cxovrebiseuli unarCvevebis formireba viqtimur bavSvebsa da ...
cxovrebiseuli unarCvevebis formireba viqtimur bavSvebsa da ...
cxovrebiseuli unarCvevebis formireba viqtimur bavSvebsa da ...
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Tbilisis ilia WavWavaZis saxelmwifo universiteti<br />
maia yufaraZe<br />
xelnaweris uflebiT<br />
<strong>cxovrebiseuli</strong> <strong>unarCvevebis</strong> <strong>formireba</strong> <strong>viqtimur</strong><br />
<strong>bavSvebsa</strong> <strong>da</strong> mozardebSi disharmoniuli sociumis<br />
fonze<br />
ganaTlebis mecnierebaSi doqtoris xarisxis<br />
mosapoveblad warmodgenili<br />
disertacia<br />
samecniero xelmZRvaneli<br />
nana carciZe –pe<strong>da</strong>gogikis mec-Ta<br />
doqtori, profesori<br />
Tbilisi<br />
2010
Sinaarsi<br />
Sesavali ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------<br />
---1<br />
Tavi I<br />
mozardebSi <strong>cxovrebiseuli</strong> unar-Cvevebis aRzrdis Teoriuli<br />
winapirobebi<br />
§1 kvlevis Teoriuli <strong>da</strong> meTodologiuri safuZvlebi --------------------<br />
-10<br />
$ 2. <strong>cxovrebiseuli</strong> unar-Cvevebis arsi ---------------------------------------------------<br />
-14<br />
$3 mozardobis asaki -------------------------------------------------------------------------------<br />
-21<br />
$4 Znelad aRsazrdel mozardebTan muSaobis meTodebi -------------------------<br />
-27<br />
$5 mikrofaqtorebis gavlena mozardebSi <strong>cxovrebiseuli</strong> unar-Cvevebis<br />
--30<br />
aRzr<strong>da</strong>ze -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------<br />
§6 <strong>viqtimur</strong>i bavSvebi, socialuri pirobebis msxverplni (quCis<br />
bavSvebi)-43<br />
II Tavi<br />
quCis bavSvebi saqarTveloSi: realuri viTareba <strong>da</strong> maTi<br />
uflebebis <strong>da</strong>cva<br />
$1 problemis socialur-ekonomikuri aspeqtebi ---------------------------------------<br />
--48<br />
§2 saqarTveloSi urbanuli quCis bavSvebis raodenoba <strong>da</strong><br />
--58<br />
maxasiaTeblebi -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
§3 bavSvisUuflebrivi garemo <strong>da</strong> samarTlebrivi principebi --------------------<br />
-64<br />
$4 reformis mimarTulebebi saqarTvelos bavSvTa saaRmzrdelo <strong>da</strong><br />
--69<br />
samzrunvelo <strong>da</strong>wesebulebebSi ---------------------------------------------------------------<br />
§5 bavSvTa saxlebis tipis <strong>da</strong>wesebulebebis tradiciuli koncefcia <strong>da</strong><br />
-73<br />
misi alternativa ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------<br />
III Tavi<br />
quCis bavSvebSi <strong>cxovrebiseuli</strong> unar-Cvevebis Camoyalibebis<br />
kvleva <strong>da</strong> rekomen<strong>da</strong>ciebi<br />
§1 ganaTleba, rogorc <strong>cxovrebiseuli</strong> unar-Cvevebis formirebis<br />
-81<br />
saSualeba --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------<br />
§2 socialur pe<strong>da</strong>gogTa mizani, amocanebi, principebi <strong>da</strong><br />
--83<br />
profesiograma ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------<br />
$3 saganmanaTleblo-sareabilitacio centrebi ----------------------------------------<br />
-86<br />
§4 kvlevis farglebSi Catarebuli gamokiTxvis monacemTa analizi -----<br />
98<br />
$5 ssc-s beneficiarTa reabilitaciis formebi<br />
107<br />
116<br />
118<br />
-118<br />
a) swavlebis meTodi <strong>da</strong> programa ----------------------------------------------------<br />
b) ssc-s pe<strong>da</strong>gog/maswavleblebisa <strong>da</strong> bavSvebis Sexvedra, rogorc<br />
intervenciis erT-erTi meTodi ---------------------------------------------------------<br />
g) konsultaciebi saxlSi -----------------------------------------------------------------<br />
d) mSoblis <strong>da</strong> socialuri pe<strong>da</strong>gogis Sexvedrebi -------------------------
122<br />
-123<br />
124<br />
126<br />
e) Tavisufali drois organizeba: <strong>da</strong>sveneba <strong>da</strong> TamaSi -----------------<br />
v) informaciis miwodebis xerxebi ---------------------------------------------------<br />
z)kvlevis Sedegad gamovlenili bavSvTa winaSe arsebuli<br />
problemebi ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------<br />
T) kvlevis Sedegad gamovlenili pe<strong>da</strong>gogTa problemebi ---------------<br />
§6 profesiuli swavlebis programa ------------------------------------------------------------<br />
129<br />
§7 kvlevis programebSi partnioroba ----------------------------------------------------------<br />
140<br />
<strong>da</strong>skvnebi <strong>da</strong> rekomen<strong>da</strong>ciebi ------------------------------------------------------------------------<br />
146<br />
gamoyenebuli literatura -------------------------------------------------------------------------<br />
155<br />
<strong>da</strong>narTi --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------<br />
167<br />
gamoyenebul terminTa ganmartebani
<strong>viqtimur</strong>oba – a<strong>da</strong>mianis midrekileba, gaxdes sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva garemoebis,<br />
maT Soris, socialuri garemoebis msxverpli (magaliTad, quCis<br />
bavSvebi, unarSezRuduli bavSvebi <strong>da</strong> mozardebi, ltolvilebi,<br />
oblebi <strong>da</strong> bavSvTa is kategoriebi, romlebic imyofebian saxelmwifos<br />
an sazogadoebrivi organizaciebis kmayofaze).<br />
Temi _ erTian (erT) <strong>da</strong>saxlebaSi mcxovrebi xalxis jgufi<br />
sdc _ (aq) saswavlo-<strong>da</strong>saqmebis centri; obieqti (mSenebloba,<br />
avtoSemkeTebeli saxelosno, silamazis saloni <strong>da</strong> a.S.), sa<strong>da</strong>c<br />
mimdinareob<strong>da</strong> mozardTa profesiuli swavleba <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>saqmeba<br />
socialur-pe<strong>da</strong>gogiuri viqtimologia _ (laT. “viqtime” – msxverpli <strong>da</strong><br />
berZ. “logos” – swavleba) socialuri pe<strong>da</strong>gogikis Semadgeneli<br />
nawili, romelSic disciplinaTSoris doneze Seiswavleba<br />
socializaciis araxelsayreli pirobebis msxverplTa fsiqologiuri,<br />
fizikuri, socialuri defeqtebis <strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>xrebis koreqcia.<br />
sssm _ specialuri saganmanaTleblo saWiroebebis mqone (bavSvi)<br />
ssc _ sareabilitacio-saganmanaTleblo centri<br />
quCis bavSvebi _ socialurad <strong>da</strong>ucveli bavSvebis fena, romlebic<br />
cxovroben <strong>da</strong> muSaoben quCebSi <strong>da</strong> xeli ar miuwvdebaT <strong>da</strong>cvis,<br />
janmrTelobis <strong>da</strong> ganaTlebis samsaxurebze <strong>da</strong> imyofebian fizikuri,<br />
emociuri <strong>da</strong> fsiqologiuri Zaladobis maRali riskis qveS.<br />
<strong>cxovrebiseuli</strong> unar-Cvevebi _ cxovrebisaTvis mniSvnelovani <strong>da</strong><br />
aucilebeli Tvisebebi, romelTa gareSe a<strong>da</strong>mians uWirs mocemul<br />
sociumSi Rirseuli arseboba.
Sesavali<br />
bolo aTwleulebSi kacobrioba iseTi movlenebis mowme <strong>da</strong><br />
monawile gax<strong>da</strong>, rogoricaa omebi, regionaluri <strong>da</strong> eTnikuri<br />
konfliqtebi, a<strong>da</strong>mianTa gatacebebi, teraqtebisas a<strong>da</strong>mianTa masobrivi<br />
<strong>da</strong>Rupva <strong>da</strong> sxv. mizezi agresiul separatizmSi, qsenofobiSi,<br />
faSistur ideologiaSi, religiur fanatizmsa Tu religiur<br />
SeuwynareblobaSi un<strong>da</strong> veZioT. Cveni sametyvelo Tu social-<br />
pe<strong>da</strong>gogikuri leqsikoni Seivso iseTi terminebiT, rogoricaa: `oboli<br />
bavSvi”, «invalidi bavSvi”, `upatrono bavSvi”, `ltolvili”,<br />
`maTxovari”, `sabazro ekonomikis msxverpli”.<br />
socialuri <strong>da</strong> poltikuri kataklizmebis upirvelesi msxverpli<br />
gax<strong>da</strong> qveynis yvelaze perspeqtiul kontingenti, umniSvnelovanesi<br />
socialuri fena <strong>da</strong> kategoria: bavSvebi, mozardebi, axalgazrdebi.<br />
Sedegad, ki: TaobaTa de<strong>formireba</strong>, <strong>da</strong>naSaulTa zrdis, sisastikis,<br />
SurisZiebis, agresiulobis, cinizmis, aRviraxsnilobis, zneobrivi<br />
infantilizmis provocireba.<br />
vin <strong>da</strong>exmareba mozard Taobas, romelic moxv<strong>da</strong> am ,,gar<strong>da</strong>maval<br />
perio<strong>da</strong>d” wodebul katastrofaSi?<br />
im pirobebSi, roca saxelmwifom SezRu<strong>da</strong> Tavisi monawileoba<br />
mosaxleobis cxovrebis sabazo donis uzrunvelyofaSi, roca<br />
pasuxismgebloba sakuTar bedze mTlianad <strong>da</strong>ekisra Tavad a<strong>da</strong>mians,<br />
sazogadoebis garkveul nawils TiTqmis ar gaaCnia fsiqologiuri <strong>da</strong><br />
socialuri mzadyofna, icxovros <strong>da</strong> iSromos axal pirobebSi. <strong>da</strong>irRva<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianis erT-erTi ZiriTadi ufleba, Seuferxeblad miiRos ganaTleba,<br />
<strong>da</strong>euflos misTvis sasurvel profesias.<br />
cxadia, sazogadoebis es nawili, romelic sruliad <strong>da</strong>ucveli<br />
<strong>da</strong>rCa axali <strong>cxovrebiseuli</strong> realiebis winaSe, un<strong>da</strong> gaxdes ara<br />
mxolod erTi <strong>da</strong>rgis, aramed absoluturad yvela samTavrobo Tu<br />
arasamTavrobo struqturaTa <strong>da</strong>Zabuli yuradRebis <strong>da</strong>, rac mTavaria,<br />
drouli zemoqmedebis obieqti.
am problemis ga<strong>da</strong>WrisTvis umniSvnelovanesia axali Taobis<br />
aRzr<strong>da</strong>, romelic <strong>da</strong>fuZnebuli iqneba humanizmis principebze.<br />
saxelmwifom un<strong>da</strong> moiTxovos aRzrdis sistemisgan iseTi moqalaqis<br />
<strong>formireba</strong>, romelic upasuxebs sazogadoebisa <strong>da</strong> saxelmwifo <strong>da</strong>kveTas.<br />
samwuxarod, swored mozardebSi gvxvdeba <strong>viqtimur</strong>i bavSvTa didi<br />
raodenoba. isini socialuri pirobebis msxverplni arian.<br />
siRaribe, ekonomikuri Tu sxva mizeziT <strong>da</strong>ngreuli ojaxebi,<br />
sazogadoebis gulgriloba <strong>da</strong> samTavrobo struqturebis arasaTanado<br />
zrunva qmnis quCis bavSvTa fenomens. quCis bavSvebi socialurad<br />
<strong>da</strong>ucveli mosaxleobis yvelaze <strong>da</strong>Cagruli fenaa, radgan ukiduresi<br />
siRatakis paralelurad maT akldebaT TavianTi asakis Sesatyvisi<br />
aRzr<strong>da</strong>-ganaTleba, samedicino <strong>da</strong> fsiqologiuri <strong>da</strong>xmareba. isini<br />
<strong>da</strong>ucvelebi rCebian, zoga<strong>da</strong>d, <strong>cxovrebiseuli</strong> sirTuleebisa <strong>da</strong>, aseve,<br />
maTsave garemocvaSi gamefebuli sisastikis winaSe.<br />
2007 – 2008 wlis saqarTveloSi bavSvTa mimarT Zaladobis<br />
erovnuli kvlevis mixedviT gamokiTxul bavSvTa 72% aRiarebs, rom maT<br />
mimarT gamoyenebuli iyo fizikuri, xolo 70,9% fsiqologiuri<br />
Zaladoba (35).<br />
yovelive amis Sedegad irRveva bavSvebis fsiqologiuri<br />
ganviTarebis Tanmimdevroba <strong>da</strong> ritmi. normaluri, ojaxuri aRzrdis<br />
deficiti, quCis cxovrebis gamocdileba Tavis <strong>da</strong>Rs asvams bavSvebis<br />
fsiqologiaze. maT ara aqvT TavianTi Tanatolebis msgavsi<br />
<strong>cxovrebiseuli</strong> unar-Cvevebi, romelTa gareSec gauZneldebaT<br />
sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi CarTva.<br />
dResdReobiT arasakmarisia kvlevaTa is moculoba, romelic<br />
<strong>viqtimur</strong>i bavSvebis aRzrdis problemas kompleqsurad ganixilavs:<br />
saTanadod ar aris Seswavlili aRniSnuli problema specialurad,<br />
disciplinaTSoris doneze, anTropologiur mecnierebaTa kompleqsze<br />
<strong>da</strong>yrdnobiT, romelTa Soris pe<strong>da</strong>gogika wamyvan adgils <strong>da</strong>ikaveb<strong>da</strong>.<br />
problemis aqtualobam <strong>da</strong> misi calkeuli aspeqtebis<br />
arasakmarisma <strong>da</strong>muSavebam gvibiZga kvleva swored <strong>viqtimur</strong> mozardebSi<br />
<strong>cxovrebiseuli</strong> unar-Cvevebis aRzrdis sakiTxTa Ziebisken migvemarTa.<br />
sakiTxis Seswavlamde saWiroa ganvamrtoT, Tu ra asakis a<strong>da</strong>mianebi
igulisxmebian terminebSi «bavSvi»<strong>da</strong> «mozardi». 1989 wels miRebuli<br />
gaeros bavSvis uflebebis konvencia a<strong>da</strong>mians <strong>da</strong>badebi<strong>da</strong>n 18-wlamde<br />
uwodebs «bavSvs». kvleva exeba arasrulwlovanTa sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva<br />
asakobriv jgufs <strong>da</strong> gaeros konvencii<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, bavSvebs <strong>da</strong><br />
mozardebs kvleva moixseniebs erTi terminiT «bavSvi».<br />
<strong>viqtimur</strong> bavSvebs individualuri <strong>da</strong>xmareba esaWiroebaT<br />
cxovrebiseli unar-Cvevebis gamosamuSaveblad. aseT bavSvebSi<br />
<strong>cxovrebiseuli</strong> unar-Cvevebis gamomuSaveba ki, Tavis mxriv, moiTxovs<br />
kompleqsur midgomas, romelTa Soris upirvelesi adgili uWiravs<br />
ganaTlebas, rogor mozardebis, aseve ufrosi asakis a<strong>da</strong>mianebisa,<br />
romelTac pasuxismgebloba ekisreba momavali Taobis aRzr<strong>da</strong>ze.<br />
saqarTvelom bavSvTa uflebebis konvencias xeli moawera 1994<br />
wels, riTac aRiara valdebulebani bavSvis uflebebis<br />
gaTvaliswinebiT gaataros sistemuri reformebi siRaribis, <strong>da</strong>avadebis,<br />
uvicobis <strong>da</strong> uwignurobis aRmofxvris mizniT.<br />
bolo aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi garkveuli nabijebi ga<strong>da</strong>idga<br />
problemis mosagvareblad. maT Soris yvelaze mniSvnelovania<br />
ganaTlebisa <strong>da</strong> mecnierebis saministros mier SemuSavebuli<br />
specialuri saganmanaTleblo saWiroebebis mqone bavSvTa (sssm)<br />
ganaTlebis strategia <strong>da</strong> samoqmedo gegma 2009-2011 wlebisTvis.<br />
aRniSnuli periodi ganisazRvra, rogorc gar<strong>da</strong>mavali, mosamzadebeli<br />
etapi specialuri saWiroebebis mqone bavSvTa ganaTlebis grZelvadiani<br />
miznebis misaRwevad (37).<br />
terminSi «specialuri saganmanaTleblo saWiroebis mqone bavSvi»<br />
moiazreba yvela bavSvi, romlebic xasiaTdebian: 1. fizikuri <strong>da</strong><br />
gonebrivi ganviTarebis <strong>da</strong>rRveviT; 2. mxedvelobisa <strong>da</strong> smenis<br />
<strong>da</strong>rRveviT; 3. metyvelebis, qcevisa <strong>da</strong> emociuri ganviTarebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>rRveviT; 4. romelTac aqvT grZelvadiani<br />
mkurnalobis/hospitalizaciis saWiroeba; 5. romlebic warmoadgenen<br />
erovnul umciresobebs; 6. romlebic arian socialurad <strong>da</strong>ucvelni <strong>da</strong><br />
7. romelTac swavlasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli sirTuleebis gamo<br />
saganmanaTleblo procesi<strong>da</strong>n gariyva emuqrebaT. quCis bavSvebi
socialurad <strong>da</strong>ucvelTa kategorias miekuTvnebian, romelTa Sorisac<br />
zogs fizikuri <strong>da</strong> gonebrivi ganviTarebis <strong>da</strong>rRvevac aReniSneba.<br />
gar<strong>da</strong>mavali periodis strategiis <strong>da</strong> samoqmedo gegmis<br />
ganxorcielebiT xeli Seewyoba specializirebuli skolebis<br />
meTodologiur <strong>da</strong> materialur-teqnikur srulyofas <strong>da</strong> Semdegi<br />
ganviTareba miecema inkluziuri swavlebis <strong>da</strong>nergvas. sssm bavSvTa<br />
ganaTlebis strategiis ZiriTadi mizania SeimuSaos <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>nergos sssm<br />
bavSvTa ganaTlebis erovnuli modeli, romelic orientirebulia<br />
bavSvis konkretul saganmanaTleblo saWiroebebi<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare<br />
misTvis optimaluri saswavlo garemos Seqmnaze <strong>da</strong>, romelSic mkafiod<br />
aris gansazRvruli sssm bavSvTa ganaTlebis yvela SesaZlo forma <strong>da</strong><br />
Sesabamisi stan<strong>da</strong>rtebi.<br />
samTavrobo struqturebis paralelurad socialurad <strong>da</strong>ucvel<br />
bavSvTa reabilitaciis procesSi CarTulia arasamTavrobo seqtoric.<br />
saqarTveloSi arasamTavrobo organizaciebma (bavSvi <strong>da</strong> garemo,<br />
biliki, aTinaTi, momavlis saxli, a.S.) wamoiwyes saganmanaTleblo<br />
programebi quCis bavSvebisTvis.<br />
adgilobrivma arasamTavrobo organizaciam B”bavSvi <strong>da</strong> garemo”<br />
1996 wels <strong>da</strong>aarsa Ria tipis sareabilitacio centri, saxelad<br />
“beRurebi”, romelsac muSaobaSi <strong>da</strong>xmarebas sxva donorTa Soris<br />
uwev<strong>da</strong> gaeros bavSvTa fondi. aseTi centris <strong>da</strong>arseba miznad isaxav<strong>da</strong><br />
Seswavliliyo maRali riskis jgufis bavSvebTan muSaobis variantebi,<br />
maTi fsiqo-socialuri reabilitaciis, integraciisa <strong>da</strong> bavSvebis<br />
CarTulobis anu inkluziis gzebi sabaziso ganaTlebaSi, profesiuli<br />
ganviTarebis centrebSi <strong>da</strong> sxva skolisgareSe aqtivobebSi, rac<br />
saboloo jamSi xels Seuwyob<strong>da</strong> bavSvebSi <strong>cxovrebiseuli</strong> unar-<br />
Cvevebis ganviTarebas, TviTSefasebis <strong>da</strong> sazogadoebaSi maTi<br />
<strong>da</strong>mkvidrebis amocanebis realizacias.<br />
kvlevis meore monawile iyo adgilobrivi arasamTavrobo<br />
organizacia “biliki”, romlis samuSao areali vrceldeba gorsa <strong>da</strong><br />
Si<strong>da</strong> qarTlis mimdebare teritoriebze.
kvlevam “bavSvi <strong>da</strong> garemos” <strong>da</strong> “bilikis” specialistebTan<br />
gunduri TanamSromlobis principiT, Seiswavla arsebuli problemebi,<br />
Camoayaliba strategiuli ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebebis xedva, <strong>da</strong>gegma <strong>da</strong><br />
ganaxorciela kvlevis programuli marTva, SeimuSava kvlevis sacdeli<br />
instrumentebi <strong>da</strong> meTodebi; kvlevis procesSi xdebo<strong>da</strong> gamovlenili<br />
xarvezebis <strong>da</strong> sirTuleebis identifikacia, analizi <strong>da</strong> maTze<br />
<strong>da</strong>yrdnobiT, alternatiuli ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebebis miReba.<br />
warmodgenili naSromi eyrdnoba kvlevas, romelic Catar<strong>da</strong><br />
disertantis mier organizaciebis «bavSvi <strong>da</strong> garemos» <strong>da</strong> «bilikis»<br />
mier <strong>da</strong>arsebul sareabilitacio centrebSi TbilisSi, gorSi,<br />
WiaTurasa <strong>da</strong> rusTavSi. kvleva pasuxobs ganaTlebisa <strong>da</strong> mecnierebis<br />
saministros mier <strong>da</strong>mtkicebul politikas: «specialuri<br />
saganmanaTleblo saWiroebebis mqone bavSvTa (sssm) ganaTlebis<br />
strategia <strong>da</strong> samoqmedo gegma 2009-2011 wlebisTvis».<br />
gamokvlevis mizani: <strong>viqtimur</strong> bavSvTa pirovnuli ganviTarebis<br />
pirobebis Seqmna; <strong>cxovrebiseuli</strong> unar-Cvevebis <strong>formireba</strong> maTTvis<br />
ganaTlebis xelmisawvdomobis gziT <strong>da</strong> momzadeba <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli<br />
cxovrebisaTvis Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi; saganmanaTleblo-<br />
sareabilitacio centrebSi swavlebis iseTi meqanizmis SemuSaveba,<br />
romelic SesaZlebels gaxdis quCis bavSvTa Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT umtkivneulo<br />
integracias sajaro skolebSi; bavSvTa potenciuri SesaZleblobebis<br />
ganviTarebis <strong>da</strong> realizebis pirobebis Seqmna.<br />
hipoTeza:<br />
mozardebSi <strong>cxovrebiseuli</strong> unar-Cvevebis <strong>formireba</strong> gulisxmobs:<br />
-SevaiaraRoT isini sazogadoebaSi a<strong>da</strong>mianis cxovrebisa <strong>da</strong><br />
moRvaweobisTvis saWiro aucilebeli socialuri unar-CvevebiT anu<br />
CamovuyaliboT maT qcevis saWiro normebi <strong>da</strong> formebi, SevuqmnaT<br />
TviTrealizebis pirobebi.<br />
-Ffizikuri <strong>da</strong> emociuri mdgomareobis gaTvaliswinebiT<br />
mozardebma gaiaron socialuri a<strong>da</strong>ptaciis procesi, rac xels<br />
Seuwyobs mozardebSi <strong>cxovrebiseuli</strong> unar-Cvevebis <strong>formireba</strong>s.<br />
sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva formis aqtivobebi un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>igegmos <strong>da</strong> moergos bavSvTa<br />
fizikur, emociur Tu fsiqologiur SesaZleblobebs. viqtumuri
avSvebi <strong>da</strong> mozardebi CaerTon SemoqmedebiT saqmianobaSi (xatva,<br />
Zerwva, modelireba, riTmika, qargva).<br />
- socialurad <strong>da</strong>ucvel jgufTa reabilitaciis procesi yvela<br />
komponentSi un<strong>da</strong> eyrdnobodes pe<strong>da</strong>gogikis, socialuri pe<strong>da</strong>gogikis,<br />
medicinis <strong>da</strong> sxva mecnierebaTa Tanamedrove miRwevebs. AaRniSnuli<br />
procesi pirovnebaze orientirebulia <strong>da</strong> iTvaliswinebs yoveli<br />
komponentis potenciur SesaZleblobebs mozardTa saqmianobis<br />
ganviTarebaSi.<br />
- <strong>viqtimur</strong> bavSvTa yvela socialur-saganmanaTleblo <strong>da</strong><br />
socialur-aRmzrdelobiTi institutebis saqmianobis leitmotivad<br />
un<strong>da</strong> iqces: <strong>viqtimur</strong> bavSvTa sulierebis, zneobrivi <strong>da</strong> fizikuri<br />
janmrTelobis socialuri ga<strong>da</strong>rCena; maTSi <strong>cxovrebiseuli</strong> unar-<br />
Cvevebis, rogorc pirovnebis integrirebuli Tvisebis aRzr<strong>da</strong> (es<br />
ukanaskneli Seicavs yvela <strong>da</strong>narCeni Tvisebis jams); zrunva mozardTa<br />
zneobriv <strong>da</strong> fizikur aRzr<strong>da</strong>ze, maTSi TviTganviTarebis, TviT<strong>da</strong>cvis,<br />
TviTmoqmedebis, <strong>cxovrebiseuli</strong> unar-Cvevebis Camoyalibebaze.<br />
- saganmanaTleblo-aRmzrdelobiT institutebs Soris erT-erTi<br />
mniSvnelovani adgili ukavia ojaxs, rogorc socializebis wamyvan<br />
rgols.<br />
- un<strong>da</strong> Seiqmnas pirobebi, rom socialurad <strong>da</strong>ucvelma bavSvebma<br />
miiRon ara marto elementaruli ganaTleba, aramed xeli miuwvdebodeT<br />
TavianTi niWisa <strong>da</strong> interesebis realizebis umTavres saSualebebze<br />
kvlevis meTodebi: kvlevis amocanebi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong> gansaxilveli<br />
problemis specifiurobi<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, gamoyenebuli gvaqvs kvlevis<br />
Semdegi meTodebi: socialur-pe<strong>da</strong>gogiuri literaturis SemoqmedebiTi<br />
analizi <strong>da</strong> sinTezi; skolebis, bavSvTa saxlebisa <strong>da</strong> sareabilitacio<br />
centrebis muSaobis gamocdilebis monografiuli kvleva gansaxilveli<br />
problemis aspeqtSi.<br />
monacemTa Segroveba: kvlevis farglebSi monacemebis Segrovebis<br />
mizniT gamoyenebuli iqna raodenobrivi <strong>da</strong> Tvisobrivi meTodebi.<br />
raodenobrivi komponentisaTvis oTxi tipis kiTxvari iqna<br />
SemuSavebuli bavSvebTan, pe<strong>da</strong>gogebTan, profesiuli ga<strong>da</strong>mzadebis<br />
maswavleblebTan <strong>da</strong> mSoblebTan interviuebis mizniT (ix. <strong>da</strong>narTi).
AkiTxvarebis saSualebiT SevagroveT iseTi sakvanZo informacia,<br />
romelic exebo<strong>da</strong> bavSvebis quCaSi gasvlis faqtorebs, im problemebs,<br />
romlebsac bavSvebia awydebian quCebSi, infromacia maTTvis<br />
xelmisawvdomi momsaxurebis formebsa <strong>da</strong> momwodeblebis Sesaxeb,<br />
bavSvebis mier problemebTan SeWidebis unarianoba/strategiebi <strong>da</strong><br />
urTierToba mSoblebTan, bavSvTa ganaTlebis xelSemSleli<br />
faqtorebis maxasiaTeblebi, bavSvebis <strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba profesiuli<br />
ganaTlebisadmi <strong>da</strong> maTi azrebi <strong>da</strong> wina<strong>da</strong>debebi ganaTlebis<br />
xelmisawvdomobasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT. Tvisobrivi komponentisaTvis<br />
informacia miRebuli iqna fokus jgufebi<strong>da</strong>n, romelSic aseve<br />
monawileobdnen bavSvebi, pe<strong>da</strong>gogebi, profesiuli ga<strong>da</strong>mzadebis<br />
maswavleblebi <strong>da</strong> mSoblebi.<br />
monacemebis statistikuri analizi: kiTxvarebis saSualebiT<br />
Segrivebuli raodenobrivi monacemebis analisi mox<strong>da</strong> Excel-Si.<br />
cvladebis analizi warmodgenilia procentuli maCveneblebiT. fokuz<br />
jgufebis <strong>da</strong> interviuebis meSveobiT Segrovebuli Tvisobrivi<br />
monacemebis analizi mox<strong>da</strong> Sinaarsobrivi analizis meTodiT.<br />
gansakuTrebuli adgili ukavia socialur-pe<strong>da</strong>gogiur<br />
diagnostikas, romelic Seicavs: CarTul <strong>da</strong> pir<strong>da</strong>pir <strong>da</strong>kvirvebas <strong>da</strong><br />
eqspres-interviuirebas specialurad <strong>da</strong>muSavebuli anketebisa <strong>da</strong><br />
dialoguri teqnologiebis gamoyenebiT. miRebuli <strong>da</strong>skvnebi <strong>da</strong><br />
SemuSavebuli rekomen<strong>da</strong>ciebi gakeTebulia sareabilitacio centrebSi<br />
Catarebuli kvlevis Sedegebis analizze <strong>da</strong>yrdnobiT.<br />
mecnieruli siaxle<br />
pirvelad:<br />
_ <strong>da</strong>zustebulia cneba ,,<strong>cxovrebiseuli</strong> unar-Cvevebi”;<br />
_ aRwerilia <strong>viqtimur</strong> bavSvTa (konkretulad, quCis bavSvTa)<br />
fsiqologiuri portreti maTi socialur_pe<strong>da</strong>gogiuri reabilitaciis<br />
saTanado zomebis <strong>da</strong>samuSaveblad;<br />
_ gamokveTilia ganaTlebis, profesiuli aRzrdis ga<strong>da</strong>mwyveti<br />
mniSvneloba socialurad <strong>da</strong>ucvel bavSvTa fsiqo-socialuri iersaxis<br />
cvlilebis, maTSi <strong>cxovrebiseuli</strong> unar-Cvevebis Camoyalibebis yvela<br />
etapze;
_ SemuSavebulia saganmanaTleblo-sareabilitacio centrebSi<br />
quCis bavSvTa ganaTlebisa <strong>da</strong> skolisaTvis mzaobis axleburi midgoma;<br />
_ <strong>da</strong>mtkicebulia, rom <strong>viqtimur</strong> bavSvebSi <strong>cxovrebiseuli</strong> unar-<br />
Cvevebis gamosamuSaveblad saWiroa mecnierul-kompleqsuri midgoma,<br />
romlis drosac saWiroa mTel rig anTropologiur mecnierebaTa<br />
(pe<strong>da</strong>gogikis, sociologiis, fsiqologiisa <strong>da</strong> sxvaTa) integrireba.<br />
centrebSi.<br />
_ gamokveTilia humanizaciis sakiTxebi bavSvTa sareabilitacio<br />
- xazgasmulia socialuri pe<strong>da</strong>gogis, rogorc specialuri<br />
pe<strong>da</strong>gogisa <strong>da</strong> socialuri muSakis harmoniuli sinTezis mizani, roli<br />
<strong>da</strong> mniSvneloba <strong>viqtimur</strong> <strong>da</strong> socialurad <strong>da</strong>ucvel bavSvebTan<br />
mimarTebaSi.<br />
kvlevis praqtikuli Rirebuleba.<br />
_ SemuSavebulia meTodologiuri rekomen<strong>da</strong>ciebi <strong>da</strong><br />
profesiograma socialuri pe<strong>da</strong>gogebisaTvis.<br />
_ gansazRvrulia <strong>viqtimur</strong>i bavSvebis pirveladi<br />
reabilitirebisTvis socialur-pe<strong>da</strong>gogiuri muSaobis Tanmimdevroba <strong>da</strong><br />
Sinaarsi.<br />
disertaciis masalebi SeiZleba gamoiyenon sareabilitacio<br />
samsaxurebis muSakebma, bavSvTa saxlebis specialistebma, saSualo<br />
skolis maswavleblebma; ganaTlebisa <strong>da</strong> socialuri <strong>da</strong>cvis sakiTxebze<br />
momuSave samTavrobo, sakanonmdeblo <strong>da</strong> arasamTavrobo struqturebma;<br />
im umaRlesma saswavleblebma, romlebic amzadeben an momavalSi<br />
moamzadeben <strong>viqtimur</strong> bavSvebTan muSaobaze orientirebul specialur<br />
pe<strong>da</strong>gogebs, socialur muSakebs <strong>da</strong> socialur pe<strong>da</strong>gogebs.<br />
kvlevis obieqti:<br />
- <strong>viqtimur</strong>i bavSvebi – socialuri pirobebis msxverplni;<br />
- ganaTleba, rogorc saSualeba <strong>viqtimur</strong> bavSvebSi<br />
<strong>cxovrebiseuli</strong> unar-Cvevebis CamoyalibebisaTvis.<br />
kvlevis baza:
_ bavSvTa sareabilitacio centrebi<br />
_ojaxi (mSoblebi an meurveebi)<br />
_ zogadsaganmanaTleblo skolebi<br />
_ saswavlo-<strong>da</strong>saqmebis centrebi.<br />
kvlevis SedegTa Teoriul <strong>da</strong> praqtikul doneebze gaazrebam<br />
SesaZlebloba mogvca gansaxilvelad gamogvetana Semdegi debulebebi:<br />
1. gamovlindes im problemis <strong>da</strong>muSavebis done, romelic<br />
<strong>da</strong>kavSirebulia socialuri pirobebis msxverplebTan _ <strong>viqtimur</strong><br />
mozardebTan.<br />
2. <strong>da</strong>zustdes cneba ,,<strong>cxovrebiseuli</strong> unar-Cvevebi” <strong>da</strong> misi<br />
maxasiaTeblebi. <strong>cxovrebiseuli</strong> unar-Cvevebi ganixileba, rogorc<br />
rTuli, dinamikurad pirovnuli axalwarmonaqmni, romelic viTardeba<br />
faseulobiTi orientaciis safuZvelze. agreTve <strong>da</strong>zustdes profesiul<br />
sferoSi Semdgari <strong>cxovrebiseuli</strong> unar-Cvevebis struqtura.<br />
aRzr<strong>da</strong>Si;<br />
3. ganisazRvros ojaxisa <strong>da</strong> skolis roli <strong>viqtimur</strong>i bavSvebis<br />
4. ganisazRvros saganmanaTleblo-sareabilitacio centrebis<br />
roli, rogorc internatuli tipis <strong>da</strong>wesebulebebSi moTavsebis<br />
alternativa <strong>viqtimur</strong>i bavSvebis (konkretulad, quCis bavSvebis)<br />
reabilitirebisa <strong>da</strong> sazogadoebaSi integrirebis, aseve maTSi<br />
<strong>cxovrebiseuli</strong> unar-Cvevebis aRzr<strong>da</strong>Si;<br />
5. xazi gaesvas socialuri pe<strong>da</strong>gogis mizans, rolsa <strong>da</strong><br />
mniSvnelobas <strong>viqtimur</strong> <strong>da</strong> socialurad <strong>da</strong>ucvel bavSvebTan<br />
mimarTebaSi.<br />
kvlevis etapebi:<br />
pirveli etapi (2005-2006ww.) <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli iyo problemis<br />
gaazrebasTan, naSromis meTodologiuri <strong>da</strong> Teoriuli safuZvlebis<br />
gansazRvrasTan, kvlevis miznis, amocanebis <strong>da</strong> ZiriTadi cnebebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>zustebasTan, gamosakvlevi problemis gaazrebasTan mecnierebaსა <strong>da</strong><br />
socialuri institutebis praqtikaSi. am etapis ZiriTadi meTodebia:<br />
socialuri, samarTlebrivi <strong>da</strong> pe<strong>da</strong>gogiuri literaturis Teoriuli<br />
analizi, <strong>da</strong>kvirvebebi.
meore etapi (2006-2008ww.) moicav<strong>da</strong> bavSvTa sareabilitacio<br />
centrebSi sacdel-eqsperimentul muSaobas bavSvebSi <strong>cxovrebiseuli</strong><br />
unar-Cvevebis kriteriumebis <strong>da</strong> ZiriTadi maCveneblebis <strong>da</strong>dgenis<br />
mizniT. gamoyenebuli iyo anketireba, testireba, eqspres-<br />
interviurireba, saubrebi, pir<strong>da</strong>piri <strong>da</strong> CarTuli <strong>da</strong>kvirveba,<br />
sareabilitacio centrebis marTvis, saswavlo gegmebisa Sedgenisa <strong>da</strong><br />
saganmanaTleblo-sareabilitacio saqmianobis warmarTvis analizi.<br />
mesame etapi (2008-2009ww.) Sejam<strong>da</strong> yvela saxis anketuri monacemi<br />
<strong>da</strong> kiTxvari, ganzogad<strong>da</strong> eqspres-interviuebis, pir<strong>da</strong>piri <strong>da</strong> CarTul<br />
<strong>da</strong>kvirvebaTa Sedegebi, erTmaneTs Se<strong>da</strong>r<strong>da</strong> kvlevis sawyisi <strong>da</strong> bolo<br />
etapebis monacemebi, romelmac gamokveTa bavSvTa unar-Cvevebis aSkara<br />
Tu faruli cvlilebis xarisxi. mokvleuli masalis safuZvelze<br />
gakeT<strong>da</strong> Sesabamisi <strong>da</strong>skvnebi.<br />
naSromis struqtura: disertacia Sedgeba Sesavlis, sami Tavis,<br />
<strong>da</strong>skvnebis, bibliografiisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>narTisagan.
Tavi I<br />
mozardebSi <strong>cxovrebiseuli</strong> unar-Cvevebis aRzrdis Teoriuli<br />
winapirobebi<br />
§1 kvlevis Teoriuli <strong>da</strong> meTodologiuri safuZvlebi<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianis <strong>cxovrebiseuli</strong> unar-Cvevebis problemis mecnieruli<br />
kvleva 1986 wli<strong>da</strong>n iRebs saTaves. germaneli pe<strong>da</strong>gogebisa <strong>da</strong><br />
fsiqologebis sicocxlis filosofiur koncefciaTa gavleniT (p.<br />
lausteri, v. loxi, i. deskleri, bolnovi), ,,<strong>cxovrebiseuli</strong> unar-<br />
Cvevebi”, rogorc cneba ganisazRvra a<strong>da</strong>mianis iseTi TvisebebiT,<br />
rogoricaa sasicocxlo Zala <strong>da</strong> simamace, sicocxlis sixaruli,<br />
sicocxlis azris rwmena, cxovrebisaTvis mniSvnelovani <strong>da</strong><br />
aucilebeli unar-Cvevebi.<br />
socialurma <strong>da</strong>ucvelobam <strong>da</strong> bavSvTa <strong>viqtimur</strong>obam<br />
gansakuTrebuli simwvaviT Tavi iCina postsabWoTa sivrceSi. quCis<br />
bavSvebis problema bevrad ufro adre <strong>da</strong> masStaburad idga ruseTSi<br />
sabWiTa kavSiris <strong>da</strong>arsebi<strong>da</strong>nve. saqarTvelosagan gansxvavebiT, sa<strong>da</strong>c<br />
yovelTvis Zlieri iyo ojaxur-naTesaobrivi kavSirebi <strong>da</strong> tradiciebi,<br />
ruseTSi miusafar bavSvTa raodenobas zrdi<strong>da</strong>, erTi mxriv,<br />
alkoholizmis problema, meore mxriv, samoqalaqo <strong>da</strong> msoflio omebi<br />
<strong>da</strong> bolos, bolSevikuri represiebi.<br />
sabWoTa kavSirSi problemis srulyofil Teoriul Seswavlas<br />
xels uSli<strong>da</strong> ideologiuri wnexi. problemis mogvareba ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d<br />
bavSvTa internatebis <strong>da</strong>arsebiT amoiwurebo<strong>da</strong>, riTac sabWoTa
ideologia niRbav<strong>da</strong> miusafar bavSvTa cxovrebis realur suraTs.<br />
miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad sabWoTa kavSirSi Semaval xalxTa sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva<br />
mentalitetisa, yvelgan moqmedeb<strong>da</strong> miusafar bavSvTa problemis<br />
mogvarebis erTiani centralizebuli sistema. saqarTveloSic dRemde<br />
funqcionirebs im sistemi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong>rCenili bavSvTa saxlebi.<br />
me-20 saukunis bolo aTwleulebSi <strong>da</strong> sabWoTa kavSiris rRvevis<br />
Semdeg, rodesac rusi mkvlevarebi gaTavisufldnen ideologiuri<br />
wnexisgan, masiurad <strong>da</strong>iwyes am problemis kvleva <strong>da</strong> gamosavlis Zieba.<br />
amitomac aris, rom dResdReobiT Zalian bevri masala/literatura<br />
aris <strong>da</strong>grovili am mimarTulebiT.<br />
samwuxarod, bavSvTa socialurma <strong>da</strong>ucvelobam saqarTveloSic<br />
iCina Tavi <strong>da</strong> sakmaod intensiurad, ramac gaaCina quCis bavSvis<br />
fenomeni. amitom, evropuli <strong>da</strong> amerikuli gamkvlevebis paralelurad,<br />
mizanSewonilad vcaniT rusuli kvlevebis Seswavla <strong>da</strong> maTi Sedegebis<br />
gaTvaliswineba.<br />
1997 wels rusma pe<strong>da</strong>gogebma, sociologebma, fsiqologebma<br />
cxovrebis sulieri safuZvlebis krizisisa <strong>da</strong> “gar<strong>da</strong>maval periodSi”<br />
aRzrdis pirobebisTvis saWiro orientiris saZieblad <strong>da</strong>iwyes<br />
<strong>cxovrebiseuli</strong> unar-Cvevebis problemis <strong>da</strong>muSaveba.<br />
,,humanizmi, rogorc socialuri pe<strong>da</strong>gogikis Teoriul<br />
meTodikuri safuZveli” (t.f. iarkina, 158) aris pirveli wigni, romelic<br />
siRrmiseulad ganixilavs “<strong>cxovrebiseuli</strong> unar-Cvevebis” problemas.<br />
wignis ZiriTadi nawili eZRvneba “<strong>cxovrebiseuli</strong> unar-Cvevebis” arsis<br />
<strong>da</strong>dgenas <strong>da</strong>savleTis mecnierTa aRzrdis axali humanisturi<br />
orientirebis gaTvaliswinebiT.<br />
1995-1999 wlebSi “<strong>cxovrebiseuli</strong> unar-Cvevebis” problemas Seexnen<br />
a.i. ardolnovi, l.s. vigocki, n.d. nikandrovi.<br />
DdResdReobiT gansakuTrebuli tempiT mimdinareobs <strong>viqtimur</strong>i<br />
bavSvebis fenomenis, am movlenis warmoSobis <strong>da</strong> misi sazRvrebis<br />
gafarToebis mizezebis kvleva (a. baranovi, k. biutneri, v.s. muxina, l.k.<br />
sidorova, a. iarulovi); mSobelTa zrunvas moklebuli bavSvebis<br />
ganviTarebis TaviseburebaTa Seswavla (n. andreeva, a. batuevi, s.<br />
beliCeva, a. vinogradova, n. deniseviCi <strong>da</strong> sxv.); saqmianobis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva
sferoSi socialur-pe<strong>da</strong>gogiuri reabilitaciis gzebis Zieba (l.i.<br />
boJoviC, a. leontievi, s. gavrilovi, s. mrSCeriakova <strong>da</strong> sxv.); sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva<br />
<strong>da</strong>wesebulebebSi maTi a<strong>da</strong>ptaciis Taviseburebebis gamovlena (g.<br />
gribanova, i. dubrovina, m. lixina <strong>da</strong> sxv.); ojaxuri deprivaciis<br />
pirobebSi bavSvis mdgomareobis (b. aizerbergi, i. langmeieri, r. Spici<br />
<strong>da</strong> sxv.) kvleva.<br />
piradi arCevanis sakiTxebi socialuri TviTgamorkvevis<br />
situaciebSi gaSuqebulia s. verSlovskis, v. zagvzianskis, s.<br />
matuSkinis, i. lerneris <strong>da</strong> sxvaTa SromebSi. TviTgamorkvevisa <strong>da</strong><br />
arCevanis aspeqtebi gamokvleulia v. afanasievas, v. zaicevis, k.<br />
abulxanovis, slavskaias, a. asmolovis, m. ginzburgis, t.malkovskaias,<br />
t. nosovas <strong>da</strong> sxvaTa SromebSi.<br />
Znelad aRsazrdeli mozardis formirebis problemebze muSaoben<br />
l. alqsandrovi, s. aleqseevi, s. arzrumaniani, beliCeva, v.g. boCkariova,<br />
e.m. <strong>da</strong>nilini, s.v. <strong>da</strong>rmodeJini, e.v. zaika, v.a. matenko, e. kviatovskaia-<br />
tokoviCi, a.i. liublinski, m.i. roSkovi, n.g. maRraZe.<br />
Tanamedrove mecnierebaSi <strong>da</strong>iwyo socialuri oblobis, rogorc<br />
bavSvis ganviTarebis gansakuTrebuli situaciis Zireuli kvlevis<br />
procesi. analizi ukeTdeba “socialur oblobas”, rogorc cnebas (l.n.<br />
galigluzova, s.i. ivanovi, n.n. tolstixi, l.baranovi, k. biutneri, v.x.<br />
muxina), mSobelTa mzrunvelobas moklebul bavSvTa fsiqiuri<br />
ganviTarebis Taviseburebebs (n.n. avdeeva, s.i. beliCeva, a.d. vinogradova,<br />
n.n. deniseviCi); obol bavSvTa socialur-pe<strong>da</strong>gogiuri reabilitaciis<br />
gzebs (l.i. botoviCi, s. gavrilovi, a.n. leontievi <strong>da</strong> sxv.); maTi<br />
a<strong>da</strong>ptaciis Taviseburebebs sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva <strong>da</strong>wesebulebebSi (g.v. gribanova,<br />
i.v. dubrovina, m.i. lisina, e.v. novikova); bavSvTa saxlis aRzrdilis<br />
socialuri portretis xarisxobriv Taviseburebas (t.m. zemlianuxina,<br />
i.p. proxina, s.i. meSCeriakova <strong>da</strong> sxv.).<br />
2004 wels samecniero-Teoriul JurnalSi “pe<strong>da</strong>gogika” (#1)<br />
gamoqveyn<strong>da</strong> m.p. gurianovas statia “<strong>cxovrebiseuli</strong> unar-Cvevebis mqone<br />
pirovnebis aRzr<strong>da</strong> disharmoniuli sociumis pirobebSi”. statia<br />
orientirebulia pirovnebaze, sazogadoebaze <strong>da</strong> skolaze (74).
dResdReobiT saqarTveloSi ar arsebobs kvleva, romelic<br />
<strong>viqtimur</strong>i bavSvebis (konkretulad, quCis bavSvebi) aRzrdis problemas<br />
kompleqsurad ganixilavs: ar aris Seswavlili aRniSnuli problema<br />
specialurad, disciplinaTSoris doneze, anTropologiur<br />
mecnierebaTa kompleqsze <strong>da</strong>yrdnobiT, romelTa Soris pe<strong>da</strong>gogika<br />
wamyvan adgils <strong>da</strong>ikaveb<strong>da</strong>.<br />
Tumca, <strong>viqtimur</strong>i bavSvebis sxva jgufebze, rogorebicaa<br />
gansakuTrebuli saWiroebebi mqone SezRuduli SesaZleblobebis mqone<br />
bavSvebi, aris kvlevebi, romlebzec qarTveli mecnierebi muSaoben: nana<br />
carciZe ( «inkluziuri ganaTleba <strong>da</strong> bavSvze orientirebuli garemos<br />
Seqmna», 2004w ; «SezRuduli SesaZleblobebis mqone bavSvTa<br />
ganaTlebis aqtualuri problemebi», 2005 w ; «gansxvavebuli<br />
saWiroebebis mqone pirTa ganaTleba », 2008 w; «inkluziuri ganaTlebis<br />
momavali perspeqtivebi saqarTveloSi », 2008 w); mamia yolbaia<br />
(“integrirebuli swavlebis aqtualuri problemebi”, 2004w) ; naTela<br />
ime<strong>da</strong>Ze (“fsiqologiis <strong>da</strong>xmarebis roli cerebrialuri <strong>da</strong>mbliT<br />
<strong>da</strong>avadebul bavSvebSi” 2004w) ; <strong>da</strong>rejan kaxiani ( “yuradRebis<br />
deficitisa <strong>da</strong> hiperaqtiobis sindromis kvleva qarTul populaciaSi“,<br />
2002w) ; Tamar gagoSiZe (“bavSvis fsiqikuri ganviTarebis <strong>da</strong>rRvevebi“,<br />
2007w, “inkluziuri ganaTlebis principebi“, 2008w.); eTer xufacaria<br />
(“smena<strong>da</strong>rRveul bavSvTa ganaTlebisa <strong>da</strong> reabilitaciis mdgomareoba<br />
saqarTveloSi“, 2005w.) ; manana ruxaZe (“unarSezRuduli bavSvebis<br />
reabilitaciisa <strong>da</strong> socialuri integraciis fsiqologiuri <strong>da</strong><br />
samedicino aspeqtebi”, 2004 w.) ; <strong>da</strong>viT carciZe (“ unarSezRuduli<br />
bavSvebis inkluziur ganaTlebasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli kvlevebi“, 2003w ;<br />
“unarSezRuduli bavSvebis sabaziso unar_CvevaTa swavlebis<br />
Taviseburebani inkluziur klasSi“, 2004w.) <strong>da</strong> sxva.<br />
$ 2. <strong>cxovrebiseuli</strong> unar-Cvevebis arsi<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianis sicocxle evoluciuri ganviTarebis procesSi<br />
yovelTvis moZraobaa, cvlaa. sicocxle _ saqmianobaa. amitom icvleba<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianis yoveldRiuri cxovrebis yvela sfero _ saqmianobis<br />
saxeobebi, moTxovnilebebi, urTierTobebi, sulieri kultura <strong>da</strong> sxv.
Sesabamisad un<strong>da</strong> icvlebodes aRzr<strong>da</strong>, romlis gamoyofa<br />
cxovrebis gamovlinebis mravalferovnebisagan SeuZlebelia. aRzr<strong>da</strong><br />
mowodebulia mTeli Tavisi SinaarsiT: SeaiaraRos mozardi Taoba<br />
imiT, rac aucilebelia a<strong>da</strong>mianis cxovrebisaTvis sazogadoebaSi,<br />
Camouyalibos qcevis saWiro normebi <strong>da</strong> formebi, pirovnebis Tvisebebi,<br />
faseulobebi, idealebi, msoflmxedvelobiTi poziciebi, xeli Seuwyos<br />
pirovnebis TviTrealizebas.<br />
gansacdelSi, antropologiur katastrofaSi moxvedril a<strong>da</strong>mians<br />
sWirdeba sayrdeni cxovrebaSi simtkicis mopovebisaTvis. roca aseT<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mians sayrdeni ara aqvs, is un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>eyrdnos sakuTar Sinagan Zalebs,<br />
zneobriv simtkices, amisaTvis aucilebelia mozardis asaki<strong>da</strong>n<br />
cxovrebisaTvis mniSvnelovani <strong>da</strong> aucilebeli unar-Cvevebis<br />
gamomuSaveba.<br />
im mZime socialur viTarebaSi, romelSic uxdeba cxovreba<br />
mozard Taobas, yvela socialuri institutis movaleobaa aRzardos<br />
masSi sicocxlisunarianoba, romelic <strong>da</strong>exmareba mozardebs,<br />
axalgazrdebs <strong>da</strong>eyrdnon sakuTar Zalebs <strong>da</strong> simtkices, uari Tqvan<br />
yvelafer negatiurze, zedmetze, gaxdnen pozitiurni azrovnebasa <strong>da</strong><br />
saqmianobaSi.<br />
ucxour <strong>da</strong> samamulo pe<strong>da</strong>gogTa <strong>da</strong> fsiqologTa SromebSi 1986<br />
wlamde Cven ver vnaxeT cneba `<strong>cxovrebiseuli</strong> unar-Cvevebi~. Tavisi<br />
mniSvnelobiT igi esa<strong>da</strong>gebo<strong>da</strong> cnebas `TviTmarTva~ <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli<br />
iyo profesiul TviTgamorkvevasTan (a.v. afanasievi, a.i. Jurkina, v.a.<br />
iadovi <strong>da</strong> sxva); komunikaciuri urTierTobis sferosTan (a.a. bo<strong>da</strong>levi,<br />
s.v. krivcova, e.a. muxatlugina, v.n. miasiSCeva <strong>da</strong> sxva); faseulobiT<br />
TviTgamorkvevasTan (a. maslou, k. rojersi, r. Staineri, x. remSmiti).<br />
isini yuradRebas amaxvileben TviTgamorkvevis, arCevanis, motivirebis,<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianis cxovrebis perspeqtivebis problemebze.<br />
gasuli saukunis samocian wlebSi germanelma mecnierebma,<br />
pe<strong>da</strong>gogebma, fsiqologebma <strong>da</strong>iwyes muSaoba sicocxlisunarianobis<br />
problemaze, misi arsis <strong>da</strong>dgenaze, krizisul situaciebSi a<strong>da</strong>mianis<br />
sicocxlisunarianobaze, fsiqologiur <strong>da</strong> socialur komponentebze,
omlebic xels uwyoben cxovrebaSi simtkicis <strong>da</strong> <strong>cxovrebiseuli</strong><br />
unar-Cvevebi Camoyalibebas a<strong>da</strong>mianSi.<br />
germanelma fsiqologma p. lausterma (1994w.) <strong>da</strong>saxa pirovnebis<br />
SemoqmedebiTi ganviTarebis <strong>da</strong> mis mier Sinagani Tavisuflebis<br />
mopovebis axali gzebi. man Camoayaliba pirovnebis sxvisi nebisadmi<br />
morCilebisagan, cru avtoritetebisagan, sicocxlis usafuZvlo<br />
filosofiuri koncefciebisagan, emociuri blokirebisagan<br />
ganTavisuflebis saSualebebi.<br />
p. lausteri Tvlis, rom amJamad a<strong>da</strong>miani ar rCeba bioavtomatis<br />
stadiaze. is viTareba cnobierebis mimarTulebiT, es ki moiTxovs mis<br />
Sinagan Zalebs, sarezervo SesaZleblobebis gamoyenebas. maSasa<strong>da</strong>me<br />
Tavis cxovrebiseul unar-Cvevebs gansazRvravs TviT pirovneba (108).<br />
profesori v. loxi statiaSi `mxneobis pe<strong>da</strong>gogika~ (1966 w.)<br />
wer<strong>da</strong>, rom centraluri mamoZravebeli vitalikuri grZnoba aris<br />
mxneoba, rogorc uaRresad mniSvnelovani ZiriTadi mdgomareoba. igi<br />
gansazRvravs <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebas garemosa <strong>da</strong> sakuTari Tavis mimarT.<br />
mxneoba, SiSis sawinaaRmdegod, unergavs a<strong>da</strong>mians Zalas, aqtiurobas,<br />
uxsnis cxovrebis samyaros. mxneoba Seicavs sicocxlis qvecnobier,<br />
grZnobad <strong>da</strong>mtkicebas. igi cxovelqmedebis veqtoria (107).<br />
profesori i. deqsleri statiaSi `sixarulis pe<strong>da</strong>gogiuri<br />
adgili~ a<strong>da</strong>mianis sicocxlis ZiriTad fenomenad Tvlis sixaruls. is<br />
asxivebs samkurnalo Zalas, acocxlebs a<strong>da</strong>mians, aZlevs mas stimuls.<br />
sixarulSia moTavsebuli a<strong>da</strong>mianis sicocxlis wyaro. mxolod<br />
`gulRiaobis” mdgomareobaS SeuZlia a<strong>da</strong>mians <strong>da</strong>isaxos miznebi <strong>da</strong><br />
amocanebi <strong>da</strong> imediT, sixaruliT aRsavse molodiniT miaRwios maT<br />
ganxorcielebas (gamoqveynebulia t.f. iarkanis wignSi `a<strong>da</strong>miani<br />
rogorc socialuri pe<strong>da</strong>gogikis obieqti~ (160).<br />
erT-erTi gamoCenili mecnieri germanel pe<strong>da</strong>gogTa <strong>da</strong><br />
filosofosTa Soris, o. bolonovi naSromSi `ganwyobilebis arsi~<br />
(gamoqveynebulia t.f. iarkanis wignSi `a<strong>da</strong>miani rogorc socialuri<br />
pe<strong>da</strong>gogikis obieqti~ (160) <strong>da</strong>wvrilebiT aRwers a<strong>da</strong>mianis<br />
sicocxlisaTvis brZolis problemas <strong>da</strong> Tvlis mas pe<strong>da</strong>gogikis<br />
seriozul amocanad. is wers, rom <strong>cxovrebiseuli</strong> unar-Cvevebi bevr<strong>da</strong>a
<strong>da</strong>mokidebuli a<strong>da</strong>mianis ganwyobaze rogorc sicocxlis saZirkvelze,<br />
romelic gansazRvravs misi cxovrebis mTel Sinagan agebulebas.<br />
naSromSi ,,ganwyobilebis arsi" (1956w.) o. bolnovi did yuradRebas<br />
aqcevs amaRlebuli ganwyobilebis <strong>da</strong>debiTi grZnobebis sakiTxis<br />
<strong>da</strong>muSavebas. aseTia: sixaruli, siyvaruli, imedi, gul<strong>da</strong>jerebuloba.<br />
mecnieri Tvlis, rom amaRlebuli ganwyobileba stimuls aZlevs<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianis aqtiurobas, gar<strong>da</strong>qmnis mas, unergavs axal rwmenas, ndobas<br />
sakuTari Tavisa <strong>da</strong> sxvebis mimarT. a<strong>da</strong>mians SeuZlia Cawvdes sakuTar<br />
arss mxolod Rrma Sinagani kmayofilebis mdgomareobaSi.<br />
amgvarad, ganwyobileba wyvets, Tu rogori warmoudgeba a<strong>da</strong>mians<br />
samyaro, sicocxle.<br />
yofiereba, o. bolonovis azriT, icvleba a<strong>da</strong>mianis<br />
ganwyobilebebis cvlasTan erTad. o. bolonovi mniSvnelovan<br />
pe<strong>da</strong>gogiur problemad ganixilavs ganwyobilebis regulirebas, mtkice<br />
xasiaTis gamomuSavebis aucileblobas, rac SeaCerebs ganwyobilebis<br />
xSir cvlas. Tavisi qceviT a<strong>da</strong>miani gamoxatavs ganwyobilebaSi<br />
arsebuli sicocxlis fuZes<br />
ar vamcirebT ganwyobilebis, mxneobis, sixarulis rols,<br />
mniSvnelobas a<strong>da</strong>mianis sicocxlisunarianobaSi; magram, sakmarisad ar<br />
migvaCnia SemovifargloT am grZnobaTa anTropologiuri funqciebis<br />
mniSvnelobiT, ganvsazRvroT a<strong>da</strong>mianis sicocxlis ZiriTad fenomenad<br />
<strong>da</strong> ar gaviTvaliswinoT xalxis mentaliteti <strong>da</strong> socialuri<br />
sinamdvile.<br />
1986 wels germaniaSi gamovi<strong>da</strong> pe<strong>da</strong>gog v. brecinkas naSromi<br />
,,arasaimedo faseulobaTa aRzr<strong>da</strong> sazogadoebaSi". masSi pirvelad iyo<br />
Camoyalibebuli cneba ,,<strong>cxovrebiseuli</strong> unar-Cvevebi". avtori xsnis<br />
aRzr<strong>da</strong>s, rogorc zemoqmedebis saSualebas mozard Taobaze, maTSi<br />
<strong>cxovrebiseuli</strong> unar-Cvevebi gamomuSavebisaTvis; cxovrebisaTvis maTi<br />
mravalmxrivi momzadeba sruli socialuri aRzrdis gziT.<br />
cnebaSi ,,<strong>cxovrebiseuli</strong> unar-Cvevebi" v. brecinkam Cado iseTi<br />
Tvisebebis <strong>formireba</strong>, rogoricaa <strong>cxovrebiseuli</strong> mxneoba, sicocxlis
siyvaruli, sicocxlis azris rwmena, cxovrebaSi mniSvnelovani <strong>da</strong><br />
aucilebeli unar-Cvevebis SeZena. 1<br />
mecnieri Tvlis, rom <strong>cxovrebiseuli</strong> unarCveva _ es xelovnebaa,<br />
romelic un<strong>da</strong> aswavlo. sicocxle_Semoqmedebaa, amitom saWiroa<br />
Semoqmedi a<strong>da</strong>mianis, sakuTari cxovrebis arqiteqtorad aRzr<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong><br />
sicocxlis ,,TviTSeqmnis” swavleba.<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianis <strong>cxovrebiseuli</strong> unar-Cvevebi, misi <strong>cxovrebiseuli</strong><br />
warmatebebi bevrad aris <strong>da</strong>mokidebuli sakuTari Sinagani procesebis<br />
marTvis unarze. Tu a<strong>da</strong>mians es unari gaaCnia, mas marTaven sxvebi.<br />
amerikeli mecnieri, fsiqologi a. maslou gansazRvravs iseTi<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianebis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebel 17 Tvisebas, romlebmac moaxdines<br />
TviTrealizeba:<br />
1. cxovrebis, sinamdvilis naTeli aRqma, realobis <strong>da</strong> imedebis,<br />
lodinis <strong>da</strong> rwmenis gansxavvebis unari;<br />
2. sakuTari Tavis miReba, iseTad, rogoric aris;<br />
3. qcevis ubraloeba <strong>da</strong> bunebrioba;<br />
4. orientacia ara Tavis Tavze, aramed sicocxlis problemis<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetaze yvelasTvis mniSvnelovani amocanis, miznis an misiis<br />
SesrulebisaTvis;<br />
5. pasuxismgeblobiT moqmedeba;<br />
6. e.w. bedis ukuRmarTobis, gaWirvebis, warumateblobis advilad<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>tanis unari;<br />
sxvebisaga;.<br />
7. ZiriTadi cxovrebiseul faseulobaTa ga<strong>da</strong>faseba;<br />
8. mTlianobis grZnobis ganviTareba;<br />
9. ufro srulfasovani urTierToba sxva a<strong>da</strong>mianebTan;<br />
10. demokratiuli <strong>da</strong> Ria xasiaTi, raTa SeiZinos codna<br />
11. naTeli moraluri warmodgenebi <strong>da</strong> mtkice eTikuri principebi;<br />
12. uwyinari iumoris qona;<br />
13. SemoqmedebiTi niWi <strong>da</strong> mudmivad axali ideebis Zieba;<br />
14. gamtanoba, gabeduloba, simtkice;<br />
1 Targmnilia rusulad <strong>da</strong> Setanilia t.f. iarkinas wignSi ,,a<strong>da</strong>miani, rogorc<br />
socialuri pe<strong>da</strong>gogikis <strong>da</strong> socialuri muSaobis obieqti" (148, 17-18).
15. erTguleba ojaxisadmi;<br />
rogorc Cans, a. masloum icis, rom sulieri <strong>da</strong> fizikuri<br />
wonasworobis mopoveba ar aris advili. mdgomarebi<strong>da</strong>n gamosavals is<br />
xe<strong>da</strong>vs ,,cxovrebis bunebrivi wesis <strong>da</strong> bunebis universaluri kanonebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>cvaSi. mxolod am SemTxvevaSi SeuZlia a<strong>da</strong>mians gamoimuSaos energia<br />
sicocxlis uzrunvelsayofad” (112).<br />
pe<strong>da</strong>gogiur mecnierebaTa doqtori, saerTaSoriso akademiis<br />
profesori v.g. boCkareva <strong>cxovrebiseuli</strong> unar-CvevebSi gulisxmobs<br />
TviTrealizebas, yvela situacii<strong>da</strong>n gamosavalis povnis unars;<br />
nayofieri moRvaweobisaTvis aucilebeli pirobebis Seqmnis<br />
Tavisuflebas; saqmianobis arCevis Tavisuflebas; swori, saRi<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebis miRebas <strong>da</strong> pasuxismgeblobis sakuTar Tavze aRebas.<br />
<strong>da</strong>xmarebas TviTaqtualizebaSi mas un<strong>da</strong> uwevdes Ria socialuri<br />
saganmanaTleblo garemo. saganmanaTleblo sivrcis mTavar funqcias<br />
warmoadgens Semoqmedi pirovnebis SesaZleblobebis gafarToeba,<br />
yvelafer momx<strong>da</strong>rze, maT Soris sakuTari arsebobis azrze<br />
pasuxismgeblobis stimulireba, pirovnebis <strong>da</strong>yenebas saqmianobis<br />
subieqtis mdgomareobaSi romelic iRebs ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebebs, moqmedebs<br />
gamomuSavebul faseulobaTa Sesabamisad (71).<br />
zemoTqmuli<strong>da</strong>n Cans, rom v.g. boCkareva ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d aqcents<br />
akeTebs aRzrdis iseTi zneobrivi komponentis rolze, rogoricaa<br />
pasuxismgebloba, magram ar gamoyofs asakis mixedviT socialuri<br />
pasuxismgeblobis aRzrdisaTvis yvelaze senzitiur periods<br />
pe<strong>da</strong>gogiuri institutebisTvis gankuTvnili saxelmZRvanelosi<br />
,,socialuri pe<strong>da</strong>gogikis safuZvlebis” avtors, f.a. mustaevas,<br />
<strong>cxovrebiseuli</strong> unar-Cvevebi esmis, rogorc pirovnebis TviTgamorkveva,<br />
mis mier cxovelmoqmedebis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva sferoSi garkveuli poziciis<br />
monaxva momavlis gegemebis <strong>da</strong>muSaveba. AamasTan, misi azriT,<br />
TviTgamorkvevis procesi un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>iyos asakis mixedviT.<br />
ase rom, umcros saskolo asakSi <strong>cxovrebiseuli</strong> unar-Cvevebi<br />
gulisxmobs axal socialur situaciaSi, skolaSi poziciis mopovebas:<br />
,,man (baSvma) un<strong>da</strong> gansazRvros Tavisi <strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba TanatolebTan
<strong>da</strong> ufrosebTan, amasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT gar<strong>da</strong>qmnas urTierTobis ukve<br />
Camoyalibebuli sistema” (120).<br />
mozardis asakSi gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas iZens Tavisi sqesis<br />
Tanatolebs Soris sakuTari poziciis Zieba, rasac adreul<br />
axalgazrdobaSi emateba sawinaaRmdego sqesis TanatolebSi poziciis<br />
gansazRvra. axalgazrdobisTvis aucilebelia sakuTari poziciis Tu<br />
adgilis povna ojaxur <strong>da</strong> SromiT sferoebSi.<br />
f.a. mustaeva, iseve rogorc zemoT warmodgenili avtorebi,<br />
komponentiT <strong>cxovrebiseuli</strong> unar-Cvevebi Sinaarsis gansazRvrisas<br />
ifargleba erTi komponentiT. am SemTxvevaSi aRniSnul komponents<br />
warmoadgens poziciis Zieba urTierTobebsa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebebSi.<br />
t.f. iarkinas (saerTaSoriso pe<strong>da</strong>gogiuri akademiis akademikosi)<br />
azriT, mozardebSi <strong>cxovrebiseuli</strong> unar-Cvevebis aRzrdis mizania<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianis SeiaraReba cxovrebisTvis aucilebeli codniT SeiaraReba<br />
socialuri gamocdilebis <strong>da</strong>grovebisaTvis; maTSi qcevis aucilebeli<br />
normebis <strong>da</strong> formebis, pirovnebis Tvisebebis <strong>da</strong> faseulobebis,<br />
msoflmxedveluri poziciebis Camoyalibeba; pirovnebisaTvis<br />
TviTrealizebis pirobebis Seqmna (160).<br />
t.f. iarkina Tvlis, rom <strong>cxovrebiseuli</strong> unar-Cvevebis <strong>formireba</strong><br />
_ aRzrdis ZiriTadi amocanaa Tanamedrove etapze. Mmisi mtkicebiT,<br />
<strong>cxovrebiseuli</strong> unar-Cvevebis SeZenisaTvis a<strong>da</strong>mians sWirdeba erTi<br />
mxriv, Sinagani sayrdeni mSvidobian garemoSi ojaxSi, rogorc mcire<br />
socialur jgufebSi, sxva erTobebSi, romlebTanac mozards aqvs<br />
Sexeba. Mmeore mxriv, sazogadoebasTan urTierTobis sando<br />
<strong>cxovrebiseuli</strong> safuZveli, avtoritetis simtkice <strong>da</strong> sxv.<br />
amasTan, aucilebelia sakuTar Zalebze <strong>da</strong>yrdnoba, sakuTari<br />
zneobrivi simtkice, yovelive negatiurze <strong>da</strong> zedmetze uaris Tqma,<br />
ZalTa koncentrireba yvelaze arsebiTsa <strong>da</strong> pozitiurze.<br />
pe<strong>da</strong>gogiur mecnierebaTa doqtori, saerTaSoriso pe<strong>da</strong>gogiuri<br />
akademiis profesori a.i. xo<strong>da</strong>kovi mozardebSi <strong>cxovrebiseuli</strong> unar-<br />
Cvevebi aRzrdis aucilebel komponentebad miiCnevs: individualuri <strong>da</strong><br />
jgufuri <strong>da</strong>xmarebis organizebas; nebisyofis <strong>da</strong> xasiaTis gamtkicebas<br />
warumateblobisas; cxovrebiseul <strong>da</strong>brkolebebTan Sexvedrisas
ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebebis miRebis unars; pirovnebis TviTaRzrdis<br />
stimulirebas xangrZlivi warumateblobisas; moralur-fsiqologiur<br />
mxaradWeras maswavleblis, <strong>da</strong>mrigeblis mxri<strong>da</strong>n; socialur<br />
<strong>da</strong>mokidebulebaTa rekonstruqcias mikrogaremoSi, romelic xels<br />
uwyobs optimizmis SenarCunebas (157).<br />
<strong>cxovrebiseuli</strong> unar-Cvevebi aRzrdis cnebis yvelaze srul<br />
ganmartebas vxvdebiT t.f. iarkianas (159) <strong>da</strong> a.i. xo<strong>da</strong>kovis (157)<br />
SromebSi. maTSi ganmartebulia <strong>cxovrebiseuli</strong> unar-Cvevebi aRzrdis<br />
arsi <strong>da</strong> Sinaarsi.<br />
sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva avtorTa mier <strong>cxovrebiseuli</strong> unar-Cvevebis”, rogorc<br />
cnebis, ganmartebaTa analizis safuZvelze SeiZleba <strong>da</strong>vaskvnaT:<br />
<strong>cxovrebiseuli</strong> unar-CvevebiSi Cven vgulisxmobT cxovrebiseul<br />
mxneobas; sakuTar Zalebze <strong>da</strong>yrdnobas; zneobriv simtkices; cxovrebis<br />
aqtiurad mowyobis mzadyofnas <strong>da</strong> unars; saqmianobis moTxovnilebas,<br />
amtanobas, gabedulebas, pasuxismgeblobas sakuTar Tavze <strong>da</strong> sxvebze;<br />
sicocxlis xaliss <strong>da</strong> sakuTari Zalebis rwmenas, gulRiaobas <strong>da</strong><br />
TviTSefasebis adekvaturobas.<br />
$3 mozardobis asaki P<br />
pe<strong>da</strong>gogiur fsiqologiasa <strong>da</strong> socialur pe<strong>da</strong>gogikaSi<br />
mozardobis asaki warmoadgens gansakuTrebuli yuradRebis obieqts.
amdena<strong>da</strong>c aRniSnuli asaki ukavSirdeba a<strong>da</strong>mianSi pirovnebis<br />
ganviTarebis ga<strong>da</strong>mwyvet etaps, mozardobis asakSi aRzr<strong>da</strong> yovelTvis<br />
moiazrebo<strong>da</strong> mecnierul kvlevaTa mTavar Temad.<br />
maT Sorisaa aristoteles, piTagoras, i.a. komenskis, Jan-Jak<br />
rusos, Jan piaJes, l. golbergis, a. gezelis, f. raisis, d. uznaZis, r.<br />
naTaZis, m.yolbaias, i. kotetiSvilis, S. CxartiSvilis, n. ime<strong>da</strong>Zis, i.s.<br />
konis, v.a. kruteckis, d. elkoninis, a.v. mudrikis, a.g. xripovas, s.a.<br />
belicevas, e.v. aleqseevas <strong>da</strong> sxvaTa Sromebi.<br />
am mecnierTa mosazrebiT, mozardobis asaki moicavs yvelaze<br />
xangrZliv asakobriv periods – 10-<strong>da</strong>n 14 wlamde. amasTan, am periodSi<br />
vxvdebiT gra<strong>da</strong>ciebs: umcrosi (10-11 wlis) <strong>da</strong> ufrosi (12-14 wlis)<br />
asaki. Tumca Cveni Sroma mozardobas ganixilavs 10-<strong>da</strong>n 18 wlamde<br />
asaks. aRsaniSanavia, rom gaeros bavSvis uflebaTa konvenciiT bavSvad<br />
iTvleba 18 wlis asaks miRweuli piri, Tu romelime monawile qveynis<br />
erovnuli kanonmdebloba ar iTvaliswinebs srulwlovanebis miRwevas<br />
ufro mcire asakSi.<br />
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis me-12 muxliT srulwlovania<br />
piri, romelmac miaRwia 18 wlis asaks. amave muxli a<strong>da</strong>mians<br />
srulqmedunarianobas aniWebs 18 wlis asaki<strong>da</strong>n, rodesac a<strong>da</strong>miani xdeba<br />
srulwlovani. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis me-14 muxliT, 7<br />
wlamde a<strong>da</strong>miani aris mcirewlovani <strong>da</strong> qmeduunaro, xolo 7 wli<strong>da</strong>n 18<br />
wlamde a<strong>da</strong>miani iTvleba arasrulwlovnad <strong>da</strong> SezRudul<br />
qmedunarianad (33).<br />
mecnierTa nawili mozardobis asaks uwodebs tragikuls, nawili<br />
– krizisuls; zogi ki Tvlis, rom es yvelaze mSvenieri, magram Zalian<br />
rTuli periodia.<br />
Mmozardobis asakis siZneleTa gamomwvev winapirobaTa Soris<br />
yvelaze mniSvnelovania fsiqobiologiuri <strong>da</strong> socialuri faqtorebi.<br />
pirveli <strong>da</strong>kavSirebulia mZafr sqesobriv ganviTarebasTan, swraf<br />
zr<strong>da</strong>sTan; organizmis mTeli sistemis intensiur <strong>da</strong> araTanabar
ganviTarebas Tan axlavs xasiaTobrivi <strong>da</strong>rRvevebi, funqcionaluri<br />
moSlilobebi.<br />
meore <strong>da</strong>kavSirebulia mozardis pirovnul CamoyalibebasTan,<br />
kerZod, garemocvaSi myof ufrosebTan, mSoblebTan, maswavleblebTan<br />
urTierTobis formaTa mkveTr cvlasTan.<br />
amerikeli fsiqologi a. gazeli Tvlis, rom 11 wli<strong>da</strong>n mozardi<br />
impulsuri xdeba, amJRavnebs negativizms, misTvis <strong>da</strong>maxiasiaTebelia<br />
ganwyobilebis xSiri cvla, Cxubi TanatolebTan, ,,ajanyeba’’ mSobelTa<br />
winaaRmdeg. `mowifulobis SegrZnebis” Camoyalibebis procesi<br />
,,aiZulebs” mozardobis asakis bavSvs ufrosebTan urTierTobis axali<br />
formebi eZios <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>amyaros.<br />
mozardis ganviTarebis pirveli etapisaTvis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli<br />
bavSvuri uSualoba, miamitoba icvleba msjelobis kategoriulobiT.<br />
mozardi xdeba ufro mgrZnobiare, ase vTqvaT, ,,wyenia”; umZafrdeba<br />
sakuTari Rirsebis grZnoba.<br />
mozardi iswrafvis gaxdes ufrosebis Tanasworuflebiani<br />
partniori, rac xSirad iwvevs konfliqtebs garSemomyofebTan. ojaxSi<br />
konfliqtis mizezi xSirad xdebian ufrosebi, ramdena<strong>da</strong>c mozardis<br />
fizikuri <strong>da</strong> fsiqikuri cvlilebebis procesSi mxolod mis negatiur<br />
mxareebs xe<strong>da</strong>ven <strong>da</strong> sruliad ar amCneven pozitiursa <strong>da</strong> axals.<br />
ojaxuri komfliqti mozards aiZulebs <strong>da</strong>moukideblad gaakeTos<br />
arCevani <strong>da</strong> xSirad swori ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebis gareSe aiRos<br />
pasuxismgebloba sakuTar Tavze. Sedegad, c<strong>da</strong> marcxiT mTavrdeba,<br />
rasac mozardi fsiqiur afeTqebamde miyavs.<br />
mozardebi udides mniSvnelobas TanatolebTan urTierTobas<br />
aniWeben. TanatolebTan urTierTobis regulireba misi cxovrebis<br />
yvela <strong>da</strong>narCen mxares gansazRvravs. mozardebisaTvis mniSvnelovania<br />
TanatolTa wreSi sakuTari rolis gansazRvra: sayvareli megobris, an<br />
lideris, an mcodnis poziciis <strong>da</strong>kaveba.
fsiqologiurma kvlevam gviCvena, rom Tu mozardi ver axerxebs<br />
moipovos aRiareba TanatolTa wreSi, is xvdeba gariyulTa,<br />
gankicxulTa kategoriaSi.<br />
aman SeiZleba miiyvanos mozardi depresiamde, emociur<br />
afeTqebamde <strong>da</strong> Sedegi – misi akademiuri moswrebis <strong>da</strong>qveiTeba,<br />
Tambaqos weva, alkoholisa <strong>da</strong> narkotikebis moxmareba, Tanamoazris<br />
ZebnaSi saeWvo megobrebis gaCena.<br />
Aamas a<strong>da</strong>sturebs a.a. reanis specialuri gamokvlevebis Sedegebi.<br />
policiis ganyofilebis bavSvTa oTaxSi aRricxvaze myofi mozardebis<br />
didi umravlesoba (90%-ze meti) fsiqologiur izolirebaSi iyo<br />
Tanaklaselebisagan. am bavSvebs, - wers a.a. reani, - kargi cxovrebisken<br />
ki ar izi<strong>da</strong>v<strong>da</strong> quCis wre; aramed, eZebdnen urTierTobis<br />
moTxovnilebis <strong>da</strong>kmayofilebas, sur<strong>da</strong>T yofiliyvnen raRaciT mainc<br />
gamorCeulni Tanatolebisagan” (133).<br />
mozardis quCisken swrafva ar Cndeba mxolod fsiqologiuri<br />
izolirebis nia<strong>da</strong>gze. mizezad SeiZleba iqces socialurad<br />
mowesrigebuli, magram materialurad cu<strong>da</strong>d uzrunvelyofili<br />
garemocva, Tu aseT garemocvaSi aRzrdil mozards ara aqvs<br />
Camoyalibebuli moraluri normebi <strong>da</strong> faseulobebi, cxovrebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>moukideblad <strong>da</strong>gegmvis unar-Cvevebi; man sazogadoebaSi miRebuli<br />
qcevis normebi SesaZlebelia <strong>da</strong>arRvios saxiT ara<strong>da</strong>makmayofilebeli<br />
cxovrebis pirobebis mimarT jer protestis saxiT, Semdeg ki<br />
<strong>da</strong>arRvios kanoni aRniSnuli cxovrebis donis amaRlebis mizniT<br />
(qurdobebi, maqinaciebi).<br />
mozardobis asaki a<strong>da</strong>mianisTvis pirovnuli ganviTarebis yvelaze<br />
mniSvnelovani etapia, amdenad udidesi safrTxis periodicaa, zustad<br />
am asakSi bavSvi yvelaze ususuria zogierTi iseTi safrTxis mimarT,<br />
rogoricaa seqsualuri eqspluatacia, konfliqtebSi CarTva.<br />
mozardi xSirad aRmoCndeba xolme aRniSnul situaciebSi<br />
sakmarisi informaciis, Cvevebis <strong>da</strong> mxar<strong>da</strong>mWer samsaxurTa gareSe.
amerikis sazogadoebis yuradReba miipyro mozardebze televizis<br />
gavleniT gamowveulma problemebma; kerZod, sisastikisa <strong>da</strong> Zaladobis<br />
scenebis demonstritebam. 14 wlis asakamde merveklaselebs SeeZlo<br />
enaxaT ekranze 18000-mde mkvleloba <strong>da</strong> pirovnebaze Zaladobis<br />
gacilebiT meti epizodi.<br />
ekranze Zaladobis demonstrireba iwvevs mozardis agresiulobas<br />
qcevaSi. Zaladoba satelevizil eTerSi ara marto zrdis bavSvebis<br />
agresiulobas, aramed zemoqmedebs zneobriv faseulobaTa sistemaze,<br />
aZlierebs maTSi alkoholisa <strong>da</strong> narkotikebisadmi midrekilebas,-aseTi<br />
iyo amerikis janmrTelobis problemebis nacionaluri institutis<br />
mecnierTa <strong>da</strong>skvna (133).<br />
TviTSefaseba miekuTvneba pirovnebis Camoyalibebis birTvs. igi<br />
mniSvnelovanwilad gansazRvravs pirovnebis socialur a<strong>da</strong>ptirebas,<br />
axdens qcevis <strong>da</strong> saqmianobis regulirebas (154).<br />
mozardebi Tan<strong>da</strong>Tan Tavisufldebian bavSvisTvis<br />
<strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli <strong>da</strong>qvemdebarebuli mdgomareobisagan, utoleben Tavs<br />
ufrosebs, gansjian maT sakuTari Tavs, ergebian ufrosebis rols.<br />
<strong>da</strong>bali TviTSefaseba, zewola Tanatolebis mxri<strong>da</strong>n, simkacre<br />
ojaxSi, uflebebis SezRudva <strong>da</strong>brkolebas uqmnis mozardebs<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebis miRebaSi.<br />
a.a. reanis <strong>da</strong> i.l. kolominskis azriT, TviTSefaseba mozard<br />
delinkventebSi ewinaaRmdegeba sociums (mSoblebis, pa<strong>da</strong>gogebis,<br />
klasis) Sefasebas (133).<br />
rogorc cnobilia, pirovnebis erT-erT umTavres moTxovnilebas<br />
pativiscemisa <strong>da</strong> aRiarebis moTxovnileba warmoadgens. Tu garemosagan<br />
Sefaseba mozardis TviTSefasebaze ufro <strong>da</strong>balia, mozardi<br />
asocialur qcevas mimarTavs.<br />
v. raisi ukavSirebs mozardTa TviTSefasebas maT fsiqiur<br />
janmrTelobas. sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva fsiqologTa mosazrebaze <strong>da</strong>yrdnobiT, v.<br />
raisma <strong>da</strong>askvna, rom mozardebs SeiZleba gauCndeT SfoTvis,<br />
narkotikebisadmi midrekilebis, madis moSlis, depresiis, morcxvobis,
kritikis mimarT mowyvladobis fsiqisomaturi sindromebi <strong>da</strong> sxva<br />
fsiqiuri gamovlinebani (132).<br />
morcxvoba ar aZlevs saSualebas mozards gaitanos Tavi. maT<br />
uWirT urTierToba garSemomyofebTan, uZneldebaT mikrosociumSi<br />
a<strong>da</strong>ptireba. maT ar hyofniT TviT<strong>da</strong>jerebuloba anu sakuTari Tavisadmi<br />
rwmena.<br />
mozards garemoc aforiaqebs. is ki ar amSvidebs, aramed<br />
tvirTavs informaciiT. uaryofiTad moqmedebs mozardze is socialur-<br />
ekonomikuri Zvrebic, romelTac Tan sdevs urbanizaciiT gamowveuli<br />
mosaxleobis migracia, msoflmxedvelobiTi <strong>da</strong> sxv. streotipebiT<br />
msxvreviT gamowveuli cxovrebis Cveuli wesis cvlis procesi.<br />
yvelaze janmrTel mozardebsac ki axasiaTebT ganwyobilebis<br />
cvalebadoba, fizikuri <strong>da</strong> fsiqiuri mdgomareobis <strong>da</strong> gunebis mkveTri<br />
cvla. isini did siZneleebs awydebian sqesobrivi momwifebis periodSi.<br />
am dros xdeba maTi fizikuri `me”-s gar<strong>da</strong>qmna, fizikursa <strong>da</strong> sqesobriv<br />
momwifebaSi mciredi cvlilebebic ki aRelvebT <strong>da</strong> aSinebT maT. sqesis<br />
biologiis – a<strong>da</strong>mianis sxeulis am saidumloebis Sesaxeb arasakmarisi<br />
codna seriozul Tavsatexs uCens mozards; mozardi a<strong>da</strong>rebs Tavis<br />
Tavs garSemomyofT <strong>da</strong> midis <strong>da</strong>skvnamde: `me iseTi ara var, rogorc<br />
yvela”. eCveneba, rom arasworad viTardeba. ar icis – rogori iqneba,<br />
warmosaxvaSi xe<strong>da</strong>vs yvelaze cud variantebs, Tumca amaze laparaks<br />
ver be<strong>da</strong>vs. is, rac eqimisTvis normalur evoluciaa aSinebs mozards.<br />
cdilobs <strong>da</strong>moukideblad ga<strong>da</strong>laxos siZneleebi, a<strong>da</strong>rebs ra Tavs<br />
Tanatolebs, modis, televiziis, kinos mier SemoTavazebul<br />
stan<strong>da</strong>rtebs.<br />
televizias SeuZlia arsebiTi gavlena moaxdinos mozardTa<br />
sulieri faseulobebis <strong>da</strong> qcevis Camoyalibebaze. 1043 bavSvis<br />
gamokiTxvisas (ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d 16 wlamde) <strong>da</strong>dgin<strong>da</strong>, rom erTi kviris<br />
manZilze maT naxes erTi<strong>da</strong>n cxramde ga<strong>da</strong>cema, romlebmac aRagznes<br />
isini, aRuZres seqsualuri urTierTobis survili (131) siZneleebi<br />
warmoiSoba maSinac, roca androgenebis gavleniT biWebs <strong>da</strong> gogonebs<br />
uZlierdebaT kanqveSa cximis produqcia, rac iZleva feriWamiebis
gaCenas, WarbTmianobas <strong>da</strong> sxv. biWebs sqesobrivi momwifebis periodi<br />
ewyebaT ufro gvian, Tumca igi ufro mZafrad mimdinareobs.<br />
fizikuri ganviTarebis mixedviT 11-14 wlis gogonebi biWebs 2-3<br />
wliT uswreben, 15 wlisaTvis ki, piriqiT, biWebi uswreben gogonebs.<br />
s.a. beliCeva aRzrdisadmi bavSvis Znelad <strong>da</strong>qvemdebarebis<br />
asakobriv fsiqofiziologiur winapirobebad miiCnevs:<br />
1. mozardis organizms <strong>da</strong>Cqarebul <strong>da</strong> araTanabar ganviTarebas<br />
sqesobrivi momwifebis periodSi.<br />
2. gulisisxlZarRvTa <strong>da</strong> Zval-kunTTa sistemis ganviTarebis<br />
araTanabrobas, rac amZimebs mozardis fizikur <strong>da</strong> fsiqiur<br />
ganwyobilebas.<br />
3. endokrinuli sistemis gaZlierebuli aqtivobiT gamowveul<br />
`hormonalur qariSxals”. sqesobrivi momwifebis<br />
periodisaTvis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebel gaZlierebul agznebadobas,<br />
emociur aramdgradobas, araadekvatur emociur reaqciebs,<br />
ganwyobilebis winaswari gaTvlis SeuZleblobas.<br />
4. ufrosebTan urTierTobis formaTa cvlilebas, rac<br />
gamoixateba konfliqturobiT (68).<br />
ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, SeuZlebelia ar <strong>da</strong>eTanxmo mecnierTa <strong>da</strong>skvnas, rom<br />
mozardis pirovnebis individualizebas safuZvlad udevs misi<br />
bunebrivi Taviseburebani. magram aRzrdis procesma <strong>da</strong> socialurma<br />
pirobebma, romelSic aRmoCndeba mozardi, SeiZleba arsebiTad<br />
Secvalos fsiqiuri moqmedebis bunebrivi Taviseburebebi nervuli<br />
sistemis umTavresi Tvisebebisa <strong>da</strong> misi plastikurobis wyalobiT. Aai,<br />
ratom warmoadgens cxovrebis <strong>da</strong> aRzrdis pirobebi mTavar faqtors<br />
mozardis individualur-fsiqologiur Taviseburebebis<br />
gansazRvrisaTvis.<br />
$4 Znelad aRsazrdel mozardebTan muSaobis meTodebi<br />
pe<strong>da</strong>gogiur literaturaSi Znelad aRsazrdels uwodeben<br />
mozards, romlis mimarT Cveulebrivi pe<strong>da</strong>gogiuri saSualebebi ar
iZleva efeqts, romlis qceva TanatolTa ZiriTadi masis qcevisagan<br />
specifiuri fsiqologiuri TaviseburebebiT gamoirCeva. roca<br />
saubroben Znelad aRsazrdel mozardebze, xSirad mxedvelobaSi aqvT<br />
pe<strong>da</strong>gogiuri siZnele, maTTan muSaobis siZnele. Nnaklebad<br />
iTvaliswineben Tavad pirovnebis ganviTarebis siZneles. Znelad<br />
aRsazrdel bavSvebs ara Tu ar surT, ar SeuZliaT kargad swavla <strong>da</strong><br />
Rirseulad moqceva. pirovnebis Camoyalibebis siZneleTa zogierTi<br />
mizezi asakobrivi TaviseburebebiTac aixsneba.<br />
Znelad aRsazrdeli mozardis pirovnebis Seswavla gulisxmobs<br />
masTan saubris dros uSualo kontaqts; masTan Sexvedras saxlSi,<br />
skolaSi an sxva situaciaSi. saubris Sinaarsi <strong>da</strong>mokidebulia imaze,<br />
Tu vis mihyavs is, <strong>da</strong> imaze visTan tardeba. pe<strong>da</strong>gogze <strong>da</strong>mokidebulia<br />
saubrisTvis mzadyofnis xarisxi, saubris xelovneba, piradi<br />
mimzidveloba. saubris Sedegebi <strong>da</strong>mokidebuli iqneba mozardis<br />
xasiaTsa <strong>da</strong> dialogSi CarTvis unarze. gulCaTxrobilia Tu gulRiaa<br />
is, mimndobia Tu eWviania, agznebulia Tu mSvidia. rogorc l.b.<br />
Sipovskaia aRniSnavs, yovelive zemoT aRniSnuli gavlenas axdens<br />
pe<strong>da</strong>gogiuri urTierTobis Sedegebze.<br />
Tu saubris mizanma SeiZleba Selaxos mozardis Rirseba <strong>da</strong><br />
TviTpativiscema, advili SesaZlebelia wavawydeT fsiqologiuri<br />
<strong>da</strong>cvis meqanizms, romelic Segnebulad Tu Seugneblad amaxinjebs<br />
Znelad aRsazrdeli mozardis azrs, msjelobas. AaRsazrdelma ar<br />
un<strong>da</strong> icodes saubris mizani, raTa dialogSi ar CaerTos winaswar<br />
ganzraxulad <strong>da</strong>maxinjebuli pasuxebiT.<br />
yvelaze Znelia saubris <strong>da</strong>wyeba. amis sababi SeiZleba iyos<br />
emociuri xasiaTis situacia, obieqtebi an movlenebi. saubari un<strong>da</strong><br />
tardebodes mSvid, bunebriv viTarebaSi, ndobis, pe<strong>da</strong>gogiuri taqtis<br />
<strong>da</strong>cvis atmosferoSi. keTilmosurne toniT <strong>da</strong> mozardis<br />
individualuri Taviseburebebis gaTvaliswinebiT.<br />
saubars SeiZleba hqondes sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva mizan<strong>da</strong>saxuloba:<br />
1. raSia mozardis asocialuri qcevis mizezi?
2. mozardis <strong>da</strong>xmareba, mis mier sakuTari qcevis swor<br />
gaazrebaSi, <strong>da</strong>afiqro is Tavisi asocialuri moqmedebis Sedegebze.<br />
3. OojaxSi mozardisadmi <strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba, ojaxis mikroklimati.<br />
4. mozardis urTierToba amxanagebTan.<br />
5. mozardis Tavisufali dro (interesebi, <strong>da</strong>kavebuloba,<br />
gatacebebi <strong>da</strong> sxv.).<br />
saubris moxerxebulad agebisas SeiZleba bevri ram gairkves<br />
mozardis cxovrebi<strong>da</strong>n, <strong>da</strong>isaxos masTan erTad misive qcevis<br />
koreqciisaTvis saWiro RonisZiebebi.<br />
Znelad aRsazrdeli mozardis pirovnuli Seswavlisas un<strong>da</strong><br />
gamoviyenoT <strong>da</strong>kvirveba. am meTodis Rirebuleba imaSia, rom misi<br />
<strong>da</strong>xmarebiT SegviZlia SevagrovoT masala uSualos konkretuli<br />
mozardis cxovrebaze.<br />
didi mniSvneloba aqvs pe<strong>da</strong>gogisa <strong>da</strong> mozardis urTierTobis<br />
stils, igi gansazRvravs aRmzrdelobiTi muSaobis Sedegianobas.<br />
specialistebi gvirCeven wavaqezoT mozardi, gamoTqvas Tavisi azri.<br />
mas un<strong>da</strong> mieces saSualeba bolomde gadmosces Tavisi Sexedulebebi<br />
cxivrebaze, Tun<strong>da</strong>c araswori. am ukanasknelis gaqarwyleba un<strong>da</strong><br />
xdebodes Tan<strong>da</strong>TanobiT, raTa nel-nela <strong>da</strong>inaxos winaaRmdegobebi <strong>da</strong><br />
Tavad uaryos maTSi cudi <strong>da</strong> araswori.<br />
gamocdili maswavleblebi exmarebian mozards, <strong>da</strong>ikavos<br />
Rirseuli adgili moswavleTa koleqtivSi, gamoavlinon sakuTari niWi<br />
<strong>da</strong> monacemebi, romlis wyalobiT mozardma SeiZleba moipovos Tun<strong>da</strong>c<br />
minimaluri upiratesoba TanatolebTan. swavlaSi, esTetikur <strong>da</strong><br />
fizikur aRzr<strong>da</strong>Si un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>veyrdnoT misi misi pirovnebis momgebian<br />
mxareebs.<br />
warmatebis misaRebad pe<strong>da</strong>gogma Tavi<strong>da</strong>nve un<strong>da</strong> gaaneitralos is<br />
uaryofiTi gavlena, romelsac Znelad aRsazrdeli axdens<br />
<strong>da</strong>narCenebze. cudi saqcielis mudmivi molodinis demonstrireba,<br />
mudmivi mzadyofna misi <strong>da</strong>sjisaTvis, mozardis a<strong>da</strong>mianur Rirsebaze<br />
aSkara imedgacrueba is fsiqologiuri tonia, romelic xSirad<br />
gaumarTlebelad iqmneba Znelad aRsazrdeli mozardebis irgvliv.
cxadia, mozardis individualurobis Seswavla <strong>da</strong> ganviTareba<br />
SeuZlebelia, Tu masTan muSaobisas <strong>da</strong>veyrdnobiT mocemuli asakis<br />
saSualo statistikur bavSvs, romelsac gaaCnia es Tu is<br />
fsiqofiziologiuri Taviseburebebi; aRniSnulis gamo rTuldeba<br />
mozardebTan muSaobis dros individualobis gamovlenis<br />
diagnostirebis efeqtiani meTodikebis SerCevisa <strong>da</strong> gamoyenebis<br />
sakiTxi.<br />
pe<strong>da</strong>gogebma Znelad aRsazrdel mozardebTan muSaobisas un<strong>da</strong><br />
gaiTvaliswinon, rom maTTvis socialuri erTianobis saxiT yevlaze<br />
referentulia TanatolTa jgufi. gaiTvaliswines ra bavSvis<br />
TanatolebTan socialuri kontaqtebis mniSvneloba, mecnierebi<br />
akvirdebian pirovnebaTa Sorisi urTierTobebis geneziss, asakis<br />
matebasTan erTad urTierTobis sul ufro garTulebul formebs.<br />
mozardobis asakSi izrdeba im urTierTobis wili, romelic<br />
urTierTobis zneobriv normebs miekuTvneba. urTierToba emsaxureba<br />
ara marto TanamSromlobis mowesrigebas, aramed iZens garkveul<br />
<strong>da</strong>moukidebel faseulobas, romelic gamoixateba mkafiod gamoxatuli<br />
arCeviTi urTierTobebis <strong>da</strong>myarebaSi. Tumca, SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom<br />
urTierTobaTa analizis efeqturoba sagrZnoblad amaRldebo<strong>da</strong> im<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianebTan <strong>da</strong> jgufebTan, romelic referentulia mozardisaTvis; ra<br />
Tqma un<strong>da</strong> im SemTxvevaSi Tu koreqciuli zemoqmedeba vrceldeba<br />
mozardTa ganviTarebis saerTo socialur situaciazeojaxis <strong>da</strong><br />
skolis erTianobisa <strong>da</strong> TanamSromlobis pirobebSi.<br />
$5 mikrofaqtorebis gavlena mozardebSi <strong>cxovrebiseuli</strong> unar-<br />
Cvevebis aRzr<strong>da</strong>ze<br />
a) ojaxi. uZvelesi droi<strong>da</strong>n dRemde ojaxs – socializaciis<br />
wamyvani instituts pe<strong>da</strong>gogikis istoriaSi erT-erTi prioritetuli<br />
adgili ukavia.<br />
filosofosebi, pe<strong>da</strong>gogebi, fsiqologebi, sociologebi,<br />
sazogado moRvaweebi, mwerlebi Tvlian, rom ZiriTad rols bavSvebis
aRzr<strong>da</strong>Si asrulebs ojaxi (platoni, sokrate, aristotele, m.f.<br />
kvintiliani, i.a. komenski, jon loki, Jan-Jak ruso, i.g. pestaloci, d.<br />
didro, o.de balzaki, g.v. gegeli; n.i. pirogovi, k.d. uSinski, l.n.<br />
tolstoi, e.i. vodovozovui, a.a. ostrogorski, v.m. bexterevi; a.s.<br />
makarenko, v.a. suxomlinski, g. mTawmindeli, ioane petriwi, sulxan-saba<br />
orbeliani, <strong>da</strong>viT guramiSvili, anton I, g.m. qiqoZe, i.g. WavWavaZe, i.s.<br />
gogebaSvili, a. wereTeli, g. wereTeli, n. cxve<strong>da</strong>Ze, l. bocvaZe, g.<br />
rostomaSvili, g. TavziSvili, d. uznaZe <strong>da</strong> sxv.)<br />
dRes, globaluri social-ekonomikuri kataklizmebis gamo<br />
ojaxuri aRzrdis prioriteti mniSvnelovnad Seirya; ojaxma<br />
pirveloba <strong>da</strong>uTmo sxva aRmzrdelobiT institutebs. Tanamedrove<br />
socialuri pe<strong>da</strong>gogika ojaxis <strong>da</strong>kargul prioritetze zrunavs.<br />
`bavSvis uflebaTa konvenciis monawile saxelmwifoebi<br />
<strong>da</strong>rwmunebulni arian imaSi, rom ojaxs, rogorc sazogadoebis ZiriTad<br />
ujredsa <strong>da</strong> yvela mis wevris, miT umetes, bavSvebis bunebriv garemoze<br />
sagangebo zrunvaa saWiro. vinai<strong>da</strong>n bavSvi aucileblad un<strong>da</strong><br />
izrdebodes ojaxur garemocvaSi, bednierebis, siyvarulis <strong>da</strong> gagebis<br />
atmosferoSi” (6).<br />
Aai, ratom eZRvneba bavSvTa uflebebis konvenciaSi ojaxur<br />
aRzr<strong>da</strong>s xuTi muxli (1,5,9,10,11). dRes, roca mimdinareobs<br />
totalitaruli formis saxelmwifoTa <strong>da</strong>Slis swrafi procesi, roca<br />
icvleba pirovnebis Camoyalibebisadmi meTodologiuri midgom, iwyeba<br />
ojaxTan muSaobis axali gzebis intensiuri Zieba; igi mimarTulia<br />
bavSvTa <strong>da</strong> moswavleTa socialur aRzr<strong>da</strong>Si ojaxis mniSvnelobis<br />
amaRlebaze. am Ziebis ,,iniciatori” gaxlavT pe<strong>da</strong>gogiuri mecnierebis<br />
axali perspeqtiuli mimarTuleba – socialuri pe<strong>da</strong>gogika.<br />
socialuri pe<strong>da</strong>gogika ZiriTad meTodologiur principad<br />
miiCnevs Semdegs: ojaxi – sazogadoebis mTavari ujredia, sa<strong>da</strong>c xdeba<br />
bavSvebis bazisuri socializacia misi ZiriTadi funqciebis:<br />
aRmzrdelobiTi, rekreaciuli (fizikuri, materialuri, moraluri,<br />
fsiqologiuri urTierT<strong>da</strong>xmareba, Tavisufali drois organizeba),<br />
komunikaciuri (urTierToba <strong>da</strong> misi meSveobiT – socializacia),
eguleruli, felicitologiuri (bednierebis SegrZneba ojaxSi)<br />
gaZlierebis xarjze. zemoT aRniSnuli gulisxmobs ojaxisadmi<br />
yuradRebis mkveTr zr<strong>da</strong>s aRzrdis yvela socialuri institutis,<br />
pirvel rigSi ki, skolis mxri<strong>da</strong>n. aucilebelia gar<strong>da</strong>iqmnas skolis<br />
ojaxTan muSaobis organizaciuli formebi, pe<strong>da</strong>gogiuri<br />
xelmZRvanelobis stili, Camoyalibdes partnioruli urTierTobebi<br />
ojaxsa <strong>da</strong> skolas Soris.<br />
skolis pe<strong>da</strong>gogTa wignierebis <strong>da</strong> mSobelTa kulturis amaRleba<br />
upirveles yovlisa ukavSirdeba bavSvebSi <strong>cxovrebiseuli</strong> unar-Cvevebis<br />
aRzrdis, ubedur SemTxvevebSi maTi nebisyofisa <strong>da</strong> xasiaTis<br />
ganmtkicebis, cxovrebiseul siZneleebTan Sexvedrisas swori<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebis miRebis unars, TviTaRzrdis stimulirebis<br />
problemebs. skolam <strong>da</strong> mSoblebma un<strong>da</strong> aswavlon mozardebs aqtiurad<br />
moawyon TavianTi cxovreba, igrZnon saqmianobis moTxovnileba <strong>da</strong><br />
mSobelTa <strong>da</strong> ojaxis wevrTa moralur-fsiqologiuri mxar<strong>da</strong>Wera,<br />
risTvisac ojaxSi un<strong>da</strong> moxdes socialuri urTierTobebis<br />
rekonstruqcia.<br />
ojaxi warmoadgens pirovnebis Camoyalibebis umniSvnelovanes<br />
garemos <strong>da</strong> aRzrdis umTavres instituts. Rrma specifikurobis gamo<br />
ojaxis zemoqmedeba bavSvze aris normaluri aRzrdis aucilebeli<br />
faqtori.<br />
ojaxi uzrunvelyofs a<strong>da</strong>mianis fizikur, gonebriv <strong>da</strong> emociur<br />
ganviTarebas. did rols TamaSobs bavSvis cxovrebaSi ukve misi<br />
adreuli asaki<strong>da</strong>n. es gavlena bavSvobis, skolamdel <strong>da</strong> saskolo<br />
asakSi wamyvania, Tumca ara erTaderTi.<br />
profesori f. a. mustaeva `socialuri pedgogikis safuZvlebSi”<br />
(pe<strong>da</strong>gogiuri umaRlesi saswavleblebis studentebisaTvis (2001 w.) ase<br />
xsnis ojaxuri aRzrdis aucileblobas:<br />
1. ojaxuri aRzr<strong>da</strong> ufro emociuria Tavisi xasiaTiT, vidre<br />
nebismieri sxva aRzr<strong>da</strong>, vinai<strong>da</strong>n mis `gamtars” warmoadgens
mSoblebis siyvaruli bavSvebisadmi <strong>da</strong> bavSvis sapasuxo<br />
grZnobebi (erTguleba, ndoba).<br />
2. bavSvi, gansakuTrebiT adreul asakSi, yvelaze metad<br />
ganwyobilia ojaxis zemoqmedebisTvis, vidre nebismier sxva<br />
zemoqmedebisTvis.<br />
3. warmoadgens ra Tavisebur socialur mikrokosms, ojaxi<br />
Tan<strong>da</strong>TanobiT aziarebs bavSvs socialur cxovrebas <strong>da</strong><br />
etapobrivad ufarTovebs mas mxedvelobis ares gamocdilebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>sagroveblad.<br />
4. amasTanave ojaxi ara erTsaxovani, aramed diferencirebuli<br />
socialuri jgufia, romelic warmodgenilia sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva<br />
asakobrivi, sqesobrivi, zog SemTxvevaSi ki, profesiuli<br />
`qvesistemebi”. es aZlevs bavSvs saSualebas, aqtiurad<br />
gamoavlinos Tavisi emociuri <strong>da</strong> inteleqtualuri<br />
SesaZleblobebi <strong>da</strong> moaxdinos maTi swrafi realizeba (120).<br />
rodesac saubaria ojaxur aRzr<strong>da</strong>ze, ar SeiZleba<br />
SemovifargoloT mxolod mSoblebiT. xSirad ojaxis wevrebi, sxva<br />
ufrosebic arian (deidebi, mamidebi, biZebi, bebiebi, papebi, ufrosi debi<br />
<strong>da</strong> Zmebi). un<strong>da</strong> gaviTvaliswinoT uaxloesi garemocvac: mezoblebi,<br />
stumrebi, ezo.<br />
maTi qceva, <strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba <strong>bavSvebsa</strong> <strong>da</strong> mozardebis mimarT<br />
mniSvnelovani faqtoria bavSvebis aRzrdisa <strong>da</strong> ganviTarebisaTvis maTi<br />
momvali sicocxlisunarianobis CamoyalibebisaTvis.<br />
ojaxis struqturuli an fsiqologiuri deformacia xels uSlis<br />
bavSvis pirovnebis ganviTarebas. Tu pirveli <strong>da</strong>kavSirebulia ojaxis<br />
erTianobis <strong>da</strong>SlasTan (erT-erTi mSoblis aryofna, ojaxi<strong>da</strong>n wasvla –<br />
e.w. arasruli ojaxi), meore ukavSirdeba pirovnebaTaSorisi<br />
urTierTobis sistemis rRvevas, uaryofiTi faseulobebis sistemas,<br />
socialur ganwyobebs, arasakmaris mzrunvelobas <strong>da</strong> kontrols,<br />
bavSvebis saqmianobisadmi interesis klebas, uyuradRebobas bavSvis<br />
emociebisa <strong>da</strong> gatacebisadmi, emociur gandgomas, mkacr urTierTobas.
`avtoritaruli <strong>da</strong>Trgunvis Sedegia bavSvis cruoba, simx<strong>da</strong>le <strong>da</strong><br />
sisastike. <strong>da</strong>Sinebuli, gawamebuli, bavSvebi potenciurad arafris<br />
maqnisi a<strong>da</strong>mianebi, romelnic mTeli cxovreba Surs iZeben <strong>da</strong>Trgunuli<br />
bavSvobisaTvis.<br />
filip raisma gansazRvra ojaxuri aRzrdis oTxi stili:<br />
avtokratiuli, avtoritetuli <strong>da</strong> amave dros demokratiuli,<br />
liberaluri <strong>da</strong> qaoturi.<br />
avtokratuli – roca yvela ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebas bavSvis magivrad<br />
iReben mSoblebi:<br />
avtoritetuli, magram demokratiuli – roca ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebas<br />
erTad iReben bavSvebi <strong>da</strong> mSoblebi.<br />
liberaluri – roca ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebis miRebisas ga<strong>da</strong>mwyveti<br />
sityva ekuTvnis, rogorc wesi, mozards.<br />
qaoturi – roca marTva araTanmimdevrulia, zogjer<br />
avtokratulia, zogjer demokratiulia, xSirad ki liberaluria:<br />
yvelaze saSiSi, f. raisis azriT avtokratuli stilia, miT<br />
umetes, roca mSoblebi iyeneben <strong>da</strong>sjis an represiul meTodebs (132)<br />
n.v. borodovskaia <strong>da</strong> a.a. reani mSoblebis <strong>da</strong> bavSvebis<br />
urTierTobis stilTa Taviseburebebis ganxilvisas gnsakuTrebul<br />
yuradRebas uTmoben avtoritetul stils <strong>da</strong> mbrZaneblur models (69,<br />
133).<br />
1. mSoblebis avtoritetuli kontroli erwymis bavSvis<br />
survilis u<strong>da</strong>vo mxar<strong>da</strong>Weras, iyos <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli: mSoblebi<br />
ar boWaven bavSvs, magram xeli<strong>da</strong>n wasvlis saSualebasac ar<br />
aZleven. mSoblebi yurad iReben Svilebis azrs, pativs scemen<br />
maT <strong>da</strong>moukideblobas, magram ar eyrdnobian mxolod maTi<br />
survilebs.<br />
2. mbrZaneluri modeli mSoblebis simkacresa <strong>da</strong><br />
aRmzrdelobiT misaReb formad <strong>da</strong>sjas gulisxmobs, mSoblebi<br />
nakleb siTbos iCenen Svilebis mimarT, naklebi TanagrZnobiT<br />
<strong>da</strong> gagebiT ekidebian maT, iSviaTad urTierToben maTTan,
mkacrad akontroleben <strong>da</strong> ar aZleven sakuTari azris<br />
gamoTqmis saSualebas.<br />
a.i. ancupovi, a.i. Sipilovi konfliqtebis problemis Seswavlisas<br />
mSoblebis <strong>da</strong> Svilebis konfliqtTa fsiqologiur faqtorebad<br />
Si<strong>da</strong>ojaxuri urTierTobis harmoniul <strong>da</strong> disharmoniul tipebs<br />
miiCneven (55).<br />
harmoniul ojaxSi myardeba moZravi wonasworoba, rodesc<br />
vlindeba ojaxis yoveli wevris fsiqologiuri roli,<br />
Camoyalibebulia ojaxuri `Cven”, ojaxis wevrebs SeuZliaT<br />
winaaRmdegobebis <strong>da</strong>Zleva, mSoblebi iziareben Svilebis interesebs,<br />
bavSvebi ki uziareben maT sakuTar azrebs.<br />
disharmoniul ojaxSi Warbobs col-qmars Soris negatiuri<br />
xasiaTis urTierToba, rac gamoixateba konfliqtebiT; fsiqologiur<br />
<strong>da</strong>Zabuloba aseT ojaxSi zrdis tendenciiT xasiaTdeba, romelic<br />
nervotikul reaqciis zRvars aRwevs. bavSvebs uCndebaT mudmivi<br />
<strong>da</strong>Zabulobis SegrZneba (55).<br />
yvelaze did saSiSroebas bavSvebze, negatiuri zemoqmedebis<br />
mxriv, warmoadgenen kriminalur-amoraluri ojaxebi. bavSvebis<br />
sicicxle aseT ojaxebSi sastiki mopyrobis, mSoblebis<br />
aRviraxsnilobis, bavSvebze elementaruli zrunvis ararsebobis gamo,<br />
yovelTvis safrTxeSia. xSirad aseTi bavSvebi garbian ojaxi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong><br />
mawanwalebi an borotmoqmedebi xdebian.<br />
sabWoTa pe<strong>da</strong>gogiur mecnierebaSi gamoricxuli iyo ojaxSi,<br />
skolaSi <strong>da</strong> sxva aRmzrdelobiT-saganmanaTleblo institutebSi<br />
aRzrdis paternalisturi totaluri meTodebis Seswavla.<br />
interesis ararseboba amgvari problematikis mimarT<br />
ganpirobebuli iyo a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebebisa <strong>da</strong> misi umTavresi<br />
debulebebis - bavSvis uflebebis arasakmarisi gaazrebiT.<br />
gerontokratiulad orientirebuli sabWoTa sazogadoeba ganixilav<strong>da</strong><br />
axalgazrdobas, rogorc socializaciis masalas <strong>da</strong> ar uSveb<strong>da</strong> am<br />
socialur-demografiul jgufSi aqtiur subieqtur sawyiss.
mozrdilTa <strong>da</strong> mozardTa statusebis asimetriuloba qmni<strong>da</strong><br />
ga<strong>da</strong>ulaxav bariers, romelic gulisxmobs asakis miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad Rirsebis<br />
uflebis Tanasworobis aRiarebas.<br />
bavSvebis mimarT Zaladoba, araswori mopyroba <strong>da</strong> sxva<br />
am<strong>da</strong>gvari problemebi saqarTveloSi nakleba<strong>da</strong>a Seswavlili. Tumca,<br />
cxovrebis maRali stan<strong>da</strong>rtebi, romelic arsebob<strong>da</strong> sazogadoebaSi, ar<br />
uSveb<strong>da</strong> am<strong>da</strong>gvar <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebas mozardi Taobis mimarT. amasTan,<br />
tradiciulad Tvlidnen, rom socializacia <strong>da</strong> urTierToba qarTul<br />
garemoSi yovelTvis gamoirCeo<strong>da</strong> liberalizmiT, Zlierad gamoxatuli<br />
siyvaruliT Svilebisadmi.<br />
cxovrebis donis, Sesabamisad, mSobelTa fsiqofizikur<br />
statusis <strong>da</strong>qveiTebam SeiZleba gamoiwvios Zaladoba Svilebze.<br />
mxedvelobaSia saerTo kulturuli krizisi saqarTveloSi,<br />
romelic gamoixateba Zaladobis kultis <strong>da</strong>nergviT; cxadia, saerTo<br />
kulturuli krizisi xels uwyobs agresiis gamovlenas Si<strong>da</strong> ojaxur<br />
urTierTobebSic.<br />
saqarTveloSi ,,gaero’’-s bavSvTa uflebebis <strong>da</strong>cvis komitetis<br />
rekomen<strong>da</strong>ciiT Catar<strong>da</strong> bavSvebze sastiki mopyrobisa <strong>da</strong> Zaladobis<br />
sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva formaTa <strong>da</strong> sastiki mopyrobis kvleva.<br />
AaRniSnuli gamokvleva gansakuTrebul aqtualobas iZens dRes,<br />
qveyanaSi Rrma socialur-ekonomikuri krizisis arsebobis gamo,<br />
romelsac ar SeeZlo ar emoqme<strong>da</strong> iseTi sazogadoebrivi institutebis<br />
mdgomareobaze, rogoricaa ojaxi <strong>da</strong> skola. agresiis zr<strong>da</strong><br />
sazogadoebaSi iwvevs <strong>da</strong>Zabulobis <strong>da</strong> konfliqturobis momatebas<br />
zemoT <strong>da</strong>saxelebul sferoebSic.<br />
kvlevis sagani gaxlavT Zaladoba, sastiki mopyroba; bavSvebis<br />
mimarT ufrosebisagan ojaxsa Tu institucionalur <strong>da</strong>wesebulebebSi<br />
(skola, wreebi, sportuli seqcia <strong>da</strong> sxv.), sacxovrebel adgilebSi<br />
fizikuri an fsiqikuri zemoqmedeba.
Zaladobis zogierT saxes aqvs <strong>da</strong>sjis (fizikuri an<br />
fsiqologiuri <strong>da</strong>sja), kulturuli <strong>da</strong> socialuri konteqstiT<br />
ganpirobebuli bavSvebSi e.w. disciplinis Canergvis forma.<br />
funqcionaluri Zaladoba bavSvze gulisxmobs kompensaciis,<br />
waxalisebis <strong>da</strong> reabilitaciis meqanizmebis arsebobas. mas aqvs<br />
instrumentuli xasiaTi, e.i. misi gamoyeneba ganpirobebulia naTlad<br />
formulirebul <strong>da</strong> faseulobiT aspeqtze. magaliTad, de<strong>da</strong>s SeuZlia<br />
regularulad gamoiyenos Zaladobis esa Tu is forma, magram <strong>da</strong>rCes<br />
mTavar, zogjer ki erTaderT pirad, romelic zrunavs Svilze. bavSvi,<br />
romelic xdeba Zaladobis obieqti, un<strong>da</strong> gaacnobieros aseTi<br />
mopyrobis mizezi.<br />
<strong>da</strong>sja iqceva cud mipyrobad, kargavs funqcionalurobas, Tu mas<br />
aqvs afeqtis xasiaTi, e.i. ara aqvs naTlad Camoyalibebuli mizani. aseT<br />
SemTxvevaSi bavSvi ver igebs aseTi mopyrobis mizezs.<br />
kvlevis dros gamoyenebuli iyo raodenobiTi meTodebi<br />
struqturuli intervius CaTvliT. am mizniT Seiqmna interviuerTa<br />
jgufi, mas Cautar<strong>da</strong> treningi <strong>da</strong> seleqcia. jgufis profesiuli<br />
Semadgenloba moicav<strong>da</strong> sociologebs, fsiqologebs, pe<strong>da</strong>gogebs.<br />
garantirebuli iyo intervius anonimuroba.<br />
kvlevis Sedegad miviReT angariSi, romelSic analizi gaukeT<strong>da</strong><br />
gamokiTxvis Sedegad miRebul informacias.<br />
interviu tardebo<strong>da</strong> respodentTa sacxovrebeli <strong>da</strong> swavlis<br />
adgilis mixedviT. proeqti xorcieldebo<strong>da</strong> 4 Tvis ganmavlobaSi.<br />
kvleva Catar<strong>da</strong> q. TbilisSi, aWaraSi, guriSi, imereTSi, kaxeTSi,<br />
mcxeTaSi, TianeTSi, samegreloSi, zemo svaneTsa <strong>da</strong> mesxeT-javaxeTSi.<br />
kvlevis obieqti iyvnen bavSvebi 6-<strong>da</strong>n 17 wlamde – 4382, aqe<strong>da</strong>n<br />
gogonebi – 2235 (53,2%) biWebi – 2147 (46,8%). maTi saSualo asaki iyo: 5-8<br />
wlis – 29%; 9-11 wlis – 32,5%; 13 wlis – 23,3%; 14 <strong>da</strong> meti wlis – 15,2%<br />
<strong>viqtimur</strong> bavSvebTan sareabilitacio muSaobis mimarTulebaTa<br />
gansazRvrisaTvis gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania ojaxSi Zaladobisa <strong>da</strong><br />
sisastikis msxverplTa raodenobis gansazRvra.
gamokiTxulTa mesamedi Tvlis, rom maT garemocvaSi arian<br />
megobrebi Tu amxanagebi, romelnic ojaxSi ufrosebis muqaris qveS<br />
izrdebian. respodentTa meoTxedma xazi gausva imas, rom aseTi bavSvi<br />
bevria. <strong>da</strong>narCenebma CaTvales, rom aseTebi cotani arian. nawils<br />
uWir<strong>da</strong>T pasuxis gacema. gogonebis 25% <strong>da</strong> biWebis 28% Tvlis, rom maT<br />
amxanagebSi <strong>da</strong> megobrebSi arian bavSvebi, romlebsac ojaxSi scemen,<br />
xolo meeqvsedma miuTiTa, rom aseTi movlenebi farTo<strong>da</strong>a<br />
gavrcelebuli. xazi un<strong>da</strong> gaesvas, rom gamokiTxulTa meeqvsedis<br />
gancxadebiT, ojaxSi bavSvebTan sastiki mopyrobis faqtebi ar<br />
SeiZleba gaxdes sajaro ganxilvis sagani.<br />
gogonebis 61%-ma <strong>da</strong> biWebis 64%-ma ganacxa<strong>da</strong>, rom maT azrs<br />
ojaxSi ar uweven angariSs; mizezad ufro xSirad saxeldeba:<br />
`ufrosebi ar Tvlian amas saWirod” an `ver iTvaliswineben Cems azrs<br />
materialuri siZneleebis gamo”. sami meoTxedi Tvlis, rom maTTan<br />
aseTi mopyroba sakmaod iSviaTia.<br />
im mizezTa Soris, ris ,gamoc mSoblebs ar mihyavT Svilebi<br />
eqimTan’’, `mSobelTa mouclelobis” <strong>da</strong> `mZime materialuri<br />
mdgomareobis” gar<strong>da</strong> figurirebs kidev `ojaxis sxva wevrTa<br />
avadmyofoba”. yvelaze metad TviTkritikulni arian respodentebi,<br />
romelnic miuTiTeben maTi akademiuri moswrebis mimarT interesis<br />
uqonlobas mSoblebis mxri<strong>da</strong>n (40% im bavSvebisa yovel qvemaxiSvi,<br />
vinc aRniSna cudi zrunvis es saxeoba). aRniSnuli mizezi aRmoCn<strong>da</strong><br />
gacilebiT safuZvliani, vidre `mSoblebis moucleloba”.<br />
gansakuTrebuli gansxvaveba gogonebs <strong>da</strong> biWebs Soris,<br />
romlebmac cudi zrunvis esa Tu is mizezi <strong>da</strong>asaxeles, ar aRiniSna.<br />
sagrZnoblad .liderobs pirveli ori pozicia, <strong>da</strong>narCenebma <strong>da</strong>agroves<br />
procentebis <strong>da</strong>axloebiT Tanabari raodenoba, gar<strong>da</strong> erTi punqtisa;<br />
kerZod, `ojaxis wevrebs xSirad ar axsendebaT Cemi <strong>da</strong>badebis dRe”,<br />
romelic sagrZnoblad CamorCeba sxva punqtebs procentuli<br />
maCvenebliT.<br />
garkveuli mravalferovneba Semoaqvs problemis regionalur<br />
aspeqts. mTel masivSi, ara<strong>da</strong>makmayofilebeli zrunvis saxeobaTa
mixedviT yvelaze uaresi (saerTo maCveneblebTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT)<br />
mdgomarebaa:<br />
aWaraSi_respodentTa 42% Tvlis, rom isini martoxelad grZnoben<br />
Tavs ojaxSi (28,8% mTeli masivis mixedviT);<br />
qvemo qarTlSi <strong>da</strong> imereTSi gamokiTxulTa TiTqmis 40%<br />
aRniSnavs, rom ojaxSi maT azrs ar uweven angariSs.<br />
samegreloSi respodentTa 21% miuTiTebs, rom isini xSirad<br />
mSivrebi rCebian (9,5% mTeli masivis mixedviT). sxva poziciebis<br />
mixedviT monacemTa Soris didi gansxvaveba ar aRiniSneba.<br />
aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>, rom kaxeTSi (50%) <strong>da</strong> aWaraSi (42,5%) sagrZnoblad meti<br />
gogonaa, romelTac miuTiTes ra cudi zrunvis ama Tu im saxeobis<br />
arsebvobaze, aRniSnes, rom ojxSi Tavs martoxelad grZnoben (28%<br />
mTeli qveynis mixedviT);<br />
qve<strong>da</strong> qarTlSi respodenti gogonebis 37%-ma ganacxa<strong>da</strong>, rom maT<br />
azrs ojaxSi ar iTvaliswineben (25% mTeli qvemasivis mixedviT)<br />
samegreloSi <strong>da</strong> zemo svaneTSi gamokiTxul gogonaTa 22,4%-ma<br />
SeniSna, rom xSirad arian mSivrebi (10,2% mTeli qvemasivis mixedviT)<br />
<strong>da</strong> a.S.<br />
biWebSi gamoikveTa Semdegi mdgomareoba:<br />
aWaraSi biWebis 41%-ma miuTiTa ra cudi zrunvis ama Tu im<br />
saxeobis arsebobaze, aRniSna, rom ojaxSi Tavs martoxelad grZnobs<br />
(25,6% mTeli qvemasivis mixedviT);<br />
aWaraSi gamokiTxuli biWebis 19% Tvlis, rom mSoblebs ar<br />
ainteresebs maTi akademiuri moswreba (8,4% mTeli qvemasivis mixedviT)<br />
<strong>da</strong> sxv.<br />
skola. erT-erTi mTavari adgili saganmnaTleblo –<br />
aRmzrdelobiT institutTa Soris ukavia skolas. amotom `konvencia<br />
bavSvis uflebebze” did yuradRebas uTmobs ganaTlebas <strong>da</strong> erT-erT<br />
mniSvnelovan prioritetad Tvlis <strong>cxovrebiseuli</strong> <strong>unarCvevebis</strong><br />
<strong>formireba</strong>Si.
sajaro skola warmoadgens aRmzrdelobiT-saganmanaTleblo<br />
<strong>da</strong>wesebulebas, romelic zemoqmedebs moswavleTa cxovelqmediTobaze<br />
rogorc saswavlo, ise Tavisufali urTierTobis procesSi, xels<br />
uwyobs bavSvebSi optimizmis grZnobis SenarCunebas. skola amkvidrebs<br />
bavSvebTan urTierTobaSi demokratiul stils.<br />
skola un<strong>da</strong> Camoyalibdes Ria socialur-pe<strong>da</strong>gogiur sistemad,<br />
sa<strong>da</strong>c xdeba mSobelTa pe<strong>da</strong>gogiuri codnis <strong>da</strong> kulturis amaRleba,<br />
bavSvTa <strong>da</strong> mSobelTa sazogadoebriv-kulturuli saqmianobis<br />
organizeba <strong>da</strong> maTi Tavisufali drois <strong>da</strong>gegmva. amasTan<br />
saganmanaTleblo muSaobas mSoblebTan un<strong>da</strong> hqondes praqtikuli<br />
mimarTuleba. MmSobelTa pe<strong>da</strong>gogiuri codnis amaRlebis meTodebi,<br />
rogorc wesi, un<strong>da</strong> iyos: leqcia-saubrebi, saqmiani TamaSebi, disputebi,<br />
pe<strong>da</strong>gogiuri situaciebis gaTamaSeba, ojaxuri aRzrdis gamocdilebis<br />
gacvla; formebi – individualuri, jgufuri.<br />
skolas aqvs unikaluri SesaZlebloba, <strong>da</strong>ixsnas bavSvebi<br />
martoobisagan, gamoumuSaos rwmena sakuTar ZalebSi; Camouyalibos<br />
TviTSefasebis unari, romelic aucilebelia srulfasovani<br />
TviTrealizaciisaTvis, konkretuli pirovnebis TviTganviTarebisaTvis,<br />
misi TviTaqtualizebisa <strong>da</strong> sazogadoebisaTvis sasurveli<br />
mimarTulebiT TviTaRzrdis warmarTvisaTvis.<br />
skola unergavs bavSvebs zneobrivi aRzrdis umniSvnelovanes<br />
komponents-socialuri pasuxismgeblobis grZnobas. <strong>da</strong> bolos,<br />
ganaTleba aris ara mxolod a<strong>da</strong>mianis erT-erTi ZiriTadi ufleba,<br />
aramed misi namdvili `Tav<strong>da</strong>cvis saSualeba”.<br />
skolaSi maRali akademiuri moswreba pirveli nabijia<br />
normaluri cxovrebisa <strong>da</strong> misi stabilurobis aRdgenisaTvis.<br />
quCaSi, ezoSi bavSvebi advilad SeiZleba gaxdnen fizikuri,<br />
fsiqikuri, seqsualuri Zaladobis msxverplni. skola aSorebs quCas <strong>da</strong><br />
icavs maT aRniSnuli saSiSroebisagan. mozardebs esaWiroebaT ara<br />
marto mecnierul-teqnikuri codnis SeZena skolaSi <strong>da</strong> niWis<br />
ganviTareba, aramed cxovrebisaTvis mniSvnelovani <strong>da</strong> aucilebeli
unar-CvevaTa gamomuSaveba. aseTia upirvelesad Sromis Cvevebi,<br />
ramdena<strong>da</strong>c, Sroma warmoadgens a<strong>da</strong>mianis saqmianobis erT-erT<br />
umniSvnelovanes elements, romelic gansazRvravs mis<br />
sicocxlisunarianobas. skolaSi yoveldRiuri swavla bavSvisTvis<br />
Sromis adekvaturi procesia.<br />
skolamitovebuli bavSvi rCeba ara marto ganaTlebis, aramed im<br />
aucilebeli <strong>cxovrebiseuli</strong> unar-Cvevebis aTvisebis gareSe, romlebic<br />
swavlis procesSi TanatolebTan urTierTobis Sedegad Cndeba. aseTi<br />
bavSvis cxovrebaSi amoikveTa asakis Sesatyvisi ganviTarebis<br />
mniSvnelovani komponenti <strong>da</strong> bavSvi, erTgvarad, ormagi fsiqologiuri<br />
<strong>da</strong>tvirTvis (zegavlenis) qveS moeqca. igi fiziologiurad (asakiT)<br />
bavSvia <strong>da</strong> misi emociur-fsiqologiuri statusi moiTxovs Sesabamis<br />
garemos, romelic gulisxmobs: TanatolebTan TamaSs, garTobas,<br />
swavlas, azrTa gaziarebas, kamaTs, Cxubs, megobrobas <strong>da</strong> a.S. am<br />
urTierTobaSi bavSvi izrdeba <strong>da</strong> iwvrTneba ara marto TanatolebTan<br />
erTad, aramed maTi zegavleniTac. bavSvebi erTmaneTis xasiaTisa <strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>cxovrebiseuli</strong> unar-Cvevebis Camoyalibebazec axdenen zegavlenas.<br />
skolas naadrevad Camocilebuli <strong>da</strong> SromaSi CarTuli bavSvi<br />
erTbaSad xvdeba sruliad gansxvavebul garemoSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c mas uwevs<br />
Tavisi asakisaTvis Seusabamo saqmianoba <strong>da</strong> imavdroulad, umetes<br />
SemTxvevaSi, _ metoqeoba zr<strong>da</strong>srul a<strong>da</strong>mianebTan. mkacri realoba<br />
bavSvs aiZulebs, aiTvisos asakisTvis Seuferebeli <strong>cxovrebiseuli</strong><br />
unar-Cvevebi, rac mis bavSvur fsiqologiaze mniSvnelovan zewolas<br />
niSnavs. bavSvi erTdroulad ormagi cxovrebiT cxovrobs _ bavSvisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> zr<strong>da</strong>sruli a<strong>da</strong>mianis cxovrebiT, romelic, Cveni azriT, ufro<br />
xels uSlis mas a<strong>da</strong>mianebTan, TanatolebTanac <strong>da</strong> didebTanac,<br />
urTierTobis dros.<br />
bavSvi Tavis ganviTarebaSi TiTqos axteba did monakveTs, im<br />
monakveTs, romelic aucilebelia <strong>cxovrebiseuli</strong> unar-Cvevebis<br />
CamoyalibebisaTvis. am unar-Cvevebamde normalur viTarebaSi igi un<strong>da</strong><br />
mivides Tan<strong>da</strong>TanobiT, evoluciis gziT. skolis mitoveba <strong>da</strong><br />
zr<strong>da</strong>srul a<strong>da</strong>mianebTan SromiTi konkurencia mas iaZulebs, eZebos<br />
axali gzebi ga<strong>da</strong>sarCenad. raki mas, Tavisi zr<strong>da</strong>sruli
konkurentebisagan gansxvavebiT, ar gaaCnia <strong>cxovrebiseuli</strong><br />
gamocdileba, Tavis ga<strong>da</strong>sarCenad xSirad uxdeba sxva, xSir<br />
SemTxvevaSi, arazneobrivi saSualebebis gamoyeneba: sicrue,<br />
TvalTmaqcoba, qurdoba/sxva kriminaluri qmedebebi <strong>da</strong> sxv.<br />
zneobrivi degra<strong>da</strong>ciis xarisxi <strong>da</strong>mokidebulia bavSvis<br />
nebisyofasa <strong>da</strong> im garemoze, sa<strong>da</strong>c mas uwevs cxovreba <strong>da</strong> Sroma.<br />
mniSvneloba aqvs, agreTve imasac, Tu ra asaki<strong>da</strong>n gamoeTiSa igi<br />
skolas. normalur ojaxur garemoSi Zlieri nebisyofis bavSvi ufro<br />
amtani xdeba <strong>cxovrebiseuli</strong> winaaRmdegobebisadmi. igi Tavisi asakis<br />
bavSvebTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT ufro <strong>da</strong>moukidebelia, magram naklebad<br />
ganaTlebuli, rac sabolood amuxruWebs misi pirovnuli ganviTarebis<br />
process. droTa ganmavlobaSi, asakis momatebasTan erTad, igi<br />
CamorCeba Tanatolebs <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>moukideblobis am upiratesobas hkargavs.<br />
bavSvs, romelsac ar hyavs araTu patroni <strong>da</strong> mzrunveli, aramed<br />
Tun<strong>da</strong>c rCevis mimcemi, <strong>da</strong> romelic martodmarto rCeba sakuTari<br />
problemebis winaSe, gansakuTrebiT uWirs Tavis ga<strong>da</strong>rCena. igi ver<br />
erkveva sazogadoebriv faseulobebSi, Tavs irCens an maTxovrobiT, an<br />
wvrilmani vaWrobiT. aseTi bavSvebis arcTu umniSvnelo nawili xvdeba<br />
mavne zegavlenis qveS <strong>da</strong> droTa ganmavlobaSi isini iwyeben qurdobas,<br />
xdebian alkoholistebi <strong>da</strong> toqsikomanebi. cxovrebis wesi<br />
gansazRvravs maTSi unar-Cvevebis Camoyalibebas, radgan skolisa <strong>da</strong><br />
ojaxis adgils ikavebs quCa Tavisi wesebiTa <strong>da</strong> tradiciebiT.<br />
socialurad <strong>da</strong>ucveli bavSvebi, romlebic sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva mizezis<br />
gamo aRmoCndnen quCaSi, TavianTi socialuri statusiT miekuTvnebian<br />
e.w. <strong>viqtimur</strong>i bavSvebis kategorias.<br />
krizisuli social-ekonomikuri viTareba uaryofiTad aisaxa<br />
saswavlo-aRmzrdelobiT procesze. pe<strong>da</strong>gogTa <strong>da</strong>balma anazRaurebam,<br />
xelfasebis permanentulma <strong>da</strong>gvianebebma mkveTrad <strong>da</strong>swia am<br />
keTilSobiluri profesiisadmi interesi. ekonomiuri gaWirveba<br />
maswavlebels aiZuleb<strong>da</strong> ZiriTad profesiisTvis ufro<br />
maRalanazRaurebadi profesia SeeTavsebina. ekonomikuri gaWirveba<br />
pe<strong>da</strong>gogebs bavSvebis TvalSi erTgvarad pativiscemas ukargav<strong>da</strong>.<br />
Yyovelive amas ar SeeZlo ar emoqme<strong>da</strong> skolaSi novaciebis <strong>da</strong>nergvis,
avSvebTan klasgareSe aRmzrdelobiTi muSaobis Catarebis<br />
motivaciaze.<br />
2002 wlisaTvis wera-kiTxvis ucodinari iyo 15-<strong>da</strong>n 18 wlamde asakis<br />
391 qali <strong>da</strong> 245 vaJi (41).<br />
2005 wels maswavlebelTa minimaluri xelfasi 115 laramde<br />
gaizar<strong>da</strong>, SemdegSi ki 200 lars miaRwia, Tumca cxovrebis realiebis<br />
gaTvaliswinebiT, es mainc ar SeiZleba CaiTvalos maswavlebelTa<br />
Sromis Rirseul anazRaurebad (31).<br />
skolaSi swavlis donis sazianod imoqme<strong>da</strong> saxelmZRvaneloTa<br />
maRalma fasma. saxelmZRvaneloTa kompleqtis fasi orjer aRemateba<br />
mSoblis saSualo Tviur xelfass. Sedegad Semcir<strong>da</strong> moswavleTa<br />
raodenoba, <strong>da</strong>qveiT<strong>da</strong> swavlebis xarisxi.<br />
maswavlebelTa garkveuli nawili gaRizianebuli <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>bneulia<br />
socialur-ekonomikuri <strong>da</strong> politikuri cvlilebebis gamo. nacvlad<br />
imisa, rom gamoavlinon gansakuTrebiT humanuri <strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba<br />
bavSvebisadmi, zog SemTxvevaSi mimarTaven Zaladobas, raTa ganmuxton<br />
TavianTi uaryofiTi emociebi.<br />
yvela a<strong>da</strong>mians, maT Soris pe<strong>da</strong>gogs, vinc pasuxismgebelia<br />
bavSvebis aRzr<strong>da</strong>ze, esaWiroeba ganaTleba bavSvis emociur<br />
ganviTarebaze fsiqologiuri Zaladobis zegavlenis SedegebTan<br />
<strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT (31).<br />
§6 <strong>viqtimur</strong>i bavSvebi, socialuri pirobebis msxverplni<br />
gasuli saukunis 40-ian wlebi<strong>da</strong>n pe<strong>da</strong>gogTa <strong>da</strong> fsiqologTa<br />
yuradReba miipyro im negatiuri Sedegebis Seswavlam, romelic Tan<br />
sdevs a<strong>da</strong>mianze sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva saxis travmis gamomwvevi SemTxvevebis<br />
zegavlenas, stresebs (avariebi, katastrofebi, Zaladoba <strong>da</strong> sxv.);<br />
seriozuli muSaoba <strong>da</strong>iwyo stresTa <strong>da</strong> tramvaTa Sedegebis<br />
diagnostirebasa <strong>da</strong> mis koreqciasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT. droTa
ganmavlobaSi aucilebeli gax<strong>da</strong> codnis <strong>da</strong> mecnierebis Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT<br />
<strong>da</strong>moukidebeli <strong>da</strong>rgis – socialur-pe<strong>da</strong>gogiuri viqtimologiis Seqmna.<br />
socialur-pe<strong>da</strong>gogiuri viqtimologia (laT. “viqtime” – msxverpli<br />
<strong>da</strong> berZ. “logos” – swavleba) socialuri pe<strong>da</strong>gogikis Semadgeneli<br />
nawilia, romelSic disciplinaTSoris doneze Seiswavleba<br />
fsiqologiuri, fizikuri, socialuri defeqtebis <strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>xrebis<br />
koreqcia, romelTa gamo a<strong>da</strong>miani xdeba socializaciis araxelsayreli<br />
pirobebis msxverpli.<br />
viqtimizeba erTi mxriv aris procesi <strong>da</strong> meore mxriv, a<strong>da</strong>mianis<br />
an a<strong>da</strong>mianTa jgufis ama Tu im araxelsayreli pirobebis gamo<br />
msxverplad qcevis Sedegi. <strong>viqtimur</strong>oba – a<strong>da</strong>mianis midrekilebaa<br />
gaxdes sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva garemoebebis msxverpli. maT ricxvSi arian bavSvebi,<br />
mozardebi, axalgazrdebi fsiqosomaturi defeqtebiT <strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>xrebiT,<br />
oblebi <strong>da</strong> bavSvTa is kategoriebi, romlebic imyofebian saxelmwifos<br />
an sazogadoebrivi organizaciebis kmayofaze, agreTve mozardebi,<br />
axalgazrdebi mosazRvre fsiqiuri mdgomareobiT <strong>da</strong> xasiaTis<br />
aqcentuaciebiT, migrantTa Svilebi (119).<br />
socializaciis araxelsayreli pirobebis msxverplTa yvelaze<br />
<strong>da</strong>ucveli kategoria, romelsac esaWiroeba gansakuTrebuli yuradReba<br />
<strong>da</strong> mzrunveloba masSi <strong>cxovrebiseuli</strong> unar-Cvevebis aRzrdis mizniT,<br />
arian miusafari <strong>da</strong> mzrunvelobas moklebuli bavSvebi, quCis bavSvebi.<br />
quCis bavSvebi<br />
quCis <strong>da</strong> sxva maRali riskis jgufis bavSvebi arian<br />
mzrunvelobas moklebulebi bavSvebi <strong>da</strong>ucveli, Raribi <strong>da</strong><br />
arastabiluri ojaxebi<strong>da</strong>n an ojaxuri tipis garemo<strong>da</strong>n, romlebic<br />
ganicdian socialur izolacias, qmnian marginalur jgufebs,<br />
cxovroben <strong>da</strong> muSaoben quCebSi, SezRudulad an saerTod xeli ar<br />
miuwvdebaT <strong>da</strong>cvis, janmrTelobis <strong>da</strong> ganaTlebis samsaxurebze <strong>da</strong><br />
imyofebian fizikuri, emociuri <strong>da</strong> fsiqologiuri Zaladobis maRali<br />
riskis qveS.
quCis bavSvebi SeiZleba or kategoriad <strong>da</strong>iyos: `bavSvebi quCaSi~<br />
<strong>da</strong> `quCis bavSvebi~ (27). pirvel kategorias miekuTvnebian isini,<br />
romlebic dRisiT quCaSi muSaoben <strong>da</strong> RamiT saxlSi brundebian, xolo<br />
meore kategorias ekuTvnian isini, romlebic quCaSi mTeli drois<br />
ganmavlobaSi cxovroben. Sesabamisad, termini “quCis bavSvebi” zoga<strong>da</strong>d<br />
moicavs imaT, romlebic cxovroben <strong>da</strong> muSaoben quCaSi mTeli drois<br />
ganmavlobaSi mSoblebTan mcire an yovelgvari kontaqtis gareSe, aseve<br />
isinic, romlebic cxovroben <strong>da</strong> muSaoben dRisiT, xolo RamiT<br />
saxlebSi brundebian.<br />
quCis bavSvebs Soris arian oblebi an mSoblebis mier<br />
mitovebulebi Tu ojaxi<strong>da</strong>n gamoZevebuli bavSvebi. zogierTi maTgani<br />
saxli<strong>da</strong>n gaqceulia. quCa maTTvis ara mxolod samuSao adgili, aramed<br />
saxlicaa (27).<br />
bavSvTa mawanwalobis problema Tan sdevs, upirveles yovlisa,<br />
qveynis did qalaqebs, romlebic iqceva regionebi<strong>da</strong>n Camosuli<br />
upatrono bavSvebis sacxovrebel centrebad. eqspertTa SefasebiT (27),<br />
upatronod <strong>da</strong>tovebul bavSvTa mniSvnelovani nawili internatebis<br />
aRsazrdelebi arian, romlebic sastiki mopyrobis gamo TviTneburad<br />
toveben <strong>da</strong>wesebulebebs.<br />
usaxlkaro bavSvTa umravlesobas warmoadgenen qalaqSi<br />
macxovrebeli bavSvebi. maTi ojaxi<strong>da</strong>n wasvlis mizezebi xdeba sastiki<br />
mopyroba <strong>da</strong> konfliqtebi mSoblebTan, zedmetobis SegrZneba,<br />
naTesavebis uyuradReboba.<br />
ojaxis cxovrebis dezorganizebis pirobebSi irRveva<br />
Camoyalibebuli zneobriv-esTetikuri normebi <strong>da</strong> cxovrebi yai<strong>da</strong>.<br />
Zlierdeba col-qmruli konfliqtebi, usiamovnebebi mSoblebsa <strong>da</strong><br />
Svilebs Soris. Rrmavdeba bavSvebis depresiuli mdgomareoba, rogorc<br />
uflebrivi, moraluri, ekonomikuri <strong>da</strong>ucvelobis Sedegi. siRaribe <strong>da</strong><br />
arasasikeTo fsiqologiuri viTareba ojaxSi <strong>da</strong>mRupvelad moqmedebs<br />
bavSvebis aRzr<strong>da</strong>ze, maT zneobriv <strong>da</strong> fizikur ganviTarebaze.<br />
quCis bavSvebi ga<strong>da</strong>sarCenad an Tavad qmnian ban<strong>da</strong>s, an sxvis<br />
ban<strong>da</strong>Si wevriandebian, sa<strong>da</strong>c hpovebs Tanadgomas <strong>da</strong> Tavs <strong>da</strong>culad
grZnoben. isini narkomanebi an jibis qurdebi xdebian, swavloben<br />
qurdobis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva xerxs. avtoavariis Sedegad miRebuli sxeulis<br />
<strong>da</strong>zianeba, quCis Cxubebi, gamomZalvelTa <strong>da</strong> policielTa mxri<strong>da</strong>n<br />
Seuracxyofa – ai, im safrTxeTa arasruli sia, romelTa winaSec quCis<br />
bavSvebi aRmoCndebian xolme. isini xSirad xdebian eWvmitanilni, maT<br />
akaveben, apatimreben umciresi <strong>da</strong>naSaulisaTvisac ki. xSirad xdebian,<br />
narkomaniisa <strong>da</strong> sqesobrivi gziT ga<strong>da</strong>mdebi <strong>da</strong>avadebebis msxverplni.<br />
upatrono bavSvTa cxovrebis wesi did zians ayenebs maT<br />
janmrTelobas, fsiqikas, amaxinjebs maT faseulobaTa orientirebas.<br />
rogorc wesi, maT aqvT <strong>da</strong>maxinjebuli warmodgena samyaroze. maTi<br />
codna SezRudulia <strong>da</strong> ar Seefereba asaks, bevrma wera-kiTxvac ar icis<br />
<strong>da</strong> mis swavlas iwyebs mxolod socialur sareabilitacio<br />
<strong>da</strong>wesebulebebSi. upatronod mitovebul bavSvebs axasiaTebT uxeSoba,<br />
agresiuloba. maT ar gaaCniaT TanagrZnobis <strong>da</strong> Tanagancdis unari.<br />
upatrono bavSvTa umravlesobas aReniSneba fsiqiuri moSliloba,<br />
uyuradRebobis gamo garTulebuli qronikuli <strong>da</strong>avadebebi. fsiqiur<br />
<strong>da</strong>Zabvas mihyavs isini nervul Setevamde, narkotikebis gamoyenebamde <strong>da</strong><br />
a.S.<br />
quCaSi gazrdil bavSvebs gamovlili aqvT cxovrebis mkacri<br />
skola. isini Zalauneburad Zalian adre aRweven garkveul calmxriv<br />
simwifes. aseTi bavSvebi did siZneleebs uqmnian bavSvTa saxlebis<br />
personals, moipoveben ra uzarmazar gavlenas iq myof bavSvebze.<br />
sabolood, rogorc wesi, isini garbian bavSvTa saxli<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong><br />
ubrundebian quCas. xSirad isini sxvebsac ubiZgeben gaqcevisaken.<br />
quCis bavSvebSi erT-erTi yvelaze gavrcelebuli movlena<br />
toqsikomaniaa, romelic gamowveulia socialuri, fsiqologiuri <strong>da</strong><br />
ojaxuri mizezebiT. gar<strong>da</strong> amisa, toqsikomaniasa <strong>da</strong> arasrulwlovanTa<br />
<strong>da</strong>naSauls Soris arsebobs garkveuli kavSiri. qvemoT CamoTvlilia am<br />
movlenis warmoSobis xelSemwyobi faqtorebi:<br />
� Tanatolebis zewola;<br />
� araadekvaturobis grZnobis <strong>da</strong>Zlevis survili;<br />
� narkomaniis saSiSroebis gaucnobierebloba an bundovani<br />
warmodgena mis Sesaxeb; cnobismoyvareoba;
� a<strong>da</strong>mianis survili, ekuTvnodes raime jgufs;<br />
� a<strong>da</strong>mianis SegrZneba, rom misi aravis esmis;<br />
� Cveulebrivisagan gansxvavebuli situaciis Zieba.<br />
yvelaze metad iyeneben:<br />
� xvelebis wamals;<br />
� webos an gamxsnel nivTierebebs;<br />
� alkoholur sasmelebs;<br />
� sigarets;<br />
� marixuanas;<br />
� amfetamins (Sobus);<br />
� diazepams.<br />
isini ganicdian araadekvaturobis grZnobas <strong>da</strong> sxva<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianebisagan yuradRebas iTxoven. xSirad mgrZnobiareni arian.<br />
TavianTi namdvili bunebis <strong>da</strong>farvas yovlismcodnis niRbiT cdiloben.<br />
toqsikomanebs axasiaTebT sxvebiT manipulireba, destruqciuli<br />
qceva, agresiuloba <strong>da</strong> sisastike sakuTari Tavis mimarT. toqsikomani<br />
bavSvi gulCaTxrobili, meamboxe, gulcivi, tyuilebis moyvaruli,<br />
eWviani <strong>da</strong> mousvenaria. xSirad toqsikomani quCis bavSvebi niWierebi<br />
arian, magram wamlebis zemoqmedebis Sedegad es Zneli SesamCnevia.<br />
problemebis ga<strong>da</strong>Wris maTTvis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli stili<br />
problemis arsebobis uaryofa <strong>da</strong> misTvis Tavis arideba. Tu isini<br />
mainc ga<strong>da</strong>wyveten Tvali gausworon situacias, <strong>da</strong>mxmareTa Zebnas<br />
iwyeben. maT ician, rom akrZaluli wamlis miReba janmrTelobas<br />
auaresebs <strong>da</strong> sxva mravali uaryofiTi Sedegi moaqvs, magram<br />
`netarebis” gancdis survili SiSs jabnis.<br />
saWiroa: masobrivi informaciis saSualebebiT farTo<br />
informaciuli muSaobis warmarTva, romelic orientirebuli iqneba<br />
bavSvebis problemebze, jansaRi cxovrebis wesze <strong>da</strong> alkoholis,<br />
Tambaqosa <strong>da</strong> narkotikuli nivTierebebis gamoyenebis <strong>da</strong>mRupveli<br />
Sedegebis demonstrirebasa <strong>da</strong> mosalodneli safrTxeebis prevenciaze.
II Tavi<br />
quCis bavSvebi saqarTveloSi: realuri viTareba <strong>da</strong> maTi<br />
uflebebis <strong>da</strong>cva<br />
$1 problemis socialur-ekonomikuri aspeqtebi<br />
bolo aTwleulSi msoflio sazogadoebis ganviTarebis<br />
globalurma procesebma gamoiwvia radikaluri socialur-ekonomikuri<br />
cvlilebebi. omebi, saerTaSoriso religiuri Tu regionaluri<br />
eTnikuri konfliqtebi, teraqtebis Sedegad a<strong>da</strong>mianTa masobrivi<br />
<strong>da</strong>Rupva <strong>da</strong> a<strong>da</strong>mianTa masobrivi mkvlelobebis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva formebi<br />
seriozuli safrTxis winaSe ayenebs kacobriobis ganviTarebas.<br />
SeiaraRebuli konfliqtebis Sedegad moklulia or milionze meti<br />
bavSvi, eqvs milionze meti <strong>da</strong>iWra, xolo TerTmet milionze meti<br />
<strong>da</strong>obl<strong>da</strong> (128)
1989 wli<strong>da</strong>n moyolebuli SeiaraRebuli konfliqtebi mox<strong>da</strong><br />
ganviTarebis ,,gar<strong>da</strong>maval periodSi myof 27 qveynis, <strong>da</strong>axloebiT,<br />
mesamedSi. maT ricxvs miekuTvneba somxeTi, azerbaijani, centraluri<br />
aziis qveynebi, moldova, tajikeTi, ruseTis federacia, CrdiloeT<br />
kavkasia, yofili iugoslavia (82)<br />
Kkonfliqtebis <strong>da</strong>mTavrebis <strong>da</strong>mangreveli Sedegebi naTlad Cans<br />
samuSao adgilebis naklebobis <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>ngreuli socialuri<br />
infrastruqturis saxiT (sacxovreblebis <strong>da</strong> skolebis CaTvliT).<br />
saqarTveloc ver ga<strong>da</strong>urCa am anTropologiur katastrofas. 1990<br />
wli<strong>da</strong>n dRemde saqarTvelom ga<strong>da</strong>itana eTnokonfliqtebi afxazeTsa <strong>da</strong><br />
samaCabloSi, samoqalaqo omi, bolos 2008 wlis agvistoSi omi<br />
ruseTTan. yovelive amis Sedegad mravali aseuli a<strong>da</strong>miani iZulebuli<br />
gax<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>etovebina mSobliuri kera. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom dro<strong>da</strong>dro<br />
dgebo<strong>da</strong> xerxdebo<strong>da</strong> situaciis garkveulwilad <strong>da</strong>regulireba, magram<br />
politikuri stabiluroba dRemde miuRwevelia.<br />
Tanamedrove msoflio krizisma, saqarTvelos ekonomikaSi, iseve,<br />
rogorc msoflios bevr qveyanaSi, mkveTrad gamoxatuli uaryofiTi<br />
tendenciebi gamoavlina. aman Taviseburi <strong>da</strong>Ri <strong>da</strong>asva qveyanaSi<br />
mimdinare ekonomikur procesebs. kidev ufro gauares<strong>da</strong> cxovrebis<br />
done. inflaciis zrdis tempma, farTo moxmarebis saqonelze fasebis<br />
gaumarTlebelma zr<strong>da</strong>m, laris msyidvelobiTunarianobis Semcirebam<br />
valutasTan mimarTebaSi, moTxovna-mowodebas Soris disbalansis<br />
gamovlenam, Semosavlebsa <strong>da</strong> xarjebs Soris disproporciam kidev<br />
ufro gaamwvava siRaribe.<br />
statistikis saxelmwifo departamentis monacemebiT, umuSevrobis<br />
done 2007 wlisTvis iyo 14,9%, Tumca, im a<strong>da</strong>mianTa raodenoba,<br />
romlebic TavianT Tavs umuSevarTa «kategorias» miakuTvneben,<br />
axlosaa 30%-Tan (34).<br />
2008 wels fasebis saerTo donem mkveTrad moimata <strong>da</strong> wliurad<br />
Seadgina 12,3%. 25-30%-iT gaizar<strong>da</strong> fasebi sayovelTao moxmarebis iseTi<br />
produqciaze, rogoricaa medikamentebi.
2008 wels inflaciis donem 3,4%-s miaRwia. saqarTvelos sagareo<br />
vali 1992-2008 wlebSi 78,7 mln dolari<strong>da</strong>n 2495 mln dolaramde<br />
gaizar<strong>da</strong>. ukanaskneli (2008 wlis) monacemebiT saqarTveloSi siRaribis<br />
donem saarsebo minimumis mimarT 37% Seadgina. saqarTvelos<br />
mosaxleobis 10%-ze naklebi aris mdi<strong>da</strong>ri <strong>da</strong> am raodenobis klebis<br />
tendencia aSkaraa (34).<br />
warmoqmnili situacia pirvel rigSi uaryofiTad aisaxa bavSvebisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> mozardebis cxovrebaze.<br />
,,gaeros” bavSvis uflebaTa konvenciis me-7 muxlis Tanaxmad,<br />
axalSobilis registracia miCneulia a<strong>da</strong>mianis erT-erT uflebad (6).<br />
Semosavlis <strong>da</strong>cemam aiZula Raribi ojaxebi, Tavi aeridebina<br />
axalSobilTa registraciisTvis.<br />
bavSvis <strong>da</strong>badebis registracia SesaZlebels xdis, mozardma<br />
isargeblos misi ganviTarebisTvis saWiro ZiriTadi socialuri<br />
momsaxurebiT.<br />
UNICEFF-is mier saqarTveloSi 2000 wels Catarebulma gamokvlevam<br />
uCvena, rom samoqalaqo aqtebis ganyofilebebSi registrirebulma<br />
<strong>da</strong>badebadebulTa ricxvma Seadgina saerTo Sobadobis mxolod 87%<br />
(41). <strong>viqtimur</strong>i bavSvebis (quCis bavSvebis) 85% <strong>da</strong>uregistrirebelia, rac<br />
am bavSvebs tovebs saxelmwifoSi moqmedi socialuri <strong>da</strong>cvis<br />
meqanizmebis miRma.<br />
imata bavSvTa Sromis SemTxvevebma. 2005 wlis UNICEF-is minacemebiT<br />
5-i<strong>da</strong>n 14 wlamde bavSvebis 18% muSaobs saqarTveloSi; 9 wlis an ufro<br />
mcire asakis bavSvebi muSaoben quCebSi, bazrebSi, xSirad RamiT, roca<br />
uwevT mZime tvirTebis gadmotvirTva. 5 wlis bavSvebi muSaoben<br />
maTxovrebad. 5 – 14 wlis bavSvebis, romlebic skolaSi <strong>da</strong>dian (92.1%),<br />
18.9%-i amave dros bavSvis SromaSia Cabmuli. meore mxriv, mSromeli<br />
bavSvebis 18.4%-i<strong>da</strong>n umetesoba skolaSic <strong>da</strong>dis (94.6%) (31).<br />
sxva kvlevebis mixedviT, bavSvebi ga<strong>da</strong>hyavT TurqeTSi <strong>da</strong><br />
saberZneTSi prostituciis <strong>da</strong> ojaxuri monobisaTvis. izrdeba bavSvTa<br />
(gansakuTrebiT gogonebis) komerciuli seqsualuri eqspluataciis<br />
SemTxvevebi prostituciisa <strong>da</strong> pornografiis mizniT.
saqarTvelos Sromis kodeqsi adgens 16 wels, rogorc a<strong>da</strong>mianis<br />
<strong>da</strong>saqmebis minimalur asaks. saqarTvelos konstituciiT <strong>da</strong> kanoniT<br />
ganaTlebis Sesaxeb, zogadi ganaTleba savaldebulo <strong>da</strong> ufasoa.<br />
kanoniT, 15 wlis bavSvebis samuSaoze ayvana SesaZlebelia im<br />
SemTxvevaSi, Tuki es samuSao mcire droiTaa <strong>da</strong> saziano ar aris maTi<br />
janmrTelobisaTvis, ganaTlebisaTvis <strong>da</strong> ganviTarebisaTvis <strong>da</strong> Tuki es<br />
samuSao <strong>da</strong>kavSirebulia xelovnebasTan an <strong>da</strong>Svebulia specialuri<br />
samuSao nebarTviT adgilobrivi profkavSiri<strong>da</strong>n.<br />
maTxovroba an wvrilmani vaWroba quCis bavSvebis erTi<br />
nawilisaTvis Tavis rCenisTvis gaweuli Sromaa. es bavSvebi ar ewevian<br />
<strong>da</strong>qiravebul Sromas, maT aravin qiraobs, amitom gaurkvevelia, Tu vis<br />
un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>ekisros pasuxismgebloba kanonTan aseTi Seusabamobis gamo.<br />
saqarTvelo saerTaSoriso Sromis organizaciis <strong>da</strong> bavSvTa<br />
Sromis aRmofxvris saerTaSoriso programis asocirebuli qveyanaa,<br />
romelic miznad isaxavs bavSvTa Sromis <strong>da</strong>Zlevas <strong>da</strong>gegmili<br />
strategiebiT <strong>da</strong> programebis amoqmedebiT, rameTu bavSvTa Sroma ara<br />
marto akninebs bavSvebSi ganaTlebis <strong>da</strong> unar-Cvevebis ganviTarebis<br />
saSualebebs, rogorc maTi momavlis uzrunvelyofis erT-erT mTavar<br />
winapirobas, aramed akninebs qveyanaSi siRatakis <strong>da</strong>Zlevis<br />
strategiul SesaZleblobebs <strong>da</strong> ekonomikuri zrdis potencials.<br />
gaeros bavSvis uflebaTa konvenciis ratificirebiT 1994 wels<br />
saqarTvelos MmTavrobam, rogorc erT-erTma monawile qveyanam aRiara<br />
bavSvis ufleba (muxli 32; bavSvis Sroma), <strong>da</strong>culi iyos ekonomikuri<br />
eqspluataciisa <strong>da</strong> nebismieri iseTi samuSaos Sesrulebisagan,<br />
romelic SeiZleba emuqrebodes mis janmrTelobas <strong>da</strong> xels uSlides<br />
ganaTlebis miRebaSi. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad arsebuli saqarTvelos Sromis<br />
kodeqsisa, saWiroa ufro metad <strong>da</strong>zustdes <strong>da</strong> gatardes<br />
sakanonmdeblo, administraciuli <strong>da</strong> socialuri zomebi ganaTlebis<br />
sferoSi, romelic ga<strong>da</strong>sinjavs arasrulwlovanTa samuSaoze miRebis<br />
minimalur asakebs <strong>da</strong> winapirobebs, <strong>da</strong>akonkretebs samuSao dRis<br />
xangrZlivobas <strong>da</strong> Sromis pirobebTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebul aucilebel<br />
moTxovnas <strong>da</strong> gaiTvaliswinebs sasjelis Sesabamis saxeobas an sxva
sanqciebs winamdebare muxlis efeqturi ganxorcielebis<br />
uzrunvelsayofad.<br />
saqarTvelos mTavrobam moaxdina saerTaSoriso Sromis<br />
organizaciis 138-e (1996 wlis 23 seqtembers) <strong>da</strong> 182-e konvenciebisa<br />
ratificireba (2002 wlis 24 ivliss). es imas niSnavs, rom konvenciebis<br />
rekomen<strong>da</strong>ciebi bavSvis SromasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT un<strong>da</strong> aisaxos erovnul<br />
kanonmdeblobaSi <strong>da</strong> aRmasrulebel sistemebSi, raTa srulyofili <strong>da</strong><br />
Tanmimdevruli gaxados ganaTlebis, <strong>da</strong>cvisa <strong>da</strong> prevenciis sistemebi<br />
saerTaSoriso stan<strong>da</strong>rtebTan mimarTebaSi.<br />
ukiduresma gaWirvebam sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi qarTuli<br />
mentalitetisaTvis miuRebeli iseTi tendenciebi gamoavlina,<br />
rogoricaa bavSvTa prostitucia, Zaladoba, alkoholizmi.<br />
2007 – 2008 wlis saqarTveloSi bavSvTa mimarT Zaladobis<br />
erovnuli kvlevis mixedviT gamokiTxul bavSvTa 72% aRiarebs, rom maT<br />
mimarT gamoyenebuli iyo fizikuri, xolo 70,9% fsiqologiuri<br />
Zaladoba.<br />
1997 w. UNICEF-is TanamSromlebma TbilisSi Caatares 112 meZavis (12-<br />
16 wlis gogonebis) <strong>da</strong> 60 maTi mSoblis gamokiTxva. Sedegebma cxadyo,<br />
rom meZavi gogonebi SesaZlebelia <strong>da</strong>vyoT sam jgufad: pirvel jgufs<br />
Semosavlis didi nawili Seaqvs ojaxSi, xolo 12% xarjavs sakuTari<br />
TavisTvis. maTi `samuSao” adgilia rkinigzis sadguri, Ramis gasaTevi<br />
carieli vagonebi, fardulebi, erT nawils moswons aseTi cxovreba.<br />
isini Seadgenen yvelaze agresiul jgufs;<br />
meore jgufi meZavobas uTavsebs qurdobas. es jgufi Seadgens<br />
saerTo raodenobis 32%-s. gogona ojaxis erTaderT marCenalad<br />
gvevlineba. mSoblebi ki mcirewlovan SvilebTan erTad maTxovroben<br />
<strong>da</strong> xels uwyoben gogonas meZavobaSi;<br />
mesame jgufi yidis gazeTebs, nayins, alagebs sa<strong>da</strong>rbazoebs. isinic<br />
ojaxis erTaderT marCenals warmoadgenen <strong>da</strong> Sromas uTavseben<br />
meZavobas.<br />
maTi umravlesoba Tbiliselia. Aaqe<strong>da</strong>n, wera-kiTxvis ucodinaria 8-<br />
20%, gaWirvebiT wers 3-12%.<br />
mSoblebi ar interesdebian SvilTa saqmianobiT <strong>da</strong> SemosavliT.
mdedrobiTi an mamrobiTi sqesis bavSvi, romelic fulis miRebis an<br />
raRac sxva mizniT, ufrosebis, sindikatis an raime <strong>da</strong>jgufebis<br />
zewoliT an iZulebiT amyarebs seqsualur urTierTobas, axorcielebs<br />
avxorcul qmedebebs, iTvleba prostituciaSi an sxva seqsualuri<br />
Zaladobis aqtSi CaTreul <strong>da</strong> seqsualurad eqspluatirebul bavSvad.<br />
saqarTvelos kriminaluri kodeqsi krZalavs qalebis yidvas an<br />
gayidvas prostituciisaTvis <strong>da</strong> krZalavs seqsualur urTierTobis<br />
<strong>da</strong>myarebas 16 walmde asakis a<strong>da</strong>mianTan. Tumca kanoni ar akonkretebs<br />
<strong>da</strong>sjis <strong>da</strong> sanqciebis meTodebs.<br />
zRvar<strong>da</strong>udebeli Zaladoba mtkivneuli mosagonaria. bavSvebis<br />
TqmiT, isini `wumpeSi amoavles <strong>da</strong> sulierad <strong>da</strong>amaxinjes”, seqsualuri<br />
Zaladobisagan tramvirebuli bavSvi eWvis TvaliT uyurebs nebismieri<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianis qcevas, roca bavSvi amCnevs sapirispiro sqesis a<strong>da</strong>mianisagan<br />
seqsualuri ltolvas, agresia, brazi <strong>da</strong> sisastike ipyrobs.<br />
marTalia seqsualuri Zaladobisagan tramvirebuli bavSvebis<br />
azrovneba ar aris sxarti, magram sakmaod organizebulia. mware<br />
gamocdileba karnaxobs maT, rom uaryon ga<strong>da</strong>tanili Zaladobis faqti,<br />
<strong>da</strong>faron igi <strong>da</strong> amiT garTulebebs Tavi aaridon. maT pasuxSi ismis<br />
brazi, SiSi, undobloba <strong>da</strong> RalatiT gamowveuli tkivili. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad<br />
samyaros negatiuri aRqmisa, swamT, rom yvelaferi ukeTesobisaken<br />
Seicvleba <strong>da</strong> Tu gauZleben am gamoc<strong>da</strong>s, aucileblad gaimarjveben.<br />
seqsualuri Zaladobisagan tramvirebuli zogierTi bavSvis<br />
azriT, de<strong>da</strong> sastiki, <strong>da</strong>sjis moyvaruli, braziania, ar aris<br />
mosiyvarule. AaseTi bavSvebi Tavs mitovebulad grZnoben, xolo<br />
TavianTi problemebis mizezs de<strong>da</strong>Si xe<strong>da</strong>ven. mama loTi, gulgrili,<br />
bilwsityva, moRalatea. amgvarad, ojaxSi qaosi <strong>da</strong> civi atmosfero<br />
sufevs.<br />
roca TanatolebTan Tavs bednierad grZnoben <strong>da</strong> maTgan<br />
<strong>da</strong>xmarebis miRebis imedi aqvT, isini gulkeTilni <strong>da</strong> mzrunvelni<br />
xdebian. gogonebi mamrobiTi sqesis bavSvebs `borotebad, moZaladeebad,<br />
maniakebad <strong>da</strong> enabilwebad” Tvlian. sareabilitacio centris<br />
personali, bebia, biZa <strong>da</strong> dei<strong>da</strong>, Tanatolebis msgavsad, maTi ndobiT
aRWurvili pirebi arian, romelTac SeuZliaT yuris <strong>da</strong>gdeba, rCevis<br />
micema, mzrunvelobis aRmoCena <strong>da</strong> siyvaruli. (33)<br />
yuradsaRebia Zveli statistika, romelic mogvyavs problemis<br />
simwvavis demonstrirebis mizniT: saqarTveloSi mozardTa sifilisiT<br />
<strong>da</strong>avadebis SemTxvevebi Seadgen<strong>da</strong> 1996 w. – 1000-s, 1998 w. maTi ricxvi<br />
gaizar<strong>da</strong> 2500-mde, e.i. 1500-iT. Tu gonoreiT <strong>da</strong>avadebis SemTxvevebis<br />
ricxvi 1997 w. aRwev<strong>da</strong> 1000-s, 1998 w. am ricxvma Seadgina ukve 1500.<br />
janmrTelobis <strong>da</strong>cvis msoflio organizaciisa <strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos Sids-<br />
is centris monacemebiT saqarTvelo Sids-is gavrcelebis didi<br />
safrTxis winaSea. 1999 wlis martSi gamovlin<strong>da</strong> am <strong>da</strong>avadebis 84<br />
SemTxveva (74 – mamakaci, 10 – qali) (33). 1997 w. saqarTvelos Sids-is<br />
nacionalurma centrma <strong>da</strong>afiqsira 21 axali SemTxveva. magram<br />
saqarTvelos janmrTelobis <strong>da</strong>cvis saminmistro Tvli<strong>da</strong>, rom<br />
<strong>da</strong>avadebulTa ricxvi 8008-s aRwev<strong>da</strong>. janmrTelobis saerTaSoriso<br />
organizaciis eqspertTa gancxadebiT, maT pirvelebma <strong>da</strong>afiqsires 1997<br />
w. imunodeficitis virusebi, rac a<strong>da</strong>stureb<strong>da</strong> safrTxes, romlis<br />
winaSec aRmoCn<strong>da</strong> saqarTvelo, saWiro iyo profilaqtikuri<br />
RonisZiebebis Catareba.<br />
Pprofilaqtikuri RonisZiebebi, pirvel rigSi, un<strong>da</strong> Catardes,<br />
quCaSi mcxovreb <strong>da</strong> momuSave bavSvebTan, ramdena<strong>da</strong>c isini<br />
mosaxleobis erT-erT <strong>da</strong>ucvel fenas warmoadgenen <strong>da</strong> am safrTxis<br />
didi albaTobis qveS arian.<br />
SiSs iwvevs isic, rom mozardTa umetesobas warmodgena ara aqvs<br />
sqesobrivi kavSirebis higienaze, kerZod, sqesobrivi gziT veneriuli<br />
<strong>da</strong>avadebis ga<strong>da</strong>cemis saSiSroebaze. arasamTavrobo organizaciam<br />
Tambaqos wevis sawinaaRmdego nacionaluri centri `UNICEF-s<br />
<strong>da</strong>xmarebiT gamoikvlia sqesobrivi cxovrebis codnis done mozardebSi<br />
(41).<br />
kvlevis Sedegebis mixedviT 12-14 wlis gogonebis 48%-ma <strong>da</strong><br />
biWebis 48%-ma araferi icis sqesobrivi gziT sifilisis <strong>da</strong> gonoreiT<br />
<strong>da</strong>avadebis SesaZleblobis Sesaxeb. gansakuTrebiT sagangaSoa, rom arc<br />
gogonebi <strong>da</strong> arc biWebi (48%) an saerTod ar floben informacias iseT<br />
saSinel <strong>da</strong>avadebaze, rogoricaa Sids-i, <strong>da</strong> Tu floben, ze<strong>da</strong>pirulad;
Tumca, es seni yovelwliurad ikrefs Zalas <strong>da</strong> swrafad vrceldeba<br />
msoflioSi.<br />
me-20 saukunis 90-iani wlebis Semdeg analogiuri muSaoba<br />
saqarTveloSi aRar Catarebula. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom 2005 wels<br />
samxreT kavkasiis antinarkotikuli programis farglebSi Catar<strong>da</strong><br />
saqarTveloSo narkoviTarebis kvleva, masSi gamokveTilad ar iyo<br />
Seswavlili quCis bavSvebis mdgomareoba am TvalsazrisiT. rac<br />
SeuZlebels xdis mimdinare periodis situaciis analizs <strong>da</strong><br />
problemebis identifikacias.<br />
`Tambaqos wevis winaaRmdeg mebrZolma nacionalurma centrma”<br />
Caatara gamokiTxva, romlis mizani iyo gaego mozardTa<br />
<strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba saqarTveloSi Tambaqos wevis, alkoholis <strong>da</strong><br />
narkomaniis mimarT (41).<br />
miRebuli Sedegebi gviCvenebs, rom:<br />
1. mozardTa 80% sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva dros iyenebs alkohols. MmaT Soris<br />
3% - is mSobeli alkoholiT <strong>da</strong>avadebulia. mozardTa didi<br />
nawili ar Tvlis alkoholis miRebas uaryofiT faqtad.<br />
2. yovel gamokiTxul mozards surs miiRos narkotikebi.<br />
3. mozardTa 6% sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva intensiurobiT <strong>da</strong> doziT iRebs<br />
narkotikebs. 5%-ma gamoTqva narkotikebis gasinjvis survili.<br />
4. 15-17 wlis orive sqesis mozardebi (58%) simpatiiT <strong>da</strong><br />
soli<strong>da</strong>robis grZnobiT uyureben narkomanebs; Tumca, 12-14<br />
wlis gogonebis <strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba narkomaniis mimarT sruliad<br />
sawinaaRmdegoa.<br />
amerikeli fsiqologi, profesori filip raisi Tvlis, rom<br />
mozardebi pirvelad iyeneben narkotiks mTeli rigi motivebis<br />
safuZvelze:<br />
1. ubralod cnobismoyvareobis gamo. imis gasagebad, Tu ra aris<br />
es.<br />
2. Pprotestis formisaTvis, tradiciuli normebisa <strong>da</strong><br />
faseulobaTa sistemis mimarT ukmayofilebis gamoxatvisTvis.<br />
3. garTobisa <strong>da</strong> grZnobiTi siamovnebis moTxovnilebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>kmayofilebisaTvis.
4. imisaTvis, rom ar CamorCes megobrebs an socialur jgufis<br />
sxva warmomadgenlebs.<br />
5. Sinagani <strong>da</strong>Zabulobisa <strong>da</strong> mRelvarebis mosaxsnelad,<br />
problemebsagan Tavis <strong>da</strong>Rwevis an, piriqiT, maTTan<br />
gamklavebis mizniT (133)<br />
6. narkotikebis gayidvis surviliT, mis pira<strong>da</strong>d moixmarebamde.<br />
7. surviliT, ufro Rrmad Cawvdes Tavis Tavs an sxva a<strong>da</strong>mianebs<br />
(133)<br />
aRniSnuli CamonaTvali<strong>da</strong>n Cven upiratesobas vaniWebT mozardTa<br />
mier narkotikebis moxmarebis ##2,4,5 motivs.<br />
bavSvebi, mSoblebTan Tu maT gareSe, Seadgenen im pirTa ara<br />
nakleb naxevars, romlebic eZeb TavSesafars qalaqebSi <strong>da</strong> roca ver<br />
pouloben mas, iZirebian socialkur fskerze.<br />
,,socialuri fskeris”, rogorc socialuri jgufis warmoSobas<br />
mravali mizezi aqvs. cxadia, ekonomikuri mizezebi: umuSevroba, Sromis<br />
anazRaurebis <strong>da</strong>bali done. amasTan, am jgufSi xvdebian a<strong>da</strong>mianebi,<br />
romelTac midrekileba aqvT loTobisaken, narkomaniisa <strong>da</strong><br />
garyvnilebisaken. garkveul gavlenas am procesze axdens socialuri<br />
garemo, socialuri pirobebi. Semzaravia, rom maT wreSi xvdebian<br />
bavSvebi, mozardebi, romelnic SesaZlebelia gamx<strong>da</strong>riyvnen qveynis<br />
aqtiuri, momavlis Semoqmedi moqalaqeni. dResdReobiT mTavrdeba e.w.<br />
`gar<strong>da</strong>mavali periodi”, dgeba aRmSeneblobis Jami. Aamitom, bavSvebi,<br />
mozardebi, axalgazrdoba un<strong>da</strong> gamoiyos rogorc socialuri fena,<br />
rogorc qveynis yvelaze perspeqtiuli kontingentis mniSvnelovani<br />
nawili.<br />
AaRniSnuli kategoria un<strong>da</strong> gaxdes samTavrobo, arasamTavrobo,<br />
komerciuli struqturebis gansakuTrebuli yuradRebis obieqti.<br />
saWiroa maTi erToblivi, SeTanxmebuli, pirovnebaze orientirebuli<br />
socialuri muSaoba. saxelmwifo <strong>da</strong> samoqalaqo sazogadoeba<br />
valdebulia amoiyvanos mozardi Taoba am fskeri<strong>da</strong>n, gazardos<br />
`fsikurad <strong>da</strong> fizikurad janmrTeli, ganaTlebuli axalgazr<strong>da</strong> Taoba<br />
maRali sulieri, zneobrivi a<strong>da</strong>mianuri TvisebebiT, romelmac icis <strong>da</strong>
pativs scems Tavisi xalxis istorias, tradiciebs”(20), sxvagvarad rom<br />
vTqvaT, mozardi sicocxlisunarian, Tavis ZalebSi <strong>da</strong>rwmunebul<br />
moqalaqed Camoayalibos.<br />
mozardebSi <strong>cxovrebiseuli</strong> <strong>unarCvevebis</strong> <strong>formireba</strong> bevrad aris<br />
<strong>da</strong>mokidebuli ganaTlebis sistemis yvela socialur-saganmanaTleblo<br />
institutis, maT Soris: skolamdeli <strong>da</strong>wesebulebebis,<br />
zogadsaganmanaTleblo skolebis, gimnaziebis, liceumebis, kolejebis,<br />
musikaluri, sportuli, xelovnebis skolebis <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>matebiTi<br />
ganaTlebis sxva <strong>da</strong>wesebulebebis; sxva <strong>da</strong>rgebis socialur-<br />
aRmzrdelobiTi institutebisa (kulturis, marTlwesrigis, masobrivi<br />
informaciis) <strong>da</strong> sxva sazogado organizaciebisa Tu TviTmmarTvelobis<br />
organoebis, mocemuli teritoriuli <strong>da</strong>nayofis administraciis<br />
SeTanxmebul muSaobaze.<br />
yvela CamoTvlilma institutebma un<strong>da</strong> Seadginos erTiani Ria<br />
socialur-saganmanaTleblo garemo. saganmanaTleblo sivrcis<br />
marTebulad formirebis umniSvnelovanesi faqtoria aRniSnuli yvela<br />
komponentis Tanamoqmedeba.<br />
Aaq CamoTvlil aRmzrdelobiT-saganmanaTleblo socialur<br />
institutebs Soris mTvar rols mozardi Taobis aRzr<strong>da</strong>Si asrulebs:<br />
ojaxi, skola <strong>da</strong> organoebi, romlebic mowodebulni arian Seasrulon<br />
sazogadoebis wevrTa socialuri aRzrdis <strong>da</strong> cxovelmoqmedebis<br />
uzrunvelyofis funqcia.<br />
maTi moqmedebis leitmotivi un<strong>da</strong> gaxdes mozardi Taobis<br />
socialuri ga<strong>da</strong>rCena; ga<strong>da</strong>rCena misi sulierebis, zneobrivi <strong>da</strong><br />
fizikuri janmrTelobis socialur-fsiqologiuri <strong>da</strong> socialur-<br />
pe<strong>da</strong>gogiuri Tanadgomis gziT, rac uzrunvelyofs mozardTa<br />
Semoqmedebis Sinagan Tavisuflebas. Aam ukanasknelze ki pirovnebis<br />
saerTo socialuri keTildReoba aris <strong>da</strong>mokidebuli.<br />
zemoT aRniSnuli afarToebs socialuri pe<strong>da</strong>gogikis amocanebs<br />
<strong>da</strong> funqciebs: <strong>da</strong>exmaros mozardebs TviTganviTarebaSi, aRzardos
maTSi srulyofisaken swrafva <strong>da</strong> unari – <strong>da</strong>icvas Tavi <strong>da</strong> moawesrigos<br />
sakuTari cxovreba <strong>da</strong> saqmianoba.<br />
§2 saqarTveloSi urbanuli quCis bavSvebis raodenoba <strong>da</strong><br />
maxasiaTeblebi<br />
saqarTveloSi federacia `ga<strong>da</strong>varCinoT bavSvebi~-s mier, aSS-s<br />
saerTaSoriso ganviTarebis saagentosa <strong>da</strong> gaeros bavSvTa fondis<br />
erToblivi mxar<strong>da</strong>WeriT, agreTve, sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva saxelmwifo,<br />
arasamTavrobo <strong>da</strong> akademiur wreebTan TanamSromlobiT Catar<strong>da</strong> quCis<br />
bavSvebis urbanuli kvleva. es kvleva saqarTvelos oTx did urbanul<br />
centrs moicav<strong>da</strong>: Tbilisi, quTaisi, rusTavi <strong>da</strong> baTumi. 2 es adgilebi<br />
ganisazRvra ramdenime <strong>da</strong>interesebul mxaresTan diskusiebis Sedegad,<br />
`ga<strong>da</strong>varCinoT bavSvebis~ mier 2006 wels Catarebuli quCis bavSvebis<br />
adgilmdebareobis winaswar Seswavlaze <strong>da</strong>yrdnobiT. am procesis<br />
respondentTa Tanaxmad, quCis bavSvebis yvelaze maRali raodenoba<br />
swored am oTx qalaqSi SeiniSnebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />
gaeros bavSvTa fondi UNICEF-i<strong>da</strong>n kvlevaSi uSualod CarTuli<br />
iyo disertanti <strong>da</strong> misi monawileoba partniorebTan erTad<br />
2 es aris saqarTveloSi oTxi yvelaze didi urbanuli centri, romelTa mosaxleoba<br />
Seadgens: Tbilisi- 1,342 aTasi, quTaisi – 165 aTasi, baTumi – 100 aTasi <strong>da</strong> rusTavi – 95<br />
aTasi (wyaro: saqarTvelos statistikis departamenti)
mdgomareob<strong>da</strong> kvlevis <strong>da</strong>gegmvaSi <strong>da</strong> instrumentebis SemuSavebaSi,<br />
Sampls-is <strong>da</strong> geografiuli mdebareobis <strong>da</strong>dgenaSi, kiTxvarebis<br />
SemuSavebaSi, kvlevis Sedegebis analizsa <strong>da</strong> samoqmedo<br />
rekomen<strong>da</strong>ciebis SemuSavebaSi.<br />
mocemuli kvleva quCis bavSvebis pirveli mravalmxrivi<br />
Sefasebaa, saqarTvelos sinamdvileSi. kvlevis mizani iyo: 1) oTx<br />
miznobriv urbanul centrSi quCis bavSvebis miaxloebiTi raodenobis<br />
gansazRvra <strong>da</strong> 2) maTi Taviseburebebis aRwera ise, rom 3)<br />
mtkicebulebebze <strong>da</strong>yrdnobiT SesaZlebeli yofiliyo politikisa <strong>da</strong><br />
programuli rekomen<strong>da</strong>ciebis SemuSaveba. kvlevis dros gamoyenebul<br />
iqna samsafexuriani midgoma:<br />
1) <strong>da</strong>kvirveba – monacemebis rukaze <strong>da</strong>tana droisa <strong>da</strong><br />
adgilmdebareobis mixedviT;<br />
2) raodenobrivi wertilovani Sefaseba;<br />
3) pirispir interviuebi.<br />
kvlevis populaciis <strong>da</strong>sadgenad, quCis bavSvebi ganisazRvra,<br />
rogorc bavSvebi 0-<strong>da</strong>n 18 wlamde (interviuebis SemTxvevaSi _ 8-<strong>da</strong>n 18<br />
wlamde), `romlebic quCebSi SeiniSneba~. kvleva ar moicav<strong>da</strong> iseT<br />
`quCis~ bavSvebs, romlebic centrebSi, TavSesafrebSi an sxva tipis<br />
<strong>da</strong>wesebulebebSi imyofebodnen.<br />
zoga<strong>da</strong>d, wertilovani Sefasebis Sedegad ganisazRvra, rom<br />
saSualod, 2007 wlis noemberSi oTx qalaqSi iyo 1,049 bavSvi.<br />
maqsimaluri miaxloebiTi raodenoba iyo 1600 bavSvi. quCis bavSvebi<br />
urbanul saqarTveloSi metwilad 5-<strong>da</strong>n 14 wlamde asakis biWebi arian,<br />
romlebic ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d maTxovroben. isini quCaSi zr<strong>da</strong>srulis<br />
meTvalyureobis gareSe imyofebian dRis ganmavlobaSi, Tumca maT<br />
umravlesobas hyavs sul cota erTi cocxali mSobeli an sxva<br />
naTesavebi.<br />
kvleva aCvenebs, rom quCis bavSvebis arseboba saqarTveloSi<br />
<strong>da</strong>ucveli bavSvebisa <strong>da</strong> maTi ojaxebis winaSe arsebuli mravali<br />
socialur-ekonomikuri problemis gamovlinebaa <strong>da</strong> ara ganzogadebuli
fenomeni. bavSvebis mier quCaSi gatarebuli drois analizis Sedegad<br />
saintereso <strong>da</strong>skvnis gamotana SeiZleba: quCis bavSvebis 40%-ze mets<br />
quCaSi sam welze meti aqvs gatarebuli. Tumca, arseboben, ufro mcire<br />
raodenobiT (mxolod erTi meoTxedi), quCis bavSvebi, romlebic<br />
acxadeben, rom quCaSi bolo ori-sami wlis ganmavlobaSi gamovidnen.<br />
kargad morgebuli <strong>da</strong> efeqturi politikisa <strong>da</strong> programuli<br />
RonisZiebebis SemuSavebisas gaTvaliswinebuli un<strong>da</strong> iqnas quCis<br />
bavSvebis mdgomareobis warmomSobi, <strong>da</strong>mcveli <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>mabrkolebeli<br />
faqtorebis sirTule. kvleva aCvenebs, rom urbanul saqarTveloSi<br />
bavSvs quCisken, umravles SemTxvevebSi, ojaxuri faqtorisa <strong>da</strong><br />
sazogadoebrivi stresoris (Cveulebriv, araumetes sami an oTxisa)<br />
kombinacia ubiZgebs. es aris:<br />
_ bavSvis garSemo mSoblis an mSoblebis, aseve sxva zr<strong>da</strong>sruli<br />
naTesavis ararseboba.<br />
miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom saqarTveloSi mxolod cota quCis bavSvi<br />
Tu aris mTlianad sakuTar kmayofaze, ojaxis iseTi wevris <strong>da</strong>naklisi,<br />
romelsac bavSvi mzrunvelad aRiqvams – maT Soris, mSoblis<br />
gar<strong>da</strong>cvaleba, Zlieri faqtoria, romelsac SeuZlia bavSvs quCaSi<br />
cxovrebisken ubiZgos. kvleva aCvenebs, rom, rac ufro klebulobs<br />
ojaxis wevrebis raodenoba bavSvis garSemo, miT ufro metad izrdeba<br />
albaToba, bavSvma quCaSi gaataros Rame an 24 saaTi icxovros iq.<br />
mSoblis gar<strong>da</strong>cvalebis gar<strong>da</strong>, mSoblis ararseboba saqarTveloSi<br />
ramdenime formas iRebs. mSoblebi SeiZleba ga<strong>da</strong>vidnen qalaqi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong><br />
bavSvebi <strong>da</strong>utovon a<strong>da</strong>mianebs, visac maTi saWiroebebis <strong>da</strong>kmayofileba<br />
ar SeuZliaT. zogi bavSvi tovebs mSoblebs <strong>da</strong> sxva qalaqSi naTesavis<br />
saxlSi ga<strong>da</strong>dis sacxovreblad, sa<strong>da</strong>c zrunvisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>cvis<br />
SesaZleblobebi arasakmarisia, an (iSviaT SemTxvevebSi) bavSvi<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>wyvets sadme marto ga<strong>da</strong>vides. amas gar<strong>da</strong>, mSoblebi <strong>da</strong>tvirTuli<br />
grafikiT muSaoben (rogorc praqtika aCvenebs, adreuli dili<strong>da</strong>n gvian<br />
Ramemde), elementaruli moTxovnebis <strong>da</strong>sakmayofileblad <strong>da</strong> isini<br />
fizikurad veRar axerxeben monawileoba miiRon bavSvis aRzr<strong>da</strong>Si.
_ ekonomikuri problemebi – siRaribe, umuSevroba <strong>da</strong> usaxlkaroba.<br />
siRaribe aris Cveuli faqtori, saqarTveloSi quCis bavSvebis<br />
umravlesobisaTvis. saxlis cudi pirobebisagan Tavis <strong>da</strong>saRwevad,<br />
bavSvebi cdiloben, ojaxs gareT, marto cxovrebis gzebi eZion <strong>da</strong><br />
mopovebuli fuli sakuTari an megobrebis saWiroebebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>sakmayofileblad <strong>da</strong>xarjon. bevri Semosavlis gamomuSavebas<br />
ojaxebis mxar<strong>da</strong>Weris gzad ganixilavs. zogierTi bavSvisgan ki<br />
piriqiT, moelian an aiZuleben, gamoimuSavos fuli <strong>da</strong> ojaxSi<br />
moitanos. sacxovreblis ararsebobam an saSinelma sacxovrebelma<br />
pirobebma SeiZleba aseve quCisken ubiZgos bavSvs. calke aRebuli,<br />
siRaribe bavSvis quCaSi gasvlis mizezi ar aris. saqarTveloSi<br />
ojaxebis umravlesoba, ukidures ekonomikur pirobebSic ki, bavSvebis<br />
saxlSi SenarCunebas axerxebs. Tumca siRaribem SeiZleba ukve ise<strong>da</strong>c<br />
<strong>da</strong>ucvel ojaxSi arsebuli stresi gaaRrmavos <strong>da</strong> ojaxis<br />
priorotetebis Secvla gamoiwvios, sa<strong>da</strong>c bavSvis keTildReoba<br />
yuradRebis centrSi aRar iqneba.<br />
_ ojaxis Semadgenlobis Secvla, rogoricaa ganqorwineba an mSoblis<br />
meored qorwineba.<br />
mSoblebis ganqorwineba yvela bavSvisTvis stresia.<br />
saqarTveloSi amas aseve Tan ojaxis sacxovrebeli pirobebis<br />
gauareseba axlavs, gansakuTrebiT Tu bavSvi de<strong>da</strong>sTan rCeba – rogorc<br />
es umravles SemTxvevebSi xdeba. saqarTveloSi quCis bavSvebis<br />
martoxela mSoblebisaTvis ganqorwinebis Semdeg xSirad mSoblis<br />
movaleobebis Sesruleba Zneli xdeba. mSoblis meored qorwineba<br />
xSirad <strong>da</strong>matebiT siZneleebs qmnis – SeiZleba warmoiSvas konfliqti<br />
bavSvsa <strong>da</strong> dedinacvals/maminacvals Soris, an bavSvi SeiZleba<br />
sruliad uaryofil iqnas dedinacvalis/maminacvalis mier <strong>da</strong> Tavi<br />
iZulebulad igrZnos (an iyos iZulebuli) <strong>da</strong>tovos saxli.<br />
_ ojaxis ga<strong>da</strong>adgileba.<br />
saqarTveloSi quCis bavSvebis ojaxebi sxva adgilze<br />
sacxovreblad Cveulebrivad bavSvebTan erTad ga<strong>da</strong>dian. ga<strong>da</strong>adgilebis
amdenime modeli SeiniSneba: migracia patara qalaqebi<strong>da</strong>n an<br />
soflebi<strong>da</strong>n urbanul centrebSi; ga<strong>da</strong>svla didi qalaqebi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
TbilisSi; ga<strong>da</strong>svla Tbilisi<strong>da</strong>n patara qalaqebSi; mogzauroba sxva<br />
qveynebi<strong>da</strong>n an iZulebiTi ga<strong>da</strong>adgileba saqarTvelos konfliqturi<br />
zonebi<strong>da</strong>n. garemos Secvla bavSvisTvis siZneleebs warmoSobs. Tu<br />
msgavsi ga<strong>da</strong>adgileba ar aris kargad momzadebuli, axal<br />
adgilsamyofelze arsebulma mdgomareobam ojaxis pirobebis<br />
gauareseba SeiZleba gamoiwvios <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>matebiTi stres-faqtorebi<br />
warmoqmnas.<br />
_ alkoholizmi <strong>da</strong> Zaladoba saxlSi.<br />
miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom es faqtori bevri bavSvis mier ar<br />
<strong>da</strong>saxelebula, alkoholizmi <strong>da</strong> ojaxuri Zaladoba bavSvebis<br />
cxovrebaSi mZlavri stres-faqtorebia. isini Zirs uTxrian ojaxis<br />
wevrebTan usafrTxo mijaWvulobis grZnobas <strong>da</strong> aiZuleben bavSvebs,<br />
mdgomareobasTan Seguebis iseT strategiebs mimarTon, rogoricaa<br />
saxlis mitoveba <strong>da</strong> quCaSi gasvla. radgan alkoholizmi <strong>da</strong> ojaxuri<br />
Zaladoba xSirad saxeldeba im quCis bavSvebis mier, romelTac<br />
<strong>da</strong>karges mSobeli an romelTa mSoblebi ganqorwinebulni arian, es<br />
kidev ufro arTulebs garemoebebs.<br />
_ janmrTelobasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli problemebi ojaxSi.<br />
siRaribesTan <strong>da</strong> Sesabamisi socialuri mxar<strong>da</strong>Weris<br />
ararsebobasTan erTad, ojaxSi arsebulma janmrTelobis mZime<br />
problemebma <strong>da</strong> am mdgomareobasTan gamklavebis SeuZleblobam bavSvs<br />
skolis mitovebisken, fuli gamomuSavebis <strong>da</strong>wyebisken an ubralod,<br />
siZneleebisTvis Tavis aridebis mizniT saxlis <strong>da</strong>tovebisken SeiZleba<br />
ubiZgos.<br />
_ ganaTlebis nakleboba.<br />
kvlevis Sedegad <strong>da</strong>dgin<strong>da</strong>, rom skola quCis bavSvebis<br />
socialuri <strong>da</strong>cvis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani Semadgeneli nawilia,<br />
magram, amavdroulad, xSirad maTi Semdgomi socialuri izolaciis
<strong>da</strong>maCqarebels warmoadgens. saqarTveloSi quCis bavSvebis umravlesoba<br />
skolaSi ar iricxeba. xolo isini, vinc jer kidev skolaSi iricxeba,<br />
iq <strong>da</strong>rCenisaTvis ramdenime winaaRmdegobas awydeba. zogi skolaSi<br />
siarulis Semosavlis gamomuSavebasTan SeaTavsebas cdilobs, rac<br />
rTulia <strong>da</strong> SeiZleba bavSvs skolis mitovebisken ubiZgos. sxvebs<br />
aucilebeli saskolo nivTebis SeZena ar ZaluZs, an CaricxvisTvis<br />
aucilebeli sabuTebi ar gaaCnia. ojaxebi, romelTac bavSvis skolaSi<br />
gagzavnasa <strong>da</strong> ojaxisTvis <strong>da</strong>matebiTi Semosavlis mopovebaSi maT<br />
<strong>da</strong>xmarebas Soris arCevanis gakeTeba uwevT, xSirad arsebobisaTvis<br />
<strong>da</strong>matebiTi saxsrebis moZiebas ganaTlebis grZelvadian <strong>da</strong> bundovad<br />
sargebelze win ayeneben. ojaxuri struqturis Secvlam, rac mSoblis<br />
gar<strong>da</strong>cvalebiT an ganqorwinebiT aris gamowveuli, ojaxis<br />
prioritetebi SeiZleba Secvalos, sa<strong>da</strong>c bavSvis ganaTlebas wamyvani<br />
roli aRar eqneba. <strong>da</strong> bolos, bevri quCis bavSvi skolas Tavs anebebs<br />
<strong>da</strong> amis mizezad interesis naklebobas, Seusabamobis an ganaTlebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>bali xarisxis maTeul AaRqmas asaxelebs.<br />
_ bavSvis irgvliv arasakmarisi socialuri <strong>da</strong>cvis sistemis arseboba.<br />
socialuri momsaxureba, romelsac quCis bavSvebisTvis maTi<br />
quCaSi cxovrebis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva etapze mxar<strong>da</strong>Weris aRmoCena SueZlia,<br />
Zalian cotaa <strong>da</strong> maT Sesaxeb informacia xSirad xelmisawvdomi ar<br />
aris imisaTvis, rom aRkveTos bavSvis quCaSi gasvla an xeli Seuwyos<br />
maT quCaSi yofnisas cxovrebis alternatiuli gzebis gamonaxvaSi.<br />
quCaSi moxvedris Semdeg bavSvebi im mcire socialur momsaxurebas<br />
mimarTaven, ris Sesaxebac Seityoben, magram saqarTveloSi quCis<br />
bavSvebis umravlesobas arasdros gaugia Sesabamisi socialuri<br />
samsaxurebis Sesaxeb <strong>da</strong> arc gamouyenebia isini.<br />
_ bavSvis <strong>da</strong>cvis Si<strong>da</strong>sazogadoebrivi meqanizmebis ararseboba.<br />
zogierT qveyanaSi, bavSvis ojaxSi mTavari mzrunvelis aryofnas<br />
naklebad uaryofiTi efeqti aqvs, vinai<strong>da</strong>n bavSvis garSemo arsebuli<br />
Temis wevrebi icaven bavSvs, roca ojaxs es ar ZaluZs. urbanul<br />
saqarTveloSi es ase ar aris – quCis bavSvebis aRqmiT, rodesac isini
mTeli rigi siZneleebis winaSe dganan, farTo sazogadoeba, rogoricaa,<br />
magaliTad, mezoblebi, maT gverdiT ar arian. amas socialuri an<br />
kulturuli indiferentuloba (an sulac mtruli <strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba)<br />
SeiZleba vuwodoT, rac bavSvis Semdgom socialur izolacias <strong>da</strong><br />
TviTSezRudvas iwvevs.<br />
_ quCis bavSvebis ojaxebis socialuri izolacia.<br />
kvlevis Sedegebi aCvenebs, rom saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi quCis<br />
bavSvebi yvelaze Raribi <strong>da</strong> socialurad izolirebuli ojaxebi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
arian. mTeli rigi siZneleebisas, rogoricaa siRaribe, sacxovreblis<br />
ararseboba, meuRlis <strong>da</strong>kargva, ganqorwineba an ojaxuri konfliqtebi,<br />
quCis bavSvebis ojaxebs, Si<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> gare Sokebisgan bavSvebis <strong>da</strong>cva<br />
xSirad SeuZleblad miaCniaT. Tu mSoblebs, realurad, farTo ojaxi<br />
<strong>da</strong> sazogadoeba ar exmareba, xSirad ojaxebi Seguebis iseT<br />
strategiebs mimarTaven, romlebic bavSvisaTvis Sesabamisi mxar<strong>da</strong>Weris<br />
pirobebs ar qmnis.<br />
§3 bavSvisUuflebrivi garemo <strong>da</strong> samarTlebrivi principebi<br />
bavSvis uflebaTa konvencia, romelic ayalibebs iuridiulad<br />
savaldebulo stan<strong>da</strong>rtebs, miRebuli iqna generaluri asambleis mier<br />
1989 wels. bavSvis uflebaTa konvencia garkveviT acxadebs, rom<br />
bavSvebs aqvT uflebebi <strong>da</strong> acnobierebs maT rogorc <strong>da</strong>moukidebel<br />
samarTlebriv subieqtebs, romlebic ganviTarebis stadiaSi imyofebian.<br />
es dokumenti yvelaze farTod miRebuli xelSekrulebaa a<strong>da</strong>mianis<br />
uflebaTa Sesaxeb, romelic ratificirebulia an romelsac SeuerT<strong>da</strong><br />
192 saxelmwifo.
`bavSvis uflebaTa konvenciis ratificirebis Semdeg saxelmwifoebma<br />
un<strong>da</strong> miiRon kanonebi, margulirebeli wesebi <strong>da</strong> programebi <strong>da</strong><br />
uzrunvelyon, rom TiToeuli bavSvi siyvarulisa <strong>da</strong> gagebis<br />
atmosferoSi gaizardos, SiSisa <strong>da</strong> gaWirvebis gareSe, <strong>da</strong>culi iyos<br />
diskriminaciisgan, Zaladobisa <strong>da</strong> eqspluataciisgan, hqondes<br />
potenciuri SesaZleblobebis sruli ganviTarebis SesaZlebloba.<br />
konvenciiT Cven valdebulebas vkisrulobT, rom <strong>cxovrebiseuli</strong><br />
SesaZleblobebi ar iyos gapirobebuli imiT, Tu ra pirobebSi ibadeba<br />
a<strong>da</strong>miani.~<br />
marta santos paisi, gaero-s generaluri mdivnis samsaxuris bavSvebis<br />
mimarT Zaladobis Sesaxeb kvlevis sare<strong>da</strong>qcio kolegiis wevri.<br />
konvenciis ZiriTadi 42 muxli aRwers samoqalaqo, politikur,<br />
ekonomikur, socialur <strong>da</strong> kulturul uflebebs, romlebic<br />
formulirebulia bavSvis konkretuli moTxovnebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>sakmayofileblad, romelic konvenciis Tanaxmad aris 18 wlis<br />
asakamde yoveli a<strong>da</strong>miani, Tuki romelime qveynis kanonmdeblobis<br />
mixedviT bavSvi ufro adre ar aRwevs srulwlovanebas. 2<br />
bavSvis uflebaTa konvencia adgens samarTlebriv principebs <strong>da</strong><br />
detalur normebs, romelTa Tanaxmad un<strong>da</strong> imarTebodes bavSvebTan<br />
<strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli yvela kanoni, wesi <strong>da</strong> praqtika. es moicavs<br />
ugeulvebelyofis, Zaladobisa <strong>da</strong> diskriminaciis aRkveTis<br />
xelSewyobas <strong>da</strong> saTanado reagirebas bavSvebis <strong>da</strong>sacavad.<br />
bavSvis uplebaTa saerTaSoriso komiteti ar uaryofs<br />
disciplinis pozitiur princips <strong>da</strong> aRiarebs, rom bavSvis aRzr<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong><br />
masze zrunva, gansakuTrebiT Cvili <strong>da</strong> mcirewlovani bavSvebis, xSir<br />
fizikur moqmedebas <strong>da</strong> Carevas moiTxovs maTi <strong>da</strong>cvis mizniT. komiteti<br />
aRniSnavs, rom es Sors aris Zalis ganzrax <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>msjeli mizniT<br />
gamoyenebisgan, rac tkivils ayenebs, diskomforts uqmnis an amcirebs<br />
bavSvs.
`brZola ojaxebSi, skolebSi <strong>da</strong> sxva garemoSi bavSvebis fizikuri<br />
<strong>da</strong>sjis mimarT farTod gavrcelebul SemwynareblobasTan ar aris<br />
mxolod saxelmwifoTa valdebuleba, gansazRvruli konvenciiT. es<br />
aris Zaladobis yvela formis Semcirebisa <strong>da</strong> aRkveTis ZiriTadi<br />
strategia sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva sazogadoebaSi.~<br />
bavSvis uflebaTa komiteti,<br />
zogadi komentari #8, punqti 3 4 .<br />
bavSvis uflebaTa konvenciis 28(2) muxli moiTxovs, rom moxdes<br />
saskolo disciplinis `<strong>da</strong>cva im meTodebiT, romlebic bavSvis<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianuri Rirsebis pativiscemas <strong>da</strong> winamdebare konvencias efuZneba.~<br />
am debulebis interpretaciis dros komiteti xazs usvams, rom mis<br />
Tanaxmad monawile saxelmwifoebs moeTxovebaT akrZalon fizikuri<br />
<strong>da</strong>sja <strong>da</strong> disciplinis sxva <strong>da</strong>mamcirebeli <strong>da</strong> mavne formebi<br />
ganaTlebis sistemaSi.<br />
32-e <strong>da</strong> 36-e muxlebi aZlierebs bavSvis kanonier uflebas, <strong>da</strong>culi<br />
iyos eqspluataciis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva formebisgan, maT Soris: ekonomikuri<br />
eqspluataciisgan <strong>da</strong> `nebismieri samuSaosagan, romelic saxifaTo<br />
SeiZleba iyos, an xels uSlis bavSvis ganaTlebas, mavnea misi<br />
janmrTelobis an fizikuri, gonebrivi, sulieri Tu socialuri<br />
ganviTarebisTvis~ (muxli 32); `narkotikuli saSualebebis <strong>da</strong><br />
fsiqotropuli wamlebis ukanono moxmarebisgan~ <strong>da</strong> `amgvari<br />
nivTierebebis ukanono warmoebaSi CaTrevisgan~ (muxli 33); `seqsualuri<br />
eqspluataciis <strong>da</strong> Seuracxyofis yvela formisgan~ prostituciis <strong>da</strong><br />
pornografiis CaTvliT (muxli 34); motacebis, gayidvis <strong>da</strong><br />
trefikingisgan (muxli 35); `eqspluataciis yvela sxva formisgan,<br />
romelic zians ayenebs bavSvis keTildReobas~ (muxli 36).<br />
bavSvis <strong>da</strong>cvas Zaladobisgan bavSvis uflebaTa konvenciis sxva<br />
debulebebic exeba. amaSi Sedis samoqalaqo uflebebi, <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli<br />
gamoxatvis, informaciis ga<strong>da</strong>cemis, sindisis <strong>da</strong> religiuri rwmenis,
asociaciebis <strong>da</strong> mSvidobiani Sekrebebis, piradi cxovrebis <strong>da</strong><br />
informaciis xelmisawvdomobis TavisuflebasTan (muxlebi 12, 13, 14, 15,<br />
16 <strong>da</strong> 17). muxli 9 uzrunvelyofs bavSvis uflebas, rom ar <strong>da</strong>Sordes<br />
Tavis mSoblebs, im SemTxvevebis gamoklebiT, rodesac es ukeT<br />
emsaxureba bavSvis interesebs.<br />
muxli 18 iTvaliswinebs, rom saxelmwifoebi saTanado <strong>da</strong>xmarebas<br />
uweven mSoblebsa <strong>da</strong> kanonier meurveebs aRzr<strong>da</strong>sTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli<br />
movaleobis SesrulebaSi; xolo muxli 20 Tanaxmad ojaxur garemos<br />
moklebul bavSvebs ufleba aqvT sargeblobdnen saxelmwifos<br />
gansakuTrebuli <strong>da</strong>xmarebiT <strong>da</strong> mzrunvelobiT. muxli 25 iTvaliswinebs<br />
bavSvis uflebas, periodulad xdebodes mis sameurveod an<br />
samkurnalod gamwesebis pirobebis Sefaseba. gaSvilebasTan<br />
<strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli valdebulebebi Camoyalibebulia 21 muxlSi, ltolvil<br />
bavSvebTan – 22 muxlSi, xolo unarSezRudul bavSvebTan – 23 muxlSi.<br />
bavSvis uflebaTa konvenciis Tanaxmad bavSvebs <strong>da</strong>kmayofilebuli<br />
un<strong>da</strong> hqondeT Semdegi saxis moTxovnilebebi:<br />
�� fizikuri (usafrTxo, adeqvaturi, Tbili <strong>da</strong> a.S. sacxovrebeli;<br />
sakmarisi <strong>da</strong> janmrTeli kveba <strong>da</strong> wyali; adeqvaturi higienuri<br />
pirobebi <strong>da</strong> samedicino momsaxureba; <strong>da</strong>cva Zaladobisagan, cudi<br />
mopyrobisagan, adreul asakSi Sromisagan);<br />
�� emociuri (siyvarulisa <strong>da</strong> mzrunvelobis garemo, Rirsebis,<br />
bednierebis, momavlis imedis SegrZneba);<br />
�� socialuri (ojaxi, ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebis miRebaSi monawileoba, sazoga-<br />
doebaSi integracia);<br />
�� ganviTarebis (megobroba “Rirseul ufrosebTan”, ganaTleba, mowifu-<br />
lobisaTvis mzadeba);<br />
�� sulieri (sindisis <strong>da</strong> religiis Tavisufleba, sikeTis, silamazis <strong>da</strong><br />
mSvidobis SegrZneba).<br />
bavSvebis mimarT nebismieri qmedebis ganxorcielebas safuZvlad<br />
maTi interesebi un<strong>da</strong> edos; amrigad, yvela saxelmwifo <strong>da</strong> kerZo
<strong>da</strong>wesebulebam, sasamarTloebma <strong>da</strong> administraciulma uwyebebma un<strong>da</strong><br />
ganixilon ganxorcielebuli qmedebebis gavlena bavSvebze, raTa<br />
uzrunvelyon maTi interesebis gaTvaliswineba (muxli 3). bavSvis<br />
Tan<strong>da</strong>yolili sicocxlis ufleba <strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>rCenisa <strong>da</strong> ganviTarebis<br />
maqsimaluri unari, gaTvaliswinebuli bavSvis uflebaTa konvenciis<br />
mier, rac moicavs fizikur, gonebriv, sulier, moralur <strong>da</strong> socialur<br />
ganzomilebebs (muxli 6), ganixileba, agreTve, rogorc zogadi<br />
principi. 12 muxlis Tanaxmad bavSvs ufleba aqvs Tavisuflad<br />
gamoxatos sakuTari Sexedulebebi im sakiTxebze, romlebic mas exeba,<br />
amasTanave bavSvis Sexedulebebs saTanado yuradReba un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>eTmos<br />
misi asakisa <strong>da</strong> simwifis Sesabamisad.<br />
bavSvis uflebaTa komitetma, romelic saxelmwifoTa angariSebs<br />
1993 wli<strong>da</strong>n ganixilav<strong>da</strong>, SeimuSava saxelmZRvanelo principebi<br />
bavSvebis mimarT Zaladobis winaaRmdeg saxelmwifoTa<br />
valdebulebebTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT, kerZod, im rekomen<strong>da</strong>ciebTan<br />
<strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT, ordRiani zogadi diskusiebis Semdeg 2000 <strong>da</strong> 2001<br />
wlebSi, <strong>da</strong> mocemulia komitetis ## 1 <strong>da</strong> 8 zogad komentarebSi.<br />
komitetma kmayofilebiT aRniSna, rom adgilobrivma<br />
sasamarTloebma, sakonstitucio <strong>da</strong> uzenaesi sasamarTloebis CaTvliT<br />
mravali iurisdiqciis farglebSi <strong>da</strong>gmes bavSvebis mimarT Zaladoba<br />
TavianTi ga<strong>da</strong>wvetilebebiT, romlebic sul ufro farTod eyrdnoba<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebaTa Sesaxeb SeTanxmebebs, kerZod bavSvis uflebaTa<br />
konvenciaas <strong>da</strong> a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebebTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli SeTanxmebebis<br />
makontrolebeli organoebis dokumentebs.<br />
`bavSvebs iseTive srulfasovani uflebebi aqvT, rogorc ufrosebs.<br />
fijim moaxdina konvenciis ratifikacia. Cveni konstituciac TiToeul<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mians aZlevs fun<strong>da</strong>menturi uflebebis garantias. mTavrobas<br />
moeTxoveba, rom <strong>da</strong>icvas principebi, romlebic gulisxmobs yvela<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianis, sazogadoebis <strong>da</strong> jgufis uflebaTa <strong>da</strong>cvas. bavSvebs<br />
TavianTi statusi<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare gansakuTrebuli <strong>da</strong>cva sWirdebaT.<br />
Cveni saganmanaTleblo <strong>da</strong>wesebulebebi mSvidobisa <strong>da</strong> SemoqmedebiTi
ganviTarebis savane un<strong>da</strong> iyos <strong>da</strong> ara SiSis, cudi mopyrobisa <strong>da</strong><br />
moswavleTa a<strong>da</strong>mianuri Rirsebis Selaxvis adgili.~<br />
fijis saapelacio sasamarTlo, 2002 weli, nauSbadi saxelmwifos<br />
winaaRmdeg, romlis Tanaxmad fizikuri <strong>da</strong>sjis gamoyeneba<br />
skolebSi <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>sjis sistema arakonstituciuria .<br />
$4 zogadi mdgomareoba <strong>da</strong> reformis mimarTulebebi saqarTvelos<br />
bavSvTa saaRmzrdelo <strong>da</strong> samzrunvelo <strong>da</strong>wesebulebebSi<br />
uaxloes warsulSi mravalricxovani qarTveli <strong>da</strong> ucxoeli<br />
eqspertebi, romlebic saqarTvelos obol <strong>da</strong> mSobelTa mzrunvelobas<br />
moklebul bavSvTa samzrunvelo <strong>da</strong>wesebulebebs (Semdgom teqstSi _<br />
bavSvTa saxlebi) swavlobdnen, miiCnevdnen, rom saqarTveloSi<br />
saxelmwifos mzrunvelobis qveS myof obol <strong>da</strong> mSobelTa<br />
mzrunvelobas moklebul bavSvebs ar hqon<strong>da</strong>T <strong>da</strong>kmayofilebuli arc<br />
erTi zemoaRniSnuli moTxovnileba.<br />
bavSvebi gacilebiT met dros atareben mozrdilebis yuradRebis<br />
qveS skolamdel <strong>da</strong>wesebulebebSi, skolebSi, profsaswavleblebsa <strong>da</strong><br />
sxva saswavlo <strong>da</strong>wesebulebebSi, vidre sadme sxvagan TavinTi saxlebis<br />
gareT. mSoblebis msgavsad, mozrdilebi, romlebic ze<strong>da</strong>mxedveloben,<br />
marTven <strong>da</strong> warmoadgenen am <strong>da</strong>wesebulebebis personals, valdebulni<br />
arian, uzrunvelyon imgvari usafrTxo <strong>da</strong> mzrunvelobiT aRsavse<br />
garemos Seqmna, romelic xels uwyobs <strong>da</strong> exmareba bavSvebis<br />
ganaTlebas <strong>da</strong> ganviTarebas. isini agreTve valdebulni arian,<br />
uzrunvelyon, raTa aseTma aRmzrdelobiTma muSaobam Camoayalibos<br />
bavSvebi pasuxismgeblobis mqone a<strong>da</strong>mianebad, romlebic<br />
ixelmZRvaneleben iseTi faseulobebiT, rogoricaa Zaladobaze uaris<br />
Tqma, sqesobrivi Tanasworoba, diskriminaciasTan brZola, mimtevebloba<br />
<strong>da</strong> urTierTpativiscema. es is faseulobebia, romlebsac eTanxmebian<br />
mTavrobebi bavSvis uflebaTa konvenciisa <strong>da</strong> a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebaTa sxva<br />
saerTaSoriso konvenciebis ratificirebisas.
saqarTveloSi bolo wlebSi bavSvTa uflebebis <strong>da</strong>cvis kuTxiT<br />
ganxorciel<strong>da</strong> ramdenime mniSvnelovani siaxle. pirvel rigSi un<strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong>vasaxeloT erT-erTi yvelaze warmatebuli socialuri programa<br />
_ bavSvTa mSvilobel ojaxebSi ga<strong>da</strong>cemisa <strong>da</strong> biologiur ojaxebSi<br />
reintegrirebis programa, romelic saqarTveloSi ramdenime welia<br />
muSaobs .<br />
_ 2006 wlis umniSvnelovanesi movlenaa siRaribis zRvarze myofi<br />
ojaxebisaTvis saxelmwifo <strong>da</strong>xmarebis programis Camoyalibeba <strong>da</strong> misi<br />
<strong>da</strong>nergvis <strong>da</strong>wyeba. Seiqmna bavSvTa keTildReobisa <strong>da</strong><br />
deinstitucionalizaciis saministroTaSorisi komiteti.<br />
_ Seiqmna ojaxis Camnacvlebeli <strong>da</strong> ojaxis <strong>da</strong>mxmare organizaciebis<br />
funqcionirebis stan<strong>da</strong>rtebi.<br />
saqarTvelos parlamentSi 2006 wels gansaxilvelad Sevi<strong>da</strong><br />
ramdenime kanonproeqti, romelTa miReba <strong>da</strong> amoqmedeba uSualod<br />
aisaxeba qveyanaSi bavSvebis keTildReobis pirobebze. muSavdeba<br />
servisis mimwodebelTa licenzirebis meqanizmebi.<br />
TviTon bavSvTa saxlebSic xorcieldeba sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva saxis<br />
gar<strong>da</strong>qmnebi. bolo wlebSi situacia ukeTesobisaken Seicvala.<br />
TiToeuli bavSvis SenaxvisaTvis saxelmwifo biujeti<strong>da</strong>n gamoyofili<br />
Tanxis sagrZnoblad gazr<strong>da</strong>m, pirvel rigSi, bavSvTa SimSilis<br />
problema ga<strong>da</strong>wyvita <strong>da</strong> sxva aucilebeli xarjebis nawilobrivi<br />
<strong>da</strong>farvis saSualebac gaaCina, rac bavSvebis higienur, janmrTelobis,<br />
tansacmliT uzrunvelyofis pirobebsac <strong>da</strong>etyo.<br />
ganxorciel<strong>da</strong> radikaluri cvlilebebi: TiTqmis yvela bavSvTa<br />
saxlSi movi<strong>da</strong> axali xelmZRvaneloba, <strong>da</strong>ixura ramdenime bavSvTa<br />
samzrunvelo <strong>da</strong>wesebuleba, xolo ramdenime _ gaerTian<strong>da</strong>. bavSvebi,<br />
romlebic skola-internatebis pirobebSi am saaRmzrdelo<br />
<strong>da</strong>wesebulebas mikuTvnebul skolebSi swavlobdnen, 2005 wli<strong>da</strong>n Cveu-<br />
lebriv, sajaro skolebSi <strong>da</strong>dian.<br />
saqarTveloSi Tan<strong>da</strong>TanobiT Seiqmna bavSvebisaTvis<br />
alternatiuli servisebis ganmaxorcielebeli organizaciebi. es<br />
procesi jerjerobiT nela mimdinareobs <strong>da</strong> ver akmayofilebs<br />
amJamindel moTxovnebs. amasTan un<strong>da</strong> aRiniSnos, rom arsebuli
moTxovnebi bevrad CamorCeba moTxovnaTa im mosalodnel, realur<br />
sidides, romelic aucileblad gaCndeba qveyanaSi, Tu mosaxleoba<br />
informirebuli iqneba alternatiuli servisebis arsebobisa <strong>da</strong> maTi<br />
SesaZleblobebis Sesaxeb.<br />
dRes arsebuli bavSvTa saxlebi, umetes SemTxvevaSi, ojaxebis<br />
socialuri Semweobis wyaros warmoadgens. iq ganTavsebuli bavSvebis<br />
did umravlesobas hyavs orive an erTi mSobeli mainc. bevri bavSvi<br />
bavSvTa saxlSi mxolod dRisiT <strong>da</strong>dis, xolo Rames sakuTar ojaxSi<br />
atarebs, radgan am ojaxebs ar SeswevT Zala uzrunvelyon Svilebi<br />
sakvebiT, tansacmliT, saxelmZRvaneloebiT, gaTbobiT. naTelia, rom<br />
ojaxis Camnacvlebeli <strong>da</strong> ojaxis <strong>da</strong>mxmare servisebis ganviTarebam<br />
didi gavlena un<strong>da</strong> moaxdinos rogorc bavSvTa saxlebis, aseve, maT<br />
bina<strong>da</strong>rTa raodenobasa <strong>da</strong> mdgomareobaze.<br />
proeqti `ZiriTadi mimarTulebebis Camoyalibeba bavSvTa <strong>da</strong>cvisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> deinstitucionalizaciis saxelmwifo politikis<br />
xelSewyobisaTvis~ <strong>da</strong>muSav<strong>da</strong> strategiul gamokvlevaTa institutis<br />
mier gaerosO bavSvTa fondis, iunisefis, finansuri mxar<strong>da</strong>WeriT.<br />
proeqtis ZiriTadi mizani iyo rekomen<strong>da</strong>ciebis SemuSaveba dRes<br />
arsebuli bavSvTa saxlebis qselis racionaluri gar<strong>da</strong>qmnisaTvis.<br />
bavSvTa saxlebSi nebismieri cvlilebis ganxorcielebisas<br />
gaTvaliswinebuli un<strong>da</strong> iqnes xelmisawvdomi alternatiuli servisebi.<br />
aseTi servisebis an maTi Seqmnis potencialis arseboba mniSvnelovnad<br />
aadvilebs mravali ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebis miRebas.<br />
UUNICEF-is mxar<strong>da</strong>WeriT strategiul gamokvlevaTa institutis<br />
mier 2004 wels Catarebuli farTomasStabiani gamokvlevis monacemebis<br />
mixedviT skola-internatebSi ganTavsebuli bavSvebisagan mxolod 2,7%-<br />
ia ded-mamiT oboli, xolo bavSvTa saxlebis kontingenti<strong>da</strong>n _ 6,6%.<br />
aRsazrdelebis umravlesobas hyavs erTi mSobeli mainc. kvlevis Se-<br />
degad <strong>da</strong>dgin<strong>da</strong>, rom mSoblebTan aranairi kontaqti ara aqvs bavSvebis<br />
8,2 %-s. <strong>da</strong>narCen bavSvebs ki mSoblebTan kontaqti garkveuli peri-<br />
odulobiT aqvT. Bes monacemebi safuZvels gvaZlevs, vifiqroT<br />
reintegraciis programis gaZlierebasa <strong>da</strong> dRis centrebis gaxsnaze.
avSvebis sagrZnobi raodenoba ojaxSi cxovrobs. isini<br />
<strong>da</strong>wesebulebis momsaxurebiT mxolod dRis ganmavlobaSi sargebloben.<br />
gansakuTrebiT didia aseTi bavSvebis ricxvi skola-internatebSi _ bav-<br />
Svebis saerTo raodenobiT 39,2%, xolo bavSvTa saxlebSi aseTi e.w.<br />
`mosiarule bavSvebis~ ricxvi 8,1%-s Seadgens.<br />
`mosiarule bavSvebis~ aseTi didi Tanafardoba savaraudod<br />
ganpirobebuli un<strong>da</strong> iyos Semdegi faqtorebiT:<br />
1. mZime socialur-ekonomikuri pirobebi (siRaribe, cudi<br />
sacxovrebeli pirobebi). es mizezi <strong>da</strong>asaxela gamokiTxulTa 31,3%-ma;<br />
2. sxva saswavlo <strong>da</strong>wesebulebis siSoriT (swavlis mizniT<br />
<strong>da</strong>wesebulebaSi siaruli <strong>da</strong>asaxela gamokiTxulTa 15%-ma)<br />
3. e.w. “mkv<strong>da</strong>ri sulebis” arsebobiT;<br />
4. <strong>da</strong>wesebulebis profiliT (musikaluri, sportuli, sanatoriuli<br />
tipis).<br />
“mosiarule bavSvebis” aseTi didi raodenoba _ TiTqmis mesamedi _<br />
iZleva imis safuZvels, rom moxdes orientireba dRis centrebis<br />
qselis Camoyalibebasa <strong>da</strong> gaZlierebaze.<br />
institutebSi bavSvebis ganTavsebis ZiriTad mizezad gamokiTxulTa<br />
31,3% asaxelebs mZime socialur-ekonomikur pirobebs. magram bavSvTa<br />
samzrunvelo <strong>da</strong>wesebulebebSi momuSave gamocdili personali yo-<br />
velTvis aRniSnavs, rom mxolod mZime socialuri pirobebis gamo<br />
bavSvi iSviaTad xvdeba bavSvTa saxlSi. siduxWires Tan erTvis<br />
arakeTilsaimedo mdgomareoba ojaxSi. xolo Tu bavSvi marTlac<br />
mxolod siRaribis gamo moxv<strong>da</strong> bavSvTa saxlSi, misi mSoblis qceva<br />
radikalurad gansxvavdeba sxva mSoblebis qcevisagan. reintegraciis<br />
programis ganxorcielebisas yuradRebis fokusSi, upirveles yovlisa,<br />
swored aseTi mSobeli eqceva. A maRali procenti xv<strong>da</strong> wilad<br />
<strong>da</strong>wesebulebaSi swavlis mizniT siaruls (15%). Eam mizeziT yvelaze<br />
meti bavSvi skola-internatebSia ganTavsebuli. es moulodneli<br />
Sedegia. rogorc wesi, mSoblebs bavSvebi ar mihyavT internatSi<br />
mxolod saswavleblad; gamonaklisi mxolod is SemTxvevebia, roca<br />
bavSvis mSobeli internatSi TviTon muSaobs.
erTdroulad orive mizeziT (mZime socialur-ekonomikuri<br />
pirobebisa <strong>da</strong> swavlis mizniT) <strong>da</strong>wesebulebaSi ganTavsebul bavSvTa<br />
yvelaze didi wili aseve skola-internatebze modis.<br />
mesame ZiriTadi mizezi, romelsac maRali procentuli maCvenebeli<br />
xv<strong>da</strong> wilad, aris bavSvis invalidoba (fizikuri an gonebrivi _ 11,4%)<br />
an avadmyofoba (7,8%). am kategoriis bavSvebi ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d specialur <strong>da</strong><br />
sanatoriuli tipis skola-internatebSi arian ganTavsebulni.<br />
§5 bavSvTa saxlebis tipis <strong>da</strong>wesebulebebis tradiciuli koncefcia <strong>da</strong><br />
misi alternativa<br />
bavSvTa saxlebs TavisTavad Zalian sevdiani istori aqvTa.<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianebs, maT Soris <strong>bavSvebsa</strong>c, bavSvTa saxlebSi aTavsebdnen<br />
ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d sxva pirTa interesebi<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare. <strong>da</strong>fuZn<strong>da</strong> Cvil<br />
bavSvTa saxlebi yvelaze patarebisTvis, specialuri internatebi<br />
xan<strong>da</strong>zmulTaTvis, fsiqiatriuli saavadmyofoebi <strong>da</strong> SeSlilTa<br />
TavSesafrebi bavSvebisaTvis <strong>da</strong> sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva <strong>da</strong>rRvevebis mqone<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianebisaTvis. maT Secvales sazogadoebrivi pasuxismgeblobisa <strong>da</strong><br />
mzurvelTa sistemebi, romlebic zrunavdnen usaxlkaro bavSvebze.<br />
<strong>da</strong>wesebulebebis umravlesobas eniWebo<strong>da</strong> ufleba gamoeyenebina<br />
faqtiurad arakontrolirebadi zomebi TavianT klientebis mimarT.<br />
maTve gaaCn<strong>da</strong>T sakuTari SezRudviTi ,,kanonebi”, romlebic xSirad<br />
ewinaaRmdegebo<strong>da</strong> a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebebs.<br />
bavSvTa saxlebis tipis <strong>da</strong>wesebulebebis <strong>da</strong>usabuTebeli<br />
filosofia <strong>da</strong> koncefcia dResac iCens Tavs fsevdomecnieruli niRbis<br />
qveS. samedicino midgoma ki gamoixateba imaSi, rom mTeli personali<br />
atarebs TeTr xalaTebs.<br />
arsebobs uamravi bavSvi, romlebic mTel cxovrebas atarebs<br />
am<strong>da</strong>gvar <strong>da</strong>wesebulebebSi, ga<strong>da</strong>tvirTul saZineblebSi. isini iSviaTad<br />
toveben <strong>da</strong>wesebulebebis farglebs, arasdros ar hyavT gverdiT<br />
axlobeli a<strong>da</strong>miani, ar gaaCniaT piradi nivTebi. bevri bavSvi arc ki<br />
ocnebobs ukeTes xvedrze.
did bavSvTa saxlebSi bavSvebs emuqreba fizikuri <strong>da</strong> fsiqikuri<br />
<strong>da</strong>avadebebi, ferxdeba maTi kognitiuri <strong>da</strong> emociuri ganviTareba.<br />
ganviTarebis saSualebaTa ukmarisobis, maTi janmrTelobisaTvis<br />
saSiSi <strong>da</strong>matebiTi riskis gamo bevri bavSvi ganwirulia sicocxlis<br />
bolomde <strong>da</strong>rCes socialurad arSemdgari a<strong>da</strong>miani. ispoba misi<br />
sicocxlisunarianoba.<br />
ojaxi<strong>da</strong>n bavSvTa saxlebis tipis <strong>da</strong>wesebulebaSi bavSvis<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>yvanis acileba uaryofiTad moqmedebs mis fsiqikaze.<br />
es ukanaskneli ki bavSvTa saxlebSi bavSvis moTavsebis procesSi<br />
un<strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>wydes marTvis saTanado efeqturi zomebis miRebis<br />
saSualebiT.<br />
Kkvlevis safuZvelze SevimuSaveT pirveladi socialur-<br />
pe<strong>da</strong>gogiuri reabilitirebis sistema, romelic gankuTvnilia bavSvis<br />
cxovrebis eqstremaluri periodisaTvis; kerZod im kritikuli<br />
periodisaTvis, roca bavSvi ga<strong>da</strong>hyavT asocialuri ojaxi<strong>da</strong>n bavSvTa<br />
saxlSi.<br />
Cven mier SemuSavebuli sistemis praqtikaSi <strong>da</strong>nergvam <strong>da</strong>amtkica<br />
debulebaTa marTebuloba.<br />
situaciaTa pirveli jgufs miekuTvnebabavSvis wayvana<br />
asocialuri ojaxi<strong>da</strong>n. D<strong>da</strong>kvirvebis Sedegebma cxadyo bavSvTa<br />
<strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba aRniSnuli situaciisadmi: pasiuri winaaRmdegoba (25%);<br />
aqtiuri winaaRmdegoba (40%); gulgrili <strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba (14,3%);<br />
<strong>da</strong>debiTi <strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba (20,7%).<br />
socialuri pe<strong>da</strong>gogis saqmianoba Semdegi TanmimdevrobiT<br />
ganisazRvra: bavSvebze pirveladi informaciis Sekreba, ojaxis<br />
wevrebisadmi misi <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebis gamovlena, bavSvis fsiqologiuri<br />
wayvanis situaciisaTvis momzadeba: situaciis emociuri miReba <strong>da</strong><br />
ndobis mopoveba, rac Seanelebs bavSvis SiSs <strong>da</strong> Sinagan <strong>da</strong>Zabulobas<br />
saxli<strong>da</strong>n wayvanis momentSi.<br />
situaciaTa meore jgufis analizi _ pirveladi<br />
fsiqope<strong>da</strong>gogiuri <strong>da</strong>xmarebis aRmoCena. analizma gviCvena, rom
eqsperimentuli jgufis bavSvebs gaaCn<strong>da</strong>T fsiqotravmuli situaciebis<br />
Sedegad warmoSobili <strong>da</strong> rig SemTxvevaSi saxli<strong>da</strong>n wayvanis momentSi<br />
gaZlierebuli sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva azrobrivi <strong>da</strong> emociuri barierebi. am<br />
bavSvebs esaWiroebo<strong>da</strong>T specialistTa kompleqsuri<br />
maRalkvalificirebuli <strong>da</strong>xmareba. socialur-pe<strong>da</strong>gogiuri Tanxlebis<br />
Sinaarss am etapze warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>: saSuamavlo <strong>da</strong>xmareba bavSvsa <strong>da</strong><br />
specialists Soris kontaqtis <strong>da</strong>samyareblad, bavSvze informaciis<br />
Semdgomi Segroveba <strong>da</strong> misi utyuarobis Semowmeba, gamovlenil<br />
problemebze msjelobasa <strong>da</strong> bavSvTa saxlis pirobebSi pirveladi<br />
reabilitaciis ZiriTadi mimarTulebebis <strong>da</strong> formebis gansazRvraSi<br />
aqtiuri monawileoba.<br />
situaciaTa mesame jgufi _ bavSvis bavSvTa saxlis garemoSi<br />
Sesvla. es jgufi warmoadgen<strong>da</strong> urTierT<strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli <strong>da</strong><br />
urTierTSepirobebuli RonisZiebebis kompleqss sarebilitacio<br />
<strong>da</strong>xmarebis mimarTulebebiT. (socialur-pe<strong>da</strong>gogiuri, fsiqologiuri,<br />
samedicino): reabilitaciis am etapze bavSvis gamovlinebaTa farTo<br />
speqtrisa <strong>da</strong> misi ojaxTan <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebis gaTvaliswinebiT.<br />
gamoikveTa Semdegi suraTi: ojaxSi <strong>da</strong>brunebis survili _ 22,7%,<br />
mSoblebTan yofnis survili ojaxSi <strong>da</strong>debiTi cvlilebebis<br />
SemTxvevaSi _ 50%, wyena, ojaxze fiqris <strong>da</strong> laparakis survilis<br />
uqonloba. 15,3%, SiSi <strong>da</strong> ojaxSi <strong>da</strong>brunebis survilis uqonloba _<br />
11,3%. eqsperimentis monacemebi saSualebas iZleva, ganisazRvros<br />
socialur-pe<strong>da</strong>gogiuri Tanxlebis amocanebi: muSaoba yofil ojaxTan<br />
<strong>da</strong> naTesavebTan, Suamavluri <strong>da</strong>xmareba maTTan kavSirebis<br />
SesanarCuneblad, ojaxSi Camoyalibebuli <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebebis<br />
ukeTesobisaken SeZlebis<strong>da</strong>gvarad Secvlis cdebi, bavSvisaTvis bavSvTa<br />
saxlSi urTierTobebis <strong>da</strong>regulireba. Aam mizniT xdebo<strong>da</strong> bavSvis<br />
saxlis situaciasTan Seguebaze pasuxismgebeli piris specialuri<br />
momzadeba, romelic gulisxmob<strong>da</strong> bavSvze anamnesturi monacemebis <strong>da</strong><br />
bavSvis garemosa <strong>da</strong> ojaxuri pirobebis Seswavlas.<br />
situaciaTa meoTxe jgufi bavSvis CarTva saxlis garemoSi<br />
socialuri pe<strong>da</strong>gogis saqmianoba un<strong>da</strong> gaiSalos ramdenime
mimarTulebiT. socialuri pe<strong>da</strong>gogis muSaobis efeqturobisTvis<br />
mniSvnelovania: urTierToba bavSvTa saxlis specialistebTan, anu<br />
bavSvis Tanmxleb jgufTan, bavSvis CarTva saxlis yoveldRiur yofaSi;<br />
bavSvis CarTva saswavlo saqmianobaSi <strong>da</strong> saqmianobis sxva formebi misi<br />
arCevanis safuZvelze.<br />
UNICEF-is bavSvTa <strong>da</strong>cvis saerTaSoriso saxalxo kavSiris<br />
mier rigaSi (02.02.1994) organizebulma seminarma aRmosavleT evropis<br />
qveynebisaTvis erTxmad miiRo rigis deklaracia ,,bavSvTa internatis<br />
tipis <strong>da</strong>wesebulebaSi moTavsebis alernativebi”.<br />
seminaris mTavar mizans warmoadgen<strong>da</strong> internatebSi myof<br />
bavSvTa problemebis ganxilva <strong>da</strong> im ,,alternatiuli variantebis”<br />
Zieba, ,,romelic yvelaze axlo iqneba ojaxSi cxovrebasTan”.<br />
bavSvis ojaxTan wayvana _ ukanaskneli <strong>da</strong> kritikuli nabijia<br />
misi bavSvTa saxlebis tipis <strong>da</strong>wesebulebaSi moTavsebis sakiTxis<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetis procesSi.<br />
mSoblebis mier bavSvze uaris Tqmis motivebis ganxilvisas (Tu<br />
bavSvi izolirebulia ojaxisagan) socialurma organizaciebma un<strong>da</strong><br />
miiRon prioritetuli ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebebi Semdegi TanmimdevrobiT:<br />
_ Zalisxmeva ojaxis gasaerTianeblad;<br />
_ mzrunvelTa yuradReba;<br />
_ bavSvis moTavseba naTesavTa ojaxSi;<br />
_ gaSvileba <strong>da</strong>badebis qveynis farglebSi;<br />
_ saerTaSoriso gaSvileba;<br />
_ bavSvis ojaxis tipis bavSvTa saxlSi moTavseba, rogorc<br />
droebiTi ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetileba. (47)<br />
Zalisxmeva ojaxis gasaerTianeblad. bavSvTa bedis yvelaze humanur<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetas warmoadgens Zalisxmeva ojaxis gasaerTianeblad.<br />
umetes SemTxvevaSi ojaxis gaerTianebis procesi moiTxovs dros<br />
socialuri <strong>da</strong>wesebulebebisagan <strong>da</strong> bavSvis, mSoblebis swor
momzadebas. maT un<strong>da</strong> gansazRvron mxar<strong>da</strong>Weris zomebi, magaliTad:<br />
fsiqologiuri <strong>da</strong> materialuri mxar<strong>da</strong>Wera, sacxovrebeli pirobebis<br />
gaumjobeseba, ojaxuri Terapia <strong>da</strong> mxar<strong>da</strong>Wera ojaxis aRdgenis Semdeg.<br />
Oojaxis gaerTianebis procesi SesaZlebeli iqneba mxolod saTanado<br />
meTodologiis ganviTarebis Semdeg. am meTodologiaSi Sedis<br />
swavleba, informaciis mudmivi gacvla procesSi CarTul socialur<br />
muSakTa Soris (eqimebs, socialur muSakTa, bavSvTa aRmzrdelta,<br />
fsiqologTa <strong>da</strong> sxv. Soris).<br />
mzurnvelTa muSaoba. 1. mzrunveloba gulisxmobs bavSvis droebiT<br />
moTavsebas mzrunvelebTan, romlebic ar arian misi biologiuri<br />
mSoblebi. meurved upiratesad iniSneba bavSvis naTesavi. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad<br />
imisa, rom meurveobis sistema didi mxar<strong>da</strong>WeriT sargeblobs <strong>da</strong> sul<br />
ufro viTardeba, aris ekonomiuri sirTuleebi rac SeiZleba<br />
meurveobis sistemis ganviTarebis seriozul <strong>da</strong>brkolebad iqces. es<br />
sistema sasargebloa imdenad, ramdena<strong>da</strong>c bavSvs uqmnis ojaxur<br />
atmosferos.<br />
2. bavSvis gafarToebul aranaTesaur ojaxSi moTavseba<br />
<strong>da</strong>kavSirebulia ojaxuri mzrunvelobis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva formebTan;<br />
gasaTvaliswinebelia bavSvis eTnikuri, ekonomikuri, kulturuli<br />
warsuli, misi warmoSoba. mzrunvelTa ojaxebi sagul<strong>da</strong>gulod un<strong>da</strong><br />
airCion kompetenturma specialistebma, Seamowmon bavSvis<br />
aRzrdisaTvis saWiro SesaZleblobni. mzrunvelebi <strong>da</strong> maTi ojaxis<br />
wevrebi un<strong>da</strong> iyvnen bavSvis miRebisTvis adekvaturad momzadebulni,<br />
amitom saWiroa Catardes momaval mzrunvelTa saTanado swavleba.<br />
gaSvileba bavSvis <strong>da</strong>badebis qveynis farglebSi. gaSvileba gulisxmobs<br />
mSoblis uflebebis <strong>da</strong> movaleobebis mudmiv ga<strong>da</strong>tanas mSobel-<br />
meurveze. gaSvileba arc ise gavrcelebulia, magram bolo xans<br />
interesi mis<strong>da</strong>mi sagrZnoblad gaizar<strong>da</strong>. (47)<br />
saerTaSoriso gaSvileba. saerTaSoriso gaSvileba gulisxmobs<br />
seriozul <strong>da</strong> kritikul cvlilebebs bavSvis kulturul, socialur <strong>da</strong><br />
xSirad ekonomikur garemoSi. Aam SemTxvevaSi, Znelia ganisazRvros,<br />
gaSvilebis ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetileba miRebuli iyo bavSvis Tu sxva a<strong>da</strong>mianis an
jgufis interesebis gaTvaliswinebiT. cxovrebis ufro <strong>da</strong>bali donis<br />
mqone qveyni<strong>da</strong>n gaSvilebis procesis ganxorcielebisas (,,sazRvrebs<br />
miRma”) arsebobs finansuri garigebebis an garkveul droSi<br />
ekonomikuri an sxva sargeblobis miRebis winapirobebi. ufro metic,<br />
potenciur mSobelTa winaswari SerCeva <strong>da</strong> Semowmeba, bavSvis<br />
uflebaTa <strong>da</strong> interesTa <strong>da</strong>cva gaSvilebis Semdeg moiTxovs saimedo <strong>da</strong><br />
kanonieri aRmasrulebeli sistemis arsebobas.<br />
un<strong>da</strong> aRiniSnos, rom saerTaSoriso gaSvileba sul ufro<br />
vrceldeba: igi ar un<strong>da</strong> iqces bavSvTa umravlesobis bedis ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetis<br />
saSualebad. piriqiT, igi un<strong>da</strong> ganixilebodes, rogorc<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebis ukiduresi varianti, romelsac sWirdeba <strong>da</strong>sabuTeba<br />
yovel konkretul SemTxvevaSi. bavSvis interesebi<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare,<br />
saerTaSoriso gaSvileba un<strong>da</strong> xorcieldebodes erovnuli<br />
gaSvilebisTvis <strong>da</strong>muSavebuli proceduris mixedviT. un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>muSavdes<br />
<strong>da</strong>matebiTi zomebi saerTaSoriso doneze gaSvilebis procesis<br />
Sesrulebis efeqturi kontrolis Casatareblad.<br />
magram, Cveni azriT, alternatiuri meTodebis sistema ar iwvevs<br />
arsebuli bavSvTa saxlebis <strong>da</strong>xurvas. bavSvTa saxlebis gar<strong>da</strong> sxva<br />
alternatiuli wina<strong>da</strong>debebis ararseboba bevr bavSvs quCaSi aRmoaCens.<br />
bavSvTa saxlebis bavSvis moTavsebis erT-erTi mizezi Tavad am<br />
<strong>da</strong>wesebulebaTa arsebobaa. D<strong>da</strong>wesebuleba gamoiyeneba problemis ase<br />
Tu ise droebiT ga<strong>da</strong>sawyvetad, Tumca, es ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetileba xSirad<br />
sabolooa.<br />
Aaqe<strong>da</strong>n, SegviZlia <strong>da</strong>vaskvnaT: tradiciuli <strong>da</strong>wesebulebebi ar<br />
un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>ixuros. piriqiT, un<strong>da</strong> moxdes maTi rekonstruqcia, rom<br />
<strong>viqtimur</strong>ma bavSvebma SeZlon maT kedlebSi sicocxlisunarianobis<br />
mopoveba.<br />
2000 wlis 22-24 oqtombers bu<strong>da</strong>peStSi (ungreTi) UNICEF-ma<br />
Caatara regionaluri konferencia Temaze ,,mSobelTa mzrunvelobas<br />
moklebuli bavSvebi: uflebebi <strong>da</strong> realoba”.
konferenciaSi monawileoba miiRo 26 qveynis 200 delegatma. maT<br />
Soris, saqarTvelos warmomadgenlobam.<br />
Kkonferenciis mizani iyo bavSvebis bavSvTa saxlebis tipis<br />
<strong>da</strong>wesebulebebSi moTavsebis problemaTa ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetis Zieba;<br />
centraluri <strong>da</strong> aRmosavleTi evropisa <strong>da</strong> dsT-s qveynebSi saxelmwifos<br />
kmayofaze myof bavSvTa problemebis efeqturad ga<strong>da</strong>Wris gzebis<br />
gansazRvra.<br />
DdRis wesrigSi idga ori sakiTxi:<br />
1. rogor <strong>da</strong>vexmaroT ojaxebs, raTa Tavi<strong>da</strong>n aicilon bavSvis<br />
moTavseba bavSvTa saxlebis tipis <strong>da</strong>wesebulebaSi.<br />
2. rogor SevcvaloT saxelmwifo mzrunvelobis sistema, raTa<br />
aqcenti ga<strong>da</strong>vitanoT alternatiul variantTa (bavSvze zrunva ojaxur<br />
safuZvelze) sasargeblod.<br />
Kkonferenciis monawileebi gulaxdilad yvebodnen sakuTar<br />
marcxsa <strong>da</strong> Secdomebze, momavalSi ga<strong>da</strong>sawyveti amocanebis<br />
masStaburobaze.<br />
samuSao jgufSi, romelic amuSaveb<strong>da</strong> Temas ,,ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebebis<br />
miReba mSobleb<strong>da</strong>kargul bavSvebze” monawileodba am disertaciis<br />
avtoric.<br />
jgufis wevrebi mividnen Semdeg <strong>da</strong>skvnamde: saWiroa Seiqmnas<br />
pirobebi, romelic xels Seuwyobs bavSvebis bavSvTa saxlebSi<br />
moTavsebis SemTxvevaTa raodenobis Semcirebas; im bavSvebTan,<br />
romelTac sWirdebaT specialuri <strong>da</strong>cva, politika un<strong>da</strong> ganisazRvros<br />
maTTvis xelsayreli pirobebis Seqmnis CarCoebSi, yvela bavSvis<br />
uflebebis erTobliobis gaTvaliswinebiT.<br />
� ZiriTad muSakTa funqciaTa gansazRvris <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>sturebis mizniT,<br />
aucilebelia regularulad Catardes muSakTa profesiuli donis<br />
ganxilva-Semowmeba.<br />
� saWiroa ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d muSakTa kvalifikaciis amaRleba maTTvis<br />
informaciis <strong>da</strong> saTanado publikaciebis miwodebis gziT.
� un<strong>da</strong> moxdes specialistTa Soris gamocdilebisa <strong>da</strong> informaciis<br />
gaziarebis uzrunvelyofa.<br />
� ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebebis miRebisas aucilebelia vixelmZRvaneloT<br />
bavSvebis moTxovnilebebiT <strong>da</strong> ara finansuri xasiaTis<br />
mosazrebebiT.<br />
� un<strong>da</strong> gaacnobieros Yyvela moqalaqem, rom bavSvis mSobelTa<br />
mzrunvelobas mowyveta, did pasuxismgeblobas akisrebs<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebis iniciators.<br />
� ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebaTa miRebis procesze un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>wesdes monitoringi.<br />
� saWiroa Seiqmnas konkretuli meqanizmebi, romlebic uzrunvelyofen<br />
bavSvis ojaxi<strong>da</strong>n ama Tu im <strong>da</strong>wesebulebaSi ga<strong>da</strong>cemis periodul<br />
analizs <strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebis ga<strong>da</strong>xedvas.<br />
� SeZlebis<strong>da</strong>gvarad un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>vuWiroT mxari <strong>da</strong> saxelmwifos<br />
mzrunvelobis qveS myofi bavSvebs SevunarCunoT urTierToba Tavis<br />
ojaxebTan. magaliTad, xeli SevuwyoT bavSvis moTavsebas misi Temis<br />
maxloblad ganlagebul <strong>da</strong>webulebaSi; wavaxalisoT bavSvis<br />
urTierToba gafarToebul ojaxTan; uzrunvelvyoT bavSvebis <strong>da</strong><br />
maTi ojaxebis wevrTa Sexvedrebi.<br />
� aucilebelia im kanonebis Sesrulebis uzrunvelyofa, romelic<br />
sasamarTlo mosmenebze <strong>da</strong>swrebis garantias aZlevs bavSvs.<br />
� saWiroa bavSvis CarTva ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebis miRebis <strong>da</strong> ganxorcielebis<br />
procesSi.<br />
� aucilebelia bavSvebTan sastiki mopyrobis problemis Sesaxeb<br />
informirebis uzrunvelyofa.<br />
� saWiroa Catardes ganmartebiTi kampaniebi, bavSvebis mimarT sastiki<br />
mopyrobisa <strong>da</strong> Zaladobis Semcirebis mizniT.<br />
aRmzrdelobiT organizacias SeuZlia mouwyos bavSvs yofiTi<br />
pirobebi, arsebobis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva sferoebi, rac uzrunvelyofs<br />
konkretuli a<strong>da</strong>mianis, jgufis, koleqtivis moTxovnaTa
<strong>da</strong>kmayofilebas ufro farTo socialuri garemosa <strong>da</strong> mTeli<br />
sazogadoebis moTxovnaTa gaTvaliswinebiT.<br />
aRmzrdelobiTi organizaciis cxovelqmedeba iqceva a<strong>da</strong>mianis<br />
ganviTarebis pirobad, vinai<strong>da</strong>n is, rogorc aRmzrdelobiT<br />
organizaciaSi warmodgenili cxovelmoqmedobis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva formaTa<br />
subieqti, iswrafvis Tavisi aqtiurobis realizebas.<br />
aRmzrdelobiTi organizaciis cxovelqmediTobis Sinaarsi<br />
moicavs: urTierTobas, gare samyaros Secnobas, sagnobriv-praqtikul<br />
saqmianobas, sulier-praqtikul saqmianobas (sulier <strong>da</strong> socialur<br />
faseulobaTa gamoyeneba), sports, rogorc funqcionalur-organul<br />
aqtivobas, TamaSebs, romelic pirobiT situaciebSi axdens aqtivobis<br />
realizebis Tavisul improvizirebas.(112)<br />
cnobilia, rom mozardis ganviTareba ganisazRvreba imiT,<br />
ramdenad xelsayreli misi cxovelmoqmedobis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva sferoSi<br />
realizebis pirobebi, ramdenad mza<strong>da</strong>a misi <strong>cxovrebiseuli</strong> unar-Cvevebi<br />
sociumSi SesvlisaTvis: simtkice, sicocxlis azris rwmena, sakuTari<br />
cxovrebis SenebisaTvis mzadyofna <strong>da</strong> aqtiuroba.<br />
III Tavi<br />
quCis bavSvebSi <strong>cxovrebiseuli</strong> unar-Cvevebis Camoyalibebis<br />
kvleva <strong>da</strong> rekomen<strong>da</strong>ciebi<br />
§1 _ ganaTleba, rogorc <strong>cxovrebiseuli</strong> unar-Cvevebis formirebis<br />
saSualeba<br />
“bavSvis uflebebis konvencia” did yuradRebas uTmobs<br />
ganaTlebas <strong>da</strong> erT-erT mniSvnelovan prioritetad Tvlis<br />
<strong>cxovrebiseuli</strong> unar-Cvevebis <strong>formireba</strong>Si. quCis bavSvebi SezRuduli<br />
SesaZleblobebis mqone bavSvebi arian, romelTac ar miuwvdebaT xeli<br />
formalur ganaTlebaze, elementarul momsaxurebaze an ojaxur
siTbosa <strong>da</strong> mxar<strong>da</strong>Weraze.Eisini araprivilegirebuli bavSvebi arian <strong>da</strong><br />
mciredi Sansebi gaaCniaT imisaTvis, rom kargi momavali hqondeT.<br />
quCis bavSvebi, rogorc wesi, travmirebulni arian. maT aqvT mZime<br />
warsuli gamocdileba. amave dros, raki maT akliaT TavianTi asakis<br />
Sesaferisi ganaTleba, romelsac maTive Tanatolebi iReben sajaro<br />
skolaSi. aseT skolebSi moxvedra am bavSvebisaTvis xelaxali stresis<br />
mizezi xdeba.<br />
skola mzad ar aris quCi<strong>da</strong>n mosuli bavSvebis misaRebad.<br />
<strong>da</strong>mxvduri bavSvebi agresiulad arian ganwyobili, magram, rac ufro<br />
sagangaSoa, pe<strong>da</strong>gogebsac uWirT am bavSvebisadmi <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebis<br />
gansazRvra. skolis maswavleblebma umetes SemTxvevaSi ar ician is<br />
midgomebi, romlebic aseT bavSvebs sWirdebaT. ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, arian<br />
pe<strong>da</strong>gogebi, romlebic gulisxmierad epyrobian am bavSvebs <strong>da</strong><br />
cdiloben gauadvilon maT mdgomareoba, magram saerTo agresiul<br />
fonTan gamklaveba maT ar ZaluZT. agresiulia am bavSvebis mimarT<br />
<strong>da</strong>mxvdur bavSvTa mSoblebis didi nawilic.<br />
socialurad <strong>da</strong>ucvel bavSvebis am kategoriis sajaro skolebis<br />
saswavlo procesSi CarTva saboloo jamSi bavSvTa uflebebis <strong>da</strong>cvis<br />
saxelmwifo politikis swori mimarTulebaa, magram, amasTan erTad,<br />
kategoriulad un<strong>da</strong> moxdes skolebis winaswar momzadeba. quCis bavSvebi<br />
arian travmirebuli, socialur kontaqtebs <strong>da</strong> urTierTobebs mok-<br />
lebulni. aq tipiuria e.w. `socialuri unarSezRudulobis~ fenomeni, rac<br />
maTi aRzrdis deficitiT aris ganpirobebuli. aseTi bavSvebis misaRebad<br />
skola zedmiwevniT un<strong>da</strong> iyos momzadebuli. Cveni azriT, quCis bavSvTa<br />
Cveulebriv saskolo sistemaSi CarTvis midgomebi <strong>da</strong> gzebi un<strong>da</strong> iyos<br />
inkluziuri ganaTlebis midgomebisa <strong>da</strong> gzebis analogiuri. rogorc<br />
unarSezRuduli bavSvis inkluzia moiTxovs pe<strong>da</strong>gogis, janmrTeli<br />
bavSvebisa <strong>da</strong> maTi mSoblebis winaswar momzadebas, aseTive winaswari<br />
momzadebaa Casatarebeli skolebSi quCis bavSvebis misaRebad. Tavis mxriv,<br />
quCis bavSvTa mzrunveloba kompleqsur midgomas moiTxovs, ramelSic<br />
didi wili skolisaTvis mzaobas un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>eTmos.<br />
sareabilitacio centrebi <strong>da</strong> sxva msgavsi instituciebi un<strong>da</strong><br />
iTvaliswinebdes bavSvze oreintirebuli, Tbili <strong>da</strong> megobruli iseTi
pirobebis Seqmnas, rom bavSvebma SesZlon saswavlo moTxovnebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>Zleva.<br />
sareabilitacio centrebsa <strong>da</strong> skolebSi bavSvebs un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>xvdeT<br />
iseTi pa<strong>da</strong>gog/maswavleblebi, rom maT SeswevdeT unari<br />
SeZlebis<strong>da</strong>gvarad <strong>da</strong>exmaron bavSvebs yvela saWiroebis ga<strong>da</strong>Wrasa <strong>da</strong><br />
swavlebaSi. aseT viTarebaSi uzomod didia socialuri pe<strong>da</strong>gogebis<br />
mniSvneloba quCis bavSvebis socialuri reabilitaciis, maTSi<br />
<strong>cxovrebiseuli</strong> unar-Cvevebis Camoyalibebisa <strong>da</strong> skolisaTvis<br />
momzadebis saqmeSi.<br />
§2 socialur pe<strong>da</strong>gogTa mizani, amocanebi, principebi <strong>da</strong> profesiograma<br />
socialuri muSaobis istoriul saTaves ,,<strong>da</strong>xmareba”, ,,zrunva”,<br />
,,xelis Sewyoba” qmnis. socialur pe<strong>da</strong>gogika ki Tavis SinaarsSi<br />
socialuri muSaobis aRzr<strong>da</strong>-ganaTlebis aspeqtSi ganxilvas<br />
gulisxmobs.<br />
socialuri pe<strong>da</strong>gogis mizania mozard Taobaze gavlenis moxdena,<br />
maTi cxovrebis organizeba, raTa SeeZloT TviTganviTareba,<br />
Rirseulad cxovreba. swored, socialurma pe<strong>da</strong>gogma un<strong>da</strong><br />
gamoumuSaos mozardebs <strong>cxovrebiseuli</strong> unar-Cvevebi. <strong>viqtimur</strong><br />
bavSvebTan mimarTebaSi gamoiyeneba, agreTve, terminebi “specialuri<br />
pe<strong>da</strong>gogi” <strong>da</strong> “socialuri muSaki”.<br />
specialuri pe<strong>da</strong>gogi muSaobs SezRuduli SesaZleblobebis<br />
mqone bavSvebis ganaTlebaze <strong>da</strong> maT CarTulobze saswavlo procesSi.<br />
socialuri muSaki swavlobs <strong>da</strong> ikvlvs <strong>viqtimur</strong>i <strong>da</strong> socialurad<br />
<strong>da</strong>ucveli bavSvebis, maTi ojaxis pirobebs <strong>da</strong> mdgomareobebs, adgens im<br />
ekonomikur Tu socialur faqtorebs, romlebic ojaxebs xSirad<br />
disfunqciurs xdis. socialuri muSakis funqcia aris <strong>da</strong>exmaros ojaxs<br />
socialur reabilitaciaSi. specialuri pe<strong>da</strong>gogisa <strong>da</strong> socialuri<br />
muSakisagan gansxvavebiT socialuri pe<strong>da</strong>gogis mTavar mizans<br />
warmoadgens bavSvze zrunva garkveul konkretul garemoSi, maTi<br />
socialuri saWiroebebis gansazRvra <strong>da</strong> individualuri moTxovnebis
gaTvaliswinebiT iseTi kompleqsuri midgomebis SemuSaveba, romelic<br />
miznad isaxavs bavSvze zrunvas, mis aRzr<strong>da</strong>s, ganaTlebas, socialuri<br />
faqtorebis Seswavlas <strong>da</strong> unar-Cvevebis ganviTarebas. socialuri<br />
pe<strong>da</strong>gogika harmoniuli sinTezia, romelSic garkvuli doziT Sesulia<br />
specialuri pe<strong>da</strong>gogisa <strong>da</strong> socialuri muSakis miznebi <strong>da</strong> funqciebi.<br />
socialuri pe<strong>da</strong>gogi pasuxobs bavSvis saWiroebebis farTo<br />
speqtrs, romelSic socialuri <strong>da</strong> fizikuri saWiroebebic Sedis. es ar<br />
aris mxolod swavleba. es aris socialuri faqtorebisa <strong>da</strong><br />
saWiroebebis gaTvaliswineba bavSvis aRzrdis procesSi, romelSic<br />
swavleba TavisTavad Sedis, rogorc erT-erTi Semadgeneli komponenti.<br />
socialuri pe<strong>da</strong>gogika miznad isaxavs bavSvis bednierebaze<br />
zrunvas <strong>da</strong> masTan pozitiuri urTierTobis <strong>da</strong>myarebas. socialur<br />
pe<strong>da</strong>gogs Semoaqvs Tavisi personaluri midgomebi, codna <strong>da</strong><br />
gamocdileba bavSvebTan muSaobis procesSi. es procesi ki aris<br />
ormxrivi <strong>da</strong> TanamSromlobiTi. bavSvi Tavisi mravalmxrivi<br />
problemebiT mianiSnebs pe<strong>da</strong>gogs am problemaTa ga<strong>da</strong>Wris sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva<br />
saSualebebze, romelic exmareba pe<strong>da</strong>gogs profesiul srulyofaSi.<br />
Cveni kvleva socialuri pe<strong>da</strong>gogis erT-erT umTavres amocanad<br />
mozardebis socialur-pe<strong>da</strong>gogiur <strong>da</strong>xmarebas miiCnevs cxovrebeuli<br />
miznebisa <strong>da</strong> gegmebis SemuSavebaSi; mozardTa <strong>da</strong>xmarebas sakuTari<br />
niWis, socialur SesaZleblobaTa <strong>da</strong> perspeqtivaTaa gacnobierebaSi;<br />
socialurma pe<strong>da</strong>gogma monawileoba un<strong>da</strong> miiRos SesaZlebeli<br />
<strong>cxovrebiseuli</strong> siZneleebis prognozirebaSi; man un<strong>da</strong> SeZlos<br />
aRsazrdelTa arCeuli miznisaTvis Seupovari swrafvisken mowodeba;<br />
gamoumuSaos mozardebs <strong>cxovrebiseuli</strong> mizanswrafva saTayvano<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianTa <strong>cxovrebiseuli</strong> magaliTis zemoqmedebiT; moawyos diskusiebi<br />
sicocxlis mizansa <strong>da</strong> azrze; winaaRmdegoba gauwios pesimistur<br />
ganwyobilebebs <strong>da</strong> aRzardos mozardebSi simtkice <strong>da</strong><br />
sicocxlisunarianoba.<br />
-stili;<br />
socialuri pe<strong>da</strong>gogis muSaobis ZiriTadi principebia:<br />
-profesiuli kompetenturoba <strong>da</strong> profesiuli srulyofileba;
-motivacia/patiosneba;<br />
-samsaxuri <strong>da</strong> pir<strong>da</strong>piri movaleobebi;<br />
-swavla <strong>da</strong> kvleviTi muSaoba;<br />
-eTikuri valdebulebebi Tavisi beneficiarebis – bavSvebisa <strong>da</strong><br />
mSoblebis mimarT.<br />
socilur pe<strong>da</strong>gogikaSi didi adgili eTmoba “socialur muSakTa<br />
<strong>da</strong> socialur pe<strong>da</strong>gogTa” muSaobasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebul problemaTa<br />
ganxilvas. am problemaze muSaoben: v.g. boCarova, g.n. filonovi, s.a.<br />
beliCeva, b.z. vulfovi, iarkina <strong>da</strong> sxv.<br />
1994w. gamovi<strong>da</strong> wigni socialuri muSakisa <strong>da</strong> socialuri<br />
pe<strong>da</strong>gogisaTvis ,,socialuri muSaobis Teoria TviTgamorkvevis,<br />
ganaTlebis <strong>da</strong> praqtikisken mimaval gzaze”. maT gamokvlevebSi<br />
gansakuTrebuli yuradReba eqceva socialuri pe<strong>da</strong>gogis<br />
profesiogramis Sedgenas.<br />
am masalebis Seswavlis Sedegad <strong>da</strong> skolis maswavleblis<br />
arsebul profesiogramaze <strong>da</strong>yrdnobiT SevimuSaveT socialuri<br />
pe<strong>da</strong>gogis profesiogramis sakuTari varianti.<br />
socialuri pe<strong>da</strong>gogis profesiograma<br />
_ siyvaruli bavSvebisadmi;<br />
_ Rrma profesiuli codna <strong>da</strong> siyvaruli profesiisadmi<br />
(gataceba, SemoqmedebiTi niWi);<br />
_ fsiqologiuri <strong>da</strong> pe<strong>da</strong>gogiuri momzadebis maRali done,<br />
zogadi <strong>da</strong> pe<strong>da</strong>gogiuri kultura, erudicia;<br />
kultura);<br />
_ sametyvelo monacemebi (metyvelebis teqnika, metyvelebis<br />
_ organizaciuli niWi;<br />
_ pe<strong>da</strong>gogiuri urTierTobis kultura, pe<strong>da</strong>gogiuri taqti;<br />
_ perceptiuli niWi anu bavSvis Sinagan samyaroSi SeRwevis <strong>da</strong><br />
misi fsiqologiuri mdgomareobis <strong>da</strong>naxvis unari;
_ sugestiuli niWi (nebisyofa, Cagonebis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva saxis<br />
gamoyenebis unari);<br />
_ iumoris grZnoba;<br />
_ mozardis pirovnebis proeqtirebis uanri, mozardis rwmena,<br />
misi potenciuri SesaZleblobis rwmena;<br />
_ profesiuli gamWiriaxoba, <strong>da</strong>kvirvebuloba.<br />
$3 saganmanaTleblo-sareabilitacio centrebi<br />
kvleva 2006 wels <strong>da</strong>iwyo saqarTvelos sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva qalaqSi _<br />
TbilisSi, rusTavSi, WiaTurasa <strong>da</strong> gorSi moqmed Ria tipis<br />
saganmanaTleblo-sareabilitacio centrebSi. masSi CarTuli iyo,<br />
agreTve, Tbilisis #44-e sajaro skola, rogorc eqsperimentis<br />
monawile.<br />
kvlevis <strong>da</strong>wyebamde, am centrebis muSaoba, miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad<br />
momuSave pedegogTa <strong>da</strong> sxva specialistTa simravlisa,<br />
Semoifarglebo<strong>da</strong> mxolod bavSvTa janmrTelobis <strong>da</strong> kvebis sakiTxebis<br />
mogvarebiT. Tavisi saqmianobiT, es instituciebi ufro TavSesafars 3<br />
waagav<strong>da</strong>.<br />
kvlevam <strong>da</strong>ayena centrebis winaSe sakiTxi, rom ganaTleba<br />
SeetanaT muSaobis strategiaSi, rogorc bavSvis erT-erTi ZiriTadi<br />
ufleba <strong>da</strong> socialuri integraciisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>cxovrebiseuli</strong> unar-Cvevebis<br />
ganviTarebis saSualeba. ganaTlebis komponentis SetaniT mox<strong>da</strong> am<br />
<strong>da</strong>wesebulebebis funqciebis Sinaarsobrivi <strong>da</strong> struqturuli<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>sinjva. Sesabamisad am <strong>da</strong>wesebulebebma, gar<strong>da</strong> pirveladi<br />
socialuri <strong>da</strong>xmarebis funqciebisa, SeiZina saganmanaTleblo-<br />
sareabilitacio funqcia. kvlevis Sedegebma SesaZlebeli gaxa<strong>da</strong> am<br />
<strong>da</strong>wesebulebebs pirobiTad <strong>da</strong>rqmeo<strong>da</strong>T saganmanaTleblo-<br />
sareabilitacio centrebi (ssc).<br />
3 kvlevis konteqstSi TavSesafarSi moiazreba droebiTi adgilsamyofeli, romelic<br />
uzrunvelyofs pirveladi socialuri <strong>da</strong>xmarebis (jan<strong>da</strong>cva, kveba, Ramis gaTeneba)<br />
aRmoCenas
quCis bavSvebis sajaro skolaSi Caricxvis mTavari problema<br />
aris maTi klasebSi ga<strong>da</strong>nawilebis <strong>da</strong>udgeneli kriteriumebi. rogor<br />
un<strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>nawildnen bavSvebi klasebSi - asakobrivi niSnisa Tu<br />
SesaZleblobebisa <strong>da</strong> ganviTarebis donis mixedviT? rogorc wesi, am<br />
procesSi mTavari prioriteti eZleva bavSvTa ganviTarebis dones.<br />
aseTi midgoma zogjer qmnis araadekvatur saswavlo viTarebas,<br />
magaliTad, roca mozrdili asakis bavSvebi xvdebian maTze bevrad<br />
umcrosi asakis bavSvebis gverdiT erT klasSi. kvlevis periodSi iyo<br />
SemTxvevebi, roca centrSi bavSvis testirebis SedegebisaA<strong>da</strong> skolis<br />
sabWos ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebiT xdebo<strong>da</strong> 14 wlis mozardis Casma me-5, me-6 an<br />
me-7 klasSi (<strong>da</strong> ara bavSvis asakis mixedviT).<br />
Cveni azriT, sajaro skolebSi bavSvebis ganawilebis mTavari<br />
kriteriumi un<strong>da</strong> iyos maTi asakobrivi SeTavsebadoba <strong>da</strong>narCen<br />
moswavleebTan, xolo ssc-Si, sajaro skolebisagan gansxvavebiT,<br />
beneficiarebi nawildebian saswavlo jgufebSi (doneebSi) TavianTi<br />
ganviTarebis mixedviT, asakis gauTvaliswineblad. aq ikveTeba ssc-s<br />
mTavari mizani, rom gamoavlinos <strong>da</strong> amoavsos xarvezebi bavSvebis<br />
ganviTarebaSi, SeZlebis<strong>da</strong>gvarad SesZinos maT TavianTi asakis<br />
Sesaferisi ganaTleba, raTa SesaZlebeli gaxdes am bavSvebis sajaro<br />
skolebSi integrireba ukve asakis mixedviT. am miznis miRweva di<strong>da</strong>d<br />
aris <strong>da</strong>mokidebuli bavSvis asakze: bavSvis ganviTarebis rac ufro<br />
adreul asakSi xdeba intervencia, miT ufrom advilad misaRwevi xdeba<br />
mTavari mizani: <strong>cxovrebiseuli</strong> unar-Cvevebis <strong>formireba</strong> <strong>da</strong><br />
skolisaTvis mzaoba.<br />
bevrad rTuldeba miznis miRweva, roca bavSvis ganaTleba di<strong>da</strong>d<br />
CamorCeba mis asaks. praqtikulad SeuZlebelia aseTi mozardebis<br />
momzadeba skolaSi srulyofili integraciisaTvis. aseT SemTxvevaSi<br />
wina planze gadmodis maTi profesiuli momzadebis sakiTxi. Tumca aq<br />
sxva problema iCens Tavs. ufrosi asakis quCis bavSvebs, romlebsac<br />
arasdros uswavliaT skolaSi <strong>da</strong>, romlebic <strong>da</strong>gvianebiT moxvdnen ssc-<br />
s mzrunvelobis arealSi, gauWirdebaT sajaro skolis atestatis<br />
aReba. am sabuTis gareSe ki profesiul-teqnikuri ganaTlebis miReba<br />
SeuZlebelia.
Cveni Rrma rwmeniT, im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac saqarTvelos<br />
ganaTlebis sistema ver uzrunvelyofs ufaso zogadi ganaTlebis<br />
xelmisawvdomobas yvelasaTvis (am SemTxvevaSi, quCis bavSvebisaTvis),<br />
kanonSi Cadebuli un<strong>da</strong> iqnes iseTi berketebi, romlebic savaldebulo<br />
ganaTlebis miRma <strong>da</strong>rCenil <strong>viqtimur</strong> mozardebs gauxsnis gzas<br />
profesiuli <strong>da</strong> teqnikuri ganaTlebisken.<br />
kvlevis Tanaxmad, saganmanaTleblo-sareabilitacio centrebSi<br />
misaReb bavSvebs arCeven mraval<strong>da</strong>rgobrivi specialistebis<br />
interdisciplinaruli gundebi, romlebSic Sedian: maswavleblebi (5-6),<br />
socialuri muSakebi (6-7), 1 eqimi, proeqtis direqtori <strong>da</strong> menejeri.<br />
centrebi emsaxureba 6 – 17 wlis bavSvebs, romelTa raodenoba erTi<br />
Tvis ganmavlobaSi meryeobs, <strong>da</strong>axloebiT, 25-i<strong>da</strong>n 50-mde. bavSvTa<br />
kontigenti periodulobiT icvleba bavSvTa dinebasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT,<br />
Tumca umravlesoba imave SemadgenlobiT rCeba <strong>da</strong> aqvs saSualeba<br />
reabilitaciis sruli kursi gaiaros. xSiria SemTxvevebi, roca<br />
bavSvebs centrebSi mohyavT TavianTi Tanatoli megobrebi, Zmebi <strong>da</strong><br />
debi, xSirad mSoblebic (kvlevis SedegiT aseTi SemTxvevebi 45%-mde<br />
meryeobs).<br />
centrebSi bavSvTa <strong>da</strong> mozardTa <strong>da</strong>swreba nebayofilobiT<br />
sawyisebzea. moqmedebs mosvlisa <strong>da</strong> wasvlis Tavisufali reJimi.<br />
pe<strong>da</strong>gogis kunsultaciiT bavSvi irCevs misTvis sasurvel <strong>da</strong> saWiro<br />
saswavlo aqtivobebs. Tumca mas kargad un<strong>da</strong> hqondes gaTavisebuli,<br />
pativi sces Tavis arCevans <strong>da</strong> Seasrulos mis mier nakisri saswavlo<br />
valdebulebebi, rac misi pirveli nabijebia imisken, rom gaiazros<br />
Tavisi, rogorc uflebebi, aseve valdebulebebi. es erT-erTi yvelaze<br />
ganmasxvavebeli niSania am centrebisa sxva institucionaluri tipis<br />
<strong>da</strong>wesebulebi<strong>da</strong>n.<br />
centrebi dRis Ria tipisaa <strong>da</strong> bavSvebis mosvla <strong>da</strong> integrireba<br />
bavSvebis ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebis safuZvelze xdeba, Tumca specialistebis<br />
monawileoba bavSvebis mozidvis, a<strong>da</strong>ptaciisa <strong>da</strong> reabilitaciis saqmeSi<br />
uzomod didia. Aaxalad mosul bavSvebs moswonT centrebis uSualo<br />
<strong>da</strong> megobruli garemo, romelic savsea mofusfuse, keTilganwyobili
<strong>da</strong> yuradRebiani ufrosebiT. maT upirveles mizans Seadgens bavSvis<br />
individualuri saWiroebebisa <strong>da</strong> SesaZleblobebis <strong>da</strong>dgena <strong>da</strong> bavSvze<br />
orientirebuli reabilitaciis, ganaTlebisa <strong>da</strong> ganviTarebis gegmis<br />
SemuSaveba, Semdeg ki am gegmis realizacia centrebSi momuSave<br />
specialitTa mravaldisciplinaruli gundis mier.<br />
yvelaze <strong>da</strong>ucvelebisaTvis centrebi ganagrZoben Ramis cvlaSi<br />
muSaobas, e.i. saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi bavSvebs SeuZliaT centrebSi<br />
Ramis gaTeneba.<br />
yvela bavSvi uzrunvelyofilia saxelmZRvaneloebiT, <strong>da</strong> sxva<br />
saswavlo inventariT. ganaTlebis miReba ufasoa. centrebi ganaTlebis<br />
erovnuli saswavlo gegmas mihyvebian, magram, radganac Semosuli<br />
bavSvebis umravlesoba (98%) wera-kiTxvis ucodinaria, centrebSi<br />
kvlevis farglebSi <strong>da</strong>inerga a<strong>da</strong>ptirebuli saswavlo programa.<br />
es programa maswavleblebs aZlevT saSualebas, tradiciulis<br />
paralelurad, gamoiyenon swavlebisa <strong>da</strong> swavlis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxvagvari<br />
formebi, maT Soris, interaqtiuli meTodebic, sa<strong>da</strong>c sWarbobs<br />
bavSvTa individulaur saWiroebebze agebuli pe<strong>da</strong>gogiuri midgomebi,<br />
roluri <strong>da</strong> gunduri TamaSebi. iyeneben, agreTve, swavlebis iseTi<br />
xerxebs, romlebic bavSvebSi cxovrebiseul unar-Cvevebs aviTarebs maTi<br />
asakobrivi Taviseburebebis gaTvaliswinebiT.<br />
centrebSi bavSvebis/beneficiarebis identificirebisa <strong>da</strong> miRebis<br />
procedura:<br />
bavSvebis identificireba <strong>da</strong> centrebSi miReba xdeba Semdegi<br />
gziT: quCaSi mcxovrebi <strong>da</strong> momuSave bavSvebi, romlebic sakuTari<br />
surviliT modian ssc-Si; socialuri muSakebis mier gamovlenili <strong>da</strong><br />
moyvanili bavSvebi; naTesavebis, meurveebis an mSoblebis mier<br />
moyvanili bavSvebi; samTavrobo Tu arasamTavrobo organizaciebis mier<br />
gamovlenili bavSvebi.<br />
centrSi Caricxvamde bavSvebma Semdegi pirobebi un<strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong>akmayofilon: a) isini un<strong>da</strong> iyvnen 6-<strong>da</strong>n (SeiZleba naklebi asakisac)<br />
18 wlamde; b) un<strong>da</strong> cxovrobdnen <strong>da</strong> Sromobdnen quCebSi.
kriteriumebis gaTvaliswinebiT kontigentis SerCeva xdeba<br />
centris specialistebis mier rogorc quCebSi, aseve centrSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c<br />
ewyoba Sexvedrebi bavSvebs <strong>da</strong> maT mSoblebTan an meurveebTan erTad.<br />
aqve xdeba maTi mdgomareobebis ganxilva. Semdeg ki SeirCevian isini,<br />
vinc kriteriumebs Seesabameba. Tav<strong>da</strong>pirvelad, SemTxvevebis<br />
identificireba umetesad socialuri muSakebis mier xdeba.<br />
miRebis procedurebis analizma saganmanaTleblo-sareabilitacio<br />
centrebSi qvemoTmoyvanili xarvezebi gamoavlinaa:<br />
1. centris TanamSromlebis mier ufro meti interesi igrZnoba<br />
bavSvebis Caricxvis mimarT, vidre gaWirvebuli SemTxvevebis<br />
moZiebisadmi.<br />
2. centris pe<strong>da</strong>gog-maswavleblebi miiCneven, rom miusafar bavSvTa<br />
quCaSi an sxva adgilas moZieba ar aris maTi saqme. `Cveni saqmea<br />
swavleba~, _ Tqva erTma maswavlebelma.<br />
3. am midgomas aklia moqniloba, rac araformalur ganaTlebas un<strong>da</strong><br />
axldes. magaliTad, miRebis kriteriumebi <strong>da</strong> procedura sxva<br />
<strong>da</strong>ucvel bavSvebs, romlebis SesaZlebelia quCis gar<strong>da</strong> sxva<br />
adgilebSic iyvnen, (mag. disfunqciur ojaxebSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c ojaxuri<br />
Zaladobis albaToba didia) procesSi monawileobis Sanss<br />
ukargavs.<br />
4. garkveuli raodenoba, arc ise <strong>da</strong>ucveli SemTxvevebisa,<br />
`Semoipareba~ xolme. bavSvTa <strong>da</strong> ojaxTa individualuri<br />
SemTxvevebis Seswavlis <strong>da</strong> Sesabamisi ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebebis<br />
monitoringis safuZvelze gairkva, rom bavSvebis, maTi mSoblebis<br />
an meurveebis mdgomareobis <strong>da</strong> saWiroebebis amocnoba mxolod<br />
mcire doziT xdeba. bavSvebTan diskusiebSi gamomJRavn<strong>da</strong>, rom<br />
zogierTi bavSvi registrirebulia rogorc oboli, maSin roca<br />
mSoblebi hyavT, an iwodebian quCis bavSvebad, roca saxlebi aqvT.<br />
5. miRebis proceduris sxva naklovanebaa is, rom bavSvebis piradi<br />
saqmeebi ar aris kargad warmodgenili dokumentebis saxiT. am<br />
SemTxvevaSi, moZiebuli informacia Seicavs bavSvis saxels, gvars,
<strong>da</strong>badebis TariRs (<strong>da</strong>badebis mowmobebi araa mocemuli),<br />
ganaTlebas (e.i. Tuki bavSvi <strong>da</strong>dio<strong>da</strong> skolaSi (Tu asea, romelSi),<br />
<strong>da</strong> rodis gamovi<strong>da</strong> skoli<strong>da</strong>n), mSoblis an meurvis gvars,<br />
sacxovrebeli adgilis misamarTs <strong>da</strong> bavSvis mokle istorias, mag.:<br />
`misi mSoblebi <strong>da</strong>iRupnen, bavSvis quCaSia <strong>da</strong> amdenad is<br />
<strong>da</strong>xmarebas saWiroebs~, an `isini bevrni arian ojaxSi, misi <strong>da</strong>-Zma<br />
skolaSi ar <strong>da</strong>dis, mSoblebi umuSevrebi arian <strong>da</strong> amitom BbavSvebi<br />
quCaSi muSaoben~.<br />
intervenciis miznebis srulad ganxorcielebisaTvis saWoroa, rom<br />
beneficiarTa identifikacia <strong>da</strong> ssc-Si Caricxva mxolod zemoT<br />
CamoTvlili kriteriumebis mixedviT xdebodes. bavSvebis detaluri <strong>da</strong><br />
kargad dokumentirebuli cxovrebis istoria ga<strong>da</strong>mwyvetia<br />
intervenciebis warmatebisTvis, radgan programebi zustad un<strong>da</strong><br />
moergos quCaSi mcxovreb <strong>da</strong> momuSave bavSvebis specifikur<br />
maxasiaTeblebs <strong>da</strong> saWiroebebs.<br />
ssc-s pe<strong>da</strong>gogiuri midgomebi:<br />
mravalmxrivi muSaoba mimdinareob<strong>da</strong>, raTa SemuSavebuliyo iseT<br />
pe<strong>da</strong>gogiuri midgomebi, romlebic bavSvebis specialur saWiroebebs<br />
upasuxeb<strong>da</strong> Semdegi prioritetebis gaTvaliswinebiT:<br />
1. <strong>cxovrebiseuli</strong> unar_Cvevebis <strong>formireba</strong>;<br />
2. bavSvisaTvis asakis Sesabamisi ganaTlebis uzrunvelyofa <strong>da</strong><br />
skolisaTvis momzadeba;<br />
3. bavSvebis skolebSi integrirebis xelSewyoba;<br />
kvlevis Sualeduri Sedegebi gamoyenebuli iqna centrebSi<br />
praqtikuli seminarebis mosawyobad, rasac Semdgom mieca ufro<br />
intensiuri xasiaTi. aman xeli Seuwyo momuSave personalis (<strong>da</strong> ara<br />
marto pe<strong>da</strong>gogebis) kvalifikaciis amaRlebas <strong>da</strong> gunduri muSaobis<br />
principis <strong>da</strong>nergvas.<br />
pe<strong>da</strong>gogTa kvalifikaciis asamaRleblad Sesaferisi masalis<br />
momzadeba did Zalisxmevas moiTxov<strong>da</strong>. yvelaze rTuli iyo,<br />
gaTvaliswinebuliyo beneficiarTa mravalferovani eTnikuroba <strong>da</strong>
saWiroebebi. A ganisazRvra mTeli rigi kriteriumebi <strong>da</strong> gatar<strong>da</strong><br />
mTeli rigi RonisZiebebi:<br />
- moewyo piloturi seminari, sa<strong>da</strong>c mox<strong>da</strong> kriteriumebis, masalebis<br />
<strong>da</strong> meTodikebis gacnoba <strong>da</strong> Sefaseba anu azrisa <strong>da</strong> wina<strong>da</strong>debebis<br />
SemoTavazeba seminaris monawileTa mier;<br />
- Catar<strong>da</strong> kvlevis masalebis Semdgomi Semowmeba/testireba,<br />
aprobireba;<br />
- centrebSi Seiqmna pe<strong>da</strong>gog/maswavlebelTa <strong>da</strong> sxva specialistTa<br />
mier <strong>da</strong>kompleqtebuli mrCevelTa gundebi <strong>da</strong> maTi SeniSvnebi <strong>da</strong><br />
azrebi aisaxa kvlevis masalebSi.<br />
Kkvlevisas gamoiyo Semdegi pe<strong>da</strong>gogiuri midgomebi:<br />
warmatebiT swavlas adgili aqvs iq, sa<strong>da</strong>c:<br />
- aqtiuri swavlebis garemoa – anu bavSvebs pirobebi aqvT Seqmnili<br />
swavlebisaTvis;<br />
- amocanebis ganxilvis garemoa – anu monawileebs saSualeba aqvT,<br />
gaiTvaliswinon sakuTari interesebi;<br />
- demonstrireba, praqtika <strong>da</strong> ukugebaa – anu mocemulia praqtikis<br />
nimuSebi, xdeba maTi gamoyenebisaTvis xelis Sewyoba <strong>da</strong> iqmneba<br />
ukugebis pirobebi;<br />
- Sefasebis mudmivi procesi – anu, mudmivad xdeba Zieba <strong>da</strong> axali<br />
miRwevebis gaTvaliswinebiT Zvelis ga<strong>da</strong>xaliseba;<br />
- mxar<strong>da</strong>Weraa – anu monawileebs riskis dros exmarebian;<br />
aprobirebulma midgomebma gamokveTa pe<strong>da</strong>gogebTan muSaobis erT-<br />
erTi mTavari mizani:<br />
<strong>da</strong>vexmaroT pe<strong>da</strong>gog/maswavleblebs, SeimuSavon sakuTari azri<br />
<strong>da</strong> masTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli sakuTari praqtikuli gamocdileba.<br />
midgomebi un<strong>da</strong> iyos moqnili, raTa moergos sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva<br />
saWiroebebis konteqsts <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>akmayofilos beneficiarebis<br />
individualuri moTxovnilebebi.<br />
konteqstSi:<br />
es midgomebi SesaZlebelia gamoyenebuli iqnas Semdeg<br />
- maswavlebelTa pirveladi <strong>da</strong>xelovnebis saswavleblebSi;
- kvalifikaciis amaRlebis kursebze an praqtikuli seminarebis<br />
adgilebze gamocdili pe<strong>da</strong>gogebisaTvis <strong>da</strong><br />
maswavleblebisaTvis;<br />
- erTi konkretuli skolis, bavSvTa zrunvis instituciis <strong>da</strong>/an<br />
araformaluri ganaTlebis centis TanamSromelTa<br />
specialuri ganviTarebis programis farglebSi.<br />
bavSvis saWiroebebis <strong>da</strong>dgena:<br />
pe<strong>da</strong>gog-maswavlebeli swavlobdnen bavSvis saWiroebebs <strong>da</strong><br />
gegmavdnen <strong>da</strong> nergavdnen swavlebisa <strong>da</strong> midgomebis Tavisebur<br />
praqtikas. Sedegebisa <strong>da</strong> miRwevebis analizis procesSi mniSvnelovani<br />
elementi iyo muSaobis TviTSefaseba an Sefaseba gamocdili kolegis<br />
mier.<br />
bavSvis saWiroeba gulisxmobs sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva faqtoriT<br />
ganpirobebul Sedegs, romelSic zogi faqtori bavSvia, zogi sociumi,<br />
zogi ki politika <strong>da</strong> skola. efeqturia bavSvTan erTad saubari pirad<br />
gamocdilebaze.<br />
mniSvnelovania, rom pe<strong>da</strong>gogma, Tuki es SesaZlebelia, imuSaos<br />
socialur muSakTan an TviTon SeiTavsos socialuri muSakis<br />
funqciebi, raTa gaerkves bavSvis mdgomareobaSi, im socialur Tu<br />
ekonomikur faqtorebSi, romlebic ganapirobebs bavSvis quCaSi<br />
gasvlas, cxovrebas, bavSvisaTvis mZime samuSaos Sesrulebas,<br />
skolisaTvis Tavis minebebas, agresiulobas <strong>da</strong> Tavis TavSi<br />
Caketilobas, gamijvnas <strong>da</strong> imedgacruebas.<br />
bavSvis saWiroebebis <strong>da</strong>dgenaSi <strong>da</strong>gvexmara Semdegi meTodebi:<br />
diskusia<br />
kvleva gansakuTrebul yuradRebas uTmob<strong>da</strong> diskusias, romelsac<br />
pe<strong>da</strong>gog-maswavleblebi iyenebdnen bavSvebTan mimdinare movlenebis<br />
gasagebad <strong>da</strong> Sesafaseblad. diskusias yoveldRiuri xasiaTi hqon<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong><br />
igegmebo<strong>da</strong> bavSvebTan erTad. erTnairad sasargeblo gamodga<br />
bavSvebTan diskusiis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva forma, rogorc individualur an
jgufuri, aseve winaswar <strong>da</strong>gegmili <strong>da</strong> spontanuri, bavSvis an<br />
maswavleblis mier inicirebuli, kiTxva-pasuxis an ufro bavSvis<br />
monologis formatSi warmarTuli, swavlebisa Tu araformaluri<br />
saubrebis procesSi wamoWrili – saWiroebi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong> viTarebi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
gamomdinare. diskusia bavSvebs <strong>da</strong>exmara xmamaRali fiqrsa <strong>da</strong> sakuTari<br />
warmatebis aRqmaSi.<br />
Sedegiani gamodga bavSvebis wyvil-wyvilad saubris praqtika. am<br />
dros erTi bavSvi meores usmens, mag. Tu ras akTeb<strong>da</strong> igi mTeli dRis<br />
ganmavlobaSi. Kaqtiuri mosmena ganmartebis tolfasi aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>, roca<br />
bavSvi yuradRebiT usmen<strong>da</strong>, cdilob<strong>da</strong> naTqvamis gagebas <strong>da</strong> raime<br />
gaugebaris SemTxvevaSi, svam<strong>da</strong> kiTxvas. kvlevis am komponentis<br />
gamoyenebiT SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom diskusiis meSveobiT gar<strong>da</strong> mosmenis<br />
unaris ganviTarebisa, bavSvebi swavloben sakuTari azris, gancdebisa<br />
Tu Sexedulebebis garkveviT Camoyalibebas, rac erT-erTi<br />
mniSvnelovani <strong>cxovrebiseuli</strong> unar-Cvevaa.<br />
gamokiTxva <strong>da</strong> informaciis Segroveba: kvlevis farglebSi<br />
<strong>da</strong>gvexmara pe<strong>da</strong>gogis mier gamokiTxvisa <strong>da</strong> informaciis Segrovebis<br />
qvemoT moyvanili aqtivobebi, romlebic Semdgom gamoyenebuli iqna<br />
sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva intervenciebis <strong>da</strong>sagegmad <strong>da</strong> gasaviTareblad:<br />
aqtivoba<br />
- SeadgineT bavSvis Sesaxeb Sesagrovebeli/gasarkvevi<br />
informaciis nusxa;<br />
- gansazRvreT, Tu rogor CaataroT diskusia bavSvTan;<br />
- radganac bavSvTa problemebi <strong>da</strong> reabilitaciis kursi<br />
kompleqsuria, ganixileT Tqveni midgomebis mosalodneli<br />
Sedegianoba Tqvenive gundis sxva kolegebTan, romlebic arian<br />
socialuri muSakebi, eqimebi, fsiqologebi, centris<br />
instruqtori Tu sxva msgavsi specialobis a<strong>da</strong>miani;<br />
- mniSvneloba mianiWeT <strong>da</strong> gaiTvaliswineT kolegebis mier<br />
mowodebul informacia bavSvis mdgomareobis <strong>da</strong><br />
individualuri saWiroebebis Sesaxeb;<br />
- kargad gaerkvieT bavSvis stresis gamomwvev socialur<br />
faqtorebSi, bavSvis fsiqologiur <strong>da</strong> janmrTelobis
mdgomareobaSi, mimdinare samkurnalo <strong>da</strong> sareabilitacio<br />
programis detalebSi;<br />
- ukugebis safuZvelze, SeitaneT Sesworebebi Tqvens gegmebsa <strong>da</strong><br />
midgomebSi bavSvTan mimarTebaSi.<br />
procesis Sesafaseblad pe<strong>da</strong>gogi Semdeg kiTxvebs usvams Tavs:<br />
1. rogor un<strong>da</strong> gamoviyeno gamokiTxva swavlebis<br />
meTodebis <strong>da</strong>sagegmad <strong>da</strong> gasaumjobeseblad?<br />
2. ra sirTuleebs vxe<strong>da</strong>v?<br />
kvlevam gviCvena, rom quCis bavSvebTan mimarTebaSi gamokiTxva <strong>da</strong><br />
informaciis Segroveba erT-erTi umTavresi instrumentia, romelic<br />
exmareba pe<strong>da</strong>gogs, rom gaxdes «ukeTesi» pe<strong>da</strong>gogi. kvlevis dros<br />
swavlebis procesis paralelurad informaciis Segroveba<br />
gvexmarebo<strong>da</strong>, rom pe<strong>da</strong>gogebs ukeTesad aReqvaT swavlebis meTodebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>debiTi <strong>da</strong> uaryofiTi mxareebi. informaciis didi nawilis Segroveba<br />
bunebrivad xdebo<strong>da</strong> bavSvebTan muSaobis dros, rodesac<br />
vakvirdebodiT bavSvebs, maTTan vsaubrobdiT, yurs vugdebdiT maT<br />
saubars, bevr rames vgebulobdiT, rac gvexmarebo<strong>da</strong> pe<strong>da</strong>gogiuri<br />
praqtikis <strong>da</strong>xvewaSi. informaciis Segrovebis dros vcdilobidiT<br />
vyofiliviyaviT konkretulebi, rac Semdgom gvexmarebo<strong>da</strong> swavlebis<br />
aspeqtebis gaanalizebaSi. pedegogebi sakuTar Tavs vusvamdiT kiTxvebs:<br />
- risi gageba msurs <strong>da</strong> ratom?<br />
- rogor gavigo?<br />
- ras mamcnobs Segrovili informacia?<br />
- rogor gamoviyeno is?<br />
gamoikveTa:<br />
informaciis Segrovebis ramdenime, Tanabrad mniSvnelovani gza<br />
interviu: martivad, rom vTqvaT, interviu ubralo saubaria, romelsac<br />
viyenebdiT informacis Segrovebisas. is mravalnairi iyo, rac misi<br />
Zlieri mxare iyo. inteviurs tipi igegmebo<strong>da</strong> imis mixedviT, Tu ra<br />
saxis informaciis moZieba gvWirdebo<strong>da</strong> konteqstualuri faqtorebis<br />
<strong>da</strong> SezRudvebis farglebSi. inteviu iyo xangrZlivi <strong>da</strong> xanokle;<br />
reglamentirebuli, winaswar momzadebuli mTeli rigi kiTxvebiT, an<br />
uSualo, gaTvlili individze an bavSvTa jgufze. intervius yvelaze
didi upiratesoba is iyo, rom moulodneli komentarebis <strong>da</strong> gaugebari<br />
pasuxebis <strong>da</strong>zusteba SesaZlebeli xdebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />
intervius Catareba xdebo<strong>da</strong> kvlevis farglebSi bavSvebisaTvis,<br />
pe<strong>da</strong>gogebisaTvis, profesiuli ga<strong>da</strong>mzadebis maswavleblebisaTvis <strong>da</strong><br />
mSoblebisaTvis SemuSavebuli kiTxvarebis mixedviT (ix. <strong>da</strong>narTi).<br />
intervius momzadebisas viTvaliswinebdiT iseT mniSvnelovan<br />
aspeqtebs, rogoricaa:<br />
- visgan un<strong>da</strong> aviRoT interviu?<br />
- ra saxis SekiTxvebi un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>vusvaT?<br />
- rogor SevqmnaT Sesabamisi garemo?<br />
- rogor CaviweroT pasuxebi?<br />
pe<strong>da</strong>gogis winaswar momzadebas arsebiTi mniSvneloba eniWebo<strong>da</strong>,<br />
rom Sedegad sasargeblo informacia Segvegrovebina bavSvis<br />
interesebisa <strong>da</strong> saWiroebebis gaTvaliswinebiT.<br />
Sekreba: radganac pe<strong>da</strong>gogTa <strong>da</strong> sxva specialistTa Sekrebas<br />
informaciis mimoxilvis strategiaSi centraluri roli hqon<strong>da</strong>, mas<br />
vaniWebdiT miznobriobas, motivacias <strong>da</strong> racionalurobas.<br />
SekrebisaTvis miznobrioba rom migveca, amaSi gvexmarebo<strong>da</strong> qvemoT<br />
moyvanili etapebi:<br />
1. monawileebs mosamsamzadeblad winaswar vurigebdiT informacias<br />
gansaxilvel sakiTxze;<br />
2. Sekrebas vasrulebdiT <strong>da</strong>skvnis gamotaniT; pe<strong>da</strong>gogebs uyvarT<br />
samuSaos irgvliv diskusia, amitom vcdilobdiT msjelobis<br />
sagani konkretulad Camogveyalibebina, rom saubari miznobrivi<br />
yofiliyo.<br />
3. Sekrebis bolos vcdilobdiT <strong>da</strong>skvnis <strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebis<br />
Sejamebas;<br />
4. saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, <strong>da</strong>skvnebs werilobiT vayalibebdiT <strong>da</strong><br />
vurigebdiT monawileebs.<br />
5. vcdilobdiT, Sekreba warmarTuliyo sasiamovno <strong>da</strong> efeqtian<br />
garemoSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c pe<strong>da</strong>gogebi Tavs Tavisuflad igrZnobdnen.
anketis gamoyeneba: anketireba ar aris martivi <strong>da</strong> pir<strong>da</strong>piri gza<br />
informaciis SegrovebisaTvis. Kkvlevam gviCvena, rom am midgomas Tan<br />
uamravi sirTule axlavs. Aarasworad Sedgenilma anketam SeiZleba<br />
ver uzrunvelyos mopovebuli informaciis maRali xarisxi. Uufro<br />
meti dro <strong>da</strong>vuTmeT anketebis Ria <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>xuruli kiTxvebi Sedgenas. Ria<br />
<strong>da</strong>usrulebeli kiTxvebis Sedegad iseTi moulodneli pasuxebi<br />
migviRia, rom Segrovili informaciis analizi metismetad<br />
garTulebula.Ees iyo ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d rTulad formulirebul kiTxvebze<br />
gaugebari <strong>da</strong> amouwuravi pasuxebis gacema. Aaman aseve gvafiqrebina,<br />
rom meti yuradReba <strong>da</strong>gveTmo kiTxvarebis winaswari gamocdisaTvis<br />
ufro viwro fokus-jgufebTan. Tan<strong>da</strong>Tan anketirebis meTodi <strong>da</strong>vxveweT;<br />
gavamaxvileT yuradReba mis Sinaarsze, formulirebaze <strong>da</strong><br />
Tanmimdevrobaze.<br />
dokumentebis Segroveba <strong>da</strong> analizi: bavSvis Sesaxeb pe<strong>da</strong>gogisaTvis<br />
sasargebo informaciis kidev erTi wyaro arsebuli masalebis Seroveba<br />
iyo. amaSi Sedio<strong>da</strong> bavSvis Sesaxeb rogorc bavSvis Sesaxeb<br />
oficialuri dokumentebi (mag. <strong>da</strong>badebis mowmoba, raime saxis<br />
samedicino an sxva socialuri madgomareobis amRvniSvneli dokumenti),<br />
aseve specialistTa inter-disciplinaruli gundis mier Catarebuli<br />
gamokvlevebi, gamotanili <strong>da</strong>skvnebi <strong>da</strong> rekomen<strong>da</strong>ciebi, bavSvis<br />
namuSevrebi <strong>da</strong> a.S. dokumentebis analizis dros, yuradRebas<br />
vamaxvilebdiT Semdegze:<br />
1. ra saxis dokumentia?<br />
2. ras gveubneba igi?<br />
3. vin mogvawo<strong>da</strong>?<br />
4. rogor Seiqmna?<br />
5. tipiuri dokumentia Tu gansakuTrebuli?<br />
6. srulad aris warmodgenili? mox<strong>da</strong> Tu ara misi ga<strong>da</strong>keTeba an<br />
re<strong>da</strong>qtireba?<br />
« gareSe piris » gamoyeneba: kvlevis dros kargi Sedegi mogvca gareSe<br />
pirebis mowvevam <strong>da</strong> maTma gamokiTxvam kvlevis meTodebis Sesaxeb.<br />
sakonsultaciod viwvevdiT konsultant-pe<strong>da</strong>gogebs, umaRlesi<br />
saswavleblebis pe<strong>da</strong>gogebs. udidesi mniSvneloba hqon<strong>da</strong>, rom
isini kvlevis meTodebs gansxvavebuli perspeqtivi<strong>da</strong>n aRiqvamdnen.<br />
mowveul konsultantebs winaswar momzadebul informacias vawvdidiT,<br />
rom kargad gaegoT Cveni gamokiTxvis miznebi <strong>da</strong> amocanebi, razec<br />
gvaZlevdnen sasargeblo rCevebs.<br />
(SemTxveva): nino 11 wlis asakSi movi<strong>da</strong> centrSi. igi iyo<br />
gulCaTxrobili <strong>da</strong> kiTxvebze pasuxis gacemas <strong>da</strong> sxvebTan<br />
(TanatolebTan <strong>da</strong> ufrosebTan) komunikacias mtkivneulad<br />
ganicdi<strong>da</strong>, rac gamoixatebo<strong>da</strong> mis tirilSi, zurgis SeqcevaSi,<br />
gaqceviT pasuxSi. pe<strong>da</strong>gogs <strong>da</strong>sWir<strong>da</strong> socialur muSakTan muSaoba,<br />
rom gaerkvia is ZiriTadi socialuri mizezebi, ramac <strong>da</strong>Ri <strong>da</strong>asva<br />
bavSvis cxovrebas, gamoiwvia bavSvis undobloba, agresia,<br />
Caketiloba. mizezebis garkvevis Semdeg, pe<strong>da</strong>gogi muSaobas<br />
agrZeleb<strong>da</strong> bavSvis fsiqologTan, romelmac <strong>da</strong>uxasiaTa bavSvis<br />
fsiqologiuri mxareebi, rac <strong>da</strong>exmara pe<strong>da</strong>gogs <strong>da</strong>egegma ninosTan<br />
muSaobis pe<strong>da</strong>gogiuri midgoma <strong>da</strong> swavlebis meTodebi. wamyvani<br />
adgili eWira ninosTan saubars, ndobis mopovebas <strong>da</strong> gaxsnas;<br />
Tav<strong>da</strong>pirvelad maswavlebeli ninos sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva ambebs<br />
uyvebo<strong>da</strong>, romlebic ninos istoriebs hgav<strong>da</strong>, Can<strong>da</strong> gamosavali<br />
problemi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong> keTili <strong>da</strong>boloeba hqon<strong>da</strong>; es ninos uRviveb<strong>da</strong><br />
cnobismoyvareobas <strong>da</strong> optimizms. bavSvma Tan<strong>da</strong>Tan <strong>da</strong>iwyo pasuxis<br />
gacema jer mokle <strong>da</strong> martiv, xolo Semdeg ufro rTul<br />
SekiTxvebze; Tan<strong>da</strong>Tan <strong>da</strong>iwyo istoriebis moyola, romlebic<br />
ganica<strong>da</strong> ojaxSi <strong>da</strong> quCaSi; CaerTo diskusiebSi TanatolebTan <strong>da</strong><br />
ufrosebTan <strong>da</strong> Tan<strong>da</strong>TanobiT gax<strong>da</strong> kvlevis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva seqciuri<br />
muSaobis aqtiuri monawile. gasakuTrebiT moswon<strong>da</strong> dramis seqcia:<br />
<strong>da</strong>dgmul speqtaklSi Seasrula malvinas roli «buratino<strong>da</strong>n». Ees<br />
roli gaiTavisa <strong>da</strong> Seiyvara. warmatebam gaaTamama <strong>da</strong> sakuTar<br />
unarebSi <strong>da</strong>ajera. igi Tav<strong>da</strong>jerebulia Tavis azrebSi, survilebSi<br />
<strong>da</strong> ocnebebSi. Nnino axla 14 wlisaa <strong>da</strong> ocnebobs gamovides<br />
msaxiobi.)
analizi<br />
§4 kvlevis farglebSi Catarebuli gamokiTxvis monacemTa<br />
bavSvTa saganmanaTleblo-sareabilitacio centrebi, romlebSic<br />
kvleva Catar<strong>da</strong>, emsaxureba saSualod 550 bavSvs. aqe<strong>da</strong>n pir<strong>da</strong>piri<br />
<strong>da</strong>kvirvebisa <strong>da</strong> kvlevis obieqts warmoadgen<strong>da</strong> is 400 bavSvi (100-100<br />
TiTo centri<strong>da</strong>n), romlebic mudmivad monawileobdnen kvlevis<br />
procesSi.<br />
maT gar<strong>da</strong>, kvlevas hyav<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>kvirvebis <strong>da</strong>matebiT 50 obieqti -<br />
bavSvebi, romlebic araregularulad eswrebodnen kvlevis<br />
aqtivobebs/RonisZiebebs. aqe<strong>da</strong>n 25 quCis bavSvi <strong>da</strong> 25 quCaSi momuSave<br />
bavSvi (romlebsac arasdros usargebliaT sareabilitacio centrebis<br />
momsaxurebiT, ar gauvliaT saganmanaTleblo kursi <strong>da</strong> Sesabamisad<br />
testirebaSi monawileoba ar miuRiaT) sargeblobdnen maTTvis quCaSi<br />
gaweuli pe<strong>da</strong>gogiuri muSaobiT, rac gamoixatebo<strong>da</strong> pe<strong>da</strong>gogebis <strong>da</strong><br />
socmuSakebis mier maTTan ndobis mopovebaSi, TamaSSi, fizaRzrdis<br />
aqtivobebSi <strong>da</strong> sxv. <strong>da</strong>niSnul vadebSi <strong>da</strong> saaTebSi bavSvebSi SeimCneo<strong>da</strong><br />
momatebuli molodini pe<strong>da</strong>gogebisadmi, zrunvisadmi, saganmanaTleblo<br />
aqtivobebisadmi.<br />
bavSvTa raodenobis mixedviT SegviZlia <strong>da</strong>vaskvnaT, rom kvlevaSi<br />
monawileoba miiRo centrebiT mosargeble bavSvebis 80%-ma. Tu<br />
gaviTvaliswinebT 2008 wels Catarebul urbanuli kvlevis («nu<br />
miwodebT «quCis bavSvs») mixedviT <strong>da</strong>dgenil quCis bavSvTa raodenobas<br />
saqarTveloSi, romelic meryeobs 800-<strong>da</strong>n 1600-mde, Cveni gamokvleva<br />
Seexo quCaSi mcxovreb <strong>da</strong> momuSave bavSvebis <strong>da</strong>axloebiT 30%-s.<br />
bavSvebis gar<strong>da</strong>, gamokiTxvaSi monawileobdnen pe<strong>da</strong>gogebi _ 21,<br />
socialuri muSakebi – 12, mSoblebi (an sxva mzrunvelebi) – 117,<br />
xelobis maswavleblebi _ 12. kvleva moicav<strong>da</strong> menejments,<br />
fsiqologebs, jan<strong>da</strong>cvis specialistebs.<br />
monacemTa Segroveba: kvlevis farglebSi monacemebis Segrovebis<br />
mizniT gamoyenebuli iqna raodenobrivi <strong>da</strong> Tvisobrivi meTodebi.<br />
raodenobrivi komponentisaTvis oTxi tipis kiTxvari iqna
SemuSavebuli bavSvebTan, pe<strong>da</strong>gogebTan, profesiuli ga<strong>da</strong>mzadebis<br />
maswavleblebTan <strong>da</strong> mSoblebTan interviuebis mizniT (ix. <strong>da</strong>narTi).<br />
AkiTxvarebis saSualebiT SevagroveT iseTi sakvanZo informacia,<br />
romelic exebo<strong>da</strong> bavSvebis quCaSi gasvlis faqtorebs, im problemebs,<br />
romlebsac bavSvebia awydebian quCebSi, infromacia maTTvis<br />
xelmisawvdomi momsaxurebis formebsa <strong>da</strong> momwodeblebis Sesaxeb,<br />
bavSvebis mier problemebTan SeWidebis unarianoba/strategiebi <strong>da</strong><br />
urTierToba mSoblebTan, bavSvTa ganaTlebis xelSemSleli<br />
faqtorebis maxasiaTeblebi, bavSvebis <strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba profesiuli<br />
ganaTlebisadmi <strong>da</strong> maTi azrebi <strong>da</strong> wina<strong>da</strong>debebi ganaTlebis<br />
xelmisawvdomobasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT. Tvisobrivi komponentisaTvis<br />
informacia miRebuli iqna fokus jgufebi<strong>da</strong>n, romelSic aseve<br />
monawileobdnen bavSvebi, pe<strong>da</strong>gogebi, profesiuli ga<strong>da</strong>mzadebis<br />
maswavleblebi <strong>da</strong> mSoblebi.<br />
monacemebi Segrov<strong>da</strong> kiTxvarebis, interviuebis, testirebis,<br />
araformaluri diskusiebis <strong>da</strong> dokumentebis analizis meSveobiT;<br />
tardebo<strong>da</strong> intensiuri vizitebi adgilze (quCa, ojaxi, skola, centri),<br />
formaluri <strong>da</strong> araformaluri interviuebi centris TanamSromlebTan<br />
<strong>da</strong> rezidentebTan, interviuebi momsaxureobis sxva mimwodeblebTan <strong>da</strong><br />
mTavrobis warmomadgnelebTan (saqarTvelos ganaTlebisa <strong>da</strong><br />
mecnierebis saministro, saqarTvelos Sromis, janmrTelobisa <strong>da</strong><br />
socialuri uzrunvelyofis saministro), romelTa interesis sferoSi<br />
imyofeba centrebi. kvleva warimarTa ramdenime mimarTulebiT,<br />
romelTagan gamoikveTa is umTavresi problemebi, romelTa analizi <strong>da</strong><br />
ga<strong>da</strong>wyveta xels Seuwyobs quCis bavSvebSi <strong>cxovrebiseuli</strong> unar-Cvevebis<br />
<strong>formireba</strong>s.<br />
kvlevis dros winaswar SeviswavleT bavSvTa anketuri monacemebi,<br />
romlebic exebo<strong>da</strong> maT asaks, ojaxs (Tuki hyav<strong>da</strong>), janmrTelobis<br />
mdgomareobisa <strong>da</strong> ganviTarebis dones, skolis mitovebis mizezebs, maT<br />
<strong>da</strong>mokidebulebas mavne Cvevebisadmi, ganucdiaT Tu ara rodisme<br />
Zaladoba, uwev<strong>da</strong>T Tu ara quCaSi Sroma <strong>da</strong> hqoniaT Tu ara raime saxis<br />
urTierToba samarTal<strong>da</strong>mcav organoebTan.
am monacemTa <strong>da</strong>zustebiT Cven warmodgena gveqmnebo<strong>da</strong> yoveli<br />
konkretuli bavSvis fsiqologiur mdgomareobaze, romelic, Tavis<br />
mxriv, mniSvnelovnad gansazRvavs nebismieri a<strong>da</strong>mianis <strong>da</strong>, miTumetes,<br />
bavSvis qcevasa <strong>da</strong> miswrafebebs; saSualebas gvaZlev<strong>da</strong>, gamogvetana<br />
Sesabamisi <strong>da</strong>skvnebi maT mier mocemuli pasuxebis analizis dros.<br />
gamoikiTxa 6-<strong>da</strong>n 17 wlamde asakis bavSvebi, romelTa Soris<br />
sareabilitacio centris bavSvebis asaki 8-17 wlebs Seadgen<strong>da</strong>.<br />
gansakuTrebul interess iwvev<strong>da</strong> respodent bavSvTa is kategoria,<br />
romlebic socialuri <strong>da</strong>xmarebis miRma arian <strong>da</strong>rCenilebi <strong>da</strong><br />
sareabilitacio centrebis an msgavsi tipis <strong>da</strong>wesebulebebis Sesaxeb<br />
araferi gaugiaT. maTTan urTierTobis pirvel safexurs gansazRvrav<strong>da</strong><br />
is faqtori, Tu rogori cxovrebis wess misdevdnen isini.<br />
gamokiTxvam aCvena Semdegi suraTi:<br />
_ skolis mitovebis motivebi<br />
bavSvebi, romlebic ekonomikuri gaWirvebis gamo iZulebulebi<br />
gaxdnen skola mietovebinaT <strong>da</strong> sakuTari SromiT erCinaT Tavi (<strong>da</strong><br />
xSirad ojaxic), xalisiT pasuxobdnen kiTxvebze. isini ar wuwunebdnen,<br />
ubralod, TavianT mdgomareobas aRiqvamdnen rogorc faqts, romelsac<br />
araferi eSveleba. imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom es bavSvebi Tavs<br />
irCendnen kanoniTa <strong>da</strong> moraliT <strong>da</strong>Svebuli SromiT <strong>da</strong> Sesabamisad,<br />
arc samarTal<strong>da</strong>mcav organoebTan hqoniaT Sexeba, fsiqologiurad<br />
ufro myarad grZnobdnen Tavs. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad mZime socialuri yofisa,<br />
zogierT bavSvSi erTgvari siamayec SeiniSnebo<strong>da</strong> sakuTari<br />
mdgomareobis gamo _ isini aravisze ar iyvnen <strong>da</strong>mokidebulni, piriqiT,<br />
isini sxvebs arCenen.<br />
sareabilitacio centris gamokiTxuli bavSvebi<strong>da</strong>n umravlesoba<br />
manamde <strong>da</strong>dio<strong>da</strong> sajaro skolaSi (91%). mxolod 9%-s ar uvlia<br />
arasdros skolaSi, romelTa Soris ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d mcirewlovnebi arian,<br />
8-9 wlis asakis. skolis mitovebis mizezi upirveles yovlisa iyo<br />
ekonomikuri gaWirveba (68%), maT ar hqon<strong>da</strong>T saxelmZRvaneloebi <strong>da</strong><br />
skolisTvis saWiro sxva nivTebi, aseve ar gaaCn<strong>da</strong>T Sesaferisi
tansacmeli, rom saSualo skolis sxva bavSvebis gverdiT SeZlebo<strong>da</strong>T<br />
swavla. bavSvebis 2% gonebrivi SezRudvis gamo gamoiyvanes skoli<strong>da</strong>n,<br />
22%-ii SemTxvevaSi ojaxma ar izruna Svilebis swavlaze, bavSvebis<br />
5%-ma ki <strong>da</strong>a<strong>da</strong>stura, rom maT TviTon airCies quCaSi cxovreba, radgan<br />
ase moswon<strong>da</strong>T, ufro Tavisuflad grZnobdnen Tavs <strong>da</strong> arc swavla<br />
aintereseb<strong>da</strong>TT.<br />
22%<br />
2%<br />
8%<br />
diagrama #1<br />
skolis mitovebis motivebi<br />
qvemoT moyvanil cxrilSi (#2) procentulTan erTad moyvanilia<br />
skolis mitovebis mizezebis raodenobrivi maCveneblebic:<br />
ekonomikuri gaWirveba<br />
ojaxuri problemebi<br />
cxrili #1<br />
skolis mitovebis mizezi<br />
janmrTelobis mdgomareoba (fizikuri an<br />
gonebrivi SezRuduloba)<br />
swavlisadmi motivaciis uqonloba<br />
68% ekonomikuri gaWirveba<br />
ojaxuri problemebi<br />
swavlisadmi motivaciis<br />
uqonloba<br />
janmrTelobis mdgomareoba<br />
(fizikuri an gonebrivi Sezudva)<br />
raodenoba procenti<br />
306 68<br />
99 22<br />
36 8<br />
9 2
im bavSvebis umetesobas, romlebsac sareabilitacio centrebTan<br />
Sexeba ar aqvT, ekonomikurTan erTad ojaxuri problemebi aiZulebT<br />
quCaSi gamosvlas (50-<strong>da</strong>n 34), 12 bavSvi autanel ojaxur viTarebas<br />
gaeqca quCaSi, 4 bavSvi ki mizezs ver asaxelebs.<br />
_ <strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba mavne Cvevebixadmi<br />
mavne Cvevebisadmi <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebis TvalsazrisiT, rogoric aris<br />
<strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba nikotinze, alkoholze <strong>da</strong> narkotikul saSualebebze,<br />
suraTi aseTia: gamokiTxuli bavSvebi<strong>da</strong>n umetesobas, mcireodeni<br />
gamonaklisis gar<strong>da</strong>, sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva dros gasinjuli aqvs sigareti (64%).<br />
aqe<strong>da</strong>n met-naklebi intensivobiT dResac eweva 47%. webos isunTqavs<br />
13% bavSvi, 40% _ sruliad Tavisufalia mavne Cvevebisagan.<br />
40%<br />
13%<br />
diagrama #2<br />
<strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba mavne Cvevebixadmi<br />
_ Zaladoba bavSvebis mimarT<br />
47%<br />
eweva sigarets<br />
isunTqavs webos<br />
Tavisufalia mavne Cvevebisagan<br />
gamikiTxuli quCis bavSvebis arcTu umniSvnelo nawils (61%)<br />
ganucdia Zaladobis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva forma. xSir SemTxvevaSi bavSvebi<br />
iCagrebian alkoholisti mSoblis an mSoblebis mxri<strong>da</strong>n, rac maTi<br />
ojaxi<strong>da</strong>n gaqcevis mizezi xdeba. aRsaniSnavia, rom bavSvebi naklebad<br />
gulgaxsnilebi iyvnen am sakiTxze saubris dros. zogma saerTod<br />
aari<strong>da</strong> Tavi pasuxis gacemas. <strong>da</strong>narCenebi ki, Tumca a<strong>da</strong>sturebdnen,
magram ar akonkretebdnen, Tu ra saxis Zaladoba ganxorciel<strong>da</strong> maT<br />
mimarT. Tumca pirispir saubris dros, gogonebi gansakuTrebiT xazs<br />
usvamdnen seqsualuri Zaladobis mcdelobebs maminacvalebis mxri<strong>da</strong>n.<br />
aseve konfidencialuri saubris Sedegebis gaTvaliswinebiT, xSiria<br />
seqsualuri Zaladobis faqtebi biWebs Soris, gansakuTrebiT ufrosi<br />
asakis biWebis mxri<strong>da</strong>n.<br />
_ urTierToba samarTal<strong>da</strong>mcav organoebTan<br />
samarTal<strong>da</strong>mcav organoebTan urTierTobis mxriv<br />
gansakuTrebulad sagangaSo viTareba ar gamokveTila. gamokiTxuli<br />
bavSvebis umetesoba (88,7%) uaryofs, rom rodisme urTierToba hqon<strong>da</strong><br />
samarTal<strong>da</strong>mcav organoebTan. bavSvebis meore nawils ki, rogorc<br />
anketuri monacemebi aCvenebs <strong>da</strong> TviT bavSvebic a<strong>da</strong>stureben,<br />
sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva dros <strong>da</strong> sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva viTarebaSi mouwiaT urTierToba<br />
policiasTan. kanon<strong>da</strong>rRvevebi umTavresad gamoixatebo<strong>da</strong> wvrilmani<br />
qurdobiT, romelsac bavSvebi mimarTavdnen siRaribis gamo.<br />
miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom quCis bavSvTa socialuri reabilitaciis<br />
muSaobis gaaqtiurebisa, maTi ganaTleba problemur sakiTxad rCeba,<br />
radgan gar<strong>da</strong> obieqturi mizezebisa, araerTgvarovania TviT quCis<br />
bavSvebis <strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba ganaTlebisadmi.<br />
Cven mier SemuSavebuli kiTxvarebi moicav<strong>da</strong> quCis bavSvTa<br />
cxovrebis mraval aspeqts, romelTa Soris umTavresi maTi swavla-<br />
ganaTlebisadmi <strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba iyo.<br />
_ <strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba ganaTlebisadmi, profesiisadmi<br />
gamokiTxuli bavSvebi<strong>da</strong>n 27-s (6%) ar miaCnia saWirod ganaTlebis<br />
miReba. aqe<strong>da</strong>n ramdenime bavSvi mcireasakiani (2%) iyo <strong>da</strong> ar esmo<strong>da</strong>T<br />
sakiTxis arsi, magram <strong>da</strong>narCenebi sruliad Segnebulad uaryofdnen<br />
ganaTlebis mniSvnelobas. bavSvebis 34% (153) aRiarebs ganaTlebis<br />
miRebis aucileblobas. 36 bavSvi (8%) sakmarisad miiCnevs mxolod
elementarul ganaTlebas, xolo profesiul ganaTlebas upiratesobas<br />
aniWebs gamokiTxuli bavSvebis didi nawili (225 _ 50%).<br />
cxrili #2<br />
<strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba ganaTlebisadmi, profesiisadmi<br />
bavSvebis <strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba ganaTlebisadmi,<br />
profesiisadmi<br />
saWirod miiCneven ganaTlebis miRebas<br />
ar miiCneven saWirod ganaTlebis miRebas<br />
sakmarisad miiCneven mxolod elementarul<br />
ganaTlebas<br />
saWirod miaCneven mxolod profesiul<br />
ganaTlebas<br />
ar aqvs pasuxi<br />
raodenoba procenti<br />
153 34<br />
27 6<br />
36 8<br />
225 50<br />
2 2<br />
ganaTlebisadmi <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebis paralelurad SekiTxva<br />
Seexebo<strong>da</strong> profesiisadmi <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebasac. am SemTxvevaSi bavSvebis<br />
pasuxebma garkveulad gansxvavebuli suraTi mogvca.<br />
profesiis <strong>da</strong>uflebis aucileblobas aRiarebs gamokiTxul<br />
bavSvTa 96% (423). bavSvebi profesis <strong>da</strong>uflebas miiCneven TavianTi<br />
socialuri ga<strong>da</strong>rCenis saSualebad. is bavSvebic ki, romlebic<br />
ganaTlebas naklebmniSvnelovnad miiCnevdnen, profesiis <strong>da</strong>uflebas<br />
saWirod Tvlian. am SemTxvevaSi ikveTeba ganaTlebis raobis<br />
gauTviTcnobierebis faqtori, roca bavSvebi erTmaneTs ver ukavSireben<br />
profesiasa <strong>da</strong> ganaTlebas. maT warmodgenaSi ganaTleba zogadi<br />
sakiTxebis nakrebia, romelic cxovrebaSi praqtikulad naklebad<br />
gamoadgebaT <strong>da</strong> amitom arc Rirs maTi swavlisTvis Tavis Sewuxeba, miT<br />
umetes, Tu Sesaswavli sagnebis aTviseba uWirT. quCis bavSvTa es<br />
nawili mxolod wera-kiTxvisa <strong>da</strong> angariSis Seswavlas miiCnevs<br />
aucileblad. Sesabamisad, sabaziso ganaTlebaze ufro metad quCis<br />
bavSvebi upiratesobas profesiis praqtikul swavlebas aniWeben.
kiTxvaze, Tu romeli profesia miaCniaT perspeqtiulad, bavSvebis<br />
pasuxebi ase ga<strong>da</strong>nawil<strong>da</strong>: mSenebeli (72 _ 18%), manqanebis SemkeTebeli<br />
(63 _ 15,75%), durgali (54 _ 13,5%), <strong>da</strong>laqi-stilisti (45 _ 11,25%),<br />
sportsmeni (45 _ 11,25%), komputeris specialisti (36 _ 9%), eqimi (27 _<br />
6,75%), msaxiobi (9 _ 2,25%). Tanabari raodenobiT perspeqtiulad<br />
miiCneven iseT profesiebs, rogorebicaa: maswavlebeli (18 _ 4,5%),<br />
ekonomisti (18 _ 4,5%), iuristi (18 _ 4,5%), mzeinkali (18 _ 4,5%).<br />
<strong>da</strong>saxelebuli iyo kidev ramdenime profesiac. bavSvebis mcire nawilma<br />
(4,5%) am kiTxvaze ver SesZlo pasuxis gacema.<br />
cxrili #3<br />
<strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba ganaTlebisadmi, profesiisadmi<br />
romeli profesia miaCniaT<br />
perspeqtiulad<br />
raodenoba %<br />
mSenebeli 72 18<br />
manqanebis SemkeTebeli 63 15,75<br />
durgali 54 13,5<br />
<strong>da</strong>laqi-stilisti 45 11,25<br />
sportsmeni 45 11,25<br />
kompiuteris specialisti 36 9<br />
eqimi 27 6,75<br />
zeinkali 18 4,5<br />
ekonomisti 18 4,5<br />
maswavlebeli 18 4,5<br />
iuristi 18 4,5<br />
msaxiobi 9 2,25<br />
sxva 9 2,25<br />
pasuxi ver gasces 18 4,5<br />
orma bavSvma biznesmenis saqmianoba miiCnia perspeqtiulad, Tumca<br />
vaWroba, rogorc Sromis forma, aravis <strong>da</strong>usaxelebia. Tu<br />
gaviTvaliswinebT, rom am bavSvebis didi nawili wvrilmani vaWrobiT<br />
irCen<strong>da</strong> Tavs, aseTi <strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba, savaraudod, aixsneba im usiamovno<br />
mogonebiT, romelic vaWrobam, rogorc maTi asakisaTvis Seuferebelma<br />
mZime <strong>da</strong> arc Tu ise Semosavlianma Sromam <strong>da</strong>utova bavSvebs.
_ <strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba swavlisadmi<br />
aRsaniSnavia, rom, miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad bavSvebis <strong>da</strong>debiTi<br />
<strong>da</strong>mokidebulebisa ganaTlebis miRebis sakiTxis mimarT, rogorc<br />
realoba aCvenebs, <strong>viqtimur</strong>i bavSvebi <strong>da</strong>bali akademiuri moswrebiT<br />
gamoirCevian sxva, normalur viTarebaSi gazrdili bavSvebisagan. amis<br />
axsna SeiZleba ara marto cxovrebisa <strong>da</strong> ganviTarebis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva<br />
pirobebiT, aramed subieqturi faqtoriTac. nebismier bavSvs sWirdeba<br />
swavlisaTvis saWiro unar-Cvevebis aTviseba, mecadineobis<br />
valdebulebis Canergva <strong>da</strong>rwmunebisa Tu, garkveuli doziT, iZulebis<br />
gziT. Cveulebriv ojaxSi bavSvi mzrunveli mSoblis ze<strong>da</strong>mxedvelobis<br />
qveS izrdeba, maSin, roca <strong>viqtimur</strong>i bavSvebi Tavisuflebi arian<br />
mecadineobisadmi <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebis arCevanSi. maT aravin aiZulebT<br />
gakveTilebis swavlas. aseT SemTxvevaSi Tanxvdeba swavlisadmi bavSvis<br />
<strong>da</strong>mokidebulebis ori faqtori, obieqturi _ ekonomikuri Tu ojaxuri<br />
problemebis gamo skolis mitoveba <strong>da</strong> quCaSi gasvla <strong>da</strong>, subieqturi _<br />
Cveulebrivi, bavSvuri sizarmace.<br />
saswavlo sagnebi<strong>da</strong>n biWebi upiratesobas aniWeben maTematikasa,<br />
ucxo enasa <strong>da</strong> istorias. gogonebis did nawils moswons qarTuli<br />
enisa <strong>da</strong> literaturis swavla. aRsaniSnavia, rom erovnuli niSnis<br />
mixedviT Tu vimsjelebT, qarTuliTa <strong>da</strong> istoriiT (saqarTvelos<br />
istoriiT) umetesad qarTvel bavSvebi interesdebian. xelovnebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>rgebisadmi (magaliTad, musika, xatva, cekva), interess aseve ufro<br />
gogonebi iCenen. sportisadmi interesi praqtikulad yvelam gamoxata,<br />
magaliTad fexburTisadmi <strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba TiTqmis erTgvarovania<br />
(biWebi - 98% <strong>da</strong> gogonebi - 89.9%).<br />
cxrili #4<br />
<strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba swavlisadmi<br />
romeli sagnebi moswonT raodenoba %<br />
maTematika 72 18<br />
ucxo ena 63 15,75<br />
qarTuli ena <strong>da</strong> literatura 62 15,75
istoria 46 11,5<br />
musika 36 9<br />
geografia 26 6,5<br />
biologia 18 4,5<br />
fizkultura 54 13,5<br />
sxva 18 4,5<br />
pasuxi ver gasces 54 13,5<br />
swavlebis procesi<strong>da</strong>n bavSvebis umetesoba (52%) sistematuri<br />
mecadineobis nacvlad upiratesobas aniWebs gakveTilebze periodul<br />
<strong>da</strong>swrebas. sakiTxisadmi aseT midgomas ganapirobebs ramdenime faqtori:<br />
� drois nakleboba (bavSvebi Sromoben);<br />
� swavlis motivacis nakleboba;<br />
� aTvisebis SezRuduli SesaZlebloba, romelic Tavis mxriv<br />
amuxruWebs swavlis motivacias;<br />
� ganaTlebis mniSvnelobis Seufasebloba;<br />
� swavlebis moZvelebuli meTodologia, romelic naklebad<br />
mimzidvels xdis swavlebis process <strong>viqtimur</strong>i<br />
bavSvebisaTvis;<br />
� saxelmZRvaneloebis sirTule, araadekvaturoba moswavleTa<br />
SesaZleblobebis mimarT. inkluziuri ganaTlebisaTvis<br />
saWiro saxelmZRvaneloebis nakleboba.<br />
$5 ssc-s beneficiarTa reabilitaciis formebi<br />
a) swavlebis meTodi <strong>da</strong> programa:<br />
kvlevis erT-erTi umTavresi mizani iyo saswavlo meTodis <strong>da</strong><br />
programis Sedgena, romelic morgebuli iqnebo<strong>da</strong> bavSvis<br />
individualur saWiroebebze, SesaZleblobebze <strong>da</strong> unarebis<br />
ganviTarebaze. TanamSromobaze <strong>da</strong>fuZnebuli swavla <strong>da</strong> swavleba<br />
gamoyenebul iqna, rogorc bavSvebSi ndobisa <strong>da</strong> warmatebis garantia.<br />
hipotezurad, es midgoma xels Seuwyob<strong>da</strong> quCis bavSvebis integrirebis
mcdelobas, maTi personaluri Tu socialuri urTierTobebis<br />
ganviTareba-ganmtkicebas.<br />
gamoyenebul iqna jgufuri muSaobis principi <strong>da</strong> « kiTxva-wera<br />
swavlisaTvis <strong>da</strong> sakuTari azrebis gadmocemisaTvis » <strong>da</strong> ara « swavla<br />
kiTxvisaTvis », rogorc kvlevis pe<strong>da</strong>gogiuri midgomis erT-erTi<br />
mTavari mizani, romelze<strong>da</strong>c gansakuTrebuli yuradReba gamaxvil<strong>da</strong>.<br />
bavSvebSi <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli azrovnebisa <strong>da</strong> analizisaTvis, gansakuTrebiT<br />
saswavlo meTodebis mimarT, gamoyenebuli iqna qvemoT moyvanil<br />
wina<strong>da</strong>debebi, romlebic Tematurad <strong>da</strong>itvirTa <strong>da</strong>, romlebic bavSvebs<br />
<strong>da</strong>moukideblad un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>esrulebinaT. aseTi forma maT Zalian<br />
axaliseb<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> Tu ver werdnen, sixaruliT monawileobdnen am<br />
savarjoSos zeparad SesrulebaSi:<br />
1. me nela vswavlob, roca......<br />
2. me swrafad vswavob, roca........<br />
3. me advilad vswavlob, roca.........<br />
4. jgufSi swavlisas..........<br />
5. wigniT swavlisas........<br />
6. me kargad vswavlob, roca.......<br />
7. me siamovnebas maniWebs swavla, roca.......<br />
Tumca es ar un<strong>da</strong> iqnas gaazrebuli ise, TiTqos bavSvebs yvela<br />
kiTxva erTdroulad eZleo<strong>da</strong>T. es arc Tu iseTi ioli 7 kiTxva<br />
bavSvebTan jgufuri <strong>da</strong> individualuri muSaobis 7 calkeul Temas<br />
Seadgen<strong>da</strong>. ToToeuli Temis <strong>da</strong>muSaveba xangrZlivi procesi iyo,<br />
gansakuTrebiT, kvlevaSi monawile axali bavSvebisaTvis. Aam<br />
savarjiSos mere ganc<strong>da</strong> Tavisi mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb aSkarad<br />
matulob<strong>da</strong> bavSvebSi, imitom, rom maTi azrebis Sesabamisad <strong>da</strong> maTan<br />
erTad, xSirad xdebo<strong>da</strong> pe<strong>da</strong>gogebis mier sakvlev meTodebSi<br />
re<strong>da</strong>qtirebis Setana. magaliTisaTvis, bavSvebis rCeviT gavzardeT<br />
jgufurad kiTxvis intensivoba <strong>da</strong> xangrZlivoba <strong>da</strong> motivaciis<br />
gazrdis mizniT <strong>da</strong>vumateT meti ilustraciebi sakiTxav masalas. amis<br />
saSualeba mogvca bavSvebis pasuxebma zemoT moyvanil 1, me-2, me-3 <strong>da</strong><br />
me-4 Temebze. M<strong>da</strong>narCeni sakiTxebze jgufur mecadieneobas <strong>da</strong>emata<br />
ufro meti TvalsaCinoeba, radgan bavSvebs moswon<strong>da</strong>T xmamaRla
saubari <strong>da</strong> msjeloba sagnebis Sesaxeb, magaliTad, sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva<br />
saTamaSoebis <strong>da</strong> Tojinebis Sesaxeb. gamoyenebuli iyo mcenareebi,<br />
zRvis kenWebi <strong>da</strong> sxv., romlebic interess iwvev<strong>da</strong> bavSvebSi <strong>da</strong><br />
exmarebo<strong>da</strong> sabunebismetyvelo sakiTxebis garkvevaSi.<br />
imis garkvevaSi, Tu ra moswon<strong>da</strong>T yvelaze metad bavSvebs<br />
saswavlo masali<strong>da</strong>n, sasargeblo aRmoCn<strong>da</strong> Semdegi aqtivoba:<br />
bavSvebi <strong>da</strong>moukideblad xatavdnen saswavlo garemos. isini<br />
cdilobdnen aRebeW<strong>da</strong>T naxatze is sagani (nivTebi), romlebsac oTaxSi<br />
umTavres atributad miiCnevdnen. radganac ar xdebo<strong>da</strong> naxatis<br />
xarisxis Sefaseba, amitom bavSvebi xatavdnen, rogorc SeeZloT <strong>da</strong><br />
sur<strong>da</strong>T. isini swavlobdenen, Tu rogor gamoeyenebinaT muyao, ferebi<br />
<strong>da</strong> konturebi konkretuli elementebis aqcentirebisaTvis. xatvisas<br />
bavSvebi esaubrebodnen sxva monawile bavSvebs. Aam aqtivobis mizani<br />
iyo, bavSvebs SeZlebo<strong>da</strong>T azris <strong>da</strong>fiqsireba, arCevanis gakeTeba,<br />
gaanalizeba <strong>da</strong> xatviT gadmocema. naxatebis <strong>da</strong>jamebiTa <strong>da</strong><br />
gaanalizebiT gasagebi xdebo<strong>da</strong>, Tu warmodgenil saswavlo nivTTagan<br />
ra iyo bavSvebisaTvis momxibvleli <strong>da</strong> gamoyenebadi. es iZleo<strong>da</strong><br />
safuZvels es nivTebi ufro meti raodenobiT <strong>da</strong> nairsaxeobiT<br />
CarTuliyo saswavlo procesSi.<br />
zemoT moyvanili saswavlo meTodebi pe<strong>da</strong>gogs <strong>da</strong>exmara bavSvis<br />
motivirebisa <strong>da</strong> swavlisaTvis iseTi keTilmosurne, uSualo <strong>da</strong><br />
megobruli garemos SeqmnaSi, romelSic bavSvi Tavs uSualod <strong>da</strong><br />
Tavsuflad grZnob<strong>da</strong>, ar eridebo<strong>da</strong> Tavisi SesaZleblobebis,<br />
survilebis, ocnebebisa Tu fantaziebis gamovlenaSi, rac<br />
mniSvnelovania bavSvis bunebis gaxsnisaTvis, miznebis Camoyalibebisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli <strong>da</strong> kritikuli analizis unarebis ganviTarebisaTvis.<br />
kvlevis saswavlo programis mixedviT, pe<strong>da</strong>gogi Tav<strong>da</strong>pirvelad<br />
gansazRvravs bavSvis ganviTarebis mdgomareobas Tavis asakTan<br />
Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT, risTvisac iyenebs gasaubrebis formas, skolis<br />
saxelmZRvaneloebs <strong>da</strong> sxva saswavlo TvalsaCinoebs. am procesis<br />
Semdeg bavSvebi nawildebian oTx jgufSi, romlebsac pirobiTad<br />
“done” vuwodeT. saswavlo programac, Sesabamisad, oTx doned aris
<strong>da</strong>nawilebuli: pirveli moicavs im masalas, romelic pirvel, meore<br />
<strong>da</strong> mesame wels iswavleba sajaro skolis <strong>da</strong>wyebiT klasebSi; meore<br />
done moicavs masalas meoTxe, mexuTe <strong>da</strong> meeqvse klasebisaTvis, mesame<br />
done faravs masalas meSvide <strong>da</strong> merve klasebisaTvis, xolo meoTxe<br />
done me-9 klasis programas iTvaliswinebs. centris muSaobis<br />
praqtiki<strong>da</strong>n aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>, rom zogierT SemTxvevaSi bavSvebi pir<strong>da</strong>pir ver<br />
pasuxoben vercerT dones.<br />
bunebrivia, TiToeul doneSi saswavlo programa SeZlebis<strong>da</strong>gvarad<br />
SemWidroebulia, rac gulisxmobs masalis gamoxSirvasa <strong>da</strong> miwodebis<br />
gamartivebul formebsac. xolo masalis SerCevisa <strong>da</strong> gamoyenebis dros<br />
ki upiratesoba eniWeba sakvanZo sakiTxebs.<br />
pe<strong>da</strong>gogis muSaoba bevrad ufro efeqturi iqnebo<strong>da</strong>, rom maT xelT<br />
hqono<strong>da</strong>T a<strong>da</strong>ptirebuli saxelmZRvaneloebi. kvlevis am komponentis<br />
Sedegi mniSvnelovani <strong>da</strong>skvnis gamotanis safuZvels iZleva, rac<br />
gulisxmobs specialuri, a<strong>da</strong>ptirebuli saxelmZRvaneloebis Seqmnis<br />
aucileblobas; es ki xels Seuwyobs quCis <strong>da</strong> sxva specialuri<br />
swavlebis saWiroebis mqone bavSvebis mzaobas sajaro skolebSi<br />
integraciisaTvis.<br />
aseTi midgoma miznad isaxavs bavSvebs aswavlos elementaruli<br />
wera-kiTxva, angariSi <strong>da</strong> codnis is elementebi, romlebic sWirdeba<br />
sajaro skolaSi Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT umtkivneulo integraciisaTvis.<br />
skolebSi integraciis procesi rTulia, rogorc bavSvisTvis aseve<br />
pe<strong>da</strong>gogisTvis. kvlevam gvaCvena, rom bavSvebis ganviTarebis<br />
maqsimaluri srulyofis miRweva maTi skolisaTvis mzaobis<br />
TvalsazrisiT, TiTqmis SeuZlebelia Tun<strong>da</strong>c imitom, rom<br />
ganviTarebis Cveulebriv ritms moklebuli bavSvebisaTvis TavisTavad<br />
rTulia forsirebuli swavleba. Tumca, skola amisaTvis un<strong>da</strong> iyos<br />
mzad, rac gamoixateba pe<strong>da</strong>gogiuri koleqtivis loialur midgomaSi <strong>da</strong><br />
aqtiuri swavlisa <strong>da</strong> swavlebis meTodebis gaazrebul <strong>da</strong> efeqtur<br />
gamoyenebaSi.
mTeli kvlevis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi mizania: specialuri<br />
saWiroeba erovnuli kurikulumis 4 nawilad aRviqvaT sajaro skolebSi.<br />
sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, maSin, roca swavlaSi CamorCena mTeli rigi<br />
faqtorebiT aris gamowveuli, pe<strong>da</strong>gog-maswavleblebs un<strong>da</strong> SeeZloT<br />
iseTi pirobebis Seqmna, rom ganurCevlad yvela bavSvma ssc-sa Tu<br />
skolaSi SeZlos swavla. Aamas optimistur varau<strong>da</strong>mde mivyavarT. rac<br />
un<strong>da</strong> gaakeTos pe<strong>da</strong>gog-maswavlebelma, ra gamocdilebac un<strong>da</strong><br />
gamoiyenos, ra urTierTobac un<strong>da</strong> hqondes bavSvTan, mTavaria bavSvma<br />
motivacia SeiZinos <strong>da</strong> warmatebas miaRwios swavlaSi Tavisi potenciis<br />
Sesabamisad.<br />
aqve ganixileba safrTxe, romelic SeiZleba bavSvisaTvis<br />
« iarliyis» miwebebam gamoiwvios. aRmzrdelobiT Tu saswavlo<br />
procesSi ar un<strong>da</strong> xdebodes ara calkeuli « gansakuTrebuli »<br />
bavSvebis gamoyofa, aramed yvela bavSvi erTad <strong>da</strong> TiToeuli cal-<br />
calke gansakuTrebul bavSvad un<strong>da</strong> iyos aRqmuli. ACveni mizania<br />
gvesmodes, rom TiToeuli bavSvi individia <strong>da</strong> individualobas pativi<br />
un<strong>da</strong> vceT. Aaqe<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, skolebSi gansakuTrebuli<br />
bavSvebisaTvis calke kurikulumi ki ar un<strong>da</strong> Seiqmnas, aramed pe<strong>da</strong>gog-<br />
maswavlebelma un<strong>da</strong> gamonaxos is optimaluri gza, romelic erTiani<br />
kurikulumis farglebSi gaiTvaliswinebs calkeuli bavSvis<br />
Taviseburebas.<br />
Tumca, rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, bavSvis skolisaTvis mzaobis<br />
mizniT, kvlevam savaldebulod cno specialuri <strong>da</strong> a<strong>da</strong>ptirebuli<br />
saxelmZRvaneloebis saWiroeba, romlebic bavSvs Tavisi saWiroebebi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
gamomdinare, exmareba elementaruli unar-Cvevebis gamomuSavebaSi (mag.<br />
wera-kiTva, elementaruli angariSi <strong>da</strong> zogadi kursis gavla sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva<br />
saskolo disciplinebSi).<br />
saswavlo programaSi eqsperimentis saxiT gamoyenebuli iyo<br />
enciklopediuri tipis a<strong>da</strong>ptirebuli saxelmZRvanelo “samyaro Cveni<br />
saxli” (Semdg.: Tamar abulaZe, iaTamze kotetiSvili, nino<br />
lorTqifaniZe, marina Sostaki. _ Tb., 2003), romelSic informacia<br />
4 kurikulumi – swavlebis kursi, saswavlo gegma, programa
mowodebulia martivi eniT. masSi Sesuli masala Tanxvdeba sajaro<br />
skolis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva klasis savaldebulo saswavlo sagnebs.<br />
saxelmZRvanelo uxvad aris ilustrirebuli, raTa quCis bavSvebis<br />
mwiri codna vizualuri informaciiTac Seavsos. saxelmZRvanelo ise<br />
aris agebuli, rom pe<strong>da</strong>gogma SesZlos konkretuli SemTxvevebis<br />
saWiroebebi<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare Tavisi Sexedulebisamebr ga<strong>da</strong>adgilos<br />
Sesaswavli masala. saxelmZRvanelo ar aris <strong>da</strong>tvirTuli samecniero<br />
terminologiiT, amitom bavSvebisTvis advilia misi gamoyeneba.<br />
kvlevis meore <strong>da</strong> mesame etapebze periodulad xdebo<strong>da</strong><br />
beneficiarebze <strong>da</strong>kvirvebebi, xolo testireba maTi zogadi<br />
progresisa <strong>da</strong> ganviTarebis monitoringisaTvis Catar<strong>da</strong> orjer _<br />
saswavlo kursis sawyis <strong>da</strong> bolo etapebze. <strong>da</strong>kvirvebis obieqtebi<br />
<strong>da</strong>nawildnen or asakobriv jgufad: 6 – 11 <strong>da</strong> 11 – 17 weli. testebSi<br />
mocemuli sakiTxebi ar scildebo<strong>da</strong> swavlebisaTvis <strong>da</strong>dgenil oTx<br />
dones. Tumca orive etapis testebi erTsa <strong>da</strong> imave saswavlo masalas<br />
moicav<strong>da</strong>, magram meore etapze testebis kiTxvebSi masala ufro<br />
<strong>da</strong>konkret<strong>da</strong>, gaizar<strong>da</strong> moculobiT <strong>da</strong> garTul<strong>da</strong>.<br />
testebSi sakiTxebi pirobiTad oTx Tematur jgufad ganawil<strong>da</strong>:<br />
1) qarTuli literatura, istoria, geografia, buneba (cocxali<br />
organizmebi). rogorc <strong>da</strong>bal aseve maRal asakobriv jgufebis<br />
testebSi 10-10 sakiTxi iyo Setanili. TiTo sakiTxi erT qulad<br />
fasdebo<strong>da</strong>. (testis nimuSi #1 <strong>da</strong> testis nimuSi #2 ixileT <strong>da</strong>narTSi)<br />
testebis Sedegebi asaxulia diagrama #3 (I asakobrivi jgufi: 6-11<br />
weli) <strong>da</strong> diagrama #4-Si (II asakobrivi jgufi 12-17 weli) Sesabamisi<br />
cxrilebiT (#5-6). TvalsaCinoa, rom Tuki bavSvis saganmanaTleblo<br />
programis sawyis etapze kvlevis 10-qulian sistemaSi I asakobrivi<br />
jgufSi yvelaze <strong>da</strong>bali qulebis (0-1) procentuli maCvenebeli<br />
Seadgen<strong>da</strong> 54%-s, programis bolo etapze imave maCvenebelma <strong>da</strong>iwia 0%-<br />
mde. II asakobrivi jgufis SemTxvevaSic msgavsi Sedegi miviReT,<br />
rodesac sawyis etapze yvelaze <strong>da</strong>bali qulebis (0-1) procentuli<br />
maCvenebeli Seadgen<strong>da</strong> 57%-s, xolo programis bolo etapze imave<br />
maCvenebelma <strong>da</strong>iwia 2%-mde.
10-quliani Sedegi rogorc I, aseve II asakobriv jgufebSi sawyis<br />
etapze udri<strong>da</strong> 0%-s, xolo saganmanaTleblo programis bolo etapze I<br />
asakobriv jgufSi aiwia 49%-mde, xolo II asakobriv jgufSi _ 4%-mde.<br />
diagrama #3-4 <strong>da</strong> cxrili #5-6.<br />
testirebis Sedegebi<br />
qulaTa raodenoba sawyis <strong>da</strong> bolo etapebze: 6 – 11 asakobrivi jgufi<br />
60<br />
55<br />
50<br />
45<br />
40<br />
35<br />
30<br />
25<br />
20<br />
15<br />
10<br />
5<br />
0<br />
54%<br />
0%<br />
31%<br />
3%<br />
9%<br />
6%<br />
diagrama #3<br />
cxrili #5<br />
testirebis Sedegi:<br />
6-11 wlis asakobrivi jgufi sawyisi etapi bolo etapi<br />
qulebi % %<br />
0-1 54 0<br />
2-3 31 3<br />
4-5 9 6<br />
15%<br />
4%<br />
27%<br />
0-1 qula 2-3 qula 4-5 qula 6-7 qula 8-9 qula 10 qula<br />
2%<br />
49%<br />
0%<br />
sawyisi etapi<br />
bolo etapi
6-7 4 15<br />
8-9 2 27<br />
10 0 49<br />
testirebis Sedegi<br />
qulaTa raodenoba sawyis <strong>da</strong> bolo etapebze: 12 - 17 asakobrivi<br />
jgufi<br />
60<br />
55<br />
50<br />
45<br />
40<br />
35<br />
30<br />
25<br />
20<br />
15<br />
10<br />
5<br />
0<br />
57%<br />
2%<br />
0-1<br />
qula<br />
29%<br />
4%<br />
2-3<br />
qula<br />
23%<br />
7%<br />
4-5<br />
qula<br />
diagrama #4<br />
cxrili #6<br />
testirebis Sedegi<br />
6-17 wlis asakobrivi jgufi sawyisi etapi bolo etapi<br />
qulebi % %<br />
0-1 57 2<br />
2-3 29 4<br />
41%<br />
4%<br />
6-7<br />
qula<br />
26%<br />
3%<br />
8-9<br />
qula<br />
4%<br />
0%<br />
10 qula<br />
sawyisi etapi<br />
bolo etapi
4-5 7 23<br />
6-7 4 41<br />
8-9 3 26<br />
10 0 4<br />
gamokiTxva-saubrebiTa <strong>da</strong> testebis Sedegebis analizma aCvena,<br />
rom saganmanaTleblo-sareabilitacio centrSi Semosul bavSvebs<br />
kvlevis sawyis etapze hqon<strong>da</strong>T ganaTlebis <strong>da</strong>bali done, mwiri<br />
informaciuloba. bavSvebis didma nawilma ar ico<strong>da</strong> wera-kiTxva <strong>da</strong><br />
angariSi. mcire nawilma zoga<strong>da</strong>d ico<strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos istoria,<br />
saxelmwifoebrivi simbolika. saswavlo disciplinebis siRrmiseuli<br />
codna TiTqmis aravis ar gaaCn<strong>da</strong>. araqarTveli erovnebisa <strong>da</strong>, miT<br />
umetes, araadgilobrivma bavSvebma praqtikulad araferi icodnen im<br />
qveynis Sesaxeb, romelSic cxovrobden. maTi codna Semoifarglebo<strong>da</strong><br />
mxolod imiT, rom qveyanaSi gamudmebiT mitingebia <strong>da</strong>, rom omia<br />
ruseTTan.<br />
bavSvebis umravlesobam araferi ico<strong>da</strong> teqnikis Tanamedrove<br />
miRwevebis Sesaxeb. mobiluri telefonebisa <strong>da</strong> kompiuteris gamoyeneba<br />
samomxmareblo doneze mxolod im mcire nawils SeeZlo, romlebmac<br />
sareabilitacio centrSi gaiares momzadeba.<br />
pirveli nabijebi <strong>cxovrebiseuli</strong> unar-Cvevebis formirebis <strong>da</strong><br />
ganaTlebaSi CarTvis iyo wera-kiTxvisa <strong>da</strong> angariSis unar-Cvevebis<br />
gamomuSaveba. es iyo kvlevis erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani miRweva.<br />
rogorc aRiniSna, centrebSi mosvlis pirvel etapze bavSvebis didma<br />
umravlesobam ar ico<strong>da</strong> wera-kiTxva <strong>da</strong> verc maTematikis elementarul<br />
sakiTxebSi erkveo<strong>da</strong> (magaliTad, ar icodnen gamravlebis tabula).<br />
kvlevis sawyis <strong>da</strong> bolo etapebs Soris Sedegebis mxriv gamoikveTa<br />
raodenobrivi <strong>da</strong> Tvisobrivi sxvaoba.<br />
wera-kiTxva iswavla saganmanaTleblo-sareabilitacio centris<br />
bavSvebis umravlesobam. maTematikis elementaruli kursis gavla<br />
SeZlo 386-ma bavSvma (400-<strong>da</strong>n, e.i. 96,5%-ma), rac 87%-iT metia wina<br />
Sedegze. saqarTvelos istoriis ufro meti codna gamoamJRavna 23,5%-<br />
iT metma bavSvma. geografiaSi codna gaiRrmava 72%-iT metma bavSvma.
cxrili #7<br />
qulaTa raodenoba sawyis <strong>da</strong> bolo etapebze<br />
ganaTlebis done zoga<strong>da</strong>d sawyisi<br />
bolo<br />
etapi<br />
etapi<br />
raodenoba % raodenoba %<br />
ar icis wera-kiTxva 354 88,5 14 7<br />
icis wera-kiTxva <strong>da</strong> angariSi 46 11,5 386 93<br />
araferi icis saqarTvelos<br />
Sesaxeb<br />
62 15,5 11 2,75<br />
icis mcire ram saqarTvelos<br />
istorii<strong>da</strong>n<br />
174 43,5 288 72<br />
icis saqarTvelos<br />
saxelmwifo simbolika (himni,<br />
droSa, Rerbi)<br />
108 27 366 91,5<br />
bevri ram icis zoga<strong>da</strong>d<br />
saqarTvelos Sesaxeb<br />
72 18 198 49,5<br />
araferi smenia teqnikis<br />
Tanamedrove miRwevebze<br />
349 87,25 104 26<br />
SeuZlia mobiluris<br />
gamoyeneba<br />
14 3,5 136 34<br />
icis kontinentebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>saxeleba<br />
22 5,5 228 57<br />
smenia kompiuteris Sesaxeb 46 11,5 310 77,5<br />
SeuZlia rukaze geografiuli<br />
punqtebis moZebna.<br />
12 3 292 73<br />
SeuZlia kompiuterTan<br />
muSaoba<br />
0 0 162 40,5<br />
erkveva ucxouri manqanebis<br />
saxeobebSi<br />
41 10,25 229 57,25<br />
informirebulobis donis matebis msgavsi tendencia SeimCneva<br />
sxva sakiTxebSic. magaliTad, centrSi mosvlamd mxolod ramdenime<br />
bavSvs Tu smeno<strong>da</strong> kompiuteris Sesaxeb. zog maTgans nanaxic hqon<strong>da</strong>,<br />
magram ar esmo<strong>da</strong>T misi <strong>da</strong>niSnuleba. kompiuters isini ukavSirebdnen<br />
saTamaSo aparatebs, romlebic quCaSi an e.w. internet-kafeebSi idga.<br />
saganmanaTleblo-sareabilitacio centrebSi bavSvebs miecaT<br />
saSualeba SeeswavlaT kompiuterTan muSaoba.<br />
bavSvebis arc Tu mcire nawilma ico<strong>da</strong> saqarTveloSi moqmedi<br />
socialurad <strong>da</strong>ucvel bavSvTa sareabilitacio samsaxurebis arsebobis<br />
Sesaxeb. bolo wlebSi samTavrobo <strong>da</strong> arasamTavrobo struqturebis
mier Catarebuli RonisZiebebis meoxebiT SesaZlebeli gax<strong>da</strong> quCis<br />
bavSvTa mniSvnelovani nawilis CarTva sareabilitacio programebSi.<br />
amiT aixsneba <strong>da</strong>debiTi pasuxebis didi procenti im kiTxvebze,<br />
romlebic exeba bavSvTa socialuri <strong>da</strong>xmarebis samsaxurebs. kiTxvarebi<br />
ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d Seavses sareabilitacio centrSi myofma bavSvebma.<br />
centrebis gareT myofi bavSvebi, marTalia, ar sargeblobdnen am tipis<br />
<strong>da</strong>xmarebiT, magram icodnen misi arsebobis Sesaxeb.<br />
ganaTlebisa <strong>da</strong> informirebulobis donem zoga<strong>da</strong>d ufro maRali<br />
niSnuli aCvena, vidre es iyo kvlevis sawyis etapze, ramac sasikeTod<br />
imoqme<strong>da</strong> centris beneficiarTa fsiqologiaze.<br />
rogorc aRiniSna, kvleva iTvaliswineb<strong>da</strong> bavSvebis<br />
mosamzadebeli <strong>da</strong> Sualeduri ganaTlebis miRebis Semdeg sajaro<br />
skolaSi integracias. 2005 - 2007 wlebSi sul 35 (6 <strong>da</strong>n 14 wlamde)<br />
quCis bavSvi Cairicxa 44-e sajaro skolaSi. ssc-s pe<strong>da</strong>gogebi<br />
monawileobdnen bavSvebis skolaSi a<strong>da</strong>ptaciis procesSi.<br />
didi mosamzadebeli muSaoba Catar<strong>da</strong> rogorc skolis<br />
pe<strong>da</strong>gogebTan, aseve 44-e skolis moswavleebTan <strong>da</strong> maT mSoblebTa,<br />
ramac sasurveli Sedegi gamoiRo. momsaxurebis xarisxisa <strong>da</strong> kargi<br />
interaqciis gamo adgilobriv sazogadoebasa <strong>da</strong> mSoblebTan, saxlSi<br />
vizitebisa <strong>da</strong> konsultaciebis Sedegad, programa adgilobriv doneze<br />
saukeTeso moqmed programad aRiares.<br />
b) ssc-s pe<strong>da</strong>gog/maswavleblebisa <strong>da</strong> bavSvebis Sexvedra, rogorc<br />
intervenciis erT-erTi meTodi:<br />
ssc-s pe<strong>da</strong>gog/maswavleblebi <strong>da</strong> bavSvebi sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva<br />
periodulobiT (Tumca, sasurvelia Sexvedrebi yovel kviras<br />
gaimarTos) erTad ikribebian, rom saubris dros keTildReobisTvis<br />
aucilebel sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva faqtorebs Seexon. isini ganixilaven <strong>da</strong>swrebis,<br />
sisufTavis, vitaminebis naklebobis, piradi higienis, kvebis, centrisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> skolis disciplinis, gamocdebis Sedegebis <strong>da</strong> sxva sakiTxebs.<br />
maswavleblebisa <strong>da</strong> bavSvebis perioduli e.w. «saqmiani<br />
Sexvedrebi» moulodnel <strong>da</strong>debiT efeqtebs iZleva. am SexvedrebSi
sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva asakis bavSvebi monawileoben, Sexvedrebze pe<strong>da</strong>gogebi<br />
cdiloben bavSvebi CarTon centris muSaobis procesSi, rogorc<br />
<strong>da</strong>moukidebeli mxareebi. saubris dros pe<strong>da</strong>gogebi problemebs<br />
ganixilaven ara bavSvebis Tan<strong>da</strong>swrebiT, aramed bavSvebTan erTad.<br />
aseTi midgoma cxovrebisagan <strong>da</strong>Cagrul bavSvebSi sakuTari Tavis<br />
pativiscemas aCens. mozardebi, raki xe<strong>da</strong>vs, rom maT azrebsac iziareben<br />
maTsave problemebze msjelobis dros, ufro Tav<strong>da</strong>jerebuli xdebian.<br />
maT ematebaT pe<strong>da</strong>gogebisadmi ndoba. isini garkveulad<br />
pasuxismgeblobasac grZoben maTze umcrosi asakis bavSvebis mimarT.<br />
mozardebis msjelobis toni <strong>da</strong> paTosi iseTivea, rogorc SeiZleba<br />
hqondeT ufros <strong>da</strong>-Zmas an mzrunvel pe<strong>da</strong>gogs.<br />
mozardebis <strong>da</strong>debiT <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebas msgavsi RonisZiebebis<br />
mimarT aCvenebs gamokiTxvis Sedegebi, sa<strong>da</strong>c gamokiTxuli<br />
mozardebi<strong>da</strong>n ufrosebTan saqmian Sexvedrebs <strong>da</strong>debiTad afasebs 84%,<br />
aseTi SexvedrebSi azrs ver xe<strong>da</strong>vs (12%), mxolod 4% miiCnevs, rom es<br />
yvelaferi pe<strong>da</strong>gogTa mxri<strong>da</strong>n mxolod moCvenebiTi saqmianobaa <strong>da</strong> meti<br />
araferi.<br />
12%<br />
diagrama # 5<br />
bavSvebis <strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba pe<strong>da</strong>gogebisa <strong>da</strong> bavSvebis saqmiani<br />
4%<br />
5%<br />
84%<br />
Sexvedrebisadmi<br />
<strong>da</strong>debiTad afasebs<br />
azrs ver xe<strong>da</strong>vs<br />
mxolod moCvenebiTia<br />
pasuxi ar aqvs
maswavleblebisa <strong>da</strong> bavSvebis perioduli Sexvedrebi, romlebzec<br />
centris cxovrebis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva sakiTxebze Tanasworad msjeloben,<br />
warmoadgens socialuri, fsiqologiuri <strong>da</strong> pe<strong>da</strong>gogiuri zemoqmedebis<br />
sinTezs. aseTi midgoma realuri faqtoria mozardebSi <strong>cxovrebiseuli</strong><br />
unar-Cvevebis gaCamoyalibebisaTvis, radgan isini noyier nia<strong>da</strong>gs qmnis<br />
mozardebSi sakuTari Tavis rwmenis, agreTve pasuxismgeblobis<br />
grZnobis gamomuSavebisa rogorc sxvebis, aseve sakuTari Tavis mimarT.<br />
g) konsultaciebi saxlSi<br />
centrebis maswavleblebi <strong>da</strong> socialuri muSakebi regularulad<br />
ewvevian xolme bavSvTa ojaxebs mSoblebis motivaciis amaRlebis<br />
mizniT. am vizitebma centrebsa <strong>da</strong> skolaSi <strong>da</strong>swreba mniSvnelovnad<br />
gaaumjobesa. mSoblebis umravlesoba vizitis mniSvnelovnobas grZnobs,<br />
radgan maT SeuZliaT informacia miiRon centrebis programebis <strong>da</strong><br />
maTi bavSvebis progresis Sesaxeb. Tumca, aRsaniSnavia, rom Semdgom<br />
TanamSromloba araerTgvarovnad grZeldeba, razec moqmedebs TviT<br />
mSobelTa fsiqologiuri <strong>da</strong> socialuri mdgomareoba. xSir SemTxvevaSi<br />
mSobeli bavSvs uyurebs, rogorc marCenals, ver acnobierebs<br />
ganaTlebis rols.<br />
d) mSoblis <strong>da</strong> socialuri pe<strong>da</strong>gogis Sexvedrebi<br />
mSoblebisa <strong>da</strong> pe<strong>da</strong>gogis Sexvedrebi yovel or TveSi erTxel<br />
imarTeba. mSoblebi <strong>da</strong> maswavleblebi erTad ikribebian <strong>da</strong> ganixilaven<br />
iseT sakiTxebs, rogoricaa ganaTlebis <strong>da</strong> socialuri CarTulobis<br />
mniSvneloba, maT bavSvebze mzrunveloba <strong>da</strong> Zaladobisagan Tavisufali<br />
ojaxuri garemos Seqmna, bavSvis ganaTlebis mniSvneloba <strong>da</strong> saWiroeba,<br />
aseve profesiuli treningi, saxlSi bavSvis movla <strong>da</strong> yuradRebis<br />
gamovlena, SeZlebis<strong>da</strong>gvarad srulfasovani sakvebis momzadebis wesebi,<br />
sufTa wylis miRebis mniSvneloba, janmrTelobis, sanitaruli <strong>da</strong><br />
piradi higienis <strong>da</strong>cvis wesebi <strong>da</strong> a.S.
maswavleblebi <strong>da</strong> mSoblebi zogierT specifikur <strong>da</strong>valebebs <strong>da</strong><br />
valdebulebebs inawileben TavianTi SesaZleblobebis farglebSi, rom<br />
am Sexvedrebze miRebuli ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebebi aRasrulon. <strong>da</strong>valebebi <strong>da</strong><br />
maTi Sesruleba Semdeg Sexvedrebze ganixileba.<br />
aqve un<strong>da</strong> aRiniSnos, rom mSoblebTan muSaoba erT-erTi Znelad<br />
Sesasrulebeli strategiaa. umravles SemTxvevebSi mSoblebi uars<br />
acxadeben TanamSromlobis gaRrmavebaze, zog SemTxvevaSi ki swored<br />
mSoblebi xdebian bavSvebis mier skolis mitovebis mTavari mizezi.<br />
Cveni kvleva aCvenebs, rom aseT pozicias ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d sami safuZveli<br />
aqvs:<br />
1) ekonomikuri siduxWire (75%), roca mSobels surs bavSvis<br />
keTildReoba, magram siRatakis gamo iZulebulia bavSvi samuSaod<br />
gauSvas quCaSi;<br />
2) disfunqciuri ojaxebi _ alkoholisti an narkomani mSoblebi<br />
(16%), romlebsac ar ainteresebT sakuTari Svilebis keTildReoba <strong>da</strong><br />
maTi SromiT irCenen Tavs. aseTi mSoblebi mxolod maSin modian<br />
TanamSromlobaze, roca raime materialur sargebels gamoelian;<br />
3) mSoblebi ganviTarebis <strong>da</strong>bali doniT, romlebic ver<br />
acnobiereben ganaTlebis mniSvnelobas TavianTi Svilebis<br />
keTildReobisaTvis (9%).<br />
diagrama #6<br />
mizezebi, romelTa gamoc mSobeli xels uSlis bavSvs ganaTlebis<br />
miRebaSi
mSoblebTan sainformacio-saganmanaTleblo muSaoba, miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad<br />
sirTuleebisa, bavSvTa keTildReobisaTvis mimarTul RonisZiebebis<br />
aucilebeli komponentia. praqtikam aCvena, rom socialur pe<strong>da</strong>gogTa am<br />
muSaobas <strong>da</strong>debiTi Sedegi moaqvs. Tu Seva<strong>da</strong>rebT kvlevis sawyis <strong>da</strong><br />
bolo etapebis Sedegebs, TvalsaCino xdeba pozitiuri cvlileba<br />
mSoblebis <strong>da</strong>mikidebulebis TvalsazrisiT sakuTari Svilebis<br />
ganaTlebis sakiTxTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT.<br />
100 gamokiTxuli mSobli<strong>da</strong>n Tav<strong>da</strong>pirvelad mxolod 49%<br />
aRiareb<strong>da</strong> ganaTlebis mniSvnelobas sakuTari SvilebisaTvis, xolo<br />
kvlevis bolo etapisaTvis aseTi mSoblebis ricxvma 69%-s miaRwia.<br />
ganaTlebis miRebas saWirod ar miiCnev<strong>da</strong> 13%. mogvianebiT, bavSvis mier<br />
sareabilitacio kursis gavlis Semdeg, es ricxvi <strong>da</strong>vi<strong>da</strong> 2%-mde.<br />
mSobelTa Sexedulebebis cvlileba ara marto sityviT, aramed<br />
TanamSromlobis gaaqtiurebiT gamoixatebo<strong>da</strong>. am faqtorma ganapiroba<br />
is <strong>da</strong>debiTi Sedegi, rom bavSvebis erTi nawili, romlebic mSoblebis<br />
moTxovniT Sromobdnen (an maTxovrebdnen) ekonomikuri Semosavlebis<br />
miRebis mizniT, gaTavisufldnen am tvirTisagan. Tumca amas xeli<br />
Seuwyo imanac, rom socialurma muSakebma moaxerxes ukiduresad<br />
gaWirvebuli mSoblebis saxelmwifo socialuri <strong>da</strong>cvis programebSi<br />
CarTva.<br />
16%<br />
9%<br />
75%<br />
ekonomikuri<br />
siduxWire<br />
disfunqciuri<br />
ojaxebi<br />
ganviTarebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>bali done<br />
orive gamikiTxvis dros mSobelTa TiTqmis Tanabarma raodenobam<br />
saskolo ganaTlebasTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT upiratesoba mianiWa xelobis<br />
Seswavlas (27%-23%). gansakuTrebuli sxvaoba arc im kategoriis
mSoblebis Sexedulebebs Seexo, romlebsac ar ainteresebT sakuTari<br />
Svilebis ganaTleba (9%-6%).<br />
mSoblis pozicia<br />
Svilis<br />
ganaTlebis<br />
mimarT<br />
80<br />
70<br />
60<br />
50<br />
40<br />
30<br />
20<br />
10<br />
0<br />
sawyisi<br />
etapi<br />
diagrama #7 mSoblis pozicia Svilis ganaTlebisadmi<br />
15%<br />
2%<br />
ar miiCnevs<br />
ganaTlebis<br />
miRebas saWirod<br />
ar miiCnevs<br />
ganaTlebis<br />
miRebas<br />
saWirod<br />
69%<br />
49%<br />
aRiarebs<br />
ganaTlebis<br />
mniSvnelobas<br />
cxrili #8<br />
aRiarebs<br />
ganaTlebis<br />
mniSvnelobas<br />
upiratesoba<br />
aniWebs<br />
xelobis flobas<br />
ar ainteresebs<br />
sakuTari<br />
Svilis<br />
keTildReoba<br />
15% 49% 27% 9%<br />
bolo etapi 2% 69% 23% 6%<br />
aris sxgvagvari problemebic. magaliTad, martoxela dedebTanN<br />
TanamSromloba, saubrebi <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>rwmuneba rTulia. martoxela dedebi<br />
Raribi ojaxebi<strong>da</strong>n arian <strong>da</strong> maTTan TanamSromlobas gansakuTrebuli<br />
taqti, codna <strong>da</strong> gamocdileba sWirdeba, rogorc maswavlebels, aseve<br />
sxva personals, rom <strong>da</strong>exmaros mSoblebs/dedebs, ga<strong>da</strong>laxon<br />
sazogadoebaSi gamefebuli stigmebi, Tun<strong>da</strong>c imasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT, rom<br />
isini martoxelebi arian, bavSvebi xSirad Tavis gvarze hyavT,<br />
27%<br />
23%<br />
upiratesoba<br />
aniWebs xelobis<br />
flobas<br />
arasrulwlovnebis asakSi SeeZinaT Svilebi <strong>da</strong> a.S.<br />
9%<br />
6%<br />
ar ainteresebs<br />
sakuTari Svilis<br />
ganaTleba<br />
საწყისი ეტაპი<br />
ბოლო ეტაპი
e) Tavisufali drois organizeba: <strong>da</strong>sveneba <strong>da</strong> TamaSi<br />
sareabilitacio-saganmanaTleblo centrSi bavSvebis <strong>da</strong>sveneba<br />
ganixileba, rogorc reabilitaciis <strong>da</strong> <strong>unarCvevebis</strong> ganviTarebis<br />
winapiroba <strong>da</strong> saSualeba, rogorc amas iTvaliswinebs bavSvis<br />
uflebebis konvenciia (31-e muxli).<br />
bavSvebis fizikuri <strong>da</strong> gonebrivi ganviTarebis mizniT ewyoba<br />
sportuli <strong>da</strong> saswavlo turneebi. aseTi programebis saSualebiT<br />
bavSvebi <strong>da</strong>hyavT erovnul muzeumSi, zooparkSi. aswreben kulturul<br />
<strong>da</strong> sportul RonisZiebebs. axlomdebare saTamaSo stadionze<br />
periodulobiT ewyoba sportuli Sexvedrebi. reabilitaciis<br />
konteqstSi, bavSvebi mudmivad gadian art-Terapias, ris safuZvelzec<br />
monawileoben <strong>da</strong> dgamen speqtaklebs <strong>da</strong> koncertebs centrSi, skolebSi<br />
<strong>da</strong> TeatrebSic ki farTo mayureblisaTvis.<br />
gansakuTrebuli aqcenti keTdeba bavSvebis fizikur,<br />
fsiqologiur <strong>da</strong> kulturul ganviTarebaze. Aam mimarTulebiT centrSi<br />
bavSvTa kuTxe anu oTaxebi <strong>da</strong> patara biblioTeka funqcionirebs,<br />
sa<strong>da</strong>c moTavsebulia SerCeuli saganmanaTleblo masalebi <strong>da</strong> imarTeba<br />
seqciuri muSaoba. gar<strong>da</strong> amisa, dro<strong>da</strong>dro ewyoba <strong>da</strong>gegmili<br />
diskusiebi, xatvis konkursebi, mxatvruli kiTxvis, poeziis sajaro<br />
kiTxvis saRamoebi, musikaluri konkursebi <strong>da</strong> a.S.<br />
kvlevis <strong>da</strong>kvirvebiT, bavSvTa kuTxem bavSvebze mniSvnelovani<br />
gavlena moaxdina. bevrma bavSvma SesaniSnavi kreatiulobis unari <strong>da</strong><br />
talanti gamoavlina. saganmanaTleblo, kulturul <strong>da</strong> rekreaciul<br />
aqtivobebSi bavSvTa intesiurma <strong>da</strong> gegmiurma monawileobam <strong>da</strong>gvanaxa,<br />
Tu ramdenad SeecvalaT bavSvebs <strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba faseulobebTan <strong>da</strong><br />
RirebulebebTan, ramdenad gaixsnen TanatolebTan <strong>da</strong> ufrosebTan,<br />
ramdenad Tavis TavSi <strong>da</strong>rwmunebulebi gaxdnen <strong>da</strong> irwmunes ufrosebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>xmareba; SeecvalaT <strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba <strong>da</strong> qceva janmrTelobis,<br />
sanitaruli higienis, gundurobis principis mimarT.
centri bavSvTa kuTxis Semdgom ganviTarebas gegmavs, sa<strong>da</strong>c<br />
adgilobriv bavSvebs eqnebaT saSualeba <strong>da</strong>kavdnen kiTxviT, erTmaneTs<br />
ideebi gauziaron, ganixilon problemebi <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>isvenon. kuTxes aseve<br />
eqneba ufro didi raodenobiT wignebi, kompiuterebi, TamaSebi <strong>da</strong><br />
aqsesuarebi imisTvis, rom skolis gakveTilebis Semdeg bavSvebma<br />
SesZlon drois kargad gatareba.<br />
gansakuTrebul <strong>da</strong>tvirTvas iZens sportuli RonisZiebebi, miT<br />
umetes, roca ewyoba ssc-s beneficiarebisa <strong>da</strong> sajaro skolis<br />
moswavleebis erToblivi (<strong>da</strong> ara maT Soris) Sejibrebebi. bavSvebs<br />
saSualeba eZlevaT TanatolebTan erTad Tanabar viTarebaSi<br />
gamoavlinon sakuTari sportuli <strong>da</strong> fizikuri SesaZleblobebi. es<br />
RonisZiebebi <strong>da</strong>debiTad moqmedebs quCis bavSvTa fsiqologiaze<br />
miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, maTi monawileoba warmatebuli iyo Tu _<br />
warumatebeli. warmateba bavSvebs sakuTari Tavis rwmenas matebs.<br />
bavSvebi marcxs ganicdian, Tumca ar ukavSireben amas TavianT<br />
socialur mdgomareobas, radgan maTTan erTad marcxdebodnen xolme<br />
sajaro skolis moswavleebic.<br />
erTobliv sportul RonisZiebebTan erTad, sasurvelia periodulad<br />
ewyobodes cnobili sportsmenebis Sexvedrebi ssc-s bavSvebTan<br />
rogorc centrSi, aseve sportsmenTa savarjiSo adgilebze<br />
(sawvrTneli bazebze, sportuli <strong>da</strong>rbazebSi <strong>da</strong> a.S.). ssc-s<br />
xelmZRvanelobam un<strong>da</strong> imuSaos, rom sazogadoebis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva fena, am<br />
SemTxvevaSi ki sportsmenebi, CarTos quCis bavSvTa problemebis<br />
mogvarebis saqmeSi. saWiroa, informaciis momzadeba, misaRebi<br />
wina<strong>da</strong>debebis SeTavazeba, romlebic sportsmenebs ar eqceva tvirTad<br />
(magaliTad, finansur tvirTad). am Sexvedrebis mTavari ekonomikuri<br />
mogebaa bavSvebis gancdebi, maTi siamaye cnobili sportsmenebis<br />
pira<strong>da</strong>d gacnobis gamo. amave dros, bavSvebi TvalnaTliv rwmundebian<br />
jansaRi cxovrebis wesis upiratesobaSi.<br />
v) informaciis miwodebis xerxebi
avSvis uflebaTa konvenciis me-17 muxlis realizaciis mizniT<br />
intensiurad ewyoba bavSvebis uzrunvelyofa yvelanairi informaciiTa<br />
<strong>da</strong> masaliT, romelic maTi ganviTarebisaTvis saWiroa. centrSi TveSi<br />
orjer mainc ewyoba SemecnebiT-gasarTobi filmebis Cveneba, romelTa<br />
upirvelesi <strong>da</strong>niSnulebaa bavSvebSi informirebulobis amaRleba<br />
sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva socialuri <strong>da</strong> ganviTarebis sakiTxebis mimarT. Ees, agreTve,<br />
bavSvebis garTobis saSualebacaa.<br />
2008 wels 9 filmi iqna naCvenebi, maT Soris iyo zRaprebi <strong>da</strong><br />
dokumenturi filmebi gogona-bavSvis uflebebze, prevenciuli<br />
janmrTelobis <strong>da</strong>cvasa <strong>da</strong> socialur informirebulobaze.<br />
videofilmebs centris SenobaSi aCvenebdnen. 2008 wels ori filmis<br />
Cveneba moewyo mSoblebisTvis.<br />
bavSvebs amxnevebT is faqti, rom mSoblebs acnoben im<br />
informacias, romlebic bavSvTa <strong>da</strong> maswavleblis Sexvedrebze<br />
ganixileba pirveladi jan<strong>da</strong>cvis, srulfasovani kvebis <strong>da</strong> adreuli<br />
qorwinebis sakiTxebze.<br />
bavSvebis informaciiT uzrunvelyofis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva saSualebi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
kvlevam yvelaze mizanSewonilad miiCnia feradi, ilustrirebuli<br />
wignebisa <strong>da</strong> filmebis gamoyeneba, romlebic bavSvebisTvis advilad<br />
aRsaqmelia <strong>da</strong> ar moiTxovs maTgan gonebriv <strong>da</strong>Zabulobasa.<br />
problemebi<br />
z) kvlevis Sedegad gamovlenili bavSvTa winaSe arsebuli<br />
saubrebSi <strong>da</strong> diskusiebSi kvlevis bavSvebma <strong>da</strong>ayenes rigi<br />
sakiTxebisa, romlebic saswavlo garemos ukavSirdeba:<br />
a) igi un<strong>da</strong> iyos fizikurad mimzidveli <strong>da</strong> komfortuli;<br />
b) un<strong>da</strong> iyos adgili <strong>da</strong>svenebis, TamaSis, garTobis <strong>da</strong><br />
gamoxatvisaTvis;<br />
g) garemo Tavisufali un<strong>da</strong> iyos Zaladobisagan (fizikuri<br />
<strong>da</strong>sja), safrTxis <strong>da</strong> emociuri Seuracxyofisagan;
d) moswavleebi <strong>da</strong>culi un<strong>da</strong> iyvnen seqsualuri Seviwroebisa <strong>da</strong><br />
eqspluatirebisagan;<br />
e) moswavleebi <strong>da</strong>culi un<strong>da</strong> iyvnen garemos safrTxeebisgan <strong>da</strong><br />
xeli miuwvdebodeT sasmel wyalze. nagavi droulad gaitanon;<br />
v) bavSvebis socialuri, emociuri <strong>da</strong> fsiqologiuri<br />
moTxovnilebebis <strong>da</strong>sakmayofileblad rCevebi xelmisawvdomi un<strong>da</strong><br />
iyos.<br />
kvlevam gamoavlina erTi-erTi gamowveva, romlic centris winaSe<br />
idga: bavSvebis mier kvlevis aqtivobebis <strong>da</strong> maT Soris mecadineobebis<br />
gacdena quCebSi Sromis gamo.<br />
erT-erTi problema bavSvebis mimarT gamovlenili Zaladobaa.<br />
quCaSi Zaladoba, safrTxe <strong>da</strong> emociuri Seuracxyofa is problemebia,<br />
romlebic bavSvebs Zalian did ganc<strong>da</strong>s uqmnis <strong>da</strong> rac maT<br />
reabilitacisa <strong>da</strong> swavlebaze uaryofiTad moqmedebs. centrebSi<br />
<strong>da</strong>fiqsir<strong>da</strong> patara bavSvebis cema ufro mozrdili <strong>da</strong> didi bavSvebis<br />
mier. Zaladobis sxva forma, rasac bavSvebi awydebodnen, iyo fizikuri<br />
<strong>da</strong>sja ufrosebis mier, xan<strong>da</strong>xan xmamaRali saubari <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>yvireba<br />
maswavleblebis <strong>da</strong> centris sxva personalis mxri<strong>da</strong>n.<br />
aseve fiqsirdeba bavSvebis Seuracxyofebi (fsiqologiuri<br />
Zaladoba) sxva bavSvebis mxri<strong>da</strong>n, romelic mtkivneulad aRiqmeba<br />
bavSvis mier <strong>da</strong> iwvevs mis negatiur ganwyobilebas, romelic<br />
realurad xels uSlis ganviTarebasa <strong>da</strong> urTierTobebSi. skolebSi<br />
erT-erTi vizitisas moswavle (centris bavSvi) direqtoris kabinetSi<br />
SeiWra <strong>da</strong> ganacxa<strong>da</strong>: `maswavlebelo, giorgim (es namdvili saxeli ar<br />
aris) Seuracxyofa momayena. man miTxra, rom de<strong>da</strong>Cemi mruSia <strong>da</strong><br />
mamaCemi usaqmuri loTia...~.<br />
am faqtis gamovlenis Semdeg kvlevis farglebSi mox<strong>da</strong> skolis<br />
pe<strong>da</strong>gogebTan <strong>da</strong> administraciasTan saubara, sa<strong>da</strong>c maT kidev erTxel<br />
miewo<strong>da</strong>T informacia im meTodebis Sesaxeb, romlebic prevencias<br />
gaukeTebs msgavs konfliqtur situaciebs <strong>da</strong> saswavlo garemos ufro<br />
bavSvze orientirebuls gaxdis. magaliTad, maswavlebelma un<strong>da</strong>
icodes, Tu rogor miawodos moswavleebs informacia centris axali<br />
bavSvis Sesaxeb ise, rom gamoiricxos am bavSvis <strong>da</strong>cinva <strong>da</strong> masxrad<br />
agdeba Tanaklaselebis mier.<br />
bavSvebis mier gamoTqmuli Seuracxyofebi umetesad bilwia. es<br />
qceva, rogorc pe<strong>da</strong>gogebi acxadeben, xSiria. aq aris riski, rom<br />
bavSvebma SesaZloa Zaladobrivi <strong>da</strong> Seuferebeli socialuri qceva<br />
gaiTavison <strong>da</strong> cxovrebis wesad gaixadon.<br />
T) kvlevis Sedegad gamovlenili pe<strong>da</strong>gogTa problemebi<br />
pe<strong>da</strong>gogTa gamarTulma diskusiebma <strong>da</strong> interviuebma gamoavlina is<br />
problemebi, romlebsac isini awydebodnen muSaobis procesSi:<br />
� gaormagebuli Sroma, rac gamowveulia Sesabamisi wignebisa <strong>da</strong><br />
saswavlo masalebis naklebobis gamo _ pe<strong>da</strong>gogebi iZulebulebi<br />
arian didi raodenobiT wignebs ga<strong>da</strong>xedon <strong>da</strong> moiZion saswavlo<br />
masala.<br />
� profesiuli <strong>da</strong>ukmayofileblobis ganc<strong>da</strong>, romelsac iwvevs<br />
gaweuli Sromis araadekvaturad <strong>da</strong>bali Sedegi. problemas qmnis<br />
bavSvebis udisciplinoba <strong>da</strong> swavlis <strong>da</strong>bali motivacia, romelsac<br />
Cveulebriv sizarmacesTan erTad ganapirobebs aRqmis <strong>da</strong>bali<br />
donec. maswavleblebi ukmayofiloebi iyvnen, rom quCis bavSvebTan<br />
<strong>da</strong>xarjuli Sromis Sedegi bevrad naklebi iyo, vidre Cveulebrivi<br />
skolis bavSvebTan hqon<strong>da</strong>T.<br />
� pe<strong>da</strong>gog/maswavleblebis moumzadebloba quCis bavSvebTan<br />
urTierTobis dros maTi gansxvavebuli asakis, unarebisa <strong>da</strong> zne-<br />
Cvevebis gamo. specialuri momzadebis gareSe maswavleblebs<br />
uWirT. saganmanaTleblo-sareabilitacio centrebis bavSvebis<br />
swavleba zemoTmoyvanili problemebis mizeziT, ris gamoc<br />
zogierTi axlad <strong>da</strong>qiravebuli maswavlebeli centrs male<br />
tovebs.<br />
� <strong>da</strong>bali anazRaureba, romelic, pe<strong>da</strong>gog/maswavlebelTa azriT,<br />
gaweuli mZime Sromis araadekvaturia.
pe<strong>da</strong>gog/maswavlebelTa winaSe gamovlenili problemebi<br />
metyvelebs, Tu ramdenad mniSvnelovania maswavleblis maRali mzaoba,<br />
unarebi <strong>da</strong> gamocdileba rTul bavSvebTan muSaobis procesSi.<br />
kvlevam gvaCvena, rom arsebobs deficiti profesionali socialuri<br />
pe<strong>da</strong>gogebisa, romlTac eqnebo<strong>da</strong>T Teoriuli momzadeba <strong>da</strong> safuZvlebi<br />
socialurad <strong>da</strong>ucvel jgufebTan (maT Soris quCis bavSvebTan)<br />
muSaobisa.<br />
am xarvezis aRmofxvras emsaxurebo<strong>da</strong> is trening-kursebi <strong>da</strong><br />
seminarebi, romlebic centris maswavleblebisTvis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva<br />
organizaciebis (maT Soris UNICEF- is) mier aris organizebuli 2006 -<br />
2008 wleSi:<br />
� reproduqcia <strong>da</strong> bavSvTa jan<strong>da</strong>cva, organizebuli karitas<br />
georgias mier;<br />
� saganmanaTleblo masalebis ganviTareba, organizebuli UNICEF-<br />
is mier;<br />
� bavSvTa uflebebi <strong>da</strong> ganaTleba, organizebuli UNICEF- is<br />
bavSvis uflebebis forumis mier;<br />
� mozardi gogonebis problemebi, organizebuli Claritas 21-es mier;<br />
� janmrTeloba <strong>da</strong> sanitaruli higiena, organizebuli jan<strong>da</strong>cvis<br />
<strong>da</strong>xelovnebis institutis mier;<br />
� a<strong>da</strong>mianTa uflebebis <strong>da</strong>cvis mdgomareoba - organizebuli<br />
ombudsmenis bavSvTa uflebebis centris mier;<br />
� sakiTxavi bavSvebisaTvis, organizebuli ga<strong>da</strong>varCinoT bavSvebi,<br />
amerika-s mier.<br />
kvlevaSi monawile yvela pe<strong>da</strong>gog/maswavlebelma, gar<strong>da</strong> erTisa<br />
(moxalise), gaiara ga<strong>da</strong>mzadebis programa <strong>da</strong> treningi maswavlebelTa<br />
<strong>da</strong>xelovnebis institutis <strong>da</strong>xmarebiT. adgilze ga<strong>da</strong>mzadeba ufro<br />
Sesaferisi aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>, radgan maswavlebelebi quCis bavSvebTan muSaobis<br />
uSualo gamocdilebas ukve flobdnen. kvlevis <strong>da</strong>kvirvebiT,
maswavleblebi <strong>da</strong> centris sxva personali did upiratesobas aniWebnen<br />
adgilze ga<strong>da</strong>mzadebas (rodesac gamocdili specialisti akvirdeba <strong>da</strong><br />
amaragebs rCevebiT sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva araordinaluri xasiaTis viTarebis<br />
Sesaxeb.<br />
maswavleblebis azriT, ga<strong>da</strong>mzadeba, rac maT gaiares, ar aris<br />
sakmarisi quCis bavSvebTan urTierTobisaTvis; sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva kursi<br />
(interaqtiuli swavleba, samoqalaqo ganaTlebasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli<br />
sxva treiningebi) Seqmnilia regularul skolebSi swavlebisaTvis.<br />
zogierTi sfero, sa<strong>da</strong>c maswavleblebma gamoxates ufro meti<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>mzadebis saWiroeba, moicav<strong>da</strong> bavSvTa pe<strong>da</strong>gogikas gansakuTrebiT<br />
rTul viTarebaSi, mravalmxriv saswavlo meTodebs <strong>da</strong> bavSvis<br />
fsiqologias (im bavSvebTan mimarTebaSi, romlebic quCaSi cxovroben).<br />
kvleva gvaZlevs safuZvels vTqvaT, rom, rasac skolebi<br />
gvTavazobs, araa mza masala imisaTvis, rom quCis bavSvTa problemebi<br />
pir<strong>da</strong>pir mogvardes. is, rac sWirdebaT maswavleblebs, aris a<strong>da</strong>ptacia<br />
<strong>da</strong> inovacia <strong>da</strong> maTi <strong>da</strong>matebiTi ga<strong>da</strong>mzadeba am mizans un<strong>da</strong><br />
emsaxurebodes.<br />
mniSvnelovnad migvaCnia, rom moxdes am<strong>da</strong>gvari saganmanaTleblo-<br />
sareabilitacio centrebis mWidro TanamSromloba umaRlesi<br />
saswavleblelebis ganaTlebis, sociologiisa <strong>da</strong> fsiqologiis<br />
fakultetebTan, raTa moxdes <strong>da</strong>mamTavrebeli kursis studentebis<br />
CarTva centrebis muSaobaSi profesiuli gamocdilebis miRebis mizniT.<br />
asakobrivi gansxvavebis simcire studentebsa <strong>da</strong> beneficiarebs<br />
Soris Seqmnis uSualobisa <strong>da</strong> ndobis atmosferos. aseTi<br />
TanamSromloba urTierTsasargebloa orive mxarisaTvis. bavSvebi <strong>da</strong><br />
mozardebi ufro gaxsnilebi arian TavianT problemebze saubris dros,<br />
radgan miaCniaT, rom axalgzr<strong>da</strong> praqtikosebi ufro gaugeben, vidre<br />
ufrosi asakis pe<strong>da</strong>gogebi.<br />
Tavis mxriv, studentebs eZlevaT Teoriul codnis praqtikuli<br />
gamoyenebis saSualeba. studentebi aRmoCndebian iseT viTarebaSi,<br />
romelic moiTxovs maTi Teoriuli codnis safuZvelze praqtikuli <strong>da</strong>
zogjer araordinaluri ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebebis miRebas. Tumca<br />
TanamSromlobis aseT formas ar un<strong>da</strong> qhondes spontanuri <strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong>ugegmavi xasiaTi.<br />
mizanSewoniliaUumaRlesi saswavleblebi, romlebic amzadeben<br />
pe<strong>da</strong>gogebs, socialur muSakebs, fsiqologebs <strong>da</strong> ganaTlebis <strong>da</strong>rgTan<br />
miaxlovebul specialistebs, <strong>da</strong>ukavSirdnen saganmanaTleblo-<br />
sareabilitacio centrebs <strong>da</strong> maTTan TanamSromlobiT Seadginon<br />
studentTa praqtikuli saqmoanobis (staJirebis) detalurad gaTvlili<br />
sakiTxebi <strong>da</strong> programebi (vadebi, studentTa raodenoba <strong>da</strong> ganawilebis<br />
gegmebi, angarSgebis forma). am procesSi yuradReba, sasurvelia,<br />
<strong>da</strong>eTmos praqtikos studentTa waxalisebis sistemis Seqmnas, rac<br />
SeiZleba gamoixatebodes warCinebulTaTvis sigelebis ga<strong>da</strong>cemaSi <strong>da</strong><br />
rekomen<strong>da</strong>ciis micemaSi Semdgomi <strong>da</strong>saqmebis <strong>da</strong>saxmareblad.<br />
§6 profesiuli swavlebis programa<br />
bavSvis ganviTarebis rac ufro adreul asakSi xdeba intervencia,<br />
miT ufrom advilad misaRwevi xdeba mTavari mizani: <strong>cxovrebiseuli</strong><br />
unar-Cvevebis ganviTareba <strong>da</strong> skolisaTvis mzaoba. bevrad rTuldeba<br />
miznis miRweva, roca bavSvis ganaTleba di<strong>da</strong>d CamorCeba mis asaks.<br />
praqtikulad SeuZlebelia aseTi mozardis momzadeba skolaSi<br />
srulyofili integraciisaTvis. aseT SemTxvevaSi wina planze<br />
gadmodis maTi profesiuli mozadebi sakiTxi.<br />
mocemulma kvlevam gamokveTa Seusabamoba bavSvisaTvis<br />
ganaTlebis xelmisawvdomobis uflebasa <strong>da</strong> zogadi ganaTlebis Sesaxeb<br />
saqarTvelos kanons Soris. sareabilitacio centrebSi Cven mier<br />
gamokiTxul bavSvTa 50% 14-i<strong>da</strong>n 18 wlamdea. maT Soris mxolod 15%-s<br />
aqvs savaldebuli zogadi ganaTlebis atestati. Sesabamisad bavSvTa<br />
35%-s ara aqvs atestati <strong>da</strong> moklebulia SesaZleblobas miiRos<br />
profesiul-teqnikuri ganaTleba. SemTxveva gvaqvs bavSvis uflebebis<br />
(muxlebi * 28, 29, 30, 31, 32) <strong>da</strong>rRvevasTan, rodesac kanoni <strong>da</strong> sistema
ver uzrunvelyofs verc zogadi (savaldebulo) <strong>da</strong> verc profesiuli<br />
ganaTlebis <strong>da</strong> unar-Cvevebis ganviTarebis xelmisawvdomobas <strong>da</strong>ucveli<br />
jgufebisaTvis, am SemTxvevaSi bavSvebisaTvis, romlebic cxovroben <strong>da</strong><br />
muSaoben quCebSi (6).<br />
ufro meti TvalsaCinoebisaTvis vityviT, rom kvlevis farglebSi<br />
SevecadeT profesiuli ganaTlebis skolebSi Cagvericxa ramdenime<br />
mozardi, romlebmac kvlevis mimdinareobis dros gamoavlines<br />
gansakuTrebuli unarebi xatvasa <strong>da</strong> sadurglo programebSi.<br />
miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad mkvlevaris mravalgzis mcdelobisa, saqarTvelos<br />
ganaTlebis <strong>da</strong> mecnierebis saministrom ver <strong>da</strong>uSva precedenti am<br />
mozardebis Caricxvisa profesiul saswavleblebSi, radgan kanoni<br />
zogadi ganaTlebis Sesaxeb aseT SemTxvevebs ar iTvaliswinebs <strong>da</strong><br />
Sesabamisad, gamonaklisebs ar uSvebs.<br />
kvleviT miCneulia, rom profesiuli unar-Cvevebis <strong>formireba</strong><br />
iwyeba skolisaTvis mzaobis etapze <strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>mwyvet fazaSi Sedis<br />
sabaziso ganaTlebis periodSi. erTi wlis manZilze ramdenime unar-<br />
Cvevis ganviTareba xerxdeba. es periodi, amave dros, mozardebisTvis<br />
samuSao samyaros gacnobasac emsaxureba. maT uviTardebaT Sromisadmi<br />
<strong>da</strong>fasebis grZnoba <strong>da</strong> iqmneba pirobebi imisaTvis, rom gaigon<br />
niSandoblivi kavSiri Sromasa <strong>da</strong> karg cxovrebas Soris.<br />
kvlevis elementaruli unar-Cvevebis programis ganxilvisas l.<br />
aptekeris (161) mier <strong>da</strong>smuli fun<strong>da</strong>menturi SekiTxva un<strong>da</strong> iqnas<br />
gaTvaliswinebuli: `ramdenad Seesabameba es unar-Cvevebi im pirobebs,<br />
rac realur samuSao adgilebzea <strong>da</strong> ramdenad SeuZliaT individebs<br />
aqtiurad gamoiyenon is unarebi, romlebic aiTvises ekonomiurad<br />
produqtiuli gzebiT?~.<br />
l. aptekeri amatebs, rom araformaluri ganaTlebis profesiuli<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>mzadebis kursebis warmateba niSnavs, rom didi masStabiT<br />
Sesaferisi programebi sabazro moTxovnebis Tanmxvedri iyos.<br />
warmatebul programebad SeiZleba Tanmimdevrulad miCneuli iqnas<br />
iseTebi, romlebic Sinaganad efeqturia, e.i. aTvisebuli unarebis<br />
gamoiyenebiT SesaZlebeli gaxdes Tavis Senaxva.
araformaluri unar-Cvevebis ga<strong>da</strong>mzadebis programa exmareba<br />
axalgazrdebs rogorc quCebi<strong>da</strong>n, ise Raribi, <strong>da</strong>ucveli ojaxebi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong><br />
gareubnebi<strong>da</strong>n. am kvlevis ganmavlobaSi programam 227 moswavle<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>amza<strong>da</strong>. es gansakuTrebuli programa SeiZleba miCneuli iqnas,<br />
rogorc gar<strong>da</strong>mavali etapi <strong>da</strong>saqmebisa <strong>da</strong> mozardTa ekonomikuri<br />
aqtivobas Soris.<br />
unar-Cvevebis <strong>da</strong>uflebisa <strong>da</strong> xelobis ganviTarebis Semdeg<br />
axalgazrdebs amxneveben <strong>da</strong> exmarebian, airCion araformaluri<br />
seqtori<strong>da</strong>n ostati, visTanac imuSaveben erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi, raTa<br />
meti gamocdileba <strong>da</strong> praqtika SeiZinon. Kkvlevam SeimuSava ara marto<br />
kriteriumebi `maspinZeli~ ostatebis SesarCevad, ise procedurebi am<br />
adgilebSi samuSao pirobebis periodulad ga<strong>da</strong>mowmebisaTvis.<br />
centrebis muSaobis proeqtiT mozardebis mcire jgufebi<br />
euflebodnen xelobas TavianTi interesebisa <strong>da</strong> SesaZleblobebis<br />
mixedviT. zogi unar-Cvevis (kerva, qargva, kompiuteri, xeze muSaoba)<br />
ganviTarebis xelSewyoba xdebo<strong>da</strong> mozardTa sareabilitacio<br />
centrebSi. rac Seexeba samSeneblo, avtoSemkeTeblis,<br />
<strong>da</strong>laqi/stilistis unarebs ganviTareba xdebo<strong>da</strong> saswavlo-<strong>da</strong>saqmebic<br />
centrebSi 5 . maTi praqtikis Semdeg bevri axalgazr<strong>da</strong> abarebs xelobis<br />
testebs, ris Semdegac isini mzad arian <strong>da</strong>saqmebisTvis.<br />
aRsaniSnavia, rom problemuri sakiTxi iyo xelobis<br />
maswavlebelTa <strong>da</strong>Tanxmeba TanamSromlobisaTvis. isini sifrTxiliT<br />
ekidebodnen im wina<strong>da</strong>debas, rom ekisraT yofili quCis bavSvebis<br />
swavleba. am SemTxvevaSi Tavi iCina quCis bavSvebis mimarT<br />
sazogadoebaSi <strong>da</strong>mkvidrebulma uaryofiTma stereotipma. meore mxriv,<br />
arc SeTavazebuli xelfasi miaCn<strong>da</strong>T sakmarisad. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad aseTi<br />
sirTuleebisa, mainc Seikriba profesiis (xelobis) maswavlebelTa<br />
jgufi, romlebic ara marto swavlebis procesSi CaerTvnen, aramed am<br />
bavSvze <strong>da</strong>debiTi fsiqologiuri zemoqmedebac iqonies.<br />
5 kvlevis farglebSi saswavlo-<strong>da</strong>saqmebis centri (sdc) aris is obieqti ( mSenebloba,<br />
avtoSemkeTebeli saxelosno, silamazis saloni <strong>da</strong> a.S.), sa<strong>da</strong>c mimdinareob<strong>da</strong><br />
mozardTa profesiuli swavleba <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>saqmeba.
kiTxvarebis analizma aCvena, rom absoluturad yvela<br />
maswavlebeli aRniSnav<strong>da</strong> TavianTi moswavleebis fsiqo-socialuri<br />
iersaxis aSkara cvlilebas swavlebis procesis Tanmimdevrulad.<br />
mozardebi xelobasTan erTad iTvisebdnen cxovrebiseul unar-Cvevebs,<br />
e.i. swavlobdnen TviT cxovrebas Tavisi yoveldRiuri marcxiTa <strong>da</strong><br />
warmatebebiT.<br />
am procesSi mniSvnelovani iyi mozardebSi iseTi socialuri<br />
unar-Cvevebis ganviTareba, rogoricaa pasuxismgebloba swavlis <strong>da</strong><br />
Sromis reJimisadmi, sruli <strong>da</strong>tvirTviT muSaoba samecadino/samuSoa<br />
saaTebSi, yuradRebis mobilizacia <strong>da</strong> mosmena, mowodebuli<br />
informaciis gaanalizeba, maswavleblis miTiTebebisa <strong>da</strong> rCevebis<br />
zusti Sesruleba an mcdeloba zusti Sesrulebisa, Sedegis analizi,<br />
rogor pe<strong>da</strong>gogTan, aseve TanatolebTan erTan, Segueba im faqtTan, rom<br />
<strong>da</strong>xarjulma Sromam SeiZleba yovelTvis ar moitanos sasurveli<br />
Sedegi, amis Semdeg procesis ganmeorebiTi mcdeloba <strong>da</strong> amiT<br />
nebisyofis gamomuSaveba, gansxvavebuli azris mosmenis unaris<br />
ganviTareba, sakuTari poziciisa <strong>da</strong> azris <strong>da</strong>cva mSvidobiani gziT<br />
sxvebTan diskusiis reJimSi.<br />
xelobis maswavleblebTan SeTanxmebis mixedviT, biWebis erTi<br />
jgufi <strong>da</strong>dio<strong>da</strong> avtosaxelosnoSi <strong>da</strong> swavlob<strong>da</strong> avtomobilebis<br />
SekeTebas, meore jgufi mSeneblobaze muSaob<strong>da</strong>. gogonebmi <strong>da</strong>diodnen<br />
silamazis salonSi <strong>da</strong> swavlobdnen <strong>da</strong>laqis (stilistis) profesias.<br />
nayofieri aRmoCn<strong>da</strong> saiuveliro ostatebTan <strong>da</strong> kervis<br />
maswavleblebTan TanamSromloba. bavSvebis erTi jgufi interesiT<br />
swavlob<strong>da</strong> binebis saremonto saqmeebs (Rebva, lesva, kafelis gakvra<br />
<strong>da</strong> a.S.).<br />
mosamzadebeli samuSaoebis Catareba xdebo<strong>da</strong> socialur muSakTa<br />
mier SerCeul saswavlo-<strong>da</strong>saqmebis centrebSi. aq personals<br />
utardebo<strong>da</strong> araformaluri kursi, romelic exeba mozardTa<br />
miznobrivi jgufis specifikur maxasiaTeblebs, rogoricaa maTi<br />
SezRuduli unar-Cvevebi <strong>da</strong> amis gamomwvevi faqtorebi. aseTi saubrebi<br />
savaldebuloa, rameTu aseTi midgoma umravles SemTxvevaSi ayalibebs
<strong>da</strong>ucvelTa mimarT soli<strong>da</strong>robis grZnobis ganc<strong>da</strong>s <strong>da</strong><br />
TanamSromlobisaTvis mzaobas.<br />
Tumca iyo calkeuli SemTxvevebi, roca ver moxerx<strong>da</strong> ostatisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> bavSvis urTierToba. aseT dros Tavi iCina, erTi mxriv, bavSvebis<br />
mxri<strong>da</strong>n gamovlenilma udisciplinobam, rac aRzrdis deficits<br />
ukavSirdeba, meore mxriv ki, ostatis moumzadeblobam. xelobis<br />
maswavleblebi ar iyvnen profesionali pe<strong>da</strong>gogebi <strong>da</strong> uWir<strong>da</strong>T rig<br />
SemTxvevebSi aseTi rTuli qcevis mozardebTan swori midgomis<br />
gamonaxva.<br />
imisaTvis, rom mozardebis CarTva samSeneblo Tu sxva profesiis<br />
swavlebaSi ar yofiliyo maTi janmrTelobisa <strong>da</strong> ganviTarebisaTvis<br />
saziano <strong>da</strong> yofiliyo harmoniaSi saqarTvelos Sromisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>saqmebis<br />
kaninmdeblobasTan, eqimebTan, pe<strong>da</strong>gogebTan <strong>da</strong> fsiqologebTan<br />
konsultaciiT SeirCa profesiuli aqtivobebis Sesabamisad ioli<br />
formebi (magaliTad mSeneblobis kuTxiT, <strong>da</strong>kvirveba, azomvebi,<br />
kalatozobis elementebis <strong>da</strong>ufleba) <strong>da</strong> praqtikuli mecadineobis<br />
Semoklebuli samuSao dRe.<br />
_ avtoSemkeTebeli<br />
sareabilitacio centris ramdenime biWma avtomobilebis<br />
SemkeTeblebTan <strong>da</strong>iwyes muSaoba Segir<strong>da</strong>d. es profesia maT TviTonve<br />
airCies, radgan, jer erTi, moswon<strong>da</strong>T avtomanqanebTan urTierToba,<br />
Tanac perspeqtiulad miaCn<strong>da</strong>T. swavlebis procesSi mozardebi<br />
metnaklebi aqtiurobiT gamoirCeodnen. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad Sromisadmi<br />
<strong>da</strong>mokidebulebis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva xarisxisa, pe<strong>da</strong>gogTa <strong>da</strong>kvirvebiT,<br />
mozardebma aiTvises avtomobilebis SemkeTeblis xeloba, ramac maT<br />
<strong>da</strong>moukideblad arsebobis realuri safuZveli Seuqmna.<br />
pe<strong>da</strong>gogTa <strong>da</strong>kvirvebiT, swavlebis procesSi icvlebo<strong>da</strong> bavSvTa<br />
fsiqo-socialuri iersaxe. isini swavlobdnen ara marto teqnikur<br />
saqmes, aramed _ a<strong>da</strong>mianebTan saqmian urTierTobebsac. bavSvebs<br />
muSaobis paralelurad ganumtkic<strong>da</strong>T sakuTari Sromis pativiscema,<br />
rac TavisTavad iwvevs sxvisi Sromis pativiscemasac, es ki kritikul
situaciaSi quCis bavSvis asocialuri qcevis erTgvari muxruWi<br />
SeiZleba gaxdes.<br />
_ saremonto samuSaoebi<br />
saremonto samuSaoebis profesiebis <strong>da</strong>uflebis survili biWebis<br />
erTma jgufma gamoTqva. es interesi, rogorc Cans, ukavSirdeba<br />
Tbilissa <strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos sxva qalaqebSi <strong>da</strong>wyebul mSeneblobis bums.<br />
biWebi saubarSi aRniSnavdnen, rom Senebis dros mravalnairi xelobis<br />
codna aris saWiro <strong>da</strong>, rom aseTi profesiebi yovelTvis iqneba<br />
moTxovnadi. biWebi, amave dros, miuTiTebdnen, rom, roca amis dro<br />
movido<strong>da</strong>, isini TviTonve SeZlebdnen sakuTari saxlis garemontebas.<br />
aseT midgomaSi Cans mozardebis optimizmi, radgan am profesiis<br />
arCeviT ara marto Tavis sarCen saSualebas iZendnen, aramed ukeTes<br />
cxovrebas gegmavdnen.<br />
_ kompiuteri moxmareba<br />
kompiuteris swavlebis kursebi bavSvebma gaiares centrebSi.<br />
isini ar euflebodnen informatikis sawyisebs. swavleba moicav<strong>da</strong><br />
mxolod samomxmareblo dones (Windows, Internet, Word, Excel). bavSvebis<br />
aqtiuroba swavlebis procesSi SesamCnevi iyo. sxva sagnebTan<br />
Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT, romelTa Seswavlisadmi aSkarad <strong>da</strong>bali motivacia<br />
aRiniSnebo<strong>da</strong>, kompiuteriT <strong>da</strong>interesebam molodins ga<strong>da</strong>aWarba.<br />
bavSvebisadmi es iyo axali samyaro, romlis aRmoCenam maT interesi<br />
gauRviva zoga<strong>da</strong>d ganaTlebisadmi. maT Tavi igrZnes Tanamedrove<br />
samyaros nawilad, im samyarosi, romelic, maTive warmodgeniT, maTTvis<br />
miuwvdomeli iyo.<br />
kompiuterTan muSaobis procesSi bavSvebis leqsika Seivso<br />
Sesabamisi terminebiT. internetis Seswavlam maTTvis mravalgvari<br />
informacia xelmisawvdomi gaxa<strong>da</strong>. amave dros warmoqmna ucxo enebis<br />
Seswavlis aucileblobis azric.<br />
aRsaniSnavia, rom bavSvebis erTi nawili mxolod kompiuteruli<br />
TamaSebis aTvisebiT <strong>da</strong>kmayofil<strong>da</strong>, umravlesobam ki advilad auRo
alRo siaxles <strong>da</strong> swavlebis procesSi TviTonve <strong>da</strong>moukideblad<br />
gaiRrmava codna.<br />
kompiuteriT sargeblobis unar-Cvevebis <strong>da</strong>uflebam mozardebSi<br />
gazar<strong>da</strong> sakuTari Tavisadmi rwmena. pe<strong>da</strong>gogTa <strong>da</strong>kvirvebiT, isini<br />
gaxdnen ufro metad Tav<strong>da</strong>jerebulebi. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom<br />
kompiuteris samomxmareblo doneze swavla maT am etapze Tavis rCenis<br />
saSualebas ar aZlev<strong>da</strong> (rogorc, magaliTad, durgloba an<br />
avtomanqanebis SemkeTeblis profesia), magram quCis bavSvebisaTvis,<br />
romlebsac cxovrebiseulma gamocdilebam kargad aswavla Tavis rCenis<br />
gzebi, TviT es faqti iyo mimzidveli.<br />
_ <strong>da</strong>laqoba (stilistoba)<br />
<strong>da</strong>laqis (stilistis) profesia ufro gogonebisTvis aRmoCn<strong>da</strong><br />
misaRebi. ramdenime gogona, romlebic silamazis salonSi euflebo<strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong>laqis (stilistis) xelobas, ambob<strong>da</strong>, rom es profesia maT Tavis<br />
rCenis saSualebas miscem<strong>da</strong>. raki a<strong>da</strong>mianebs mudmivad esaWiroebaT<br />
Tmebisa <strong>da</strong> pirisaxis mowesrigeba, es saqmianoba mudmivad moTxovnadia.<br />
mozardebis mier gamotanili <strong>da</strong>skvnebi efuZneba cxovrebiseul<br />
gamocdilebas, romelmac aswavla praqtikuli TvalsazrisiT <strong>da</strong>egegmaT<br />
sakuTari momavali.<br />
aRsaniSnavia, rom gar<strong>da</strong> praqtikuli saWiroebisa, es profesia<br />
gogonebs sxva mosazrebiTac izi<strong>da</strong>v<strong>da</strong>. maTi TqmiT, varcxnilobis<br />
gakeTeba SemoqmedebiTi procesia. igi ostatobasTan erTad<br />
gemovnebasac moiTxovs, romlis gareSec profesionali ver gaxdebi.<br />
amave dros, gogonebs moswonT silamazis salonis garemo, romelic<br />
garkveulad ojaxur mikroklimats qmnis.<br />
xelobis maswavleblebi aRniSnavdnen, rom gogonebs stilistis<br />
xelobis elementaruli unar-Cvevebis Seswavla ar uWirT. maT esmiT<br />
swavlebis procesis aucilebloba <strong>da</strong> gulmodgined cdilobdnen<br />
calkeuli detalebis <strong>da</strong>uflebas. ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, swavlebisaTvis<br />
gamoyofili periodi sakmarisi ar iyo profesiuli srulyofis<br />
misaRwevad, magram man garkveuli zegavlena mainc moaxdina gogonebze.
maT gauCn<strong>da</strong>T momavlis imedi <strong>da</strong> interesi, rom kidev ufro <strong>da</strong>exvewaT<br />
axlad SeZenili unar-Cvevebi.<br />
18 wlis asakamde 12 gogonas <strong>da</strong>saqmeba moxerx<strong>da</strong> 12 stilistur<br />
salonSi, romlebic TanamSromlobaze <strong>da</strong>Tanxmdnen. uSualod<br />
profesiis aTvisebis paralelurad gogonebi asrulebdnen sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva<br />
msubuq samuSaos anazRaurebiT, rac maT swavlisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>saqmebis<br />
motivacias amyareb<strong>da</strong>. es gamoCn<strong>da</strong> Tavi<strong>da</strong>nve, rogorc ki gogonebma<br />
didi sixaruliT Seityves socialuri muSakebisgan <strong>da</strong> pe<strong>da</strong>gogebisagan<br />
maTi profesiuli swavleba/<strong>da</strong>saqmebis perspeqtivis Sesaxe. isini ar<br />
agvianebdnen <strong>da</strong> srulad eswrebodnen swavlebas salonebSi,<br />
brundebodnen sareabilitacio centrebSi gaxarebulebi <strong>da</strong> siamayiT<br />
uyvebodnen Tanatolebs <strong>da</strong> pe<strong>da</strong>gogebs yoveldRiuri siaxleebis<br />
Sesaxeb. gogonebma siamovnebiT gaiares mecadieneobis sruli kursi.<br />
kvlevis periodSi xdebo<strong>da</strong> mWidro informaciuli gacvla<br />
mkvlevarsa <strong>da</strong> salonis TanamSromlebs Soris, romlebic, ra<br />
moulodnelic ar un<strong>da</strong> iyos, kmayofilebas gamoTqvamdnen gogonebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>swrebis, aqtiuri CarTulobisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>valebuli amocanebis xarisxiani<br />
Sesrulebis gamo. Tumca, rogorc biWebis SemTxvevaSi, gogonebTan<br />
<strong>da</strong>kavSirebiTac iyo ramdenime konfliqturi situacia (mag. ostatis<br />
mier micemuli informaciis <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>valebis ver gageba, romelsac<br />
gogonas mier mohyva Sinagani <strong>da</strong>Zabuloba <strong>da</strong> agresia; aseT SemTxvevaSi<br />
micemul SeniSvnas gogona ar iRebs, radgan hgonia, rom Cagraven).<br />
mniSvnelovani <strong>da</strong> efeqturi iyo pe<strong>da</strong>gogebisa <strong>da</strong> socialuri<br />
muSakebis swrafi reagireba, rac gamoixatebo<strong>da</strong> ara marto gogonebTan,<br />
aramed, aseve salonis ostatebTan muSaobaSi, rodesac maT<br />
ganemartebo<strong>da</strong>T is fsiqo-socialuri dilemebi <strong>da</strong> faqtorebi, romelTa<br />
gaTvaliswineba aucilebeli iyo am kategoriis mozardebTan<br />
urTierTobis <strong>da</strong> muSaobis procesSi. aRsaniSnavia, rom gogonebTan<br />
<strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli konfliqturi SemTxvevebi biWebTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT<br />
sagrZnoblad cota, Tumca ara naklebi sirTulis iyo.<br />
maswavleblebTan diskusiebSi gamovlin<strong>da</strong>, rom yofili<br />
Segirdebi, romlebmac ukve Tavi <strong>da</strong>imkvidres Tavi xelobis samyaroSi,<br />
ostatebze ukeTesebi iyvnen. maswavleblebma gamoTqves azri, rom
yofili Segirdebi kargad ugeben TavianT kolegebs <strong>da</strong> exmarebian maT<br />
<strong>da</strong>debiTi <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebisa <strong>da</strong> Rirebulebebis <strong>formireba</strong>Si, aseve<br />
samuSaos <strong>da</strong>fasebaSi.<br />
centri gegmiurad awyobs profesiul treiningebs ara marto<br />
moswavleebis, aramed maTi dedebisaTvisac. 2007-2008 wlebSi, 92<br />
moswavle <strong>da</strong> 10 stresis qveS myofi de<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>eswro profesiul trenings.<br />
20 moswavle <strong>da</strong>eswro trenings eleqtroobaSi, 37 - WraSi, xolo<br />
<strong>da</strong>narCeni 35 - kervasa <strong>da</strong> qargvaSi. gar<strong>da</strong> amisa, 10-ma de<strong>da</strong>m gaiara<br />
treningi WraSi. trening-kursebi ufasoa. moswavleebs saWiro<br />
masalebiT amarageben. treningis periodSi <strong>da</strong>mzadebuli produqcia<br />
saqvelmoqmedo-sagamofeno aqciebze iyideba <strong>da</strong> gayidvis Semdeg<br />
miRebuli Tanxa Semdegi treningis gasamarTavad ixarjeba. K<br />
“bavSvi <strong>da</strong> garemo” donorebTan erTad weliwadSi erTxel<br />
organizebas ukeTebs gamofenas centralur ofisSi am produqciis<br />
marketingis xelSewyobis mizniT. mSoblebi Zalian <strong>da</strong>interesebulni<br />
arian profesiuli treningis programiT fulis Sovnis potencialis<br />
gamo.<br />
savaraudod, axalgazrdebi gavlenas moaxdenen TavianT<br />
Tanatolebze; pirvel rigSi, rogorc magaliTi, meorec, _ rogorc am<br />
programebSi mozidvis saSualeba <strong>da</strong> mesame - problemebis jgufuri<br />
analizis nimuSi.<br />
rekomen<strong>da</strong>cia:<br />
1) kargi iqnebo<strong>da</strong> erTi-erT maRaziasTan kontraqtis gaformeba,<br />
romelic imuSaveb<strong>da</strong> produqciis gamofenasa <strong>da</strong> marketingze.<br />
2) bevrad ufro efeqturi <strong>da</strong> sistemas morgebuli iqneba, Tu ki<br />
moxdeba bavSvebis gegmiuri CarTuloba ganaTlebisa <strong>da</strong> mecnierebis<br />
saministrosTan akreditirebuli profesiuli ganviTarebis centrebSi.<br />
3) mizanSewonili iqneba, Tuki sakredito saSualebebs<br />
SevTavazebT axalgazrdebs, romlebsac sakuTari biznesis <strong>da</strong>arseba<br />
surT. Ees saSualebas miscems maT erTad Seikribon, xelsawyoebi<br />
iyidon <strong>da</strong> samuSao adgilisaTvis qira ga<strong>da</strong>ixadon. axalgazrdebma
sesxis <strong>da</strong>farva un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>iwyon, rogorc ki saqmes aawyoben. Tumca<br />
arsebobs riskis faqtorebi, rom axalgazrdebis umetesobam sabrunavi<br />
fondis <strong>da</strong>arsebis pirveladi mizani ver Sesrulos <strong>da</strong> sakredito<br />
programa amis Semdeg aRar gagrZeldes.<br />
praqtikis programa ormxriv mizans moemsaxureba: igi imuSavebs,<br />
rogorc teqnikuri codnis ga<strong>da</strong>cemis mogvarebis gza <strong>da</strong> rogorc<br />
Sromisadmi <strong>da</strong>debiTi <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebis ganviTarebis saSualeba<br />
axalgazrdebSi, romlebic amis naklebobas ganicdian.<br />
kvlevis Sedegad SegviZlia <strong>da</strong>vaskvnaT, rom profesiuli unar-<br />
Cvevebis ganviTarebis intervenciuli programa Semosavlis<br />
SesaZleblobebs uqmnis quCis <strong>bavSvebsa</strong> <strong>da</strong> maT ojaxebs; igi<br />
xelmisawvdoms xdis sakredito <strong>da</strong> marketingis saSualebebs im<br />
produqciisaTvis, romelic iqmneba an iyideba quCis bavSvebis <strong>da</strong> maTi<br />
ojaxebis mier. es programa aseve awvdis mozardebs informacias<br />
samsaxurebisa <strong>da</strong> Semosavlis Seqmnis proeqtebze.<br />
kvlevaze <strong>da</strong>yrdnobiT SegviZlia Tamamad vTqvaT, rom quCis<br />
bavSvebs un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>vexmaroT maTi miznebis asrulebaSi, unarebis<br />
ganviTarebasa <strong>da</strong> realizaciaSi; yovelgvari Zalisxmeva mogvcems<br />
ukuCvenebas, Tuki quCebi<strong>da</strong>n moviyvanT bavSvebs centrSi, CavutarebT<br />
reabilitaciis programas, gavacnobT cxovrebis gansxvavebul stils,<br />
xolo Semdeg <strong>da</strong>xmarebis gareSe gavuSvebT centri<strong>da</strong>n. saWiroa<br />
grZelvadiani xedvisa <strong>da</strong> strategiebis gamomuSavebis saSualebiT<br />
Seiqmnas bavSvTa uwyveti ganaTlebis, ganviTarebis <strong>da</strong> socialuri<br />
<strong>da</strong>cvis kompleqsuri sistema.<br />
kvlevis safuZvelze SemuSavebuli saganmanaTleblo -<br />
sareabilitacio centrebis muSaobis meqanizmi zoga<strong>da</strong>d ase<br />
gamoiyureba:<br />
� zustdeba <strong>da</strong> ixveweba samuSao garemo <strong>da</strong> pirobebi (kadrebi,<br />
aveji, janmrTelobisa <strong>da</strong> sanitaruli higienis nivTebi, saswavlo<br />
<strong>da</strong> sakancelario nivTebi, wignebi, sareabilitacio masala <strong>da</strong>
sxv.). centri aRWurvilia yvela saWiro resursiT (a<strong>da</strong>mianuri,<br />
teqnikuri <strong>da</strong> finansuri), romlebic pasuxobs kvlevis miznebs.<br />
� konkretdeba samuSao valdebulebebi <strong>da</strong> funqciebi momuSaveTa<br />
Soris;<br />
� SeirCeva <strong>da</strong> kompleqtdeba mraval<strong>da</strong>rgobrivi specialistebis<br />
jgufi (pe<strong>da</strong>gogebi, fsiqologebi, socialuri muSakebi, eqimebi,<br />
centris menejerebi (direqcis/administracia).<br />
� centri axorcielebs winaswar <strong>da</strong>gegmil intervenciebs (quCaSi<br />
mobliluri muSaoba, bavSvebis identifikacia <strong>da</strong> mobilizacia,<br />
maTSi ndobis mopoveba <strong>da</strong> TanamSromlobisaTvis Tanxmobis<br />
mopoveba, individualuri Sefaseba <strong>da</strong> gegmebis Sedgena) bavSvTa<br />
fsiqo-socialuri reabilitaciisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>cxovrebiseuli</strong> unar-Cvevis<br />
formirebisaTvis.<br />
� kvlevaSi monawileobisaTvis SerCevis kriteriumebi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
amosavalia bavSvebis nebayofilobiTi TanamSromloba. bavSvTa<br />
asaki un<strong>da</strong> Seefardebodes saskolo asaks.<br />
� dgindeba bavSvebis demografiuli monacemebi maTi warmoSobis,<br />
asakis <strong>da</strong> miRweuli ganaTlebis donis Sesaxeb. demografiuli<br />
monacemebis gaTvaliswineba aucilebelia, radgan gansxvavebuli<br />
demografiuli (erovneba, asaki, sxva qveyni<strong>da</strong>n Camosuli <strong>da</strong> a.S.)<br />
monacemebis mqone bavSvebs ganviTarebis gansxvavebuli done <strong>da</strong><br />
interesebi SeiZleba hqondeT, rac gasaTvaliswinebeli bavSvis<br />
individualuri gegmis SemuSavebis procesSi maTi ganaTlebisa <strong>da</strong><br />
reabilitaciisaTvis.<br />
� specialistebi ikvleven gamovlenili bavSvebis janmrTelobas,<br />
gonebriv SesaZleblobas, mavne Cvevebisadmi <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebis<br />
xarisxs (Tu aseTi gamovlin<strong>da</strong>), ojaxur, socialur <strong>da</strong> ekonomiur<br />
mdgomareobas, amyareben kontaqtebs mSoblebTan <strong>da</strong> an sxva<br />
meurveebTan.
� skolisaTvis bavSvTa momzadebas eTmoba gansakuTrebuli<br />
yuradReba. SemuSavebuli inkluziuri ganaTlebis programa <strong>da</strong><br />
meTodi uzrunvelyofs beneficiarebis skolebSi CarTulobas,<br />
profesiuli unarebis ganviTarebsa <strong>da</strong> sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva socialur<br />
aqtivobebSi maT inkluzias.<br />
� erTi eqimi (sasurvelia axlomdebare samedicino<br />
<strong>da</strong>wesebulebi<strong>da</strong>n, rogoricaa, magaliTad, poliklinika) ewveva<br />
centrs kviraSi erTxel <strong>da</strong> awarmoebs konsultaciebsa <strong>da</strong> bavSvis<br />
janmrTelobis mdgomareobi<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, mis referirebas<br />
Sesabamis samedicino <strong>da</strong>wesebulebaSi.<br />
� quCis bavSvebisTvis ganaTlebis miRebis dros warmoSobli<br />
sirTuleebi ganixileba specialistTa Sekrebebze, sa<strong>da</strong>c<br />
mimdinareobs profesiuli msjeloba problemebis mosagvareblad.<br />
� periodulad ewyoba saqmiani Sexvedrebi, rogorc <strong>bavSvebsa</strong> <strong>da</strong><br />
pe<strong>da</strong>gogebs, aseve pe<strong>da</strong>gogebsa <strong>da</strong> mSoblebs (an mzrunvelebs)<br />
Soris, sa<strong>da</strong>c gulaxdilobisa <strong>da</strong> ndobis pirobebSi mimdinareobs<br />
wamoWril sakiTxebis analizi. saWiroebis gaTvaliswinebiT,<br />
Sexvedrebi ewyoba rogorc centrebSi, aseve ojaxebSi.<br />
� centrs muSaobis procesSi aqvs intensiuri kavSiri<br />
zogadsaganmanaTleblo skolebTan, saswavlo-<strong>da</strong>saqmebis<br />
centrebTan, samTavrobo <strong>da</strong> arasamTavrobo struqturebTan,<br />
samecniero-kvleviT institutebTan, umaRles saswavleblebTan <strong>da</strong><br />
sxva instituciebTan. amiT xdeba informaciuli gacvla,<br />
analogiuri centrebis muSaobis gamocdilebis gaziareba,<br />
Sedegebis prezentacia <strong>da</strong> diskusiebi, sxva mkvlevarebisagan Tu<br />
akademiuri wreebis warmomadgenlebisagan rCevebisa <strong>da</strong><br />
konsultaciebis miReba. am procesSi mniSvnelobas iZens<br />
sazogadoebis yuradRebis koncentrireba problemis garSemo,<br />
riTac kvlevis aqtualuroba <strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebebis masStabi ar<br />
Semoifargleba mxolod mkvlevarTa viwro jgufiT.
§7 kvlevis programebSi partnioroba<br />
kvleviT <strong>da</strong>gegmili interdisciplinaruli aqtivobebis mTavari<br />
maxasiaTebeli aris partnioroba ganaTlebis, jan<strong>da</strong>cvis <strong>da</strong> socialur<br />
samsaxurebTan, axalgazrdobis <strong>da</strong> sportis, kulturisa <strong>da</strong> iusticiis<br />
saministroebTan, amasTan profesiuli ga<strong>da</strong>mzadebis institutebTan <strong>da</strong><br />
arasamTavrobo organizaciebTan.<br />
kvlevis saganmanaTleblo programebSi partniorTa monawileebi <strong>da</strong><br />
partniori roli<br />
Tbilisi meria /<br />
qalaqis sabWo<br />
ilia WavWavaZis<br />
saxelmwifo universi-<br />
teti<br />
maswavlebelTa<br />
<strong>da</strong>xelovnebis<br />
instituti (amJamad<br />
Sps)<br />
maTi roli<br />
swavlebis adgilis/farTiT uzrunvelyofa<br />
saswavlo programebiT, saswavlo strategiebiT,<br />
<strong>da</strong>mxmare saxelmZRvaneloebiTa <strong>da</strong> specialuri<br />
pe<strong>da</strong>gogebiT uzrunvelyofa<br />
saswavlo gegmis SemuSaveba, saswavlo<br />
masalebiT <strong>da</strong>xmareba <strong>da</strong> maswavlebelTa<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>mzadeba<br />
donorebi finansuri <strong>da</strong> teqnikuri <strong>da</strong>xmarebis aRmoCena<br />
ganaTlebisa <strong>da</strong><br />
mecnierebis<br />
saministro <strong>da</strong><br />
samodelo skolebi<br />
<strong>da</strong>wyebiT, saSualo <strong>da</strong> profesiul skolebSi<br />
bavSvTa CarTuloba<br />
sportis erovnuli sportuli <strong>da</strong> fizikuri ganviTarebis
federacia RonisZiebebis Catareba<br />
bavSvTa federacia araformaluri ganaTlebis <strong>da</strong>gegmva <strong>da</strong><br />
saswavlo-<strong>da</strong>saqmebis<br />
centrebi<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>mzadeba<br />
bavSvebis profesiuli swavleba<br />
Temi sazogadoebis saxeebis programebSi<br />
monawileoba bavSvebTan Sexvedris, saubrebis,<br />
maTze mzurnvelobis <strong>da</strong> uzrunvelyofis<br />
formiT<br />
analizisaTvis, partniorebi SeiZleba sam jgufad <strong>da</strong>iyos: a) mTavroba;<br />
b) Temi <strong>da</strong> g) arasamTavrobo organizaciebi.<br />
_ mTavroba<br />
mTvaroba acnobierebs, rom ganaTleba a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebaa <strong>da</strong> is<br />
pasuxismgebelia am uflebis realizaciaze. MmTavrobis valdebulebaa,<br />
rom yvela bavSvi, maTi ojaxebis gansxvavebuli socialuri Tu<br />
ekonomiuri mdgomareobis miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad, Caayenos Tanabar pirobebSi,<br />
riTic uzrunvelyofs maTi socialur <strong>da</strong>cvas, skolisaTvis mzaobas <strong>da</strong><br />
asakisaTvis Sesafersi <strong>da</strong> saWiroebebze gaTvlili, rogorc<br />
savaldebulo aseve araformaluri ganaTlebis micemas.<br />
_ Tbilisi meria<br />
kvlevis centri mdebareob<strong>da</strong> TbilisSi griSaSvilis quCaze.<br />
Senoba centrs droebiT sargeblobaSi ga<strong>da</strong>eca Tbilisi meriis mier.<br />
meria uzrunvelyof<strong>da</strong> komunikaciebis Tanxebs. Senobas hqon<strong>da</strong> patara<br />
saTamaSo <strong>da</strong> sportuli moe<strong>da</strong>ni. cntri mdebareob<strong>da</strong> 44-e sajaro<br />
skolasTan axlos, rac aioleb<strong>da</strong> bavSvebis wayvanas skolaSi. centri<br />
uzrunvelyofili iyo mini avtobusiT, rac aseve saSualebas iZleo<strong>da</strong><br />
bavSvebis ga<strong>da</strong>adgilebas <strong>da</strong> maT monawileobas sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva aqtivobebSi.
aRsaniSnavia, rom kvlevis mimdinareobis <strong>da</strong> Sedegebis analizi<br />
periodulad xdebo<strong>da</strong> meriis mesveurebTan, Tumca maTi ufro<br />
intensiuri minawileoba <strong>da</strong> CarTuloba kvlevaSi xelsSeuwyob<strong>da</strong> maT<br />
ufro met informirebulobas, siRrmiseuli xedvis Camoyalibebas<br />
problebis ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetis meTodebze <strong>da</strong> gagebas imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor<br />
iqnebo<strong>da</strong> SesaZlebeli kvlevis Sedegeebis grZelvadiani <strong>da</strong> farTo<br />
masStabiani <strong>da</strong>nergva.<br />
maswavleblebma aseve aRiares, rom Zalian cota ram gakeT<strong>da</strong><br />
imisTvis, rom proeqtSi politikuri liderebi CaerToT. adgilobrivi<br />
politikosebis mier kvlevis saganmanaTleblo programebis gagebisa <strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong>fasebis ararsebobis gamo mox<strong>da</strong> ise, rom meriam kvlevis<br />
centrisTvis gamoyofili farTi sxva miznisTvis (sabavSvo baRi)<br />
gamoiyena, romelic aranaklebi mniSvnelobis aris, magram am <strong>da</strong>ucveli<br />
bavSvebis bedis, ganaTlebis <strong>da</strong> socialuri inkluziis sakiTxi kvlav<br />
Riad <strong>da</strong>tova.<br />
� ilias saxelmwifo universiteti<br />
specialuri ganaTlebis pe<strong>da</strong>gogebis momzadeba saqarTveloSi<br />
<strong>da</strong>iwyo 1992 wels maSindel puSkinis saxelobis pe<strong>da</strong>gogiuri<br />
institutis bazaze. imxanad mas erqva defeqtologiis specialoba,<br />
radgan mTel ssrk –Si <strong>da</strong> maT Soris saqarTveloSic am mecnierebas<br />
defeqtologia erqva. 2000 wlamde aRniSnuli instituti (SemdgomSi<br />
ukve sulxan-saba orbelianis saxelobis universiteti), amzadeb<strong>da</strong><br />
specialuri skolebisa <strong>da</strong> skola-internatebis pe<strong>da</strong>gogebs :<br />
oligofrenope<strong>da</strong>gogebs –gonebrivad CamorCenil bavSvebTan samuSaod<br />
<strong>da</strong> surdope<strong>da</strong>gogebs- smena<strong>da</strong>zianebul bavSvebTan samuSaod. weliwadSi<br />
mzaddebo<strong>da</strong> 15_20 specialisti, romlebic ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d <strong>da</strong>usaqmebeli<br />
rCebodnen; radgan maTi adgili specialur <strong>da</strong>wesebulebebSi ar iyo.<br />
2000 wli<strong>da</strong>n saqarTveloSi gaCn<strong>da</strong> inkluziuri ganaTlebis<br />
idea, romlis principebi sruliad axali iyo Cveni sinamdvilisaTvis.<br />
Aam ideis Semomtani saqarTveloSi iyo saerTaSoriso organizaciebi <strong>da</strong><br />
maT Soris gaeros bavSvTa fondi “iunisefi”2002 wli<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong>iwyo<br />
inkluziuri ganaTlebis filosofiisa <strong>da</strong> principebis Sesaxeb
Treningebis Catareba, romelic xorcieldebo<strong>da</strong> saerTaSoriso<br />
organizaciebis finansuri <strong>da</strong> organizaciuli xelmZRvanelobiT. 2005<br />
wli<strong>da</strong>n Seicvala specialuri pe<strong>da</strong>gogebis momzadebis programebic.<br />
nacvlad calkeuli specialobebisa (oligofrenope<strong>da</strong>gogebi <strong>da</strong><br />
surdope<strong>da</strong>gogebibisa) <strong>da</strong>iwyo iseTi specialistebis momzadeba,<br />
romlebic imuSavebdnen yvela saxis unarSezRudul bavSvebTan. 2006<br />
wli<strong>da</strong>n universiteti gax<strong>da</strong> ilia WavWavaZis saxelobis saxelmwifo<br />
universiteti _ sa<strong>da</strong>c specialuri pe<strong>da</strong>gogebis momzadeba erT-erT<br />
prioritetul mimarTulebad ga<strong>da</strong>iqca. cvlilebebi ganica<strong>da</strong><br />
specialistTa momzadebis programebma, silabusebma <strong>da</strong> saerTod<br />
meTodologiam. am specialobis studentebi swavloben ara marto<br />
SezRuduli SesaZleblobebis mqone bavSvTa saganmanaTleblo<br />
saWiroebebs, aramed yvela bavSvis saganmanaTleblo saWiroebebs,<br />
romlebsac ganaTlebasTan <strong>da</strong>kavsirebuli problemebi gaaCniaT (maT<br />
Soris socialurad <strong>da</strong>ucveli bavSvebisac). amJamad universiteti<br />
amzadebs specialur pe<strong>da</strong>gogebs rogorc bakalavriatis, aseve<br />
samagistro <strong>da</strong> sadoqtoro doneebze. Ggaizar<strong>da</strong> am <strong>da</strong>rgisadmi<br />
studentTa interesi mas Semdeg, rac inkluziuri ganaTlebis<br />
specialistebis momzadeba <strong>da</strong>iwyo, radgan maT <strong>da</strong>saqmebis meti Sansi<br />
gauCn<strong>da</strong>T.<br />
disertanti praqtikulad monawileobs momavali specialistebis<br />
momzadebis procesSi. ilias universitetSi xdeba ara marto momavali<br />
specialistebis momzadeba, aramed im pe<strong>da</strong>gogebis ga<strong>da</strong>mzadebac,<br />
romlebsac survili aqvT imuSaon specialuri saganmanaTleblo<br />
saWiroebebis mqone bavSvebTan.<br />
_ maswavlebelTa <strong>da</strong>xelovnebis instituti (amJamad Sps “di<strong>da</strong>qtika”)<br />
maswavlebelTa <strong>da</strong>xelovnebis institutTan TanamSromlobiT,<br />
kvlevam miznad Semdegi amocanebi <strong>da</strong>isaxa:<br />
a) Sesaferisi saswavlo gegmis dizaini, ganviTareba <strong>da</strong> ganxorcieleba<br />
bavSvebisaTvis, maTi momzadeba imisaTvis, rom aiTvison unar-Cvevebi,
ac Semdgom M<strong>da</strong>exmareba maT, Caabaron profesiuli ga<strong>da</strong>mzadebis<br />
centrebSi <strong>da</strong> sxva aseT organizaciebSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c teqnikuri <strong>da</strong><br />
praqtikuli unar-Cvevebi iswavleba;<br />
b) bavSvebSi im Rirebulebebisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebebis Canergva, rac<br />
saWiroa sasurveli cxovrebis misaRwevad sazogadoebaSi;<br />
g)treningebis Catareba <strong>da</strong> programis Seqmna skolis<br />
maswavleblebisaTvis<br />
_ Temi<br />
Temebis monawileoba kvlevis erT-erTi warmatebis mTavar<br />
gasaRebs warmoadgens. es gamorCeuli aspeqti karga<strong>da</strong>a gacnobierebuli<br />
kvlevis mier, rogorc menejmentis erTma warmomadgenelma aRniSna:<br />
`proeqtis arseboba erTi ramaa, xolo Temis mier misi aRiareba - meore.<br />
Temis mier proeqtis miReba warmatebis sawin<strong>da</strong>ria~.<br />
Temis monawileobis ganxilvisas aSkaraa, rom maTi CarTuloba<br />
spontanuria, xSirad <strong>da</strong>ugegmavi <strong>da</strong> arasrulia. magaliTad, moxalise<br />
maswavleblebi an studentebi SesaZlebelia monawileobdnen, magram ra<br />
formiT <strong>da</strong> rogori meTodebiT, ar aris kargad gaazrebuli;<br />
mniSvnelovania is, rom Temi aqtiurad un<strong>da</strong> iyos CarTuli iseTi<br />
kvlevebis <strong>da</strong> centris muSaobis saqmeebSi. Cven migvaCnia, rom Tuki<br />
isini, visTvisacaa kvlevebi <strong>da</strong> programebi Seqmnili, ar iqnebian<br />
srulad CarTuli <strong>da</strong>gegmvasa <strong>da</strong> aRsrulebaSi, Sedegebi<br />
imedgamacruebeli iqneba.<br />
sxva SesaZlo partniorebi <strong>da</strong> maTi SesaZlo rolebi<br />
jgufi roli<br />
meria farTis, saswavlo masalebis, kvebis<br />
<strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>saxadebis uzrunvelyofa,<br />
kurs<strong>da</strong>mTavrebulebis praqtikaze<br />
gaSveba <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>saqmeba
umaRlesi saswavleblebi kvleva, personalis ga<strong>da</strong>mzadeba <strong>da</strong><br />
saswavlo masalebis momzadeba<br />
religiuri organizaciebi bavSvebis <strong>da</strong>moZRvra, rCevebi <strong>da</strong><br />
adgilobrivi biznes<br />
organizaciebi<br />
sakvebiT momarageba<br />
problebis gaazreba <strong>da</strong> gaTaviseba,<br />
qvelmoqmedeba, ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebebis<br />
miRebaSi monawileobis miReba<br />
beneficiarebis <strong>da</strong><br />
kurs<strong>da</strong>mTavrebulebis samsaxuriT <strong>da</strong><br />
finansebiT <strong>da</strong>xmareba<br />
saavadmyofoebi beneficiarebis samedicino <strong>da</strong>xmarebiT<br />
uzrunvelyofa<br />
saTemo organizaciebi moxaliseebi <strong>da</strong> gaWirvebuli<br />
donorebi <strong>da</strong> saerTaSoriso<br />
organizaciebi, magaliTad<br />
msoflios sasursaTi programa<br />
SemTxvevebis identificireba<br />
finansuri <strong>da</strong> teqnikuri <strong>da</strong>xmarebiT,<br />
sakvebiTa <strong>da</strong> moxaliseebiT<br />
uzrunvelyofa<br />
<strong>da</strong>skvnebi <strong>da</strong> rekomen<strong>da</strong>ciebi<br />
1. politikuri <strong>da</strong> ekonomikuri kataklizmebis Tanmxvedri<br />
procesia mosaxleobis farTo masebis socialuri <strong>da</strong>ucveloba, romlis<br />
ucilobel elements warmoadgens e.w. “quCis bavSvebis” fenomeni. quCis<br />
bavSvebi socialurad <strong>da</strong>ucveli mosaxleobis yvelaze <strong>da</strong>Cagruli<br />
fenaa, radgan ukiduresi siRatakis paralelurad maT akldebaT<br />
TavianTi asakis Sesatyvisi aRzr<strong>da</strong>-ganaTleba, samedicino <strong>da</strong><br />
fsiqologiuri <strong>da</strong>xmareba. amave dros, isini xdebian mravali stresisa
<strong>da</strong> fsiqologiuri travmis obieqti, rac garkveul negatiur kvals<br />
tovebs bavSvis fsiqikaze.<br />
2. a<strong>da</strong>mianze sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva saxis travmis zegavleniT miRebuli<br />
negatiuri Sedegebis diagnostirebasa <strong>da</strong> koreqcias swavlobs<br />
mecnierebis <strong>da</strong>rgi socialur-pe<strong>da</strong>gogikuri viqtimologia. <strong>viqtimur</strong>oba<br />
aris a<strong>da</strong>mianis midrekileba, gaxdes sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva garemoebis, maT Soris,<br />
socialurad araxelsayreli garemoebis msxverpli. socialurad<br />
<strong>da</strong>ucveli bavSvebi, romlebic sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva mizezis gamo aRmoCndnen<br />
quCaSi, TavianTi socialuri statusiT miekuTvnebian e.w. <strong>viqtimur</strong>i<br />
bavSvebis kategorias.<br />
specialuri pe<strong>da</strong>gogi muSaobs SezRuduli SesaZleblobebis<br />
mqone bavSvebis ganaTlebaze <strong>da</strong> maT CarTulobze saswavlo procesSi.<br />
socialuri muSaki swavlobs <strong>da</strong> ikvlvs <strong>viqtimur</strong>i <strong>da</strong> socialurad<br />
<strong>da</strong>ucveli bavSvis <strong>da</strong> ojaxis pirobebs <strong>da</strong> mdgomareobebs, adgens im<br />
ekonomikur Tu socialur faqtorebs, romlebic ojaxebs xSirad<br />
disfunqciurs xdis. socialuri muSakis funqcia aris <strong>da</strong>exmaros ojaxs<br />
socialur reabilitaciaSi. specialuri pe<strong>da</strong>gogisa <strong>da</strong> sociauri<br />
muSakisagan gansxvavebiT socialuri pe<strong>da</strong>gogis mTavar mizans<br />
warmoadgens bavSvze zrunva garkveul konkretul garemoSi, maTi<br />
socialuri saWiroebebis gansazRvra <strong>da</strong> individualuri moTxovnebis<br />
gaTvaliswinebiT iseTi kompleqsuri midgomebis SemuSaveba, romelic<br />
miznad isaxavs bavSvze zrunvas, mis aRzr<strong>da</strong>s, ganaTlebas, socialuri<br />
faqtorebis Seswavlas <strong>da</strong> unar-Cvevebis ganviTarebas. socialuri<br />
pe<strong>da</strong>gogika harmoniuli sinTezia, romelSic garkvuli doziT Sesulia<br />
specialuri pe<strong>da</strong>gogisa <strong>da</strong> socialuri muSakis miznebi <strong>da</strong> funqciebi.<br />
socialuri pe<strong>da</strong>gogi pasuxobs bavSvis saWiroebebis farTo<br />
speqtrs, romelSic socialuri <strong>da</strong> fizikuri saWiroebebic Sedis. es ar<br />
aris mxolod swavleba. es aris socialuri faqtorebisa <strong>da</strong><br />
saWiroebebis gaTvaliswineba bavSvis aRzrdis procesSi, romelSic<br />
swavleba TavisTavad Sedis, rogorc erT-erTi Semadgeneli komponenti.<br />
socialuri pe<strong>da</strong>gogika miznad isaxavs bavSvis bednierebaze<br />
zrunvas <strong>da</strong> masTan pozitiuri urTierTobis <strong>da</strong>myarebas. socialur<br />
pe<strong>da</strong>gogs Semoaqvs Tavisi personaluri midgomebi, codna <strong>da</strong>
gamocdileba bavSvebTan muSaobis procesSi. es procesi ki aris<br />
ormxrivi <strong>da</strong> TanamSromlobiTi. bavSvi Tavisi mravalmxrivi<br />
problemebiT mianiSnebs pe<strong>da</strong>gogs am problemaTa ga<strong>da</strong>Wris sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva<br />
saSualebebze, romelic exmareba pe<strong>da</strong>gogs profesiul srulyofaSi.<br />
3. quCis bavSvebi, romlebic sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva mizezis gamo toveben<br />
skolas <strong>da</strong>, xSir SemTxvevaSi ojaxsac, rCebian maTi ganviTarebisaTvis<br />
mniSvnelovani komponentis _ <strong>cxovrebiseuli</strong> unar-Cvevebis aTvisebis<br />
gareSe.<br />
quCis bavSvebis umravlesobam, asakis miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad, ar icias<br />
elementaruli wera-kiTxva <strong>da</strong> angariSi. isini, miT umetes, ar floben<br />
zogadsaganmanaTleblo skolis saswavlo programis minimumsac ki.<br />
mkacri realoba bavSvebs aiZulebs, aiTvison asakisTvis Seuferebeli<br />
zne-Cveulebebi, rac maT bavSvur fsiqologiaze mniSvnelovan zewolas<br />
niSnavs.<br />
saWiroa, kompleqsuri, mizanmimarTuli muSaoba am bavSvebis,<br />
rogorc socialuri, aseve fsiqologiuri reabilitaciisaTvis.<br />
cneba “<strong>cxovrebiseuli</strong> unar-Cvevebi” ganixileba, rogorc<br />
faseulobiTi orientaciis safuZvelze SemuSavebuli pirovnuli<br />
maxasiaTeblebis sistema. misi struqtura Seicavs:<br />
_ cxovrebiseul mxneobas;<br />
_ sakuTar Zalebze <strong>da</strong>yrdnobas;<br />
_ zneobriv simtkices;<br />
_ sakuTari cxovrebis aqtiurad mowyobisaTvis mzadyofnas <strong>da</strong><br />
unars;<br />
_ saqmianobis moTxovnilebas;<br />
_ pasuxismgeblobas rogorc sakuTar Tavze, aseve sxvazec;<br />
_ sixalises <strong>da</strong> sakuTari Zalebisadmi rwmenas;<br />
_ gulgaxsnilobas <strong>da</strong> adekvatur TviTSefasebas;<br />
4. socialurad <strong>da</strong>ucvel bavSvTa reabilitaciis<br />
saxelmwifoebrivi midgoma aTeuli wlebis ganmavlobaSi<br />
Semoifarglebo<strong>da</strong> mxolod maTi internatis tipis <strong>da</strong>wesebulebebSi<br />
ganTavsebiT, romlebSic skolisaTvis mzaobis programa saTanadod ver<br />
uzrunvelyof<strong>da</strong> bavSvebSi <strong>cxovrebiseuli</strong> unar-Cvevebis Camoyalibebas.
quCis bavSvebi TavianTi cxovrebis wesis gamo verc internatiseul<br />
aRzr<strong>da</strong>s iRebdnen, ris gamoc maT ganviTarebaSi mniSvnelovani<br />
Seferxebebi aReniSnebaT.<br />
5. <strong>viqtimur</strong> bavSvebs individualuri <strong>da</strong>xmareba esaWiroebaT<br />
cxovrebiseli unar-Cvevebis gamosamuSaveblad. es ki, Tavis mxriv,<br />
moiTxovs kompleqsur midgomas, romelTa Soris upirvelesi adgili<br />
uWiravs ganaTlebas. ukanasknel xans quCis bavSvTa <strong>da</strong>xmarebis mizniT<br />
internatis tipis <strong>da</strong>wesebulebaTa paralelurad amoqmed<strong>da</strong><br />
reabilitaciis alternatiuli modelebi _ quCis bavSvTa<br />
sareabilitacio centrebi. aseTi centrebis principuli gansxvaveba<br />
internatis tipis <strong>da</strong>wesebulebisagan mdgomareobs imaSi, rom aq<br />
bavSvebis mosvla <strong>da</strong> wasvla nebayofilobiTia, rac iwvevs maT ndobas<br />
centris mimarT, es ki mniSvnelovani faqtoria centris miznebis<br />
SesrulebisaTvis.<br />
6. sareabilitacio-saganmanaTleblo centris beneficiarebs eZeben<br />
<strong>da</strong> arCeven socialuri pe<strong>da</strong>gogebi quCebsa <strong>da</strong> disfunqciur ojaxebSi,<br />
Semdeg ki aanalizeben monacemebs <strong>da</strong> Sesabamis kandi<strong>da</strong>turebs iReben.<br />
intervenciis programebis miznebis srulad ganxorcielebisaTvis<br />
saWoroa, miRebis procesi ise un<strong>da</strong> mimdinareobdes, rom mxolod<br />
yuradsaRebi SemTxvevebi miiRon.<br />
miRebis dros un<strong>da</strong> Sedges beneficiarebis detaluri <strong>da</strong> kargad<br />
dokumentirebuli cxovrebis istoria. es ga<strong>da</strong>mwyvetia intervenciebis<br />
warmatebisTvis, radgan programebi zustad un<strong>da</strong> moergos specifikur<br />
maxasiaTeblebs, quCisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>saqmebul bavSvebs, aseve sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva<br />
situaciebs, sa<strong>da</strong>c bavSvebi cxovroben <strong>da</strong> muSaoben.<br />
7. sareabilitacio centrebis Tav<strong>da</strong>pirveli <strong>da</strong>niSnuleba quCis<br />
bavSvTa socialuri <strong>da</strong> fsiqologiuri reabilitaciiT uzrunvelyofa<br />
iyo. centrebis ramdenimewliani muSaobis analizi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>cxovrebiseuli</strong> realobi<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, saWiro gax<strong>da</strong>, <strong>da</strong>matebuliyo<br />
ganaTlebis komponenti, rogorc quCis bavSvebSi <strong>cxovrebiseuli</strong> unar-<br />
Cvevebis Camoyalibebis mZlavri instrumenti. funqciebis gazrdis gamo<br />
sareabilitacio centrs ewo<strong>da</strong> sareabilitacio-saganmanaTleblo<br />
centri (ssc).
sajaro skolebSi ssc-<strong>da</strong>n moxvedrili bavSvebi nawildebian<br />
klasebSi maTi ganviTarebis donis mixedviT, rac bevr problemas qmnis.<br />
kvlevis mier SemuSavebuli axleburi midgoma gulisxmobs skolaSi<br />
bavSvebis ganawilebas asakobrivi niSniT, xolo ssc-Si beneficiarebi<br />
swavlebis procesSi nawildebian TavianTi ganviTarebis mixedviT,<br />
asakis gauTvaliswineblad.<br />
eqsperimentis Sedegebis analizma aCvena, rom, miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad<br />
zogierTi problemuri sakiTxisa, SesaZlebelia kvlevis mTavari miznis<br />
miRweva, rac gulisxmobs Semdegs: ssc-m un<strong>da</strong> gamoavlinos <strong>da</strong> amoavsos<br />
xarvezebi bavSvebis ganviTarebaSi, SeZlebis<strong>da</strong>gvarad SesZinos maT<br />
TavianTi asakis Sesaferisi ganaTleba, raTa SesaZlebeli gaxdes am<br />
bavSvebis sajaro skolebSi integrireba ukve asakis mixedviT.<br />
8. sareabilitacio-saganmanaTleblo centris beneficiarebs eZeben<br />
<strong>da</strong> arCeven socialuri pe<strong>da</strong>gogebi quCebsa <strong>da</strong> disfunqciur ojaxebSi,<br />
Semdeg ki aanalizeben monacemebs <strong>da</strong> Sesabamis kandi<strong>da</strong>turebs iReben.<br />
intervenciis programebis miznebis srulad ganxorcielebisaTvis<br />
saWoroa, miRebis procesi ise un<strong>da</strong> mimdinareobdes, rom mxolod<br />
yuradsaRebi SemTxvevebi miiRon.<br />
miRebis dros un<strong>da</strong> Sedges beneficiarebis detaluri <strong>da</strong> kargad<br />
dokumentirebuli cxovrebis istoria. es ga<strong>da</strong>mwyvetia intervenciebis<br />
warmatebisTvis, radgan programebi zustad un<strong>da</strong> moergos specifikur<br />
maxasiaTeblebs, quCisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>saqmebul bavSvebs, aseve sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva<br />
situaciebs, sa<strong>da</strong>c bavSvebi cxovroben <strong>da</strong> muSaoben.<br />
9. bavSvebi swavlis procesi inkluziuria <strong>da</strong> gansxvavdeba sajaro<br />
skolebis maxasiaTeblebisagan. sawavlo gegma, romelic SemuSav<strong>da</strong><br />
maswavlebelTa <strong>da</strong>xelovnebis institutis <strong>da</strong>xmarebiT, iTvaliswinebs<br />
oTx dones. am doneebSi bavSvebi nawildebian ara asakis, aramed<br />
ganviTarebisa <strong>da</strong> codnis mixedviT.<br />
praqtikam aCvena, rom zogierT SemTxvevaSi bavSvebi pir<strong>da</strong>pir ver<br />
Tavsdebian vercerT doneSi. amitom, aucilebelia erTi, winare-donis<br />
<strong>da</strong>arseba, romelic gamoiyenebuli iqneba raime gamorCeuli<br />
naklovanebebis/sirTulis aRmosafxvrelad.
10. bavSvebi swavloben sajaro skolebisTvis gankuTvnili<br />
saxelmZRvaneloebiT, rac qmnis problemas, radgan ganviTarebis<br />
araTanabari donis gamo Zneldeba bavSvebisTvis erTgvarovani<br />
saswavlo masalis miwodeba. maswavleblebi iZulebuli xdebian, TviTon<br />
moiZion moswavleTa SesaZleblobebis Sesaferisi masala, rac<br />
aormagebs <strong>da</strong> araefeqturs xdis maT Sromas. saWiroa, SemuSavdes<br />
inkluziuri ganaTlebis saxelmZRvaneloebi quCis bavSvebis ganaTlebis<br />
miznobrivi mimrTulebiT. a<strong>da</strong>ptirebuli saxelmZRvaneloebis Seqmna<br />
saWiroa yvela saswavlo saganSi. erTi wignis Seqmna TiToeuli<br />
sagnisTvis TiToeul fazaSi ara mxolod efeqturi iqneba xarjis<br />
TvalsazrisiT, aramed aseve gaaumjobesebs am programebis rogorc<br />
Sinagan, ise garegnul efeqtianobas.<br />
ssc-Si swavlebis dros eqsperimentis saxiT gamoyenebuli iyo<br />
enciklopediuri xasiaTis a<strong>da</strong>ptirebuli saxelmZRvanelo («samyaro _<br />
Cveni saxli» / Tamar abulaZe, iaTamze kotetiSvili, nino<br />
lorTqifaniZe, marina Sostaki. _ Tb., 2003), romelSic martivi eniT<br />
aris warmodgenili masala a<strong>da</strong>mianis cxovrebis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva sfero<strong>da</strong>n.<br />
yovel monakveTs mosdevs Sesabamisi testebi, romelTa saSualebiT<br />
SesaZlebeli xdeba Seswavlili masalis Semowmeba <strong>da</strong> koreqcia.<br />
mocemul wigni warmatebiT iqna gamoyenebuli, magram igi mainc<br />
SeiZleba gamoiyenebodes mxolod, rogorc <strong>da</strong>mxmare <strong>da</strong> ara ZiriTadi<br />
saxelmZRvanelo.<br />
11. ssc-<strong>da</strong>n sajaro skolaSi ga<strong>da</strong>suli bavSvebi xSirad ganicdian<br />
agresias Tanatolebis, maTi mSoblebisa <strong>da</strong> maswavlebelTa mxri<strong>da</strong>n,<br />
rac kidev erTi stresis mizezi xdeba. aucilebelia, sajaro skolis<br />
pe<strong>da</strong>gogiuri koleqtivis, moswavleebisa <strong>da</strong> maTi mSoblebis momzadeba<br />
ssc-<strong>da</strong>n gadmosul bavSvebTan normaluri urTierTobisaTvis.<br />
specialuri saWiroeba erovnuli kurikulumis nawilad un<strong>da</strong><br />
aRviqvaT sajaro skolebSi. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, maSin, roca<br />
swavlaSi CamorCena mTeli rigi faqtorebiT aris gamowveuli, skolas<br />
un<strong>da</strong> SeeZlos iseTi pirobebis Seqmna, sa<strong>da</strong>c iarliyis» miwebeba<br />
bavSvisaTvis gamoricxuli iqneba <strong>da</strong> ganurCevlad yvela bavSvi SeZlebs<br />
swavlas. aRmzrdelobiT Tu saswavlo procesSi ar un<strong>da</strong> xdebodes ara
calkeuli « gansakuTrebuli » bavSvebis gamoyofa, aramed yvela bavSvi<br />
erTad <strong>da</strong> TiToeuli cal-calke gansakuTrebul bavSvad un<strong>da</strong> iyos<br />
aRqmuli. Cveni mizania gvesmodes, rom TiToeuli bavSvi individia <strong>da</strong><br />
individualobas pativi un<strong>da</strong> vceT. Aaqe<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, skolebSi<br />
gansakuTrebuli bavSvebisaTvis calke kurikulumi ki ar un<strong>da</strong> Seiqmnas,<br />
aramed pe<strong>da</strong>gog-maswavlebelma un<strong>da</strong> gamonaxos is optimaluri gza,<br />
romelic erTiani kurikulumis farglebSi gaiTvaliswinebs calkeuli<br />
bavSvis Taviseburebas<br />
12. quCis bavSvebis problemis mogvarebaSi didi mniSvneloba<br />
eniWeba profesional socialuri pe<strong>da</strong>gogebis kadrebis momzadebas.<br />
saWirod migvaCnia, saganmanaTleblo-sareabilitacio centrebis mWidro<br />
TanamSromloba umaRlesi saswavleblelebis ganaTlebis,<br />
sociologiisa <strong>da</strong> fsiqologiis fakultetebTan, raTa moxdes<br />
<strong>da</strong>mamTavrebeli kursis studentebis CarTva centrebis muSaobaSi<br />
profesiuli gamocdilebis miRebis mizniT.<br />
mizanSewonili iqneba, am instituciebma urTierTTanamSromlobiT<br />
Seadginon studentTa praqtikuli saqmianobis (staJirebis) detalurad<br />
gaTvlili sakiTxebi <strong>da</strong> programebi (vadebi, studentTa raodenoba <strong>da</strong><br />
ganawilebis gegmebi, angarSgebis forma). am procesSi yuradReba,<br />
sasurvelia, <strong>da</strong>eTmos praqtikos studentTa waxalisebis sistemis<br />
Seqmnas, rac SeiZleba gamoixatebodes warCinebulTaTvis sigelebis<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>cemaSi <strong>da</strong> rekomen<strong>da</strong>ciis micemaSi Semdgomi <strong>da</strong>saqmebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>saxmareblad.<br />
13. sarebilitacio centrebSi ganaTlebis elementis gaZliereba<br />
ganapirobebs quCis bavSvTa ganviTarebis saerTo donis amaRlebas.<br />
sareabilitacio-saganmanaTleblo centrebSi bavSvis ganviTarebis <strong>da</strong><br />
asakis gaTvaliswinebiT <strong>cxovrebiseuli</strong> unar-Cvevebis formirebis<br />
procesi moicavs etapebs elementaruli wera-kiTxvisa <strong>da</strong> angariSis<br />
swavlebi<strong>da</strong>n profesiuli ganaTlebisaken.<br />
profesiuli ganaTleba, xelobis swavla quCis bavSvebs aZlevs<br />
patiosani SromiT <strong>da</strong>moikideblad Tavis rCenis saSualebas centris<br />
<strong>da</strong>tovebis Semdeg. ssc-s programebiT bavSvebma aiTvises sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva
profesiuli unar-Cvevebi, ramac Secvala maTi fsiqo-socialuri<br />
iersaxe. bavSvebs ganumtkic<strong>da</strong>T sakuTari Tavis rwmena. gauCn<strong>da</strong>T<br />
pativiscemis grZnoba ara marto sakuTari, aramed sxvisi Sromis<br />
mimarT, rac, Tavis mxriv am bavSvebis mxri<strong>da</strong>n momavalSi arakanonieri<br />
qmedebebis Semakavebeli faqtoria.<br />
14. xelobis aTvisebasTan erTad, axalgazrdebis <strong>da</strong>saqmebis<br />
xelisSewyobis mizniT, saWiroa sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva RonisZiebis gatareba.<br />
magaliTad, iseTi saqmianobis SemTxvevaSi, roca iqmneba gasayidi<br />
produqcia (magaliTad, saiuveliro, sadurglo <strong>da</strong> a.S.), kargi iqnebo<strong>da</strong><br />
erTi-erT maRaziasTan kontraqtis gaformeba, romelic imuSaveb<strong>da</strong><br />
produqciis gamofenasa <strong>da</strong> marketingze.<br />
aseve, mizanSewonili iqneba, Tuki sakredito saSualebebs<br />
SevTavazebT axalgazrdebs, romlebsac sakuTari biznesis <strong>da</strong>arseba<br />
surT. Ees saSualebas miscems maT erTad Seikribon, xelsawyoebi<br />
iyidon <strong>da</strong> samuSao adgilisaTvis qira ga<strong>da</strong>ixadon. axalgazrdebma<br />
sesxis <strong>da</strong>farva un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>iwyon, rogorc ki saqmes aawyoben. Tumca<br />
arsebobs riskis faqtorebi, rom axalgazrdebis umetesobam sabrunavi<br />
fondis <strong>da</strong>arsebis pirveladi mizani ver Sesrulos <strong>da</strong> sakredito<br />
programa amis Semdeg aRar gagrZeldes.<br />
15. saswavlo process araefeqturs xdis bavSvebis erTi nawilis<br />
swavlisadmi <strong>da</strong>bali motivacia. bavSvebs ar aqvT ganaTleba <strong>da</strong> arc<br />
esmiT misi mniSvneloba, zog SemTxvevvaSi ki uWirT miwodebuli<br />
masalis aTviseba.<br />
<strong>da</strong>balma akademiurma moswrebam, aCvena centris bavSvebis sajaro<br />
skolaSi Caricxvis meqanizmis mTavari nakli, romelic gamoixateba<br />
bavSvebis ga<strong>da</strong>nawilebiT asakobrivi niSnisa <strong>da</strong> ara SesaZleblobebisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> ganviTarebis donis mixedviT. ga<strong>da</strong>nawilebisas Secdomebis Tavi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
acilebisaTvis rekomendebulia moswavleebis wina-misaRebi Sefasebis<br />
Zireuli diagnostika.<br />
16. quCis bavSvebis im nawils, romlebic ver iReben skolis<br />
atestats, xeli eSlebaT, profesiul ganaTlebas <strong>da</strong>euflon
saqarTvelos ganaTlebisa <strong>da</strong> mecnierebis saministros mier<br />
akreditirebul profesiul-teqnikuri profilis saswavleblebSi.<br />
Cveni azriT, im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac saqarTvelos ganaTlebis<br />
sistema ver uzrunvelyofs ufaso zogadi ganaTlebis<br />
xelmisawvdomobas yvelasaTvis, kanoni un<strong>da</strong> uSvebdes gamonaklisebs,<br />
raTa savaldebulo ganaTlebis miRma <strong>da</strong>rCenil mozardebs xeli<br />
miuwvdebodeT profesiuli <strong>da</strong> teqnikuri ganaTlebisken mainc.<br />
17. kvleviT <strong>da</strong>gegmili interdisciplinaruli aqtivobebis mTavari<br />
maxasiaTebeli aris partnioroba ganaTlebis, jan<strong>da</strong>cvisa <strong>da</strong> socialur<br />
samsaxurebTan, axalgazrdobis <strong>da</strong> sportis, kulturisa <strong>da</strong> iusticiis<br />
saministroebTan <strong>da</strong> profesiuli ga<strong>da</strong>mzadebis institutebTan. amave<br />
dros, problemebis mogvarebis procesis <strong>da</strong>CqarebisaTvis aucilebelia<br />
mizanmimarTuli muSaoba sazogadoebis informirebisa <strong>da</strong> maTi<br />
mxar<strong>da</strong>Weris mopovebis mizniT.<br />
18. Catarebuli kvlevis safuZvelze SemoTavazebuli<br />
araformaluri ganaTlebis sareabilitacio centris modeli, romelic<br />
bavSvis uflebebzea orientirebuli, iTvaliswinebs mravalmxrivi<br />
momsaxurebis kompleqsur ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebebs arsebul sakiTxTan<br />
mimarTebaSi. igi warmoadgens gar<strong>da</strong>maval models bavSvisTvis<br />
saxifaTo garemo<strong>da</strong>n maTi ganaTlebisa <strong>da</strong> socialuri CarTulobisaken.<br />
saganmanaTleblo-sareabilitacio centrebSi gaTvaliswinebulia<br />
swavlebis iseTi meqanizmis SemuSaveba, romelic SesaZlebels gaxdis<br />
quCis bavSvTa Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT umtkivneulo integracias sajaro skolebSi.<br />
quCis bavSvebs <strong>da</strong>xmareba maTi miznebis asrulebaSi, unarebis<br />
ganviTarebasa <strong>da</strong> realizaciaSi sasargebloa ara marto bavSvebisaTvis,<br />
aramed saxelmwifoebrivi aRmSeneblobis TvalsazrisiTac.<br />
araproduqtiuli, ekonomikurad pasiuri <strong>da</strong>, aqe<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare,<br />
sazogadoebisaTvis potenciurad saSiSi moqalaqeebis nacvlad, qveyana<br />
iZens ekonomikurad aqtiur, socialurad <strong>da</strong>cul a<strong>da</strong>mianebs.<br />
yovelgvari Zalisxmeva mogvcems ukuCvenebas, Tuki quCebi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
moviyvanT bavSvebs centrSi, CavutarebT reabilitaciis programas,
gavacnobT cxovrebis gansxvavebul stils, xolo Semdeg <strong>da</strong>xmarebis<br />
gareSe gavuSvebT centri<strong>da</strong>n. amitom, saWiroa, grZelvadiani xedvisa <strong>da</strong><br />
strategiebis gamomuSavebis saSualebiT Seiqmnas bavSvTa uwyveti<br />
ganaTlebis, ganviTarebis <strong>da</strong> socialuri <strong>da</strong>cvis kompleqsuri sistema.<br />
kvlevis mier SemoTavazebuli saganmanaTleblo-sareabilitacio<br />
centris modeli quCis bavSvebisaTvis efuZneba am sferoSi <strong>da</strong>grovil<br />
gamocdilebas <strong>da</strong> iTvaliswinebs TiTqmis yvela rekomen<strong>da</strong>cias,<br />
romelic kvlevis azriT, misaReebia mocemul viTarebaSi.<br />
gamoyenebuli literatura<br />
1. abesaZe nino. saqarTvelos mosaxleobis materialuri<br />
keTildReobis problemebi globaluri ekonomikuri krizisis<br />
dros // globaluri krizisi <strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos ekonomika. _ Tb.,<br />
2009. _ gv.8-10.<br />
2. abulaZe m. bavSvi <strong>da</strong> ojaxuri konfliqtebi `saqarTvelos qali~.<br />
– 1990, #1, gv.<br />
3. aglaZe e. mSobelTa pe<strong>da</strong>gogiuri kulturis amaRlebisaTvis. –<br />
Tb., 1979. – 31gv.<br />
4. angariSi. bavSvTa 29 saze<strong>da</strong>mxedvelo <strong>da</strong>wesebulebaSi Catarebuli<br />
kvlevis Sedegebi / saq. ganaTlebis saministro. – Tb., 2000.<br />
5. bavSvTa <strong>da</strong>xmarebis erTiani erovnuli samoqmedo programa, 2003.<br />
6. bavSvis uflebaTa konvencia _ UNICEF, 1999. – 89gv.<br />
7. basilaZe n. ojaxi <strong>da</strong> bavSvis aRzr<strong>da</strong>. – baTumi, 1987. – 88gv.<br />
8. basilaZe n. pirovnebis ganviTareba <strong>da</strong> TviTaRzr<strong>da</strong>. – baTumi,<br />
2009. – 169gv.<br />
9. gabiZaSvili b. siRaribis portreti saqarTveloSi. _ Tb., 2006. _<br />
68gv.<br />
10. gagoSiZe Tamar. <strong>da</strong>rRvevebi bavSvis fsiqikur ganviTarebaSi. _ Tb.,<br />
2007. _ 323gv.<br />
11. gagoSiZe Tamar, WinWarauli TinaTin, filauri qeTevan,<br />
bagrationi maia. inkluziuri ganaTlebis principebi. _ Tb., 2008. _<br />
118gv.
12. gagua v. mSobelTa pe<strong>da</strong>gogiuri ganaTlebis sanimuSo programa. –<br />
Tb., 1980.<br />
13. ganaTleba- gansxvavebuli saWiroebebis mqone pirTa ganaTleba<br />
berit ionsenisa <strong>da</strong> meriam Sertenis re<strong>da</strong>qciiT (norvegiuli<br />
gamocemis Targmani). _ Tb., 2007. – 310gv.<br />
14. <strong>da</strong>rCia d. ojaxis roli bavSvTa uze<strong>da</strong>mxedvelobasTan brZolaSi<br />
<strong>da</strong> pe<strong>da</strong>gog-organizatorebi // skola <strong>da</strong> cxovreba. - 1970. - #1. -<br />
gv. 53-61.<br />
15. <strong>da</strong>rCia d. mSobelTa pe<strong>da</strong>gogizacia // skola <strong>da</strong> cxovreba. - 1982.<br />
- #5. – gv. 38-44.<br />
16. viswavloT erTad - inkluziuri ganaTleba / saq. ganaTlebisa <strong>da</strong><br />
mecnierebis saministrosa <strong>da</strong> norvegiis ganaTlebis saministro. _<br />
Tb., – 2008,. - 512gv.<br />
17. TavziSvili g. saojaxo aRzr<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> TviTganaTleba // rCeuli<br />
pe<strong>da</strong>gogiuri Txzulebebi 3 tomad. t. 2 – Tb.: ganaTleba, 1977.<br />
18. Telia rusu<strong>da</strong>n. bavSvTa institucionaluri <strong>da</strong>wesebulebebis<br />
kvleva: angariSi / a/o “bavSvi <strong>da</strong> garemo”. _ Tb., 2005. – 134gv.<br />
19. ime<strong>da</strong>Ze n. emociuri aRzrdis zogierTi sakiTxi // skola <strong>da</strong><br />
cxovreba. – 1980. - # 6. – gv. 6-12.<br />
20. inkluziuri ganaTleba: saresurso wigni pe<strong>da</strong>gogebisTvis /<br />
UNICEF. – Tb., 2004 _ 198gv.<br />
21. kaxiani <strong>da</strong>rejan – yuradRebis deficitisa <strong>da</strong> hiperaqtivobis<br />
sindromis kvleva qarTul populaciaSi. _ 2002.<br />
22. labate gabriel. bavSvTa Sroma saqarTveloSi. _ Tb., 2004. – 64gv.<br />
23. maisuraZe g. sai<strong>da</strong>n iRebs konfliqti saTaves // skola <strong>da</strong><br />
cxovreba. – #10, 1988. – gv.12-17.<br />
24. narkoviTareba saqarTveloSi. 2005: wliuri angariSi / samxreT<br />
kavkasiis antinarkotikuli programa. _ Tb., 2006. _ 60gv.<br />
25. natroSvili n. obol <strong>da</strong> mSobelTa mzrunvelobas moklebul<br />
bavSvTa yofa-cxovrebis organizaciis formebis Sesaxeb// skola<br />
<strong>da</strong> cxovreba. - #1. - 1990.
26. nacvliSvili S. samarTlebrivi aRzrdisadmi <strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba<br />
ojaxSi //skola <strong>da</strong> cxovreba. - #2. - 1990.<br />
27. “nu miwodeb quCis bavSvs”: saqarTveloSi urbanuli quCis<br />
bavSvebis raodenoba <strong>da</strong> maxasiaTeblebi / USAID UNICEF. _ Tb.,<br />
2008. _ 137gv.<br />
28. poiSeli zigfrid. <strong>da</strong>unis sindromi-naTeli momavlisaken|:<br />
(saxelmZRvanelo mSoblebisaTvis) – Tb., 2006. _ 344gv.<br />
29. samyaro Cveni saxli / Tamar abulaZe, iaTamze kotetiSvili, nino<br />
lorTqifaniZe, marina Sostaki. _ Tb., 2003. _ 103gv.<br />
30. sarjvelaZe n., beberaSvili g., javaxiSvili d., <strong>da</strong> sxv. travma <strong>da</strong><br />
fsiqologiuri <strong>da</strong>xmareba / a<strong>da</strong>mianis resursebis ganviTarebis<br />
fondi, – Tb., 2008. – 208gv.<br />
31. saqarTvelo. bavSvebisa <strong>da</strong> qalebis mdgomareobis monitoringi:<br />
mravalindikatoruli klasteruli kvleva. 2005 / saq. statistikis<br />
saxelmw. departamenti, <strong>da</strong>avadebaTa kontrolis erovnuli centri.<br />
_ Tb., 2005. _ 195gv.<br />
32. saqarTvelos axalgazrdoba 1995-2003 wlebSi / statistikis<br />
saxelmw. departamenti. _ Tb., 2004. _ 64gv.<br />
33. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsi _ Tb., 2007. – 340gv.<br />
34. saqarTvelos humanuri ganviTarebis angariSi 2008. reformebi <strong>da</strong><br />
reformebs miRma. – Tb., 2008 – 96gv.<br />
35. saqarTveloSi bavSvebis mimarT Zaladobis erovnuli kvleva /<br />
saq. ganaTlebisa <strong>da</strong> mecnierebis saministro. _ Tb., 2008. _ 180gv.<br />
36. sixaruliZe z. saxelmwifo <strong>da</strong> sazogadoebrivi organizaciebis<br />
roli unarSezRuduli bavSvebis <strong>da</strong>xmarebis saqmeSi.<br />
37. specialuri saganmanaTleblo saWiroebebis mqone bavSvTa<br />
ganaTlebis strategia <strong>da</strong> samoqmedo gegma 2009-2011 wlebisTvis. –<br />
Tb., 2008<br />
38. unarSezRuduli bavSvebis socialuri integraciis pe<strong>da</strong>gogiuri,<br />
fsiqologiuri <strong>da</strong> samedicino aspeqtebi / saqarTvelos<br />
janmrTelobis marTvis centrisa <strong>da</strong> aSS –s skrentonis<br />
universitetis TanamSromlebis erToblivi naSromi. – Tb., -2002<br />
39. futkaraZe mzia, vaSakiZe qeTevan. logopedia. _ Tb., 2006. – 203gv.
40. fsiqosocialuri situaciis marTvis procesi / gaeros bavSvTa<br />
fondi. – Tb., 2003. – 68gv.<br />
41. qalebi <strong>da</strong> bavSvebi saqarTveloSi: situaciuri analizi / gaeros<br />
bavSvTa fondi – saqarTvelo. – Tb., 2000. – 124gv.<br />
42. yolbaia mamia. defeqtologiis safuZvlebi. _ Tb., 1989. – 255gv.<br />
43. yolbaia m. sijiute <strong>da</strong> mis winaaRmdeg brZola //skola <strong>da</strong><br />
cxovreba. – # 4. - 1981.<br />
44. yolbaia m. Zneli bavSvebi. – Tb., 1985. – 271gv.<br />
45. yufaraZe m. bavSvTa socialuri mdgomareoba gar<strong>da</strong>mavali<br />
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46. yufaraZe m. quCis bavSvebTan muSaobis gamocdileba q. TbilisSi<br />
arasamTavrobo organizaciis ,,bavSvi <strong>da</strong> garemo” magaliTze //<br />
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47. yufaraZe m. internatis tipis <strong>da</strong>wesebulebebis tradiciuli<br />
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48. Seni arCevani – Seni winsvlaa: cnobari /a<strong>da</strong>mianis resursebis<br />
ganviTarebis fondi. – Tb., 2008. – 94gv.<br />
49. Cveni uflebebi: bavSvis uflebaTa konvencia <strong>da</strong> misi swavlebis<br />
meTodebi: saxelmZR. zogadsaganmanaTl. <strong>da</strong>weseb. IV klasis<br />
maswavleblebisaTvis /giorgi axvlediani, nana <strong>da</strong>laqiSvili,<br />
Tamar meifariani, zaal kikvaZe . _ Tb., 2001. _ 68gv.<br />
50. carciZe <strong>da</strong>viT. fsiqikur ganviTarebaSi Seferxebis mqone bavSvTa<br />
momzadeba inkluziuri ganaTlebisaTvis: avtoreferati. _ Tb., -<br />
2005. – 36gv.<br />
51. carciZe nana. yuradReba bavSvi – fsiqo-pe<strong>da</strong>gogiuri<br />
diagnostikuri meTodika <strong>da</strong> sakoreqcio muSaobis gzebi. – Tb.,<br />
2000.<br />
52. carciZe nana. skolamdeli <strong>da</strong> umcrosi saskolo asakis bavSvTa<br />
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53. ZamukaSvili Sorena. socialuri pe<strong>da</strong>gogis muSaobis formebi <strong>da</strong><br />
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დ ა ნ ა რ თ ი<br />
კ ი თ ხ ვ ა რ ე ბ ი ს ნ ი მ უ შ ე ბ ი<br />
კითხვები ბავშვებთან:<br />
1. უვლიათ თუ არა მანამდე ჩვეულებრივ სკოლაში? –––––––––––––––––––––––<br />
––––––<br />
2. თუ უვლიათ სკოლაში, რა მიზეზით მიატოვეს? –––––––––––––––––––––––––<br />
––––––
3. რა უშლით ხელს სკოლაში სიარულში? (ეკონომიკური გაჭირვება, ოჯახური<br />
პრობლემები თუ სწავლისადმი უარყოფითი დამოკიდებულება?).–––––––––<br />
––––––<br />
4. რა საგნები მოსწონთ? რატომ? –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––<br />
––––––<br />
5. ესმით თუ არა განათლების მიღების აუცილებლობა?–––––––––––––––––––––<br />
–––––<br />
6. რა პროფესია მიაჩნიათ პერსპექტიულად? –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––<br />
––––––<br />
7. ესმით თუ არა პროფესიის მიღების აუცილებლობა? ––––––––––––––––––––<br />
––––––<br />
8. რამდენად თავისუფალნი არიან თავიანთ არჩევანში? (პროფესიის არჩევის<br />
თვალსაზრისით) ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––<br />
––––––<br />
9. სწავლების როგორი ფორმები მოსწონთ – სტაციონარული (ინტერნატებში<br />
ცხოვრებით) თუ – გაკვეთილებზე პერიოდული დასწრებით? –––––––––––––<br />
–––––<br />
10. როგორი განათლება ურჩევნიათ – საბაზისო (საშუალო სკოლა) თუ<br />
პროფესიული (ხელობის დაუფლება)? –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––<br />
–––––––––––––––––––<br />
11. სმენიათ თუ არა იმ სოციალური სამსახურების შესახებ (როგორც<br />
სამთავრობო, ასევე არასამთავრობო), რომლებიც ქ.ბ– განათლების<br />
საკითხებზე მუშაობენ?–––––<br />
12. რა იციან იმ ქვეყნის შესახებ, რომელშიც ცხოვრობენ? ––––––––––––––––––––<br />
––––––<br />
13. ადვილად ითვისებენ თუ არა საგნებს? ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––<br />
–––––<br />
14. რა არის მათთვის ინფორმაციის მიღების ძირითადი წყარო? (ოჯახი,<br />
ამხანაგები,<br />
მას–მედია –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––<br />
––––––<br />
15. რა იციან ტექნიკის თანამედროვე მიღწევების შესახებ (მაგალითად,<br />
კომპიუტერზე)? ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––<br />
–––––<br />
16. რას შეცვლიდნენ ქუჩის ბავშვების განათლების უკვე არსებულ სისტემაში? –<br />
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––<br />
––––––––––<br />
კითხვები (სოციალურ) პედაგოგებთან:<br />
1. რა პრობლემები ჩნდება ქუჩის ბავშვებთან ურთიერთობის დროს მათი<br />
სწავლების პროცესში?–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––<br />
–––––
2. რა არის ამ პრობლემების წარმოშობის მიზეზი:<br />
� ბავშვთა ფსიქოლოგიური არამდგრადობა;–––––––––––––––––––<br />
� უნდობლობა პედაგოგთა მიმართ;–––––––––––––––––––––––––––<br />
� უნდობლობა განათლების მიმართ;––––––––––––––––––––––––––<br />
� ბავშვთა განვითარების სხვადასხვა დონე;––––––––––––––––––––<br />
� არასაკმარისად დამუშავებული მეთოდიკა და სპეციალური<br />
ლიტერატურის (მაგალითად, სახელმძღვანელოების) ნაკლებობა.––––<br />
–––––<br />
3. რა პრობლემები ჩნდება მშობლებთან ურთიერთობის დროს? –––––––––––––<br />
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––<br />
–––––––––––<br />
4. ქ.ბ–ს მშობლები ეხმარებიან თუ ხელს უშლიან პედაგოგებს ბავშვთა<br />
განათლების საქმეში? –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––<br />
–––––––––––––––––<br />
5. რა კატეგორიის მშობლებთან ძნელდება საერთო ენის გამონახვა? –––––––––<br />
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––<br />
–––––––––––<br />
6. რა საკითხებთან დაკავშირებით თანამშრომლობს (ან არ თანამშრომლობს)<br />
მშობელი პედაგოგებთან? –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––<br />
––––––<br />
7. რა კატეგორიის მშობლებთან არის შედარებით ადვილი საერთო ენის<br />
გამონახვა?–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––<br />
––––––––––––––––<br />
8. არის თუ არა საჭირო, მათი აზრით, სპეციალური სახელმძღვანელოების<br />
შექმნა ქუჩის ბავშვების განათლებისათვის?–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––<br />
––––––––––––<br />
9. რა ძირითადი ნიშნით უნდა განსხვავდებოდეს ასეთი სპეციალური<br />
სახელმძღვანელოები? ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––<br />
––––––<br />
10. ასაკობრივ ნიშნის გარდა საჭიროდ მიაჩნიათ თუ არა სხვადასხვანაირი<br />
დიფერენცირების მიხედვით სწავლება (სახელმძღვანელოები და სწავლის<br />
მეთოდიკა)? –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––<br />
––––––<br />
11. რამდენად ზემოქმედებს ბავშვთა ფსიქოლოგიაზე სწავლის პროცესი და<br />
შედეგი? იცვლება თუ არა მათი ფსიქო–სოციალური იერსახე; იკვეთება თუ<br />
არა განათლების საშუალებით ცხოვრებისეული უნარჩვევების<br />
გამომუშავების ტენდენცია?––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––<br />
–––––––––––––––––––<br />
12. საჭიროდ მიაჩნიათ თუ არა, ტრენინგების ჩატარება ქუჩის ბავშვების<br />
სწავლებასთან დაკავშირებულ საკითხებზე?––––––––––––––––––––––––––––<br />
––––
13. რა საკითხები მიაჩნიათ ყველაზე დაუმუშავებლად ქუჩის ბავშვების<br />
სწავლებასთან მიმართებაში?––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––<br />
–––––<br />
კითხვები რეპეტიტორებთან (ხელოსნებთან):<br />
1. რამდენად გულმოდგინედ სწავლობენ ბავშვები ხელობას?–––––––––––––<br />
–––––<br />
2. ესმით თუ არა პროფესიის მიღების აუცილებლობა? რამდენად<br />
თავისუფალნი არიან თავიანთ არჩევანში?––––––––––––––––––––––––––––<br />
–––––––––––––––––––<br />
3. ეხმარება (ან ხელს უშლის) თუ არა აქ.ბ–ს ხელობის დაუფლებაში ქუჩის<br />
ცხოვრების გამოცდილება?–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––<br />
––––––<br />
4. რამდენად ზემოქმედებს ბავშვთა ფსიქოლოგიაზე ხელობის სწავლის<br />
პროცესი და შედეგი? იცვლება თუ არა მათი ფსიქო–სოციალური<br />
იერსახე; იკვეთება თუ არა პროფესიის დაუფლების საშუალებით<br />
ცხოვრებისეული უნარჩვევების გამომუშავების ტენდენცია?–––––––––––<br />
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––<br />
კითხვები მშობლებთან:<br />
1. აქვთ თუ არა განათლება და თუ აქვთ, – როგორი? ––––––––––––––––––––<br />
–––––<br />
2. ესმით თუ არა განათლების მნიშვნელობა თავიანთი ბავშვებისათვის? ––<br />
––––––<br />
3. როგორ ხედავენ თავიანთი შვილების მომავალს? –––––––––––––––––––––<br />
––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––<br />
–––––––––––<br />
4. რამდენად პერსპექტიულად აღიქვამენ განათლების მიღებას?––––––––––<br />
––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––<br />
–––––––––––<br />
5. რაში ხედავენ პრობლემებს მათი ბავშვების განათლების<br />
თვალსაზრისით?––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––<br />
–––––––––––––––––––––––––<br />
6. სმენიათ თუ არა იმ სოციალური სამსახურების შესახებ (როგორც<br />
სამთავრობო, ასევე არასამთავრობო), რომლებიც ქ.ბ– განათლების<br />
საკითხებზე მუშაობენ?–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––<br />
––––––––––––––––––––––––––––<br />
7. საჭიროდ მიაჩნიათ თუ არა, ახსნა განმარტებითი საუბრების ჩატარება<br />
ბავშვებთან დაკავშირებულ საკითხებზე?–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
პასუხები კითხვარებზე<br />
კითხვები ბავშვებთან ყველაზე გავრცელებული პასუხები<br />
უვლიათ თუ არა მანამდე ჩვეულებრივ დადიოდნენ საჯარო სკოლაში<br />
სკოლაში?<br />
თუ უვლიათ სკოლაში, რა მიზეზით არ ჰქონდათ სახელმძღვანელოები და<br />
მიატოვეს?<br />
ტანსაცმელი<br />
რა უშლით ხელს სკოლაში სიარულში? პერიოდულად უხდებათ შრომა ოჯახის<br />
დასახმარებლად<br />
რა საგნები მოსწონთ? რატომ? მათემატიკა, უცხო ენა, ისტორია,<br />
ქართული ლიტერატურა<br />
ესმით თუ არა განათლების მიღების ესმით განათლების მნიშვნელობა<br />
აუცილებლობა<br />
რა პროფესია მიაჩნიათ<br />
იურისტი, ეკონომისტი<br />
პერსპექტიულად?<br />
ესმით თუ არა პროფესიის მიღების აუცილებლად მიიჩნევენ პროფესიის<br />
აუცილებლობა?<br />
დაუფლებას<br />
რამდენად თავისუფალნი არიან სრულიად თავისუფალნი არიან<br />
არჩევანში? (პროფესიის არჩევის მხოლოდ იმ პროფესიათა არჩევანში,<br />
თვალსაზრისით)?<br />
რომლის ათვისების საშუალებასაც<br />
ცენტრი აძლევთ. ეკონომიკური<br />
გაჭირვების გამო არ შეუძლიათ<br />
თავიანთი არჩევანი სხვა, სასურველ<br />
პროფესიაზე შეაჩერონ<br />
სწავლების როგორი ფორმები მოსწონთ<br />
– სტაციონარული (ინტერნატებში<br />
ცხოვრებით) თუ – გაკვეთილებზე<br />
პერიოდული დასწრებით?<br />
როგორი განათლება ურჩევნიათ –<br />
საბაზისო (საშუალო სკოლა) თუ<br />
პროფესიული (ხელობის დაუფლება)?<br />
სმენიათ თუ არა იმ სოციალური<br />
სამსახურების შესახებ, რომლებიც<br />
ქუჩის ბავშვების განათლების<br />
საკითხებზე მუშაობენ?<br />
რა იციან იმ ქვეყნის შესახებ, რომელშიც<br />
ცხოვრობენ?<br />
გაკვეთილებზე პერიოდული<br />
დასწრებით<br />
პროფესიული (ხელობის დაუფლება)<br />
სმენიათ მხოლოდ იმ სოციალური<br />
სამსახურების შესახებ, რომლებთანაც<br />
უწევთ ურთიერთობა<br />
ცენტრებში სწავლის შემდეგ ბევრი რამ<br />
გაიგეს საქართველოს შესახებ<br />
ადვილად ითვისებენ თუ არა საგნებს? საშუალოდ<br />
რა არის მათთვის ინფორმაციის ინფორმაციის მიღების ძირითადი<br />
მიღების ძირითადი წყარო?<br />
წყაროა სსც და ამხანაგები<br />
რა იციან ტექნიკის თანამედროვე აქვთ მწირი ცოდნა ტექნიკის
მიღწევების შესახებ (მაგალითად,<br />
კომპიუტერზე)?<br />
რას შეცვლიდნენ ქუჩის ბავშვების<br />
განათლების უკვე არსებულ სისტემაში?<br />
თანამედროვე მიღწევების შესახებ.<br />
კომპიუტერზე მუშაობა ისწავლეს<br />
მხოლოდ სსც–ში<br />
ბავშვების სწავლება მიმდინარეობდეს<br />
განვითარების დონისა და არა ასაკის<br />
მიხედვით<br />
კითხვები (სოციალურ) პედაგოგებთან ყველაზე გავრცელებული პასუხები<br />
რა პრობლემები ჩნდება ქუჩის<br />
ბავშვებთან ურთიერთობის დროს<br />
მათი სწავლების პროცესში?<br />
რა არის ამ პრობლემების წარმოშობის<br />
მიზეზი<br />
რა პრობლემები ჩნდება მშობლებთან<br />
ურთიერთობის დროს?<br />
მშობლები ეხმარებიან თუ ხელს<br />
უშლიან პედაგოგებს ბავშვთა<br />
განათლების საქმეში?<br />
რა კატეგორიის მშობლებთან<br />
ძნელდება საერთო ენის გამონახვა?<br />
რა საკითხებთან დაკავშირებით<br />
თანამშრომლობს (ან არ<br />
თანამშრომლობს) მშობელი<br />
პედაგოგებთან?<br />
რა კატეგორიის მშობლებთან არის<br />
შედარებით ადვილი საერთო ენის<br />
გამონახვა?<br />
არის თუ არა საჭირო სპეციალური<br />
სახელმძღვანელოების შექმნა ქუჩის<br />
ბავშვების განათლებისათვის?<br />
რა ძირითადი ნიშნით უნდა<br />
განსხვავდებოდეს ასეთი სპეციალური<br />
სახელმძღვანელოები?<br />
სწავლის დაბალი მოტივაცია;<br />
გონებაგაფანტულობა<br />
არასაკმარისად დამუშავებული<br />
მეთოდიკა და სპეციალური<br />
ლიტერატურის (მაგალითად,<br />
სახელმძღვანელოების) ნაკლებობა;<br />
ბავშვთა განვითარების სხვადასხვა დონე<br />
მშობელთა ერთი ნაწილი მხოლოდ მაშინ<br />
თანამშრომლობს პედაგოგებთან როცა<br />
რაიმე მატერიალურ გამორჩენას ელის<br />
არ (ან ვერ) ეხმარებიან, მაგრამ არც ხელს<br />
უშლიან<br />
ალკოჰოლისტებთან და<br />
გონებაშეზღუდულ მშობლებთან<br />
ძირითადად თანამშრომლობს მაშინ,<br />
როცა საკითხი ბავშვის დისციპლინას<br />
ეხება. უშუალოდ სწავლების პროცესში<br />
არ ერევა.<br />
დასაქმებულ და მეტ–ნაკლებად<br />
განათლებულ მშობლებთან<br />
საჭიროა ინკლუზიური განათლების<br />
შესატყვისი სახელმძღვანელოები<br />
სპეციალურად ქუჩის ბავშვებისათვის<br />
სახელმძღვანელოებში მიწოდებული<br />
მასალა უნდა იყოს მარტივი ენით<br />
დაწერილი და უხვად<br />
ილუსტრირებული, რათა განათლებაში<br />
წარმოქმნილი ხარვეზები ვიზუალური<br />
ინფორმაციითაც შეივსოს.<br />
ასაკობრივ ნიშნის გარდა საჭიროდ საჭიროა სწავლების პროცესში
მიაჩნიათ თუ არა სხვადასხვანაირი<br />
დიფერენცირების მიხედვით სწავლება<br />
(სახელმძღვანელოები და სწავლის<br />
მეთოდიკა)?<br />
რამდენად ზემოქმედებს ბავშვთა<br />
ფსიქოლოგიაზე სწავლის პროცესი და<br />
შედეგი? იცვლება თუ არა მათი ფსიქო–<br />
სოციალური იერსახე; იკვეთება თუ<br />
არა განათლების საშუალებით<br />
ცხოვრებისეული უნარ–ჩვევების<br />
გამომუშავების ტენდენცია?<br />
საჭიროდ მიაჩნიათ თუ არა,<br />
ტრენინგების ჩატარება ქუჩის<br />
ბავშვების სწავლებასთან<br />
დაკავშირებულ საკითხებზე?<br />
რა საკითხები მიაჩნიათ ყველაზე<br />
დაუმუშავებლად ქუჩის ბავშვების<br />
სწავლებასთან მიმართებაში?<br />
კითხვები ხელობის მასწავლებლებთან<br />
(რეპეტიტორებთან)<br />
რამდენად გულმოდგინედ სწავლობენ<br />
ბავშვები ხელობაs?<br />
ესმით თუ არა პროფესიის მიღების<br />
აუცილებლობა?<br />
რამდენად თავისუფალნი არიან<br />
თავიანთ არჩევანში (ხელობის)?<br />
ეხმარება (ან ხელს უშლის) თუ არა მათ<br />
ხელობის დაუფლებაში ქუჩის<br />
ცხოვრების გამოცდილება?<br />
რამდენად ზემოქმედებს ბავშვთა<br />
ფსიქოლოგიაზე ხელობის სწავლის<br />
პროცესი და შედეგი? იცვლება თუ არა<br />
მათი ფსიქო–სოციალური იერსახე;<br />
იკვეთება თუ არა პროფესიის<br />
დაუფლების საშუალებით<br />
ცხოვრებისეული უნარ–ჩვევების<br />
გათვალისწინებული იყოს ქუჩის<br />
ბავშვების განვითარების სხვადასხვა<br />
დონეს<br />
სწავლის პროცესი ბავშვებს დიდად არ<br />
მოსწონთ, რადგან ეს მათგან გარკვეულ<br />
ძალისხმევას მოითხოვს, თუმცა<br />
მიღწეული შედეგები დადებით<br />
ფსიქოლოგიურ ზემოქმედებას ახდენს<br />
მათზე. ცოდნის შეძენა, განათლება<br />
ეხმარება ბავშვებს ცხოვრებისეული<br />
უნარ–ჩვევების გამომუშავებაში<br />
აუცილებელია ტრენინგების ჩატარება<br />
ქუჩის ბავშვების სწავლებასთან<br />
დაკავშირებულ საკითხებზე<br />
შესამუშავებელია სწავლების მეთოდიკა<br />
და სპეციალური სახელმძღვანელოები<br />
ყველაზე გავრცელებული პასუხები<br />
ცდილობენ დაეუფლონ ხელობას<br />
თავიანთი შესაძლებლობების<br />
ფარგლებში<br />
ხელობას ეუფლებიან უფროსი ასაკის<br />
ბავშვები და, შესაბამისად, მათ ესმით<br />
ხელობის დაუფლების აუცილებლობა<br />
სსც–ს მიერ შეთავაზებული ხელობების<br />
არჩევანში თავისუფლები არიან<br />
ის ბავშვები, რომლების შრომით<br />
ირჩენდნენ თავს, უფრო<br />
მობილიზებული არიან, რადგან<br />
გამოცდილი მძიმე შრომა მათთვის<br />
სტიმულია ახალი ცხოვრების<br />
დასაწყებად.<br />
ხელობის სწავლის პროცესი ბავშვებზე<br />
დადებით ფსიქოლოგიურ<br />
ზემოქმედებას ახდენს. მათ უჩნდებათ<br />
პასუხისმგებლობის გრძნობა, მომავლის<br />
იმედი.
გამომუშავების ტენდენცია?<br />
კითხვები მშობლებთან ყველაზე გავრცელებული პასუხები<br />
არასრული საშუალო<br />
აქვთ თუ არა განათლება და თუ აქვთ,<br />
– როგორი<br />
ესმით თუ არა განათლების<br />
ესმით<br />
მნიშვნელობა თავიანთი<br />
ბავშვებისათვის?<br />
როგორ ხედავენ თავიანთი შვილების დიდი იმედი არ აქვთ<br />
მომავალს?<br />
რამდენად პერსპექტიულად აღიქვამენ მათი აზრით, განათლების მიუხედავად,<br />
განათლების მიღებას<br />
პრობლემა სამსახურის შოვნაა<br />
რაში ხედავენ პრობლემებს მათი მთავარი პრობლემა ეკონომიკური<br />
ბავშვების განათლების<br />
ხელმოკლეობაა, რის გამოც უჭირთ<br />
თვალსაზრისით?<br />
სახელმძღვანელოებისა და სხვა<br />
სასწავლო ნივთების შეძენა<br />
სმენიათ თუ არა იმ სოციალური სმენიათ მხოლოდ იმ სოციალური<br />
სამსახურების შესახებ (როგორც სამსახურების შესახებ, რომლებთანაც<br />
სამთავრობო, ასევე არასამთავრობო), უწევთ ურთიერთობა<br />
რომლებიც ქუჩის ბავშვების<br />
განათლების საკითხებზე მუშაობენ<br />
საჭიროდ მიაჩნიათ თუ არა, ახსნა საჭიროდ მიაჩნიათ<br />
განმარტებითი საუბრების ჩატარება<br />
ბავშვებთან დაკავშირებულ<br />
საკითხებზე?<br />
ტ ე ს ტ ე ბ ი ს ნ ი მ უ შ ე ბ ი ს ა წ ყ ი ს ი ე ტ ა პ ი ს ა თ ვ ი ს<br />
testi #1 (6-11 წწ asakobrivi jgufisTvis)<br />
1. vin <strong>da</strong>wera poema “vefxistyaosani”?<br />
a) ilia WavWavaZem;<br />
b) akaki wereTelma;<br />
g) SoTa rusTavelma.<br />
2. vin Seqmna saxelmZRvanelo “de<strong>da</strong>ena”?<br />
a) rafiel erisTavma;<br />
b) iakob gogebaSvilma;<br />
g) niko nikolaZem.
3. vin <strong>da</strong>wera moTxroba “Svlis nukris naambobi”?<br />
a) akaki wereTelma;<br />
b) vaJa-fSavelam;<br />
g) ilia WavWavaZem.<br />
4. ramdeni weliwadia saukuneSi?<br />
a) 50 weli;<br />
b) 80 weli;<br />
g) 100 weli.<br />
5. romeli mefis mefobis periods ewo<strong>da</strong> “saqarTvelos istoriis oqros<br />
xana”?<br />
a) farnavazis;<br />
b) vaxtang gorgaslis;<br />
g) Tamaris.<br />
6. rogori forma aqvs de<strong>da</strong>miwas?<br />
a) kvadratis;<br />
b) burTis;<br />
g) samkuTxedis.<br />
7. Tbilisi mdebareobs mdinare:<br />
a) rionze;<br />
b) mtkvarze;<br />
g) alazanze.<br />
8. ra ewodeba de<strong>da</strong>miwis im kuTxes, sa<strong>da</strong>c saqarTvelo mdebareobs?<br />
a) cimbiri;<br />
b) kavkasia;<br />
g) Sua azia.<br />
9. Sinauri cxovelia:<br />
a) ZaRli;<br />
b) spilo;<br />
g) lomi.<br />
10. smenis organoa:
a) Zvali;<br />
b) yuri;<br />
g) kani.<br />
testi # 2 (12-17 asakobrivi jgufisTvis)<br />
1. romeli nawarmoebis gmirebi arian avTandili, tarieli, TinaTini <strong>da</strong><br />
nestan-<strong>da</strong>rejani?<br />
a) moTxroba “baSi-aCukisa”;<br />
b) moTxroba ”oTaraanT qvrivis”;<br />
g) poema “vefxistyaosnis”.<br />
2. ras gvaswavlis poema “vefxistyaosani”?<br />
a) saqarTvelos geografias;<br />
b) megobrobas, siyvaruls, Tav<strong>da</strong>debas;<br />
g) dedis pativiscemas.<br />
3. vin <strong>da</strong>wera leqsi “merani”?<br />
a) ilia WavWavaZem;<br />
b) nikoloz baraTaSvilma;<br />
g) <strong>da</strong>viT guramiSvilma.<br />
4. ras gvaswavlis leqsi “merani”?<br />
a) samSoblos siyvaruls;<br />
b) megobrobas;<br />
g) bedisadmi <strong>da</strong>umorCileblobas.<br />
5. ra metsaxeliT aris cnobili saqarTvelos istoriaSi mefe <strong>da</strong>viT IV?<br />
a) Tav<strong>da</strong>debuli;
) aRmaSenebeli;<br />
g) brwyinvale.<br />
6. romeli qveynis mmarTveli iyo ioseb stalini?<br />
a) ruseTis;<br />
b) ukrainis;<br />
g) sabWoTa kavSiris.<br />
7. ra ewodeba im organizacias, romelSic msoflios erebi arian<br />
gaerTianebuli TanamSromlobis mizniT?<br />
a) evropis sabWo;<br />
b) britaneTis samefo;<br />
g) gaerTianebuli erebis organizacia (gaero).<br />
8. romeli qveynis mxe<strong>da</strong>rTmTavari iyo napoleon bonaparte?<br />
a) italiis;<br />
b) safrangeTis;<br />
g) ruseTis.<br />
9. saqarTvelos mosazRvre qveynebia:<br />
a) azerbaijani, TurqeTi, ruseTi, somxeTi;<br />
b) saberZneTi, israeli, ukraina, mol<strong>da</strong>veTi;<br />
g) litva, latvia estoneTi, germania.<br />
10. cxovels, romelic erTdroulad binadrobs wyalSic <strong>da</strong> xmeleTzec,<br />
ewodeba<br />
a) Tevzi;<br />
b) amfibia;<br />
g) frinveli.<br />
c x r i l e b i d a d i a g r a m e b i<br />
cxrilebi
#1<br />
skolis mitovebis mizezi<br />
raodeno<br />
ba<br />
procenti<br />
ekonomikuri gaWirveba 306 68%<br />
ojaxuri problemebi 99 22%<br />
janmrTelobis mdgomareoba (fizikuri<br />
nakli an <strong>da</strong>bali gonebrivi SesaZlebloba)<br />
36 8%<br />
swavlisadmi motivaciis uqonloba 9 2%<br />
#2<br />
bavSvebis <strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba<br />
ganaTlebisadmi, profesiisadmi<br />
raodenoba procenti<br />
saWirod miiCneven ganaTlebis miRebas 153 34%<br />
ar miiCneven saWirod ganaTlebis<br />
miRebas<br />
27 6%<br />
sakmarisad miiCneven mxolod<br />
elementarul ganaTlebas<br />
36 8%<br />
saWirod miaCneven mxolod profesiul<br />
ganaTlebas<br />
225 50%<br />
ar aqvs pasuxi 2 2%<br />
#3<br />
romeli profesia miaCniaT<br />
perspeqtiulad<br />
raodenoba %<br />
mSenebeli 72 18<br />
manqanebis SemkeTebeli 63 15,75<br />
durgali 54 13,5<br />
<strong>da</strong>laqi-stilisti 45 11,25<br />
sportsmeni 45 11,25<br />
kompiuteris specialisti 36 9<br />
eqimi 27 6,75<br />
zeinkali 18 4,5<br />
ekonomisti 18 4,5<br />
maswavlebeli 18 4,5<br />
iuristi 18 4,5<br />
msaxiobi 9 2,25<br />
sxva 9 2,25<br />
pasuxi ver gasces<br />
#4<br />
18 4,5
omeli sagnebi moswonT raodenoba %<br />
maTematika 72 18<br />
ucxo ena 63 15,75<br />
qarTuli ena <strong>da</strong> literatura 62 15,75<br />
istoria 46 11,5<br />
musika 36 9<br />
geografia 26 6,5<br />
biologia 18 4,5<br />
fizkultura 54 13,5<br />
sxva 18 4,5<br />
pasuxi ver gasces 54 13,5<br />
#5 testis Sedegebi (I asakobrivi jgufi)<br />
6-11 wlis asakobrivi jgufi sawyisi etapi bolo etapi<br />
qulebi % %<br />
0-1 54 0<br />
2-3 31 3<br />
4-5 9 6<br />
6-7 4 15<br />
8-9 2 27<br />
10 0 49<br />
#6 testis Sedegebi (II asakobrivi jgufi)<br />
6-17 wlis asakobrivi jgufi sawyisi etapi bolo etapi<br />
qulebi % %<br />
0-1 57 2<br />
2-3 29 4<br />
4-5 7 23<br />
6-7 4 41<br />
8-9 3 26<br />
10 0 4<br />
#7<br />
ganaTlebis done<br />
zoga<strong>da</strong>d<br />
sawyisi<br />
bolo<br />
etapi<br />
etapi<br />
raodenoba % raodenoba %<br />
ar icis wera-kiTxva 354 88,5 14 7<br />
icis wera-kiTxva <strong>da</strong><br />
angariSi<br />
46 11,5 386 93
araferi icis<br />
saqarTvelos Sesaxeb<br />
icis mcire ram<br />
saqarTvelos istorii<strong>da</strong>n<br />
icis saqarTvelos<br />
saxelmwifo simbolika<br />
(himni, droSa, Rerbi)<br />
bevri ram icis zoga<strong>da</strong>d<br />
saqarTvelos Sesaxeb<br />
araferi smenia teqnikis<br />
Tanamedrove miRwevebze<br />
SeuZlia mobiluris<br />
gamoyeneba<br />
icis kontinentebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>saxeleba<br />
smenia kompiuteris<br />
Sesaxeb<br />
SeuZlia rukaze<br />
geografiuli punqtebis<br />
moZebna.<br />
SeuZlia kompiuterTan<br />
muSaoba<br />
erkveva ucxouri<br />
manqanebis saxeobebSi<br />
#8<br />
mSoblis<br />
pozicia<br />
Svilis<br />
ganaTlebis<br />
mimarT<br />
sawyisi<br />
etapi<br />
ar miiCnevs<br />
ganaTlebis<br />
miRebas<br />
saWirod<br />
aRiarebs<br />
ganaTlebis<br />
mniSvnelobas<br />
62 15,5 11 2,75<br />
174 43,5 288 72<br />
108 27 366 91,5<br />
72 18 198 49,5<br />
349 87,25 104 26<br />
14 3,5 136 34<br />
22 5,5 228 57<br />
46 11,5 310 77,5<br />
12 3 292 73<br />
0 0 162 40,5<br />
41 10,25 229 57,25<br />
upiratesoba<br />
aniWebs<br />
xelobis flobas<br />
ar ainteresebs<br />
sakuTari<br />
Svilis<br />
keTildReoba<br />
15% 49% 27% 9%<br />
bolo etapi 2% 69% 23% 6%
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