyos: “Sesawiravad wmidad da Sewynarebulad”.<br />

“kadnierebiT eneba mRdeloba¡ warmdebsa kores, vina¡ca<br />

STa£da jojoxeTs krebuliTurT, rameTu RmerTman pativgca<br />

Sen, mose, da patiJi sameufo¡ da samRdelo¡ dagimk¢dra”<br />

(gv. 102). aq saubaria mose rjulmdebelze, magram gaugebaria:<br />

Tu RmerTma mas pativi miago, patiJi (e. i. tanjva, sasjeli)<br />

rogorRa daumkvidra? _ aq nonsensis wyaroa `pativis~<br />

nacvlad arasworad amokiTxuli `patiJi~.<br />

`zR¢sa mier gamohsaxe, [mose], wmida¡ naTlisReba¡ da<br />

cxorebisa Zelsa damokidebiTa juarcuma¡ £snilisa¡<br />

g¢qadage~ (gv. 96). aSkaraa, aq unda iyos: `m£snelisa¡~.<br />

mcdaradaa amokiTxuli aseve Zlispiri: `war£da saxe<br />

Seni~ (gv. 42). unda iyos: `war£da saxe SjulTa maT pirvel-<br />

Ta da gamoCnda madli dRes...~ da a. S.<br />

2. sityvaTa araswori gankveTa.<br />

svimeon halabelis (1 seqt.) erT-erT dasdebelSi vki-<br />

TxulobT: “Rirs iqmen madlsa kurnebaTasa, Rirso s¢meon...<br />

momec Cuen, madidebelTa SenTa, sulTa vnebisa ganTavisufleba¡”<br />

(gv. 59). ratom viTxovT Rirsi svimeonisagan sulTa<br />

vnebis ganTavisuflebas? vin daatyveva es vnebebi, an ratom<br />

gvsurs maTi ganTavisufleba? aq bundovaneba gamowveulia<br />

sityvebis araswori gankveTiT; unda iyos: “momec Cuen... sulisa<br />

vnebaTagan Tavisufleba¡” (swori forma _ “vnebaTa”<br />

_ mkvlevars ratomRac sqolioSi Cautania).<br />

3. marTebuli formis sqolioSi Catana da ZiriTad teqstSi<br />

mcdari formis datoveba.<br />

aseTi saxis Secdomebi gansakuTrebiT uxvadaa “Tvenis”<br />

gamocemaSi.<br />

magaliTad, wm. babilas gangebaSi vkiTxulobT: “saTnoebaTa<br />

hasaki SromiTa moRuawebisa¡Ta Sehmzade da aRavse<br />

igi afriTa miT juarisa¡Ta...” (gv. 91). saTnoebaTa “asaki”<br />

rogor unda “Sehmzado” da, miT ufro, jvris afriT rogor<br />

unda `aRavso” is _ asaki? am bundovanebis wyaroa “larnakis”<br />

nacvlad arasworad amokiTxuli “asaki” (am variantis<br />

marTebulobas xazs usvams sxva variantic _ “kidobani”, romelic<br />

mkvlevars “larnakTan” erTad sqolioSi Cautania,<br />

mcdari forma `hasaki~ ki _ ZiriTad teqstSi dautovebia).<br />

aseve: “saRmrTo¡Ta bWobiTa SeniTa gamorCeul iqmna<br />

mwyemsad pirmetyuelad samwysoTa SenTa babila...” (gv. 93).<br />

mwyemsis “pirmetyueleba” aravisTvis ucxo ar aris da arc<br />

mosalodneli iyo, rom avtors es aReniSna. marTlac, aq<br />

mxolod samwysos “pirmetyuelebazea” saubari. maSasadame,<br />

unda iyos: “pirmetyuelTa”.

352 waxnagi 1.2009<br />

“£elTagan oqro¡sa mohkueTe Sen kerpisa¡ mis, Rirso...”<br />

(gv. 131). aq unda Seswordes: “£eli oqro¡sa¡”.<br />

“evedre qristesa, Zesa Cuensa”, weria RmrTismSoblisadmi<br />

mimarTul erT sagalobelSi (gv. 135). Tu gadamwers<br />

aseTi uneblie mkrexeloba SeemTxva (unda iyos: “Zesa Sensa”<br />

da ara “Zesa Cuensa”), teqstis gamomcemels uTuod hmarTebda<br />

Sesworeba. magram, samwuxarod, mcdari forma ZiriTad<br />

teqstSia dafiqsirebuli, swori forma ki _ sqolioSi.<br />

msgavs mkrexelobas (amjerad _ RmrTismSoblis araqalwulebis<br />

mtkicebas) vawydebiT 8 seqtembris sxva sagalobelSi:<br />

“...kari dakrZaluli mxolo¡ Zisa RmrTisa<br />

mxolo¡sa¡, romelsa Sevida [igulisxmeba: qriste] da<br />

ganRebuladve daicva...” (gv. 139). ra Tqma unda, aq “ganu­<br />

Rebeladve” unda eweros (“ganRebuli kari” am konteqstSi<br />

qalwulebis darRvevas niSnavs). msgavsi varianti (“ganu-<br />

Rebelad”), marTlac, sqolioSia dafiqsirebuli. xolo A<br />

xelnaweris varianti mkvlevars arasworad amoukiTxavs:<br />

iq, aSkarad, “ganuRebeladve” ewera da ara “ganRebuladve”.<br />

da asec rom yofiliyo, kritikuli teqstis damdgens sxva<br />

variantebis mixedviT mainc hmarTebda misi Sesworeba. es<br />

SemTxveva ki, rogorc sxva mravali, ar Seefereba satitulo<br />

furcelze warweril “Defenitive text”-s.<br />

“romelica £eliTa wina¡swarmetyuelTa¡Ta emsgavsa<br />

RmerTi, aw aRsruleba¡ aCuena SobiTa miT SeniTa, raJams<br />

Sengan gamouCnda sofelsa”, weria kvlav RmrTismSoblisadmi<br />

mimarTul sagalobelSi (gv. 151). ar Cans, vis emsgavsa<br />

RmerTi, Tanac “£eliTa”. bundovaneba moixsneba, Tu arasworad<br />

amokiTxul “£eliTa”-s nacvlad CavsvamT “£miTa”-s,<br />

xolo “emsgavsa”-s nacvlad _ “ityoda”-s.<br />

“mTavarsa mas naTesavTasa, qriste, locviTa miT s¢meon<br />

marTlisa¡Ta juarcumulisa avazakisaebr uwode” (gv. 58).<br />

“naTesavTa mTavari~ _ nonsensia; unda iyos: `mTavarsa mas<br />

avazakTasa”.<br />

“aRtexilman tanjvaTa samnakecTa RelvaTaman wmidaTa<br />

navsa danTqmad ver uZlo...” (gv. 61). unda iyos: “aRtexaman”.<br />

“ugunurTa huriaTa samxilebelad da mowamed yofadTa<br />

ukeTurTa saqmeTa maTTa dascen lodni igi Sen, iso brZeno”<br />

(gv. 64). grafikulad urTierTmsgavsi “c” da “x” asoebis<br />

aRrevis Sedegad gaCenili “dascen” unda gaswordes Semdegnairad:<br />

“dasxen lodni igi” (Sdr. isu navesi 4,3-8; 4,20).<br />

“RmrTisa dedao... yovelTagan sabr£eTa mterisaTa ara<br />

meSinis, rameTu saxid da zRuded Sen gesav, ubiwovo” (gv.<br />

72). aqac “c” da “x” asoebis aRreva gvaqvs. unda iyos: “sacod”<br />

(da ara “saxid”).

gamoxmaureba 353<br />

“aRmavsen Cuen, qriste, naTelTa SenTa mier” (gv. 42). aq<br />

unda iyos: “...keTilTa SenTa mier”.<br />

“hsufev saRmrTo¡Ta sixaruliTa mgalobelTa maT Sen-<br />

Ta netarTa Tana” (gv. 68). unda iyos: “mSobelTa”.<br />

“erTi buneba¡ aqunda mravalTa guamTa Sina... ormeocTa<br />

maT RirsTa qalwulTa” (gv. 61). ormoc qalwuls rom erTi<br />

buneba (kacobrivi buneba) hqonoda, amaSi ucnauri araferia.<br />

himnografi aq yuradRebas amaxvilebs imaze, rom ormoc qalwuls<br />

erTi goneba (e. i. azri, fiqri, ganzraxva) hqonda.<br />

swori forma _ “goneba” mkvlevars variantad Cautania sqolioSi,<br />

mcdari forma _ “buneba” ki ZiriTad teqstSi dautovebia.<br />

“gonebisa” da “bunebis” grafikuli msgavseba gvafiqrebinebs,<br />

rom “buneba” arc erT xelnawerSi ar weria; ubralod,<br />

mkvlevarma amoikiTxa ase, da ara marto amoikiTxa, ZiriTad<br />

teqstSic Seitana. analogiuri Secdomaa wm. deda Teodoras<br />

sagalobelSic: “samoseli mamaTa¡ da buneba¡ca Seimose,<br />

Rirso...” (gv. 181). aqac, rasakvirvelia, “goneba¡” unda<br />

eweros, Torem gamoucdeli mkiTxveli, SesaZloa, SeeWvdes:<br />

nuTu es dedakaci mamakacad gardaiqmnao?<br />

variantul wakiTxvaTa araswori SerCeviT gamowveuli<br />

Secdomebis simravle gvafiqrebinebs, rom Tavad xelnawer-<br />

Ta variantebi xSir SemTxvevaSi mcdaradaa amokiTxuli (es<br />

iTqmis gansakuTrebiT A literiT aRniSnuli xelnaweris<br />

variantebze). sxvagvarad, variantebs mcire azrobrivi (an<br />

orTografiuli) niuansebi unda daefiqsirebina, da ara<br />

nonsensebi, rogorc ganxilul SemTxvevebSi gvaqvs.<br />

teqstobrivi Secdomebi sarecenzio gamocemaSi, samwuxarod,<br />

amiT ar amoiwureba. marto im SecdomaTa ricxvi,<br />

romlebic Cven SevamCnieT xelnawerebSi Cauxedavad, ramdenime<br />

aseulia. kodikologiuri Zieba ki Semdgom mkvlevarT,<br />

imedia, teqstis saboloo dadgenis saSualebas miscems.<br />

is kvleviTi monapovari, rac lali jRamaias naSromSi<br />

dafiqsirda, mainc udaod mniSvnelovnad wingadadgmuli<br />

nabijia giorgi mTawmidelis “Tvenis” teqstologiur-istoriuli<br />

Seswavlis saqmeSi da Cveni SeniSvnebiT sulac ar<br />

gvsurs, davakninoT mkvlevris damsaxureba. Tu Cveni recenzia<br />

usaxur panegirikad ar gadavaqcieT da ufro meti yuradReba<br />

Secdomebis gasworebas davuTmeT, _ mxolod imisaTvis,<br />

raTa Cveni werili sulieri sargeblis gareSe ar darCeniliyo<br />

da Cvenc mciredi raime wvlili Segvetana “Tvenis”<br />

teqstis dazustebis saqmeSi: im saqmeSi, risi didi nawilic<br />

warmatebiT Seasrula gamomcemelma da mkvlevarma.<br />

naSromis erT-erT mniSvnelovan Rirsebad gvesaxeba<br />

qristesa da RmrTismSoblis epiTetebis saZiebeli, rome-

354 waxnagi 1.2009<br />

lic wigns boloSi erTvis. amgvari saZieblis saWiroeba<br />

bolo xanebSi xSirad gvsmenia mistikuri da mxatvruli<br />

saxismetyvelebis mkvlevarTagan. am saqmeSi sasiamovno<br />

prioriteti, rasakvirvelia, lali jRamaias ekuTvnis.<br />

Tumca, samwuxarod, qristesa da RmrTismSoblis epiTetebis<br />

saZiebels aqvs ramdenime nakli, romlis gamoc mkvlevarT<br />

misi nayofieri gamoyenebis saSualeba ver miecemaT:<br />

1. epiTetebi, romelTagan zogi mistikuri saxea da zogi<br />

_ mxatvruli, seqtembris `Tvenis~ teqstidan gamokrebilia<br />

wyaros miuTiTeblad, e. i. saZieblidan ver SeityobT,<br />

romel sagalobelSia gamoyenebuli TiToeuli maTgani.<br />

amitom es ubralo CamonaTvali ufroa, vidre “saZiebeli”.<br />

2. macxovrisa da RmrTismSoblis bibliur saxeebTan<br />

sasurveli iyo, miTiTebuli yofiliyo Sesabamisi wyaro.<br />

magaliTad, “mayuali Seuwuvelis” wyaroa gamoslvaTa 3, 2;<br />

“mTa poxilisa” _ fs. 67, 16; “sawmisisa” _ msajulTa 6, 37-40;<br />

“WeSmariti naTelisa” _ iovane 1, 9 da a. S. aseTi miTiTebebiT<br />

saZiebeli didad gamdidrdeboda.<br />

3. zogierTi epiTeti sruliad ar Seefereba macxovarsa<br />

da RmrTismSobels. magaliTad, RmrTismSoblis erT-erT<br />

epiTetad moxseniebulia “berwyofili” (gv. 487). RmrTismSobeli<br />

ki berwi arasodes yofila. “berwyofili” dedamis<br />

anazea naTqvami da ara qalwul mariamze.<br />

meore epiTeti _ “dedofali dambadebelTa¡” (gv. 487),<br />

Tu koreqturuli Secdomis Sedegi araa, mkrexeloba gamodis:<br />

“dambadebeli” anu Semoqmedi, qristianuli RmrTismetyvelebiT,<br />

_ RmerTia. “dambadebelTa dedofali” ki<br />

imdenad gaugebari cnebaa, rom, SeuZlebelia, qristianuli<br />

mwerlobis romelime teqstSi wavawydeT.<br />

aseve, RmrTismSobeli ar SeiZleba ixseniebodes “mizezad<br />

yovlisa” (gv. 488), radganac yovlis mizezi _ mxolod<br />

RmerTia, da SeuZlebelia, RmrTismSobeli am epiTetiT<br />

ixseniebodes giorgi mTawmidelis “TvenSi”; SeuZlebelia,<br />

RmrTismSobeli iyos “qalwulisagan Sobili” (gv. 490),<br />

radganac es epiTeti mxolod qristes ekuTvnis; SeuZlebelia,<br />

RmrTismSobeli moixsenebodes “yovelTa saukuneTa<br />

Semoqmedad” (gv. 491); ase mxolod RmerTs moixsenieben wmida<br />

werilni, da a. S.<br />

“macxovris epiTetebSicaa” Sereuli iseTi wodebani,<br />

romelsac nebismieri saeklesio mwerali (da, ra Tqma unda,<br />

giorgi mTawmidelic) mkrexelobad anu eresad CaTvlida.<br />

saxeldobr, sabelianuri mwvalebloba anu antitrinitarizmia<br />

macxovris moxsenieba “samebad ganuyofelad”, “samebad<br />

erTarsebad”, “samebiT da erTarsebiT qebulad”, “sa-

gamoxmaureba 355<br />

mebad, samguamovnebiT ganuyofelad” (gv. 494). aseve, qristes<br />

gankacebis (ganxorcielebis) uaryofas amoikiTxavda<br />

“u£orco RmerTad” (gv. 495) qristes moxseniebaSi nebismieri<br />

gadamweri, araTu iseTi didebuli mTargmneli, rogoric<br />

giorgi mTawmideli iyo, da a. S. amitomac, SeuZlebelia,<br />

“TvenSi” aseTi epiTetebiT ixseniebodes qriste. romeli<br />

troparebidan amokriba mkvlevarma es “epiTetebi”, ver<br />

vityviT (samwuxarod, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, epiTetebis<br />

saZiebels wyaroTa miTiTeba ar axlavs).<br />

Tuki amgvari Secdomebisagan gaiwmindeba “epiTetebis<br />

saZiebeli”, daerTveba wyaroTa miTiTeba (rogorc Tvenis<br />

troparebis, aseve bibliuri wyaroebisa) da Seivseba, vfiqrobT,<br />

aseTi saxiT igi humanitaruli dargis yvela specialistisaTvis<br />

sasargeblo naSromad gardaiqmneba.

gaga lomiZe<br />

interteqstualuri anu globalisturi kritika<br />

zaza SaTiriSvili, galaktionis poetika<br />

da ritorika: 1915-1927, Tb.: logos<br />

presi, 2004, 209 gv.<br />

droTa ganmavlobaSi zaza SaTiriSvilis <strong>wignis</strong> _ “galaktionis<br />

poetika da ritorikis” _ mniSvneloba, albaT,<br />

emociuri damokidebulebidan ufro metad racionalurSi<br />

gadaizarda, _ anu im sakiTxebis gaazrebasa da SefasebaSi,<br />

rac am naSromSia ganxiluli. da es imis gaTvaliswinebiT,<br />

Tu gavixsenebT, rom <strong>wignis</strong> gamoqveynebamde, periodul gamocemebSi<br />

statiebis saxiT dabeWdili naSromis fragmentebi<br />

akademiur wreebSi erTgvar gaognebas Tu dabneulobas<br />

iwvevda. SesaZloa, wlebis win imave akademiuri wreebisTvis<br />

uCveulo iyo Tanamedrove literaturismcodneobiTi<br />

leqsikiT Tavisufali operireba, an iqneb ucnauri eCvenebodaT<br />

globaluri perspeqtividan danaxuli sakiTxebi da<br />

maTi masStaburi analizi. am TvalsazrisiT, iqneb zaza Sa-<br />

TiriSvilis “galaktionis poetika da ritorika” amboxad<br />

Tu ara, erTgvar revoluciad mainc miviCnioT qarTul<br />

literaturismcodneobaSi. marTlac, galaktionis Semoqmedebis<br />

kvleva-analizi, garkveulwilad, TiTqos iribi,<br />

SemovliTi gzaa da imis sababi xdeba, rom mkvlevari sxva,<br />

ufro globaluri, zogadkulturuli sakiTxebis analizze<br />

gadavides.<br />

Tuki SevTanxmdebiT, rom interteqstualuri kvleva,<br />

konkretul Teoriul praqtikasTan Tu kvlevis strategiasTan<br />

erTad, sxvadasxva kulturebs Soris saerTos aRmo-<br />

Cenis mcdelobacaa, maSin isic SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom amgvari<br />

kvleva globalizaciis erTgvari gamovlinebaa. interteqstualoba<br />

SemTxveviT ar gvixsenebia, vinaidan zaza Sa-<br />

TiriSvilis wignSi swored interteqstualuri praqtikaa<br />

is xerxi, romliTac avtori, erTi mxriv, galaktionis mi-<br />

356

gamoxmaureba 357<br />

marTebas gansazRvravs mis winamorbed avtorebTan da gansakuTrebiT<br />

“vefxistyaosanTan”, _ rogorc <strong>qarTuli</strong> kulturis<br />

yvelaze mniSvnelovan teqstTan. meore mxriv, sxvadasxva<br />

epoqaSi “vefxistyaosnis” recefciis sakiTxi iqceva<br />

imis winapirobad, rom rusTavelis poemis recefciis fonze,<br />

<strong>qarTuli</strong> kulturis istoriaSi erTgvari diskursuli<br />

praqtikebi gamoyos (es sakiTxi SemdgomSi zaza SaTiriSvilma<br />

daamuSava Tavis wignSi “narativis apologia”). ufro<br />

farTo konteqstis damuSavebis gareSe ki, cxadia, SeuZlebelia<br />

romelime konkretuli sakiTxis analizi.<br />

Tuki kvlevis meTodebs movniSnavT, galaktionis Semoqmedebis<br />

zaza SaTiriSviliseuli analizisas, aq upirvelesad<br />

unda vaxsenoT, erTi mxriv, harold blumis naSromSi _ “gavlenis<br />

SiSi” _ Camoyalibebuli postulatebi, sadac momdevno<br />

xanis poetze winamorbedis (am SemTxvevaSi galaktonze<br />

akakis gavlena) froidistul aspeqtSia ganxiluli; meore<br />

mxriv, avtoris analizs safuZvlad udevs maikl rifateriseuli<br />

“interteqstis” Teoria. calkeul leqsTa Tematurma<br />

analizma ki, SesaZloa, Tavisi aluziurobiT baxtiniseuli<br />

dialoguri kritika mogvagonos, xolo aporiulobiT _<br />

poststruqturalisturi Tu dekonstruqtivistuli praqtikebi<br />

(ufro pol de maniseuli). galaktionis teqstebis<br />

poeturi figurebis “gamowvlilviTi analizis” (kliford<br />

gircis termini rom moviSvelioT) paralelurad, mkvlevari<br />

sagulisxmo teqstologiur dazustebebsac gvTavazobs.<br />

Tumca yvelaze mniSvnelovani, albaT, galaktionis poeziis<br />

invariantuli motivebis saSualebiT, qronologiuri mimdevrobiT<br />

dasazRvruli periodebia _ galaktionis poezia<br />

“artistul yvavilebamde”, anu akakis epigonobamde; “artistuli<br />

yvavilebidan” 1927 wlamde, rodesac poeti “da-<br />

Rupuli mamis” Crdils Tavs aRwevs da wina planze gamodis<br />

“me” (sxvadasxva variaciebiT, maT Soris formulirebiT _<br />

“mefe”); da 1928 wlidan 1958 wlamde _ galaktionis “meore<br />

dabadeba”, rodesac poeti “axali rusTavelis” statusis<br />

moipovebas cdilobs. amgvari analizi alag-alag gajerebulia<br />

fsiqoanalitikuri kritikis, gansakuTrebiT lakaniseuli<br />

Teoriis aluziebiT, sadac poetis “meore rusTavelad”<br />

Camoyalibebis safexurebi pirovnebis formirebis<br />

froidistul models mogvagonebs. am STabeWdilebas kidev<br />

ufro amZafrebs bartis “S/Z”-s kvalad gaanalizebuli<br />

poetis saxeli galak(/q)tioni, riTac, erTgvari fsiqoanalitikuri<br />

konturebiT, galaktionis fsiqologiuri portreti<br />

iqmneba. amasTanave, avtori arcTu iSviaTad analizs<br />

lakonur da zust definicias urTavs.

358 waxnagi 1.2009<br />

amitomac SemTxveviTi araa, rom zaza SaTiriSvilis am<br />

naSromSi ama Tu im mosazrebam SemdgomSi sxvadasxva mkvlevaris<br />

mier galaktionis teqstebis romelime konkretuli<br />

kuTxiT Seswavlas misca gezi _ iqneba es “nikorwminda”,<br />

rogorc arqiteqturuli Zeglis xelaxla Seqmnis motivi<br />

Tu galaktionis narcisistuli ritorika, romelic misi<br />

hipertrofirebuli “me”-s saxiT vlindeba.<br />

amis Semdeg wignSi ganxilulia qarTul kulturaSi<br />

paradigmaTa cvlis sakiTxi “vefxistyaosnis” recefciis<br />

safuZvelze, sadac naCvenebia, rogor icvleba rusTavelis<br />

poemis Sefasebis kriteriumebi. avtoris TqmiT, XVI-XVIII<br />

saukuneebSi “vefxistyaosani” ganixileboda, rogorc oden<br />

fiqciuri narativi; XIX saukunidan ki _ rogorc nacionaluri<br />

narativi, romelsac “ori urTierTgadaWdobili<br />

da daucilebeli ganzomileba aqvs: pirveli _ esqatologiur-mesianisturia,<br />

romelic gmirsa da mxsnels momavalSi<br />

moelis, xolo meore _ “dakargul samoTxeze”, anu Tamaris<br />

droindel “oqros xanaze” mogviTxrobs, romelic Soreul<br />

warsulSi iyo”.<br />

<strong>wignis</strong> boloTqma eTmoba <strong>qarTuli</strong> kulturisTvis manamde<br />

gamoukvlev _ saliteraturo kanonis sakiTxs, sadac<br />

avtori, harold blumis “dasavluri kanonis” kvalad, qar-<br />

Tuli saliteraturo kanonis formulirebas gvTavazobs:<br />

“<strong>qarTuli</strong> saliteraturo kanoni sam periods moicavs: XVI-<br />

XVIII ss. _ anu klasikuri kanoni, XIX s. _ nacionaluri kanoni,<br />

XX s. _ axali kanoni”.<br />

rac Seexeba <strong>wignis</strong> garegan mxares, vrceli SeniSvnebi, bibliografia<br />

da saxelTa da Tematuri saZieblebi naSromis<br />

akademiurobis kidev erTi maniSnebelia, rac, samwuxarod,<br />

aTeuli wlebis ganmavlobaSi, qarTul literaturismcodneobaSi<br />

ugulebelyofili iyo.<br />

Tuki “galaktionis ritorikas da poetikas” struqturuli<br />

TvalsazrisiT ganvixilavT, advilad davinaxavT<br />

froidistul models, romelic aq galaktionis Semoqmedebis<br />

da misi pirovnebis Seswavlis qvakuTxedad iqceva. Tumca,<br />

Tu gansxvavebuli perspeqtividan SevxedavT, zaza Sa-<br />

TiriSvilis naSromSi, sadac “vefxistyaosnis” recefciis<br />

mixedviT, <strong>qarTuli</strong> kulturis paradigmaTa cvla ikiTxeba,<br />

igive froidistuli modeli SegviZlia movargoT kulturis<br />

ganviTarebis sakiTxs da is ganvixiloT, rogorc mudmivad<br />

zrdadi erTeuli, romelic pirovnebis msgavsad yalibdeba.<br />

swored imave fsiqoanalitikuri interpretaciidan gamomdinare,<br />

es saetapo mniSvnelobis wigni erTsa da imave

gamoxmaureba 359<br />

dros SeiZleba wavikiTxoT, rogorc “igi”-dan “me”-s stadiaze<br />

gadasvla _ <strong>qarTuli</strong> kulturis “TviTSemecneba”; da<br />

rogorc “me”-dan “ze-me”-Si gadasvla _ sxvis mier Cveni kulturis<br />

aRiarebis moTxovnileba. miT umetes, rom interteqstualuri<br />

kvleva sxva araferia, Tu ara globalizaciis<br />

procesSi CarTvis erT-erTi gamovlineba, an rogorc iulia<br />

kristeva werda “interteqstualobis istoriaSi” interteqstualobis<br />

cnebis Sesaxeb: “vfiqrob, dReisTvis yvelaze<br />

efeqturi iqneboda, dagveviwyebina yovelive is, rasTanac<br />

am koncepts Cven, literaturis Teoretikosebi vakavSirebT<br />

– anu oden literaturis analizi, da misi SesaZleblobebis<br />

gansxvavebuli kuTxiT, ufro farTo perspeqtiviT<br />

danaxva dagvewyo”.

qronika<br />

“literaturaTmcodneobis<br />

Tanamedrove problemebi”<br />

II saerTaSoriso simpoziumi<br />

2008 wlis 16-18 dekembers SoTa rusTavelis <strong>qarTuli</strong><br />

literaturis institutSi Catarda meore saerTaSoriso<br />

simpoziumi _ “literaturaTmcodneobis Tanamedrove<br />

problemebi”. Tavdapirvelad simpoziumis TariRad<br />

ivaraudeboda seqtemberi, magram agvistos omis gamo Tavyriloba<br />

zamTris dasawyisisaTvis gadaido. simpoziumis<br />

farglebSi Catarda, agreTve, Tematuri samecniero konferencia<br />

_ “sulxan-saba orbeliani da <strong>qarTuli</strong> evropeizmi:<br />

literatura, kultura, cnobiereba”.<br />

saerTaSoriso simpoziumis sazeimo gaxsnis ceremonia<br />

gaimarTa 16 dekembers <strong>qarTuli</strong> literaturis institutis<br />

sxdomaTa darbazSi. gaxsnas eswrebodnen ganaTlebisa<br />

da mecnierebis saministros, mecnierebaTa erovnuli akademiis,<br />

ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo<br />

universitetis, ilia WavWavaZis saxelmwifo universitetis,<br />

rusTavelis <strong>fondi</strong>s, sxva akademiur dawesebulebaTa<br />

warmomadgenlebi.<br />

gaxsnis ceremoniaze Sesavali sityviT gamovida da simpoziumi<br />

gaxsnilad gamoacxada SoTa rusTavelis <strong>qarTuli</strong><br />

literaturis institutis direqtorma, simpoziumis<br />

saorganizacio komitetis Tavmjdomarem, profesorma irma<br />

ratianma, Semdgom simpoziumis muSaobis dawyebas miesalmnen<br />

mowveuli stumrebi. plenarul sxdomaze moxseneba waikiTxa<br />

profesorma rusudan canavam.<br />

simpoziumSi monawileobis misaRebad saorganizacio<br />

komitetSi Sesuli orasze meti ganacxadidan saeqsperto<br />

komisiis mier SeirCa 123 moxseneba. sabolood, simpoziumze<br />

moxsenebiT wardgnen SoTa rusTavelis <strong>qarTuli</strong><br />

literaturis institutis, ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis<br />

Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis, ilia WavWava-<br />

Zis saxelmwifo universitetis, akaki wereTlis saxelobis<br />

quTaisis universitetis, SoTa rusTavelis saxelobis<br />

361

362 waxnagi 1.2009<br />

baTumis universitetis, iakob gogebaSvilis saxelobis<br />

Telavis universitetis, goris saxelmwifo universitetis,<br />

giorgi wereTlis aRmosavleTmcodneobis institutis,<br />

xelnawerTa erovnuli centris, aseve, azerbaijanis,<br />

ukrainis, latviis, bulgareTis, germaniis, Sveicariis,<br />

aSS-is, ruseTis samecniero da sauniversiteto dawesebulebaTa<br />

warmomadgenlebi. politikuri mdgomareobis<br />

miuxedavad, ucxoel monawileTa mniSvnelovanma nawilma<br />

moaxerxa Camosvla da simpoziumSi monawileoba. 16<br />

dekembris 14 saaTidan 18 dekembris saRamomde II saer-<br />

TaSoriso simpoziumis seqciebis muSaoba paralelurad<br />

mimdinareobda <strong>qarTuli</strong> literaturis institutis oTx<br />

samuSao darbazSi.<br />

simpoziumze muSaobda Svidi seqcia: teqstis komparativistuli<br />

analizi da kulturis tipologia; interkulturuli<br />

komunikaciebi; miTosi, rituali, simbolo; medievistika;<br />

Tanamedrove literaturuli procesebi; romanis sazRvrebi;<br />

teqsti da mkiTxveli. amas garda, gaimarTa ramdenime mrgvali<br />

magida Temebze: mxatvruli saxis funqciuri modelebi<br />

teqstSi; XX saukunis 20-30-iani wlebis literaturuli<br />

procesebi. sul mTlianad Catarda ocdaxuTi sxdoma.<br />

simpoziumis daxurvis ceremoniali gaimarTa <strong>qarTuli</strong><br />

literaturis institutis sxdomaTa darbazSi 18 dekembers,<br />

19 saaTze.<br />

simpoziumis dawyebamde gamoica programa da Tezisebi<br />

(qarTul da inglisur enebze). ivaraudeba simpoziumis masalebis<br />

calke wignad gamoqveyneba.<br />

Semdgomi, III saerTaSoriso simpoziumis _ “literaturaTmcodneobis<br />

Tanamedrove problemebis” _ Catareba momavali<br />

wlis Semodgomaze igegmeba.<br />

“sulxan-saba orbeliani da <strong>qarTuli</strong> evropeizmi:<br />

literatura, kultura, cnobiereba”<br />

Tematuri samecniero konferencia<br />

2008 wels Sesrulda 350 weli sulxan-saba orbelianis<br />

dabadebidan. am TariRTan dakavSirebiT SoTa rusTavelis<br />

<strong>qarTuli</strong> literaturis institutSi 16-18 dekembers Catarda<br />

Tematuri konferencia “sulxan-saba orbeliani da<br />

<strong>qarTuli</strong> evropeizmi: literatura, kultura, cnobiereba”<br />

(konferencia daafinansa rusTavelis fondma). am kon-

qrinika 363<br />

ferenciis muSaoba warimarTeboda literaturaTmcodneobis<br />

II saerTaSoriso simpoziumis _ “literaturaTmcodneobis<br />

Tanamedrove problemebis” _ farglebSi.<br />

Tematur konferenciaSi monawileobis misaRebad saorganizacio<br />

komitetSi Sevida 38 gancxadeba, romelTagan<br />

saeqsperto komisiis mier SeirCa 27 moxseneba. konferenciis<br />

muSaobaSi monawileobdnen SoTa rusTavelis <strong>qarTuli</strong><br />

literaturis institutis, arn. Ciqobavas enaTmecnierebis<br />

institutis, ivane javaxiSvilis istoriisa da eTnologiis<br />

institutis, politologiisa da filosofiis institutis<br />

TanamSromlebi, aseve, ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis<br />

saxelmwifo universitetis, ilia WavWavaZis saxelmwifo<br />

universitetis, akaki wereTlis saxelobis quTaisis<br />

saxelmwifo universitetis warmomadgenlebi.<br />

Tematuri samecniero konferencia muSaobda eqvs seqciad.<br />

literaturis istoriisa da Teoriis mkvlevrebma,<br />

folkloristebma, lingvistebma, istorikosebma da filosofosebma<br />

ganixiles mwerlisa da moRvawis cxovrebisa da<br />

Semoqmedebis sxvadasxva aspeqtebi _ misi literaturuli<br />

Tu leqsikografiuli moRvaweoba, misi mimarTeba sxva literaturul<br />

teqstebTan, elCoba evropaSi.<br />

konferenciisaTvis daibeWda programa da Tezisebi.<br />

uaxloes xanSi dagegmilia konferenciis masalebis gamocema.<br />

leqsmcodneobis II samecniero sesia<br />

2008 wlis 28 maiss SoTa rusTavelis <strong>qarTuli</strong> literaturis<br />

institutSi Catarda leqsmcodneobis meore samecniero<br />

sesia (pirveli sesia Catarda 2007 wlis gazafxulze).<br />

es samecniero sesiebi agrZelebs leqsmcodneobis<br />

aqtualuri sakiTxebis kvlevis im tradiciebs,<br />

romlebsac safuZveli Caeyara ramdenime aTeuli wlis win:<br />

<strong>qarTuli</strong> leqsis cnobili mkvlevris, akaki xinTibiZis,<br />

TaosnobiT sistematurad tardeboda samecniero seminarebi,<br />

romlebSic monawileobdnen leqsmcodneobis rogorc<br />

qarTveli, aseve rusi specialistebi.<br />

2008 wlis samecniero sesia mieZRvna ana kalandaZis<br />

xsovnas. saxelganTqmuli qarTveli poetis Semoqmedeba<br />

ganxiluli iyo Suqia afridoniZis, Tea beriZis, manana gelaSvilis,<br />

qeTevan enuqiZis, manana kakabaZis, Tamar paiWaZis,<br />

akaki xinTibiZis, marika jiqias moxsenebebSi.

364 waxnagi 1.2009<br />

apolon silagaZem warmoadgina Tavisi leqsmcodneobiTi<br />

koncefciis zogierTi axali aspeqti; Tamar lomiZis<br />

moxseneba miznad isaxavda dasabuTebas, rom iuri<br />

tinianovis mier leqsis TeoriaSi Semotanili analitikuri<br />

terminologia SemuSavda ferdinand de sosiuris<br />

Teoriis ZiriTadi konceptebis safuZvelze da maTi<br />

analogiiT, rac, erTgvarad, xels uwyobs am terminologiis<br />

adekvatur interpretacias; irine meliqiSvilma<br />

ganixila galaktionis Sedevris _ `qari hqris~ _<br />

bgerweriTi struqtura; sofio mujirma daaxasiaTa enis<br />

fonetikuri, akustikuri da vizualuri ganzomilebebi<br />

e.w. “konkretul poeziaSi”; levan bregaZem daaxasiaTa<br />

rostom erisTavis ori galeqsili epistolis teqstebis<br />

versifikaciuli da poetikuri Taviseburebani; venera<br />

kavTiaSvilis moxsenebaSi ganxiluli iyo germanuli xalxuri<br />

formis _ knitelversisa da germanuli hegzametris<br />

versifikacia; XX saukunis sparseli poeti qalis,<br />

foruy faroxzadis, Semoqmedebis ZiriTad tendenciebze<br />

isaubra giorgi lobJaniZem; naira bepievam ganixila<br />

arqauli osuri xmiT natirlebis versifikaciis problemebi;<br />

nino popiaSvilma gaaanaliza pirveli osi poetis,<br />

TemirbolaT mamsurovis, poeziis versifikacia da<br />

poetika.<br />

mogvianebiT sesiis masalebi SoTa rusTavelis <strong>qarTuli</strong><br />

literaturis institutma calke wignad gamosca (redaqtori<br />

_ Tamar barbaqaZe).<br />

ilia WavWavaZis saxelmwifo universitetis<br />

humanitarul mecnierebaTa<br />

da kulturis kvlevebis fakultetis<br />

sulxan-saba orbelianis seminari<br />

2008 wlis martSi ilia WavWavaZis saxelmwifo universitetis<br />

humanitarul mecnierebaTa da kulturis kvlevebis<br />

fakultetze Seiqmna sulxan-saba orbelianis seminari,<br />

romelsac xelmZRvanelobs profesori merab RaRaniZe. seminarze<br />

ivaraudeba filologiuri problematikis moxsenebebis<br />

mosmena da ganxilva.<br />

seminaris sxdomebze universitetis profesorebma waiki-<br />

Txes moxsenebebi, romelTa Semdeg imarTeboda diskusiebi:

qrinika 365<br />

26 marti, 2008 _ merab RaRaniZe<br />

ilia WavWavaZe da “romis sakiTxi”<br />

2 aprili, 2008 _ qeTevan bezaraSvili<br />

versifikaciisa da hermenevtikuli gramatikis ganmarteba<br />

bizantiur da qarTul wyaroebSi<br />

16 aprili, 2008 _ Tamar lomiZe<br />

feris mxatvruli gaazreba nikoloz baraTaSvilis<br />

poeziaSi<br />

19 maisi, 2008 _ nino doborjginiZe<br />

enaTa klasifikaciis nusxebi gvianantikurobis religiur<br />

istoriografiaSi (cnobebi qarTveluri enebis<br />

Sesaxeb)<br />

28 maisi, 2008 _ Suqia afridoniZe<br />

poeturi mimarTva

avtorebi<br />

afridoniZe Suqia _ enaTmecnieri; ilia WavWavaZis saxelmwifo<br />

universitetis profesori, arnold Ciqobavas<br />

enaTmecnierebis institutis mecnieri TanamSromeli;<br />

avtoria wignebisa: “sityvaTganlageba axal qarTulSi”<br />

(1986), “Cveni ena <strong>qarTuli</strong>” (2002), TanaSemdgeneli didi<br />

qarTul-inglisuri leqsikonisa or tomad (2006).<br />

bezaraSvili qeTevan _ filologi; ilia WavWavaZis saxelmwifo<br />

universitetis profesori, xelnawerTa erovnuli<br />

centris mecnieri TanamSromeli; avtoria <strong>wignis</strong>a:<br />

“ritorikisa da Targmanis Teoria da praqtika” (2004),<br />

gamoqveynebuli aqvs grigol RvTismetyvelis TxzulebaTa<br />

Zveli <strong>qarTuli</strong> Targmanebi (t. I-V) seriiT: Corpus<br />

Christianorum: Corpus Nazianzenum (1998-2007).<br />

dauSvili rusudan _ istorikosi; ivane javaxiSvilis<br />

saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetisa da<br />

ilia WavWavaZis saxelmwifo universitetis miwveuli<br />

profesori, zaqaria faliaSvilis saxelobis operisa da<br />

baletis saxelmwifo Teatris muzeumis gamge; gamoqveynebuli<br />

aqvs wignebi: “qarTveli mrewvelebi da gamomgoneblebi<br />

amerikaSi” (2002), “evropuli saistorio Txzulebebi<br />

XIX saukunis II naxevris saqarTveloSi” (2003),<br />

`<strong>qarTuli</strong> emigracia 1921-1938 wlebSi~ (2007) da sxv.<br />

doborjginiZe nino _ filologi; ilia WavWavaZis saxelmwifo<br />

universitetis profesori; avtoria <strong>wignis</strong>a: “Die<br />

georgische Sprache im Mittelalter. Das Selbstverständnis der georgischen<br />

Väter zwischen Beharrung und Neuerung” (2009), statiebisa<br />

Zveli <strong>qarTuli</strong> mTargmnelobiTi tradiciisa da <strong>qarTuli</strong><br />

enis istoriuli sociolingvistikis Sesaxeb.<br />

evgeniZe iuza _ literaturismcodne; ivane javaxiSvilis<br />

saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis profesori;<br />

gamoqveynebuli aqvs monografiebi: “<strong>qarTuli</strong> romantizmis<br />

sakiTxebi” (1982), “vaJa-fSavela” (1989), “grigol<br />

orbeliani” (1995) da sxv.<br />

367

368 waxnagi 1.2009<br />

elbaqiZe maka _ filologi; ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis<br />

Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis profesori, SoTa<br />

rusTavelis <strong>qarTuli</strong> literaturis institutis direqtoris<br />

moadgile; gamoqveynebuli aqvs wigni: “vefxistyaosnis<br />

poetikis zogierTi sakiTxi Suasaukuneebis<br />

frangul raindul romanTan tipologiur mimarTebaSi”<br />

(2005, 2007).<br />

kiknaZe zurab _ filologi, aRmosavleTmcodne; ilia<br />

WavWavaZis saxelmwifo universitetis profesori; gamoqveynebuli<br />

aqvs wignebi: “Suamdinaruli miTologia”<br />

(1976, 1979, 2006), “<strong>qarTuli</strong> miTologia. I. jvari da saymo”<br />

(1996), “xuTwigneulis Targmaneba” (2004), “<strong>qarTuli</strong><br />

folklori” (2008) da sxv.<br />

koWlamazaSvili eqvTime _ filologi, kulturis istorikosi;<br />

ilia WavWavaZis saxelmwifo universitetis profesori;<br />

gamocemuli aqvs wignebi: “pavles epistoleTa<br />

ganmarteba” (2003), “SiomRvimis tipikoni” (2006) da sxv.<br />

lebaniZe guram _ filologi; ilia WavWavaZis saxelmwifo<br />

universitetis profesori; gamoqveeynebuli aqvs wignebi:<br />

“dasavleTi” (2000), “kulturologiis safuZvlebi” (2004),<br />

“siRrmeTa dialogi da «tragikuli tradicia»” (2006).<br />

lomiZe gaga _ literaturismcodne; SoTa rusTavelis<br />

<strong>qarTuli</strong> literaturis institutis ganyofilebis xelmZRvaneli;<br />

gamoqveynebuli aqvs statiebi literaturis<br />

Teoriisa da <strong>qarTuli</strong> literaturis Sesaxeb, agreTve,<br />

Targmanebi: piter biorki, “renesansi” (2001), iuri lotmani,<br />

“kultura da afeTqeba” (2004).<br />

lomiZe Tamar _ literaturismcodne; ilia WavWavaZis<br />

saxelmwifo universitetis profesori, SoTa rusTavelis<br />

<strong>qarTuli</strong> literaturis institutis mecnieri TanamSromeli;<br />

gamoqveynebuli aqvs wigni: “<strong>qarTuli</strong> riTmis<br />

istoriidan” (1988).<br />

loria kaxaber _ literaturismcodne; ivane javaxiSvilis<br />

saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis<br />

profesori, amave universitetis skandinavistikis centris<br />

xelmZRvaneli; gamoqveynebuli aqvs monografia<br />

“mowodebac da movaleobac: rezo WeiSvilis Semoqmedeba”<br />

(2005).

avtorebi 369<br />

marsagiSvili rezo _ lingvisti; ilia WavWavaZis saxelmwifo<br />

universitetis profesori; gamoqveynebuli aqvs<br />

statiebi inglisuri enis Teoriis Sesaxeb.<br />

menabde darejan _ filologi; SoTa rusTavelis <strong>qarTuli</strong><br />

literaturis institutis mecnieri TanamSromeli; gamoqveynebuli<br />

naSromebi Zveli <strong>qarTuli</strong> literaturisa da<br />

qarTul-rusul literaturul urTierTobaTa Sesaxeb.<br />

niSnianiZe rusudan _ filologi; ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis<br />

Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis profesori;<br />

gamoqveynebuli aqvs wignebi: “XX saukunis <strong>qarTuli</strong><br />

literaturis istoriidan” (2000), “saqarTvelo samans<br />

aqeT... da samans iqiT”, w. I-II (2005), “Sexvedrebi” (2008).<br />

oTxmezuri Tamar _ filologi; xelnawerTa erovnuli<br />

centris mecnieri TanamSromeli; aris avtori <strong>wignis</strong>a:<br />

“Pseudo-Nonniani in IV orationes Gregorii Nazianzeni commentarii”<br />

(2002), gamoqveynebuli aqvs grigol RvTismetyvelis TxzulebaTa<br />

komentarebis Zveli <strong>qarTuli</strong> Targmanebi (t.<br />

I-IV) seriiT: Corpus Christianorum: Corpus Nazianzenum (1998-<br />

2004).<br />

omiaZe salome _ filologi; ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis<br />

Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis profesori;<br />

gamoqveynebuli aqvs naSromebi <strong>qarTuli</strong> enis stilistikisa<br />

da lingvokulturologiis sakiTxTa Sesaxeb.<br />

ratiani irma _ literaturismcodne; ivane javaxiSvilis<br />

saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis profesori,<br />

SoTa rusTavelis <strong>qarTuli</strong> literaturis institutis<br />

direqtori; gamoqveynebuli aqvs wignebi: “qronotopi<br />

antiutopiur romanSi: esqatologiuri antiutopiis<br />

interpretaciisaTvis” (2005), “qronotopi ilia<br />

WavWavaZis prozaSi” (2006).<br />

rafava maia _ filologi; xelnawerTa eronuli centris<br />

mecnieri TanamSromeli; gamoqveynebuli aqvs wignebi:<br />

ioane damaskelis “dialeqtika” (1976), “amonios ermisis<br />

Txzulebebi qarTul mwerlobaSi” (1984), “S. Gregorii Nazianzeni<br />

opera: Versio Iberica I-V” (TanavtorobiT; 1998-2007).<br />

sayvareliZe nino _ filologi, Teologi; miunxenis ludvig-maqsimilianis<br />

universitetis marTlmadidebluri

370 waxnagi 1.2009<br />

Teologiis institutis mecnieri TanamSromeli, trieris<br />

liturgikuli institutis mecnieri mkvlevari; gamoqveynebuli<br />

aqvs statiebi aRmosavluri patristikis<br />

Sesaxeb.<br />

sulava nestan _ filologi; axalcixis saxelmwifo institutis<br />

profesori; gamoqveynebuli aqvs wignebi: “XII-<br />

XIII saukuneebis <strong>qarTuli</strong> himnografia” (2003), “<strong>qarTuli</strong><br />

himnografia: tradicia da poetika” (2006), gamocemuli<br />

aqvs nikoloz gulaberisZis Txzulebani (2007).<br />

firaliSvili zaza _ filosofosi; ivane javaxiSvilis<br />

saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis profesori;<br />

gamoqveynebuli aqvs wignebi: “mcire eri da istoriuli<br />

perspeqtiva” (1995), “i. g. fixtes fausturi an-<br />

Tropologia” (2002), “<strong>qarTuli</strong> politikis Teatraluri<br />

dialeqtika” (2007) da sxv.<br />

fircxalava nino _ literaturismcodne, kulturologi;<br />

ilia WavWavaZis saxelmwifo universitetis profesori;<br />

gamoqveynebuli aqvs naSromebi SedarebiTi literaturismcodneobisa<br />

da kulturis kvlevebis sakiTxebis Sesaxeb.<br />

fruiZe nana _ literaturismcodne; ivane javaxiSvilis<br />

saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis<br />

miwveuli profesori, SoTa rusTavelis <strong>qarTuli</strong> literaturis<br />

institutis TanamSromeli; gamoqveynebuli<br />

aqvs wignebi: “akaki wereTlis mxatvruli prozis problematika<br />

da struqtura” (1999), “akaki wereTlis TxzulebaTa<br />

mxatvruli specifikisa da SemoqmedebiTi istoriis<br />

sakiTxebi” (2005) da sxv.<br />

qurdaZe ramaz _ lingvisti; ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis<br />

Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis profesori;<br />

gamoqveynebuli aqvs wignebi: “xmovanmonacvle zmnebi<br />

Tanamedrove qarTulSi” (2005), “svanuri ena” (2007; TanaavtorobiT).<br />

RaRaniZe merab _ literaturismcodne, kulturisa da religiis<br />

istorikosi; ilia WavWavaZis saxelmwifo universitetis<br />

profesori, qristianuli Teologiisa da<br />

kulturis centris xelmZRvaneli; gamoqveynebuli aqvs<br />

monografia “sinamdvile da warmosaxva daviT guramiS-

avtorebi 371<br />

vilis «mxiarul zafxulSi»” (2002) da statiebis krebulebi:<br />

“imedisa da rwmenis gzaze” (2003), “wvdomisa da<br />

gamoxatvis ostatoba” (2004).<br />

wifuria bela _ literaturismcodne; ilia WavWavaZis<br />

saxelmwifo universitetis profesori; gamoqveynebuli<br />

aqvs statiebi XX saukunis <strong>qarTuli</strong> mwerlobis Sesaxeb.<br />

xaCiZe lela _ filologi; ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis<br />

Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis profesori; gamoqveynebuli<br />

aqvs wignebi: “ioane minCxis poezia” (1987),<br />

“<strong>qarTuli</strong> qristianuli kulturis istoriidan” (2000),<br />

“Zveli <strong>qarTuli</strong> mTargmnelobiTi xelovnebis Sesaxeb”<br />

(2005).

<strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>wignis</strong> <strong>mxardaWeris</strong> <strong>fondi</strong><br />

“memkvidreoba”<br />

1. Tamaz Cxenkeli, tragikuli niRbebi, Tb., 2009.<br />

2. waxnagi: filologiur kvlevaTa weliwdeuli, 1. 2009,<br />

Tb., 2009.

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