arqiteqturis konservaciis istoria Yuka Yokileto - Ancient Georgia

arqiteqturis 

konservaciis istoria 

Yuka Yokileto 

Tbilisi 

2009

qarTulad Targmnes: 

eliso didebuliZem 

dimitri TumaniSvilma 

marine maisuraZem 

saerTo redaqcia: 

dimitri TumaniSvili 

marine yenia 

inglisuri gamocema 

ElsEviEr ButtErworth _ hEinEmann 

pirveli gamocema 1999 

axlad daibeWda 2001, 2002, 2004, 2005 

© Yuka Yokileto. yvela ufleba daculia 

© g. CubinaSvilis centri, 2009 

isBn ???????????????????????????????

mTargmnelTagan 

winamdebare wigni ZeglTa dacva-aRdgenis erT-erT saukeTeso mcod 

nes ekuTvnis da amJamad am dargSi momuSaveTaTvis samagidodaa 

aRia re bu li. 

qarTveli mkiTxvelisTvis is imiTaa mniSvnelovani, rom istoriul 

WrilSi warmoaCens kulturuli memkvidreobis movla-patronobis 

im um Tavres problemebs, romelTa pirispir, mTel msofliosTan 

erTad, Cve ni qveyanac dgas. vimedovnebT, am sirTuleTa Zirebis 

gacnobiereba Cvenc dagvexmareba Tavi gavarTvaT ekonomikuri, socialuri 

Tu sxva ga re moebebiT gamowveul siZneleebs. 

wigni Tanabrad gamosadegia rogorc restavraciis Semswavleli 

studentebisTvis, aseve dargis gamocdil muSakTaTvisac. cnobamonace 

me biT Zalze mdidari, igi, amasTanave mkafiod gaazrebulsa 

da danawev rebul suraTs warmogvidgens (Tumc wminda filosofiuri 

Tu xelovne bis-Teoriuli sakiTxebi zogjer ramdenadme gamartivebuladaa 

gadmoce mu li). amis gamo is saxelmZRvanelodacaa 

gamosayenebeli, qarTuli sa res tav racio skolis istoriis werisasac 

da sarestavracio proeqtebis ganxilva-Sesafasebladac.

sarCevi 

winaTqma _ pol filipo ............................................................................................... 6 

seriis redaqtorebis winasityvaoba ..................................................................................................... 9 

samadlobeli ................................................................................................................................................... 12 

1. tradiciuli da Tanamedrove sazogadoeba ................................................................................. 14 

1.1. winandeli midgoma istoriuli nagebobebisadmi ........................................ 15 

1.2. tradiciuli sazogadoeba ............................................................................ 20 

1.3. istoriisa da memkvidreobis adrindeli koncefciebi .............................. 24 

1.4. antikuri xanis xelaxali aRmoCena .............................................................. 29 

1.5. Tanamedrove istoriuli cnobiereba .......................................................... 34 

2. siZveleTa xelaxali aRmoCena ............................................................................................................ 38 

2.1. siZlevelTa koleqciebi da restavracia .................................................... 39 

2.2. aRorZinebis xanis Txzulebebi arqiteqturaze ......................................... 44 

2.3. adrindeli saqmianoba da dacva romSi ........................................................ 49 

2.4. rafaeli da ZeglTa dacva ............................................................................ 52 

2.5. ZeglTadmi mopyroba `romis aklebis~ Semdeg ............................................. 55 

2.6. reformacia da kontrreformacia .............................................................. 62 

2.7. gavlena evropaze ........................................................................................... 63 

3. ganmanaTleblobis xana .......................................................................................................................... 69 

3.1. `didi mogzaurobis~ gavlena ........................................................................ 70 

3.2. mxatvrobis restavraciis adrindeli koncefciebi ................................... 77 

3.3. arqeologiuri aRmoCenebi da restavracia ................................................ 82 

3.4. vinkelmani da antikur siZveleTa restavracia ......................................... 85 

4. klasikuri Zeglebi .................................................................................................................................. 94 

4.1. safrangeTis revolYucia .............................................................................. 94 

4.2. klasikur siZveleTa restavracia romSi ...................................................102 

4.3. zegavlena safrangeTSi siZveleTa restavraciaze ...................................119 

4.4. klasikur ZeglTa anastilozi saberZneTSi ...............................................120

5. romantizmis xana .....................................................................................................................................130 

5.1. `goTuri aRorZineba~ da inglisis kaTedralTa gadasxvafereba ............131 

5.2. siZvelismcodneTa kamaTi restavraciis principebze ..............................136 

5.3. `guTuri aRorZinebis~ mimdevi sarestavracio samuSaoebi ing li s Si ......140 

5.4. romantizmi da `Suasaukunovani aRorZienba~ germanulenovan qve y neb Si ....145 

5.5. ZeglTa movlis mdgomareoba prusiaSi .......................................................148 

5.6. istoriul ZeglTa saxelmwifoebrivi marTvis sawyisebi safran ge T Si ...165 

6. stiluri restavracia ..........................................................................................................................173 

6.1. restavraciis principebi da praqtika safrangeTSi .................................173 

6.2. `stiluri restavraciis~ koncefcia ..........................................................188 

6.3. konservacia restavraciis sapirispirod (inglisi) ..................................197 

6.4. ZeglTa dacva da restavracia avstriaSi ..................................................207 

6.5. `stiluri restavracia~ italiaSi ..............................................................210 

7. konservacia ...............................................................................................................................................214 

7.1. jon raskinis konservaciis principebi ......................................................214 

7.2 konservaciis politikis ganviTareba inglisSi .........................................223 

7.3. uilYam morisi da sPaB-i .............................................................................227 

7.4. arqeologiuri obieqtebi ............................................................................233 

7.5. konservaciis moZraoba centralur evropaSi ...........................................238 

7.6. konservaciis moZraoba italiaSi ................................................................246 

8. Teoriebi da koncefciebi ...................................................................................................................263 

8.1. aloiz rigli da `ZeglTa kulti” ...............................................................265 

8.2. ZeglTadacviTi politikis ganviTareba avstriaSi ...................................269 

8.3. “Restauro scientifico” ..........................................................................................272 

8.4. ZeglTa dacvis ganviTareba omisSemdgom italiaSi ..................................276 

8.5. Cezare brandis restavraciis Teoria ........................................................283 

8.6. brandis naazrevis zegavlena ......................................................................295 

9. saerTaSoriso urTierTgavlena da TanamSromloba ...........................................................302 

9.1. zegavlena sxva qveynebze .............................................................................302 

9.2. saerTaSoriso TanamSromloba ....................................................................349 

10. gansazRvrebebi da mimarTulebani ..............................................................................................364 

10.1. memkvidreobisa da konservaciis Tanamedrove aspeqtebi .......................364 

10.2. zegavlena ZeglTadmi mopyrobaze ............................................................373 

10.3. mimdinareobani praqtikaSi .........................................................................376 

10.4. daskvniTi SeniSvnebi ...................................................................................392 

rCeuli bibliografia ..............................................................................................................................395 

saZiebeli .........................................................................................................................................................428

winaTqma 

pol filipo 

ICCROM-is sapatio direqtori 

brYuselis Tavisufali universitetis sapatio profesori 

Tu vinme kidev eWvobs, rom arsebobs 

sazogado evropuli kultu ra, romelic, 

Tanacve, erovnul kulturebTan 

mudmiv dialogSi imyofe ba, misTvis arqiteqtor 

Yuka Yokiletos mier warmodgenili 

restavra ci is istoria damajerebeli 

damamtkicebeli sabuTi unda iyos. 

restavraciis Tanamedrove koncefcia, 

xangrZlivi istoriuli pro ce sis nayofi, 

XVIII saukuneSi, dasavlur saistorio 

azrovnebasTan er Tada da ganmanaTlebelTa 

racionalizmisa da winareromantikulsa 

Tu romantikul mgrZnobelobas 

Soris dapirispirebis Sedegad gamoikve- 

Ta. Semdgom is daixvewa XIX da XX saukuneebSi 

mimdinare kamaTis msvle lobaSi. 

es koncefcia, rogorc Cans, nel-nela im 

dualizmis wiaR Si amoizarda, rac klasikuri 

antikuri kulturisa da dampyrobelTa 

bar ba rosuli samyaros winaaRmdegobam 

warmoSva. es ki, sinamdvileSi imas 

moaswavebs, rom misi genezisi im or samyaros 

Soris kavSirebis evo lYuciis Tanmdevia, 

romelTac wilad xvdaT in fieri, qmnadobisas 

war moeqmnaT cocxali qsovili 

evropis sinamdvilisa. 

warsulisadmi mimarTebis specifikurad 

evropuli formis Sesaqm ne lad 

pirvel gadamwyvet nabijs italiaSi 

vxedavT, rodesac renesan sulma humanizmma 

antikuri xana erTdroulad warsulis 

istoriul epo qadac dasaxa da 

iseT idealur modeladac, rasac Tanamedrove 

kul turac unda STaegonebina 

da yvela asparezze misTvis samomavlo 

gze bic gaexsna. maSin iSva qveynierebisadmi 

mimarTebis axali, maobieqtivi rebeli 

distancirebisa da SemoqmedebiTi 

mexsierebis gamaerTianebeli, forma. 

sivrciTad mas Seesatyviseba xuroTmoZ- 

RvarTa, fermwerTa da mo qandakeTa mier 

SemuSavebuli konstruqcia erTiani perspeqtivisa, 

im xi lu li qveynierebis amsaxvelad, 

rac imJamad humanisturi sub- 

Yeqtis bu neb riv, korelaciur obYeqtad 

aRiqmeboda 1 . 

rodesac istoriasTana da bunebasTan 

am dialogma kulturaSi moikida 

fexi da kritikul terminologiadac 

Camoiqna, man progresiiT CrdiloeTic 

moicva. iq igi male xdeba erT-erTi 

ganzomilebaTagani progresiulad ganviTarebadi 

da TandaTanobiT Tavisi 

gansxvavebulo bis mCeni erovnuli kulturebisa. 

maT, saxeldobr, is mimarTeba 

ayali bebs, rac hqondaT sxvadasxva regionalur 

erTobliobebs antikuri samyarosadmi 

IV saukuneSi, misi udidesi 

1 vemyarebi julio arganis Cinebul analizs 

naSromSi “the architecture of Brunelleschi and the 

origins of Perspective theory in the Fifteenth Century, 

Journal of the warburg and Courtauld institute, 

vol. iX, london, 1946, 96-121; ix. aseve Sekum- 

Suli saxiT wignSi: `Brunelleschi”, Biblioteca 

moderna mondatori, CDXv, milano, 1985.

ganfenilobis Jams. am kon teqstsa da 

amgvari winapirobebiT qristianoba _ 

evropis sivrcisT vis kidev er Ti komponenti 

_ bunebrivia, antikurisave samyaros 

erT-erT formad war mosdgeba. 

sxvadasxva xanaSi misi aRqma, sxva dasxva 

regionSi misi da m kvidrebis pirobebi, 

aseve am ukanasknelTa mTlianada Tu 

nawilobriv, didi Tu mcire xniT moqceva 

romis imperiis sazRvrebSi gadamwyveti 

aR moCnda ama Tu im erovnuli 

kulturis dasafuZneblad. es imdagvari 

ra maa, rogorc bavSvobis pirveli 

wlebis umniSvnelovanesi roli, magram 

is mTlianad dafarulicaa, Znelad 

eqvemdebareba obieqti va cias; yovel T vis 

Zalze Znelia, mag., gamoarkvio, raoden 

imoqmeda ger ma nelTa, bri tanelTa anda 

skandinavelTa kulturebis bunebaze, 

imperiis sazRvreb Si imyofeboda maTi 

miwa-wya li Tu maT gareT. aSkara kia, 

rom am gare mo e bebma Rrma kvali daamCnia 

zogierT fuZemdebel mimarTebas. marTlac, 

gana romTan kavSiri Tu misgan da- 

Soreba ar aisaxeba war su lisa da bunebisadmi 

sxvadasxvanair damokidebule baSi, 

rac axasiaTebs gan sx vavebul erovnul 

grZnobierebas da, Semdgom, maT azrovnebasac? 

aseTi, moqniliTa da Ria, perspeqtiviT, 

romelic a priori ideolo gias ki 

ara, obieqtur monacemebs emyareba, evropuli 

kultura sxva da sxva, urTierTgadamkveT 

nakadTa vrcel samoqmedo 

asparezad moCans, sa dac barbarosuli 

substrati antikur samyaros egebeba, 

qristianoba wa r marTobas Tu periferia 

centrs. Cndeba erovnuli kulturebi, 

imgva rad Camoyalibebulni, rogoric iyo 

maTi adgili saerTo naTxz-naxlar T Si, 

iqidan gamomdinare, Tu ramdenad gansazRvravdnen 

isini, xan gam Reb ni, xanac 

_ sxvi s gan amTvisebelni, Tavs mudmivi 

dialogisas da ra m denad matulobda 

maTi TviTgacnobiereba. evropaSi sxvadasxva 

epoqas is to riuli tenden ciebis 

winaTqma 7 

Tanmimdevrobac axasaTebs: dualizmi 

bizanti i sa da germanelTa saRvTo romis 

imperiisa; berZnulisa da laTinur enovani 

romanul-guTu ri samyaroebisa; humanizmis, 

renesansis, barokos momwifeba 

italiaSi; pro testantizmi da kontrreformacia; 

franguli ganmanaTlebluri 

ra ci o na lizmi da germanuli romantizmi. 

am saerTo sqemaSi Tavisi adgi li 

moeZebneba XIX saukunis nacionalizmsac 

ki, ro me lic asaxavs Tavis Tavze koncentrirebul 

istorizms XIX saukunisa da, 

nagvianevad, XX saukunis romantizmidan 

aRmocenebuls. kidev metic, SeiZleba 

vnaxoT, rogor gaaZnela am TviTobaze 

miqceulma, xSulma XIX saukunis koncefciam 

winare xanis erTian-evropuli 

uwyveti osmozisis gageba, ramac evropuli 

kulturis arsebobis uaryofac ki 

moitana, ro melic ver dai na xeboda misi 

dapataravebuli sqemidan yurebisas. 

es evolYucia TvalnaTliv aqvs 

naCvenebi Yuka Yokiletos, rome lic 

Tvals adevnebs specifikurad evropuli 

fenomenis, restavraciis Tanamedrove 

koncefciis sxvadasxva Semadgenlis progresul 

aRmocene bas. es kidev imitomac 

moxerxda, rom am faqtorTa warmomavloba 

maTi mkvebavi grZnobierebisa da 

azrovnebis sazogado konteqstSia di di 

sif r TxiliT monaxuli. warsulisadmi 

mimarTeba yovelTvis awmyoSi myofo bis 

formis integraluri ganzomilebaa da 

restavraciac, romel sac ga regnulad 

saqme sagnebTan aqvs, mudam TvalsaCino 

da udao saxiT na Telyofs am mimarTebas, 

TviT mis yvelaze naklebad cnobier 

aspeqteb sac ki. 

XIX da XX saukuneebSi evropuli 

restavraciis panorama, mTlia nad kulturis 

msgavsad, winmswrafad ixsneba 

klasikuri tradiciis mi er ugulebelyofili 

sxvadasxva seqtorebis mimarT: 

mas jer romanuli da goTuri Sua saukuneebi 

Seemata, gansakuTrebiT erovnuli 

kuTxiT da na xuli, Semdgom, TandaTano-

8 arqiteqturis konservaciis istoria 

biT, baroko, dasasrul ki araevropuli 

kulturebic. XX saukunis meore naxevarSi 

yuradReba maleve mieqca is toriul 

ansamblebs, soflisa Tu xalxur 

naxelavs da, sabolood, is to riisa da 

bunebis mxriv ormxriv sagulisxmo teritoriebs, 

land Saf tebs, romelTac istoriuli 

ganzomileba SeiZina. 

restavraciisa da konservaciis asparezis 

ganvrcobas Tan sdevs klasikuri 

tradiciidan namemkvidrevi kritikuli 

koncefciebis gaRrma veba da 

sxva kulturebTan dialogis dawyeba. es 

tendenciebi dResac is toriuli azris 

SigniT mimdinare kamaTis gulisgulia; 

dasavluri kriticizmi da misi amosavali, 

avTenturobis koncefcia sxvadasxva 

(wi na re nesansuli dasavleTis msgavsi) 

tradiciebiT Sepirobebul viTare baTa 

pirispir dadga. meore mxriv ki, araevropuli 

samyaros sxvadasxva kulturebsac 

miecaT saSualeba Tavisi gzebiT 

miesadagon istoriuli av Tenturobis 

SenarCunebis restvraciis Tanamedrove 

koncefciisTvis arsebiT moTxovnas. 

Yuka Yokileto gansakuTrebiT kargadaa 

Semzadebuli Cvens mier mxo lodRa 

moniSnuli rTuli amocanis dasaZlevad. 

fineli, amdenad im Soreuli qveynis 

Svili, romelsac yovelive romauli 

gvianRa miuvida, igi, miuxedavad amisa, 

adreve aRmoCnda romSi, sadac profe- 

sor de anje lis d’osatis asistenti gaxldaT 

`ZeglTa kvlevisa da restavraciis 

saspecializacio skolaSi~, sadac 

igi romis universitetis arqiteqtu ris 

fakultetze swavlobda. amis Semdeg, iyo 

ra iCCrom-is àrqiteqtu ris restavraciis 

saerTaSoriso kursebis~ xelmZRvaneli, 

igi amave dros codnasa da gamocdilebas 

iZenda, rogorc Zalze gansxvavebul 

mra val qveyanasa da regionSi 

wargzavnili eqsperti da iComos-isa 

da unEsCo-s mier gamarTuli Sexvedrebis 

monawile, romelnic maSin sa gans 

gamalebiT eZRvneboda. man ukudgomisa 

da sakuTari gamocdile bisa da masTan 

dakavSirebuli Teoriuli da praqtikuli 

problemebis gaazrebis saWiroebac 

igrZno, risTvisac 1986 wels Yorkis 

universite tis arqiteqturul kvlevaTa 

umaRles instituts sadoqtoro 

diserta cia warudgina, romlis xelmZRvaneli 

profesori derek linstrumi da 

ser bernard fildeni iyvnen. am kvlevis 

Sedegebi, ganaxlebuli da gavrcobili, 

gaxlavT warmodgenili am wignSi. igi 

ki 25-wliani gamoc di lebisa da fiqris, 

didebul erovnul tradiciebTana da 

evropulad, vgoneb, marTebulad wodebuli 

kulturis ZiriTad tendenciebTan 

mud mivi dialogis nayofia da axla Tavad 

elis pasuxs msoflios gansxva vebuli 

kulturuli regionebis mxridan.

seriis redaqtorebis winasityvaoba 

artefaqtebisa da nagebobebis konservacias 

xangrZlivi istoria aqvs, magram 

konservaciis, rogorc TavisTavadi xelobis, 

arseboba Seg viZlia 1950 wlidan 

avTvaloT, rodesac daarsebul iqna samuzeumo 

obi eq tebis (Semdgom: istoriuli 

da mxatvruli namuSevrebis) konservaciis 

instituti international institute for 

the Conservation of historic and artistic works 

– iiC da 1952-dan, rodesac misi gamocema 

`Studies in Conservation” daibeWda. `konservatoris~ 

sxvaoba restavratorisa da 

mkvlevarisgan 1930-ian wlebSi gamoikve- 

Ta, metadre harvardis universitetis 

fogis xelovnebis muzeum Si, romelic 

`studies~-is winamorbed `technical studies 

in the Field of the Fine Arts”-s (1932-42) 

gamoscemda. 

unEsCo-s, misi kulturuli memkvidreobis 

ganyofilebisa da misi 

gamocemebis meSveobiT, mudam sasike- 

To wvlili Sehqonda konservaciaSi da 

misi mfarvelobis qveS `kulturuli 

obieqtetbis dacvisa da res tavraciis 

kvlevis saerTaSoriso centris~ (international 

Centre for the study of the Preservation 

and restoration of Cultural Property – iCCrom) 

daarseba romSi am miarTulebiT mopovebuli 

kidev erTi warmateba iyo. centri 

1959 wels daarsda, raTa saerTaSoriso 

doneze gamxdariyo SesaZlebeli, rCeva 

mi geRoT konservaciis problemebTan 

dakavSirebiT, raTa momxdariyo kon serva 

ciis ganmxorcielebelTa koordinireba 

da sawvrTneli kurse bis standartebic 

SemuSavebuliyo. 

profesiul winsvlas Zalze waadga 

1966 wels nYu YorkSi `muze um Ta saerTa- 

Soriso sabWos~ (international Council of museums 

– iCom) ori ko mitetis _ `ferweris 

movlis~ (1949 welsaa dafuZnebuli) da 

ufro sa mec niero-kvleviTis (1950-iani 

wlebis Sua xanaSi daarsebuli) gardaqmna 

iCom-is `konservaciis komitetad~. 

1964 wels veneciaSi Catarebuli arqiteqtorTa 

meore msoflio kongresis 

kvalad, sadac gamoqveynda `veneciis 

qartia~, amoqmedda `Zeg le bisa da RirsSesaniSnavi 

adgilebis saerTaSoriso sab- 

Wo~ (international Council on monuments and 

sites – iComos), romelsac miznad arqeologiis, 

arqiteqturis da qalaqmSeneblobis 

sakiTxebis damuSaveba, Zeglebisa 

da RirsSesaniSnavi adgilebis 

aRricxva da Sesabamisi kanonmdeblobis 

Se mow meba aqvs. 1960-iani wlebis dasawyisidan 

moyolebuli, iiC-is, iCom-is, 

iComos-is da iCCrom-is mowyobili 

kongresebis da maTi publikaciebis wyalobiT, 

Sesabamisi sagani ara mxolod 

sxvadasxva specialobebis mxriv wavida 

win, aramed gamokevTil iqna konservatorebisa 

da maTi sag nis erTianoba, misi 

interdisciplinaruloba. 

cneba `konservaciis~ Cveni seriis 

saTaurebSi moxmareba swored mTels 

am xelobas, uZravi da moZravi, Rirebuli 

artefaqtebis movla-da muSavebas 

gulisxmobs, Tan ki TviT disciplinis 

SigniT `konserva cias~ `restavraciisganac~ 

ganasxvavebs. viwro azriT `konservacia~ 

or aspeqts moicavs: 1. artefaqtebisa 

da masalebis ganadgurebis 

Sesamci reb lad garemos kontrols; da 

2. maT damuSavebas dazianebis SesaCe reblada 

da maT stabilizacias Semdgomi


ganadgurebisgan SeZlebisdagva rad gadasarCenad. 

restavracia ukanaskneli 

qmedebis gagrZele baa, Tuki konservacia 

arasakmarisad iqneba miCneuli, raTa igi, 

falsi fi ka ci is ga reSe, im mdgomareobamde 

miviyvanoT, rom misi gamofena 

SevZ loT. 

konservaciis sferoSi esTetikuri, 

istoriuli Tu teqnikuri mo sazrebebiT 

RirebulebaTa Sejaxeba xSirad garduvali 

ram aris. jerac ganviTarebadi 

dargis SigniT garduvalad xdeba 

dapirispire buli mi dgomebisa da meTodebis 

gaCena da azrTa sxvadasxvaobis 

Ziris Ziri xSirad teqnikuri codnis naklebobac 

aris. es gaxlavT Cveni seriis 

raisons d’être. gansaxilveli sakiTxebis 

umravlesobis Sesaxeb kamaTisas, mi si 

sagani eTikuri principebia xolme da 

iseTi ganzogadebac Zneli mi sa R wevia, 

rom igi, vTqvaT, Senobebs, dgam-avejs, 

dazgur ferwerasa da wyalSi namyof xis 

sagnebs itevdes. 

mkacri, sayovelTaod miRebuli 

principia, rom damuSaveba adeqva tu rad 

unda iqnes dokumentirebuli. yvela im 

azrisac aris, rom ar Se iZ leba naSenisa 

Tu misi morTulobis falsificireba. 

amaT garda, aris kidev sami sxva principic, 

romelic, Tumc aris sapirispiro 

mo saz rebanic, sazogado SexedulebiT, 

dacul unda iqnes. 

maTgan pirveli procesTa Seqcevadobis 

principia, romlis Tanaxmad 

damuSaveba, Cveulebriv, ise unda 

Catardes, rom survilisamebr, artefaqti, 

Tugind drois didi Sualedis 

Semdeg, SeiZlebodes damu Savebamdel 

mdgomareobaSi davabrunoT. zogjer am 

principis midevneba ver xerxdeba, mag., 

Tu artefaqtis gadasarCenad aucilebelia 

Seuqceva di procesi ganxorcieldes. 

meore, mTeli dargisTvis moqmedi, 

principi isaa, rom artefaqtis 

Selaxuli nawilebi unda dakonservdes 

da maT sxva ar unda Seenacvlos. mesame 

isaa, rom Tavdapirveli masalebis `dabe 

re bis~ Sedegebi (mag., e.w. `patina~), 

Cveulebriv, arc unda davfaroT da 

arc unda movaciloT. is imasac gulisxmobs, 

rom mogviano mina matebis SenarCunebisas 

isini yalbi `patiniT~ ar 

unda SevniRboT. 

am seriaSi Semavali wignebis avtorebi 

am sakiTxebze Tavis azrs gamoTqvamen, 

saWiroebisamebr, maTTvis xelmisawvdomi 

masalebis moSve li e biT. isini iTvaliswineben, 

rom erTi da igive ver iqneba 

im arte faqtebisadmi midgoma, romelnic 

mxatvruli TvalsazrisiT aris sayu ra d- 

Rebo da sxvaTa mimarT, romelnic, uwinaresad, 

istoriulad, arqeo lo giurad 

Tu mecnieruladaa sayuradRebo. 

yvela wignisTvis saerToa sistemuroba 

da wonasworoba Teori ul sa da 

praqtikul masalaTa Soris, Tan, sa- 

Wiroebisamebr, obieqtura daa xolme Sedarebuli 

sxvadasxva meTodi da midgoma 

_ wonasworobaa miRweuli, aseve natif 

(da dekoratiul) xelovnebaTa da arqeologia-arqiteqturas 

Sorisac, Tuki 

sagnis sxvadasxva ganStoebebi saerTo 

nia dagze dgas, mag., Tu saubaria qvasa 

an minaze anda samuzeumo garemos kontrolis 

Taobaze. pirveli wignis gamocemis 

aqeT gadavwyviteT, seri a Si mis saganTan 

dakavSirebuli monografiebi Tu 

teqnikuri kvlevebic CagverTo. masStabis 

gafarToebis asasaxad serias axla 

batervorf-hai ne manis konservaciisa da 

muzeologiis seria ewoda. 

Tumca yoveli wigni agebulebisa 

Tu gadmocemis wvrilmanebiT (sa m s jelo 

sagnis sagangebo moTxovnebisamebr), ra 

Tqma unda, gansxvav deba erT maneTisgan, 

maT aqvT saerTo standartic, romelic 

londonis uni ver si tetis arqeologiis 

institutis, viqtoriasa da albertis 

muzeu mis, nYu Yorkis universitetis sakonservacio 

centris da Yorkis arqiteqturul 

kvlevaTa umaRlesi institutis 

sawvrTneli kursebisas See sa bameba.

avtorebs Sesabamisi sferos aRiarebul 

mcodneTagan varCevT xol me, magram 

radganac seriis specializebuli tomebic 

codnisa Tu teqnikis vrcel areebs 

moicavs, xSirad aucilebeli xdeba ramdenme 

av toris mowveva. 

iiC-is, iCom-is, iComos-isa da iC- 

seriis redaqtorebis winasityvaoba 11 

Crom-is arsebobam konservaciis principebisa 

da praqtikis Tu misi problemebis 

internacionalizaciac moitana. 

konsultanti gamomcemlebis TanamSromloba 

imis sawindaria, rom Cven seriaSi 

warmodgenili praqtika mTeli msofliosTvis 

iqneba mi saRebi.

samadlobeli 

winamdebare wignis sawyisi Yorkis universitetis 

(inglisi) arqi teq turul 

kvle vaTa umaRles institutSi momzadebuli, 

filoso fiis doqto ris xarisxis 

mosapoveblad wardgenili disertacia 

gax lavT (ar qi teqtu ris konservaciis istoria. 

ingliselTa, frangTa, germanelTa 

da itali el Ta naazrevis wvlili kulturul 

obieqtTa konservaciisad mi midgomis 

SesamuSaveblad). kvlevas xelmZRvanelobdnen, 

mudam mxars uWerdnen da 

Se a gulianebdnen derek linstrumi (maSin 

ioaas-is direq tori) da ser be r nard 

fildeni (maSin iCCrom-is direqtori, 

sadac av tors arqiteqturis konservaciis 

saerTaSoriso kursis gaZRola daekis 

ra). kvleviTi proeqti iCCrom-ma Tavisi 

programuli moRvaweobis na wi lad 

scno. Tu disertacia upiratesad Tanamedrove 

konservaciis ev ropul saTaveebze 

iyo fokusire buli, gamosacemad teqsti 

sagrZnob lad damuSavda da masSi Sevida 

miTi Te bebi dedamiwis zogierTi sxva regionis 

Sesaxebac. 

me gansakuTrebuli madliereba 

unda gamovuxato profesor pol fili 

pos (iCCrom-is sapatio direqtori 

da brYuselis Tavisufali uni ver si tetis 

sapatio profesori), Cems inteleqtualur 

gezismimcems, metadre konservaciis 

Teoriis mxriv, aseve profesor 

guglielmo de anjelis d’osats, ma- 

Sin romis universitetis `scuola di specializzazzione 

per lo studio ed il restauro dei 

monumenti”-s direqtors, romelic damexmara 

sagnisadmi farTo is to riulkritikuli 

midgomis gamomuSavebaSi. 

Semd gom, msurs madlobiT movixsenio 

mravali piris, maswavleblis, megob risa 

Tu kolegis, aseve da we sebulebebis 

didsulovani Semweoba, ro mel nic daxmarebas 

miwevdnen wignis momzadebis 

sxvadasxva etapze sxva dasxva qveyanaSi, 

maT Soris avs t riaSi, belgiaSi, kanada- 

Si, daniaSi, ing lisSi, fineTSi, italia- 

Si, iaponi a Si, lYuqsemburgSi, meqsikaSi, 

nider landebSi, norvegiaSi, poloneTSi, 

ru mi neTSi, ruseTSi, aSS-sa da Yugo s laviaSi. 

gansakuTrebiT unda movixse nio: 

italiaSi profesorebi piero gacola 

da karlo keski, germaniis de mokratiul 

respublikaSi profe so re bi lYudvig 

daitersi, hans nadleri, doqtori helmut 

Stelceri da `ZeglTa dacvis institutis~, 

berlinis, drezdenis, magdeburgis 

da mer zeburgis saxlemwifo 

arqivebisa da bibli o Tekebis sxva Tanam- 

Sromlebi, Yorkis arqiteqturul kvlevaTa 

umaRlesi in s tituti, darhemis 

kaTed ra lis inspeqtori b-ni Yan kari 

da darhemis sadekanozo da sakapitulo 

biblioTeka, antikvarTa sazogadoebis 

da ri Ba-s biblioTekebi lo n donSi, 

parizis ìstoriul ZeglTa komisiisa 

da is to riul ZeglTa kvle vis centris~ 

arqivebi, germanuli arqeologiuri instituti 

aTenSi, museovirasto helsinkiSi, 

wm. lukas akademia, amerikis aka de mia, 

saxelmwi fo arqivi, Bibliotheca herziana da 

iCCrom-is biblioTeka ro m Si; fransuaz 

berse, andrea bruno, blen kliveri, natalYa 

duSkina, Ta maS fejerdi, nobuko 

inaba, maYja kairamo, gabriela kristi, 

tomislav ma ra soviCi da leo van nispeni. 

me madlieri var ser bernard fildenis, 

de rek lins t rumisa da cinTia roqueli-

sa Cemi xelnaweris wakiTxvisTvis, xo lo 

azar soheil-Yokiletosi Cemi muSaobis 

ganmavlobaSi cxoveli Ta na d go misa da 

Semweobis gamo. me didad var davalebuli 

Cemi mSoblebis gan, romelnic mTeli 

Cemi Sromis sulisCamdgmelni, gamamxneve- 

samadlobeli 13 

belni da mxa rismimcemni iyvnen. amas garda, 

me minda madloba vuTxra fineTis 

kul turul fonds (suomen Kulttuurirahasto) 

publikaciis mosamzadeblad gran tis 

ga mo. fotosuraTebi, garda sagangebod 

miTiTebulTa, avtoris ga da Rebu lia. 

Yuka Yokileto

1 

tradiciuli da Tanamedrove sazogadoeba 

winamdebare gamokvlevis mizani warsulis 

Zeglebisa da Zveli nagebobebis konservaciisa 

da restavraciisadmi Tanamedrove 

midgomis sawyisisa da ganviTarebis 

gansazRvra da aRwera gaxlavT, aseve 

ganvi Ta rebis zegavlena kulturuli 

memkvidreobis dacvisa da konservaciis 

dargSi saerTaSoriso TanamSromlobasa 

da im Sedegebzec, rac man mTel msoflioSi 

moitana. 

winandeli nivTebisa da Senobebis 

memkvidreobad gansazRvra dacvisa da 

restavracia-konservaciisadmi amasTan 

dakavSirebuli poli ti kiTurT, modernizmTan 

erTad viTardeboda da amJamad 

Tanamedrove sazogadoebis erT-erT arsebriv 

valdebulebadac aris miCneuli. 

XVIII saukunis aqeT dacvis samizned kacobriobis 

kulturuli memkvidreoba ganisazRvreba; 

TandaTanobiT man warsulis 

ZeglebTan da Zveli xelov nebis nawarmoebebTan 

erTad mTeli teritoriebic 

ki moicva, radgan bolo aTwleulebSi 

mravali axali Rirebulebaa SemuSavebuli. 

unEsCo-s 1989 wlis Sualedur 

programaSi ase gagebuli memkvidreoba 

sruli moculobiT asea gansazRvruli 

(25 C/4, 1989:57): 

14 

`kulturuli memkvidreoba SeiZleba 

ganvsazRvroT, rogorc sru li korpusi 

yvela nivTieri niSnisa _ mxatvrulis 

Tu simbolu ris _ romelic romelsame 

kulturas da, aqedan ga momdinare, mTel 

kacob riobas, warsulma gadmosca. rogorc 

yoveli kultu ru li erTobis 

gan mamtkicebeli da gamamdid re beli, 

rogorc mTe li kacobriobisTvis naanderZevi, 

kul turuli memkvidreoba yo- 

vel calkeul adgils mis sacnob ni Snebs 

aniWebs da adamianTa ga moc dilebis 

salarocaa. ku l tu ruli memkvidreobis 

dacva da warmoCena, amitomac, yove lgvari 

kulturuli politikis qvakuTxedia~. 

procesi, romelmac es koncefciebi da 

politika warmoSva, `Tana medrove konservaciis 

moZraobad~ iwodeba. am moZraobis 

ZiriTadi prin cipebi da koncefciebi 

pirvelad evropul konteqst- 

Si, kerZod, XVIII sa u kuneSi iCens Tavs, 

Tumca Zirebi maT bevrad adre, italiuri 

aRorZi nebis xanaSi da kidev ufro adrec 

ki eZebneba. memkvidreobisadmi Tana medrove 

gulisyuris zogierTi wamZRoli 

motivi SeiZleba istori u lobis axlebur 

SegrZnebasa da warsulisadmi romantikul 

nostal giaSi vipovoT, magram misdami 

mzrunvelobis aRmomaceni warsulis 

miR wevaTa sagangebo Tvisebebis dafaseba, 

warsulis gamocdilebis swavlis mowadinebaa, 

meore mxriv ki, is elda, rac 

adamianebs nacnobi ad gilebis daufiqrebelma 

Secvlam, yvelasTvis nacnobi istoriuli 

nage bobebisa anda xelovnebis saamo 

nawarmoebebis ganadgurebama da dangrevam 

gamoiwvia. bevri am gamanadgurebel 

cvlilebaTagani imave teqni kur ma da 

industriulma ganviTarebam moitana, 

romelTac daasaZirkvla Tanamedrove 

msoflio sazogadoeba _ Tvisobrivadac 

da raodenobriva dac.

1.1. winandeli midgoma istoriuli 

nagebobebisadmi 

is, rac dRes kacobriobis nivTier 

kulturul memkvidreobad mo iazreba, 

garkveul sazogadoebebSi xangrZlivi 

ganviTarebisa da samoq me do Cvevebis 

tradiciismieri gadacemis, iseve 

rogorc sxvadasxva kul turis da civilizaciis 

urTierTgavlenebisa da `jvaredini 

ganayo fi e rebis~ Sedegia. uZvelesi 

qalaquri dasaxlebebi egviptesa, 

SuamdinareT Si, indis xeobasa da CineTSi 

dafuZnda, sadac Camoyalibda msof lios 

kulturulad umdidresi regionebi, 

romelic xmelTaSuazRvispi reTs mi s wvda. 

am adreuli samefoebisa da imperiebis 

konteqstSi Seiqmna sa fuZveli ama Tu 

im mxatvruli koncefciis, kulturuli 

SenaZenis, te q nikisa Tu samoqmedo Cvevebis 

(know-how) ganviTarebis, konsolidirebisa 

da gamravalferovnebisTvis. 

gavlenaTa gavrceleba sxvadasxva tipis 

konteqstebisa da tradiciuli bmebis 

meSve o biT, dapyrobebisa Tu sa vaWro 

urTierTkavSirebis (mag., xmelTaSuazRvi 

s pi reTis aRmosavleTTan SemaerTi 

abreSumis gza) Tu _ Sua sauku neebis evropaSi 

_ momlocvel Ta gadaadgilebiT 

tradiciuli da Tanamedrove sazogadoeba 15 

sur. 1.1. klasikuri 

ionuri taZris 

Tavdapirveli 

Senobis kapiteli. 

daakvirdiT zedapiris 

zedmiwevniTobas 

(m. koresis nebarTviT) 

xdeboda. Tu amerikis mosaxleoba iq 

beringis sru tiT aziidan mivida da sxvadasxva 

kultu re bi ganaviTara, evropa 

Sua saukuneebze gavliT, klasikuri 

samyarodan amoizarda; mogvianebiT 

man SeimuSava industriuli warmoebis 

teqnolo giebi da meTodebi, romel Tac 

mas komerciuli upiratesoba da tradiciul 

sazogadoebebze bato nobis saSualeba 

misca. 

naSeni memkvidreoba mudmivad aris 

sxvadasxva tipis ganadgurebis (gamoqarva, 

drois zemoqmedeba, gamoyenebisgan 

cveTa da a.S.) sagani. Selaxulobis 

xarisxi Senobis tipsa da nagebobis 

masalazea damokide buli; Sesabamisad, 

SekeTebis tradiciac araa erTnairi 

sxvadasxva kul turasa da geografiul 

regionSi. nagebobam SeiZleba misi 

daniSnule bis cvlilebis gamoc an kidev 

gemovnebisa da modis Secvlis mizeziT 

icvalos saxe. mraval mxares, sadac umdidresi 

da Zalze SemoqmedebiTi kulturebi 

myofobda, safrTxe bunebis 

mxridan emuqreboda, mag., miwis Zvrebisa 

Tu wyaldidobebisgan, romelTac istoriuli 

nagebobebisa da xelovnebis 

nawarmoebebisTvis gamousworebeli 

ziani da ngreva mohqon daT _ da kvla


vac moaqvT. amas emateba SeiaraRebuli 

konfliqtebi, mag., omebi, revolYuciebi, 

dapyroba, ganzrax dazianeba da daqceva 

_ aseTia, da sruli araa, im xifaTTa 

grZeli nusxa, rasac kacobrioba Tavad 

uqmnis sakuTar memkvidreobas. aseTi dazianebebi 

xSirad SeukeTebiaT anda nagebobebs 

axlad agebdnen, Tumca ukidures 

dazianebas SeiZle boda mTeli qalaqebisa 

da regionebis mitovebac mohyoloda. 

gaukacrie lebas resursebis amowurva an 

politikuri gadawyvetilebac apirobebda 

xolme. 

zogadad Zvel nagebobebsa da istoriul 

arealebs is axasiaTebs, rom isini 

erT romelime gegmarebiT fazas ki ar 

ganekuTvneba, aramed sxvadasxva safexurebsa 

da saxecvlilebebs warmoadgens. 

warsulSi, Ta na medroveobisgan gansxvavebiT, 

mSeneblobis wesi, masalebi, 

konstruqci u li sistemebi da ornamentTa 

saxeebi calkeul kulturebs 

ukavSirde boda da drois didi monakveTebis 

ganmavlobaSiRa icvleboda, 

rac ama Tu im adgils erTgvar harmoniulobasa 

da uwyvetobas aniWebda. amgvari 

arqiteqturu li erTianoba SeiZleba 

vnaxoT zogierT Zvel qalaqSi, Tun- 

sur. 1.2. adreklasikuri 

kapitelis asli, 

damzadebuli 

mogviano romauli 

`restavraciisas~. 

zedapiri ufro 

uxeSia, vidre adreuli 

kapitelisa, albaT, ori 

periodis kulturuli 

gansxvavebulobis gamo 

(m. koresis nebarTviT) 

dac mileTSi, romlis meserisebri gegma, 

rogorc iTvleba, adgilis topo gra fias 

marjved hipodamem (Zv. w. V s.) Seufarda 

(es misadageba `mime sis~-ad moixsenieba). 

aris magaliTebi, rodesac arqiteqturuli 

idea uwyvetliv viTardeboda 

saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi mSeneblobis 

msvle lobaSi _ aseTi SemTxvevaa amonis 

didi taZari karnakSi, romel sac erTmaneTis 

monacvle faraonebi Zv. w. 1530 

wlidan 323-mde aSenebd nen (Erder, 1986, 21 

da Semd.). 

Zvel romSi sagangebo ganwesebac 

hqondaT imis uzrunvelsayofad, rom 

axali nagebobebis gadawyveta arsebul 

naSen konteqstTan harmo niaSi yofiliyo. 

mSeneblobis kargi praqtika da 

movla-patronoba mTa va ri TemaTagania 

vitruviusis didi zemoqmedebis mqone 

Txzulebisa `De architectura~ (xuroTmoZ- 

RvrebisTvis), romelic Zv. w. I saukuneSia 

daweri li. igi xazs usvams, raoden mniSvnelovania 

Sesabamisi adgilis yovelmx 

rivi codna, vidre Senobis mofiqrebasa 

Tu qalaqis dagegmarebas daiwyebde 

da SeniSnavs, nageboba yoveli adgilis 

bunebisa da havis Sesabamisi unda iyoso 

(VI, I, 1). is sagangebo miTiTebas iZleva

sur. 1.3. darius didis akldama (Zv. w. VI s.is 

bolo), persepolisis maxloblad, nakSi-rustamis 

kldeSi gamokveTili, aqemenid 

mefeTa samarxTagan erT-erTia. masze 

warwerili locva RvTaeba ahuramazdas 

mimarT, mas mefis keTil saqmeTa, xalxisa da 

qveynis kurTxevas SesTxovs 

opti maluri pirobebis misaRwevad saxlis 

SigniT ama Tu im sadgomis damx robis 

Sesaxeb _ mag., saZinebeli da biblioTeka 

aRmosavleTisken unda iyos mimarTuli, 

dilis Suqis misaRebad da imisTvisac, 

rom wignebs lpoba ar Seeparos (VII, IV, 1). 

vitruviusisve mixedviT, es moT xovnebi 

arqiteqtorebis aRzrdisasac unda iqnes 

gaTvaliswinebuli, mas ki unda hqondes 

ìstoriis farTo codna~, raTa gacnobierebuli 

hqondes nage bobisTvis gamoyenebuli 

elementebis simboluri sazri- 


sur. 1.4. kiros didis akldama fasargadSi 

(Zv. w. VI s.). aleqsandre didma pativi miago 

sparseTis imperiis damfuZnebel kiross da 

misi samarxi SeakeTebina 

si (I, I, 5). gan swavlulma arqiteqtorma 

mis Sesaxeb xsovnis gasaxangrZli veblad 

traq tatebic unda SeTxzas (I, I, 4). 

axlandelma kvleva-Ziebam aCvena, 

rom xanZriT, miwisZvriT, gamo yenebiT 

anda samSeneblo saqmianobiT daSavebuli 

Zveli taZrebis Seke Tebisadmi mravali 

midgoma arsebula. zogjer inarCunebdnen 

Zveli na gebobis Tavdapirvel tips, 

masalasa da stils, Tumca ar SeiZleba 

es sazogado wesad miviCnioT. sxva 

dros, garemos cvlilebis gamo, nageboba 

SeeZloT sxvaganac gadaetanaT, 

magram axali nageboba isec SeiZ le boda 

moegvarebinaT, rom Zveli niSnebic gadmonarCunebuliyo. 

Zv. w. I saukuneSi 

aTenis erexTeioni xanZris Semdeg SeakeTes 

da ganaaxles. maTi Catarebisas 

mravali nawili, Tugind frontonebi, 

Weri daSales da manamdeli formiTve 

aRadgines; Tavdapirveli stili daicves 

Zveli svetebis axliT Canacvlebisas. akropolisis 

konservaciis xelmZRvane li 

arqiteqtori manlios koresi askvnis, 

rom maSin miznad ubralod erexTeionis 

SekeTeba ki ara, `misi viTarca mxatvrulad 

didad faseu li Zeglis restavracia~ 

hqondaT (Korres, 1997, 199). am


dakvirvebis Sesamt kiceblad is Cvens 

yuradRebas dasavleTi Sesasvlelis axlad 

gamokve Tili morTulobis Cinebul 

xarisxs miapyrobs. magram ufro CakvirvebiT 

daTvalierebisas, SesaZlebelia am 

kveTilobis gansxvavebulobac SevniSnoT 

_ axali naxelavi Tavdapirvelze odnav 

nakleb zedmiwevni Tia. es ar unda iyos 

Sedegi cnobieri mcdelobisa, axali xeloba 

Zve lisgan sxvaobdes, aramed unda 

CavTvaloT, rom aq V da I saukuneebis- 

Tvis niSneuli kulturuli sxvadasxvaoba 

cnaurdeba. koresi SeniSnavs, rom 

Tu mSenebeli isurvebda, mas SeeZlo xan- 

Zars gadarCenili Tavda pir veli masalis 

meti odenobiT gamoyeneba, magram mas 

`restavraciisas~ ufro èsTetikuri~ 

mizani unda hqoneboda, rac sxva gamokvlevaTa 

das kvnebsac eTanxmeba 2 . 

Zvel samyaroSi `memorialis~ koncefciasac 

kargad icnobdnen; egvipteSi 

mastabebi da piramidebi faraonebis 

xsovnas inaxavdnen; nakS-i-rustamis 

ZvelisZveli akldamebi aqemenid mefe- 

Ta saxsovrad iyo agebuli. amgvari akldamebi 

momdevno saukuneebSi xSirad 

daungreviaT; egviptur piramidebSi 

aSenebidan cota xanSi mZarcvelebs 

SeuRweviaT. marTalia, sxva periodebSi 

maT pativs miagebdnen da eTayvanebodnen. 

eg vi p teSi abu-simbelis didi taZris 

ramzes II-is monumenturi qandakebis 

marjvena xeli da fexi misi memkvidris 

brZanebiT SeukeTebiaT _ Zveli 

fragmentebi Tavis adgilze datoves, 

ubralod sada qvis blo kebi Seuyudes. 

sparseTis omebis dros, plateas Zv. w. 

479 wlis brZo lamde, aTenelebma fici 

dades ki ar aRedginaT dangreuli 

saloca vebi, aramed isini `barbarosTa 

2 romis periodSi klasikuri berZnebis taZrebi 

xSirad axali funqciisa Tu drois 

modis midevnebiT aRudgeniaT. ix. rocco, G., 

1994, Guida alla lettura degli ordini architettonici antichi, 

i, ii, Dorico, liguori Editore, napoli, gv. 121 

da Semd. 

sur. 1.5. romis konstantines TaRi 315 

wels imperatorma konstantinem aaSena da 

mas winandel nagebobaTa skulpturuli 

elementebi moarges da moaxmares. am 

reliefze imperator adrianes Tavs 

konstantines nakvTebiani Caanacvles 

uRvToebis saxsovrad~ aseve daetovebinaT 

(Dinsmoor, 1975, 150). marTlac, akropolisis 

nagebobebi ocdaaT wel ze meti 

nangrevebad idga; mogvianebiT zogi am 

qvaTagan akropolisis CrdiloeT kedelSi 

omis memorialad Caayoles. 

rodesac pavsania ax. w. 170 wlis axlos 

`saberZneTis aRweras~ werda, mas 

moyavda ama Tu im adgilis istoria, 

aRniSnavda nangrevebis mniSvnelovnebas 

da gamqral obieqtebsac uTiTebda. 

olimpiaSi is saub robs enomaes saxlis 

xis burjebis Sesaxeb, romelnic dacu

li da Senaxuli iyo, viTarca saxsovari, 

Tanac brinjaos dafiT moniSnuli, romelic 

maT mniSvnelobas amcnobda (V, 

XX, 6-8). rodesac aleqsandre didma 

sparseTi daipyro, man aRmoaCina, rom 

kirosis akldama iavaryofilia. amboben, 

man Semagi nebelni maT dasasjelad 

moaZebnina da akldamis Seke Te bac 

brZana 3 . plu tarqe Tavis àleqsandres 

cxovrebaSi~ ambobs, rom masze didi STabeWdileba 

mouxdenia akldamis warweras 

da is berZnu la dac daawerina: `he, kaco, 

vinc unda iyo da saidanac iyo mosuli, 

radgan vici, Sen moxval, me kirosi var, 

vinc sparselT maTi sameufo movupove. 

amitomac nu Semecilebi im mcireoden 

miwas, Cems sxeuls rom faravs~. 

Zeglis aRmniSvneli berZnuli sityva 

`mnemeton~ (sityva xsovnidan, `mneme~, 

nawarmoebi), xsovnasve, `saxsovar~s, 

`memorial~-s ukavSirdeboda, maSin 

rode sac laTinuri sityva `monumentum~ 

(`moneo~-dan momdinare) politikur da 

moralur mxareebs Seicavs, romelTac 

mnaxvels xelisuflis Zala ufleba unda 

Seegonebina da Seexsenebina. xSirad 

gamoxatavdnen pati vis ce mas Tavdapirveli 

mSeneblis mimarT maSinac ki, rodesac 

nagebobis niv Tieri forma Seicvala 

anda Senoba erTianad iyo ganaxlebuli. 

ro desac adrianem àRadgina~, sinamdvileSi 

ki axali formiT xelaxla aago, 

panTeoni ax. w. II saukuneSi, man nagebobis 

wina pirze iseTi warwe ra moaTavsa, 

TiTqos es kvlavac 150 wlis winandeli 

Senoba yofiliyos: “marcus agrippa luci 

filius consul tertium fecit”. rodesac prokopi 

kesarieli VI saukuneSi Tavis `nagebobebSi~ 

Yustiniane imperatoris àR- 

3 plutarqe ambobs, rom mkrexeloba vinme 

makedonels Caudenia, ramdena dac amis gamo 

sikvdiliT dasajes (`cxovreba aleqsandresi~). 

ariane, amis magier, mogviTxrobs, 

rom aleqsandre mkrexelT ki eZebda, magram 

maTi gamamtyunebeli samxili ar aRmoCnda 

(arriano, anabasis di alessando, rizzoli, milano, 

1994, w. VI, 29, 4-11). 


dgenebs~ aRg vi wers, is cxadyofs, rom 

mTavari mizani SenobaTa rogorc funqciuri 

mxaris, aseve esTetikuri ieris 

gaumjobeseba iyo, misi Tavdapirveli 

sa xelwodebis da mniSvnelovnebis SexsenebiTurT. 

qristianobis miRebis Tanadroulad, 

romis imperia didi politi kuri da 

mmarTvelobiTi sirTuleebis pirispir 

idga. ukve 277 wels gax da saWiro romis 

masiuri galavnis aSeneba, xolo V saukunidan 

moki debuli, mTeli Sua saukuneebis 

manZilze, qalaqi imperiis yvela 

kuTxi dan mosuli dampyroblebis samizne 

gaxda _ nawilobriv, albaT, misi 

sim boluri mniSvnelobis gamoc. IV saukuneSi 

romis imperiis gaqristia nebis 

Semdeg axal SenobebSi Zveli Zeglebidan 

wamoRebuli nawilebis ga moyenebas 

mihyves xeli. es didi sazogadoebrivi 

monumentebis agebisa sac ki xdeboda. 

konstantine didis TaRSi winare saukuneebis 

ramdenime Zeglidan moxsnili 

qandakebebi da reliefebia Cayolebuli 

(mag., markus avreliusis satriumfo 

TaRidana da traYanes forumidan). 

winamorbedi imperatorebis Tavebi konstantines 

nakvTebis gamosasaxad gadaTales. 

Zveli qvebis gamoyeneba warmarTuli 

taZrebis, akldamebisa da sa zogadoebrivi 

Senobebis mimarT mzard vandalizmad gadaiqca. 

amave dros, gamococxlda klasikis 

Seswavla da Zveli tradiciebisadmi 

miq cevac SeiniSneba. ivliane mekerpis 

(332 w.-mde; dab. 332 w.-s) da simaxusis 

dros (340-402 ww.) sazrunavad hqondaT 

Zveli taZrebisa da akldamebis dacva. ivlianem, 

warmarTi filosofosis maqsimes 

zemoqmedebiT, yvela reli giisadmi Semwynarebloba 

gamoacxada, aRadgina warmarTuli 

kult msa xu reba, daubruna CamorTmeuli 

adgil-mamuli da kvlav aago 

daqceu li taZrebi. aqedan moyolebuli, 

imperatorebma uamravi gankarguleba 

gasces ro mi sa da maTi winamorbedebis


mier aSenebuli sazogadoebrivi nagebobe 

bis da c visa da movlis Sesaxeb. 365 

wels imperatorebma valen tinia nema da 

va lensma gamoacxades, rom ganuzraxavT 

àRadginon samara diso qa laqis mdgomareoba 

da izrunon sazogadoebrivi 

nagebobebis Rir sebis Tvis~ (theodosianus, 

1952, 412). 458 wels, imperatorebma leonma 

da maYora nem romis prefeqts br- 

Zaneba misces, romelSic isini wuxils 

gamoTqva men `lamazi Zveli nagebobebis~ 

mudmivi ngrevis Taobaze da ac xadeben, 

rom: 

`yvela nageboba, dafuZnebuli Cveni 

Zvelebis mier taZrebada Tu sxva Zeglebad, 

aseve isinic, romelnic sazogadoebis 

mosaxmarada da sa amodaa aSenebuli, 

ar unda iqnes dangreuli visame mier. da 

Tu gairkva, rom msajulma amgvari gankarguleba 

gasca, is unda daisajos da 

gadaixados 50 funti oqro. Tu misi moxeleebi 

da moangariSeebi daemorCilebian 

mas aseTi gankargulebis gacemisas da ar 

gauweven winaaRmdegobas sakuTari rCeva-darigebiT, 

isinic unda dasaxiCrdnen 

im xelebis mokveTiT, romelTa meSveobiT 

Seginebul iqna ZvelTa CvenTa SesanarCunebeli 

Zeglebi~ (Theodosianus, 

1952, 553). 

Teodorix didma (493-526 ww.) aamoqmeda 

zogi manamdeli kanoni da Ta namedroveebi 

mas imperiisadmi axali sicocxlis 

miniWebis gamo asxamdnen xotbas. 

gansakuTrebiT zrunavda igi arqiteqturaze 

da Zveli nagebobebis movla-patronobaze, 

SekeTebasa da restavracias 

iseve Rir seulad miiCnevda, rogorc 

axlis Senebas. qandakebebis mosavlelad 

man curator statuarum-i daniSna, romis 

Zveli Zeglebis zedamxedvelad ki architectus 

publicorum-i. arqiteqtors, saxelad 

aloizios, Seaxsenes Zeglebis didebuli 

istoria da mniSvnelobac da misi movaleobac, 

yvela is nage boba aRadginos, 

romelTa gamoyenebacaa SesaZlebeli, 

sasaxleebi iqneba es, akvedukebi Tu 

abanoebi. Teodorixma weriliT gaacno 

romis pre feqts arqiteqtori da xazi 

gausva Tavis wadils Zveli nagebobebi 

da xe lov nebis nawarmoebni Senaxuli da 

pativdebuli yofiliyo (Cassiodorus, variae, 

milizia, 1785, 75 da Semd.). am brZanebas 

moyva aurelianes zRudis, akvedu kebis, 

kolizeumisa, wm. angelozis cixe-koSkis 

restav racia. sxva qala qebsac mieTi- 

TaT, warsuli dideba ki ar eglovaT, axleburi 

didebiT aeRorZinebinaT Zveli 

Zeglebi, qalaqebi waqceuli svetebiTa 

da gamou yenebeli fragmentebiT ki ar 

daeuSnovebinaT, aramed gaewmindaT isini 

da misi sasaxleebisTvis moexmaraT. 

1.2. tradiciuli sazogadoeba 

amdenad, warsulSi vadasturebT istoriuli 

nagebobebisa da obieqtebis 

imgvar ngrevasa da pativdebas, romlis 

magaliTebic zemoT moviyvaneT. Cans, 

ase ve safuZvliani cvlilebac, rac Tanamedrove 

sazo gadoebas tradiciuli 

samyarosgan gamoarCevs. es cvlileba 

ar sebiTad warsulisadmi gansxvavebul 

midgomas misdevs, e.i. Tanamedrove isto 

riu li cno biereba dasavlur weltanschauung-Tan 

(msoflxedvasTan) erTad 

aris gan vi Tarebuli. istoriisa da es- 

Tetikis axali koncefciebi, aseve ax leburi 

mimarTeba kulturasa da religiasTan, 

bunebasa da garemos Tan, war moSobs 

drois axal koncefciasa da ax lebur RirebulebiT 

ka te goriebsac. dasavleuri 

sazogadoebis es axleburi Rirebulebani 

war mogvidgens paradigmas, romelmac ara 

marto diaxac gamijna awmyo warsulisgan, 

aramed gagviZnela, Tu ara sazogadod 

SeuZlebelyo, memk vidreobis mniSvnelobis 

srulad Sefaseba. tradiciul 

sazogadoebaSi adamianis arseboba mWidro 

urTierTobaSi iyo mTel kosmosTan _ es 

koncefcia jerac arsebula italiuri 

renesansis xanaSi, amas Tugind uilYam

Seqspiris nawarmoebebSi amoikiTxavT. 

Tu gaviTvaliswinebT axlandel zrunvas 

kulturuli landSaftebis, viTarca 

adamianis memk vidreobis mniSvnelovani 

nawilis, gamo, damcvelobiTi mcdelobisas 

yuradReba unda mieqces imgvari 

`samyaros~ arsebriv niSnebsa da xsovnasac. 

Tanamedrove anTropologiisTvis, 

kliford geertcis sityvisa mebr, adamianad 

qceva individuumad gadaqcevas 

niSnavs da es xorciel deba `kulturuli 

yalibebis, sazrisis istoriulad Seqmnili 

sisteme bis wamZRolobiT, romelTa 

meSveobiT Cven formas, wesrigs, azrsa 

da mi marTulebas vaniWebT sakuTar cxovrebas~ 

(Geertz, 1993, 52). es procesi 

yvela adamianisTvis saerToa da amaSi 

ixilveba gansxvavebuli kultu re bis 

universaliac. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, 

rom Cveni ideebi, Rirebule bani, qmedebani, 

TviT Cveni emociebic kulturis 

warmonaqmnebia, aqedan ga momdinareobs, 

rom Cveni naxelavi sagnebic kulturuli 

bunebis ar tefaqtebia. Sartris 

kaTedralis gasagebad, mag., ara marto 

unda vi codeT, ra masalisaa igi, SeniSnavs 

geertci, aramed isic, rom es niSan- 


sur. 1.6. stounxenji, 

inglisi (daax. 1800- 

1400 ww. Zv. w.) ramdenime 

saukunis ganmavlobaSi 

mnaTobTa saTayvaneblad 

aaSenes, rac landSaftzec 

aisaxa. es da misnairi sxva 

Zeglebi xalxisTvis dResac 

xibliania 

dobliv es kaTedralia, ufro kritikuli 

damokidebulebiT ki isic, rom àrsebobda 

RmerTs, adamiansa da qveynierebas 

Soris mimarTebis ga n sazRvruli 

koncefciebi da arqiteqturac, romlis 

Seqmnas isini war mar Tavs, Sesabamisad, 

maTive gansxeulebaa~ (Geertz, 1993, 51). 

Cven davr w mundebiT, rom debuleba fundamenturad 

gvevlineba, Tuki gvsurs, 

gavi goT kulturuli memkvidreobis 

mniSvneloba da is, Tu ranairad vswavlobT 

da vuvliT mas. 

religiuri sistemebi SeiZleba ganvixiloT, 

rogorc èrTgvarad mowesrigebul 

mTelSi Caqsovili Sekoneba 

sakraluri simboloebisa~ (Geertz, 1993, 

129). amgvari sakraluri simboloebi 

SeiZleba miviCnioT im saxelmZRvanelo 

principebad, romelTac adamianma Tavis 

sasikeTod un da misdios. tradiciul 

sazogadoebaSi sakraluri adgielbi, 

gansazRv ruli sazrisis moqneni, ganir- 

Ceoda yoveldRiuri cxovrebis adgil- 

Tagan da gamoyofil iyo anda eZRvneboda 

raime religiur mizans, amde nad ki, 

saTayvano Tu religiurad pativmisagebi 

iyo. amgvari arealebi `da culi memkvidreobis~ 

uadresi formaa da Tumca maTi


individualuri niSnebi erT romelime 

kulturaSi SeiZleba naklebad an sul ar 

emgva nebodes sxva kulturisas, saerTo 

maT is eqnebaT, rom isini Sesabamisi adamianTa 

erTobisgan mofrTxilebasa da 

yuradRebas moiTxovs. piruku, am erTobis 

keTildReoba da sijansaRe SeiZleba 

damokidebuli iyos amgvari sakraluri 

adgilebis keTilmyofobaze. zog SemTxvevaSi, 

es ad gi le bi sivrceSi mkacradaa 

mofargluli, sxvagan isini SeiZleba 

mTel teritoriasac moicavdes (ix. Frazer, 

1960; Carmichael, 1994). 

winaT adamianTa sazogadoebas bunebasTan 

mWidro kavSiri axasia Tebda. Zveli 

keltebi, dasavleT da centraluri 

evropis romaelebam deli mosaxleni, 

Tavis arsebobas Zvel qveynierebasTan 

erTobliobaSi moiazrebdnen, ase rom 

adamianTa da bunebis arseboba erTi ram 

iyo. msoflxedva ar gulisxmobda mi- 

Tologiisa da istoriis mkveTrad gamijvnasac 

da miTebi maTTvis warmoadgenda 

àdamianTaTvis misawvdomi umaRlesi 

donis dasabamier WeSmaritebas~. 

yvelaferi amgvar kosmosSi adgilobriv 

tradiciebs miemarTeboda, rac ayalibebs 

swored imas, ra sac anima loci, “adgilis 

suli~ SeiZleba ewodos (Pennick, 

1996, 7). yoveli ves bunebaSi pirovnuloba 

miewereboda da ufro subieqtebad 

ganixile boda, vidre obieqtebad. 

maT Soris SeiZleboda yofiliyo wminda 

xeebi, qvebi, wyaroebi, Webi da kurnebis 

adgilebi, mTebi, mRvimeebi, kunZulebi, 

bilikebi, amasTan ki, adamianis naSenic. 

amgvari ZvelTaZveli kulturu li land- 

Saftebi Tavad evropaSic, mag., irlandiaSi, 

axlac SeiZleba inaxos (Carmichael, 

1994). 

XIX saukuneSi amerikis SeerTebuli 

Statebis mTavrobam gadawyvi ta SeeZina 

miwa, romelzedac saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi 

saxlobdnen ad gi lobrivi 

indielebi, maTTvis ki rezervaciebi 

gamoeyo. adgilobrivni uarobdnen da 

ambobdnen, es miwa maTi sakuTreba arasodes 

yofila, me tic, maTi nawili iyo 

da, amitomac, verc gaiyideboda: `diadi 

suli Cve ni mamaa, miwa ki _ deda~ (m. luhan, 

1971, 22). 1855 wels duvaniSTa gva ris 

indielTa beladma sietlma aRwera maTi 

Sexeduleba da xazi gaus va adamianisa da 

bunebis urTierTkavSirs; ai, misi koncefcia: 

àm miwis yoveli nawili saRvToa CvenTvis. 

fiWvis yoveli mociage wiwvi, yoveli 

zRvispiri, bneli tyis yvela buri, 

xeTa Soris yoveli Sualedi, yoveli 

mozuzune mweri saRvToa Cemi xalxis 

cnobierebiTa da gamocdilebiT. xeTa 

ZarRvebSi medini fisi wiTeli adamianis 

warsuls inaxavs.... fSebisa da mdinareebis 

mociage wyali, martooden wyali ki 

ara, Cveni winaprebis sisxlicaa. Tu Cven 

miwas mogyidiT, unda icodeT, rom is 

saRvToa da Tqven unda aswavloT Tqvens 

Svilebs, es saRvTo miwaa da yoveli 

anarekli wmida tbisa, ragind iyos myisieri 

da wamieri, raRacas ambobs Cemi 

xalxis cxovrebis Sesaxeb, mis xvedrsa 

da tradiciebze. da unda icodeT, rom 

wylis Cxriali _ Cveni winaprebis xmaa~ 4 . 

miwa Tu saRvTo adgili mravali ragvarobisa 

SeiZleba iyos; zog SemTxveva- 

Si adgilis siwmides masze ucxo adamianis 

Sesvla Selaxavda _ TviT misTvis 

Sexedvac, ase iyo maoris saRvTo mTa 

tongariro. sxva SemTxvevebSi, mag., kanadis 

zogierT saRvTo adgilas, amgvari 

SemoWra ve rafers aklebda mis siwmindes 

da sazrisi gardasaxvisasac iyo Senar- 

Cunebuli. herb stovels CaniSnuli aqvs, 

rom sofel haidaSi antonis ka nadur 

kunZulze xis Zveli totemuri boZebis 

sazrisi aborigenebisTvis maT da m zadebasa, 

lpobasa da CanacvlebaSi mdgomareobda 

da ara Tavdapirve li masalis 

konservaciaSi (stovel, 1994). budisturi 

taZris adgilis sak ra lu roba mrTelia 

4 Targmani gamocemulia: uusi suomi, helsinki, 4 

seqtemberi, 1997.

maSinac, Tiku igi nangrevebadaa qceuli. 

budistur Sri lankaSi budistur sakerpoSi 

Sesvlisas ixdian fexsacmels da 

Tavsaburavs maSinac, Tu is arqeologiuri 

obieqtis Semadgenelia. 

Tanamedrove industriuli sazogadoebis 

ganviTarebis kvalad sa- 

RvTo landSaftebi da saRvTo adgilebi 

gaqrobis safrTxis pirispir dadga da 

aqamdec dgas. XIX saukunis aqeT moispo 

mTeli kulturebi, maT Tan erTad ki 

saRvTo adgilebis mdebareobisa da sazrisis 

Sesaxeb codnac. xSirad es romelime 

msoflio religiaze Zalismier 

moqcevasac moyolia (mag., araevropeli 

nencebis gaqristianeba), warmarTulad 

miCne uli adgilebisa da sagnebis aqedan 

gamomdinare ganadgurebiTurT (Carmichael, 

1994). 

magram iseTi regionebic aris, sadac 

tradiciebi kvlavac grZel de ba. 

aseTia, mag., kakadus erovnuli parki 

CrdiloeT avstraliaSi, Tval warmtaci 

mTa adgilobrivi tomebis mier aTaswlobiT 

dasaxlebul vakeze aRmarTuli. 

1981 wels es parki unEsCo-m msoflio 

memkvidreobis nusxaSi Seitana, rogorc 


sur. 1.7. iaxkabas soflis 

eklesia meqsikaSi 

ZvelisZveli maias taZris 

Ca sanacvleblad wminda 

piramidaze daSenda 

da mas waadga adgilis 

religiur-politikuri 

Rirebuleba. amave dros, 

evropeli dampyroblebi 

anadgurebdnen nivTebs da 

wignebs, romelTac maias 

tomi Tavis kulturul 

identobas ukav Sirebda 

bunebis memkvidreobis Zegli; 1992 wels 

is kulturul landSaftad iqna aRiarebuli. 

es gaxlavT magaliTi area li sa, 

sadac adamianis bunebasTan mimarTebis 

tradiciul sazriss erTi Taoba meores 

gadascems. kakaduSi ufrosebi umcrosT 

aswavlian, Tu ras auwyebs landSafti da 

misi sxvadasxva elementis sazriss sim- 

Rerebad amaxsovrebineben. 1972 da 1978 

wlebs aqeT dasavleT da Crdi loeT avstraliaSi 

saRvTo, saritualo da saweso 

adgilebi kanonis Za li Taa daculi (Cleere, 

1989, 81). kulturuli landSaftis meore 

magali Tia laplandiis Sveduri areali, 

1996 wels msoflio memkvidreobis nusxaSi 

Setanili, rac mravali Taobis mier 

arktikul sanaxebTan da kavSirebuli 

saamis xalxis aranivTieri memkvidreobis 

saerTaSoriso aRiarebas niSnavs. 

Tanamedrove kulturul politika- 

Si erT-erTi wamyvanTagani kul turuli 

identobis sakiTxia; kanberaSi 1989 wels 

eqspertTa Sexvedraze igi gansazRvrul 

iqna, rogorc saboloo Sedegi adamianisa 

da mis gare bunebis urTierTqmedebisa, 

ufro poeturad ki, rogorc 

`surneleba de damiwisa, miTebi, romel


nic gvacxovrebs da legendebi, romelnic 

gam Zleobas gvmatebs, baladebi, 

rasac vmReriT, Cveni poeturi tradiciis 

mravalSriani metyveleba, anda 

zecisa da qvesknelis Cveneuli koncef 

ciebi~ (Domiceli, 1990, 34). am gansaz- 

RvrebiT vietnamelma swavlulma tra diciuli 

kulturebis sakuTar garemosTan 

urTierTSekavSirebulo bis grZnoba 

gamoxata. 1992 wels unEsCo-s msoflio 

memkvidreobis komite tis mier kulturuli 

landSaftis koncefciis aRiarebis 

Sedegad, me m kvidreobis cnebaSic 

axleburi midgoma Semovida. 

1.3. istoriisa da memkvidreobis 

adrindeli koncefciebi 

rogorc ukve aRiniSna, istoriulobis 

axleburi SegrZneba erTi fuZemdebel 

faqtorTagania, ramac konservaciis 

Tanamedrove moZraoba moitana. 

r. j. kolingvudi SeniSnavs, ìstoriis 

filosofiis~ koncef cia XVIII saukunis, 

volteris gamogonebaa da moxmobili iyo 

kritiku li an mecnieruli istoriis aRsaniSnavad, 

romelic istorikosis mxriv 

Tavisi gonebis amuSavebas iTxovs da ara 

Zveli ambebis gameorebas. ko lingvuds 

istoriis idea esmis, rogorc adamianTa 

warsuli qmedebebis mecnieruli kvleva 

Tu Seswavla adamianis TviTSemecnebis 

mizniT. amg vari refleqtireba sxva ramea, 

vidre Zveli samyaros, mag., Sumerebis 

qro ni kebis Sedgena (Collingwood, 

1994, 1 da Semd.). da mainc, ìstoriuli 

mecniereba~ Zvel saberZneTSi iRebs saTaves: 

mis `gamomgonad~ Zv. w. V saukuneSi 

herodote, hekaTeos mileTelis `logografosTagan~ 

udide sis namowafari iTvleba, 

`sparselTa omebis istoriis~ damweri. 

amgvari midgomis kvlav ganmamtkicebeli 

da Semamtkicebeli Tukididea 

431-404 wlebis aTensa da spartas Soris 

omebis damweri; igi miudgomlobas ar Ce- 

mulobs, magram Zveli drois yvela sxva 

istorikosze metad sarwmu nod da marTlad 

mogviTxrobs. es tradicia elinistur 

xanaSic gagr Zel da da Semdgom iseTi 

romaeli istorikosebis mierac, rogorebic 

arian katoni, ciceroni, liviusi, 

tacitusi da svetoniusi. magram zo gis 

risame memkvidreobasa da istoriografiasTan 

dakavSi re bu li sakiT xe bis ukeT 

gasagebad, sasargeblo unda iyos um- 

Tavresi monoTeistu ri religiebis, e.i. 

iudevelobis, qristianobisa da islamis 

ganviTare basac SevavloT Tvali. 

rodesac mosem, Zv. w. XIII Tu XIV 

saukuneSi Tavisi xalxi egvipti dan gamoiyvana 

da israelad cnobili religiuri 

erToba daafuZna, man kulturuli 

tradiciac daasafuZvla, romelsac 

Taobidan Taobaze un da gadaeca am movlenebis 

xsovna. ise Cans, rom ucxooba- 

Si yofnisa da Semdgom eris ganbnevis 

gamocdilebam ganamtkica ebraelTa sulieri 

me m kvidreobis aranivTieri saSualebebiT 

gadacemis tradicia. es imanac 

gaaZliera, rom maT uzRudavdnen miwiT 

vaWrobas da uZravi qonebis gazrdasac 

da im garemoebamac, rom qalaqi 

ierusalimi da misi mTavari taZari dangreuli 

iyo. ojaxuri, religiuri, eTikuri 

da erovnuli tra diciebis momaval 

TaobaTadmi gadacemaa erTi uTvalsaCinoesi 

idea Torasi, romelic TavisTavadac 

memkvidreobis umniSvnelovanesi sagania 

da, Tanacve, mniSvnelovani nimuSia 

adreuli istoriografiisa, romel Sic 

naTqvamis sinamdvile arsebiTi gaxlavT. 

viwro gagebiT, `Toras~ Se ad gens bibliis 

pirveli xuTi wigni, `sadac memkvidreobis 

STamomav lobisadmi gadacemis 

Semdegi formebia winwamoweuli 5 : 

1. sityvieri, xalxis TavkacTa eri- 

5 es sakiTxi mimoxilulia arqiteqtor gilad 

etkesis (israeli) gamouq vey nebel moxsenebaSi: 

“aspects of the preservation and transmission 

of tradition in the Old Testament”, 1996.

sadmi da mamisa Zisadmi: `da aswavlne 

egeni SvilTa maT SenTa da ityodi 

magaT...~ (II sjulTa, 6, 7). 

2. wes-CveulebaTa da mcnebaTa CagonebiT, 

mag., israelis egviptiT 

gamosvlis dRis aRniSvna (gamosk., 

12, 17 da 26-27). 

3. wignis weriT, ris drosac avtori 

naTlad acnobierebda, rom TviT 

faqti werisa aris memkvidreobis 

arsebobis gaxangrZli veba (gamosl., 

17, 14). 

4. yoveli pirisTvis mniSvnelobis mqone 

saxelis darqmeva da TviT am piris 

Taobisa Tu momdevno TaobaTadmi 

Setyobinebis ase miwodeba (Sesaqme, 

17, 5) 

5. ama Tu im adgilisTvis mniSvnelobis 

mqone saxelis darqmeva da momavali 

Taobebisadmi misi sazrisis, Setyobinebisa 

Tu am bis ase miwodeba 

(Sesaqme, 26, 33). 

6. Zeglis, svetis Tu taZris aRma r TviT, 

momaval TaobaTaTvis ama Tu 

im adgilis mniSvnelovnebis _ iqneb 

misi siwmidis _ moniSv na (Sesaqme, 28, 

18). 

7. raime sagnis Semonaxva romelime ambisa 

Tu ideis mowmobad Semdgomi 

TaobebisTvis xsovnis gadasacemad 

(gamosl., 16, 33-34; II sjulTa, 10, 

2-5). 

mravalgan ixseniebs biblia SekeTebasa 

da movlas, metadre solo mon mefis 

(daaxl. Zv. w. 1015-987 ww.) mier, mis ganaxlebul 

dedaqalaqSi, ierusa limSi dafuZnebul 

didebul taZarTan dakavSirebiT. 

ebrauli ga moTqma `bedek habaYif~ 

(`saxlis SekeTeba~) umagaliToa bibliaSi 

da mxo lod taZris mimarT moixmareba. II 

mefeTa da neStTa II wig nebSi mema tianeni 

ixsenieben didmasStabovan SekeTeba-movlis 

kampaniebs. erTs me fe iehoas (Zv. w. 

839-798 ww.), meores ki mefe iosias (Zv. w. 

639-609 ww.) zeobaSi. aSkarad arsebobda 

nagebobebis movlis uzrunvelmyofeli 


kar gad mofiqrebuli sistema, Tumca, 

daudevrobis gamo, mas yovelTvis ver 

mohqonda mosalodneli Sedegi. SekeTeba 

sayovelTao religiuri aRmav lo bis 

da kerpTayvanismcemlobis aRmofxvris 

mimaniSnebelic aris. amas garda, israelis 

mniSvnelovan memkvidreobad aris 

winwamoweuli àRTq mu li qveynis~ ganaxleba 

da kultivacia, bunebrivi da 

dasaxlebu li la n d Saftebis (qalaqebi, 

saxlebi, venaxebi, xeebi, gzebi, wyaroebi) 

CaTv liT. amas gulmisavali sityvebiT 

aRgviweren winaswarmetyvelni; mag., `da 

aRaSenen oÃerni saukuniTganni, mooÃrebulni 

pirvelad. aRad gen den da ganaaxlebden 

qalaqTa oÃerTa, mooÃrebul- 

Ta naTesaviTgan naTesa vad m de~ (esaia, 

61, 4) 6 . tradiciis gadacemis, sulieri 

memkvidreo bis Se narCunebis da saamisod 

sxvadasxva, nivTieri, sityvieri Tu werilobiTi 

saSualebis mniSvnelobis gacnobierebis 

Semdgomi magaliTia iere mias 

wig ni (Tavi 32). mogvianebiT qristianebma 

Toras wignebi bibliis safuZv lad ai- 

Res, mas saRvTo istoriis sxva wignebic 

SesZines da ase Zveli aRTqma Seadgines, 

rasac, Zveli aRTqmis winaswarmetyvelebaTa 

aRsrule bad axali aRTqmac Seemata. 

biblia warmogvidgens ùni versaluri 

isto ri is~ koncefcias qveynierebis SeqmniT 

dawyebuli, Tumc ki is mxolod 

eb raelobisa da qristianTa movlenebis 

Semcvelia. 

elinisturi xana xmelTaSuazRvispireTsa 

da dasavleT aziaSi, aleq sandre 

didis gardacvalebidan vidre imperator 

avgustusis game fe bamde (Zv. w. 323- 

30 ww. da TviT ax. w. 300 wlemdec ki) 

saerTaSoriso do neze gacxovelebuli 

urTierTgavlenebiT xasiaTdeba. didia 

am epo qis wvlili am regionis umTavres 

religiaTa CamoyalibebaSi, zegavlena 

mo axdina misticizmma, isidas an miT ras 

Tayvaniscemam, iudaizmma, gnos ti cizmma, 

6 ix. aseve: esaia, 52, 3; esaia, 62, 10; osia, 14, 6-7; 

ioeli, 4, 18; amosi, 9, 13-15; ieremia, 31, 28.


maniqevelobam da qristianobam. mniSvnelovani 

iyo zoroast ri z mis, iranis 

Zv. w. VI saukuneSi dafuZnebuli umniSvnelovanesi 

wina re-islamuri religiis, 

gavlena. es religia Tavisi 

bunebiT monoTeis turia, magram aRiarebs 

ori dualisturi Zalis: keTilis 

da borotis, naTlis da bnelis Widils. 

ahuramazdas, maTi RvTaebis Tayvaniscema 

em ya reba patiosnebasa da WeSmaritebas 

keTili fiqriT, keTili sityviT da 

keTili saqmiT _ ase iTqmis zoroastrozaratuStras 

himnebSi, ga Teb Si. 

filosofiis TvalsazrisiT, elinisturi 

xana berZnul danato vars emyareboda, 

upiratesad platonsa da aristoteles 

naazrevs. ukanas k neli xom 

aleqsandre didis maswavlebeli iyo. 

es safuZveli mniSvne lo vani, amosavali 

darCa Sua saukuneebis qristianuli Tu 

isla muri fi lo so fiisTvisac. iyo axali 

impulsebic _ neoplatonizmis damfuZ 

neb lis, plotines (ax. w. 204-269 ww.) 

filosofiuri gansjani, romlis zegavlena 

gansakuTrebiT Yustinianes mier 

529 wels daketil aTenis fi loso fiur 

skolaSi igrZnoboda, magram bizantiaSic 

SeiniSneba da re ne sansis xanaSic, 

XVIII saukuneSi platonis nawerebisadmi 

axlad dain te resebamde. neoplatonizmi 

fuZemdebluria xelovnebis, rogorc 

sinam dvi lis `mimezisis~, `mibaZvis~ an 

`gamosaxvis~ gansazRvrebis mxriv, romelic 

mgosnis, dramaturgis, fermweris, 

musikosis, moqandakis namuSev rebSi 

aris gamoxatuli. renesanseli mxatvrebi, 

mag., rafaeli, bune bas masSi Semoqmedis 

gansazRvruli ìdeis~ misakvlevad 

akvirdebodnen _ ase amboben XVII da XVIII 

saukuneebSi belori da vinkelmani (Panofsky, 

1968). es `gamosaxviTi~ koncefcia 

dasavleTSi romantikosTa mier xelovanis 

SemoqmedebiTobis axlebur aRiarebamde 

batonobda da XVIII sau kunemde 

_ da ufro gvianac _ gavlena adreul 

sarestavracio saqmia nobazec moaxdina. 

ebrauli da elinisturi danatovari 

aiTvises qristianebma, ro mel Tac Tavisi 

biblia Toras daafuZnes da neoplatonikos 

filoso fosTa Zlieri zegavlena 

ganicades. saqristianos umniSvnelovanesi 

is torikosi, palestinaSi 

dabadebuli, kesarias episkoposi evsebi 

(daax. 264-340 ww.) iyo. misi `qronikoni~ 

qristianuli eklesiis pirveli dasabuTebuli 

istoriaa, misi dasawyisiT 

mokidebuli da mas saeklesio is toriis 

mama ewoda. magram yvelaze radikaluri 

filosofiuri midgoma gvianantikur 

xanaSi wm. avgustines (354-430 

ww.) Semotanilia. CrdiloeT afrikaSi 

dabadebuli, man erTi xani romSi 

icxovra, moinaTla ambrosi milanelis 

mier, aswavlida da kvleva-Ziebas milanoSi 

eweoda; mogviane biT is CrdiloeT 

afrikaSi dabrunda da jer mRvdlad, 

Semdgom ki nu mi diis episkoposad iqna 

dadgenili. misi mxridan antikuri samyaros 

kritika da misi koncefciuri 

midgoma marTlacda aRniSnavs antikuri 

xanis dasasrulsa da axali, qristianuli 

cnobierebis gaCenas. 

im dros romi swrafad kargavda 

pirvelobas, viTarca imperiis dedaqalaqi; 

410 wels qalaqi iavarqmnes 

vizigoTebma alarikis winamZRo lobiT; 

am ubedurebis Semdgom qalaqma suli 

moibruna, magram misi akleba momdevno 

saukuneebSic gameorda. eklesiis 

weswyobileba jer ar dadgeniliyo, mas 

jerac aklda istoriulica da istoriis 

qmnis cnobi e rebac. avgustines upiratesi 

mizani qristianobis gandideba iyo. 

misi àRsareba~ avtobiografiaa, sadac 

man pirvelma antikur xanaSi sakuTa ri 

Tavi gamoikvlia, amitomac igi miCneulia 

pirvelad, vinc Tavisi uSi naganesi 

grZnobebi Seicno. Tanadroulad, kritikuli 

kvlevisas man gaa a naliza saku- 

Tari sazogadoebac, misi azriT, ukiduresad 

garyvnili. am SemTxvevaSi, is 

istoriis daweras ki ar ganizraxavda,

aramed arse bul garemoebaTa interpretacias. 

qristianobisTvis wamZRolobis 

misaniWeb lad, man iTava warmarTuli 

romis Sesaxeb miTis gacamtvereba, am 

miTma ki gan sakuTrebiT imperator avgustusis 

da virgiliusis TxzulebaTa 

dro i dan moikriba Zala 7 . 

Tavisi `De civitate Dei~-is (uflis 

qalaqi, 413-426 ww.) 22 wignSi av gus tine 

`RvTis Jamsa~ da `kacebriv Jams~ adarebs 

erTi meores. is uku ag debs cikluri 

droisa da maradi ukumoqcevis manamde 

miRebul kon cef cias da Semoaqvs gangr- 

Zobadi, Seuqcevadi drois idea, romelic 

uw y vetia dasabamidan gankiTxvis 

dRemde. adamianTa istoriuli droisa 

da RvTaebaTa drois gansxvaveba berZen- 

Ta eposma da tragediamac icoda, gvi ani 

platonikosnic mijnavdnen droiTsa da 

maradiss. avgustines RvTi uri Jami maradis 

awmyod unda gavigoT, maSin rodesac 

adamiani dar-avdarsa da miwieri 

myofobis drosaa mijaWvuli, `tempus~-s 

(laT.: `ganyofa~, `drois monakveTi~, 

`garemoeba~, `mdgomareoba~). ebraelebis 

TvalSi istoria maTi eris beds ukav- 

Sirdeboda, romaelTaTvis ki mas Ta vad 

ro mis istoria warmoaCenda. aseTi unda 

iyos avgustines koncef cia, ro melsac 

akvirvebda, ratom yvaoda warmarTuli 

romi, qristianu li romi ki dakninda. 

asea Tu ise, ìstoria~, rogorc aseTi, 

misTvis mxo lod Secdomebisa da uku- 

RmarTobis Sesaxeb Txrobaa; qristianT, 

uflis di de bis maZiebelT, sinamdvileSi 

istoria arc WirdebaT (Günther, 1995). 

rogorc nebismier tradiciul kulturaSi, 

islamamdel arabeTSic poezia 

xelovnebis mniSvnelovani forma iyo; 

`jahilis~, poezias `fi lo so fiisa da 

umravles mecnierebaTa adgili~ eWira _ 

ase wers isla mis pirveli xanebis istorikosi 

(Khalidi, 1994, 2). 622 wels islamis 

7 suhonen P., 1995, Kun roomasta tuli ikuinen, otava, 

helsinki. 


`daba debisTanave” 8 arabebma istoriis 

sxvanairad xedva iswavles. igi, pirvel 

yovlisa, hadiTis saxiT ganviTarda, rac 

muhamedis saqmeTa da RvawlTa Sesaxeb 

cnobebs warmoadgens. WeSmaritebis verifikaciisa 

da avTentu ro bis dadgenis avtoritetTa 

wyebaa gamoxatuli ìsnad~- 

Si, anu swav lul Ta kamaTSi warmoSobil 

mimarTebaTa qselSi. `hadiTs~, yuranis 

Seqmnis dro is moTxrobas, TandaTan 

moyva gadasvla adamianTa Cveulebrivi 

erTobis istoriazec, rac Tabaris 

(839-923) naSromiT iwyeba, romelmac 

msoflios vrceli istoria dawera da 

XIII-XIV saukuneebis filosofo sebsa da 

istorikosebamdec modis. islamis swavlebam 

adamianis cxovre bisa da xvedris 

istoriuli gageba da warsulis magali- 

Tze swavlis su r vili moitana (hodjat, 

1995). islamis filosofosTa mniSvnelovan 

dam saxurebas klasikuri avtorebis 

arabulad Targmna Seadgens, riTac es 

memkvidreoba Semoinaxa da mogvianebiT 

evropisTvis xelmisawvdomic gax da. 

WeSmaritebis ZiriTadi wyaro islamisTvis 

yurania. es wmida wigni istoriis 

ori tipis koncefciebs gvTavazobs 

_ erTi qveynierebis Sesaq me sa da aRsasruls 

gulisxmobs, meore ki adamianis 

miwier cxovrebas. Cve u lebriv ìstorias~ 

arabulSi sityva `Tarix~ Seesabameba. 

magram am sityvas yuranSi ver 

naxavT; mis nacvlad aq sxva sityvebia: 

`qasas~ (mi dev neba, sinamdvilis ZiebaSi 

yofna), `hadiT~ (axali debuleba, siaxle), 

`nabaa~ (utyuari axali ambavi, ra- 

Racis mimyoli, RvTiurze mimaniSnebeli). 

am sityvebis moSveliebiT, mehdi 

hodjaTs gamoaqvs daskvnebi yura nis 

warsulisa da memkvidreobisadmi zogadi 

midgomis Sesaxeb: 

8 es TariRi _ 622 w., `hijra~ (ltolva) aRniSnavs 

SeTqmulebas ganrine buli muhamadis 

meqadan medinas mSvidobiT Casvlas. islamuri 

welTaR ricxva iwyeba arabuli wlis 

pirvel dRes: òdes moxda hijra~.


sur. 1.8. iranis qalaqma qaSanma dRevandlamde SeinarCuna Tavisi istoriuli urbanuli qsovili, 

romelsac tradiciulad “vaqf~-is sistema inaxavs 

`yurani ixsenebs ZvelTa danaSTens rogorc 

niSnebs, mimaTiTe belT, rom Tu 

maT sakmarisi yuradRebiT movekideT, 

isini SeiZ leba kacobrio bis gamZRoli 

saSualeba gaxdes. yurani warsulad ara 

mxolod TviT masSi moTxrobil ambebs 

gulisxmobs, aramed is gvTavazobs, moviaroT 

qveyniereba da sakuTari TvaliT 

movixi loT ZvelTa saxsovrebi, Sevis wavloT 

da Wkua viswavloT nivTi er naSTTagan.... 

yuranis Tval sazrisiT warsuli, 

diaxac, araa ram mkvdari. igi cocxali 

faqtoria, romelic mniSvnelovnad moqmedebs 

calkeuli piris keTildReobaze 

da nebismier sazoga doebaSi socialuri 

urTierTobis gaumjobesebazec, maT 

samomav lod eSveleba. aseTi midgomiT, 

warsuli, awmyo da myofadi er Tiandeba 

zeJamieri atmosferos Sesaqmnelad, 

romelSic Cveni si cocx le wamieriRaa~ 

(hodjaTi, 1995, 25 da Semd.). 

umniSvnelovanesi muslim istorikosebs 

Soris uTuod ibn xaldu nia (1337-1406 

ww.), tunisSi dabadebuli da espaneTSi, 

marokosa da egvip teSic namyofi. mas 

gansakuTrebiT ainteresebda aRenusxa, 

Tu ra xdebo da sazogadoebaSi, Secdomebica 

da miRwevebic, raTa eswavla rame 

da mo mavali gaeumjobesebina. saamisod 

mosamzadeblad misi mniSnelovani na S - 

romia `prolegomena~ (makaddimah), CaRrmavebuli 

kvleva istoriogra fiis 

saz risisa da meTodologiisa, kvleva, 

ro melic literaturas sa mecnie ro kvlevad, 

WeSmaritebisa da Secdomis ganrCevis 

meTodad gar dasaxavs. amis Semdgom 

mas ukve SeeZlo arabebisa da berberebis 

isto riis dawera. amdenad, ibn xalduni 

Zveli berZeni istorikosebis naazrs, 

herodotesa da Tukidides mihyveboda

da ramdenime saukuniT uswrebs win evropul 

azrs. igi kritikulad udgeboda 

manamdel muslim istori ko sebs, vinaidan 

maT ver moaxerxes politikur-samxedro 

istoriis so ci a lur-ekono mikur 

evolYuciasTan SekavSireba. zedapirze, 

wers igi, is to ria TiT qosda mxolod 

warsul xdomilebaT gvacnobs, magram 

_ dasZens igi _ `Sinagani sazrisi istoriisa, 

meore mxriv, moicavs sjasa da 

cdas movi xel ToT WeSmariteba, faqiz 

axsnas arsebul saganTa mize ze bisa da 

war mo mavlobisa da Rrma codnas ragvarobisa 

da gansazRvru lobis Sesaxeb. 

istoria, amrigad, filosofiaSia Cafesvili. 

is imsaxu rebs, filosofiis gan- 

Stoebad iTvlebodes” 9 . is asabuTebs, 

rom isto riis namdvili buneba adamianis 

namyos gagebaa da mas Tana medrove sociologiis 

mamobis pa tivsac ki miakuTvneben 

(lacoste, 1984; issawi, 1987; Khalidi, 

1994; ibn Khaldûn, 1997). 

istoriuli cnobierebis ganvi- 

Tarebis iqiT, muslimur sazogadoebas 

sazogadoebrivi sakuTrebis movla- 

SekeTebis tradiciuli sistemac hqonda; 

es erTgvari, `vaqf~-ad wodebuli, 

fondi iyo. zogierT islamur qveyanaSi 

am sistemam Tanamedroveobamde moatana, 

anda, wyvetilis mere, aRorZinebul 

iqna. `vaqf~-is sistema islamuri filosofiis 

socialuri samarTlianobisadmi 

damokidebulebidan warmosdgeba da nebayoflobiT 

Senawirebsa anda namemkvidrevis 

sazogadoebrivi fondisadmi 

gadacemas efuZneba, ukanaskneli ki 

imgvari obieqtebis mosawesrigeblad 

moixma reba, rogoricaa mizgiTebi, 

skolebi, qarvaslebi, sazogadoebrivi 

da so cialuri samsaxurebi. zogi ram, 

mag., sastumroebi, bazrebi, baR-mindvrebi 

TviTonac mogebis momtani iyo 

da isic am sistemis warsamar Teb lad 

9 ibn Khaldum, muqaddimah, Targmani lakostisa, 

1984. sruli franguli Targmani ix.: ibn 

haldun, 1997. 


sur. 1.9. delis Zveli taZari indoeTSi, sadac 

axal xelmwifeTa manamdelebze upiratesoba 

winandeli nagebobebidan motanili qvebis 

gamoyenebiT gamoxates 

moixmareboda. Cveulebriv, obieqtebi 

`vaqf~-s sameurveod gadae cemoda da 

ar SeiZleboda maTi dagiraveba anda piradi 

mogebisTvis ga moyeneba. es sistema 

ara marto uzrunvelyofda istoriuli 

nagebobebis patronobasa da SekeTebas, 

aramed didi obieqtebis ramdenime memkvidres 

Soris dayofasac ar uSvebda, 

rac niadags uqmnida saerTo socialur 

pa suxismgeblobas (soheil, 1995). 

1.4. antikuri xanis xelaxali 

aRmoCena 

romis imperiis daqucmacebisa da antikuri 

samyaros TandaTan daS lis kvalad 

Sua saukuneebSi evropa daibada. am gan


viTarebas konti nentze tomTa da gvar- 

Ta gadanacvleba sdevda Tan. aziidan 

hunebi mo vidnen da V saukuneSi aRmosavleT 

da centraluri aziis met nawils 

da epatronen. IV saukunidan mokidebuli, 

ramdenime aswleulis ganmav lo baSi 

qristianoba evropis yvela nawilSi Tanmimdevrulad 

enacvle boda Tavdapirvel 

religiebs; metic, XI-XII saukuneebSi 

evropel jvaro sanTa laSqrebi samgzis 

gaeSurnen axlo aRmosavleTSi ierusalimis 

dasapyrobad. adreuli xanis qristianoba 

gansakuTrebiT eTayvaneboda 

re liqviebs da gamonaklisi arc jvarosnebi 

yofilan: evropis eklesieb ma mravali 

reliqvia (wmindanTa neSTi, sagnebi, 

ubralod `wmida miwa~) miiRo, romelnic 

xSirad “furta sacra”-d iyo aRiarebuli 

da àvTenturo bis~ mowmobac axldaT 

(Gaery, 1990). xmelTaSuazRvispireTSi 

gabatonebu li kvlavac islami rCeboda 

da dasayrdeni Tavad evropaSic hqonda 

_ metadre espaneTsa da siciliaze. 

samxreT evropaSi ganviTarebas arsebuli 

dasaxlebebi agrZelebda, magram 

mosaxleobis zrdis kvalobaze samxreTsa 

da CrdiloeTSic, aRmosavleTsa da 

dasavleTSic axal-axali dasaxlebebi da 

qalaqebi arsdeboda. TandaTan evropam 

sur. 1.10. darhemis 

kaTedralis 

xuroTmoZRvruli formebi 

droTa ganmavlobaSi 

gangrZobiTobasac 

gviCvenebs da TandaTanobiT 

saxecvlasac 

sur. 1.11. sienas `kampos~ irgvliv mdgomi 

Senobebi 1297 wlis ganwesebis Tanaxma daa 

nagebi. TviT `palaco publikos~ (qalaqis 

sakrebulos) zeda sarTuli mog vianebiT ki 

daaSenes, magram adreuli Senobebis wesisamebr

axleburi, anti kurisgan gansxvavebuli 

identoba SeiZina, mravalgvar kulturada 

Tu qalaq-saxelmwifod gamoxatuli 

(Benevolo, 1993). 

mudmivi gadaadgilebis, cvalebadobisa 

da zrdis aTaswleulSi ngrevac 

mravlad iyo; xdeboda Zveli Zeglebis 

axleburad gamosayeneb lad modificireba 

anda maTi masalis axalmSeneblobisTvis 

gamoyeneba (amgvari ram, 

unda iTqvas, mTel msoflioSi SeiZleba 

vnaxoT). magram kla sikuri memkvidreoba 

ar gamqrala, aramed antikuri Zeglebisa 

da na n grevebis saxiT mudmiv Tanmdevada 

da mosagonarad rCeboda. igi iyo gvianromauli 

xaniT dawyebuli romanulsa 

da giTuramde mSeneblobis xer xebis 

evolYuciis amosavalic. amas garda, 

Sua saukuneebSi klasiku ri idealebis 

Segnebuli aRorZinebac momxdara, rac 

gamoxatulebas sa x viT xelovnebasa da 

mwerlobaSi hpovebda _ vnaxoT Tundac 

naumbur gis, Sartris an reimsis 

mSvenieri klasikuri suliskveTebis 

qandakebe bi. klasikuri avtoritetebis, 

uwinaresad, aristoteles, Seswavla mTeli 

qmnadi evropis monastrebsa da universitetebSi 

mimdinareobda (Panofsky, 

1970 w.) da iseTi TvalsaCino pirovnebebic 

viciT, vinc Tavis avtoritets 

warsuliT asafuZvlebda. karlos didi 

(742-814 ww.), aaxenSi damkvidrebuli, 

berZnulsa da laTinurs laparakobda 

da gars ganaT le buli adamianebi exvia; 

misi drois nagebobebi cxadliv asaxavs 

kla sikuri tradiciebis uwyvetobas. imperatorma 

oton I-ma (912-973 ww.) ro mis 

saRvTo imperiis dedaqalaqi mag deburgs 

moanacvla da iq itali idan ZvelTaZvel, 

saRvTo reliqvie bad arqiteqturuli 

elementebi da mar mariloebi Caitana. 

fridrix II (1194-1250 ww.) samxreT italiaSi 

dam kvidrda, neapolSi universiteti 

daa arsa, xelovnebasa da literaturas 

mfarvelobda. is Tavisi drois yvela 

ze ganaTlebul adamianad iTvle boda, 


Tavisi imperiis yvela umTav res enas 

laparakobda da italiur leqsebs werda; 

igi yvela kulturis naswavl kacebs 

maspinZlobda, eb raelebsa da muslimebs 

iwynarebda da is mogviano humanisturi 

moZrao bis winaswar moswavebad SeiZleba 

davi na xoT. imavdroulad, is sastikad 

uswordeboda mwvaleblebs da Tavisi 

drois absolutur xelmwifedac warmogvidgeba. 

uwyvetoba Zalze bevrs niSnavda Suasaukunovani 

sakaTedro taZre bis mSeneblobisas 

(mag., darhemis kaTedrali). Sua 

saukuneebis saxelos noebSi wesad hqondaT 

nagebobisTvis moexmaraT galatozis 

damzadebu li elementebi da arc maSin 

gadaegdoT, Tu is gardaicvleboda. umetesad, 

Senebas im rigze agrZelebdnen, 

rac imxanad pirvelobda. isec xdeba, 

marTalia, rom Tavdapirveli nagebobis 

`maneras~ srulebiT sxva `stiluri~ 

mizandasaxulebis xanaSi misdevdnen _ 

asea kotoris kaTed ral Si (dalmacia) 

anda safrangeTisa Tu inglisis zogierT 

eklesiaSi, romelnic klasicizmis gafurCqvnis 

xanaSiRa `daasrules viTarca 

Sua sa u kunovani gadmonaSTebi” 10 . sienaSi 

cnobierad konservatiuli politi kis 

wyalobiT XIII saukunis mxatvrul saxelmZRvanelo 

principebs mom devno saukuneebSic 

icavdnen _ ase ikveTeboda 

renesansul florencias Tan moqiSpe qalaqis 

identoba. is naTladaa gamoxatuli 

sienasve saxel ganTqmul piaca del 

kampoze gamomaval nagebobebSic _ qalaqis 

saxli klasikuri idealis ayvavebis 

xanaSi ganavrces, magram winandeli, 

Suasa u kunovani xelovnebis principebis 

winaRudgomelad. Tavis saxelganTq mul 

xelovanTa, magaliTebr, simone martinis 

wyalobiT, siena wamZRol Ta gani Seiqmna 

XIV saukuneSi goTikis internacionalur 

moZraobad aRor Zinebisas. 

antikuri xana didxans eCvenebodaT 

macdunebladac da saxifaTod; mxolod 

10 ix., mag., wittkower, 1974 da leon, 1951.


maSin, rodesac misi warmarTuli ganzomileba 

srulad àmoi wura~, SeiZleboda 

misi gamococxleba Zveli idealebis 

aRorZinebis gziT. qristianuli cnobiereba 

emyareboda Sinagani samyaros 

stabili za cias reformatoruli moZraobebis 

meSveobiT, romelTagan umniSvne 

lo va nesis Tavkaci franCesko asizeli 

gaxldaT. dante aligieris (1265-1321 

ww.) TvalSi fizikuri samyaro xiluli 

Sedegia RvTis qmedebisa, rome lic 

politikur saxelmwifoTa wyobis meoxebiT 

cnobierdeba. “Divina Comedia”-Si 

is yvela drois pirovnebebs acocxlebs 

warmosaxul, uJamo sivrceSi dialogis 

gziT da ase umzadebs asparezs antikuri 

samya ros idealTa droisgareSe 

aRorZinebas. 

franCesko petrarkam (1304-74 ww.) ase- 

Tive, warmodgenili dialogi gaaba humanistur 

idealamde aRzevebul avgustinesTan, 

romelTan erTa dac is eZiebs 

Tavisi sulis viTarebas. avgustinesaviT, 

aTasi wliT ad re, man tkivilianad 

icis im samyaros unugeSo mdgomareoba, 

romelSic cxovrobs. oRond amjerad, 

sayovelTao gakicxvis nacvlad, petrarka 

yu radRebas uSualod Tavis dros 

miapyrobs. igi ar uaryofs qveyniere bas 

mTlianobaSi da Tavis idealsac miRmur 

maradisobaSi ki ara, kla sikur antikur 

xanaSi poulobs. axal yaidaze gamoxatavs 

ra nostalgi as antikuri xanis dakarguli 

sidiadis mimarT, igi, amav droulad misi 

aRorZinebis SesaZleblobaSic aris darwmunebuli. 

Semawuxebel aTas wle uls Sua 

saukuneebisas is, ase vTqvaT, `frCxileb- 

Si aTavsebs~ da war moisaxavs mZlavr dasawyiss 

axali xanisas, pirdapir antikuri 

xanis gamocdilebaze dafuZnebiT. avin- 

Yonis midamoebis umaR les mTaze (1909 

m.), mTa vantuze asuli, is nostalgiurad 

imzireba italiisa da espane Tis ken 

da simbolurad suliT maRldeba Tavis 

dro ze, Tan ki peizaJis kon cefciasac 

aRmoaCens. amas garda, es movlena, sav- 

sebiT nonkonfor mis tu li Sua saukuneebis 

kulturisTvis, simbolu ro basac 

iZens da axal Tvalsawiers moniSnavs, 

rac Zalas aniWebs pet rarkas, sZlios 

Ta v is Suasaukunovan Sexedulebebs. igi 

gzas ukafavs italiur renesanssa da istoriis 

axleburad xedvis ganviTarebasac. 

horst gYunTeri wers: `mas aqeT, rac 

religia aRar uaryofs qveynierebas rogorc 

mTels, ukeTesi qveynierebis saxeliT, 

aramed mis myofobas Seiwynarebs, 

religiuroba individuumis xvedri 

xdeba. amito mac is ejaWveba mxatvrul 

qmnas, mecnierul codnasa an politikur 

qa rizmas, romelnic imanenturobis 

kanonebs emorCileba, maSinac Tu vinmes 

surs Selaxos an daarRvios es kanonebi~ 

(Günther, 1995, 103). sayo velTao religiuri 

istoriis romis istoriisadmi interesiT 

Canacv leba da petrarkas magaliTi WeSmaritebis 

sakuTar TavSi Ziebisa, istoriografiisadmi 

axali midgomis da, amav 

dros, antikuri Zeglebisa da xelovnebis 

nawarmoebTa arqeologiuri SeswavliT 

daintersebis dasaw yissac moniSnavs. 

italiaSi gulisyuri umTavresad 

antikuri istorikosebis Txzu le baTa 

analizs ki ekuTvnoda, magram, amasTan, 

adgilobrivi istoriis axlad Seswavlac 

daiwyes. pirveli am mxriv leonardo 

brunis (daax. 1374-1444 ww.) `historiae Florentini 

populi”, florenciis istoria iyo, 

mas ki fla vio biondas “historiarum ab inclinatione 

Romanorum imperii decades” (1439- 

53 ww.) moyva, romSi Sua saukuneebis Sesaxeb 

(alarikis mier aklebidan av to ris 

drios CaTvliT). Suasaukunovani istorikosebisgan 

gansxvave biT, renesansuli 

mwerlebi acnobierebdnen istoriuli 

saxecvlilebis pro cess da, petrarkas 

kvalSi Camdgarni, antikur Tu bolodroindel 

pi rov nebaTa cxovrebasa da 

naRvaws axleburad akvirdebian; brunis 

`vita di Dante~ fasdaudebelia, rogorc 

wyaroebis momcveli adreuli wigni, jo-

jo vazaris “vite dei piu eccelenti pittori, 

scultori e architetti” (usaxelovanes fermwerTa, 

moqandakeTa da xuroTmoZRvarTa 

cxovrebani, 1546 wels daw ye buli) 

klasikuri Seiqmna. CrdiloeTis xalx- 

TaTvis klasikuri antiku ri xana ram 

literaturuli iyo, bevrad Soreuli, 

vidre italielebis Tvis, magram maT sakuTar 

warsulad swored petrarkas mier 

ukugdebu li Sua saukuneebi dasaxes. XVI 

saukunidan mokidebuli interesi erovnuli 

istoriisadmi sul ufro izrdeba. 

upirveles gamocemaTagania `historia 

de gentibus septentrionalibus~ (1555) _ CrdiloeTis 

xalxTa istoria _ episkopos 

olaus magnusis dawerili, jorj bahenanis 

`Sotlandiis isto ria~ (1582 w.) da 

uilYam kemdenis `Britannia~ (1586 w.) 11 . 

rac Seexeba antikur Zeglebs, am 

mxrivac renesansi Semobrunebas moaswavebs. 

Zveli romis xsovna mis nangrevebsac 

axlda, Tundac isini upatronod 

dagdebuli, Seginebuli da saSeni masalis 

mosapoveblad ganZarcvuli yofiliyo. 

axla, petrarkas daJinebisamebr, axleburi 

huma niz mi antikur Zeglebs Zveli 

romis, imperiulisac da qristianulisac, 

gardasuli didebis reliqviebad aRiqvams 

da maT didZali politikuri mniSvnelobac 

aqvs SeZenili. Tumca kvlavac 

Zlieria warmarTuli romis gavlena, gansakuTrebuli 

yuradReba memkvidreobis 

qristianul aspeqts eT moba, mag., gamokvlevis 

sagani gaxda qristianTa wvlili 

diokletia nes Termebis aSenebaSi. amas 

garda, antikuri Zeglebi saswavlodac 

ga moi yeneba: xelovanT da arqiteqtorebs 

aq xelovnebis, xuroTmoZRvre bisa da 

teqnologiebis daufleba SeeZloT, humanistebs 

istoriis, la Ti nuri enisa da 

literaturis. werilobiTi istoriis ama 

Tu im ad gilTan dakavSirebis cda Taname- 

11 arsebobda interesi samarTlis istoriis 

mimarTac; aq pirveloba fra n sua boduens 

ekuTvnis, romelmac 1545 wels romauli 

samarTlis mec nierebis pirveli mimoxilva 

gamosca. 


drove arqeologiuri cnobierebis Zi rad 

SeiZleba ganvixiloT. Sesabamisad, axlidan 

iwyeba siZveleTa Seg ro veba rogorc 

Sesaswavlad, aseve socialuri statusis 

gasamyareb lad. aRorZinda romi, viTarca 

kulturis kera da izrdeba iq CasulTa 

ricxvi. XV saukunis aqeT dacvis gankargulebebic 

Cndeba da pirveli, visac 

papis xelisuflebam antikuri Zeglebis 

dacvisTvis pasuxismgeb lo ba daakisra, 

rafaeli gaxldaT. 

renesansma mniSvnelovani zegavlena 

xelovnebis koncefciazec moax 

di na. jerac neoplatonuri tradiciis 

gagrZelebad, win modis _ Sua sau 

kunovani xelosnuri tradiciis sapirispirod 

_ xelovnebis nawar moebis 

idea. antikur xelovanTadmi dadarebis, 

koleqcionirebi sad mi ga zr di li interesis 

da Tanmyofi politikuri Rirebulebis 

arsebobisas, Cndeba cneba 

xelovnebis nawarmoebisa esTetikuri 

ganzomilebiT, nacv lad misi upiratesad 

funqciuri mniSvnelobisa Sua saukuneebSi. 

siZve liseulobasTan erTad 

axla mxatvruli mxarec ganixileba da 

donate los mier misi damkveTebisTvis 

Sesrulebuli samuSaoebiT Semodis an tikuri 

nangrevebisa da qandakebaTa fragmentebis 

restavraciis modac. imTaviTve 

restvaraciis dialeqtikis sakiTxTagani 

xdeba Zveli sagnis, viTarca xelovnebis 

nawarmoebisa da viTarca siZvelis 

Rirebu le baTa konfliqti da masze kama- 

Ti XVI saukunidanve daiwyes xelo vanTa 

da hu manistebma. xelovnebis nawarmoebis 

axleburi dafaseba xe lo vansac ax le bur 

mdgomareobas aniWebs: rafaeli maTgan 

pirvelia, vinc socia luri TvalsazrisiT 

aristokratias gaTanabrebulad 

CaTva les. mis na war moebebs sul ufro 

meti aRfrTovanebiT uyureben da aman 

XVII sau kunidan sakamaTod aqcia misi namuSevrebis, 

saxeldobr, vati kanis moxatu 

lobaTa restavracia. 

italiis am axali movlenebis zegav-


lena sxva qveynebsac maleve da etyo; antikuri 

siZveleebis, xelovnebis nawarmoebTa, 

mTeli koleqci e bis SeZena da 

restavracia `did mogzaurobaTa~ (grand 

tours) wyalobiT mraval evropul qveyanas 

modad moedo. XVI saukunidan xeli ewyoba 

si Z veleTmcodneobiT kvleva-Ziebas 

SvedeTSi, rasac XVII saukuneSi erov nul 

siZveleTa dacvis Taobaze dadgenileba 

mosdevs. espaneTSi ferwe ris koleqciebis 

mcvelebad cnobili mxatvrebi iniSnebian. 

ufro gvian mravali qveyana xelovnebis 

mniSvnelovan nawarmoebTa gatanaze 

samarT lebriv kontrols awesebs. XVII 

saukuneSi moyvarulTa (ital. dilletanti) da 

siZveleTmcodneTa Soris moduri xdeba 

xmelTaSuazRvispi reT Si mo g zaurobis 

(tours) aRwerebi da klasikur-antikuri 

nangrevebisa da peiza Jebis suraTebi, rac 

XVIII saukuneSi inglisuri parkis Seqmnis 

winapi ro baTaganicaa. `cxovelxatulis~ 

Tu `ferwerulis~ (picturesque) cneba maleve 

erovnul siZveleebsa da Zvel namonastralebsa 

da nacix a rebze ga dadis. eseni 

akvarelistTa sayvareli asasaxi xdeba da 

Sua saukune ebis kaTedralebisa da eklesiebis 

klasicistur yaidaze ganax lebis 

kon servatiuli kritikis amosavalic. 

1.5. Tanamedrove istoriuli 

cnobiereba 

XVI-XIX saukuneebs Soris fuZemdebeli 

mentaluri cvlilebis mTe li rigi 

xdeba, rac afuZnebs Tanamedrove samyaros, 

masTan erTad ki istoriisa da 

kulturuli memkvidreobis Tanamedrove 

koncefciebsac. mravali am cvlilebaTagan 

Tavs XVIII saukunis meore naxevarSi 

iyris, ma Ti saTave ki evropaSi kulturis, 

mecnierebis, politikisa da ekono mikis 

ganviTarebaa. politikurad, es absolYutisturi 

marTvis xanaa, romelsac 

bolo mkveTrma, umTavresad safrange- 

Tis revolYuciiT mota nilma socialur- 

politikurma cvlilebebma mouRo, ramac 

erovnu li sa xelmwifo mogvca. am periods 

`ganmanaTleblobis xanac~ ewodeba im inte 

leqtualuri moZraobis wyalobiT, 

romlis naazrSi urTierTs RvTis, gonebis, 

bunebisa da adamianis koncefciebi 

erTvis. am dros xdeba sa mecniero azrisa 

da teqnikuri codnis mniSvnelovani 

winsvla, ramac in dustriis ganviTarebis, 

soflis meurneobis da medicinis axali 

tipe bic moitana da qalaqebSi mosaxleobis 

zrdis matebac. Sesabamisad, qa laqTa 

marTvis, msoflio masStabis sakomunikacio 

sistemebis axali ti pebic viTardeba 

da sazogadoebis tradiciul nagebobaTa, 

dasaxlebe bisa da miwiTsargeblobisadmi 

axleburi mimarTeba. 

amave xanaSia momxdari xelovnebis, 

istoriisa da memkvidreobis koncefciebis, 

aseve adamianis bunebasa da 

qveynierebisadmi mimarTebis fu Zemdeb 

luri cvlilebebic. XVII saukunemde 

xilul Tu uxilav sagan Ta da maTi 

urTierTmimarTebis interpretaciis 

safuZveli `mimezisis~ pla tonuri cneba 

iyo. axla ki qveynad ragvarobaTa 

da sxvaobaTadmi mi marTebiT bevri ram 

safuZvlianad icvleba. iwyeba mecnieruli 

samtkice bis Zieba, saqme msgavseba ki 

aRaraa, ufro _ ganrCeva. dekartis da 

laib nicis wyalobiT codnis ZiriTadi 

amosavali maTematika da wes rigi xde ba. 

dekartis abstraqtuli cnebebi da anglo-saqsuri 

empiriu li na az ri sinTezad 

imanuil kantma miiyvana _ Tavis epoqalur 

`sufTa gans jis kritikiT~, ramac 

Tanamedrove filosofias amosavali 

gauCina 12 . brZola gamoecxada absolu- 

12 codnasTan dakavSirebiT, fukos aseTi debuleba 

aqvs gamoTqmuli: ùn da moaxdinoT 

azrovnebis mTeli sistemis rekonstruqcia, 

romlis qse li, dadebiTi mxriT, SesaZlebels 

xdis myisieri da aSkarad urTierTgamom 

ricxveli mosazrebebis Tanaqmedebas. 

swored am qselis mier gani sa zRvreba mdgomareoba, 

romelic SesaZlebelyofs Sepirispirebasa 

Tu problemas; isaa codnis isto-

turi RvTaebrivi Rirebulebebis rwmenas 

da iwyeba istoriis gageba, viTarca 

koleqtiuri, socialuri gamocdilebisa, 

aRiarebulia isic, rom sxvadasxva 

epoqasa da regionSi kulturas SeiZleba 

sakuTari stili da gamZRoli 

suliskveTeba hqondes. 

kulturis istoriis dasawerad axlebur 

safuZvels wes-Cveuleba Ta da midgomaTa 

mravalnairobis codna qmnis _ 

didia saamisod jovani ba tista vikosa 

(1668-1744 ww.) da iohan gotfrid herderis 

(1744-1803 ww.) wvli lic 13 . amgvarma 

ganviTarebam kulturuli pluralizmi 

da sxvada sxva, arcTu aucileblad 

Tanazomadi, kulturebisa da sxvadasxva 

Rire bulebebis mqone erebis aRiareba 

moitana. wyaroebis utyuarobis verificirebis 

safuZveli warsulis miRwevaTa 

namdvili mniSvnelovnebis Se faseba Seiqmna; 

dakarga azri ìdealuri adamianisa~ 

da ìdealuri sa zo ga doebis~ klasikurma 

koncefciam (vico, 1725-44). istoriulobis 

axle burma koncefciam xelovnebis nawarmoebTa 

da istoriul nageboba Ta gan sazRvruli 

kulturis gamovlinebebad da 

erovnuli identobis anasa xad, aqedan ki 

_ unikalurada da SesanarCuneblad ganxilva 

moi tana. is toriisa da esTetikis 

axali koncefciebi dasavluri kulturis 

fuZe mdebel Semadgenlad iqca. erovnuli 

identobis grZnoba folklo ris xe laxla 

aRmoCenamac gaamyara, ramac erovnuli 

tradiciebisadmi, maT Soris `daCagruli~ 

enebisadmi miqceva warmoSva (Berlin, 1992; 

Jokiletho, 1995). XIX saukuneSi tradiciebis 

gamogonebis tendenciac ki gvaqvs, ra sac 

riulobis mtvirTvelic~ (Foucault, 1994, 75). 

13 herderis kritikuli nawerebi jeimz makfersonis 

Sotlandiuri eposis òsianis~-sa da 

Seqspiris Sesaxeb 1773 wels gamoqveynda patara 

wignakSi `Von deutscher Art und Kunst”, mas- 

Tan erTad ki goeTes cnobili `von deutscher 

Baukunst”, romelic germanuli romantizmisTvis 

ganmsazRvreli `sturm und Drang~is 

moZraobis amosavali gaxda. 


bri taneTSi, indoeTsa da afrikaSi vxedavT 

(hobsbawm and ranger, 1983). 

XVIII sa u kune kulturuli obieqtebis 

dacva-konservaciis istoriisTvis mravali 

koncefciis SemuSavebis, Tundac 

`dednisa~ da àslis~ sakiTxis wa moWris, 

gamoc gaxlavT mniSvnelovani. antikuri 

xanis axle bu ri, kritikuli dafaseba 

gamokveTs antikuri qandakebis, viTarca 

xe lov nebis istoriis umwvervalesi miRwevis, 

mniSvnelobas, ris gamoc sa Suri 

xdeba maTi restavraciac _ mxatvruli 

TvalsazrisiTac da Tana med rove xelovanTaTvis 

`sanimuSodac~. erTdroulad 

or movlenas vxe davT: xelovnebis nawarmoebis 

mniSvnelobas imiT gansazRvraven, 

rom is ama Tu im xelovanis originaluri 

qmnilebaa, Tan ki sul ufro metad 

mos wonT Zvel suraTebsa da qandakebebze 

`drois patinac~ da daziane bu li mxatvrobis 

Sesamtkiceblad axali teqnikuri 

saSualebebic. ing lisSi klasikuri land- 

Saftebis mowonebam da landSafturi 

parkebis Seqmnam gulisyuri erovnuli 

siZveleebis nangrevebzec ga a maxvila. 

kla si kuri xmelTaSuazRvispireTisgan 

gansxvavebiT, mSeneblobis Suasauku no vani 

wesi arasodes gamqrala da SegviZlia 

davadginoT goTikis gad monaSTebsa, `go- 

Tur aRorZinebasa~ da Tanamedrove konservacias 

Soris uwyvetoba. 

naTqvamia, rom `safrangeTis revolYucia 

is xidia, romliTac xa l xebi axal 

xanaSi gadmovidnen, gzad Zveli kamaTis 

gagrZelebisas~ (Brooks, 1981, 37). marTlac, 

man xangrZlivi zegavlena iqonia 

xalxTa da erTa cxovrebaze; man gaamkve- 

Tra istoriuli cnobiereba, gamoavlina 

si namdvilis sirTule, uCvena vnebaTa 

simZafre, Teoriebis arasakmaoba, garemoebaTa 

siZliere. revolYuciamac aRmoacena 

XVIII saukunis bolos ro mantizmi. 

es mZlavri moZraoba, romelmac rokokos 

ukugdebiT daiwyo da XIX saukunis Sua 

xanaSi realizmis gaCenamde gagrZelda, 

gansakuT re biT xelovnebisa da mwerlo-


bisTvis aRmoCnda mniSvnelovani. Tumc 

mi si gansazRvreba rTulia, hYug onorma 

romantizmis arsebriv maxasiaTeb lad 

gamoyo `romantikosTa mier xelovanis 

grZnobierebisa da emociuri ùtyuarobisTvis~ 

uzenaesi Rirebulebis miniWeba, 

rogorc im erTaderTi Tvi se bebisa, 

romelTac ZaluZT mis nawarmoebs `namdviloba~ 

(validity) SesZinos. klasi ciz mis 

uJamo sayovelTao Rirebulebebis nacvlad, 

xelovnebis yoveli romantikuli 

nawarmoebi unikaluria _ xelovanis sakuTari 

cxoveli gamocdilebis gamoxatulebaa~ 

(honour, 1981, 20). 

safrangeTis revolYuciis dros 

eklesiis qoneba da winandel xe l mwifeTa 

gamomsaxavi Zeglebi winandeli Cagvris 

simboloebad aRiq me boda da ngrevis sagani 

Seiqmna. Tanadroulad imis Segnebac 

gaCnda, rom es Senobebi erad axlaRa 

qmnili xalxis warsuli miRwevebis mowmobaa. 

1815 wels franguli okupaciis 

dasrulebisTanave, prusiis mefem Seadge 

nina angariSi rainispireTSi saxelmwifo 

mflobelobaSi myofi obieq te bis 

mdgomareobis Sesaxeb, riTac wamoiwyo 

saxelmwifos kuTvni li is toriuli Senobebis 

restavracia. safrangeTSi amgvari 

namemkvid re vis dac va axlad Camoyalibebulma 

saxelmwifom win revolYuciis 

wleb Sive wamoswia; yvelaze TvalsaCino 

nimuSebi èrovnul Zeglebad~ gamocxadda. 

magram dacvis SemoTavazebuli 

sistemisTvis konkretuli formis mini 

Webas ramdenime aTwleuli _ da kidev 

erTi revolYucia _ dasWirda. 

1830-iani wlebidan moyolebuli Tanamedrove 

konservaciis moZrao bam axleburi 

Zalmosileba ingliseli eklesiologistebis 

politikiT, xo lo safrangeTSi 

saxelmwifoebrivi saxelmZRvanelo principebis 

Se mo Re biT miiRo, Zala Semata 

mas XIX saukunis meore naxevris yovlisganmsWvalavma 

istoricizmmac (germanulad: 

der historismus, istoriulobis uzo- 

mo xazgasma) 14 (Foucault, 1994; Fillitz, 1996). es 

gansakuTrebiT xelovneba Sia sagrZnobi 

_ istoriul mxatvrobaSi, nagebobisa da 

Zeglebis ìsto riu li stilebis~ mixedviT 

agebaSi, aseve istoriul Senobebze 

Catare bul samuSaoebSi, romelnic ZalisZalad 

stilurad erTiani unda gamxda 

riyo, metic, `restavraciis~ saboloo 

miznad stilis `sisufTave~ da i saxa. 

restavraciis winwamowevas Zala Semata 

pozitivizmis warmate bam da mecnierebaTa 

ganviTarebam. istoriul SenobaTa 

restavracia da ax lad gaCenili arqeologia 

obieqtur logikaze damyarda da, 

amitom, Ri rebulebiTi gansjis gareT 

myof samecniero meTodebsa da codnas- 

Tan mimarTebiT ganicdeboda 15 . amgvar 

`restavracias~ gabatonebuli mdgomare 

o ba hqonda mopovebuli XIX saukunis 

meore naxevarSi, magram Tanda Tan mas 

sul ufro meti kritika xvdeboda, ramac 

àntirestavratorTa moZraoba~ da Tanamedrove 

konservacia moitana. 

Tanamedrove konservaciis Tavi da 

Tavi Rirebulebebis sakiTxia. Rirebulebis 

cnebac ramdenimejer gardaisaxa da, 

rogorc miSel fuko wers: `Rirebuleba 

aRar SeiZleba, rogorc klasikur epoqaSi 

iyo, eqvi valentTa totaluri sistemis 

safuZvelze ganisazRvros, imaze, Tu ra 

14 filosofiuri TvalsazrisiT, istoricizmis 

wamomwyebi vilhelm dil Tia, misi 

doq trina, rom àdamis saqmeTa codna 

au cileblad isto riuli xasiaTisaa da amito 

mac ver movipovebT adamianis bunebisa 

da sazogadoebis gasagebad xedvis araistoriul 

wertils~ (audi, 1996, 331). historicistebi 

arian: maineke, kroCe, kolingvudi, 

ortega i gaseti, man haimi, aseve karl poperi 

da zogierTi marqsisti, Tumca maTi naazri 

msxvaobaria. fenomenologiur tradiciaSi 

ìstoriuloba~ adamianTa ar se bo bis arsebrivi 

niSania (audi, 1996, 586). 

15 haidegeri SeniSnavs: `mecnierebani uRirebulebod 

miiCneva da Sefase bani msoflmxedvelobebs 

gadauloces. Rirebuleba da RirebulebiToba 

pozitivisturi Semnacvlebelia 

metafizikurisa~ (heidegger, 1980b, 223).

simZlavriT SeuZliaT maT erTmaneTi warmoadginon. 

Rirebuleba niSani ki aRar 

aris, aramed _ produqti~ (Foucault, 1994, 

254). marTlac, sxva gan sazRvrebebTan 

erTad, romelnic, upiratesad, ekonomikis 

ganviTarebam warmoSva, `Rirebulebis~ 

cnebac erTi fuZemdeblurTagani 

gaxda karl marqsis TeoriisTvis. 

istoriografiis uaxles Teoriebze mi- 

TiTebiT, istoriis interpretaciisas 

RirebulebaTa ganxilvis saWiroebas xazi 

ga usva paolo fanCelim (Fancelli, 1992). konservaciis 

moZraoba kulturaTa mravalgvarobisa 

da RirebulebaTa fardobi- 

Tobis aRiarebas emyareba, ramac Seuqmna 

safuZveli ìstoriuli Zeglis~, rogorc 

erovnuli memk vid reobis nawilis, koncefcias. 

sawyis safexurze axleburi 

cnobie rebis gamoxatuleba ganaxlebis, 

istoriuli nagebobebis gadasxvafe rebisa 

an, sulac, dangrevis momZlavrebuli 

tendenciis kritikiT gamo vlinda; mogvianebiT 

is, drois Seuqcevadobis, nagebobaTa 

da Zveli nivTe bis istoriulobisa 

da unikalurobis stiluri restavraciis 

para le lurad viTardeboda. 

konservaciis Tanamedrove Teoria, 

gansakuTrebiT, saazrovno pro cesad 

viTardeboda; amavdroulad dargis SigniT 

ramdenime tipis res tavracia xorcieldeboda. 

nivTieri Tu aranivTieri 

kulturuli memk vidreobis gamovlena 

da movla mocile RirebulebiT gansja- 

Ta gamoye nebiT xasiaTdeboda. rogorc 

aRiniSna, isini, umTavresad, sxvadasxva 

as peqtis Sedarebis da prioritetTa Sefasebis 

gziT mimdinare kamaTis me o xebiT 

viTardeboda. Tanamedrove konservacias 

win, aucileblobiT, hu ma nitarTa 

da xelovanTa mcdelobis kvalad gacnobiereba 

uswrebda. mas Tan, Cveulebriv, 

istoriul artefaqtTa da xelovnebis 

nawarmoebTa Se g roveba, kulturuli 

turizmi da muzeumTa daarseba sdevda. 

mere da me re, am procesma moitana 

saxelmwifoebrivi kontroli, normebis 


da dacviTi kanonmdeblobis SemoRebaca 

da sazogadoebrivi nagebobebis mov lis 

pasuxismgeblobis mqone administraciis 

Seqmnac. mogvianebiTRa moxda dacvis 

kerZo sakuTrebaSi myof obieqtebsa da 

istoriul dasax lebebze gavrceleba. 

XX saukunis ganmavlobaSi, gansakuTrebiT, 

meore msoflio omis Semdeg, 

kulturuli memkvidreobis dacvam saer- 

TaSoriso masStabi mii Ro, rac gulisxmobs 

unEsCo-s, iCCrom-is, iCom-isa da 

iComos-is msgavs organizaciebs, qartia- 

Ta gansazRvrebebs, rekomendaciebis da 

saxelmZR va nelo principebis SemuSavebas, 

konvenciebs, aseve cnobierebis amaR lebis 

da sagangebo sawvrTnel RonisZiebebs. 

kulturuli memkvidreo bis gavrcobilma 

cnebam ara marto istoriuli Zeglebi 

da xelovnebis nawarmoebebi, aramed eTnografiuli 

koleqciebi, istoriuli 

baRebi, qa laqebi, soflebi da landSaftebi 

daitia. masStabis matebama da kul turaTa 

da fizikur mdgomareobaTa mravalgvarobis 

aRiarebam axali vi Ta reba Seqmna, 

rodesac Tavad kulturuli memkvidreobis 

da misi Senax vis politikis sazrisis 

sxvagvarad Sefaseba unda moxdes. 

amgvari dapirispireba gansakuTrebiT 

mwvave maSin gaxda, rodesac 

scades konservaciis principebis winareindustriuli 

tradiciebis mim de var 

sazogadoebaSi, amas garda ki, sazogadod, 

urbanulsa Tu sof lur garemoSi 

gamoyeneba, sadac nivTier naSTTa Senar- 

CunebasTan erTad didmniSvnelovania 

cvlilebis kontrolic da Rirebuleba- 

Ta regenera ciac. am axali winapirobebisas, 

SeiZleba gvkiTxon, xom ar amowura 

Ta vi XVIII saukunis aqeT SeZenili saxiT 

konservaciis moZraobam, xom ar aris 

saWiro Tanamedrove konservaciis _ dedamiwis 

mTliani kultu ruli da ekologiuri 

viTarebis konteqstSi socialur-ekonomikuri 

gan vi Tarebis garemos 

mdgradobisadmi Sefardebis moTxovnis 

gaTvalis winebiT _ axlidan gansazRvra.

2 

siZveleTa xelaxali aRmoCena 

romis gardasuli didebis literaturul 

xsovnasa da misi mxatvruli danatovaris 

viTarebis kontrastma, gadaqceuli 

kedlebisa da dangreuli taZrebisa 

da sasaxleebis mdgomareobam 

franCesko pet rarka romSi 1337 wels 

yofnisas uRrmesad daasevdiana da cremlic 

ki daaRvrevina mas. Tuki manamdeli 

qristiani moazrovneni istorias dasabamiTgan 

sakuTar dromde ganixilavdnen, 

petrarka ganasxvavebs klasi kur samyaros 

_ `historiae antiquae~ _ da uaxless _ `historiae 

novae~. igi Tavs antikuri samyarosgan 

mowyvetilad grZnobs da amitomac misi 

erT `sa nukvar idealad~ mTlianobad danaxva 

ZaluZs da ara `rogorc Sua sau kuneebSi 

iyo, gamosayenebel, Tan ki saSi- 

Sar realobad~ (Panofsky, 1970, 113). romis, 

warmarTulsa Tu qristianul, didebul 

istoriaze fiqrisas Tu mis naSTTa _ 

sacrosancta vetustas _ Wvretisas, mas dakargulis 

mimarT nostalgia ipyrobs. 

mis nawerebSi axali koncefciac Cndeba 

_ romis ga mo godebisa, `Deploratio urbis~, 

imgvari grZnobiT Seferili, romelic 

ukve romantizms moaswavebs. amave dros, 

is xmas aRimaRlebs Tavad romael Ta 

mier am naSTTa ugnurebiT mouxedaobisa 

da ngrevis winaaRmdeg. ìC qare, raTa 

isini dazianebas aacilo!~ wers igi Semdgom 

Tavis romael megobars, paolo anibaldis. 

`SenTvis sapatio iqneba, Tu ixsni 

am nan grevebs, radgan isini mowmobs, 

rogori iyo waubilwavi romis odinde li 

dideba~ (vimowmebT: levati, 1820, i, 268) – 

1341 wels romis kapitoliumze petrarkas, 

misi, viTarca mgosnis, RirsebaTa 

aRsaniSna vad, Tavze simbo lurad gvir- 

38 

gvini daadges. am ceremoniis ZvelisZvel 

centrTan dakav Sirebas politikuri 

mniSvneloba hqonda; is gamokveTda 

romis, rogorc msoflios dedaqalaqis, 

mniSvnelobas. petrarka Tamamad ecada 

papi roms dabrunebuliyo da igi kvlav 

saqristianos centrad eqcia; Tana dro ulad, 

petrarkas megobari, TviTnaswavli 

siZveleTmcod ne kola di renco patriotulad 

ecada gaecocxlebina romis 

winan deli dideba da politikuri mniSvneloba 

(Ghisaberti, 1928; wright, 1975). 

antikuri xanisadmi petrarkas mier 

mwerlobaSi interesis gamoR vi Zebas Sei- 

Zleba xelovnebis asparezze joto di 

bondones naRvawi Se vudaroT, romelsac 

im kacad miiCnevdnen, vinc `mzis naTelze 

gamo iyvana~ saukuneebiT umecrebis 

Secdomebisgan Camarxuli xelovneba. XIV 

saukunis bolosTvis jotos xelovnebis 

mowoneba ufro metad sazoga do xdeba, 

xelovanni ki amieridan roms antikuri 

xelovnebis nawarmoeb Ta Sesaswavlad 

midian; maT Soris iyvnen adreuli renesansis 

xelovne bisa da arqiteqturis 

didostatni bruneleski, donatelo 

da ma zaCo. amboben, filipo bruneleskim 

Zvel romaelTa arqiteqturisa da 

konst ruqciuli xerxebis Sesaswavlad 

roms orjer imogzaurao. sul ufro 

izrdeba antikuri Zeglebisa da istoriasTan 

maTi mimarTebis Sesaxeb mkvlevarTa 

raodenoba. jan franCesko pojo 

braColinim, accademia valdarnina-s damfuZnebelma 

1431-1448 wlebSi dawera 

`De fortunae varietate urbis romae et de ruina 

eiusdem descriptio~, sadac vrcladaa aRwerili 

romis nangre vebi. flavio bion-

dom Tavis `roma instaurata~-Si (1444-46 

ww.) Senobebi re gi o nebis mixedviT ufro 

sistematurad, tipologiis gaTva liswinebiT 

da alaga. kiriakus (Ciriako) 

d’ankona xmelTaSuazRvispi reT Si misi 

gac xo velebuli mogzaurobis gamoa 

Rir ssaxsovari. zogier Ti am adreuli 

Ca n awerebidan (mag., piro ligorios, vila 

d’estes arqi teqtoris) mecnie rulad 

Sedgenili araa da Tumca mravali 

wvrilmani SeiZleba sworic iyos, zogi 

monacemi Secvlilia Semgroveblis Sexedulebisamebr. 

yovel SemTxvevaSi, am kvleva-Ziebam 

istoriisa da arqeo logiis 

Semdgom ganvi Tarebas Cauyara safuZveli. 

nangrevTa kultma gansakuTrebuli 

gamoxatuleba poeziaSi hpova. enea silvio 

pikolomini (1405-64 ww., mogvianebiT 

papi pius II), poetis grZnobierebiT Sehyurebda 

nangrevebs da maT TiTqmis romantikuli 

emo ciurobiT aRwerda. papad 

arCeulma, man romis jerac gadarCenili 

re liqviebis Sesaxeb laTinuri leqsi 

miZRvnad uTava flavio biondos `roma 

triumphans”. 1500 wlis axlos nangrevebi 

neolaTinuri poeziis sag nad iqca; Tavis 

leqsSi jiovan batista spanYolim erTmaneTs 

romis di debis rRveva Tavisi yrma 

mowafis udroo gardacvalebas Seadara. 

nang revebi danaxulia simboloebad 

im sircxvilisa da uRirsobis, rac maT 

sakuTar dros barbarosobisa da ngrevis 

gamo unda miadges, aseTia leq sebi 

kristoforo landinosi, mogvianebiT ki 

frangi poetis JoaSim dYu belesi. jakopo 

sanaZarom pirvelma dainaxa nangrevebis 

melanqo liuri yofna, bunebisa 

da ukacrielebis wiaR dabrunebad, istoriuli 

adgilis didebuli kaeSani ki 

adamianis cxovrebis simyifes daukav- 

Sira. zogierTi Txzuleba, mag., jiovan 

franCesko vitales `De roma~ (1552 

w.) mibaZvis sagani iqca da sxva enebzec 

iTargmna; edmund spenserma is 1591 wels 

gadaainglisura: 

siZveleTa xelaxali aRmoCena 39 

“Sen, ucxoelo, romSi roms rom daeZeb, 

da romSi romisas verafers xedav, 

es Zveli kedlebi da Zveli TaRni, rasac 

rom xedav, 

Zvelni palatni, esaa, rasac roms eZaxian. 

....... 

romi romisa akldamaRaa mxolod, 

da roms romisa gamarjvebaRa axlavs. 

(spenseri, 1591) 

XV saukunis meore naxevarSi Zveli nangrevebisken 

gulma mxatv reb sac gauwia. 

1495 wels paduas kapela ovetariSi, andrea 

mantenYas wm. sebastiane klasikuri 

svetis damsxvreul tanzea dabmuli _ 

naSTze taZrisa, romlis dangreva TviT 

wmindans surda. 1470 wlis axlos, feraraSi 

franCesko del kosam klasikur 

nangrevebSi Tveebis astrolo giuri 

niSnebi da d’estes ojaxis ambebi Caxata, 

1485-Si ki sandro bo tiCelim romis 

siqstes kapelaSi `koras, daTan da abironis 

dasjis~ da xatvisas konstantines 

TaRi kanonis urRveobis Sesaxseneblad 

moixmo. nangrevebi moduri peizaJur mxatvrobaSi 

Seiqmna, isini arsebiTi elemen 

tia rafaelis, perucis, julio klovios, 

franCesko salviatis da sxvaTa 

nawarmoebebis fonisTvis. nangrevevbis 

xatvisas SesaSur sizus tes iCens 1532- 

1536 wlebSi romSi mcxovrebi marten 

van heemskerki. etYen dYuperakma ori 

ruka moamzada _ erTi Zveli romisa 

(1574 w.) da erTic Tanadrouli romis 

(1577 w.). ZeglTa mdgomareobis saxviTi 

dokumenta ciisa da mogvianebiT dangreul 

SenobaTa asaxulobis mniSvneloba 

Sei Zines jovani antonio dosios naxatebma 

da suraTebma. 

2.1. siZveleTa koleqciebi da 

restavracia 

adreuli renesansis xanaSi daiwyo antikuri 

xelovnebis nawarmo ebTa fragmentebis 

kvleviTi mizniT Segroveba. pe-


trarkas medlebis ko leqcia hqonda da 

Caxedul kacadac iTvleboda. mantenYam 

Tavisi qanda kebebi Tavissave baR- 

Si ganaTavsa. xelovnebisa da arqiteqturis 

mfarve lobiT dainteresdnen 

mniSvnelovani florencieli gvarebi, 

umravle sad mediCis msgavsi bankirebi. 

humanistTa da xelovanTa kvalad, 

maTac ga i Cines antikuri xelovnebis 

nawarmoebTa koleqciebi, romlebsac 

Ta vis sasaxleebsa da vilebSi, umetesad, 

sta tusis simbolod ganaTavsebd nen. 

florencielTa magaliTs misdies gonzagas 

ojaxma mantuaSi, d’es te si feraraSi, 

sforcasi milanoSi. romSi antikur 

siZveleTa, maTTan ki adreqristianuli 

nimuSebis udidesi adreuli koleqcia 

kardinalma pietro barbom (mogvianebiT 

papi pavle II, 1464-71 ww.) Seqmna da mis gamosafen 

galeread palaco venecia aago 16 . 

siqste IV-m (1471-84 ww.) am ko leqciis 

nawili mediCebs miyida, meore ki kapi- 

16 koleqciaSi Sedioda Zalze Zvirfasi masalebidan 

damzadebuli (oniq si, ameTvisto, 

iaspi, mTis broli, spilos Zvali) antikuri 

bYustebi. 1457 wels katalogSi ixsenieba 

227 kameo da aTasze meti oqrosa da ve rcxlis 

medali. 

sur. 2.1. renesansuli 

koleqcia, romis vila 

mediCis baRis zRudeze 

ganTavsebu li. zogierTi 

nimuSi imperator 

avgustusis `mSvilobis 

sakurTxevlidan~ aris 

wamoRebuli 

tolines borcvze pala co dei konservatoris 

gadasca, romelSic 1471 wels 

pirveli sajaro re nesansuli muzeumi 

gaxsna. am koleqciaSi, sxvaTa Soris, Sedioda 

`spi nario~, kamilusi, Zu mgeli 

da imxanad gaTxrebisas napovni herkule 

sis uzarmazari brinjaos qandakeba. 

XV saukunis bolosTvis romSi 40-mde 

koleqcia iyo, momdevno saukuneebSi ki 

maTi ricxvi metad gai zarda im samSeneblo 

saqmianobisa da gaTxrebis meoxebiT, 

rasac dela va les, mediCis, farnezes da 

sxvaTa gvarebi awarmoebdnen. Yulius II-m 

(1503-13 ww.) rCeuli antikuri qandakebebis 

gansalageblad bramantes va tikanis 

vila belvederes terasuli baRi 

daukveTa 17 . XVII saukunis gan mav lobaSi 

xelovnebis naklebi nawarmoebi aRmoCnda 

17 vasari, 1973, 87: “bramantem amgvaradve aRmar- 

Ta gumbaTi, romelic ànti kuri siZveleebis 

darbazs~ xuravs da qandakebaTaTvis niSebis 

mTeli wyeba aaSena. amaTgan, laokooni, antikuri 

qandakeba unatifesi srulqm ni lebisa, 

apoloni da venusi maTSi mis sicocxleSive 

moaTavses, darCe nilni ki mas mere moitanes, 

mag., leo X-m, mag., tibri da nilosi kleopatraTi; 

sxvebi kliment VII-m miamata; pavle 

III-sa da Yulius III-is dros did fasad metad 

mniSvnelovani gaumjobeseba Seitanes~.

da maT fass mcire SeZlebis koleqcionerebi 

veRar audiodnen. es imas niSnavs, 

rom koleq ciebma naklebi raodenobisve 

adamianebis (justiniani, barberini, lYu - 

do vizi, borgeze) xelSi iyrida Tavs da 

TandaTanobiT sazRvrebs gare Tac iyideboda. 

adreul koleqciebSi Selaxul antikur 

qandakebebsa da arqiteq tu rul 

fragmentebs, Cveulebriv, rogorc naxavdnen, 

iseve tovebdnen. mag ram XV saukuneSi 

mediCebma donatelos florenciaSi 

maTi sasaxlis mosarTavad antikuri 

fragmentebis restavracia da dasruleba 

daava les. 

`kaza mediCis pirvel ezoSi rva marmarilos 

medalionia, antiku ri kameebis, 

meore pirze ki medlebis gamosaxulebebis 

momcveli, zo gi ram scena mis mier 

Zalze lamazad Sesrulebuli, Caatanes 

sa r kmelTaSoris frizsa da lojiis 

TaRszeda arqitravSi. manve an tikuri 

TeTri marma ri los marsia aRadgina, 

dadga is baRidan ga sasvlelSi, mravali 

anti kuri Tavi ki karis Tavze moaTavsa 

da frTaTa da almasTa ornamente biT 

gaawyo, romlebic, kozimos mo na fiqri, 

stukoTi faqizad Seasru la” 18 . 

romSi kardinalma andrea dela valem 

(1463-1534 ww.) antikuri mar mariloebis 

Tavisi koleqcia san eustaxios maxloblad 

mdebare sasa x leSi amgvaradve ganaTavsa. 

man maSin rafaelTan santa maria 

del po polos eklesiis Cigis kapelaSi 

momuSave lorencotos (lorenco di 

ludoviko) samkaulad antikuri svetebisa 

da sxva fragmentebis gamo yenebiT, Tavlis 

da baRis daproeqteba, amasTan ki qandakebebisTvis 

da karguli Tavisa Tu xel-fexis 

damateba daavala. amgvari moqmedeba 

yve lasTvis misaRebi aRmoCnda da romSi 

qandakebaTa restavracia modad iqca. 

amgvari morTuloba gaakeTa piro ligoriom 

vatikanis baRis ka zina pia-sTvisa Tu 

anibale lipim vila mediCis ezos fasadis- 

18 vasari, 1973, ii, 406 da Semd. 


Tvis (man sa amisod avgustusis `mSvidobis 

sakurTxevlis~ (ara Pacis) reliefTa frag 

mentebi moimarjva). madernom romSi via 

dei funarize mdebare ma teis sasaxlis 

ezoSi maTi koleqciis ramdenime umSvenieresi 

nimuSis Tvis stukos CarCoebi 

moifiqra, xolo alesandro algardim 

antikuri na muSevrebiT via aureliaze 

myofi doria-pamfilis sasaxle Seamko. 

jo r jo vazarize (1511-74 ww.), romelmac 

1550 wels `fermwerTa, moqanda keTa da 

xuroTmoZRvarTa cxovrebani~ gamosca, 

restavraciis ideam STabeWdi leba moaxdina 

da am modas man aseTi debulebac 

Seawia: àse aRdgenil antikur siZveleebs 

meti moxdeniloba aqvs, vidre dasaxiCrebul 

tans, uTavo sxeulebs Tu sxvagvarad 

dauSnoebul da naklul fi gu rebs” 19 . 

restavracia moqandakis yoveldRiuri 

saqmianobis nawili Seiqmna da Sei- 

Zleboda axalgazrda xelovanis gawafulobis 

sasinjic yofili yo. swored ase 

moiqca bramante iakopo sansovinos (1486- 

1570 ww.) mimarT, rodesac mas paps warudgenda. 

ukve im dros daiwyo kamaTi imaze, 

rogor unda gakeTdes restavracia. 

adamianTa umravlesobas xelovnebis 

fragmentirebuli nawarmoebe bis gam- 

Teleba maT gasamSveneblad surda; magram 

iseTnic ipovebodnen, visac Tavad 

Zveli naostataris xarisxi ise aRafr- 

Tovanebda, rom isini maT xels ver 

Seaxebdnen. ase rom, arsebobda daSavebuli 

antikuri qan dakebebisadmi mopyrobis 

orgvari midgoma: erTi maT dazianebul 

mdgo mareobaSi SenarCunebas 

gulisxmobda, meore ki maT im formiT 

aRdgenas, rogoric mas Tavidan SeiZleboda 

hqonoda. aq ukve saqme `Tamanedrove 

restavracias~ ki ar exeba, aramed 

ufro esTetikur reintegracias 

Tav dapirveli formis saalbaTo ideis 

mixedviT. Tumca moduri es ukanask neli 

midgoma iyo, gvaqvs martivad SenarCunebis 

magaliTebic. maTgan yve laze kar- 

19 vasari, 1973, iv, 579


gad cnobili, albaT, herkulesis e.w. 

`belvederis torsia~, mravalTagan am 

rigis usrulyofiles nawarmoebad miCneuli. 

igi aseve `miqelanjelos zurgad~ 

aris cnobili, radgan mas igi Zalze 

moswonda da siqstes kapelas Werze 

figurebzec aisaxa `torsis~ Ronieri 

kunTo vaneba. uilYam hogarTi mis `mSvenierebis 

analizSi~ gakvriT ambobs, rom 

TabaSiris figuraTa yovel mkeTebels 

hqonia `torsis~ patara as lis yalibi. 

restavraciis gamo aRZruli kamaTis 

magaliTs warmoadgens mra val TaTvis 

aRsafrTovanebeli jgufi `laokooni da 

sur. 2.2. laokoonis 

qandakebas, berZnuli 

dednis romaul asls, 

romSi XVI s.-Si misi 

aRmoCenis Semdgom, 

restavracia ramdenjerme 

Cautarda 

misi Zeni, romel Tac gvelebi esxmian~, 

aRmoCenili 1506 wlis 14 ianvars. am qandakebas 

di di xnis manZilze sxvadasxvanairad 

ekidebodnen da gansxvavebul gadawyve 

tas mimarTavdnen da miT Sedegze 

Tanadrouli gemovnebis zemoq me debis ma - 

galiTad gamogvadgeba. qandakebis pir vel 

damTvalierebelTa gani ju li a no da sangalo 

da miqelanjelo iyvnen, romelTac 

gamoTqves hipo Teza dakarguli xelebis 

Tavdapirveli formis Sesaxeb; 

maT aRniS nes, rom dakarguli xelebis 

narCenebis Tanaxmad, mamasa da erT-erT 

vaJs marjvena xeli apyrobili hqondaT,

xolo gveli, TiTqos, mamis mar j venas 

iyo Semoxveuli, misi kudi ki vaJisas. 

qandakeba maleve vatikanis bel vederis 

koleqciaSi moxvda da bramantem oTxi 

mxatvris Sejibri moawyo misi cvilis 

modelis dasamzadeblad. erTi SemfasebelTagani 

ra faeli iyo da misi msjavriT 

yvelas axalgazrda iakopo tati sansovinom 

ajoba; gadawyvetil iqna misi namuSevris 

brinjaosgan Camosxma. man aseve 

TviT originalis restavraciac Caatara 

da nakluli nawilebi TabaSiriT Seavso 

da, rogorc Cans, laokoonis mklavi Tavisken 

daxara. 

ramdenime wlis Semdeg baCo bandinelim 

SeakeTa amasobaSi Camotexili 

mklavi, ufro metad zeviTken axara, 

Tan Cemulobda, Cemi asliT anti kur xelovnebas 

vajobeo, razec miqelanjelom 

SeniSna: `sxvaTa mimyoli maT win verasodes 

moeqceva da visac Zala ar Seswevs 

TavisiT kargi ram ake Tos, verc sxvaTa 

namuSevrebs moixmars sasikeTod” 20 . 

1532 wels, miqelanjelom be l ve deris 

ramdenime damsxvreuli qandakebis, maT 

So ris ki laoko onis mar jvenis, aRsadgenad 

fra jovani angYolo montor so li 

SesTavaza. xeli terakotisgan damzadda 

da amjerad sworad gai mar Ta; aman qandakebas 

Zlieri diagonaluri moZraoba 

SesZina, imdroin deli dinamizmis Sesa ferisad. 

es ki Zalze gansxvavdeba Tavdapirveli 

gamomsaxvelobisgan _ Semdgom 

gairkva, rom daxrili xeli dasrulebul 

formas qmnida 21 . 

ramdenime monumenturi qandakeba 

romis sazogadoebrivi adgile bis Tvisac 

20 vasari, 1973, vii, 279 

21 1904 wels l. polakma ipova fragmenti, 

romelSic laokoonis marjvena amoicnes 

(Tumca sxva, momcro aslisa), romelmac xelis 

Tavisken daxra aCvena; vinkelmans nanaxi 

aqvs kvali masTan gvelis Sexebisa. al baT, 

erTi meoris mimdev restavraciebamde maniSni 

metic iqneboda (Pollak, 1905; magi, F., il 

ripristino del Laocconte, Atti della Pontifica Accademia 

romana di archeologia, iX, vaticano). 


sur. 2.3. detali romSi, kapitoliumis 

borcvze SesavalSi mdgomi cxenis qanda kebisa 

(`dioskurebi~); is pompeusis TeatrSi ipoves 

da 1583 wels, d. fontanas xelmZRvanelobiT 

aRadgines. miznad mas Tavdapirveli 

formis savaraudo war mo d genis safuZvelze 

esTetikuri reintegracia hqonda 

iqna restavrirebuli, magaliTad, kapitolines 

borcvze, sa dac miqelanjelos 

daevala lateranidan 1537 wels papis 

pavle III-is gad motanili markus avreliusis 

qandakebis irgvliv moedani gaemarTa. 

es qandakeba antikuri xanidan 

SemorCenilTagan (igi asociaciurad 

qri s tianobis `mamas~, konstantines daukavSires) 

erTi umniSvnelovanesi iyo da 

is ukve XV saukuneSive SeekeTebinaT da 

aRedginaT. moedanze gan Tavsebul sxva 

antikur namuSevrebidan gamorCeulia


dioskurTa ori qandakeba, restavrirebuli 

papis grigol XIII-is mier, romelnic 

moed nis aRmosavleTidan Sesakvrelad 

gamoiyenes. kvirinalis borcvze daye nebul 

did jgufur qandakebas, àleqsandre 

da bucefali~, igive `cxe nis damaokebeli~, 

romelsac wina saukuneebSi 

mar tivad aguris sabje nebi Seuyenes, 

1589-1591 wlebSi papis siqste V-sTvis 

restavracia domeni ko fontanam Cautara. 

Tumca koleqciebisTvis qandakebebis 

restavracia grZeldeboda da moqandakeTa 

Cveuli saqmianoba iyo, is mainc 

gaxda kamaTis sagani, metadre XVIII saukuneSi. 

asea Tu ise, Tavidanve gvaqvs 

ori damokidebu leba _ SenarCuneba da 

restavracia da es antikuri arqiteqturisadmi 

mopyrobazec aisaxa. klasicizmis 

aRorZineba klasikur ZeglTa Seswav las 

efuZneboda, xolo mis winsvlas XV-XVI 

saukuneebis arqiteqturu li traqtatebi 

emsaxureboda. maTi amosavali principebi 

naSenis simk vidre, gamZleoba da movla 

iyo, isini yuradRebas renesansis saarsebo 

wyaros, Tavad antikuri Zeglebis 

dokumentirebasa da dacvazec amaxvileben. 

amav dros, SigadaSig, stilisa Tu 

Senebis maneris miRma ra Rac sxvac moismoda 

da zogierT mwerals TviT ukugdebuli 

Suasau kunovani Senobebis Rirebulebanic 

ki axsendeboda. 

2.2. aRorZinebis xanis Txzulebebi 

arqiteqturaze 

garda Tavad nagebobebisa, klasikuri 

arqiteqturis Sesaswavlad umniSvnelovanesi 

wyaro iyo avgustusis zeobaSi 

romis aRdgenisas ga mo Cinebuli 

xuroTmoZRvrisa da inJinris, markus 

vitruvius polios Txzu leba `De architectura~. 

is, savaraudod, Zv. w. 27 wlamde 

daiwera da ukve ax. w. I saukuneSi sanimuSo 

unda yofiliyo. Sua saukuneebSi 

is mra val xelnawerad gadmonarCunda, 

romelTagan uZvelesi miaxloebiT VII 

saukunis miwuruliT TariRdeba. 1414 

wels mas montekasinos monas tris wignTsacavSi 

pojo braColinim miagno. amis 

mere gasavrceleblad is gadanusxes, 

1480-ani wlebis aqeT ki is uamravjer 

daistamba da am ga mocemaTagan sagangebo 

yuradRebis Rirsia 1511 wels fra 

jokondos gan xorcielebuli. vitruviusi 

tradiciuli codnis fasdaudebeli 

wyaroc gaxda da, albertidan moyolebuli, 

arqiteqturaze na werebis um- 

Tavresi amosavalic. yvela, vinc renesansis 

xanaSi arqiteqturaze wer da, im 

gak veTilze miuTiTebs, rac klasikuri 

avtorebisa da arsebuli antiku ri nagebobebis 

SeswavliT SeiZleba miiRo. mravalni 

gansakuTrebul yurad Rebas gam- 

Zleobas da mudmivi movlis saWiroebas- 

Tan dakavSirebul sa kiTxebs, aseve warumateblobis 

mizezebis analizs da konstruqciul 

xa r vezTa gamosworebas miapyrobdnen. 

Tu gulisyuri umTavresad 

axali nagebobebis proeqtirebas ekuTvnoda, 

mainc arsebobda bma winandel gamocdilebasTan 

da antikuri nagebobebisadmi 

axleburi damokidebule bisa da 

pativiscemis safuZvelic Caiyara. 

arqiteqturis Taobaze renesansis 

xanis mweralTagan pirvelica da yvelaze 

gavlenianic leon batista alberti 

(1404-72 ww.) iyo _ huma nisti, arqiteqtori 

da siZveleTmcodne, papis administraciaSi 

`samoci qu lo werilebis~ SedgeniT 

dakavebuli. misi nawerebi, laTinurenovania 

da italiuric, uamrav sagans exeba 

_ saojaxo cxovrebasa da maTemati kasac 

da arqeologiasa, xelovnebasa da arqiteqturasac. 

is monawi leobda arqiteqturul 

proeqtebSi feraraSi, florenciaSi, 

mantuasa da riminiSi, sxvebze ki 

misTvis azri ukiTxavT, metadre romSi, 

sadac man 1432 wlis aqeT, cxovrebis 

meti wili gaatara. albertis mTavari 

naSro mi aris aTi wigni arqiteqturaze _

`De re aedificatoria~, laTinurad 1443-1452 

wlebSi dawerili da misi gardacvalebis 

mere, 1485 wels das tambuli. traqtatis 

forma mas vitruviusma STaagona, misganve 

modis faqtobrivi cnobebi samSeneblo 

teqnikaze, magram mas platoni, 

pliniu si, aristotele da Tukididec 

waukiTxavs, iSveliebs is italiisa da 

centraluri evropis antikuri Zeglebis 

sakuTar anazomebsac. maTemati kiT dainteresebidan 

gamomdinare, man SeimuSava 

rukebis gamoxazvis we si (centralur 

wertilTan Sefardebuli ori polaruli 

koordina tiT) da moamzada romis 

ruka, sadac amosavali wertili kapitoliumis 

bor c via (gamoqveynebulia 1450 

wels wignSi `Descriptio urbis romae~). 

ZvelTa magaliTis, mcodneTa rCevis, 

mudmivi praqtikis wyalobiT dagrovebuli 

codnis kvalad Camoqnili kanonebi 

_ ai, ra aris Txzule bis ZiriTadi 

saTqmeli. albertis afiqrebda ariqteqturis 

xarisxi da is gvarigebs, proeqtebis 

momzadebas yuradReba ar davakloT. 

mas esmo da, rom didmasStabovan mSeneblobas 

adamianis cxovreba SeiZlebda 

arc yofnoda da is gvTavazobs, rom 

visac nagebobis gagrZeleba daevala, is 

guldagul gasinjos da kargad gaugos, 

raTa àr dacildes momgonis Canafiqrs~ 

da ar waaxdinos kargad dawyebuli 

nawarmoebi. saamisod man Tavad kargi 

magaliTi mogvca harmoniulad ganasrula 

ra fasadi flo renciis XII saukuneSi 

agebuli santa maria novelas eklesiisa. 

arqiteqturam, albertis Tanaxmad, 

sami mTavari moTxovna unda da akma 

yofilos: is unda iyos funqciuri, 

rac SeiZleba myari da gamZle, formiT 

ki moxdenili da saamo. mSveniereba mis 

TvalSi ram naSenSi Si na ganad myofi iyo, 

msgavsad harmoniisa musikaSi, ase rom 

arqiteqturis nawarmoebi mTlianobaSi 

ufro Tavisuflad da harmoniulad, 

Tanaxmie rad isunTqebs. xSirad sadagi 

masala, jerovnad moxmarebuli, ufro 


ha r moniuli aris xolme, vidre wesis miudevnelad 

naxmari Zvirfasi masa lebi. 

iregularuli qviT nagebi, mokrZalebuli 

sasoflo saxli Tavis TavSi harmoniuli 

iyo da, sazogadodac, kerZo saxlebs, 

ase gvirCevs al berti, mokrZaleba 

SeSvenis. 

albertis bunebaze dakvirvebis swamda 

da nagebobebs bunebiT or ga nizmebad 

xedavda, romlebSic yovelive erTmaneTs 

racionalurad, swo ri proporciebiT 

ukavSirdeba. Sesabamisad, axali 

elementis damate bi sas pativi unda 

mivagoT organul mTels, konstruqciuladac 

da es Te tikuradac. amgvari 

midgoma Sua saukuneebis nagebobebzec 

ki vrcel deboda, rogorc santa maria 

novelas SemTxvevaSi, sadac forma ise 

mogvagonebs Tavdapirvel koncefcias, 

rom mogviano istorikosebi karga xans 

uaryofdnen albertis avtorobas (milicia, 

katremeri). 

is dabejiTebiT ambobs, rom arqiteqtors 

samSeneblo xarvezTa kar gad codnac 

esaWiroeba; zustad eqimiviT, man 

unda amoicnos sneu leba, raTa gankurnos 

igi. xarvezebis mizezi SeiZleba 

garegani iyos an Tavad naSenis SigniT 

warmosdges. ukanasknel SemTxvevaSi, 

masze arqiteqto ria pasuxismgebeli. meore 

mxriv, ganmartavs igi, Cven yvelani 

bunebis nawili da mokvdavni varT; umtkices 

masalasac ki anadgurebs mze Tu 

grili Crdili, yinva Tu qarebi, rom aRara 

vTqvaT iseT ubedurebebze, rogoricaa 

mexi, miwisZvra da wyaldidoba. 

xarvezebi, romelTa gamosworeba 

restavracias SeuZlia traqta tis meaTe 

wignis sagania. alberti mTeliT iwyebs 

da wvrilmanebze Sem d gom inacvlebs: 

TavSi saubari qalaqsa da mis sanaxebzea. 

TxuTmeti Ta vi sazogado sakiTxebs exeba, 

mag., kanalizacias, hidroinJinerias, 

kul tivacias. mxolod bolo Tavi 

eZRvneba iseT sakiTxebs, rogoricaa 

Sida garemo, nagebobidan mcenareulis


mocileba, konstruqciis gamagrebis da 

Semtkicebis xerxebi. zogjer xarvezTa 

mizezebis migneba iolia; zo g jerac isini 

ufro gaurkvevelia da cxadi mxolod 

miwisZvris, mexis dacemisa Tu niadagis 

bunebrivi Zvris Semdeg xdeba. leRvis 

xe, Tu mas kedelze gaaxareb, sabrZolo 

gemis dafaruli saZgerebeliviTaa _ 

pata ra fesvsac didi moculobis daZvra 

SeuZlia. dasasrul, daSlis Tavida Tavi 

mizezi, albertiT, adamianis uyuradReboba 

da uzrunvelobaa. is daJinebiT 

gvirCevs, sazogadoebrivi Senobebis 

movla saxelmwifos xar jiT xdebodes 

da SeniSnavs, rom agripam saamisod 250, 

xolo keisarma 460 adamiani daasaqma! 

albertis TvalSi istoriuli nagebobebi 

dacvis Rirsi maTi saku Ta ri arqiteqturuli 

Tvisebebis, simyaris, silamazis, 

aRmzrdelobiTi da is toriuli 

Rirebulebebis gamoa. mas moswons is 

nagebobebi, romel nic ise mtkicea, rom 

daSlas mravali saukune umklavdeba. 

ieris esTe ti kuroba, nagebobis silamaze 

aseve aris dacvis mizezi. mSveniereba 

im denad mniSv nelovania, rom TviT barbarosebsa 

da Jamsac amarcxebs. di dad 

afiqreb da mas istoriuli nagebobebis 

arasaWiro ngreva: `RmerTma miS velos, 

zog jer atana ara maqvs, rodesac vxedav, 

rogori uyuradRe bobiT, uf ro mkvaxed 

vityvi, rogori angarebianobiT miugdeben 

xolme ngrevas iseT saganT, romelTa 

uzomo keTilSobileba TviT barbarosebma 

da mZvin vare mtermac daindo; 

romelTac yovlisdamprobelma, yov lisdamaq 

ce varma dromac samudamod dgoma 

acala~ (alberti, 1988, 320). mas guli mos dis 

uvic moijaradeebze, vinc ver axerxebs 

axali mSeneb loba ma nam de im adgilas 

yvelafris dangrevis gareSe daiwyos. 

dangreva yovel Tvis moeswreba, ufro 

mniSvnelovania Zveli nagebobebi dauzianebeli 

gvqondes! alberti urCevs arqiteqtors 

guldasmiT daak virdes karg 

Se no bebs, Seamzados anazomebi, gasinjos 

maTi proporciebi da maT Sesas wavlad 

modelebic aagos. gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania, 

Tu proporci eb sa da detals 

gamorCeuli avtori moiSveliebs. albertis 

aRafrTova nebs peizaJebi da agondeba, 

rom Zvelad alagebsa da mTel zonebsac 

ki miegeboda pativi da Tayvaniscema; 

sicilia cereras miuZRvnes. antikur Zeglebsa 

da RirsSesaniSnav adgilebs, magaliTebr, 

troas Tu winande li brZolis 

velebs, ZaluZT mnaxvels warsulis xsovna 

Tu iseT Rirs SesaniSnav movlenebze 

mogoneba aRuZras, rom mas aRfrTovaneba 

daeuf leba. 

Tu alberti SeiZleba realistad 

CavTvaloT, romelsac arafrad epitnaveboda 

fantastikuri monafiqrebi, 

sxvaa il filaretad wodebu li antonio 

averlinos (1400-69/70 ww.) pirveli 

saqalaqo saavadmyofos, mi lanis òspedale 

majores~ arqiteqtoris, midgoma. 

man pirvelma dawe ra arqiteqturuli 

traqtati italiurad (1461-64 

ww.) da masSi idealuri qalaqis, saxelad 

sforcindas (es sforcas gvarisadmi qa- 

Tinauria!) da ge g mareba da mSenebloba 

aRwera. vitruviusisa da albertis msgavsad, 

fi laretec analogias xedavs 

arqiteqturasa da adamians Soris, imasac 

ki gveubneba, nagebobac cocxlobs 

da kvdebao. arqiteqtoris amocanaa, gan- 

Wvritos, ra SeiZleba gauWirdes Senobas 

da, amgvarad, mas daziane ba aacilos 

da drouladac SeakeTebinos. filarets 

romSi mravali an tikuri nageboba dauzomia 

da isini imis magaliTad moyavs, 

rom sqel kedliani, kargi masaliT naSeni 

nageboba samaradiso iqneba. mouvlelobis 

gamo, isini nangrevebad iqca, pan- 

Teoni ki (eklesiad gamoyenebuli) uf ro 

srulad SemogvrCa, vinaidan `religiis 

pativiscemiT mas kveba ar daakles~ (Filarete, 

1972, 43). Tumca filareti wyevlas 

uTvlis goTurs da upiratesobas 

aZlevs klasikur maneras (radgan wriuli 

TaRi Tvals arasodes daabrkolebs!),

magaliTebi mas yvela droisa moaqvs _ 

klasi ku ric, Suasaukunovanic, misdroindelic, 

maT Soris konstantinopolis 

wm. sofia da veneciis san marko da amiT 

xazs usvams istoriis uwyve tobas. Tavad 

is, etyoba, pirvelad goTur stilSi muSaobda, 

vidre mas bruneleskis nawarmoebebi 

miizidavda. `Zvel-axlis~ Serevaca 

da dialo gad dawerili misi Txzulebis 

popularulobac mas vazarim dauwuna. 

XV saukunis mesame avtoritetuli 

traqtati, ZiriTadad, saTavda c vo nagebobebis 

daproeqtebis Taaobaze, fran- 

Cesko di jorjo martinis (1439-1501 ww.) 

ekuTvnis. miznad mas vitruviusis axlad 

gadawera, arsebu li kalsikuri nagebobebis 

proporciebis Semowmeba da, maT 

srul gaq ro bamde, nangrevebis fiqsacia 

iyo. Cveulebriv, igi maT srulad 

xatavs, oRond sqematurada da mravali 

SecdomiT. mas àntikuri nangrevebis 

aRmdgenels~ eZaxdnen. vitruviusisa da 

arsebuli klasikuri nagebobe bis kritikuli 

Sefasebis gziT, franCesko di 

jorjom daamkvidra praq tikuli samSeneblo 

normebi da klasikur Txzulebas 

axleburi aqtua lo bac SesZina, radgan 

xazs usvamda antikuri nangrevebis axlad 

aRia rebul aRmzrdelobiT mniSvnelobas. 

aseTia misi, Tugind arapirdapiri, 

wvlili am nangrevebis momaval 

konservaciaSi Setanili. 

leonardo da vinCim, mxatvruli Tu 

mecnieruli TvalsazrisiT, italiuri 

renesansis erTma wamZRolTaganma, arqiteqturis, 

metadre sa Tav dacvos, Seswavlas 

xeli mecnieruli cnobiswadilis 

gamo mohkida. mas axlo urTier- 

Toba hqonda bramantesa da mis wresTan, 

mas azrs eki T xebodnen sxvadasxva, maT 

Soris milanisa da paviis kaTedralebis 

pro eqtebis, Taobaze. leonardoc, 

agebis simrTelisa Tu proporciebis 

mxriv, erTi meores Senobebsa da adamianebs 

ufardebs. misi Sexedule biT, adamianis 

janmrTeloba yvela elementis 


harmoniazea damokidebu li, sneuleba 

ki araTanaxmierebis Sedegia. sxvadasxva 

Canaxati Tu xel naweri aCvenebs leonardos 

struqturul azrovnebas _ is 

ubralod ki ar amsgavsebs adamianebsa 

da maT Seqmnil arqiteqturas, aramed 

am mov le nas obieqturad, mecnierulad 

xsnis. amis magaliTi gaxlavT TaRis 

gansazRvreba, rogorc òri sisustiT 

miRebuli simagrisa” 22 . ese igi, ori meo- 

Txedi wre, calke aRebuli, sustia, erTmaneTs 

Seyudebuli, mZlavr komponents 

warmoqmnis. is gvTavazobs quslebze 

sawonebis Seki debiT eqsp erimentulad 

ganisazRvros sxvadasxva moxazulobis 

TaRebis zid vis unarianoba, aanalizebs 

konstruqciuli xarvezebis problemebs, 

nap ralebis warmoqmnas, saZirkvlebs, 

aSenebis mere kedlebis gamoSrobas da 

a.S. da gvawvdis maTi SekeTebebis winaswaruli 

RonisZiebebis winada debebs. Seexo 

is xis konstruqciebsa da wyobaSi Cayolebuli 

xis damu Savebas; misi dakvirvebiT, 

wyalmedegi an aradrekadi saRebavi 

ver gauZ lebs cvalebadi tenianobisas 

xis mimoZraobas. iatakis Zelebi kedlis 

kon struqcias kargad unda miemagros, 

raTa miwisZvrisas dazianeba ar moxdes. 

miuxedavad imisa, rom misi Canawerebi 

ar gamoqveynebula, moqmed arqiteqtorebTan 

urTierTobis wyalobiT, man 

uTuod moaxdina gavlena renesansis arqiteqturis 

ganviTarebaze. 

1490 wlis axlos arqiteqturis 

TeoretikosebisTvis gamocda ga mo dga 

milanos kaTedrali, uwinaresad misi 

Sejvarebis, e.w. `tiburio~-s das rulebis 

sakiTxi. amis Taobaze azri sam wamyvan 

pirovnebas _ leo nar dos, bramantes da 

franCesko di jorjos gamokiTxes. Tumca 

saqme Su a sakunovan nagebobas exeboda, 

Senebis arsebul nagebobasTan TanSewyo 

biT gagrZeleba yvelasTvis saziaro 

22 leonardo da vinci, mss. institut de France, Paris, 

50r. Frammenti sull’architettura (1490). scritti rinaseimentali, 

1978, 292


midgoma gaxldaT. leonardom sakiTxs 

èqim-arqiteqtoris~ kuTxiT Sexeda da 

irwmuneboda, proeqtis safuZve li arsebuli 

Senobis mdgomareobisa da formis 

amomwuravi codna unda iyos, raTa gamoirkves, 

rogor unda zidos man axali 

naSeni da sxvada sxva gadawyvetas Tavazobda. 

Tu leonardo da franCesko di 

jorjo oq to gons emxrobodnen, bramante 

mxars kvadratul moxazulobas uWerda, 

mas ufro gamosadegad, kaTedralis 

saerTo saxis Sesatyvisad Tvlida; oqtogoni 

ver Seegueba nagebobis formismier 

moTxovnebs. goTuri kon st ruqcia, 

TavisTavad, msubuqia da mSvenierebis 

kriteriumis dasakmayo fi leb lad, axali 

naSeni Tavdapirvel mTelTan harmoniaSi 

unda moviy va noT. 

XV saukunis sigrZeze arqiteqturuli 

traqtatebi literaturul-humanisturi 

xasiaTisaa; XVI saukuneSi isini 

ufro viwrod-arqiteqtu ru lia, maxvili 

axla dasuraTebaze, praqtikosTaTvis 

saWiro àna-bana ze~ daismis. aseTia, gansakuTrebiT, 

jakopo baroci vinYolas 

xuTi or de ris wesebi, pirvelad 1562 

wels gamocemuli da andrea paladios 

1570 wlis òTxi wigni arqiteqturis 

Sesaxeb~. paladios manamde monawileo ba 

hqonda miRebuli vitruviusis daniele 

barbaroseuli, 1556 wlis ga mocemis dasuraTebaSi 

da antikuri nagebobebis 

Tavisi farTo codnac ukve gamoeyenebina 

1554 wels romis siZveleTa mokle 

megzuris, àntichita di roma~, dasawerad, 

romelmac Secvala arazusti, xSirad 

legendaruli cnobebis Se m cveli, XII 

saukunis `mirabilia urbis romae~ (qalaq 

romis sak virveleba ni). 

gamosaqveyneblad masalas ori odnav 

ufrosi arqiteqtori, romSi XVI saukunis 

dasawyisSi momuSave baldasare peruci 

da sebastiano se r lioc amzadebdnen. 

perucim es veRar gaakeTa da serliom 

misi masa le bis nawili gamoiyena Tavisi 

SromisTvis `Svidi wigni arqiteqturis 

Se sa xeb~, romelic rveulebad 1537 wlis 

aqeT gamodioda, erTobiT ki 1584-Si 

daibeWda. meSvide wignSi is warmogvidgens 

mTel rig winadade bebs an tikuri 

nagebobebidan Sesyiduli Tu gaTxrisas 

napovni svetebisa Tu sxva elementebis 

xelaxali moxmarebis Taobaze. mas moyavs 

sxvada sxva zomisa da orderis svetebis 

sasaxleebisa da saxlebis fasadebis- 

Tvis morgebis magaliTebi. aqvs mas winadadebebi 

Suasaukunovani nagebo be bis 

modernizaciis, qalaqebisTvis Cveuli 

iregularuli monakveTebis ufro regularuli 

ieris miniWebis mimarTulebiT; 

mas moaqvs magaliTe bi, ro gor moxda 

Senobebis regularulad gadaqceva arsebuli 

nakveTis Sig niTa Tu mezoblebTan 

an qalaqTan miwis gacvlis xarjze. 

Tu `mo der nizebul~ konteqstSi calad 

goTuri nagebobaa darCenili, is gvTava 

zobs, garemosTan harmonizaciisTvis, 

misi fasadi centruli, orderu li formiT 

SevcvaloT. sxva SemTxvevaSi, sadac 

mflobelma ori, erTmane Tis gverdiT 

mdgomi, damoukidebeli nageboba iyida, 

mTlian moculo bas axali, klasikuri 

yaidis fasadi da centraluri Sesasvleli 

gau keT da, mis miRma ki arsebuli 

naSenoba darCa. 

am saxelmZRvanelomaca da sxva 

traqtatebmac kidev meti gasaqani mis ca 

arsebuli nagebobebis axali renesansuli 

esTetikuri kriteriume bis Sesabamisad 

gardasaxvis isedac farTo praqtikasac 

da antikuri masalis mSeneblobisas axlad 

gamoyenebasac. meore mxriv, es traqtatebi 

myari safuZveli iyo funqciurada da 

gaazrebulad mSeneblobis we sis gansavi- 

Tareblad da isini XIX saukuneSic ki 

mSenebelTaTvis sauke Teso gzisgamkvlevi 

rCeboda. radgan antikuri nagebobebi 

kvlavac axa l mSe neblobaTaTvis 

qvissamtexloebi iyo, es traqtatebic 

ramdenadme age binebda xelisufalT, gaecaT 

maTi dacvis gankarguleba; gamoCenili 

arqiteqtorebi _ Tundac alberti,

afaeli da miqelanjelo _ did Za li sxmevas 

axmardnen maTTvis ufro sasikeTo 

midgomis gasavrceleblad. 

2.3. adrindeli saqmianoba da dacva 

romSi 

rogorc ufro adre petrarka, XV saukunis 

humanistebi kicxavdnen Zeglebisa 

da antikuri xelovnebis nawarmoebebis 

gamnadgurebelT; isi ni Ciodnen antikuri 

qandakebebis mocilebas, esao da 

es cruRvTaebaTa ga mosaxulebebiao 

da papebs adanaSaulebdnen, rom isini 

arafers Rone ben am memkvidreobis dasacavad 

(Gordan and Goodhart, 1974). marTalia, 

gaica mTeli rigi gankargulebebisa 

antikuri Zeglebis da Zveli eklesiebis- 

Tvis mofrTxilebis Taobaze da mainc, 

didi dro gavida, vidre moxerx deboda 

qmediTi dacviTi zomebis gatareba. papma 

martin V-m, Tavis ka riT urT romSi 

damkvidrebisTanave, gaiazra `restauratio 

et reformatio~-s saWi ro eba. amitomac, 1425 

wlis 30 marts man gamosca bula Ètsi in 

cunctarum orbis~, romlis ZaliT SemoRebul 

iqna `magistri viarum~-is samsaxuri, 

rome l sac quCebis, xidebis, karibWeebis, 

zRudeebis, garkveul zomaze ki, ase ve 

Senobebis movla da SekeTeba evaleboda. 

es uwyeba kidev erTxel mo m devno papebmac 

daamtkices, evgeni IV-m (1431-47 ww.) 

kolizeumis dacva brZa na, Tumca Tavad 

mas qvis samtexlod iyenebda. humanistma 

papma pius II (1405-64 ww.), romelmac 

pirvelma 1462 wlis 28 aprils sagangebod 

an ti ku ri naSTebis dacvis gamo gamosca 

bula `Cum alman nostram urbem~, alma qala 

qis Rirsebisa da brwyinvalebis SesanarCuneblad, 

xazgasmiT aR niS na saeklesio 

nagebobebis, aseve wmindanTa saflavebisa 

da reliq vi e bis momcveli Zveli 

Senobebis movlisa da dacvis aucilebloba. 

kon serva cia aq qristianobasaa 

SekavSirebuli, ukanasknelia dasacavad 


ga da mwy ve ti sabuTi. bula, rogorc Cans, 

qalaqis xelisuflebisa da ro mis mo qala 

qeebis moTxovnas moyva, magram paps 

ar Seswevda misi gatare bis Zala. 

im dros SekeTeba-gaumjobesebis 

samuSaoebi umravlesad imxanad ga mo - 

yenebul nagebobebs Seexeboda _ eklesiebs, 

xidebs, akvedukebs, su lac adrianes 

mavzoleums, romelic papebis sayofelad 

gamoiyeneboda. Tu gind marTalic iyos 

vazari, rodesac pap pavle II-s adanaSaulebs 

an tikuri nagebobebidan, kerZod, 

kolizeumidan, wamoRebul qvebs saSen masalad 

xmarobs da amiT mis Semdgom ngrevas 

iwvevso (vasari, 1973, 472), papebisa Tu 

qalaqis moxeleebma (Conservatorii) antikuri 

Zeglebis mcire SekeTeba Ta mTeli 

rigi Caatares. gvaqvs cnobebi 1466 wels 

florencieli xuro ebis mier titusis 

TaRis, aseve septimius severusis TaRis 

ramdenime qan dake bi sa da arqiteqturuli 

elementebis SekeTebis Sesaxeb. siqste IV-m 

(1471-84 ww.), `restaurator urbis~ gaumjobesebuli 

ganweseba SeimuSava romis zrdi - 

sa da brwyinvalebis gamo da qalaqs mniSvnelovani 

kvalic daamC nia. misi samSeneblo 

saqmianoba antikuri romauli xidis 

adgi las `si qs tes xidis~ axlad agebasa da 

axali saavadmyofos aSenebas moicavs. Tum 

ca misi saqmianoba ufro ganaxlebas gulisxmobda, 

vidre konserva ci as, mas mravali 

sasaxlisa da religiuri nagebobis 

SekeTeba-rekonst ru q ciac miekuTvneba. 

miuxedaobisa da vandalizmis problema 

masac da xv da da man 1474 wels gamosca 

bula `Quam provida~ Zveli saeklesio nage 

bo bebis dangreva-dazianebis, an maTi 

nawilebis mongrevis Taobaze. es brZaneba 

Semdgom Yulius II-m (1503-13 ww.) daamtkica 

da mas XIX saukune Sic moixmardnen 

xolme (mag., 1802 w.). 

XV saukuneSi papebis roms dabrunebis 

Jams, bizantiis imperia os manebTan 

gardamwyvet brZolas awarmoebda, 

rac 1453 wels konstantino po lis 

alyiTa da dacemiT dasrulda. amitomaa


Tavdacva papebis samSe ne b lo programis 

mniSvnelovani aspeqti. nikoloz V-m 

(1447-55 ww.) papis sa m flobelos sxvadasxva 

adgilasa da TviT romSic _ aq sxva 

aspeqte bic yuradRebas iTxovda _ cixesimagreebi 

SeakeTebina da gaaumjobesebina. 

nikoloz V-is biografosi, janoco 

maneti gvamcnobs, rom romisTvis misi 

prog rama xuT mTavar proeqts moicavda 

_ qalaqis galavnis, akvedukebis, xidebis 

da 40 e.w. `stacionaruli~ eklesiis 

SekeTebas, aseve Borgo vaticano-s, 

va ti kanSi papTa sasaxlis, agebasa da mosazrebebs 

wm. petres taZris Taobaze. 

et yoba, wi na mZRoli am proeqtebisa Tavad 

papi yofila, garSemo ki `gone ba Ta 

kre buli~ Semoikriba, romelTagan erTi 

uTuod alberti, sxvac flo ren cieli 

arqiteqtori bernardo roselino (1409- 

64 ww.) iyo. ekle si ebze samuSaoebSi xSirad 

saxuravebisa an sarkmlebis SekeTeba, 

aseve axlad Se m kobac Sedioda. didi 

Carevebisas miznad, aSkarad, ara marto 

SekeTe ba, aramed nagebobaTa drois 

moTxovnebisamebr adaptirebac yofi la. 

be v ri ram ase daingra an gadasxvaferda, 

magram Zveli nagebobebisa d mi erT gvar 

pativiscemas mainc gamoiCendnen xolme 

da cdilobdnen si Z ve lisa ram SemoenaxaT. 

restavraciaze Tanamedrove gagebiT 

sityvas ver CamovagdebT, Tumca misi 

Zirebi ki SegviZlia amovicnoT. 

traqtatebis debulebebis moSveliebis 

mxriv sagangebod sagulis x mo Zveli 

wm. petres bazilikis, san stefano rotondos, 

san markos da riminis `tempio 

malatestianos~ SemTxvevebia, romelnic 

XV saukune Sia SekeTebuli. yovel maTganSi 

albertis gavlena igrZnoba. wm. 

petre an tikuri Zeglebis naSTebiT iyo 

nagebi; Sua navis zeda kedlis mzidi ve eba 

svetebi serpentinisa da “giallo antico”-sic 

aris da wiTeli Tu nac risferi granitisac. 

Tumca ki is, albaT, romis bazilikaTagan 

umniSv ne lo vanesi iyo, is mZime 

mdgomareobaSi yofila _ nawilobriv im- 

itom, rom misi konstruqciuli sistema 

mravali, xSiri da damwkrivebuli Riobebis 

Tavze gadayvanili grZeli, Txeli 

kedlebiT iyo Sedgenili da, al bertis 

SeniSvnisamebr, arc Semtkicebuli yofila. 

saZirkveli Zveli ci r kis naSTebze 

iyo nagebi, zogan nayar miwaze, zoganac 

mkvriv Tixaze damyarebuli. amis gamo, 

grZivi kedlebi daxeTqili iyo, wverTan 

ki mtka velze metad gadaxriliyo. albertis 

SeTavazeba iyo bazilikis gadmowolili 

nawilebis wyobis sistematuri ganaxlebiT 

Semtkiceba. 

`kedlis yoveli gadmowolili, svetebiT 

ziduli monakveTi gadawyve ti li maqvs 

amovWra da movaSoro; Camoxsnili monakveTebi 

aRdgeba cal fa vertikaluri 

makavSireblebiT, konstruqciis orsav 

mxares qvis kbi la nis da magari mosaWeris 

datovebiT axali monakveTebis 

Zvelze gada sab melad. dasasrul, sadac 

mosaSorebelia daxrili ke d lis monakve- 

Ti, me gTavazobT saxuravis nivnivebis 

Semagrebas `caprae~-d [vacebi] wodebuli 

manqanebiT, romelic saxuravze daidg 

meba, fexebis ormxriv saxura visa da 

kedlis wyobis sando ad gi lebze dabjeniT~ 

(alberti, 1988, 362). 

es RonisZiebani, rogorc Cans, ar ganxorcielebula. 

mis nacvlad iyo SemoTavazeba 

Zveli nagebobis axal konstruqciaSi 

Casmisa. es gegma Zvelisa da axlis narevia; 

Tumca Zveli Sua navi xeluxleblad 

darCe bo da, transepti gvarianad gaizrdeboda, 

Zveli afsidis miRma ki monumenturi 

proporciebis axali sakurTxeveli 

gaCndeboda. pirvelad samu Sa o ebi 

SesasvlelTan Seiyursa; moxda mTavari 

fasadis mozaikis resta v racia, ganaxlda 

saxuravi, iataki da Sesasvleli 

karibWis kari; samu Saoebi Catarda aseve 

e.w. `tribuna grande~-sa da saZirkvlebzec. 

SesaZlebe lia, Tavidan papi Zveli bazilikis 

SekeTebas ganizraxavda, magram 

ra Rac dros man azri Seicvala da ufro 

farTomasStabiani ganaxleba wamoiwyo.

sur. 2.4. rimini, `tempio maletestiano~: 

albertim axali Senobis daproeqtebisas mis 

SigniT Suasaukunovani nageboba datova. man 

fasadi ver daamTavra da is arc Semdgom 

dausrulebiaT 

es samuSao 1452 wels Sewyda da axali 

gegmebi ukve Yulius II-em (1503-13 ww.) da 

misma monacvleebma dasaxes. sagulisxmoa 

amisa da al bertis riminis `tempio 

malatestiano~-s proeqtis Sedareba, 

romelic mas sigizmo di malatestam 

sakuTar memorialad daukveTa. es samuSao, 

romelSic alberti, etyoba, 1449 

wels Caeba, dausrulebeli darCa. is XIII 

saukunis san franCeskos eklesiis klasikur 

nagebobad gadaqcevas gu lisxmobda. 

aqac, isev da isev, Zveli nageboba Senar- 

Cunebul da axal Si moqceul iqna. Tumca 

ki SigniT, axali sakurTxevlis ageba 


(igi ar aSe nebula) Zveli transeptisa da 

afsidis dangrevas niSnavda. vazari miiCnevs, 

rom es nageboba ùcilod italiis 

erTi usaxelovnesi taZa ria~ (vazari, 

1973, 539). 

erT-erTi yvelaze safuZvlia nad 

restavrirebuli eklesia koelis borcvze 

mdebare, V saukuneSi agebuli da XI 

saukunis aqeT SeukeTebe li san stefano 

rotondoa. samuSaoebi roselinos zedamxedvelobiT 

da, albaT, albertisTan 

SeTanxmebiT Catarda; igi garSemosavlelis 

Ta v da pir veli TaRediani svetnaris 

amoqolvas, gareTa kapelebis mongre vas 

da axali Sesasvle li karibWis aSenebas 

moicavs. wriuli naosi, al baT, Tavidan 

msubuqi gumbaTiT gadaxuruli, iseTive 

xis konstruqciiT gada i bura, rogoric 

garSemosavlels hqonda. marmarilosa da 

stukos Semo r Cenili naSTebi Camoxsnes, 

gamWoli TaRedis amomvsebi kedeli freske 

biT moxates, danarCeni sadad daferes 

(intonaco). amoqoles naosis Tavda pir veli 

mrgvali sarkmlebi da axali iqna amoRebuli. 

es samuSao zog ma Tanamedrovem 

daiwuna; franCesko di jorjo martinis 

CaniSnuli aqvs, papma nikolozma is axlad 

ki qmna, magram keTebisas meti ziani 

mia yenao. axlandeli kritikosebi kidev 

ufro mkacrni arian, uTiTeben, rom saxecvlil 

iqna adreqristianuli sivrce 

da dRiuri moTxovnebi ar qeologiuri 

mokrZalebis win daayenes. adreuli koncefcia 

ganuyofe li sivrcisa renesansuli 

idealis Sesatyvisi mofargluli 

centrulo biT Seicvala. TaRovani 

svetnaris amoqolva da mis samkaulad 

gadaqce va TanxmobaSia albertis mosazrebasTan, 

rom umjobesia mrgval svetebs 

arqitravi hqondes, TaRebi ki oTxkuTxa 

burjebze gadadiodes. 

rodesac san markos kardinali, pietro 

barbo, papi pavle II (1464-71 ww.) 

gaxda, misi erTi pirvel wamowyebaTagani 

kapitoliumis borcvis ZirSi, misi taZris 

san markos gverdiT, TavisTvis axali


sayofelis, pa laco venecias aSeneba iyo. 

amis gamo eklesia SeakeTes _ Sua na vis 

Zveli kedlebi da TaRebiani svetnarebi, 

gverdiTi navebis mxridan, maTze 

axali kedlebis miSenebiT gaamagres da 

burjebze Camoayrdnes. SigniT Semates 

xis uxvad morTuli, ke sonebiani Weri, 

saxuravi ki tyviis filebisa moawyves. 

amas garda, ek le siis win kurTxevisTvis 

Ria lojia aSenda _ amgvari ram wm. 

petres ba zilikas ramdenime wliT adre 

Seuqmnes. gverdiT navebSi patara niJari 

sebri niSebi gamarTes. vazari san 

markos SekeTebas juliano da maia nos 

(1432-90 ww.) miawers, magram am samuSaosTan 

kavSirSi albertisac axseneben. 

marTlac, Sua navis gamagrebas Cinebulad 

esadageba albertis rCe va: `Tu 

kedeli metis metad Txelia, an Zvels 

axali seqcia miumate er Ti kedlis misaRebad 

anda, xarjebis Sesamcireblad, 

aage martooden ConCxi, e.i. pilastrebi, 

svetebi da Zelebi. axla, ai, rogor 

unda miu mato Zvel seqcias axali: Zvel 

kedelSi ramdenimegan xisti qvis samagre 

bi Caamagre; isini aSenebis mere axal 

kedlebSi Cajdeba da imuSavebs, rogorc 

ori tyavis SemaerTebeli mosaWimi. axali 

kedeli mxolodamxolod Cveulebrivi 

agurisa unda iyos~ (alberti, 1988, 359). 

Semdeg alberti gvarwmunebs, rom axali 

naSeni sakmarisad Zlieri unda iyos 

maTi simZi mis sazidad, Torem sxvafriv 

nageboba SeiZleba Camoiqces. Tumca ki 

san marko safuZvlianad ganaaxles, sagulisxmoa 

aRiniSnos zrunva eklesi is 

Zveli kedlebis da svetebis SesanarCuneblad, 

rac gviCvenebs, rom es Zveli 

naSeni aRiarebul Rirebulebas warmoadgenda. 

2.4. rafaeli da ZeglTa dacva 

XVI saukuneSi, amerikidan Semosuli simdidris 

wyalobiT, roms mSe neblobisTvis 

meti SeeZlo gaeRo. umniSvnelovanesi 

proeqti wm. pet res bazilikis samuSaoebis 

dawyeba iyo; maT warmoebas romis 

upirveles xelovanTa da arqiteqtorTa 

ramdenime Taoba mounda, bramantesa da 

ra faeliT dawyebuli, miqelanjelosa 

da berninimde. samSeneblo saqmianobam 

antikuri Zeglebis ngrevac daaCqara, 

sadac sasaxleebis saSen masa lad 

qvas moipovebdnen. aman, Tavis mxriv, 

meti yuradReba gamoiwvia an ti kuri xelovnebis 

nawarmoebebisa da istoriuli 

nagebobebis dasaca vad. 1508 wels donato 

bramantem roms axalgazrda rafaelo 

santi (1483-1520 ww.), urbinoSi, 

italiuri renesansis erT umTavres 

centrTagan Si, ukve cnobili mxatvari, 

Camoiyvana. romSi rafaeli dauaxlovda 

pa pis karis hu ma nistur wreebs, maT Soris 

mario fabio kalvos, andrea fulvios, 

ba l dasare kastilYones, juliano 

da sangalos, antonio da san galos umcross 

da fra jokondos. man xeli mihyo 

antikuri xelov ne bis nawar moe bebisa da 

Zeglebis Seswavlas, uwinaresad, bramantes 

xe l mZRvanelo biT da arqiteqturaSica 

da mxatvrobaSic mwvervals 

miaR wia. rafaeli mniSvnelovania im klasikuri 

Zeglebis dacvis Tvalsazri si- 

Tac, romel Tac ngreva emuqreboda; is 

ZeglTa Tanamedrove saxelmwi fo ebrivi 

dac vis mamadaa miCneuli. 

SeSfoTeba klasikuri memkvidreobis 

xvedriT dagvirgvinda papi leo Xdmi 

(1513-21 ww.) mimarTuli weriliT, 

romelic rafaelsa da mis wres miewereba. 

aq aRwerilia klasikur ZeglTa 

mimdinare ngreva 23 , Seax se nebs paps maT 

sidiades, im samyaros, rasac isini warmogvidgenen, 

maT Ri rebulebas, viTarca 

italiis warsulis mowmeTa da nimuSebisa 

23 werilSi ixsenieba sul axlad dangreuli 

nagebobebi, mag., `meta~ Castelo sant angelosTan, 

satriumfo TaRi diokletianes Termebis 

Sesasv lelTan, taZari via sacra-ze, Forum 

transitorum-is nawili, forumis bazili ka 

(albaT, Basilica aemilia), amas garda ki, svetebi, 

arqitravebi, frizebi da sxv.

im axa li didebuli aRmSeneblobisTvis, 

romelmac unda daTesos wminda Tes li 

mSvidobisa da qristianuli principebisa. 

damweri saCqaro RonisZie bebs iTxovs 

am memkvidreobis dasacavad: 

`ramdenma papma, wmida mamao, Tqveni uwmindesobis 

Rirsebis mqone be l Ta, oRond 

ara Tqvenebri sibrZnis, Tqvenebri Rirebulebisa 

da su lis sidiadis; ramdenma 

papma _ mogaxsenebT _ acada maT 

dam fuZ nebel Ta madidebeli antikuri 

taZrebis, qandakebebis, TaRebis da sxva 

nagebo bebis ngreva da daqceva? ramdeni 

daTanxmda poco lanos mosapoveblad niadagis 

da saZirkvlebis Txras, ris gamoc 

nagebobani maleve miwas da emxo? ramdeni 

kiri damzadda antikur qan dakebaTa da 

sxva samkaulTa gan? ase rom, vityvi kadnierad, 

es axali romi, Cven rom vxedavT, 

raode nac didebuli iyos igi, ra oden 

mSvenieri, raoden Semkuli sasaxle ebiT, 

eklesiebiTa da sxva nagebobebiT, mainc 

antikuri marmarilodan mi Rebuli kiri- 

Taa nagebi... amitomac, wmidao mamao, 

arcTu ukanaskneli Tqveni uw mi n desobis 

safiqralTagania zrunva mcireoden naS- 

Tebze italiis didebisa da saxelovnebis 

ZvelTaZveli dedisa; esaa mowmoba 

im RvTa ebriv sulTa, romelTa xsovna 

zogjer dRevandel sulTac mo u wo debs 

da siqveled ganaRviZebs; isini ar unda 

movaSorebinoT da erTi anad movaspobinoT 

im borotTa da umecarT, vinc, 

saube du rod, Caagones es Seuracxyofani 

im gulTa, vinac Tavisi sisx liT egodeni 

dideba Ses Zines mTels qveynierebas, 

Cvens `patria~-s da Cvenc” 24 . 

am werils ramdenime Taosnoba daukav- 

Sirda, romelTagan umniSvne lo vanesi, 

albaT, leo X-is xelrTviani 1515 wlis 

27 agvistos werilia, romlis ZaliT 

rafaeli `romis marmariloTa da qvaTa 

prefeqtad~ dai niSna. isedac bramantes 

Semwe, 1514 wlis agvistoSi rafaeli mis 

nacvlad xali wm. petres arqiteqtori 

xdeba. am werilis Tanaxmad, yvela ga- 

24 lettera a leo X, Bonelli, 1978, 469 da Semd. 


Txra an qvis amoReba qalaq romsa Tu mis 

SemogarenSi 10 000 pasusis (daax. 10 km.) 

manZilze sam dReSi mas unda ecnobos da 

igi uflebamosi lia wm. petres asaSeneblad 

Sesaferisi masala gadaarCios. wm. 

petres sqe li kedlebi didi raodenobiT 

qvasa da marmarilos moiTxovda da mi - 

si gvariani nawili antikuri naSenobis 

naSTebidan iyo SeZenili. ro gorc wesi, 

Tuki `samtexlo~ sazogadoebriv miwaze 

iyo, masalis naxeva ri `Camera apostolica~s 

Sesdioda, naxevari ki qvismtexels; Tu 

is kerZo mi waze imyofeboda, mesamedi 

mflobelisa iyo, mesamedi _ `Camera~-si, 

me sa medic qvismtexlisa. 

TumcaRa antikuri nagebobebis masalis 

wm. petres asaSeneblad ga moyeneba, 

am denad, papisgan nebadarTuli iyo, 

werilSi sagangebod moix se nieba is, ra - 

sac laTinurad `monumenta” erqva, e.i. 

warwerebi, samaxsov ro wanawe reb i an 

Zeglebi (sityva `monumentum~ laTinuri 

zmna `monio~-dan modis, rac niSnavs: `Sexsenebas~, 

`Segonebas~, `Cagonebas~). Tuki 

kla sikur nage bo bebze warwerebi iyo, isini 

ganixileboda, rogorc `mata rebelni~ 

gar da sul RvTaebriv sulTa Setyobinebisa 

Tu xsovnisa; amgva ri naSTni, iseve 

rogorc Zvel romSi, Semaxsenebelni an 

morCilebisken momwodebe l ni iyo da dacvas 

iTxovda. warwerebi mniSvnelovnad 

iTvle boda la Ti nu ris codnis kultivirebisTvisac. 

ase rom, es gax da pirveli 

werili, romelic moixseniebs klasikur 

ZeglTa dacvis movaleobis mqone 

moxe le s. mog vi a ne biT mas ZeglTa sxva 

`komisionerebi~ moyvnen, maT Soris romis 

ise Ti umniSvnelovanesi kulturuli 

moRvaweni, rogorc belori, vilkel mani, 

kanova. werilSi gamocxadebulia: 

`Semdgom, viciT ra marmariloebisa da 

qvebis Sesaxeb, warwerebi Ta Tu wanawerebiT, 

romelnic xSirad Cinebul cnobebs 

Seicavs da ro melTa SenarCuneba Sei- 

Zleba mniSvnelovani gamodges litera 

tu ris ku l ti vi re bisa Tu romaelTa


enis sikoxtavisTvis da rom qvismWrelni 

maT masalad moixmaren da ganusjelad 

apoben maT, ise, rom warwerebi is poba, 

me vubrZaneb yvelas, vinc romSi qvas 

Wris, ar gabedon Tqveni brZanebisa Tu 

nebarTvis gareSe ro me lime warweriani 

qvis daWra an da m sxvreva~ (golzio, 1936, 

38 da Semd.). 

1517 wlis 30 noembers romael gamomcemel 

iakopus maZoxiuss mie ca Svidwliani 

privilegia da gamocemis ufleba am 

warweraTa anu `monumenta~-s Sesaswavlada 

da gamosaqveyneblad. isini marTlac 

iqna ga moqveynebuli 1521 wels, saxelwodebiT 

Èpigrammata antiquae urbis~. Sedegad, 

es wigni romis daculi Zeglebis 

pirveli nusxa Seiqmna. warwerebi isea 

dawyobili, raTa moicvas yvela mniSvnelovani 

klasikuri Zegli _ taZa ri, 

forumi, TaRi, sveti, qalaqis bWe, xidi, 

cestiusis piramida, vatika nis obeliski, 

akvedukebi da Castel sant angelo. Semdgom 

maZoxiuss moaqvs sxva da sxva tabulebi, 

dadgenilebebi, privilegiebi da, bolos, 

didi ga nakveTia mTel qalaqSi daZebnili 

da uban-uban dalagebuli warwerebi sa. 

rafaels daukveTes antikuri romis rukis 

momzadeba da man iqirava mxatvrebi 

ara marto romis, aramed mTeli italiis 

antikuri Zeglebis dasazomad. man Tvi- 

Tonac dawvrilebiTi naxazebi Seasrula 

(mag., panTe o nis). 1527 wels rafaelis 

orma kolegam, andrea fulviom da mario 

fa bio kalvom, romis siZveleebze 

naSromebi gamoaqveyna. es naSromebi, 

ise ve rogorc maZoxiusis publikacia, 

SegviZlia antikuri romis Ses wavlis 

vrceli proeqtis nawilad ganvixiloT, 

romelic, sam wuxa rod, rafaelis gardacvalebis 

Semdeg ver iqna bolomde 

miyvani li. 

Tumca papebi dacvis gankargulebebs 

awerdnen xels, isini xels da n - 

grevis gankargulebebsac awerdnen da 

siZveleTa namdvili damcvelni xSirad 

romis moqalaqeebsa an qalaqis gamgeobis 

wevrTa Soris SeiZleba vnaxoT. rodesac 

siqste V-m (1885-90 ww.) gadawyvita 

gaeqro yvela `saZageli~ nangrevi, ìmaT 

sasikeTod, romelTa SekeTebac Rirs~, 

daqcevis safrTxe mi adga, mag., septizoniumsa 

da cecilius metelas akldamas. 

amaTgan pirve li daangries, meore ki 

romis mosaxleobis Zlierma aRSfoTebam 

gada arCina (lanciani, 1971, 217) 25 . siqste 

V mwvaleblobisa da kerpTayvanismcemlo 

bis aRmofxvras Cemulobda da saamisod 

mzad iyo warmarTobis yo vel gvari 

xelSesaxebi Semaxsenebeli gaenadgurebina. 

amnairad, zogi an ti ku ri Zegli 

daangries, xolo zogierTi SeakeTes da 

qristianobis mi zan TaTvis gamoiyenes. 

antikurobis momagonebeli SeZlebisdagvarad 

ga aq res, qvebzec axali warwerebi 

amokveTes. amieridan es Zeglebi simbolu 

rad qrisianobis mier warmarTobis 

dapyrobas warmoaCenda. 

XVI saukunidan mokidebuli da TviT 

XVIII-mdec papTa xelisufle bis mier ganxorcielda 

mTeli rigi aseTi restavraciebisa. 

Tu ra mosa z rebiT awarmoebdnen 

amgvar samuSaoebs, gvimxels papi aleqsandre 

VII Ci gi (1655-67 ww.), 1659 wlis ediqtSi 

cestiusis piramidis restavraciis 

brZa nebiT 26 . papi, romelmac panTeoni 

Tavis sagvareulo mavzoleumad aq cia, 

uwyoda sikvdilis Tanyofna da maradisobis 

sakiTxic, magram axse nebs nangrev- 

Ta Rirebulebas, viTarca werilobiTi 

istoriis dammowmebe l Ta, maT `turistul~ 

mniSvnelobasa da eklesiisTvis 

25 lanciani, 1971, 217. 1589 wels gaica cecilius 

metelas akldamis dangre vis nebarTvac, 

magram kardinalma montaltom daJinebiT 

moiTxova, rom es mxolod im pirobiT gakeTebuliyo, 

Tu romis mosaxleobac Tanaxma 

iqneboda. aRSfoTeba imdenad didi yofila, 

rom nebarTva gaauqmes. 

26 aleqsandre VII-m 1659 wlis ivlisSi ediqti 

gamosca cestiusis pira midis restaraciis 

Taobaze, rac 1663 wels gakeTda. moxda piramidis 

mar marilos zedapiris reintegracia 

da SekeTda mis kuTxeebze mdgomi svetebi

maT politikur mniSvnelobas. Sesabamisad, 

papaTa sarestavracio Rvwis mTavar 

princi pebs ZeglTa reintegraciasa 

da SekeTebasTan mivyavarT, rogorc es 

gvaqvs traianesa da markus avreliusis 

svetebis, piramidis da konstan ti nes 

TaRis SemTxvevaSi. meore mxriv, antikuri 

Zeglebis, viTarca qris tianobis 

reliqviebis, mimarT pativiscemas TiTqmis 

religiuri restav ra ciisken SeiZleboda 

ebiZgebina, rasac diokletianes 

TermebisTvis mi qelanjelos proeqtisa 

da kolizeumisTvis gamzadebul zogierT 

gegma Si vxedavT. 

2.5. Zeglisadmi mopyroba 

`romis aklebis~ Semdeg 

imperator karlos V-is laSqris mier 

1527 wels `romis aklebam~ bolo mouRo 

renesansul papobas. am omma mravali antikuri 

Zeglis da, amas garda, arqivebis, 

biblioTekebis, warCinebulTa qonebis 

ganadgure ba gamoiwvia. rodesac imperatori 

roms 1536 wlis aprilSi ewvia, mas 

sa zeimo Sesvla via appia-dan, forumis 

Zveli satriumfo TaRebis gav liT kapitoliemsa 

da vatikanamde gaumzades. am 

simboluri msvlelobis sam za disisas 

200-ze meti saxli da mcire raodenobiT 

eklesiebic ki da angries. proeqtis 

erTi gamZRolTagani latino jovenale 

maneti iyo, ar qiteqtori, romelsac 

quCebis movla da piaca del popolos 

mowes rigeba evaloboda. 1534 wlis 28 

noembris weriliT (Fea, 1832, 467), pavle 

III-m (1534-59 ww.) igi pirvel siZveleTa 

komisionerad daniSna da, Tanac ve, aRiara 

mniSvnelovneba romis, jer sayovel- 

Tao imperiis, Semdgom ki saqristianos 

centris, memkvidreobisa. man dasturyo 

aseve, rom, barba ro sebTan, bunebasa da 

drosTan erTad, romis arqiteqturuli 

memkvid reobis ngrevis pasuxismgeblobas 

iziareben papebic, vinc dauSves, 


isini xeebiT dafaruliyo, neba misces 

ornamentebisa da sxva masalebis Camo xsnisa 

da sxvagan meored gamoyenebis, ganadgurebisa 

da ucxoeTSi gata nisac ki. 

papi Tavis `patriotul~ valad Tvlida 

uzrunveleyo Zegle bis, mis TvalSi misi 

mSobliuri qveynis sidiadisa da didebis, 

jerova ni dacva. werilSi dawvrilebiTaa 

miTiTebuli, ragvari Zeglebi saWi roebs 

dacvas; maT Sorisaa: TaRebi, taZrebi, 

`trofeebi~, amfiTeatrebi, cirkebi, 

akvedukebi, qandakebebi, marmariloebi 

da yovelive, rac SeiZ le ba siZveleda an 

Zeglad CaiTvalos. manetis mieca sruli 

uflebamo si leba, Tavisi gansjisebr, 

daejarimebina da daesaja, emeTvalyura, 

rom siZveleebi SeenaxaT, mcenareulobisgan 

gaewmindaT, qalaqidan ar wae- 

RoT, ar daefaraT axali naSeniT. principSi, 

pasuxismgebloba naTeli ki iyo, 

magram, Tumca msgavsi gankargulebani 

sxva papebsac gauciaT, ko mi si onerebis 

dasaxmareblad ar arsebula raime gamgeblobiTi 

struq tu ra. isicaa, rom qalaqis 

gamgeobas TandaTan sul ufro metad 

mihqon da gulTan antikuri Zeglebi da 

maTi movla. 

diokletianes Termebi Zveli romis 

udidesi abano iyo (zomebia: 380 x 370 

m.) da 3000 mimsvlels itevda. XVI saukuneSi, 

am veeberTela Se nobis mkvidri 

naSTebi jerac mdgara da zogierT sadgoms 

kamarebic ki SerCenoda. sici liel 

mRvdels, antonio del dukas, swam da, 

rom is qri s tiani mowameebis aSe ne buli 

iyo da hqonia xilva, rom is an ge lozTadmi 

miZRvnil eklesiad unda gadaaqcion. 

misi daJinebiT, 1550 wlis Yubi les dros 

aq religiuri msaxureba gamarTes; 1561 

wels pius IV-m (1559-65 ww.) gadawyvita 

nangrevebi santa maria deli anjelis 

eklesiad aeSene bi na, RvTismsaxurebis 

Sesamatebladac da esoden mniSvnelovani 

isto ri u li nagebobis sakonservaciodac. 

86 wlis miqelanjelos eTxova warmoedgina 

proeqti eklesiisa, romelic


sur. 2.5. santa maria deli anjeli romis antikur diokletianes TermebSi, XVI s.-Si 

miqelanjelom gamarTa, mogvianebiT ki is XVIII s.-Si l. vanvitelim gadaa keTa

1561-66 wlebSi Seiqmna da vazaris mier 

proporciebis mxriv romis erT-erT 

saukeTeso taZradaa Seqebuli. proeqtis 

deda-azri minimaluri Carevaa: 

axali danamatebi da cvlile be bi savsebiT 

aucilebelis zRvars ar cildeba. 

didroni jvarovan-ka ma rovani darbazi 

SuaSi erTgvar transeptada da eklesiis 

mTavar mo cu lobad iqca. Sesasvleli 

sami iyo _ CrdiloeTi, dasavleTi, 

samxreTi; mTavari trapezi CrdiloeTi 

monakveTis SuaSi idga, sam modablo naxevarwriul-kamarovani 

sadgomidan erT Si; 

is trapezis miRma sakurT xev lad grZeldeba 

_ axlad nagebi, is Zvel natatio-ze gadadis. 

garedan ek lesia nangrevad datoves. 

ase rom, antikuri nangrevis gavliT 

kamaro van sivrceSi SediodiT da faqizad 

kveTil renesansul kars SeaRebdiT interierSi, 

sadac romSi udides rva granitis 

svets martivad gamoyva nili vrceli 

jvarovani kamara uWiravs. 

mTlianobaSi Senoba `dausruleblad~ 

iyo Cafiqrebuli. es asaxavs miqelan 

jelos sulier mdgomareobas cxovrebis 

bolosken, mis dadar di a nebas sikvdilisa 

da sulis xsnis sakiTxTa gamo. 

mas miuweria vaza risTvis, erTi fiqric 

ar mepoveba, masSi sikvdili rom ar 

gamoinakvTo so. misi ukanaskneli qandakeba 

`rondaninis Pietà~, diaxac SeiZleba 

Se dar des rembrandtis zogierT gvian 

namuSevars, `sadac idealur reali zm sa 

da racionalizmze uaris Tqmas abstraqtuloba 

(manerizmi) ki ar mo aqvs, aramed 

sulis ufro CaRrmavebuli da ufro 

konkretuli metyve leba~ (De tolnay, 1960, 

92). arqiteqturis dargSi amgvarive qmnilebaa 

santa maria degli angeli; angelozni, 

rogorc idea, misTvis Zlier maxlobeli 

iyo, metadre misi megobris, misTvis 

didi dasayrdenis, vitoria kolo nas 

gardacvalebis Semdeg. pius V (1566-72 

ww.) am proeqts mtrobda, rad gan is warmarTobisgan 

ar iyo daclili da mSeneblobis 

gagrZeleba ukve grigol XIII-s 


(1572-85 ww.) mouxda. Semdgom siqste V-m, 

ase, 90 000 m 3 ma sala wamoiRo Termebidan, 

misi axlomdebare villa di montaltos 

irgvliv gzebisa da sxva Senobebis 

asagebad. albaT, swored maSin moangries 

ka l da riumi. interieris gardasaxvam 

Tan daTanobiT Secvala miqelanje los 

kon cefcia. nagebobas gansakuTrebiT 

1749 wlis Semdgom luiji va n vitelis 

xelmZRvanelobiT Catarebulma samuSaoebma 

ucvala saxe. gar dasaxes interieris 

gegma da morTuloba, eklesiaSi 

Sesasvlels ki gvi ani barokos stiliT 

agebuli fasadi SesZines. 

XVI saukunis bolos romis antikuri 

Zeglebis mTeli rigis res tavracia domeniko 

fontanam, papis siqste V-is mTavarma 

arqiteqtorma, ga naxorciela; maT 

Soris iyo traianes (1589 w.) da markus 

avreliusis (1590 w.) svetebic. memorialur 

svetebze arsebuli warmarTuli 

atribu tebi qristianul saxeebad gadaaqcies; 

ase gaCnda pirvelze wm. petres, 

meoreze ki wm. pavles brinjaos figurebi 

27 . traianes svets mcire Seke Te ba- 

Ra sWirdeboda, meore sveti ki, markus 

avreliusis pativsacemad aR marTuli, 

miwisZvrisa da xanZrisgan didad iyo 

Selaxuli _ mas grZivi bzari gauCnda, 

nawilebi Camotyda, zeda qvebi ki ramdenime 

gojiT daci l da Tavdapirvel 

mdebareobas. fontanam CamoTala bazisis 

zedapiri da guli marmarilos axal 

bazisSi moaqcia, romlisTvisac masala 

dangre u li septizoniumidan moitanes. 

svetis bzarebi rkinis mosaWerebiT daamagres 

da tyvia Caasxes, ise rom reliefebi 

SeiZleboda baTqaSiT Seeke- 

TebinaT. svetis nakluli nawilebi axali, 

mxolooden danakargs mosar ge bad 

moWrili marmariloTi Seavses, ramac 

xarjebi Seamcira. dakargu li figurebi 

Tavidan, an analogiiT gamokveTes, anda 

mimdebare monakve Te bis figuraTa aslebi 

27 orive figura XII saukunis karebis brinjao- 

Ti Camoasxes.


sur. 2.6. romis markus avreliusis svetis restavracia XVI s.-is bolos siqste V-is nebiT 

d. fontanam Caatara

gaakeTes. ieris gasamarTleblad svets, 

etyoba, mTlianad kirxsnari gadaavles. 

renesansis papebs Soris nikoloz V-m 

pirvelma SesTavaza wm. pet res bazilikis 

winmdebare moedanze obeliskis xelaxla 

aRmarTva. am ide iT pavle II-c dainteresda, 

romelmac aristotele di fiorovante 

di ridolfo (1415-20-86 ww.) 28 bolonYadan 

moiwvia, imxanad eklesiis gve rdiT 

mdgari obeliskis, àcu July Caesaris ad 

sanctum Petrum~, moedanze gad mosatanad. 

samuSao ukve daewyoT, rodesac papi 

gardaicvala da pro eqtic SeCerda. obeliskebi 

29 Zlier itacebda imdroindel 

arqiteq to rebs da maTi araerTi dokumenturi 

Canaxati Tu rekonstruqciac 

iq na momzadebuli. sxvadasxva SeTavazeba 

hqondaT, magaliTebr, bramantes, rafaels 

da antonio da sangalo umcross. 

am natvris aRsruleba siqste V-s 

xvda wilad. man gamoiyena obe liskebi 

romis Tavis generalur gegmaze, qalaqis 

umTavresi adgilebis mosaniSnad da 

mis mier gayvanili axali wrfivi quCebis 

dabolovebaTa sam kaulada da iq SesamCnevi 

mijnebis Sesaqmnelad. misi pontifikatis 

pirvel, 1585 wels sisqte V-m 

gamoacxada konkursi vatikanis obeliskis 

wm. petres gverdiT aredan bazilikis 

winmdebare moedanze gadatanis gamo. 

mogebuli fontana darCa, romelmac 

28 igive bolonYeli inJineri aristotele yofila 

Cabmuli sxva isto riul nagebobebTan 

dakavSirebul RonisZiebebSi (mag., romis 

santa ma ria sopra minervas ori didi monoliTuri 

svetis aRmarTva, bolonYas santa 

maria del tempios samreklos gadaadgileba, 

veneciis san anje los gadmoxrili samreklos 

gasworeba) 

29 amboben, romaelebma egviptidan eqvsi didi 

da 42 mcire obeliski moi ta nes, romelTagan 

Tavis adgilze erTiRa mdgara, kaligulas 

odindel cirkSi, wm. petres bazilikis 

gverdiT. mcire obeliski kapitoliumis 

borcvze mdgara; danarCenebi waqceuli da 

damtvreuli iyo, Ziric moS lili hqondaT; 

maTi aRmarTva advili saqme rodi iyo. 


CamoiRo obeliski da axal ad gilze 

gadmoitana igi. saamiso mzadebas Svidi, 

samuSaoebs ki xuTi Tve daWirda, Tan 

didebuli sanaxaobac gaxda, ramac 

fontanas didi sa xeli mouxveWa. 1586 

wlis seqtemberSi obeliski didi ambiT 

akurTxes; mis Tavze jvari iyo, kvarcxlbekze 

ki vrceli warwera, borot sul- 

Ta gandevnaze miniSnebiT. siqste V-s 

zeobaSi sami sxva obeliskic aRmar Tes: 

erTi 1587 wels, santa maria majores 

sakurTxevels miRma (is papis sakuTari 

vilas Sesasvlels aRniSnavda), 1588 

wels _ lateranSi, 1589 wels ki qalaqis 

mTavar CrdiloeT Sesavalze _ piaca 

del popoloze. yvela es obeliski damsxvreuli 

iyo da aRdgenil iqna. maTSi 

udidesi da sarestavraciod urTulesi 

lateranis obeliski iyo (cirkus maqsimu 

sidan gadmotanili). misi nakluli 

nawilebi dangreuli septizoniu mis granitiT 

Seavses, romelic ZelakebiTa da 

sogmanebiT daamagres; axal nawilebze 

ieroglifebi amokveTes, ase rom SekeTebas 

iolad ver SeniSnavdiT. 

obeliskebiT gataceba siqste V-s 

Semdegac gagrZelda; maTgan ori XVII 

saukuneSi aRmarTes. pirveli maqsenciusis 

cirkidan wamoiRes da papis 

inokenti X-Tvis piaca navonas òTxi 

mdinaris~ Sadrevanze 1651 wels da dges; 

meore santa maria sopra minervas 

eklesiasTan aRmoaCines da mis win papis 

aleqsandre VII-Tvis 1667 wels aRmarTes. 

orive pro eqts be r nini uZRveboda. XVI 

saukunesTan SedarebiT, is obeliskebs 

ufro dinamikuradac moekida da ufro 

ar qi teqturuladac _ man isini xu roTmoZRvruli 

sivrcis samkaulad gamoiyena. 

ieroglifebis amosaki T xad iezu i ti 

mama, anastasio kirxeri miiwvies da man 

es gaakeTa kidec _ mar Talia, cdeboda, 

magram Tavis TavSi ise iyo darwmunebuli, 

rom da kar guli adgilebisTvis Tavisi 

mogonili `hieroglyphica genuina~-c ki 

Ses Ta va za. XVIII saukuneSi xelaxla kidev


oTxi obeliski aRmarTes. 

roamuli xanidan, tradiciam qristian 

mowameTa xvedri romis Te atrebs 

daukavSira. martvilTa gansakuTrebiT 

didi raodenobis aRsas ruli kolizeums 

miewera da is xSirad wmindanTa 

vneba-wamebis simbo lo dac aurCeviaT. 

amitomac, kolizeumi am qristianuli 

konotaciebis ga mo ufro iyo saxelganTqmuli, 

vidre rogorc arqiteqturis 

nawarmo ebi. 1490 wels inokenti VIII-m da 

`conservatorii~-ebma neba darTes mis arena 

ze religiuri xasiaTis warmodgenebi 

gamarTuliyo, rac Semdgom tra diciul 

saaRdgomo sanaxaobad iqca. Tavidan 

papi fiqrobda mis gzis ga sayvanad dangrevas, 

magram romis moqalaqeTa da- 

JinebiT wamoyenebul iq na winadadeba 

is social-ekonomikurad sasargeblo 

funqciisTvis ga mo ye nebuliyo. fontanam 

moamzada meSaleTa hamqris saxelosnoebisa 

da ba nebis mowyobiT misi Salis 

sawarmod gamoyenebis proeqti, magram 

geg mebi papis gardacvalebam SeaCera. 

1671 wels mama karlo de tomazim ji an 

lorenco berninis dakveTa misca aq wmida 

mowameTa taZari daegeg ma, romelic, 

Tanacve romis sidiadis dasuraTxateba 

da arqiteqturis Tvis sanimuSoc iqneboda. 

is dabejiTebiT moiTxovda, yovelive 

Zveli xelux le belic yofiliyo da 

arc riTime dafaruliyo. Sesasvlelebis 

ga mosakveTad axali fasadebi, SigniT ki 

mcire samlocvelo iqna Semo Ta vazebuli. 

amfiTeatrSi, amdenad, didi, santa maria 

deli anjelis nai ri, eklesia gaCndeboda, 

qristianTa martvilobis dammowmebeli. 

es geg mebi ar ganxorcielebula, 

magram aqauroba 1675, saYubileo, wels 

mowa meTa saxsovrad satfureba yves. 

1703 wels Senobis nawili miwisZvram 

Camo ang ria da masala `porto di ripetas~ 

asaSeneblad moixmares. 

kolizeumis eklesiad gadaqceva 

ukanasknelad karlo fontanam (1638- 

1714 ww.) scada, romelic xelisufalT 

aRmosavleTi kedlis gan mtki cebisken 

mouwodebda da 1708 wels gamokvlevac 

moamzada (1725-Si ga moqveynebuli), Tu 

rogor unda moxdes am antikuri Zeglis 

didebis aRdgena mi si qristianul salocavad 

jerovnad gamoyenebis gziT. arena 

danarCen naSenobas TaRovani svetnariT 

unda gamoyofiliyo, masze 42 mo wamis 

qan dakebiTurT. arenis dasavleT nawil- 

Si mas SemoTavazebuli hqonda Sadrevani 

_ wanabaZi antikuri `meta sudante~-si, 

romlis naSTi koli ze u mis mopirdapired 

idga. 1744 wels papma benediqte 

XIV-m, koli ze u mis SebRalvis asakrZalavad, 

romis mmarTvels ediqtis gamocema 

da avala. ami eridan aRar daiSveboda 

naSenisTvis qvebis Camocileba, arena ki 

qri s tian mowameTa saxsovrad ikurTxa. 

1749 wels kidev ganaCines, rom are nis 

garSemo _ via Circus _ mudmivi edikulebi 

aeSenebinaT, mis Su a gulSi ki jvari 

aRemarTaT. winaaRmdeg papis gankargulebisa, 

arena na xirs Se r Ca, nageboba 

ki kvlavac nakelis Sesanaxad gamoiyeneboda. 

amis mi uxeda vad, is mogzaurTa 

erTi sayvareli mosanaxulebeli adgili 

Se iqmna 30 . 

XVII saukuneSi `santa maria ad martires~ 

eklesiad qceul panTe ons mudmivad 

gamoiyenebdnen da SeakeTebdnen 

kidec. XV sau kuneSi is na wilobriv Senobebisgan 

gamoanTavisufles. Seilaxa Tavad 

panTeonic da 1625 wels, rodesac 

saomrad liToni dasWirdaT, papma ur- 

30 istorikosi edvard giboni mas pirvelad 

1764 wels ewvia, xolo Sot landieli literatori 

jeimz bosueli imav xanebSi werda: 

`saxelganT qmuli kolizeumi uTuod 

grandiozulsa da amaRlebul warmodgenas 

gvi qm nis Zvel romaelebze... mis SigniT 

martomyoflis binaa. iq asa svlelad, sadac 

adre dasajdomebi da derefnebi iyo, 

mis samartomyof loze gaviareT... eldismomgvreli 

ram iyo imis naxva, rom Teatris 

zogi adgili nexviT iyo savse~. (Quennell P., 

1971, the Colosseum, the reader’s Digest, london, 

gv. 109).

sur. 2.7. papma urban VIII barberinim panTeons 

portikis brinjaos Weri Camoaxs nevina. 

aRSfoTebulTa dasaSoSmineblad man 1623 

wels ori samreklo aaSenebina (piranezis 

gravYura, “Vedute di Roma”-dan) 

ban VIII barbe rinim (1623-44 ww.) portikis 

brinjaos konstruqciebi moaxsnevina, 

mere ki aRmoCnda, rom mas oqro da vercxli 

hqonda Sereu li da amitomac artileriisTvis 

ar gamodgeboda. aqedanaa 

cnobili Tqma: `Quod non fece runt barbari, 

fecerunt Barberini~ (rac barbarosebma ver 

moi moq medes, barbe rinim moimoqmeda). 


brinjaos nawili bernini-borominis wm. 

petres saCrdilobe lis agebas moaxmares. 

romaelTa aRSfoTebis pa su xad, papma 

dan g reuli Su asaukunovani samreklos 

nacvlad oris ageba gadawyvita. sa mu- 

Saoebi 1626-32 wlebSi karlo madernom 

da borominim (igi aq xurodac muSaobda) 

ganaxorcieles. miuxedavad amisa, 

panTeonis mdgomareoba mZi me rCe bo da: 

dazianebuli iyo portikis aRmosavle- 

Ti mxare, aklda ori sve tic; motexili 

iyo timpanis nawili da, amasTan erTad, 

moednis done panTeonisaze bevrad maRali 

iyo. dazianebuli da nakluli iyo 

interie ris marmarilos mopirkeTeba. 

renesansis arqiteqtorTa TvalSi 

panTeoni arqiteqturuli for mis srulyofilebis 

gansaxiereba iyo, magram 

nageboba mravalTaTvis si kvdilis simbolosac 

warmoadgenda. aleqsandre VIIm 

daukveTa berni nis aq misTvisa da misi 

ojaxisTvis mavzoleumi gaemarTa, miiCnevda 

ra Zegls qristianobis maradisi 

da sayovelTao Rirebulebebis uwyvetobis 

gansaxierebad. taZari im centralur 

komponentad dasaxes, romlis garSemo 

gaiSleboda, simetriis jerovani dacviT, 

sur. 2.8. romis panTeoni 

1662 wlis aqeT papis 

aleqsandre VII Cigis 

ojaxis saZva led iqna 

`reabilitirebuli~. 

portikis aRmosavleTi 

mxare axlad, axlomaxlo 

gaTxrebisas napovni 

svetebiTa da marmariloTi 

aSenda: axal naxelavze 

papobis simbolo da 

Cigis saojaxo emblemaa 

amokveTili


qalaqis xedi; gumba Ti SigniT stukoTi 

gamoyvanili Cigis gvaris simboloebiT 

da warwe riT unda SeemkoT. portikis 

restavracia 1662 wels daiwyes; dakargul 

svetebs piaca san luiji dei franCezize 

napovni Caanacvles, restavraci isas gamoyenebul 

antikur svetisTavebze Cigis 

gvaris emblemebi gamok veTes. timpani pan- 

Teonis pirdapir mdgari traianes TaRis 

(arco della Pietà) naSTebidan wamoRebuli 

marmariloTi SeakeTes. 

konstantines TaRi qristianobis 

istoriasTanaa dakavSirebuli da rac 

SeiZleboda kargad iyo SemorCenili. da 

mainc, 1534 wels Tavebi Camoatexes dakiel 

tyveTa qandakebebs, CrdiloeTi 

mxaris `giallo antico~-s erT-erTi sveti 

ki Camoxsnes, lateranis bazilikis organisTvis 

rom Seeye ne b inaT. 1731 wels 

kliment XII-m da romis `Conservatori”-ebma 

TaRis restav racia brZa nes, alesandro 

kaponis moTaveobiT, romelmac `guldasmiT 

da fa qi zad aRadgina svetebi da maTi 

karnizebi, SeakeTa qandakebebi da maT pir 

vandeli forma SesZina~ (Gaddi, 1736, 117). 

axlad gamokveTes tyve Ta Ta ve bi, reliefebi 

da karnizebi SeakeTes, naklul 

svetebs sxva anti kuri, TeTri marmarilos 

svetebi Caanacvles. samuSaoebi 1733 

wels daa s ru les da marmarilos dafebi- 

Ta da publikaciiT ukvdavyves. 

2.6. reformacia da 

kontrreformacia 

1517 wlis 31 oqtombers germanelma religiurma 

reformatorma vi tenbergis 

eklesiis karebs saeklesio indulgenciebis 

Taobaze 95 Tezi si miaWeda. misi 

Seteva eklesiaze merec gagrZelda, man 

berobac SeaCve na (De votis monastic, 1521) 

da 1520 wels papma leo X-m mis winaaRmdeg 

ga mosca bula, romelic lYuTerma 

vitenbergSi sajarod dawva. ramdenime 

momdevno weli, saqsoniis kurfYurstis 

mfarvelobis qveS, man varbur gis cixedarbazSi 

dahyo, vidre saeklesio sasamarTlos 

win Tavisi mrwam sis dasacavad 

warsdga. lYuTeris qmedeba simboluri 

Jami gaxda sru liad-evropuli reformaciuli 

moZraobisTvis, ramac ara 

mxolod eklesiuri, aramed socialurpolitikuri 

cxovrebis arsebrivi cvlile 

be bi moitana. XVII saukunis meore naxevarSi 

viTarebis Cawynarebis mere, dasavleTi 

da CrdiloeTi evropis qveynebis 

umravlesoba protes tantuli eklesiis, 

evropis samxreTi ki romis kaTolikuri 

eklesiis mxa reze aRmoCnda. reformaciis 

SedegTagani adamianTa sxvadasxva 

jgu fe bis imigracia iyo _ mag., hugenotebi 

aiZules safrangeTi daetovebinaT 

da mezobel qveynebSi, mere da mere 

ki TviT amerikasa da samxreT afrikaSi 

wasuliyvnen; didma jgufma gadainacvla 

kaTolikuri samxre Ti dan protestantul 

CrdiloeTSi niderlandebSic. 

religiuri uTanx moeba saukuneze met 

xans gagrZelda da mas SeiaraRebuli 

brZolac sdevda Tan, mag., 30-wliani 

omi (1618-48 ww.), romelmac gaanadgura 

cent ra luri evropa da didi ziani miayena 

istoriul nagebobebsa da qala qebs. 

reformaciis moZraobis sapi ris pirod 

italiaSi kontreformacia aRzevda, 

1530-ian wlebSi wamowyebuli. is gulisxmobda 

saeklesio msa xu re bi sadmi axlebur 

moTxovnebs, aman ki biZgi misca arsebuli 

saekle sio nagebobebis trentis krebis 

1563 wlis `saxelmZRvanelo principe bis~ 

Tanaxmad Secvlas. adrec yofila eklesiis 

gegmis Secvlis saWi ro e ba, magram 

axla ufro gadawyvetiT moqmedebdnen da 

renovaciam Sua sa u kuneebis eklesiebze 

imgvarive zemoqmedeba moaxdina, rogorsac 

mog vi a nebiT CrdiloeT evropaSi, gansakuTrebiT, 

inglisSi vnaxavT. interierebi 

gaaxalvaTes, moxsnes jvarcmiani 

zRudeebi da sxva gammijnavi ele mentebi, 

gadagegmarda kapelebi. erTi magaliTTagania 

jorjo vazaris mier florenciis

Suasaukunovani eklesiebis, santa kroCesa 

da santa ma ria novelas renovacia (hall, 

1979). italiaSi goTika Serisxuli iyo, 

vi Tarca, vazaris TqmiT, ùrCxulebrivi 

da barbarosuli, yovelives mo k lebuli, 

rasac wesrigs vuwodebdiT~ (vasari, 1973, 

i, 137). is Semdgom am bobs: `RmerTma daifaros 

yvela qveyana amgvari ideebisa 

da mSeneblobis stilisgan! Cveni Senobebis 

silamazesTan SedarebiT aq iseTi 

deforma cia Cans, rom arca Rirs ma- 

Tze sityvis gagrZeleba~ (vasari, 1973, i, 

138). marTalia, am ùrCxulebs~ arcTu 

aucileblad angrevdnen, ufro axal gemovnebaze 

moaqcevdnen; yvelafer Suasaukunovans 

axalSi moaqce v d nen an Semalavdnen, 

rogorc albertim es riminis `tempio 

malates tianosa~, TviT vazarimski `monte 

olivietos~ neapoluri monastris ax lad 

Semkobisas gaukeTebia, sadac goTuri kamarebi 

axali stukos miRma gauCinarda. 

marTalia, `conformita~ (Sesatyvisobis) gamo, 

Senobebi SeiZlebo da Tav da pirveli 

sti lis gaTvaliswinebiTac daesrulebinaT, 

rogorc es milanos kaTed ra lis Sem- 

TxvevaSi moxda. TviT vazarisTanac ki naxavT 

gareul `far do biTobas~ zogierTi 

Suasaukunovani ostatis Sefa se bisas da 

sityve bic ar yofnis jotos, andrea pizanosa 

da sxvaTa Se sa qebad, radgan `Tu ki 

vinme mxedvelobaSi miiRebs im drois xasiaTs, 

xe losanTa sikv dil sa da sasikeTo 

Semweobis moZebnis siZneles, mas a ra Tu 

mxolod mSve niers, aramed, Cemebr, saswaulebrivsac 

dauZaxebs...~ (vasari, 1973, ii, 

103). 

2.7. gavlena evropaze 

luTeris Tezisebsa da, metadre, beruli 

cxovrebis SeCvenebas, ma leve sxvaganac 

gamoexmaurnen. daniam `sindisis Tavisufleba~ 

1527 wels gamoacxada, xolo 

1534 wels `saeklesio daniSvnaTa~ aqtma 

sabo loo da r tyma miayena daniis ekle- 


siis papisadmi administraciulsa da 

discip li narul damokidebulebas. SvedeTSi 

saeklesio sakuTreba da ad gilmamuli, 

romelic mefem `metismetad~ 

CaTvala, samefo xelisuf le bas ga daeca. 

1524 wels cYurixis sabWom daSala religiuri 

gaerTia nebebi, ma Ti Semosavlebi 

ki ganaTlebisa da socialuri 

gaumjobesebis programe bis Tvis gadado. 

safrangeTSi Sua saukuneebis nagebobebs 

ziani, meta d re XVII saukunis dasawyis- 

Si, hugenotebTan omisas miadga, Tumca 

Suasau kunovani Senobebisadmi mopyrobaze 

italiurma renesansmac imoqmeda. 

Tu m ca ki filiber de l’ormi dangrevas 

ki ara, gadasxvaferebas urCev da. meore 

mxriv, iseve rogorc evropis sxva nawilebSi, 

Suasaukunovani tradiciebi klasikuri 

ieris miRma ganagrZobda arsebobas 

da imis mra vali SemTxvevac moipoveba, 

rodesac religiuri nagebobebisTvis 

kvlav goTuri stili SearCies. aseTia, 

mag., orleanis kaTedrali sainte-Croix, 

romelic goTuri formiT mxolodRa 

XVIII saukuneSi dasrulda. sen meqsanis 

saabato, hugenotebisgan dangreuli, 

benediqtelebis mier XVII saukunis bolosken 

xelaxla aSenda; kluatri klasikuri 

stili Taa Sesrulebuli, eklesia 

ki axlad Tavdapirveli, Suasaukunovani 

sti liT aSenda. germanulenovan qveyneb- 

Si, sadac goTuri stiliT TiTq mis mTeli 

XVII saukunis sigrZeze aSenebdnen, 

klasicizmTan dapirispi reba mxolod 

XVIII saukuneSi gaxda sagrZnobi. 

inglisSi monastrebis religiuri 

reformis msvlelobaSi, kardi na l ma 

Tomas uolsim religiuri gaerTianebebis 

akrZalvac brZana, me tad re, Tu isini 

sazRvargareTidan imarTeboda. papTan 

dapirispirebi sas, romelmac ar Seiwynara 

mis mier ganzraxuli qorwineba, 

henri VIII-m 1534 wels gamoacxada, rom 

is inglisis eklesiis Tavia. momdevno 

wels man daniSna komisia Tomas qromvelis 

xelmZRvanelobiT monastrebis


mdgo mareobis Sesamowmeblad da gamoica 

aqti maTgan yvela daxuruli yo, romlis 

wliuri Semosavali 200 funts Camouvardeboda. 

aman gamoiw via xatmebrZoleoba 

da yvelafris ganadgureba, rasac 

ki samonas t ro cxo v rebis suni udioda. 

darhemis monasters jer momcro 

senakebi mous pes, Semdeg mefis warmogzavnilebma 

saukuneebiT dagrovebuli 

mTe li si m didre CamoarTves. Tumca 1541 

wels igi xelaxla daafuZnes, vi Tarca 

qristes da yovlad kurTxeuli qalwuli 

mariamis sakaTedro ta Zari, ngreva gr- 

Zeldeboda; kveTiloba dalewes, spilen- 

Zis dafebi gazi des, vi traJebi Caamsxvries, 

saaiazmeebi da saflavis Zeglebi, 

rogorc kerpebi, gaanadgures. TviT saxuravis 

tyvia dekanozma Tavis sasargeblod 

gayi da. miuxedavad amisa, darhemi 

SedarebiT kargadaa Cvenamde mo suli, 

ma Sin rodesac aTobiT monasteri (mag., 

Yorkis sent meri, YorkSi ris rivo, faunteni 

da roSi, uelsSi _ tinterni) an 

mTlianad an nawi lobriv da angries. sa- 

Seni masala an gayides an moipares, nangrevebi 

ki upat ronod da agdes, vidre 

isini kvlav ar àRmoaCines~ rogorc 

`cxovelxatulobi Ta~ Tu àmaRlebulobiT~ 

Rirebulni. 

1560 wels dedofalma elisabed I-ma, 

henri VIII-is asulma, scada ek lesiebi 

raimenairad daecva da gamosca proklamacia 

`ZeglTa damtv revisa da dalewvis 

winaaRmdeg~, romelic eklesiebsa da 

sazogadoeb riv nagebobebSi gamofines. 

magram saeklesio nagebobebis daSaveba 

ga grZelda da mogvianebiT metadac 

gacxovlda, metadre 1640-iani wlebis 

samoqalaqo omis dros. arsebul nagebobaTa 

gardasaxvis da damangre veli 

mospobis kidev erTi gamomwvevi inglis- 

Si klasicizmis damkvid reba gaxda. 1613 

wels lordi arandeli da arqiteqtori 

inigo jounzi samogzaurod italias 

wavidnen _ pirveli antikur siZveleTa 

Sesagro ve b lad, meore mis mrCevlada da 

arqiteqturis Sesaswavlad. am ori ingliselis 

mogzaurobam dasabami misca 

tendencias, romelsac sxvebic wayvnen, 

gansakuTrebiT XVIII saukuneSi. inigo 

jounzi Tavad ambobs, ra daikisra: 

`Cems axalgazrdobaSi bunebiT xatvis 

xelovnebaTa d mi midrekili, ucxooba- 

Si wavel maT italiel didostatebTan 

sabaa sod; iq me Tavi mivec ZvelTaZvel 

nagebobaTa nangrevebis gamoZebnas, romelnic 

TviT dro-Jamisa da barbarosebis 

sisastikes gadaurCa. Cemi Ta vi 

amiT rom davikmayofile, Cems samSoblo 

qveyanaSi mobrunebuli, me Cemi goneba 

gansakuTrebiT arqiteqturis Seswavlas 

movandome~ (Jones, 1655, 1). 

Tavisi proeqtebis meSveobiT jounzma 

inglisSi paladianizmi Se mo i tana 

da Tavis qveyanaSi klasikuri arqiteqturis 

mTavari interpre ta tori gaxda. 

italiaSi misi kvleva-Ziebis Sedegebi 

SeiZleba vnaxoT `maskebis~ warmod genebisTvis 

mis naxatebSi da, sul sxvanairad, 

stoun henjis, samxreT inglisis 

Zv.w. II aTaswleulis, gvian neoliTuradre 

bri n jaos Zeglis kvlevaSi. gamokvleva 

jounzs, rogorc gamocdil arqi 

teqtors da ucxoeTis siZveleTa 

mcodnes, mefem 1620 wels daukveTa. ra 

Tqma unda, aRniSnuli drois Zeg lebs 

aravin icnobda da jounzma sca da veeba 

lodebiT Seqmni li wreebi romauli taZris 

naSTad ganemar ta _ igi pirvelad 

`tos kanuri orderiT~ aSendao, rac man 

rekonstruq ciis naxatiT daasuraTa. 

1620 wels inigo jounzma monawileoba 

miiRo londonis Zveli, norman- 

Ta xanis wm. pavles kaTedralis gamo 

komisiis muSaobaSi. misi war modgenili 

winadadebiT nagebobam klasikuri forma 

miiRo maitalia nizebeli sarkmlebiTa 

da didad naqebi portikiT (1632-42 ww.). 

samoqa laqo omis dros, 1643 wels, samuSaoebi 

Sewyda da eklesia jariskace bis 

yazarmad iqca. Zalian daSavda portiki, 

momdevno, respublikis xa naSi ki (1649-

60 ww.) Senoba sul gaubedurda: kamarianad 

Camoiqca saxu ra vis didi nawili. 

eklesiis mimdebare miwa spekulYantebs 

miyides, ro melTac zed kedlebTan saxlebis 

ageba daiwyes. kvlav azvirTda 

xat me brZoleoba papisturi gamosaxulebebis 

gasanadgureblad da gansakuT rebiT 

angariSgasawevia danakargi vitra- 

Jebiani sarkmlebis mxriv. msgav sadve, 

politikuri mizezebiT daangries an 

sxva daniSnulebiT gamoiye nes mravali 

cixe-darbazic. 

1663 wels, restavraciidan sami 

wlis Semdeg, dainiSna komisia wm. pavles 

eklesiis viTarebis Sesamowmeblad. 

imav wels kristofer rens (1632-1723 

ww.) daevala kaTedralis inspeqtireba 

da man Semoitana wina da deba Sejvarebaze 

masiuri klasikuri gumbaTi aSenebuliyo. 

1666 wels didi xanZris dros, w. 

pavle ise mZimed daSavda, rom gadawyda 

Zvelis adgilze axali kaTedralis ageba 

_ amocana, rasac moyva renis barokuli 

Sedevris aSeneba. Tanadroulad, man 

warmoadgina londonis axlad age bis 

mravlismCemebeli gegmac da 52 axali 

eklesiis amSenebeli an proeqtis zedamdgomi 

gaxda. es ukanasknelni odindel 

Suasaukunovan ek lesiebs Caenacvla da 

metad sxvadasxvanairad iqna mofiqrebuli; 

ume te soba klasikuri manerisaa, 

Tumca gegmareba, koSkurebi da Spilebi 

kvla vac goTur formebs misdevs. Tumca 

reni inglisSi klasicizmis um Tavresi 

warmomadgenelia da zogjer mkacrad 

iwunebda Suasaukunovan na gebobebs 

maTi Seuferebeli saZirkvlebis da konstruqciuli 

arasru l yo filebis gamo, 

igi Suasaukunovan nagebobebs pativiscemiT 

ekidebo da. aman praqtikuli Sedegebic 

moitana, rodesac is uestminsteris 

saa batos inspeqtorad muSaobda 

(1698-1722 ww.), iseve rogorc londonis, 

Ci Ce Teris, oqsfordis da selisberis 

Suasaukunovani nagebobebis mis na kvlevsa 

Tu SekeTebebSi. Cinebuli maga- 


liTia saamisod misi angariSi 1688 wels 

selisberis kaTedralis gaSinjvisa. Senobisa 

da mis gasaWir Ta aRweris Semdeg, 

is ganagrZobs: 

`mTeli eklesia gadaxurulia carcis 

kamariT mxolod TaRebsa da quslebze, 

Zvelebur yaidaze, uTaRnaroda da 

udamyof xazebod, gar da koSkisa, sadac 

quslebi damanawevrebelia da warmoadgens 

me C xeri rigis xazovan naxats; 

da es, meCveneba, mogivano xelobaa, sxva 

xelidan gamosuli, ara pirveli arqiteqtorisa, 

romlis gan s jani me mraval 

risame gamo marTebulad unda Sevafaso, 

mis miR ma me vipove mogviano TariRis 

sxvadasxva goTuri naSeni, rome lic, 

Tumc ufro gamoyvanilia saamo da momcro 

namuSakeviT, mok lebulia bunebiT 

mSvenierebas, rac pirveli zomebis 

proporcie biT aRiZvris. radgan aq gani 

Sua navis si maRlis mimarT da orTa vesi 

gverdiTebis moyvanilobisadmi kargi 

pro por ciebisaa. burje bi da interkolumniebi 

(anu sivrceni burjsa da burjs 

Soris) Ta Re bis simaRles, profilebs 

kargadaa Sefardebuli da mokrZa le bulad 

Sereuli did sibrtyeebs, uafeqtaciod 

yoveli kuTxis or namentiT 

Sevsebisas, Tumca aRmafrTovaneblad 

kargia, iseve me to biT ganaZRobs Tvals, 

rogorc metismetad danawevrebuli 

musi ka yurs. sar km lebi gadaWarbebuli 

sididisa araa da arc damana wevrebeli 

naxatis Sveulebi da gardigardmo xazebi 

aferxebs Suqs, rac momdevno saukunis 

cudi modaa; Cvenma xelovanma ukeT 

icoda, rom Suqs mSvenierebas ve ra feri 

Sematebs, is endoboda didebulsa da 

mdidar sisadaves, romel sac misi marmarilos 

Re roebi matebs mis namuSevars~ 

(reni, 1750-1965, 304). 

uestminsteris saabatosTvis renma Ses- 

Tavaza daubolovebeli da sa v leTi ko- 

Skebis, mTeli nagebobisgvarad, goTikis 

midevnebiT dasru le ba. misi gardacvalebis 

Semdeg proeqti itvirTa 

nikolas houksmurma (1661-1736 ww.), misma 

udidesma mowafem da kolegam da is 1734


sur. 2.9. uestminsteris saabato XVII s.-is 

bolos mis dasrulebamde (The Dean and 

Chapter of Durham) 

wlis mere gaasrula. houksmurma Tavisi 

eklesiebisa da saxlebisTvis barokos 

sti lis sakuTari versia SeimuSava, magram 

oqsfordis yovelTa sulTa kolejis 

SemTxvevaSi mas goTikur stilSic 

umuSavia. Tumca is xvdebo da, ramdeni 

ram uWirda yovelTa sulTa kolejis 

Suasaukunovan naSens, mas es arqiteqtura 

kargi, mkvidri xelobis gamo moswonda 

da anga riSSi werda: 

`me unda gTxovoT cota ram Tqveni 

`Zveli sworkuTxedis~ sasikeTodac 

maTqmevinoT, romelic Tqveni yovlad 

Rirsebis dam fuZ ne bel ma aago, radgan 

Tu mas SeiZleba zogi nakli hqondes, is 

arc Rirse bebsaa moklebuli. es nageboba 

Ronieri da gamZlea, bev rad ufro mtki- 

sur. 2.10. jon Yeni n. houksmeris mixedviT _ 

`gamosaxuleba beverlis kunZulis taZris 

didi jvrisa, romelic safuZvlidan oTxi 

futiT gadmoekida da Tavis adgilze 

aq aRwerili xis xaraCos meoxebiT iqna 

dabrunebuli~ (1774) (derek li n s tremis 

koleqcia) 

ce, vidre romelime Tqven axal nagebobaTagan, 

vi naidan maT arc simkvri ve aqvs, 

arc xeloba da darwmunebuli var, rom 

mas SeiZleba bevri ram mosaxerxebeli da 

mSvenieri Sevmato, xo lo zedmeti ngreviT 

an barba rosuli gadakeTebiT Tu 

dasaxiC re biT misi damfuZneblis mimarT 

bo roteba iqneboda da danaklisi axlandel 

mepatroneTaTvis” 31 . 

misi winadadeba gulisxmobda Zveli Senobis 

rac SeiZleba sru lad SenarCunebas, 

xolo aucilebeli damateba-gadakeTebebis 

frTxi lad Sesrulebas da dasZens: 

`rasac me am weriliT gTavazobT, gax- 

31 houksmuris werili jorj klarks (yovelTa 

sulTa koleji), 1715 wlis 17 Tebervlisa, 

`ganmartebad~ cnobili (Downes, 1979, 241).

lavT Zvel gamZle sazogadoebriv nagebobaTa 

SenarCuneba, romelnic Ronie ri 

da gamosadegia, nacvlad fantastikuri 

aramdgradi nagvis aSenebisa, an Zvelis 

gadakeTeba-dawylulebisa gauwafav TaRliT 

muSakTagan~. XVIII saukunis dasawyisis 

uaRresad mniSvnelovan samuSaod 

SeiZleba movixse ni oT beverlis taZris 

Semtkiceba houksmuris mier. CrdiloeTi 

tran septis gadaxrili fasadis sakonservaciod, 

mis vertikalur mdgo mare 

o bamde wasabiZgeblad gonebamaxvili 

xis konstruqcia iqna agebuli. saamisodve 

wyobaSi Sveuli CanakveTebi gakeTda, 

amis Semdeg Tavidan amo y vanili. 

am samuSaos gamo 1716 wels houksmurma 

Tanxebis Sesagro veb lad mimarTvac 

moamzada. houksmuri inglisuri dualizmis 

gamoxa tulebaa, TiTqmis winareraskinuli 

azriT; misTvis klasikurad 

ganswav luli ar qiteqtorisTvis, Senebis 

goTuri maneris SenarCunebac misaRebi 

iyo 32 . 

Teodorix didis xanis Semdeg skandinavia 

goTTa warmoSobis ad gi lad 

iTvleboda. magram Tumca maT, aqedan, 

abralebdnen romis dang re vas, skandinavielebs 

mWidro urTierToba hqondaT 

romis papTan. bri gi ta (Semdgom wmindanad 

Seracxuli), roms 1350 wlis Yubileze 

Cavida da mogvianebiT SvedeTSi 

brigitinTa ordenic daaarsa. XVI saukuneSi 

gustav vazam SvedeTi protestantulad 

gamoacxada, kaTolike episkoposi 

olaus magnusi roms gadaixvewa da 

CrdiloeTis xalxis pirveli is toria 

dawera. erTi saukuniT gvian, romSi gawafulma 

arqiteqtorma Jan de la valem, 

pirvelma Caitana SvedeTSi romis arqiteqtura 

da 1650 wels, gustav adolfis 

monacvled misi asulis, xristinas 

32 XVIII saukunis dasawyisSi houksmuri Yorkis 

taZris, inglisis erT-er Ti yvelaze ukeT 

SemorCenili Suasaukunovani kaTedralis 

saxecvlis saproeqto wi na dadebebis SedgenaSic 

monawileobda. 


dedoflad kurTxevisTvis konstantines 

TaRis asli aago. xristina mogvianebiT 

sa c xovreblad roms wavida, sadac antikuri 

siZveleebis koleqcia hqonda; mis 

biblio Tekarebad jer beloris, mis mere 

ki bartolis umuSaviaT. 

Zveli sabuTebis, sagnebis, ganZebis 

da `runebiani qvebis~ siZve leTmcodneobiTi 

Seswavla SvedeTSi pirvelad 

XVI saukuneSi daiwyo. gus tav adolfi 

(1594-1632 ww.) mxars uWerda amgvar 

kvlva-Ziebas, maT So ris mogzaurobas 

aRwerilobebis Sesaqmnelad, xolo 1630ian 

wlebSi qvey nisTvis `saxelmwifo antikvarebi~ 

dainiSna. 1666 wlis 18 dekembers 

he devig eleonoram, axalgazrda 

karlos XI-is (1655-97 ww.) Txovnisamebr, 

`siZveleTa ordinanss~ moawera xeli _ 

italiis gareT aseTi ram pir velad moxda 

(schück, 1932, 268 da Semd.). 

am òrdinansis~ ZaliT dasacavi iyo 

siZveleebi da Zeglebi, Tu gind umniSvneloc, 

Tu isini rasme matebda qveynis 

istoriis movlenis, pirovnebis, adgilis 

Tu sagvareulos, metadre mefeTa 

da didebulTa, Se saxeb xsovnas. daculi 

obieqtebi an moZravi SeiZleboda yofiliyo 

(mo netebi da runebiani qvebi) 

anda uZravi (eklesiebi, monastrebi, 

cixe-da rbazebi, simagreebi, Zveli akldamebi 

an adamianis naxelavi miwis na gebo 

bani, Tundac nawilobriv SerCenili). 

Tuki vinme daazianebda amgvar obieqts, 

mas ebrZaneboda igi Tavisi manamdeli 

mdgomareobiT aRedgina. iRebda ra 

magaliTad roms, òrdinansi~ asaxavda 

SvedeTis wadils igi `did imperiad~ 

ganexilaT. amgvari siZveleTmcodneobiTi 

interesis ze moqmedeba maleve arqeologiursa 

da akademiur kvlevaSi 

aisaxa. 1668 wels SvedeTis istoriasTan 

dakavSirebuli siZveleTmcodneobiTi 

kvle visTvis axali dawesebuleba Seiqmna; 

1692 wels igi, `Collegium Anti qui ta tum”, 

“siZveleTa arqivad~ gadaiqca. XVIII saukuneSi 

amgvari saqmi a noba dakninda, Seg-


rovebuli kvleviTi masala ki erovnul 

sabuTTa sa cavsa da samefo biblioTekas 

gadaeca Sesanaxad. 

italiurma renesansma Tanamedrove 

samyaros safuZveli Cauyara, is aseve 

Tanamedrove konservaciis moZraobasac 

moaswavebs. am xanis erTi mniSvnelovani 

Tema istoriis axal koncefciasTanaa 

dakavSirebuli, ro me l mac antikuri romis 

naSTebi mniSvnelovan memkvidreobad 

aRiara. ma r Talia, is martooden 

klasikuri siZveleebiT ar Semosaz- 

Rvrula, rad gan es xanaa, rodesac, metadre 

CrdiloeT qveynebSi, Tundac 

ing lissa da SvedeTSi, Tavisi sakuTari 

erovnuli memkvidreobac SeigrZ nes. 

meore sakiTxi mxatvruli Rirebulebis 

winwamowevaa. Tumca jerac platonuri 

koncefciis damowmebiT, xelovnebis 

nawarmoebi Sua saukune ebis mere axleburad 

dafasda da renesansis ostatTa 

nawarmoebebi mom devno sau kuneebisTvis 

fuZemdebeli amosavali gaxda. am dros 

wamoiwyes antikuri Zeglebisa da xelovnebis 

nawarmoebebis restavracia; 

es saqmi a noba merec gagrZelda da misi 

principebi kvlavac zustdeboda, metadre 

XVIII saukuneSi.

3 

ganmanaTleblobis xana 

ganmanaTleblobisa Tu gonebis xana 

kulturuli memkvidreobis konser vaciis 

istoriaSi imdenadaa mniSvnelovani, 

ramdenadac man Semoi ta na kulturuli 

paradigmebi da Camoayaliba koncefciebi, 

romlebmac di di wrmatebiT 

daafuZnes Tanamedrove konservaciis 

moZraoba. aleqsan der gotlib baumgartenma 

(1714-62 ww.) germanul filosofiaSi 

èsTe ti kis~ disciplina da sityva 

Semoitana, gavlena lesingis, kantisa da 

hegelis ideebze moaxdina. kidev ufro 

fuZemdebeli ram istoriis axa li koncef 

cia iyo, rogorc pirvel TavSi vnaxeT, 

romelic italiaSi vi kom, ger maniaSi ki 

herderma waswia win. misve ganviTarebaSi 

wvlili vinkelman mac Seitana antikuri 

xelovnebis nawarmoebTa, nivTTa da Zegl 

Ta kri tikuli garCeviT, riTac man 

safuZveli Cauyara Tanamedrove arqeolo 

gias, Tanamedrove xelovnebis istorias 

da faqtebis dednebis moSvelie 

biT verifakaciis meTods. Sedegad, is 

asxvavebda dedansa da asls, es ki fuZemdebluri 

aRmoCnda mogviano sarestavracio 

politi kis Tvis. mxa tvrobis dargSi 

msgavsi midgoma belorim SeimuSava. Semd 

gom, am xana Sive aRmocenda koncefciebi 

`patinisa~ da `ferwerulis~ an `cxovelxa 

tu lis~ (pittoresque) _ pirvelad 

fer werasTan mimarTebiT xmare bu li, 

mo g vianebiT ki antikur nangrevebsa da 

Sua saukunovan eklesiebze gavrco bili. 

am xanisTvis niSneulia daintereseba 

antikuri siZve leebis siste ma tu ri arqeologiuri 

Seswavlisa jer italiasa da 

xmelTaSuazRvi s pireTSi, mogvianebiT ki 

dedamiwis sxva kuTxeebis mo na xuleba- 

mogzau robisadmi (tours). mizani saganTa 

warmoSobis gageba, qvey nierebis gamokvleva, 

yvelafris kritikulad ganxilva 

iyo; adamianma sa kuTari Tavis ndoba 

SeiZina da surda misi codna sabuTiani da 

organi zebuli yofi li yo. d’alamberisa 

da didros Èncyclopédie~ (1751-77 ww.) 

ganmanaTleblu ri suliskveTebis gamoxa 

tuleba iyo. biblioTekebi, wina mo rbed 

sauku ne Si statusis niSani, farTo 

sazogadoebisTvis ufro mi sa wvdomi 

gaxda. gaumjobesda beWdvis xarisxi da 

sagamomcemlo moRva weobac friad gavr 

celda. antikuri siZveleebis dokumentacia 

didron tomebad qveynde boda. 

1696-1701 wlebSi lorenc begerma 

prusiis koleq ciebis samTaviani SerCeviTi 

katalogi gamoaqveyna. Tanadroulad 

lei den Si ori didtania ni `thesauri~ 

gamoqveynda _ erTi, iakob gronoviusisa, 

berZnul siZveleeb ze, meore, iohan 

georg greviusisa _ romanulis. 

1719 wels benediqtel ma berma bernar 

de monfokom gamoaqveyna `l’antiquité expliquée 

et repre sen tée en figures~ (siZveleni, 

gamosaxulebebiT axsnili da warmodgenili), 

40 tomisa da 40 000 suraTis Semcveli. 

xelaxla daibeW da arqiteqturis 

Se saxeb adrindeli Txzulebebi; vitruviusi, 

paladio, skamoci da vi nYo la 

saswavlod aucilebeli wignebi xdeba. 

1721 wels avstrielma ar qi teqtorma 

bernhard fiSer fon erlaxma gamosca 

arqi teq turis dasu ra Tebuli istoria 

Èntwurf einer historischen architektur~ (istori 

u li arqi teq turis monaxazi). wignis 

TavSi qveynierebis Svidi saocre baa, Semdgom 

ki sxvadasxva qveynebis _ egvipte, 

69


siria, sparseTi, saberZne Ti, romi _ istoriaSi 

saxelganTqmuli nagebobebis 

suraTebi, splitis diokletia nes sasaxlis, 

palmiras da stounhenjis CaTvliT, 

Tumc ki araa goTuri ar qiteqtura. 

asaxulobani xelmisawvdom dokumentur 

masa las efuZnebo da (Tanadro u li istorikosebi, 

antikuri medlebi da ùwinares 

yov li sa imas, rac Ta vad nangrevebs 

SemorCa~), Tumc xSirad safuZvlad mxolooden 

fanta ziaRaa. 

XVII saukunis ganmavlobaSi antikvaroba 

italiis gareTac moduri gaxda. 

koleqciebi antikur nimuSebs, aseve cnobil 

qmnilebaTa aslebs, Tu adgilobriv 

napovn nivTebs Seicavs 33 . mas aqeT, rac 

roms ekonomi kuri siZliere moaklda, 

mniSvnelovani koleqciebi italiidan 

safran geTs, inglissa da sxva qveynebSi 

gaiyida. 1666 wels safrangeTis finans 

Ta ministrma, Jan-batist kolberma 

xeli moawera romSi franguli aka demiis 

wesdebas, sadac naTqvamia: `radgan uzrunvelsayofia 

safrangeT Si yvelaferi 

gvqondes, rac ki ram mSvenieria italiaSi, 

unda gaigoT, rom saamisod mudam 

unda vimuSaoT. amitomac Tqven Tavi 

unda gadasdoT yvelafris mosaZieblad, 

rac, Tqveni gancdisaebr, CvenTvisaa 

gamosag zavni” 34 . italiasTan da, ker- 

Zod, wm. lukas akademiasTan urTier- 

Toba Za l ze mWidro rCeboda. franguli 

33 xelovansac, mag., peter paul rubenss (1577- 

1640 ww.) hqonia monetebis, gemebis, bYustebisa 

da qandakebebis vrceli koleqcia. 

mis megobarTaga ni yofila holandieli 

filologi franciskus Yuniusi (1591-1677 ww.), 

romelmac samtomiani `Pictura veterum~ (Zveli 

mxatvroba) gamosca da fran gi numizmati, 

Yuristi da astronomi, nikola klod fabri 

de peireki (1580-1637 ww.), romelic `pirvel 

arqeologadac~ moixsenieba, radgan uaR resad 

gamowvlilviT muSaoba icoda da yoveli obieqtis 

warmomav lo bis gageba surda. 

34 Jan-batist kolberma akademiis wesdebas 

xeli 1666 wlis 11 Tebervals moawera 

(Franchi-verney, 1904, 24). 

akademiis swavlulTa mTavari amoca na 

romis antikuri Zeglebis kvleva, anazoembis 

momzadeba da `restavra ci e bis~ 

(savaraudo Tavdapirveli formis dasuraTebad 

Cafiqrebulis) war modgena 

iyo. akademiam Tavisi wili ufro axal 

arqiteqturaze cod nasac ar daaklo _ 

aseTi momcvelobisaa a. degodes 1682 

wels gamo cemuli wigni `Les édifices antiques 

de rome, dessinés et mesurés trèz exactement~ 

(romis Zveli nagebobebi, Zalze 

zustad daxatuli da gazomili). 

3.1. `didi mogzaurobis~ gavlena 

lord arandelis da inigo jounzis 

wabaZviT, ingliseli `virtuosi~, xelovnebis 

moyvareni iwyeben italiaSi 

stumrobasa da italiuri xelo v ne bis 

nawarmoebebis Segrovebas; mogvianebiT 

es stumroba ingliseli jen tlmenis aRzrdis 

mudmiv Semadgenlad, `did mogzaurobad~ 

(Grand tour) iqca. ra saxeli 

hqondaT mdidar ingliselT gavardnili, 

romael Ta Tqma gveubneba: `Cveni 

amfiTeatrebis daZvra rom SeiZlebodes, 

ing li se le bi maTac waiRebdnen!” 35 

mogzaurni sagangebo sazogadoebebsac 

afu Zne bd nen: 1717 wels _ àntikvarTa 

sazogadoebas” 36 , 1734 wels ki 

35 Edward wright, observations, 1720-iani ww. (manwaring, 

1925). 

36 àntikvarTa sazogadoebis~ mizani gacxadebulia 

mis mier gamocemul pir vel wignakSi, 

romlis saTauria: `the society of antiquarys, 

London. Jan. 1. 1717-1718”. aq naTqvamia: 

`siZveleTa kvleva mudam kargi mwerlobis 

nawi lad fasdeboda, sainteresodac 

da sasargeblodac; da Tu is dagvexma re ba 

ukeT gavigoT antikur ganswavlul erTa 

fasdaudebeli nawerebi an da Se vinarCunoT 

saTayvano danatovari Cveni winaprebisa, 

monawileoba eg zom karg da saamur saqmes 

SeerTebuli mcdelobiT SeWidebuli sazoga 

do e bis SeqmnaSi, martoden sasaxelo da 

mizanTan saukeTesod mimyvane be lic Tu Sei- 

Zleba iyos~ (Evans, 1956, 93).

`di le tan tebis sazogadoebas~. Tavidan 

gulisyuri klasikur siZveleebs iyo 

mipy robili, magram mogvianebiT _ metadre 

es àntikvarebze~ iTqmis _ uf ro 

meti yuradReba daeTmo sakuTar, inglisis 

siZveleebs da sazo gadeobis wevrebma 

bevri iRvawes maT dasacavad. 1770 

wlis aqeT iseTi av torebis mi er, rogorebicaa 

mRvdeli maikl Yungi, mRvdeli 

g. d. uiTi ngtoni, mRvdeli jon milneri, 

riCard gugi, jon qarteri, jeims dalauei, 

Tomas riqmeni da jon britoni, 

momzadda mTeli rigi publika cie bisa 

Suasaukunovani Senobebisa da Zeglebis 

Sesaxeb. italiaSi gamg zavrebulTagan 

yvelaze gavleniani, rogorc xelovnebis 

mfarveli da mcodne, riCard boYli, 

barlingtonis mesame grafi gaxldaT. 

klasikuri arqiteqturis aRorZinebaSi 

monawileobisken gza mas kolen kempbelma 

da misma `vitruvius Britannicus~-ma (1715- 

16 ww.) gaukvala. romSi is Sexvda uilYam 

kents, romelTanac mTeli danarCeni 

sicocxle imegobra da da exmara mas inglisSi 

paladianizmi Seetana. 1754 wels 

Tavis `did mog zau robas~, mTeli kontinentis 

gavliT, italiisken Sotlandieli 

arqi teqtori robert adami Seudga; 

iq is 1758 wlamde darCa. is frang arqiteqtor 

Sarl-lui klerisosTan er- 

Tad muSaobda, zomavda nagebo bebs romsa 

da italiis sxva nawilebSi da splitSic. 

ase daagro va adamma arqiteqturuli 

elementebis didi odenoba, romelnic 

far Tod mo ixmara da inglisuri neoklasicizmis 

wamomwyebTagani gaxda. 

antikuri siZveleebis saZebnad kvleviTi 

misiebi maSin otomanTa im periaSi 

Semaval levantsa da saberZneTsac gadaswvda. 

1436 wels ki riak d’ankonas aTens 

stumrobis mere cota mogzaurma Tu 

SesZlo iq gamgzavreba. 1620-ian wlebSi 

Tomas houardma, arandelis meore grafma 

ganacxada, rom apirebs `Zveli saber- 

ZneTis inglisSi gadmonergvas~ (Peacham, 

1634, 107) da Tumca mas bevri siZnele 

ganmanaTleblobis xana 71 

Sexvda, man gaaxerxa sa berZneTidan Camotanili 

qandakebebis, reliefebis fragmentebisa 

da siZ ve leebis (zogi pergamonis 

sakurTxevlidanac ki warmosdgeba) 

mozrdi li koleqciis SeZena. es e.w. 

àrandelis marmariloebi~ restavrirebul 

iqna frangi da italieli restavratorebis 

mier, am koleqciis nawili ki 

mogvianebiT oqsfordSi gadaitanes. 1674 

wels akropolisi moinaxu la m. olie de 

noantelma, umaRles portaSi safrange- 

Tis elCma, romel mac daukveTa Jak kareYs 

(1649-1726 ww.) parTenonis frontonebis 

naxate bis damzadeba. es am nagebobis uadresi 

sando asaxulobaa da, misi Semdgomi 

dazianebis gamo, fasdaudebeli 

dokumentaciac (de laborde, 1854, i, 128; 

Bowie and thimme, 1971). ori wliT gvian, 

1676 wels, veneciidan dal maciasa da saberZneTSi 

mgzavrobisas aTens frangma 

eqimma Jak sponma da ingliselma jorj 

uelerma CaakiTxes. parTenoni, imxanad 

mizgiTi, mag ram kvlavac kargad SemorCenili, 

maT ucilod msoflios usaCinoes 

na ge bobad miiCnies. spons ukve nakvlevi 

hqonda antikuri Zeglebi da 1678 wels 

da beWdil mis angariSSi mocemuli arqiteqturis 

aRwera uTuod uf ro zu s tia, 

vidre is, oTxi wlis Semdeg misma ingliselma 

Tanamg zavrma rom ga moaqveyna. 

adreulma aRwerebma gansakuTrebuli 

mniSvneloba 1687 wels, Tur qeTveneciis 

omis dros, momxdari ngrevis 

Semdeg SeiZina 37 . mZlavri ked lebis 

mqone parTenoni Turqebma Tofiswamlis 

sawyobad da qalebisa da bavSvebis 

saxizrad gamoiyenes. rodesac fran- 

Cesko morosinim, veneciel Ta flotis 

mTavarsardalma, Tofiswamlis Sesaxeb 

Seityo, man brZana, par TenonisTvis 

Wurvebi daeSinaT. 1687 wlis 28 seqtembris 

saRamos taZ ris gverds yumbara 

moaxvedres da afeTqebisas mTeli Sua 

nawili Camo ing ra. venecielebis wasvlis 

37 propileebi ukve dazianebuli iyo 1656 wels 

tyviiswamlis sawyobis afeTqebisas.


Semdeg Turqebma akropolisi gaamagres. 

ni ke afterosis (ufrTos) patara taZari 

SemoZarcves da qvebi propilee bis 

win bastionebis asaSeneblad gamoiyenes. 

daqceuli parTenonis Sig niT pa tara 

mizgiTi aages. 

3.1.1. arqeologiuri dokumentacia 

1742 wels arqiteqtorebma jeimz stYuartma 

(e.w. àTeneli stYuar ti~, 1713-88 

ww.) da nikolas revetma (1720-1804 ww.), 

saswavleblad itali a Si Casulma Sotlandielma 

da ingliselma, berZnuli 

siZveleebis asa zomad da gamosaxazad saberZneTs 

wasvla gadawyvites. 1751 wels 

isini `di letantebis sazogadoebis~ 

wevrebad airCies da man gaiRo saxsrebi 

ma Ti mog zaurobisTvis, romelmac 1751 

wlidan 1753 wlis martamde gasta na. 

pirveli tomi ma Ti àTenis siZveleni~sa 

cxra wliT gvian, 1762 wels gamovida 

da gu lis ac ruebac gamoiwvia, radgan 

naklebmniSvnelo van nagebobebs Seicavda. 

meore tomi, akropolisisadmi miZ- 

Rvnili, stYu artis gardacvalebis Semdgom, 

1789 wels gamoqveynda (TariRad 

1787 w. uzis), mesame 1795, bolo ki _ 1816 

wels. `diletantebis sazogadoebis Tvis~ 

revetma ìoniis siZve le ni~-c (1769-97 

ww.) gamoaqveyna. stYuartis da revetis 

naxatebs sizus tes uqebdnen, rac ver 

iTqmis jYulYen david lYo roYs (1724- 

1803 ww.), ro mis franguli akademiis 

odindeli Segirdis, publikaciaze. 

frangi ar qeologis an-klod de tYubieris, 

graf de kaY lYusis xelSewyobiT, 

man 1754 wels aTens xanmokle eqspedicia 

moawyo, xolo oTxi wlis Sem deg dabe- 

Wda `les ruines des plus beaux monuments de la 

Gréce~ (saberZneTis ulamazesi Zeglebis 

nangrevebi). robert vudma axlo aRmosavleTi 

moia ra da 1753 wels mravalTagan 

naqebi `palmira~ gamos ca, 1757 

wels ki me o re wigni, baalbekis Sesaxeb. 

1746 wels cieb-cxelebian ad gilebSi neapolis 

maxloblad pestumi iqna mikvleuli, 

siciliis arqi teq tura ki pirvelad 

1749 wels gamoqveynda. aTi wlis 

mere, i. i. vinke l manma pestumis, po se idoniisa 

da agrigentos aRwera gamosca. 

Tumca aRmosavleTs mgzavroba gax- 

Sirda, turistTa upirveles obi e q tad 

kvlavac romi rCeboda. misi nagebobebi 

da naSTebi sul ufro zustad Seiswavleboda 

da dokumentirdeboda. gansakuTrebiT 

sagulisx moa kasiano dal 

poco (1588-1657 ww.), romelic Zveli 

romis TviT yvela ze usaxur naSTebsac 

ki swavlobda, radgan maT `gamqrali samyaros 

fra g mentul gasaRebad~ Tvlida 

da Zveli drois adamianTa wes-CveulebaTa 

da cxovrebis wesis gagebas lamobda. 

antikuri nagebobebis naST Ta, 

qandakebis, larnakebis da sxvadasxva 

WurWleulis asasaxad, romel nic mas 

istoriis sawvdomad gamosadegi egona, 

poco axalgazrda mxatv rebs amuSavebda. 

naxazebi man sistematurad kategoriebad 

daaxarisxa da 23 wignad akinZa _ 

ase Seqmna man Tavisi `museum chartaceum~, 

qaRaldis muzeumi. 

sagulisxmoa, rom Tu XVIII saukuneSi 

sul ufro met yuradRebas uTmobdnen 

kulturul nairgvarovnebasa da erovnul 

identobas, am epo qisT vis aseve niSneulia 

xelovnebis mniSvnelovan nawarmoebTa da 

isto ri ul nagebobaTa `sayovelTao Rirebulebebis~ 

gacnobierebac _ rac maT - 

ze pasuxismgeblobis ufro sazogado 

SegrZnebis gaCenas gamokveTs. ro desac 

horas uolpoli 1740 wels roms ewvia, 

is SeaZrwuna qalaqis mdgo mareobam da 

dawera: `Zalze bednieri var, rom romi 

vixile, vidre is arsebobs; mravali weli 

rom Caivlis, sakiTxavia, iqneba ki is naxvis 

Rirsi. awindel romaelTa umecrebisa 

da siRatakis rkalSi yvelaferi 

upatronodaa dagdebuli da dasaRupavad 

ganwiruli; vilebi erTianad Seuke- 

Tebeli da palacoebi ise cudadaa mov-

lili, rom suraTebis naxe va ri tenisganaa 

gafuWebuli” 38 . sxvadasxva mogzauris 

gamonaTqvamSi aSka ra v deba wuxili 

xelovnebis saxelganTqmul qmnilebaTa, 

mag., rafaelis va tikanis freskebis, 

mdgomareobisa gamo da am memkvidreobis 

Taobaze sa zo gado pasuxismgeblobis 

grZnobac. 1738 wlis werilSi frang 

mnax vels, buaYe d’arJans 39 es sazrunavi 

aTqmevinebs, romSi usasrulo raodenobis 

sak virveli xediao, romelTa dacva 

da konservacia yvela imaTi sa q mea, vinc 

xeprobisa da umecrebis winaaRmdegia. 

rafaeli misTvis er Ti rome li me qveynis 

Svili ki ara, `kaci rafaelia~, xelovnebaSi 

yvela sxvaze aR zevebuli, vinc yvela 

qveynisa da sjulis adamianT Zmebad 

qmnis. es dardi mxolod erTia mraval 

xmaTagan, romelnic Seewia kul turuli 

memkvidreobis `sayovelTao Rirebulebebis~ 

koncefcas da ga marTle bul hyo 

maT dasacavad saerTaSoriso saqmianoba. 

saukunis dasas ruls, vi n kelmanis kvalSi 

Camdgarma germanelebma, novalisma da, 

metad re, goe Tem 40 , kidev ganaviTares 

kulturuli memkvidreobis sayovelTaobis 

kon ce f cia, idea, rom iseTi naqmni, 

rasac avTenturobis Rirebuleba aqvs, 

mTel kacobriobas ekuTvnis. mecniereba, 

xelovneba da mwerloba erov nu li saz- 

Rvrebis armqoned, msoflios kuTvnilebad 

iqna dasaxuli. 

XVIII saukunis Sua xanaSi ramdenime, 

siZveleTmcodneobiT dainte re sebulma 

xelovanma romis Zeglebi daasuraTa, 

ramac am dedaqalaqis mimarT enTuziazmi 

kidev metad gaaRviva. sicilieli 

juzepe vazi (1710-82 ww.) roms 1736 wels 

38 werili r. uests, 1740 wlis 16 aprili. ix.: 

walpole, Correspondence, Yale Edition. 

39 buaYe d’arJanis werili (Guillermo, Jacques, la 

naissance au Xviii siècle du sentiment de responsibilité 

collective dans la conservation, Gazette des 

beau-arts, 1965, lXv, 155 da Semd.) 

40 Goethe i. w., studien zur weltliteratur, werke, weimar, 

1907, Xlii, 503 


Cavida, xolo 1747-Si gamoaqveyna `Delle 

Magnificenze di Roma antica e moderna~ (Zveli 

da Tanamedrove romis didebulebani). 

magram male is jambatista piranezim 

(1720-87 ww.) daCrdila, romelic aq 

1740-Si da saxlda. Tavisi pirvelive vedute-Ti 

(xedi), piranezim swrafad daimkvid 

ra adgili, rogorc romis siZveleTa 

wamyvanma gravYorma; 1756 wlis mis àntichita 

romane~-s (romauli siZveleni) mTeli 

msoflio gamoexmaura da 1757 welsve 

mas londonis àntikvarTa sazogadoebis~ 

sapatio wev ro ba moutana. 1761 wels 

is wm. lukas akademiaSi airCies. is antikuri 

sag nebis didi koleqciis mflobeli 

iyo, romSi gaTxrebs atarebda da es 

siZveleni ramdenime tomad gamosca. amas 

garda, 1748 wels is romis rukis Sesadgenad 

j. b. nolis TanamSromlobda. Tu 

grafi de kaYlYusi amtkicebda 41 , romis 

arqiteqtura yvelafers berZnebs unda 

umadlodeso, xolo vinkelmanisgvari 

avtoritetebi Tu racionalisturi 

mimdinareo bis Teoretikosebi berZnuli 

arqiteqturis `keTilSobil sisadaves~ 

am jobinebdnen, piranezis sxva Tvalsazrisi 

hqonda. mas uyvarda romaul nagebobaTa 

uxvi, barokosnairi simdidre 

da maT pawawina kacunebTan Se darebiT 

dramatulada da grandiozulad gamosaxavda. 

mas ainteresebda romauli 

samSeneblo teqnika, aRafrTovanebda 

Cloaca maxima da adrianes mavzoleumis 

saZirkvlebi. Tavisi cxovelxatulferweruli 

da amaRle bu li, xedvis wertiliTa 

da perspeqtiviT gamZafrebuli 

xedebiT man ro misa da misi nangrevebis 

ideas axali Zala SesZina. 

XVIII saukunis fermwerTa Soris 

iyvnen vedutisti-c _ holandieli kaspar 

van viteli, jovani antonio kanalei, 

`kanaletod~ wodebuli, mi si diswuli 

da TanaSemwe bernardo beloto da jovani 

paolo panini. ka naleto veneciaSi, 

41 recueil d’antiquités Egyptiennes, Etrusques, Greques, 

romaines et Galoises, 1752


romsa da inglisSi moRvaweobda, misma 

diswulma ki mTe li cent ra luri evropa 

moiara da ramdenime umTavresi qalaqis, 

mag., drezdenis da varSavas Rirebuli 

dokumentacia Seqmna. maTi namuSevari 

umciresi wvrilmanis usrulesi zedmiwevniTobiT 

gadmocemas lamobs da 

fotog ra fiul asaxulobas emsgavseba. 

panini da frangi peizaJisti Yu ber robe 

ri piranezisTan erTad muSaobda; 

maTi suraTebi nangrevebiT Se ic noba 

kidec, Tumca aq isini nakleb dramatulia, 

vidre piranezis xed viT _ paninis 

mWidro urTierToba hqonda frangebTan 

da frangul akademia Sic aswavlida. 1768 

wels romSi germaneli filip hakerti 

Ca vida da 1777-78 wlebSi klasikuri taZrebis 

nangrevebis peizaJebs seges tasa, 

ag ri gentosa, selinuntsa da pestumSi 

xatavda. 

3.1.2. inglisuri esTetikuri Teoriebi 

adreul safexurze Tanamedrove 

konservaciis principebis ganvi Ta re baze 

garkveuli da mniSvnelovani zegavlena 

inglisSi XVIII sauku neSi damuSavebulma 

esTetikurma Teoriebmac moaxdina. es 

Teoriebi `fe r werul-cxovelxatulisa~ 

da àmaRlebulis~ koncefciebsaa 

dakavSire bu li, romelnic pirvelad 

italiuri klasikuri peizaJebis amsaxvel 

su raTebSi Caisaxa, Semdgom ki Tansdevda 

miTologiuri asociaciebiT datvirTuli, 

xveulbilikiani, nangrevisebri 

ZeglebiT gamarTuli ing li suri baRebis 

ganviTarebas. mogvianebiT `ferweruloba~ 

Zveli arqi te q turis im TvisebaTagan 

erT-erTi gaxda, ris gamoc gamarTlebuli 

iyo misi dacva-konservacia. XVII 

saukunis damdegs `ferweruloba~-“cxovelxatuloba~ 

italiaSi ferwerisa da 

fermwerTa Tvisebad miiCneoda. uwinaresad, 

mas bunebis suraTebs ukavSirebdnen, 

romelTac Zala Seswe v daT mnaxvelze 

umeSveobis STabeWdileba moexdinaT. 

sityva àmaRle bul~-s (sublime) inglisSi 

XVII saukunis bolodan mimarTavdnen, 

dionise kasius longines Txzulebis 

àmaRlebulisTvis~ Targmnis kvalad 42 . 

àma R lebuli~ aRniSnavda `sidiades 

Canafiqrisas, amaRlebul metyvele bas, 

si savses grZnobisas~; is bunebaSi dids, 

velurs, krZalvis momgv relsa da gamaogenebels 

efardeboda. 

klasikur peizaJs misi asociaciebiTurT 

yvelaze kargad klod lo renis 

pastoraluri scenebi, salvator rozas 

mZvin va re, TiTqmis ro mantikuli kompoziciebi 

anda gaspar dYuges (pusenad 

wo debulis) yve las Tvis cnobili suraTebi 

warmogvidgens. italiaze mimaniSnebeli 

e le mentebis mqone es namuSevrebi 

dasrulebul, alegoriuli mniSvnelobiT 

gajerebul, Suqis efeqtebze gaTvlil 

suraTebad igeba. henri uo To nis, 

frensis bekonis, jon evelinis, jon mil- 

Tonis da sxva mgosne bisa da mwerlebis 

mecadineobiT `ferwerul-cxovelxatuli~ 

klasikuri peiza Jis idea inglisSic 

ikidebs fexs, manamdeli, regularulad 

aRnagi re nesansuli baRi ki uaryofil 

iqna. aseTi suraTebis realurad daproeq 

teba da sinamdviled maTi gadaqceva 

ramdenime gamorCeulma arqiteq to r ma 

ganaxorciela. 

maT Soris pirvelni iyvnen jon vanbru 

(1664-1726 ww.) da uilYam ken ti (daax. 

1685-1748 ww.), romelTac landSafturi 

baRis sivrculi kon cefciebic daamuSaves 

da im arqiteqturuli elementebis 

umetesobac Se moiRes, rasac mogviano 

proeqtebSic vnaxavT. 1760-70-ian 

wlebSi wamyvani lanseloT brauni (1716- 

83 ww.) iyo, romelmac, SesaZloa, inglisuri 

ba Ris gamomsaxveloba srulad 

gamoavlina. jon vanbru, dramaturgi 

da ar qiteqtori, 1720-ian wlebSi moR- 

42 dionise kasius longine (213-273 ww.), peri 

hYupsus, pirvelad frangu lad n. bualom 

1674 wels Targmna

vaweobda (mag., YorkSiris qasl houard 

Si); mas `ferweruli gadawyveta~ gacnobierebuli 

hqonda da saamisod mTe li 

rigi klasikuri elementebisac daamuSava 

(rotonda, bakqosis ta Za ri, piramida). 

sagulisxmoa, rom vanbru jer kidev maSin 

ecada `ferwe rul-cxovelxatuli~ land- 

Saftis nawilad gaazrebuli arsebuli 

isto riuli nageboba, blendhemis (oqsfordSiri) 

nangrevad qceuli vudstok 

menori gadaerCina. misTvis faseuli iyo 

am adgilis Tanmxlebi isto riuli da 

pirovnuli asociaciebi, mis `ferwerul~ 

mniSvnelobas ki imiT xsnida, rom menori 

landSaftis mogvarebas _ gamdidrebas 

waad geboda, radgan is èrTi yvelaze 

saamo obieqtTagania, rasac ki sauke Te so 

peizaJisti moigonebda. da, piruku, Tu es 

nageboba aRar iqneba, aRaraferi SegvrCeba 

garda oRro-CoRro, azrsmoklebuli 

gorakisa, ro m lis usaxurobas didi xarjebis 

fasad Tu eSveleba rame” 43 . vanbrum 

es Se noba ver gadaarCina, magram mis werilSi 

jer kidev maSin wamoyenebu li mosazreba 

mniSvnelovania, radgan gulisxmobs 

istoriuli adgile bis Rirebulebis 

dadgenas maTi Semdgomi konservaciis 

mizniT. 

Tavidan klasikur eliziumad Cafiqrebul 

baRebSi 1740-iani wle bidan go- 

Turi gemovnebis da `moCinuro~ (chinoiserie) 

Senobebis aslebi xdeba moduri. saamisod 

didi wvlili baTi lenglis (1696- 

1751 ww.) nawe rebsa da sxvadasxva stiliT 

Sesrulebul sabaRo elementebsac 

ekuTv nis. xandaxan landSafturi baRi 

axla ukve Suasaukunovani monastrebisa 

da saabatoebis nangrevebsac itevs 

_ aseTTagania fauntenis saabato, albaT, 

maT Soris yvelaze Tavmosawonic 

(1986 wels is unEsCo-s msof lio memkvidreobis 

nusxaSic Seitanes). amasTan, 

es nangrevebi baRis geg marebaSi maTi 

43 vanbrugh, John, reasons offer’d for Preserving 

some Part of the old manor at Blenheim (1709 

wlis 11 ivnisi) (hunt and willis, 1979, 313) 


konservaciis mizniT ki ara, ufro maTi 

`ferwerulobiTi~ Rirebulebis gamo 

SehqondaT. miuxedavad amisa, am STabe- 

Wdilebis mosa x de nad, maT konservacias 

mainc Caatarebdnen xolme. 

XVIII saukunis meore naxevarSi land- 

Safturi baRebis proeqtire ba sa da 

bunebis xedTa dafasebas ramdenime 

mwer lis naRvawi waadga. am kuTxiT, gansakuTrebiT 

aris saxsenebeli axalgazrda 

edmund barkis (1729-97 ww.) Txzuleba 

àmaRlebulisa da mSvenieris Cveni 

ideebis war mo ma v lobis filosofiuri 

gamokvleva~ (1757 w.). 1760-70-ian wlebSi 

modu ri gaxda inglisis soflebis davla, 

iseTi `ferweruli~ alagebis gamosa 

Zebnad, rac upriani iyo akvareliT 

gadmoecaT, an sityviT aReweraT. amgvar 

turistTagan yvelaze RirsSesaniSnavia 

mRvdeli uilYam jilpi ni (1724-1804 ww.), 

romelic gvimtkicebs, rom `sixeSeSe mSvenierisa 

da fer werul-cxovelxatulis 

yvelaze metad arsebrivi ganmasxvavebelia: 

ro gorc etyoba, swored es gansaz- 

Rvruli Tvisebaa, ferweraSi sagnebs gan - 

sakuTrebiT saamos rom qmnis~ (Gilpin, 1792, 

6). jilpini `tbaTa mxares~ da mTa-gorebis 

xedebs aZlevs upiratesobas, magram 

scenis mometebuli mra val ferovnebis 

da grZnobierebisTvis dasaSvebad adamianis 

mier Se ta nil `xiblianobasac” (amenity) 

racxs. kvlav mniSvnelovani xdeba 

ferwe rul-cxovelxatuli nangrevebi, 

maT zemoqmedebaSi ki wili uswormasworo 

bas, `naavdrev laqebsa da xavsis saburvelsac~ 

(Gilpin, 1809, 121) aqvs. 

`mSvenieris~, `ferwerul-cxovel xatulis~ 

da àmaRlebulis~ gan sa zRvre bani 

Semdgom uvideil praisma (1747-1828 ww.) 

da riCard peYn na iT ma (1750-1824 ww.) ganaviTares. 

1794 wels praisma dawera èseY 

ferwe rul-cxovelxatulis Sesaxeb~, sadac 

`ferweruloba-cxovel xa tu lo bas~ 

ad gils mSveniersa da amaRlebuls Soris 

miuCens, viTarca maTgan ganu Sorebe lsaca 

da savsebiT gansxvavebulsac. mis TvalSi,


sur. 3.1. Suasaukunovani nangrevebi YorkSirSi (inglisi) 

mSvenieri da fer werul-cxovelxatuli 

sapirispiro Tvisebebs emyareba: èrTi 

siglu ves, meore _ sixeSeSes, erTi TandaTanobiT, 

meore uecar saxecvlas, er- 

Ti axalgazrdoba-sicincxlis, meore _ 

xnovanebis, TviT kvdomis idea sac ki~ 

(Price, 1794). praisi xazs usvams, rom ama- 

Rlebuli zo me bis sidi des ukavSirdeba 

da krZalvisa da Zrwolis principebs 

efuZneba _ ara sodes rasme naTelsa an 

xalisians. ferwerul-cxovelxatuls, 

amis na cvlad, axasiaTebs CaxlarTuloba 

da nairgvarovneba; is zomaze ki 

ara, moyva nilobisa da mosazRvrulobis 

ragvarobazea damokidebuli. 

jer kidev 1712 wels lordi SefTsbari 

(1671-1713 ww.) iTxovda bri taneTis 

sakonstitucio mmarTvelobidan gamomdinare, 

erovnuli Tavisu f lebis suliskveTebaze 

dafuZnebuli erovnuli 

gemovnebisa da stilis Seqmnas. 1688 

wlis revolYuciis damowmebiT, is eZiebda 

Sewonas worebas da surda, inglisi 

`Tavisufal xelovnebaTa~ centri gamxdariyo. 

uil Yam meYisoni (1725-97 ww.) ki 

xazgasmiT ambobs, rom Tavisuflebisa 

da li be ralizmis gamoxatulebani da 

britanuli konstituciis simbolo, cal 

kerZ, klasicisturi arqiteqturaa, 

meorekerZ ki, araregularuli ba Ri 44 . 

es idealebi franguli absolYutizmis 

sapirispirod ganixilebo da, romelsac 

rokokos stili da regularuli baRi 

axasiaTebda. 

3.1.3. gavlena sxva qveynebze 

safrangeTSi `nangrevTa poezia~ (poètique 

de ruines) deni didros (1713-84 ww.), filo- 

44 uilYam meYisoni (1725-97 ww.) _ `heroikuli 

epistole~ ser uilYam Cam berss (1773 w.)

sofos-mwerlis, gamomcemlisa da kritikosis, 

mignebaa. amboben, rom misTvis 

dro Zalze mniSvnelovani Seiqmna da ìstoriis 

enam Secvala RvTaebaTa ena~, mas 

`SeaJrJolebda~ damsxvreuli svetebi sa 

da mimobneuli marmariloebis xilvisas. 

roberis suraTebis moxil vi sas, didro 

nangrevebs aRararsebulis simbolod 

ganmartavs. mas sje ra, rom `didebuli 

nangrevebi~ guls ufro xvdeba, vidre 

srulad Se mo r Cenili nageboba. nangrevTa 

sayofeli siyvarulis sayofels, WeSmari 

tis sayofels, ganmartoebis adgils 

warmogvidgens; `nangrevis~ koncef cia 

mniSvnelovan nagebobaTa nangrevebidan 

modis; mSvenieri nagebobebi s gan `mSvenieri 

nangrevebi~ warmosdgeba! naklebmniSvnelovani 

saxlebis na S Tebi mxolodRa 

`dangreuli Senobebi~ iqneba. 

inglisuri baRi safrangeTSi moduri 

1770-ian wlebSi gaxda. mar kizi rYone-lui 

de Jirardeni xazs usvams, rom 

landSafturi baRis xe dis komponireba 

poetisa da fermweris saqmea da ara arqiteqtorisa 

da me ba Ris; is xelovnur 

nangrevebsac iwynarebs. sxvani yovelive 

xelov nurs Se aCveneben da masxrad igdeben 

frangul baRebSi viTomda-palmi ras 

wabaZvas, xazs WeSmarit gamomsaxvelobasa 

da avTenturobas usvamen, ra d ganac 

mxolod antikuri arqiteqturis `namdvil 

nangrevs~ ZaluZs `ga moasxivos idea 

im pativmisagebi ambebisa, rac iq momxdara 

da im sa xel ganTqmuli xalxisa, visac 

iq ucxovria~. Tanadroulad moduri 

xde ba fe r werul-cxovelxatulis dasuraTebac: 

1781-86 wlebSi Jan-klod ri- 

Sa r ma, abatma de sen-nonma, gamoaqveyna 

Tavisi `voyage pittoresque ou descript tion des 

royaumes de naples et de sicile~ (ferweruli 

mogzauroba anu neapo lisa da siciliis 

samefoTa aRwera) da msgavsive publikacia 

sicilii sa, malti sa da liparis Taobaze 

1782-87 wlebSi Jan uelmac moamzada. 

1776 wels saberZneTSi mogzaurobis 

Sedegad, 1817 wels `voyage pittoresque de 


la Gréce~ (ferweruli mogzauroba saberZneTSi) 

m. J. f. a. de Suazel-gu fiem 

gamosca. klasikur ZeglTa nangrevebis 

motrfiale fermwerTa da mgosanTa kvalad, 

gulisyuri ferwerul-cxovelxatulma 

Suasaukuno vanma nagebo beb mac miipyro. 

goTuri xelovneba da arqiteqtura, 

Tumc ki yvelasgan yavlgasulobis 

gamo dawunebuli, dokumentirebuli 

hqonda bernar de monfokos. 1781 wels 

b. de la bordma, e. begiYemma da J. e. 

ge tarma saf rangeTis mravlismCemebeli 

enciklopediuri aRweris pirveli 

to mi ga mo aqveynes. magram meore, 1784 

wels dabeWdili tomi, amis nacv lad, 

mxa tvruli dRiuria, saxelwodebiT 

`voyage pittoresque de la France~ (ferweruli 

mogzauroba safrangeTSi). 1820-ian 

wlebSi, am Sromis gagr Ze le bad, S. nodYem, 

J. teilorma da a. de kaYom, mravali 

xelovanis da x marebiT, wa mo iwyes 

mravaltomiani `voyages pittoresques et romantiques 

dans l’ancient France~ (ferweruli 

da romantikuli mogzaurobani Zvel 

safran geTSi), rome lic 1820-78 wlebSi 

gamodioda. 

3.2. ferweris restavraciis 

adrindeli koncefciebi 

XVII saukuneSi romis uTvalsaCinoesi istorikosi 

da siZveleT mcodne jovan 

batista belori (1613-96 ww.) gaxldaT. 

is wm. lukas akade miis pirveli reqtori, 

1670 wlidan siZveleTa komisioneri 

da SvedeTis dedofal xristinas biblioTekari 

iyo. rogorc komisioners, 

beloris, sxvaTa Soris, antikur ZeglTa 

mdgomareobis Semowmebac evaleboda; is 

aRnusxavda gaTxrebs da napovni nivTebis 

klasificireba da aRwerac scada. manve 

dawera teqsti satriumfo TaRebisa da 

traianes da markus avreliusis svetebis 

gamocemebisTvis. detaluri anazomebis 

gamoxazva da ekisra pi et ro san ti bar-


tolis (1635-1700 ww.), romelic mis mere 

siZ veleTa komisioneri gax da. beloris 

udidesi mwerluri Rvawli umniSv ne lovanes 

Tanadro ul xelovanTa kritikuli 

Sefasebaa TxzulebaSi `le vite de pittori, 

scultori e architetti moderni~ (Tanamedrove 

fermwerTa, moqandakeTa da arqiteqtorTa 

cxo v rebani), romelic XVII saukunisTvis 

sanimuSo ga x da. wignis pirve li 

nawili 1672 wels gamoqveynda da camet 

xelovans mo icavda, maT So ris karaCis, 

rubenss, dYukeznuasa da pusens; meore nawi 

li gvido re nis, andrea sakis da karlo 

maratas cxovrebas Seicavs. b elori maT 

umrav lesobas piradad icnobda, puseni ki 

misi axlo mego bari iyo. yoveli maTganis 

nawarmoebebis ubralod CamoTvlis nacvlad, 

belori mimar Tavs namuSevrebis figura-figura 

aRwerisa da qmedebis, fe ris 

ganawi le bisa, Zalisa da gamomsaxvelobis 

mixedviT analizis kri tikul me Tods. 

1664 wels man xelovnebis filosofiis 

Taobaze akademiuri leq cia Caatara. 

is, Semdgom, Sesavlad mis `cxovrebas~ 

waemZRvana: `l’idea del pittore, dello scultore e 

dell’architetto~ (fermweris, moqandakis da 

arqiteqtoris ideisaTvis) da is maSin bevris 

risame amosavali gaxda. misi Teoriis 

sa fuZveli aris ùzenaes da maradiul 

inteleqtSi~ myofi `saganTa ide ebis~ neoplatonuri 

aRqma, romelTac emyareba samyaroSi 

materialur sa ganTa Seqmna. Tu 

abstraqtuli, zeciuri ideebi inarCunebs 

pirvelgana z rax mSvenierebas, nivTieri sagnebi, 

nivTierebaTa uTanasworobis gamo, 

cvalebadoba-arasrulyofilebas eqvemdebareba. 

es adamianebzedac iTq mis, romelnic 

didad Soraven srulqmnilebas, Tumca 

Cakvirvebul dam kvirvebels SeuZlia aRiqvas 

Tavdapirveli, zeciuri ìdea~. renesansis 

xelovanni _ rafaeli, alberti, 

leonardo _ gacnobili iyvnen neoplatonur 

filosofias da swaddaT bunebis 

Seswavla Tavdapirveli ìde is~ aRsaqmelad. 

rafaeli axsenebs amas `galateasT- 

vis~ naxatebze muSao bis Sesaxeb werisas 45 . 

belori amtkicebs, rom fermwerni da moqandakeni 

bunebis kvlevisas ayalibeben 

gonebaSi ùzenaesi mSvenierebis~ nimuSs da 

mas mimarTaven ra, SeuZliaT `gaaumjobeson~ 

buneba. aqedan, koncef cia xelovanis 

ìdeisa, romelic, bunebaSi dabadebuli, 

gascildeba Ta vis warmomavlobas da xdeba 

xelovnebis nimuSi” 46 . beloris mier ase 

Ca mo yalibebulma Teoriam zemoqmedeba 

moaxdina frangul akademiaze, dra i denze, 

Sefosbarize, reYnoldsa da vinkelmanze, 

romelmac Tavisi wvli lic SesZina ìdealuri 

mSvenierebis~ koncefcias. 

XVII saukunis ganmavlobaSi italiasa 

da espaneTSi, iseve rogorc lui XIV-is 

safrangeTSi, dazguri mxatvroba sasaxleTa 

interierebis mowyobilobad ganixileboda; 

maT xSirad `Seasworebdnen~ 

kidec cvale badi gemovnebisa da praqtikuli 

moTxovnilebebis Sesabamisad. ase, 

SeiZ leboda maT damateboda originalis 

maneriT Sesrulebuli, anda CamoW ri liyo 

`zedmeti~ nawilebi. amgvari samzadisi 

xSirad moicavda ferga da suli an feradebCamocvenili 

nawilebis gadaweras 

anda kompoziciis Tvis axali figurebis 

damatebas. XVIII saukunis ganmavlobaSi 

amgvari da mo kidebuleba TandaTan icvleboda 

xelovnebis nawarmoebis originali 

sadmi namdvili pativiscemis mimar- 

TulebiT; mniSvnelovania, mag., rom 1780ian 

wlebSi versalis sasaxleSi moaciles 

zogierTi winandeli da mateba. 

3.2.1 moxatulobaTadmi mopyroba 

xelovnebis nawarmoebis originalisadmi 

axali midgomis da misi pativiscemis 

dasawyisi beloris ganzraxvas, kar- 

45 rafaelis werili b. kastilYones, sadac 

saubaria mSvenieri qalis da saxatad mraval- 

Ta xilvisa, sabolood ki sakuTar gonebaSi 

myof ideas mindobaze. 

46 Bellori, 1976, 14

lo maratas (1625-1713 ww.) Catarebuli 

restavraciis mis mier xelmZRvanelobas 

da, gansakuT re biT, Semdgom kamaTs emCneva. 

maratam zogi ram am mimarTulebiT 

lo re toSi, jer kidev 1672 wels, gaake- 

Ta, rodesac gawminda da SeakeTa ani bale 

karaCis, federiko baroCis da lorenco 

lotos mxatvroba. pirve lad maSin ixsenieba 

suraTebis axal tilosa da fuZeze 

gadatana (Bellori, 1976, 602). 1693 wels belori 

maratas mier vatikanis stancebSi 

ra faelis dazianebuli freskebis, ker- 

Zod, aTenis skolis SekeTebas zeda mxedvelobda 

da aRniSnavda, rom ganzraxulia 

mxatvrobas ukiduresi sifrTxiliT 

moepyran 47 . mogvianebiT, beloris 

gardacvalebis Semdeg, ma ratam 

imuSava stancebSi, palaco farnezesa 

da vila farnezinaSi, sa dac gacilebiT 

meti gadawera da ganaaxla. nalesobis 

acilebuli qveda Sre ukanmdebare kedels 

lursmnebiT miamagres; Tvalebi da 

Camuqebuli figurebi gaacxovles, zogi 

figura an reintegrirebul anda mTlianad 

gadaweril iqna; mTlianad Tavidan 

Sesrulda dazianebuli qveda monakveTebi. 

maratas muSaoba Zalze dadebiTad 

aRiara Tavis Encyclopédie-Si di d rom. 

mas Seuqes naostatarisadmi pativiscema 

da isic, rom, mokrZale biT, man axali 

naxelavisTvis pastelis saRebavebi 

gamoiyena, raTa, TviT restavratoris 

sityvisaebr, `yvelas Cemze Rirseuls 

SesZleboda Ta visi yalami rafaelisTvis 

gaejibrebina, Cemi naxelavi moeSala da 

Ta visiT Caenacvlebina” 48 . SesaZloa, aq 

pirvelad iyos ase naTlad gamo Tqmuli 

47 Bellori, G. P. 1695, Descrizione delle imagini dipinte 

da raffaello d’urbino nelle Camere del Palazzo 

apostolico vaticano, roma, 81 da Semd. bartolomeo 

urbanis angari Si gamoqveynebulia: 

ritratti di alcuni celebri pittori del secolo Xvii disegnati 

ed intagliati in rame dal Cavaliere ottavio lioni, 

roma, 1731, 237 da Semd. 

48 ix.: Diderot, Encyclopédie, maratta 


Seqcevadobis principi. Tavad belorim 

muSaobaSi zogierTi ga daWarbeba mxatvrobis 

cudi mdgomareobiT gaamarTla 

_ Tumca Sedegi Zvi rad Tu iqneboda 

SesabamisobaSi moridebuli mopyrobis 

pirvelad gan zraxvasTan. magram iseTnic 

gamoCndnen, vinc Careva daiwunes da ar- 

Ce v d nen, originaluri mxatvroba xeluxlebeli 

yofiliyo. mogvianebiT, ma ratam 

gadawyvita warmoedgina restavraciamde 

mxatvrobis mdgomareo bis aRwera, amas- 

Tan ki, pawia nawilebi xeluxlebladac 

daetovebina, ro gorc Tavisi Carevis 

gamamarTlebeli dokumenturi mowmoba. 

kritika mainc ar cxreboda da XVIII saukuneSi 

restavracia erT miRebul sakamaTo 

saganTagani gaxda. 

XVIII saukuneSive gawmendis da dazianebuli 

mxatvrobis axal sa fu Zvelze 

gadatanis axleburi xerxebic moigones. 

renesansis aqeT iyo cnobili kedlidan 

mxatvrobis daxerxviTa an daWriT _ stacco 

a massello _ mo xsnis teqnika, romelic, 

mag., herkulanumSi gamoiyenes 49 . rom Si 

wm. pet res zogierTi freska mozaikiT 

Caanacvles, originalebi ki 1749 wels 

lu i ji vanvitelis mier ganaxlebul 

santa maria deli anjeliSi gada i tanes. 

SemuSavda dazianebuli safuZvlidan 

mxolooden ferweris erTi Sris mocilebis 

teqnika _ strappo da damuSavebis 

msgavsi wesi zeTis fe r werisTvisac SemuSavda. 

saukunis dasawyisSi italiaSi 

ukve fexmokide bu li es xerxebi 1740iani 

wlebidan farTod gamoiyeneboda 

safrangeT Si, 1750-ianidan ki inglisSi 

(Conti, 1988). amgvarma winsvlam sasikeTo 

is mo gvca, rom gadawyvetil iqna konservaciis 

zogierTi problema; Tu yve - 

laferi rigze iyo, SeiZleboda Tavidan 

agvecilebina gadawera da wi na restavraciis 

mocilebac gaxda SesaZlebeli, `le 

pur pinceau~ _ TviT os tatis monasmis 

49 es teqnika, rogorc herkulanumSi gamoyenebuli, 

abatma de sen-nonma aR wera (Conti, 

1988, 119)


saCveneblad (Conti, 1988, 134). safrangeTSi 

tilo ze gad moitanes rafaelis 

`wm. miqel mTavarangelozi~, ramac ferweris 

akade mia aRafrTovana. marTalia, 

gadmotanas originalis dazia nebis didi 

xifaTic axlda; rogorc wesi, Tavdapirveli 

feradovani Sris naf le Tebi Zvel 

safuZvelze rCeboda xolme. safrangeT- 

Si am meTodma xan gr Zlivi sajaro kamaTi 

gamoiwvia. 

3.2.2. patina 

XVII-XVIII saukuneebSi moduri gaxda saer- 

To moyavisfro tonalo bis mo woneba, metadre 

cxovelxatul peizaJur mxatvrobaSi. 

hogarTi mo g vi Tx robs gavrcelebuli 

azris Sesaxeb, rom `dro kargi suraTis 

di di gama umjobesebelia~ (hogarth, 

1955, 31). es `patina~, marTlac, nawi lobriv 

ma salis deformaciiT, nawilobriv 

ki xelovanis nebiT iyo ga mowveuli. 

klod loreni, puseni, mag., amoburcul 

gaSavebul SuSas xma robdnen, raTa ufro 

naTlad aReqvaT sasurvelo tonaloba 

da Suqis da Crdilis sxvaoba. jozef 

adisonis da jon draidenisebri mwerlebi 

mSvenivrad aRweren drois patinas. 

hogarTi imowmebs draide nis Semdeg 

striqonebs: 

rameTu Jami gamzadebuliT mosdgeba 

fanqriT, 

figurebs Tqvensas mamwifebliT gamar- 

Tavs xeliT; 

silbos miscems Tqvens ferebs, Seayavisfrebs 

ferads; 

Sematebs eSxs, mocema romlis dros 

ZaluZs martos; 

momaval droTa gadaulocavs didebas 

Tqvensas 

da met mSvenebas mogimatebT, vidre 

TviT waggvriT. 

(hogarth, 1955, 131) 

Tavad hogarTs xelovnuri patina arad- 

amajerebeli hgonia; zogi ze Ti drosTan 

erTad yviTldeba da ferwerisTvis kargi 

araferi mo aqvs. mas rac SeiZleba kamkama 

zeTi urCevnia. Semdgom, mas miaCnia, 

rom zo gi feradi liTonisgan, qvisgan an 

miwisgan miiReba da elfers inar Cunebs, 

sxvebi ki droTa ganmavlobaSi icvleba. 

amitomac is asabuTebs, rom es sxvaobani 

saboloo jamSi mxatvrobas imgvarad cvlis, 

rom amas mxatvaric Znelad daisaxavs 

da suraTsac amiT harmonia ver 

Seemateba, zogadadac dro TviT sauke- 

Tesod dacul suraTebsac anadgurebs. 

XVIII saukunis Sua xanaSi bevrs kamaTobdnen 

gawmendis meTodebTan, lakebTan, patinasa 

da integraciasTan dakavSirebul 

sakiTxebze. nacadi iqna gaw mendis sxvadasxva 

meTodi da Sedegic nairgvari iyo. 

zogierTi zeTi an laki restavraciisas 

Zveli suraTebis damazianeblad Ca iT vala. 

luiji krespi, italieli fermweri, 

miiCnevda, rom patina `sottilissme velature~, 

`faqiz rides~ Seadgens, gamasrulebels 

feradovani Sri sa, romelic zogjer 

òdnav usufTao yalmiTaa~ Seqmnili; 

gawmendi sas, asabuTebs igi, es yovelive 

daikargeba da _ `raRa fasi eqneba am mxatvrobas 

gamgebi TvalisTvis?” 50 

3.2.3. mxatvrobaze zrunva veneciaSi 

pietro edvardsma, romelsac 1778 wels 

veneciis saxelmwifos ku Tv nil suraTebze 

pasuxismgebloba daekisra, 1786 wlis 

angariSSi gana c xa da, rom dro ar unda 

davadanaSauloT ferweris gadasxvaferebaSi, 

is mxolod ngrevisa an SenarCunebis 

sazomia. is xvdeba, rom xrwnas mravali 

garegani mizezi SeiZleba hqondes 

_ nesti, kvamli, mze, qari, ti los moboSeba, 

mtveri da, gansakuTrebiT, laki. 

problemas pasuxi iolad ar gaecema da 

Sesaferisi meTodis misagnebad kvlevis 

50 luiji krespis werili franCesko algarotis 

(Bottari, 1822-25, iii, 419 da Semd.)

Catarebaa saWiro. suraTebis dazianebis 

Tavidan asacileblad edvardsma prevenci 

uli movlis mTeli sistema Seadgina. 

dawvrilebiTi miTiTebebia gace muli 

mtvris gadawmendis, zedapiris sisuf- 

Tavis dacvis, wylis SemoJo n vis regularulad 

Semowmebis Taobaze. misi zedadgomiT 

Catarebuli re s tavraciebis 

dros suraTis zedapirs mTel Wvartls 

da WuWys, daxe T qil, amoburcul da gaxunebul 

saRebavs da mwerTa ganavals 

acilebd nen. xsnidnen Zvel gadawerasac 

da, SeZlebisdagvarad, ferebs pirvelad 

tonalobas ubrunebdnen. 

SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom pietro edvardsis 

xelmZRvanelobiT Catare buli 

restavraciisas daiwyes zedapiruli 

WuWyisa da TviT masalis cvli lebis, 

e.w. patinis ganrCevac. rac danakargebs 

Seexeba, pietro ed va rd si dasaSvebad 

miiCnevda ferweris reintegracias, magram 

origina lis mofrTxilebisas. dakarguli 

Tavi, xeli, drapireba da a.S. 

SeiZle ba Tavidan Sesruldes, oRond 

originalis xasiaTis guldagul wabaZvis, 

gaumjobesebisa da Sematebis mcdelobis 

gareSe 51 . is aseve moiT xovs, rom 

Sevsebis mocileba originalis dauzianeblad 

SeiZlebodes, xo lo gamoyenebuli 

masala arafers vnebdes xelovnebis 

nawarmoebs. 1756 wels reintegraciaze 

krespimac isaubra. mas didad ar surda 

misi Se wynareba, metadre freskebisTvis, 

radganac, misi TvalTaxedviT, ori ginalis 

mibaZva SeuZlebelia. is dabejiTebiT 

ambobs, rom medlebis re in tegracia 

yalbismqmnelobaa, rom maTi patinis mo- 

Soreba gasakicxia da sasaciloa Zvel 

memorialsa Tu saflavis qvaze asos 

SekeTeba (Bottari, 1822-25, iii, 387). 

XVIII saukunis sigrZeze mecnieruli 

da teqnikuri winsvlisa da Ta visufalisa 

da meqanikuri xelovnebebis mimarTebaze 

kamaTis viTare ba Si, sacilo restavratoris 

mdgomareobac gaxda. gaazrebul 

51 Edwards, Reports (“Vicende”, Conti, 1988, 63) 


iqna, rom igi sxvadasxva stils unda 

moergos, unda flobdes unar-Cvevebs, 

dakav Sire buls axal samuSao meTodebsa 

Tu teqnikasTan, rac ar moeTxoveba Cveulebriv 

xelovans. 1745 wels restavracia 

oficialurad cnes mila no Si, sadac gankarguleba 

gaica, rom sazogadoebrivi 

mxatvrobebis da qan dakebebis restavracia 

mxolod sagangebo licenziis ZaliT 

SeiZle ba. 

`... raTa kargi namuSevrebi, romelnic 

samudamod Senaxvas imsa xurebs, ar 

ganadgurdes, gankargulebaa gacemuli 

da akrZalulia, rom vinme fermwerma, 

moqandakem da arqiteqtorma da sxva 

profe sorma Tu araprofesorma, akademielma 

Tu araakademielma gabe dos, 

gaanadguros an saxe ucvalos antikuri 

Tu Tanamedrove sa zo ga do e bis kuTvnili 

mxatvroba Tu qandakeba windawin 

akademiis mxriv Semowmebis gareSe; 

sasjelad daedeba 25 skudi...~ 52 

veneciaSi, sadac eklesiebSi, skolebsa 

da savaneebSi myofi mxa tv robani saxelmwifos 

mniSvnelovan memkvidreobad miiCneoda, 

ramdeni me su raTi ucxoeTSi xelisuflebis 

gaufrTxileblad gaiyida. 

1773 wlis 20 aprils saxelmwifom aRiara 

dauyovneblivi da qmediTi Ronis- 

Ziebebis aucilebloba egzom iSviaTi 

da Zvirfasi samkaulis SenarCune bisa 

da movlis uzrunvelsayofad, romelic 

ucxoelTa aRfrTovanebas im kis. gadawyda, 

daniSnuliyo maT konservaciaze 

pasuxismgebeli genera luri inspeqtori. 

pirvel inspeqtorad dainiSna antonio 

zaneti, veneci ur mxa tvrobaze didad 

mowonebuli publikaciebis avtori. 1778 

wels mas mihy va profesori jovan batista 

mengardi. daculi unda yofiliyo 

sazoga doebis kuTvnili yvela mxatvrobis 

nusxa da maTi mdebareobis yo veli 

52 maria terezia, RvTis wyalobiT dedofali 

ungreTisa, bohemiisa da a.S., milano, 1745 

wlis 13 aprili, xelmowerili Tavad lobkovicis 

mier (Emiliani, 1978, 155 da Semd.)


cvlileba inspeqtoris nebarTviT unda 

momxdariyo. pirvelad restavra cia ramdenime 

profesors da profesionals 

daevala. magram cu di Sede gebis gamo, 

gadawyda, mTeli saqmianobis meurveoba 

erT pirs dakisrebo da. rogorc iTqva, 

arCevani pietro edvardze SeaCeres 53 . 

3.3. arqeologiuri aRmoCenebi da 

restavracia 

XVIII saukuneSi gaTxrebi romSic tardeboda 

da axlomdebare os tiasa da tivoliSic, 

rac muzeumebis zrdas apirobebda. 

magram yvelaze didi vne baTa Relva axalma 

aRmoCenebma, gansakuTrebiT, vezuvis 

kal Teb ze didi xnis Camarxuli 

qalaqebis _ herkulanumis, pompeisa da 

sta bias gawmen dam gamoiwvia. 1740 wlis 14 

ianvars horas uolpoli riCard uests 

wer da: `saZulvelia, iseTi ram aRwero, 

rasac nebismier megzurSi ipovi. ma g ram 

dRes iseTi ram vnaxeT, rac, darwmunebuli 

var, arc ro disme wagi kiTxavs da, albaT, 

arc gsmenia. gsmenia rame miwisqveSa 

qala qis Sesa xeb? mTeli romauli qalaqis 

Taobaze, mTeli misi nagebobebi TurT 

mi wis qveS romaa SerCenili?” 54 XVIII saukunis 

didi arqeologiu ri aRmoCe ne bi im 

ZiriTad faqtorTagania, ramac gavlena 

moaxdina neo klasicizm ze, rokokosa da 

gviani barokos zedmetobebis winaaRmdeg 

mi marTul mi m dinareobaze. neoklasicizmis 

mizani arqiteqturis axleburad 

gageba iyo, magram am midgomam xe- 

53 am Tanamdebobaze man 1796 wels veneciis 

respublikis gauqmebamde imu Sa va; magram 

mogvianebiTac, 1819 wels man kvlav wamoayena 

winadadeba da arsebuliyo restavratorTa 

skola. es werili gamoaqveyna betina 

rafa el ma werilSi: `the Edwards Papers. the 

Camelot Years by the Graduate Program in the Conservation 

of historic and artistic works, Cooperstown, 

new York, 1974, 76-82 

54 werili r. uests, 1740 wlis 16 aprili _ walpole, 

Correspondence, the Yale Edition 

lovnebis mTeli asparezi ganmsWva la da 

axali samyaros dasaZirkvlebaSic Seitana 

wvlili. safrangeTSi is markiz de 

marinYis (qalbaton de pompaduris Zmis) 

da masTan erTad ki arqiteqtor Jak-Jermen 

suflos, gravYor Sarl-nikola koSenis 

da abat le blanis 1748 wels CrdiloeT 

italiaSi, romSi mogzaurobisa da 

pompeisa da ax ladmikvleuli pestumis 

monaxulebis Sedegad iqna Semo tani li. 

suflos pestumis Canaxa te bi gravirebul 

iqna da 1764 wels ga moqveynda _ es 

am taZris pirveli dabeWdili asaxulobebia. 

safrangeT Si dabrunebulma koSenma 

`mercur~-Si rixiani werilebi dabeWda, 

romel nic iwunebda rokokos modas da 

gzas neoklasicizms ukafavda. 

3.3.1. Camarxuli qalaqebis gaTxrebi 

herkulanumi, pompea da stabia vezuvis 

amofrqvevisas, Cv. w. 79 wels Caimarxa, 

magram es katastrofa aRniSnulia klasikur 

mwerlobaSi da daviwyebas ar 

miscemia. ubedureba iseTi siswrafiT 

datrialda, rom mravalma adamianma mas 

Tavi ver daaRwia; qalaqebi mTlianad 

ramdenime metris sisqis vulkanuri ferfliTa 

da laviT daifara. mogvianebiT, 

Se m TxveviTi aRmoCenebisas, zogjer marmarilos 

qandakebebi Cndeboda da, mag., 

domeniko fontanam akvedukis mSeneblobisas 

gadawyvita dangrevis gan nimfeumis 

naSTebi gadaerCina. da mainc, 

naqalaqarebi XVIII saukunis dasawyisamde 

Camarxuli iyo. 1711 wlis axlos, Tavadma 

d’elbYofma, avs t riis kavaleriis 

oficerma, mcire gaTxrebi Caatara Tavis 

mamulSi, zRvis pirze, qalaq porti- 

Cis axlomaxlo. misma muSebma aRmoaCines 

iSvi a Ti xarisxis sami romauli qandakeba 

ori axalgazrda qalisa da erTi xnieri 

qalbatonis gamosaxulebiT. d’elbYofma 

qandakebebs restavracia Cautara da 

saCuqrad Tavis ufross, princ evgenis

sur. 3.2. `herkulaneli asulis~ antikuri 

qandakeba, drezdenis samefo koleq ciaSi 

moxvedrili, d’elbYofma herkulanumSi 1711 

wlis axlos aRmoaCina 

gaugzavna, man ki isi ni venaSi, Tavis sasaxleSi 

gamofina. mogvianebiT es qandakebebi 

drez denis koleqciebisTvis 

SeiZines da maT Sesaxeb maria amalia 

saqsonel ma icoda. is miaTxoves Sarl III 

burbons, romelmac orTav siciliis taxti 

daikava da neapols 1738 wels Cavida. 

gaTxrebi im adgilas, sadac d’elbYofma 

qandakebebi ipova, dauyovnebliv daiwyo, 

rasac moyva Teat ris aRmoCena, romelic 

herkulanumis nawili gamodga. pirveli 

gaTxrebi aq 1765 wels Sewyda, samagierod, 

meti yuradReba daeTmo 1748 wels 

mi kvleul pompeasa da stabias. 


gaTxrebze pasuxismgebloba espanel 

samxedros, roko joCino de alkubieres 

daekisra, romelmac aq ramdenime 

wyvetiliT, 1780 wels gar da c va le bamde 

imuSava. iyvnen kidev franCesko roro, 

pietro barde da Sveicarieli arqiteqtori 

karlo veberi, romelsac 1764 wels 

franCes ko la vega Caenacvla. herkulanumis 

gaTxrebma bevri sirTule gaaCina; 

ni a dagi Zalian magari iyo; naqalaqari 

daba resinas qveS ganefineboda, ro m lis 

saxlebs miwisqveSa sicarieleebis gamo 

Camongreva emuqreboda. ma leve yuradReba 

pompeaze gamaxvilda, romelic 

miwis zedapirTan uf ro axlosac iyo 

da ufro ioli saTxrelic. portiCi- 

Si aSenda muzeumi, sa dac SeiZleboda 

amoRebuli sagnebis gamofena. mas kamilo 

paderni uZ R veboda, Tan gaTxrebis 

zedamdgomelis TanaSemwe. 1755 wlis 24 

ivliss mefem gamosca kanoni neapolis 

sanaxebis berZnuli da romauli memkvidreobis 

dacvis Taobaze. dacva imiT iyo 

gamarTlebuli, rom winaT amaze aravis 

uzrunvia da uZvirfasesi nimuSebi samefodan 

gaitanes ucxouri koleqciebis 

dasamSveneblad. ganweseba upiratesad 

ganaTxar obieqtebs da maTze samefo 

saxlisa da maTi koleqciebis uflebebis 

uzrunvelyo fas exeboda. sasjelis 

muqariT aikrZala unebarTvo eqsporti, 

magram ara feri iyo naTqvami nagebobebisa 

Tu RirsSesaniSnavi adgilebis konser 

vaciaze. 

moxda sxvadasxva gaTxrili obiqtebis 

dokumentireba: herkulanu mis Teatris 

pirveli gegma alkubierem moamzada 

_ aq Canda gaTxrili xve uli derefnebi, 

rekonstruirebul gegmaze asaxuli. 

1750 wlisTvis ro ros da vebers 

naqalaqarTa gaTxrebze 404 angariSi 

hqondaT daweri li. veberis momzadebuli 

dokumentacia gulmodgined inaxeboda 

da 1755-92 wlebSi mopovebul 

obieqtTa sailYustraciod rva tomad 

daibeWda `le antichita di Ercolano esposti~


(herkulanumis gaTxrili siZveleni). es 

Sro ma ramdenime enaze iTargmna da gavlena 

iqonia neoklasicizmis gavrce lebaze. 

goeTem mogvianebiT dawera, rom 

arc erT katastrofas ar mou tania amdeni 

siamovneba danarCeni kacobrio- 

sur. 3.3. herkulanumis 

naqalaqari vulkanuri 

RorRis sakmao raodenobis 

qveS moeqca, borcvis 

Tavze ki axlandeli qalaqi 

resinaa aSenebuli, rac 

aZnelebda gaTxrebis 

Catarebas 

bisTvis, rogorc Camarxul pompeasa da 

herkulanums. 

pompeis gaTxrebi amfiTeatriT daiwyo, 

romelic TvalsaCino iyo, radgan 

misi moyvaniloba niadagze ixilveboda. 

herkulanumSi Txridnen gvirabebs da

xSirad kvlav avsebdnen; pompeaSi zogi 

adgilis orgzis ga Txrac SeiZleboda. 

Tavidan samuSaoebi saegebisod iwarmoeboda, 

mar to d marto samefo koleqciis 

gasamdidreblad. Tumca amzadebdnen gegmeb 

sa da angariSebs, nagebobebi SeiZleboda 

daengriaT; yvelaferi, risi daZvrac 

SeiZleboda, gamohqondaT, maT Soris 

kedlis moxatulobebic 55 . 1761 wels ministrma 

brZana moexsnaT da gaenadgurebnaT 

SenobebSi napo v ni àrasaWiro Seferili 

nalesoba~. xdeboda saukeTeso 

marmariloe bis, brinjaoebis da mozaikebis 

`patinisgan~ gawmenda da restavracia. 

brin jaos zogierTi damtvreuli elementi 

gadaadnes mefis bYustisa da po r tiCis 

axali WiSkris gasakeTeblad. yovelive 

danarCeni umravlesad me o ra dad gamoiyeneboda 

da Semdgom daikarga. muSaoba 

nela mimdinareob da da mcirericxovan 

muSebSi alJireli da tuniseli monebic 

eria. ga T x rebze pasuxismgebelTagan yvelaze 

kvalificiuri la vega iyo; rode sac 

man alkubieri Secvala, naqalaqarebsa da 

arqiteqturuli elemente bis konservacias 

meti yuradReba mieqca. 

1765 wlis Semdeg la vegam xeli 

sistematur dokumentirebas moh ki da da 

gaTxrisadmi ufro sistematuri midgoma, 

calkeuli antikuri sagnebis amoTxris 

nacvlad, mTel arealebze koncentrireba 

moiTxova. amis Semdeg muSaoba mTavari 

gzis gayolebiT miiwevda pompeis mTlianad 

gasaTavisufleblad. man Seitana 

winadadeba adgilze yofiliyo daculi 

`qirurgis saxlis~ freskebi, surda ra, 

sadgomi iseve daetove binaT, rogoric inaxa, 

`sazogadoebis dasakmayofileblad~, 

radgan fiq robda, rom am mxatvrobis 

55 gaTxrebis Semdeg ferebs emCneoda gamkrTaleba, 

mxatvroba ki kedli dan cvioda. 

moisinja ramdenime gadawyvetac. 1739 wels 

sicilielma ar ti leriis oficerma stefano 

morikonim scada ferebis `saswaulmoqmedi 

la kiT~ gacxovleba, magram is moyviTalo 

safarad iqca, rac amuqebda mxa tvrobas da 

mas kidev metad azianebda. 


Rirebulebas, ZiriTadad, mTeli garemos 

ze moqmedeba apirobebs; is ki dair- 

Rveoda mxatvrobis Camoxsnisas. zogierT 

Se m TxvevaSi, sagnebi ukan, naqalaqarze 

muzeumidan miitanes. `gladiato re bis 

yazarmis~ erTi monakveTi axlad aages, 

mis Tavdapirvel formaze warmodgenis 

Sesaqmnelad, Tan ki mcvelebisTvis adgilis 

gasaCenad. la vegam aseve Seitana 

winadadeba turistebis RamisgasaTevi 

aeSenebinaT. mi si survili iyo, is zustad 

antikuri saxlebiviT yofiliyo _ ase is 

didaqtikur miznebsac waadgeboda. 

XVIII saukunis meore naxevarsa da 

XIX-is dasawyisSi siciliis an ti kuri 

namosaxlarebi saswavlo mogzaurobis 

wreSi moeqca da maT uam ravi turisti 

akiTxavda. amis Sedegad, xelisufalT antikuri 

Zeglebis inspeqtireba-aRnusxvis 

sistemis Camoyalibebis survili gauCndaT, 

agri ge n tos, selinuntis da segestas 

msgavs namosaxlarebze SesakeTebel 

sa mu Saoebsa da movlas Seudgnen. 1778 

wels siciliam pirvelma gaiCina si ZveleTadacviTi 

sistema; qveyana orad 

gayves da yovel nawils mcvelad antikur 

siZveleTa mcodne cnobili piri 

uTaves; dasavleTi _ prinCipe toremuca 

_ lan silo to kastelis (1727-92 ww.) 

andes, vinkelmanis gavlenis qveS myof 

numiz mats, aRmosavleTi ki _ biskaris 

prinCipe _ ignacio paterno kastelos 

(1719-86 ww.), romelmac 1758 wels kataniaSi 

sazeimod gaxsna mis midamo eb Si 

mopovebuli nivTebis muzeumi (Boscarino, 

1985; tomaselli, 1985). 

3.4. vinkelmani da antikur 

siZveleTa restavracia 

italiis arqeologiuri gaTxrebis qebadideba 

germanulenovan qve y nebsac moswvda, 

gansakuTrebiT drezdens, sadac venis 

gziT CamoaRwia herkulanumis pirveli 

gaTxrebidan nayidma samma romaulma qan-


dakebam `die herkulanerinnen~ (herkulaneli 

qalebi) 56 . 1754 wels aq prusiul qalaq 

sten dalSi, mewaRis ojaxSi dabadebuli 

iohan ioahim vinkelmani (1717-68 ww.) 

Camovida. klasikis kvlevas is halesa da 

YenaSi daeufla. drezden Si mas SesaZlebloba 

mieca antikur siZveleTa koleqciac 

gaecno da mxa tvrulsa da literaturul 

wreebTan urTierToba daemyarebina; 

aqve, 1755 wels, gamoaqveyna 

man Tavisi pirveli narkvevi berZnul 

xelovneba ze (wilckenmann, 1755). amis Semdeg 

is maleve gaemgzavra roms, sadac 

kar di nal albanis biblioTekari gaxda 

da mis koleqciaze muSaobda. 1763 wels 

is romis da misi olqis siZveleTa mTavar 

komisionerad dainiSna, xe lovnebis 

yvela aqaur nawarmoebze zrunvis pasuxismgeblobiT. 

1764 wli dan man vatikanis 

biblioTekis `scriptor linguae 

graecae~-s Tanamdeboba da iWira da `Camera 

apostolia~-s àntiquarius~-ic iyo. 

vinkelmanis erTi miswrafebaTagani 

herkulanumis monapovarTa nax va da Seswavla 

iyo, magram naqalaqari man mxolod 

sami wlis Semdeg mo i naxula. da maSinac, 

miuxedavad kargi rekomendaciebisa, man 

ver mii Ro gaTxrebis monaxulebis ufleba. 

mas neba darTes ori Tve portiCis 

muzeumSi gaetarebina 57 . meored Casvlis 

Semdeg man drezdens, graf fon brYuls 

pataki gaugzavna, Tavisi STabeWdilebebi 

aRnusxa, alkubieri ga mo ucdelobaSic 

daadanaSaula da mravali mSvenieri nimuSis 

dazia nebasa da daRupvaSic dasdo 

brali; patara magaliTi: erTi warweris 

56 am koleqciaSi ukve Sedioda prusiis mefe 

fridrix vilhelm I-is mier 1723-26 wlebSi 

avgust Zlieri saqsonelisadmi saCuqrad 

mirTmeuli di di nawili beloris antikuri 

nivTebisa. Tavad avgust Zliermac Tavis 

ko leqcias Cigisa da albanisgan Sesyiduli 

siZveleebi Semata. 

57 aseTi iWvneulobiT mxolod mas ar daxvedrian; 

saukunis gasulsac ma r to im nivTebis 

Caxatva SeiZleboda, romelnic ukve gamocemuli 

iyo he rkulanumis akademiis mier 

spi lenZis asoebi naqalaqaridan, mis amokiTxvamde, 

mefisTvis saCveneb lad waiRes. 

vinkelmani male iqna aRiarebuli 

klasikuri antikuri xanis Tavi si drois 

upirveles mkvlevarad. kvlevisas is 

dauRalavi iyo, Rrmad ico da klasikuri 

literatura da Tanamedrove saistorio 

mwerlobac. Se saZloa, yvelaze didi misi 

damsaxureba isaa, rom man gvaswavla, rogor 

davakvirdeT da ufro Rrmad rogor 

CavwvdeT xelovnebis nawarmo e bis arsebas. 

hegels masze naTqvami aqvs: `vinkelmani 

erT imaTTaganad un da miviCnioT, 

vinc axleburi grZnoba gamogvimuSava da 

xelovnebis sa m yaroSi moulodneli perspeqtivac 

gagvixsna~ (leppmann, 1970). is 

gax le Cilia, sxvadasxva damokidebulebis 

matarebeli: erTi mxriv, is war mo g vidgens 

ideals, idealizebuli antikuri xanis 

idealizebul su raTs; meore mxriv, is 

iwynarebs istorias da xelovnebis nawarmoebis 

spe cifikurobas. ZiriTadi koncefcia, 

rasac is romSi amuSavebda, ukve 

aris mocemuli 1755 wlis mis narkvevSi, 

romelic sxva enebzedac iTar gmna da 

herderis, didros, goeTes da fridrix 

Slegelis xotbac daim sa xura. 

3.4.1. idealuri mSveniereba 

vinkelmanisTvis xelovnebis nawarmoebis 

Rirebulebis mTavari sa zo mi ìdealuri 

mSvenierebaa~. Tavis koncefcias is neoplatonur 

fi lo so fiasa da rafaelisa da 

miqelanjelos naazrevze afuZnebs da mas 

beloris Teoriasac CaurTavs. misi TvalsazrisiT, 

am idealis mwverva li klasikur 

berZnul qandakebaSia mignebuli. ùmaRlesi 

mSveniereba Rme r Tis wiaRaa. cneba 

kacebrivi mSvenierebisa miT ufro srulyofilia, 

ramdenadac igi SegveZleba 

uzenaes arsebas Sesaferada da Sesabamisad 

moviazroT” 58 . idealuri mSveniereba bunebaSi 

povebs gamoxatulebas da be rZnebi mis 

58 winckelmann, 1764, 195

TvalSi Tavadac gansakuTrebiT mSvenieri 

rasaa, avadmyo fo bis Tvis Seuvali, Tavisufali 

da sulierad aRzevebuli. lamazi 

Wa bu kebi iq SeCveulni iyvnen saqveynod an 

SiSvlad an Txeli, sxeulis mCe ni tanisamosiT 

varjiSsa da gamosvlas. ase rom, 

xelovans saukeTeso saSualeba eZleoda 

umSvenieresni amoerCia, dakvirveboda maT 

da Semd gom èrTad~ eqcia. èsaa gza sayovelTao 

mSvenierebisa da misi idealu ri 

su ra Tebisken da es gaxlavT gza, rac ber- 

Znebma airCies” 59 . isini azr dauta neblad 

ki ar baZavdnen, aramed Tavis xelovnebas 

bunebis dak virvebas afuZnebdnen da 

qmnidnen namuSevrebs, romelnic nimuSze 

umS ve nie re sic ki iyo; xelovnebis nawarmoebs 

ise aRamaRlebdnen, rom rac Sei- 

Zleba mi axloveboda RmrTis wiaR davanebul 

mSvenierebis ideals. vinkelmaniT, 

XVIII saukunes dakvirvebis amg vari Sesa- 

Zlebloba aRar ar se bobda da ufro advili 

pirdapir bunebis ki ara, berZnuli 

Sedevre bis damowafeba iyo. aqedan saxelmoxveWili 

pa radoqsi: `Cven mxolod er- 

Ti gza gvaqvs, gavxdeT diadni, SeZlebisgvarad, 

ver misabaZni _ Zvele bis mibaZva” 60 . 

venkelmani iwunebs klasikuri xelov nebis 

Sesaxeb gamoq vey ne bul yvela Txzulebas, 

radgan, irwmuneba igi, damwerni uSualod 

ar icnoben Tavis sakvlevs. saerTodac, 

misi SegrZ ne bisamebr, xelovne bis arsebaze 

araferi dawerila, mis gulisguls aravin 

Caswvdomia; an tikur siZveleebze werisas 

maT an zogadad aqeben, an sworad ver asafuZvleben 

Tavis kriteriumebs. 

3.4.2. xelovnebis nawarmoebebi 

1764 wels gamoqveynebuli `Zveli drois 

xelovnebis istoria~, kla sikuri xelovnebis 

nawarmoebebze dakvirvebis saswavlad 

saxelmZ Rva ne los daweris cda 

iyo. vinkelmanis zogierTi adrindeli 

59 winckelmann, 1755, 11 



sur. 3.4. `belvederis torsis~ dakunTuli 

sxeuli mravalT aRafrTovaneb da, maT Soris 

miqelanjelosa da vinkelmans. igi erTi 

im qandakebaTaga nia, romelnic ar yofila 

restavrirebuli 

narkvevi Se iZleba misTvis mosamzadeblad 

davsaxoT, davumatoT kidev `vestas 

qu rumTa~ aRwera, romelTa samosi 

aRsavsea `keTilSobili TavisuflebiT 

da mTelis nazi harmoniiT, Tan ki 

arc SiSveli sxeulis mSvenier monaxazs 

Cqmalavs” 61 . xelovnebis umaRles ideals 

misTvis belvederis apo loni warmoadgens, 

romlis Semqmnelma masalis 

minimumi moixmara mis TvisebaTa saCinosayofad. 

belvederis fragmentirebuli 

torsi vin kelmanisTvis heraklea 

dasvenebisas. `sxeulis yoveli nawili, 

61 winckelmann, 1755, 16


rogorc suraTze, gmirs erTianad, misi 

erT-erTi qmedebiT warmogviCens da rogorc 

sasaxlis gonivrul nagebobas swor 

mizandasaxulobas, ase vat yobT, romeli 

qmedebisTvis romelma nakvTma ivarga” 62 . 

xelov nebis na war moebi gaazrebulia rogorc 

mTlianoba, romlis idealize buli 

nawi lebi, keTilSobili monaxazis SigniT 

araCveulebriv gawonasworebul ni, Seenawevreba 

erTi meores. `torsis~ dakun- 

Tul sxeuls is zRvas ada rebs, romlis 

zedapirs qveS erTi talRa meores warmoSobs. 

`laokoo ni~ mas aRafrTovanebs 

xelovanis unariT, ganicados sxeulis 

tanjva da sulis sidiade, raTa isini 

marmariloTi asaxos. vinkelmans swamda, 

rom xelovnebis ganviTarebam mwvervals 

saberZneTSi miaRwia. igi xan grZli vi ganviTarebis 

Sedegia: misi simwife fidiasTan 

iCens Tavs, umaR lesi wertili ki 

praqsitelesa, lisipesa da apelesTan. 

amas swra fi da cema mosdevs; axal dros 

mcireodenT, mag., rafaelma da miqelanjelom, 

Tu miaRwies aseT srulyofilebas. 

XVII saukuneSi restavracias Cveulebrivi 

mxatvruli Semoqmedebi s gan ar 

ganasxvavebdnen; `restavrireba~ droisa 

da ubeduri SemTxve vis mizeziT daSavebuli 

an dakarguli nawilebis xelaxla 

keTeba iyo (Buldinucci, 1681). fransis 

dYukeznuas mowafe, orfeo boseli (daax. 

1600-) erTi imaTgania, visac antikur 

qandakebaze, misTvis Cveul figuris 

daye nebasa, proporciebis principebsa 

da ikonografiaze uweria. amgvari analizi, 

misi mosazrebiT, arsebiTia sworad 

restavrirebisTvis mosamza de b lad. 

mas aRafrTovanebs berninis, algardis 

da dYukeznuas Catare bu li restavraciebi 

da is wers, rom es saqme jerovnad arc 

fasdeba da arc anazRaurdeba (Dent weil, 

1966). vinkelmani, piriqiT, amtkicebs, rom 

Zve li qandakebebi rigianad jer aravis 

62 winckelmann, Beschreibung des torso im Belwedere 

zu rom, 1759 

aRuweria da rom qandakebis aR we ram unda 

gvaCvenos, ris ZaliT aris igi mSvenieri 

da xelovanis sti lis gansakuTrebuli 

niSnebic migviTiTos. sakuTar msjavrs 

is Tavissa ve SedarebiTi SeswavliT _ 

rac xelovnebis yovelgvar nawarmoebTa 

gul modgine analizsa da aRweras, aseve, 

uwinaresad klasikuri litera tu ridan 

momdinare, xelmisawvdomi werilobiTi 

cnobebis moxmobas gu lis xmobs _ 

verificirebul faqtebs afuZnebs. mas 

hqonda agreTve saSu a leba Seeswavla da 

1760 wels gamoeqveynebina baron StoSis 

gamosaxu le bian gemaTa mniSvnelovani 

florenciuli koleqcia, ramac mas xelT 

fasdaudebeli SedarebiTi masala misca, 

im periodebisTvisac, romelTa Sesaxeb 

sxva araferi sabuTi arsebula. 

Tumc umTavresad saqme qandakebasTan 

hqonda, vinkelmanma mis dros cnobili 

yvela antikuri ferweruli namuSevaric 

aRwera. princi pu lad is Tvlida, rom 

qandakebaze rac iTqva, mxatvrobasac miudgeba, 

Tumca ki, samwuxarod, antikuri 

mxatvrobis mcireodeni nimuSia Semor- 

Ce ni li da maT Soris berZnuli erTic ar 

aris. ase rom, xelmosaWidad vinkelmans 

nawerebiRa hqonda da natrulobda kidec, 

arsebuliyo vinme pavsania, romelic 

Tavis nanax ferweras misebr gulmodgined 

aRwerda. da mainc, romauli 

fragmentebis moSveliebiT, romelnic, 

misi varau diT, an berZnuli nawarmoebebis 

aslebia an, sul cota, maT mieraa 

STa gonebuli, vinkelmanma Seiqmna warmodgena 

berZnuli xelovnebis sworu pov 

robis Sesaxeb. 

berZnuli qandakeba da mxatvroba 

erTgvar simwifeSi arqiteqtura ze adre 

Sevida. vinkelmani am movlenis axsnisas, 

SeniSnavs, rom pirve li ori idealis 

principebis Tanaxmad ufro Tavisuflad 

viTardeboda, maSin rodesac 

nagebobebi ama Tu im praqtikul moTxovnebs 

eqvemdebare bo da da arc risame 

realuris wabaZva ZaluZda. mas ancvi-

frebda, rom swavlulT, visac arqiteqturis 

amdeni Zegli aRuweriaT, am kiTxvaze 

ar umsjeliaT. ise ki, vinkelmanma 

pirvelma Seasrula pestumis taZrebis 

aR wera, 1762 wels gamoqveynebuli. is 

uCivis amdeni Zeglis daRupvas, TviT 

sakmaod axlo xanebSic ki; maT Soris 

zogierTi asaxulia `saxel ganTqmuli 

peirekis~ msgavs xelovanTagan, sxvani ki, 

saubedurod, ukva lo daa gamqrali. 

pliniuss naTqvami aqvs, rom saber- 

ZneTSi didi xelovanni kedlebs mxatvrobiT 

arasodes amkobdnen da vinkelmansac 

sjeroda, rom feri me orexarisxovani ramaa. 

`feri Tavisas hmatebs mSvenierebas, 

magram igi Ta vad mSveniereba rodia, igi 

misi da mis formaTa amamaRlebelia. xolo 

rakiRa TeTri saRebavi yvelaze met 

sinaTlis sxivs ukuhfens da, am denad, 

ufro SesagrZnobia, mSvenieri sxeulic 

miT ufro mSvenieria, ra m denadac TeTria, 

is siSiSvlisas ufro didic Cans, vidre 

sinamdvi leSi aris” 63 . vinkelmanis Tanaxmad, 

arqiteqturis feradi Tu sxva samkauli 

sisadavesTan erTobiT warmoqmnis 

mSvenierebas. `nivTi kargi da mSvenieria 

maSin, rodesac isaa, rac jer ars iyos” 64 . 

amitomac, misi gan c diT, arqiteqturuli 

ornamenti mas aRmatebul miznebs unda 

daeqvemde baros. Sesabamisad, is nagebobis 

danamatad unda CaiTvalos da arc mis 

xasiaTs cvlides da arc mis gamoyenebas. 

ornamenti siSiSvlis Semmos vel Casacmelad 

unda ganixilebodes; rac ufro 

didia Senoba, miT nak lebad saWiroebs is 

ornaments. vinkelmanis Tanaxmad, uZvelesi 

nagebo ba ni, uZveles qandakebebiviT, 

iSviaTad yofila ornamentirebuli 65 . 


64 winckelmann, anmerkingen über die Baukunst, 

1762, 123 

65 vinkelmanis italiel Tanamedrove franCesko 

milicias (1725-98 ww.) sje roda, rom arqiteqtura 

iseTive imitatiuri xelovnebaa, 

rogorc da nar Ce nebi, gansxvaveba ki isaa, 

rom is xelqmnil modelebs baZavs da ara 


xelovnebis nawarmoebTa aRweridan 

gamomdinare, vinkelmani origi nalurut 

yuarsa da Semdgom damatebulsac 

asxvavebda. germanel mxatva r Tana da 

ne oklasicizmis erT umTavres TeoretikosTan, 

rafael mengs Tan (1728-79 ww.) 

erToblivi muSaobisas man moamzada 

narkvevi qandakebe bis reintegraciaze, 

sadac amtkicebs, rom arsebobs wesi, 

rogor unda ga varCioT aRdgenili da 

originaluri, stilizebuli (pastiche, 

pasticcio) da namdvili nawilebi 66 . winare 

publikaciebSi amas ver naxavT da vinkel 

mani Civis, rom, mag., monfokom Tavisi 

Sroma upiratesad gamoqveyne buli naxatebisa 

da gravYurebis mixedviT Seadgina, 

rasac is, identifi ci re bisas, xSirad 

SecdomaSi Seuyvania. heraklesa da 

anTeosis friad sa Sualo, Tan naxevarze 

metad axali, qandakeba man Zv. w. V saukunis 

me ore naxev ris wamyvani moqandakis, 

polikletes naxelavad CaTvala, xo lo 

algar dis Savi marmarilos mZinare figura 

_ antikurad. jonaTan ri Cardsonma 

(1665-1745 ww.), londonelma portretistma 

da xelovnebaze Txzulebe bis 

avtorma, romis sasaxleebi, vilebi da 

qandakebebi TiTqos sizmarSi aRwerao; 

mravali nageboba mas TvaliTac ar unaxavs. 

arada, yve la misi SecdomiTurT, es 

saukeTeso xelmisawvdomi publikaciaa. 

3.4.3. kavasepi 

Tavis ìstoriaSi~ vinkelmans moaqvs 

restavraciis cnobili maga li Tebi, sadac 

iseTi raRaceebia damatebuli, rac antikur 

samyaroSi arc arsebula. is mianiSnebs 

avtors, romelic cdilobs aCvenos, 

ro go ri nalebi yofila Zvelad, sabuTad 

ki mateis sasaxlis `qebuli~ qan da keba 

bunebisas. arqiteqturis Semadgenelnia mSveniereba, 

moxerxebuloba da gamZleoba. 

66 werili biankonis, romi, 1756 wlis agvisto 

(winckelmann, 1952, 242)


aqvs da arki SeniSnavs, rom fexebi mas 

mdare moqandakis xeliT aqvs restavrirebuli. 

zogjer erTi originalis fragmentebi 

ori qanda ke bis dasamzadeblad 

mouxmariaT. aseTi uxerxulobisgan Tavis 

dasaRwe vad, vinkelmani urCevs, gamocemisas 

mainc, danamatebi an spilenZis da febze 

iqnes datanili an warwerebiT miTiTebuli. 

qandakebebisadmi mopy ro bis Taobaze 

misi rekomendaciebi Semdgom bartolomeo 

kavasepim ga na viTara _ romis 

yvelaze qmediTma qandakebis restavratorma, 

romel sac damkveTni mTels evropaSi 

hyavda. kavasepi aqveynebda Tavis 

restav ri rebul namuSevrebs da uCvenebda 

restavrirebulsa Tu antikur nawi lebs. 

upirvelesad yovlisa, misi mtkicebiT, 

restavratorma, raTa mixv des, romeli 

àtributi~ moiSvelios, kargad unda 

icodes xelovnebis is toria da miTologia, 

saamisod ki am sagnebSi Caxedul pirT 

mimar Tos. isicaa, Tu ram saeWvo aris, 

ajobebs qandakeba gausruleblad war movadginoT, 

Torem èrTxelac mcodne kaci 

aRmoaCens, rogorc es xSi rad momxdara, 

sinamdvileSi ra yofila” 67 . meorec, axali 

nawilebi qan dakebis originalis msgavsi 

marmarilosgan da pirvandeli mxatvruli 

ganazraxis mimarT sruli pativiscemiT 

unda keTdebodes. kavasepi wers: 

`restavratoris samuSao is ki ar 

aris, icodes, rogor keT deba mSvenieri 

xeli, mSvenieri Tavi, mSvenieri 

fexi, aramed, icodes, ra nairad 

mibaZos da, me vityodi, ganavrcos 

qanda kebis antikuri skulptoris 

manera da gawafuloba yvela axlad 

damatebul na wilze. rodesac 

vuyureb danamatebs ukve Se laxuli 

qandakebis ama Tu im adgilze, vTqvaT, 

miqelanje los mier, gindac 

gulda guli kvlevisamebr, magram 

origina lis gamomqandakeblis ara 

67 Cavaseppi, 1768 

wa baZvis, aramed namdvili Tu vi- 

Tomcda naklovanebis gamosworebis 

mizniT Sesrulebuls, me SemiZlia 

Sevaqo es danamatebi, rogorc isini 

TavisTvis aris, rogorc nafiqri, 

oRond ara restavracia” 68 . 

mesame, kavasepi gamokveTs, rom rodesac 

danamati keTdeba, is un da miesadagos 

qandakebis zedapirs; araviTar SemTxveva- 

Si ar SeiZleba ori gi naluri qandakebis 

damuSaveba mis axal nawilTan mosargebad. 

vinkel maniviT, isic xazs usvams, rom 

restavraciis mizani ganmanaTlebluria; 

ar SeiZleba xelovnebis nawarmoebis 

originalis mnaxvelis SecdomaSi Seyva na. 

Tu axali nawilebi dausruleblad iqneba 

datovebuli, mokve Ti li ze dapirebi ar 

unda gadaiTalos, maT iseTive iregularuli 

da Se m Txve vi Ti forma unda hqondes, 

rogorc Zvel qandakebebs aqvs. sagan gebo 

yu radRebas uTmobs is Zveli qandakebebis 

zedapirebisadmi mopyro bas. ze dapiri, 

wers igi, xSirad metismetadaa daWmuli 

yovlisgamanadgu re beli drois moqmedebiT, 

Tundac Tavidan is `bella maniera~-s (mSvenieri 

manera) gamo Cinebuli yofiliyo; 

is Civis, rom restavratorebs surT xolme 

moasworon es zedapiri da aseTnairad 

antikuri moqandakis ga wafulo bis yvela 

kvali gaaqron. Tumca yvela qandakebas 

ase ar mopy ro bian, `ga TeTrebul~ qandakebebs 

`spilos Zvlis~ siyviTleSi gardamavali 

si Te T re dasdebia da mis `lustro~-s 

(sikaSkaSe) èrTgvari Rvinis qva~, kidev 

ufro swrafi korozia Seyria. kidev uaresia 

Tanamedrove restavraciaze mosargeba 

da da masTan stilur Sesa ba misobaSi mosayvanad, 

antikuri naSTis rkinis iaraRebiT 

damuSaveba. es, misi azriT, sru lebiT 

Seu wynarebelia. 

amdenad, vinkelmanis ZiriTadi principebis 

midevnebiT, kavasepi am t kicebs, 

rom Selaxuli qandakeba raimegvar 

SekeTebasa Tu restavra ci am de naTlad 

68 Cavaseppi, 1768

unda gaviazroT da misi Tavdapirveli 

mniSvnelobac gavi goT. nebismieri damuSaveba 

arsebuli originaluri masalis 

mimarT pa tiviscemiT unda Catardes da 

originalis mxatvrul ganazraxs unda 

mi y vebodes. erTi mxriv, is aRiarebs, rom 

prioritetuli xelovnebis ori gi naluri 

nawarmoebiT aRfrTovanebaa da, Sesabamisad, 

restavraciam da axalma danamatebma 

SecdomaSi arc obieqtis mnaxveli 

unda Seiyvanos da arc mis Sesaswavlad 

mosuli xelovani. amave azris gagrZelebad, 

ka va sepi gvTavazobs saxelmZRvanelo 

principebsac, Tu rogori un da iyos 

Sesasrulebeli restavraciis odenobis 

mimarTeba arsebul original Tan: 

`sasacilo iqneboda, mogvendomebina 

Tavi agvewyo, Tu marto oden 

cxviri, gindac amaze odnav meti 

mogvepoveba.... kar gad Cata rebuli 

Sepirispirebisa da restavrirebul 

nawile b ze xelovnuri `Rvinis 

qvis~ datanisas, Tanamedrove da 

an ti kuri iolad Seereva erTmaneTs; 

da naklebad gaCveuli Tva - 

li iolad motyuvdeba da erTs 

meorisgan guldagul ve Rar gaar- 

Cevs. geTanxmebiT, rom antikuri 

siZvele SeiZleba cudad xelnaxlebi 

aRmoCndes, magram visurvebdi, 

rom namu Sevris ori mesamedi mainc 

Zveli iyos da yvelaze sagulisx mo 

nawilebic ar iyos Tanamedrove.... 

gana xevrebuli Tavi, wvivi an xeli, 

gacilebiT met siamovnebas mogvgvris, 

ro gorc aris, vidre misgan 

amoyvanili mTliani qanda keba, 

ro mel sac mxolod srulyofili 

sicrue SeiZleba ewodos” 69 . 

kavasepis namuSevrebi didad aqvs naqebi 

enio kirino viskontis (1751-1818 ww.), vinkelmanis 

Semcvlels romis siZveleebisa 

69 Cavaseppi, 1768 


da muzeumebis mTavari komisioneris Tanamdebobaze, 

Semdgom ki parizis luvris 

konse r vators. mis saxelosnoSi restavrirebuli 

qandakebebi mraval muzeum sa Tu 

kerZo koleqciisTvis iqna SeZenili. Tu 

XIX saukuneSi amgvari re integraciebi yvelasTvis 

misaRebi iyo, mogvianebiT, mopyrobis 

wesis Secvlam xSirad moitana `xelovnuri 

patinis~ mocileba, ris gamoc danamatebi 

xiluli, xelisSemSlelic ki gaxda. 

mraval SemTxvevaSi resta v rirebuli 

nawilebic moaSores da qandakebis originals 

fragmentu lo ba daubrunes. 

3.4.4. gavlena praqtikul saqmianobaze 

iman, rom vinkelmanma antikuri saberZne- 

Ti istoriis im xanad gana dida, rodesac 

xelovnebam umwvervales srulyofilebas 

miaRwia, mas yve la Sesabamisi obieqtis 

(qandakebebis, monetebis, mxatvrobis, 

arqiteq tu ris Zeglebis) sistematuri da 

kritikuli ganxilvis meTodis SemuSave 

biskenac ubiZga. is grZnobda, rom 

klasikuri xelovnebis xarisxi Se degia 

gansazRvruli istoriuli viTarebisa, 

romelic gaiara lamazma da moraluri 

pasuxismgeblobis mqone erma, romelmac 

Tavis xelovnaT stimulic misca da SesaZleblobac, 

srulyofilebisTvis mieRwiaT. 

ase rom, misi sazrunavi martooden 

am nawarmoebTa mSveniereba rodi iyo, 

mas sjeroda aseve, rom Tanamedrove xelovanTaTvis 

msgavs doneze asv la mxolod 

erTi gziT, ZvelTa, e.i. ki jer 

kidev arsebuli Sedevrebisa Tu gindac 

maTi fragmentebis damowafebiT aris 

SesaZlebeli. amitomac, vi n kelmanisTvis 

arsebiTi iyo antikuri xelovnebis guldasmiT 

identi fi ci reba da SenarCuneba. 

man gadadga pirveli nabiji Zveli 

nivTebis Seswavla-moazrebisa da maTi 

istoriulad Tu mxatvrulad SefasebisTvis 

mecnieruli meTo debis gamosayeneblad. 

misi gamokvlevebi da publikacie-


bi marTlac gva Z levs uflebas mas àrqeologiis 

mama~ vuwodoT. amave dros, 

mas wvli li konservaciis Tanamedrove 

principebis cxadyofasa da SemuSaveba- 

Sic aqvs Setanili. mniSvnelovania, mag., 

originalisa da mogviano damatebis ganrCeva, 

radgan aseTnairad yuradReba 

originalis Senaxvaze gamaxvil da. amasve 

naTlad aCens vinkelmanis megobris, 

kavasepis mier antikuri qa n dakebebis 

mimarT SemuSavebuli principebi. vinkelmani 

restavracias mTlianad rodi 

iwunebda, magram igi moiTxovda, rom 

mas ar gaeyalbebi na xe lovnebis originaluri 

nawarmoebis koncefcia da arc 

Tanamedro ve danamatebiT aeria gzakvali 

dakvirvebuli damTvaliereblisTvis. 

antikur ZeglTadmi mopyrobis mimarT 

vinkelmanis midgomam Tval na T livi Sedegebi 

sul male gamoiRo. amas cxadhyofs 

XVIII saukunis mi wuruls, metadre ki momdevno 

xanis romSi gatarebuli axleburi 

sares tavracio politika. sazogadoebrivi 

Zeglebis mimarT axleburi poli ti kis 

ganxorcielebisa da Tanamedrove danamatebis 

da antikuri origi nalis mkafiod 

ganrCevis pirvel cnobier cdad, albaT, 

monte sitorios obeliskis restavracia 

unda CaiTvalos. Tumca gvqonia sxvag va ri 

maga li Tebic (mag., miqelanjelos muSaoba 

antikur diokletianes Te r mebSi ek lesiis 

CasaSeneblad), zogadad antikuri Zeglebis 

politika ufro re integraciasa da ganaxlebas 

iwonebda. aravis ufiqria, raimenairad 

ga moeCina Zeglis originaluri, istoriuli 

masala. es gansakuTre biT siqste 

V-sa da misi memkvidreebis mier ramdenime 

ZvelisZveli obe liskis gaTxrasa da 

xelmeored aRmarTvaze iTqmis _ yoveli 

maTgani an romis mniSvnelovani adgilebis 

mosaniSnad, qristianuli eklesiis simbolod 

anda qalaqis saerTo ieris dekoratiul 

elementad daidga. 

XVIII saukunis bolos papma pius VI-m 

(1775-99 ww.) kidev sami obeli s ki aRmar- 

Ta. erTi ripetodan, kvirinalis bor- 

sur. 3.5. montesitorios obeliski XVIII s.-is 

bolos aRadgines da Zvel kve Tilobasac 

moekrZalnen 

cvze, dioskurebis jgu fis gasamSveneblad 

moitanes; meore porta salariasTan 

napovni, espa nur kibesTan mdebare 

santa trinita del montis eklesiis win 

daidga; me samec, odesRac avgustusis 

mzis saaTs ekuTvnoda, maSin ki montesito 

rios mamulSi, miwaze iyo dagdebuli. 

am samTagan ieroglifebi mxo lod masze 

iyo amokveTili, magram is xuT nawilad 

iyo gatexili, ze dapiri ki xanZars daezianebina. 

1790-92 wlebSi is restavrirebul 

da kvlav piaca montesitorios

SuagulSi aRmarTul iqna arqiteqtor 

jo vani antinoris (1734-92 ww.) mier. 

montesitorios obeliskis sarestav 

raciod dakarguli nawilebis reintegraciisTvis 

didZali axali masala 

iyo saWiro. 1703 wels axlo max lo sada 

egvipturi wiTeli granitis uSvelebeli 

(simaRliT 14.75 m da diametriT 1.90 m) 

monoliTuri sveti gaiTxara 70 . romis 

imperator an to ni nus piusisadmi miZ- 

Rvnili es sveti, mogvianebiT cecxlma 

daaziana da gadawyda masala obeliskis 

sarestavraciod moexmaraT. sveti 

did blo ke bad daxerxes, romlebiTac 

Seivso obeliskis forma im mxares, sadac 

Tavisi masala dakarguliyo. magram 

ieroglifebis reintegraciis nacv lad, 

rogorc es berninim piaca navonas obeliskze 

gaakeTa, antino rim naTlad misca 

miTiTeba pativi miegoT ieroglifebis 

arqeologiuri Ri re bulebisTvis _ isini 

xom odindeli civilizaciis kuTvnili 

doku me n tia, romlis interpretireba ar 

unda moxdes. man aseTi gankarguleba gasca: 

`jerovnad SeakeTeT mTeli obeliski 

da ieroglifebi srulad da toveT. nakluli 

nawilebi unda daematos, magram 

ar unda vcadoT Cve n T vis miuwvdomel 

egviptur misteriebze mimaTiTebeli 

morTulobiT mi si falsificireba” 71 . 

70 kvarcxlbeki 1706-8 wlebSi aRadgines da 

ferdinando fugam is 1741 wels piaca di 

montesitorios SuaSi aRmarTa. 1787 wels is 

vatikanSi ga daitanes da pinYas baRis niSaSi 

Cadges. 

71 arch. stato, roma, damowmebulia: D’onofrio, 

1967, 289 


es axleburi midgoma aSkarad sagr- 

Znobi gaxda romSi, rodesac XIX saukunis 

dasawyisSi saxelganTqmulma neoklasicistma 

moqandakem an tonio kanovam da 

vinkelmanis TxzulebaTa italiurad 

mTargmnelma karlo feam antikuri Zeglebis 

restavracia wamoiwyes. or- 

Tave Zalian zrunavda antikuri xanidan 

SemorCenili yoveli fragmentis mimarT 

da es pativiscema, metadre saukunis 

pirvel aTwleulebSi, sarestavracio 

praqtikasac daetyo. meore mxriv, mogviano 

restavraciis erTgvari pu rizmi, 

iqneb, `keTilSobili sisadavis~ vinkelmanis 

koncefciidan da ar qiteqturaSi 

samkaulTa da feris mimarT misi uxaliso 

damokidebu le bi danac modiodes. Tu 

TviT mas ver movTxovT pasuxs klasikuri 

Zeg lebidan mogviano naSenis mongrevis 

gamo, mis mowafeebs SeeZloT Zveli zedapiridan, 

qvis gamosaSiSvleblad, mTeli 

saRebavi CamoefxikaT Tu sxvanairadac 

gaenadgurebinaT maTi mniSvelovnebis 

gaugebrad, mogviano istoriuli xanis 

mowmobani. ase rom, vinkelmani SeiZleba 

CavTvaloT wi namorbedad Tanamedrove 

proeqtirebisa, romelic aseve uaryofs 

Warb ornamentirebas da mTel yuradRebas 

obieqtis funqciur arsze, mis 

ke TilSobil sisadaveze gadaaqvs.

4 

klasikuri Zeglebi 

rogorc es wina TavSi gamoCnda, XVIII 

saukunis miwuruli swored is momenti 

iyo, roca konserva ciis ganviTarebadma 

Tanamedrove princi pebma Tavisi 

pirveli konkretuli gamoxatuleba 

hpova. Sem degi saguli s x mo stimuli maT 

ganviTarebas safrangeTis revolYuciam 

misca, rome lic axali istoriis sakvan- 

Zo movlenad iqca. Tumca imxanad didi 

yu rad Reba eqceoda warsulis memkvidreobis 

yvela movlenas, gansakuTrebuli 

aqcenti klasikur stilze keTdeboda, 

rogorc napoleonis epo qis wamyvan 

mimarTulebaze. aqedan gamomdinare, 

SemTxveviTi rodi iyo, rom gansakuTrebuli 

Zalisxmeva antikuri romis aRdgenas 

moandomes, rogorc warsulSi yvelaze 

Zlevamosili imperiis simbolosi, 

romel Ta nac napoleoni Tavis gaigivebas 

cdilobda. imave klasikur Zeglebs 

Zlieri patriotuli datvirTva gaaCndaT 

papisTvisac, romlis dakveTi Tac 

tardeboda arqeologiuri gaTxrebi da 

umetesi Zeglebis aRdgena romis centrSi. 

ramdenime aTwleulis Semdeg, vinkelmanisa 

da roman tikosebis wyalobiT, 

berZnuli taZrebi demokratiis erTgvar 

niSnebad CaiTvala, xolo antikuri taZrebis 

ànastilozebis~ Seqmna ki erTgvar 

simbolur aqtad axladdafuZnebuli 

berZeni erisTvis. 

4.1. safrangeTis revolYucia 

safrangeTis revolYucia sakonservacio 

politikis ganviTarebaSi sakvanZo momenti 

gaxda. man Tavi mouyara wina aTwleu- 

94 

lebSi arsebul sxvadasxva mimarTulebas, 

romlebmac zogierTi fundamenturi 

cneba Ca mo a yalibes. eseni moicavs 

istoriis, mecnieriebisa da xelovnebis 

Zeg lis, rogorc erovnuli kulturuli 

memkvidreobis cnebas, romelic sasargebloa 

ganaTlebisTvis da, Sesabamisad, 

maTze zrunva saxelmwi fos pasuxsimgeblobas 

warmoadgens. SemuSavda 

agreTve winadadebebi mTe li qveynis 

masStabiT memkvidreobis _ rogorc arqiteqturuli 

Zeg lebis, aseve xelovnebis 

nawarmoebebisa da arqivebis _ aRnusxvisa 

da klasifikaciis Catarebis da maTi, 

rogorc erovnuli saganZuris dac visa. 

am mosazrebebis didi nawili warmatebiT 

iqna Setanili samarT lebriv da samoqmedo 

dokumentebSi rogorc safrangeTSi, 

aseve sxva qveynebSi. 

Tumca dacva da zrunva sxvadasxva xasiaTis 

memkvidreobis obieq tebs exeboda, 

yvelaze TvalnaTlivada da swrafad igi 

antikur Zegle b Tan mimarTebiT gamovlinda. 

isini napoleonis gansakuTrebuli 

inte re sis sagani iyo, radgan igi Tavs 

antikuri romis imperatorTa mem kvidred 

warmoidgenda da dainteresebuli iyo im 

xelSesaxeb mtkice bulebebze zrunviT, 

romlebic Zvel didebas ganasaxierebda. 

wina peri odSi papebisa da burbonebis xelisuflebis 

mier Catarebulma restavra 

ci ebma, cxovelxatulis inglisurma 

koncefciebma da axlad aRmoce ne bulma 

romantizmma restavraciis principebis 

safuZveli Seqmnes. mas mere, rac romi 

imperiis meore dedaqalaqad gamocxadda, 

misi siZvelee bis dacvas axali bi-

Zgi mieca; napoleonma aseve ganizraxa, 

mTeli rigi mni Svnelovani siZveleebisa 

parizSi gadaetana. sakanon mdeblo, 

adminis tra ciuli da sarestavracio 

principebis zegavlena ma le sagrZnobi 

gaxda safranegTsa da saberZneTSi da 

Sesabamisad, sxva qveynebSic. 

arsebuli mdgomarebis kritikis mo- 

Zalebam, socialuri Tanaswo ro bi sa da 

politikuri warmomadgenlobis survili, 

rac 1776 wlis 4 iv lisis amerikis 

damoukideblobas mohyva, is faqtorebi 

iyo, romleb mac safrangeTis revolYucia 

gamoiwvia da axali epoqis niSnuli 

gax da. 1789 wlis 14 ivliss bastiliis 

aReba da dangreva revolYuciuri epoqis 

dawyebis simbolo gaxda. man agreTve 

dasabami misca safrangeT Si istoriuli 

Zeglebis da xelovnebis nimuSebis iavaryofisa 

da gana d gurebis epoqas. imave 

wels monastrebis Seviwroveba da keTil- 

Sobili ojaxebisa da samefo qonebis 

konfiskacia xalxisTvis Zveli batonebis 

mimarT risxvis gamoxatuleba gaxda. 

amis Tanmdevi ngreva da vandaliz mi sakanomdeblo 

gankargulebebiT iqna ganmtkicebuli. 

1792 wels erov nulma asambleam 

ganacxada, rom: `Tanasworobis da 

Tavisuflebis wmin da principebi krZalavs 

adaminebis Tvalwin aRmarTuli 

iyos ampartav ne bis, crurwmenebisa da 

tiraniisadmi miZRvnili Zeglebi~. 72 imis 

gaTva lis winebiT, rom msgavsi Zeglebis 

brinjaos karebis gamoyeneba SesaZ le beli 

iyo `mamulis~ dasacavad aucilebeli 

iaraRis dasamzadeb lad, nebismieri warwera, 

niSani, an simbolo, romelic mefes 

an feodalizms moagonebdaT, dauyonebliv 

unda ganadgurebuliyo da gadadnobiliyo 

liTonis misaRebad. 

momdevno aTwleulSi safrangeTma 

xelovnebis mniSvnelovani ni mu Sebi da 

istoriuli nagebobebi dakarga: maTi 

masala an iyideboda, an axlad gamoiyeneboda, 

an sxva saxiT nadgurdeboda. 

72 dekreti, 14.VIII.1792, muxli 1, 3. 

klasikuri Zeglebi 95 

mxolod parizSi Sua saukuneebis uamra 

vi eklesia-monasteri ganadgurda, an 

funqcia Sei c vala da gadakeTda. kankelebis 

jvarcmebi, saflavis qandakebebi 

da Zeglebi miwaze Camoagdes. magali- 

Tad, parizis RmrTismSoblis taZarma 

dakarga `mefeebis galereis~ mTeli rigi 

dasavleT fasadze, dazian da da damaxinjda 

taZris sxva nawilebic da 1794 wels 

is sursaTis saw yobad gamoiyeneboda. 

sasaxleebsa da cixe-darbazebs ZaliT 

ikavebd nen, xolo maTSi arsebul avejs 

da koleqciebs yiddnen an anadgurebdnen. 

miuxedavad imisa, rom 1801 wlis 

konkordatma napoleonsa da romis paps 

pius VII-s Soris formaluri mSvidoba 

daamyara saxelmwifosa da eklesias Soris, 

ganadgureba kidev XIX saukuneSic 

sakmaod didxans grZeldeboda. Tavad 

napoleons didi gegmebi hqonda Tavisi 

dedaqala qis Taobaze da kidev ori aTwleuli 

rom ecxovra, Zveli parizidan 

aRa raferi darCeboda. 

4.1.1. dacvisa da aRnusxvis 

gankargulebebi safrangeTSi 

revolYuciis Sedegad eklesiis, 

feodalebisa da mefis sakuTreba 

erovnul kuTvnilebad gamocxadda 

da saxelmwifos misi movla da dacva 

daevala. faqtobrivad, revoluciis 

pirveli wlebidanve daiwyo spe cialuri 

dekretebis gamocema, romlebic avalebda 

municipalur an sa xelmwifo administracias 

am qonebis siebis Sedgenas, 

kerZod, xelnawe rebis, wignebis, moZravi 

nivTebis, magram zogadad Zeglebisac 

da maTi meurveobis dawesebas. 73 1790 

wels `Zeglebis komisias~ (Commission des 

monuments), romlis wevri cnobili mxatvari 

lui davidi iyo, daevala xelovne- 

73 memkvidreobis dacvis dekretebi, mag., 7 

da 14.XI.1789, 14.VIII.1790, 13 da 23.X.1790, 

10.VI.1793, 27.I.1794.


bis nimuSebze zrunva da maTi aRwerilobebis 

Sed gena. es komi sia nawilobriv 

erovnuli asambleis komitetebs eqvemde 

bareboda, nawi lob riv ki _ parizis 

municipalitets. 1791 wels Seiqm na Comité 

d’instruction publique (sazogadoebrivi 

ganaTlebis komiteti), ro mel sac nawilobriv 

daekisra pasuxismgebloba Zeglebis 

dacvaze. 1793 wels Zeglebis 

komisia gauqmda da axali Commission des 

arts (xelovneba Ta komi sia) daarsda. misi 

amocana iyo aRenusxa eris kuTvnili 

yvela is obi eqti, romelic sasargeblo 

iqneboda saxalxo ganaTlebisTvis 

74 . misi wevrebi iyvnen arqiteqtorebi, 

mag., fransua-joze de lanoa (1794 w.) da 

Sarl persYe (1795 w.), orive romis didi 

premiis konkursSi gama r j vebuli. 1795 

wels es komisiac gaumqmda. 

miuxedavad imisa, rom revolYuciis 

dros konservaciisTvis saxa r bie lo pirobebi 

namdvilad ar yofila, mainc moxerxda 

ramdenime fu Zemdebeli principis 

formulireba restvarciisTan mimarTebiT; 

xolo ko misiebis an calkeul pirTa 

Careva xSirad gadamwyveti xdeboda isto 

riuli nagebobebis an xelovnebis nimuSebis 

ganadgurebisgan gada sar Cenad. 

mag., Commission temporaire des art-ma (xelovnebis 

droebiTma komi siam) gadaarCina 

SantilYes cixe-darbazi, san-maSonis 

koSki mantSi, fran siades eklesia, sendenis 

brinjaos kari. 1790 wels obenlui 

mi lenma (1759-1818 ww.) warmoadgina 

erovnuli siZveleebis (Antiquetés nationales) 

pirveli tomi, sadac man Camoayaliba 

istoriuli Zeglis cne ba. 1793 

wels politikosma Jozef lakanalma da 

maTematikosma Sarl rom ma vandalizmis 

sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT mimarTes 

konvents da mo iT xoves Zeglebisa da xe- 

74 komisiis Tavdapirveli amocana qandakebaTa, 

suraTebis, wigne bis, xelnawerTa aRwerilobebis 

Sedgena iyo. 18.VIII.1793. amocana ukve 

yve la, èris kuTvnil da ganaTlebisTvis 

sasargeblo~ saganze gavrce l da. 

lovnebis nimuSTa ufro Sedegiani dacva. 

kanonebi, romlebic iZleoda feodaluri 

da samefo simboloebis ganadgurebis 

uflebas, amavdroulad 

adas turebda gansakuTrebuli Ri rebulebis 

mqone obieqtebis Senaxvis 

aucileblobas. 1792 wlis 14 oq tombris 

dekreti avalebda Zeglebis komisias `sagangebod 

gaekontro lebina im obieqtebis 

Senaxva-konservacia, romlebic gansakuTrebul 

in teress iwvevda Tavisi mxatvruli 

Rirebulebis gamo~. 75 SemoRebul 

iqna ag reTve jarimebi maTTvis, 

vinc anadgurebda erovnul simdidres: 

1792 wlis 6 ivnisis dekreti iTvalisiwnebda 

orwlian patimrobas amgvari vandalizmisTvis. 

ufro metic, 1793 wlis 

24 oqtombers, Comité d’instruction publiqueis 

mosmenis Semdeg kanonebis darRvevisa 

da xelovne bis nawarmoebTa ganadgurebis 

Taobaze, konventma daadgina, rom 

àkrZa lulia feodalizmisa da samefo 

Zalauflebis kvalis aRmofxvris sa ba biT 

bibliTekebidan, koleqciebidan, kerZo 

galereebidan, muzeumebi dan... im wignebis, 

xelnawerebis, gravYurebis, naxatebis, 

ferweris, re liefebis, qandakebebis, 

siZveleebis…... amoReba, ganadgureba, 

raime saxiT gadakeTeba... romlebic 

xelovnebis, istoriis da ganaTlebis 

mxrivaa sagulisxmo” 76 . gacnobierebul 

iqna, rom kulturuli memkvidre o bis 

dacva mniSvnelovania saganmanaTleblo 

miznebisTvis, raTa Senar Cu ne bul yofiliyo 

`safrangeTis wamyvani pozicia 

komerciasa da indu s t riaSi~ 77 . 

xelovnebis nawarmoebTa da istoriul 

ZeglTa konservaciis mni Sv neloba 

SemdgomSi kidev ufro xazgasmuli iyo 

im dokumentSi, rome lic exeboda mTels 

respublikaSi im obieqtebis aRwerasa 

75 dekreti, 14.VIII.1792, muxli 4 

76 dekreti, 24.X.1793, muxli 1. 

77 dekreti, 24.X.1793.

da konserva cias, romlebic saWiroa xelovnebis, 

mecnierebisa da ganaTlebisTvis. 

do kumenti Commission temporaire 

des arts-is mier Comité d’instruction publiqueisTvis 

warsadgenad 1793 wlis ianvarSi 

momzadda da damtkicebul iqna imave 

wlis 5 marts. ganaTlebas am dokumentSi 

fuZemedebeli roli eni Weboda. `xalxi 

ar daiviwyebs, rom goneba Zlierdeba 

safuZvliani da rea luri ganaTlebiT. ganaTleba 

ukve gaxda saukeTeso saSualeba 

ada mi a ne bis ganaxlebisa da didebis misaRwevad. 

igi maTTvis xelmisawv doms qmnis 

didi Zalis berkets maTi erebis asayvaveblad, 

samefo taxt Ta dasamxobad da 

Secdomebis memorialebis samaradisod 

uarsayofad.” 78 dokumentSi gancxadebuli 

iyo, rom is obieqtebi, romlebic 

am didaq ti kur miznebs emsaxureba, 

moipoveboda anulirebul dawesebulebebSi 

(mag., biblioTekebi, muzeumebi, 

koleqciebi). arasdros adre xalxisTvis 

ar SeuTavazebiaT obieqtebis aseTi simravle: 

axla es maTi memkvidreo ba gaxda 

da maTi movaleoba iyo eswavlaT warsulis 

is gakveTilebi, romlebic am sagnebSi 

iyo aRbeWdili da `momavali TaobebisTvis 

ga daecaT axal furclebTan 

erTad~. 79 amis gamo aseve arsebiTi iyo 

am mem kvidreobis konservaciis uzrunvelyofa. 

dokumentSi gancxadebul iyo: 

`yvelani, vinc Tqveni respublikuri 

Rirsebebis gamo xarT mxar damWerebi 

Tavisuflebisa, romelic axla ibadeba, 

SeikribeT da gaixareT. Tumca, Tqven 

unda uzrunvelyoT umkacresi kontroli 

am TvalsazrisiT. gulgriloba 

danaSauli iqneboda, vinaidan Tqven 

xarT WeSmariti mcvelebi memkvidreobisa, 

razec Cvens did ojaxs aqvs sruli 

ufleba, angariSi mogTxovoT. im sax- 

78 Instruction sur la manière d’inventorier et de conserver, 

dans toute l’ étendie de la République, tous les 

objets qui peuvent servir aux arts, aux sciences, et ά 

l’enseigment. 

79 Instruction 


lebSi, romlebic laCrulad miatoves 

Tqvenma mtrebma, Tqven ipoviT am memkvidreobis 

nawils. gonebis saxeliT, unda 

movaxdinoT misi Sefaseba... yoveli 

TqvenTagani unda ise moiqces, TiTqos 

mar T lac erma dagakisraT maTi dacvis 

pasuxismgebloba .80 

es memkvidreoba aRiqmeboda, rogorc 

adamianis inteleqtis far To diapazonis 

momcveli erToblioba, bunebismetyvelebiT 

da medici niT dawyebuli da 

siZveleebiT, xelovnebiTa da arqiteqturiT 

damTav re bu li. klasifikacia 

unda momxdariyo erTiani ganzomilebebisa 

da leqsikis gamoyenebiT, vinaidan 

adamianis moRvaweobis yvela es sfero 

urTierTkavSirSia. klasifikacia unda 

warmoebuliyo saqmianobis sfe ro sa da 

adgilmdebareobis mixedviT. arqiteqturis 

sferoSi unda aR nusxuliyo yvela 

istoriuli Zegli qveyanaSi maTi xnovanebis, 

mdebare o bis, nagebobis tipisa 

da misi morTulobis mixedviT, agreTve 

konst ruq ciuli mdgradobis, SekeTebis 

saWiroebisa da axali gamoyenebis rekomendaciebis 

miTiTebiT. 

4.1.2 abati greguari 

ìnstruqciebTan~ mWidro kavSirSi iyo 

bluas episkoposis da Comité d’instruction 

publique-is wevris, abati anri greguaris 

(1750-1831 ww.) mox senebebic. misi pirveli 

moxsenebiTi baraTi xelnawerTa Senaxvakon 

servaciisa da biblioTekis mowyobis 

Taobaze iqna Sedgenili. danarCe ni sami 

ki vandalizmis faqtebs exeboda: `vandalizmiT 

gamowveuli ngre va da misi 

Tavidan acilebis saSualebebi~. yvela 

maTgani 1794 wli Taa daTariRebuli 81 . 

80 Instruction 

81 ‘rapport de l’abbé Grégoire sur les inscriptions, 22 

nivose an ii’ (11.i.1794); ‘rapport de Grégoire sur la 

Bibliographie, portant sur la conservation des manuscrits 

et l’organisation des bibliothèques, 22 Germinal


greguari yuradRebas amaxvilebda kulturuli 

me m kvidreobis konservaciis saganmanaTleblo 

mizezebze. sityva `vandalizmi~ 

misi SemoRebulia amgvari qmedebebis 

aRmofxvris mizniT, rom lebsac igi 

kontrrevolYuciurad miiCnevda, radgan 

es frangebs sxva ere bis TvalSi barbarosebad 

warmoadgenda. igi acxadebda: 

`barbaro sebs da monebs sZulT codna da 

anadgureben xelovnebis nawarmoebebs. 

Ta visufal adamianebs ki uyvarT isini 

da inaxaven maT.” 82 greguaris az riT, 

antikuri Zeglebi erTgvari medlebis 

msgavsi iyo da mTlianobaSi unda yofiliyo 

Senaxuli. Sua saukuneebisa da 

ufro mogviano nagebo be bic agreTve 

unda SenarCunebuliyo Tavisi warwerebiT, 

romlebic `xSi rad avsebdnen saarqivo 

monacemebs warwerebSi mocemuli 

faqtebiT; isini ayalibeben istoriis 

etapebs~ 83 . imis gacnobiereba, Tu ra aris 

mSvenieri da ra aris kargi, Seadgenda 

`gulis siwrfelis~ nawils. am grZnobisa 

da Rirsebebis gavrceleba, misi azriT, 

arsebiTi iyo mecnie rebis aRorZinebisa 

da adamianTa zneobisTvis. 

greguari xazs usvamda yvela drois 

istoriuli Zeglis dokumen tur Rirebulebas 

da maTi, rogorc mTlianobis 

dacvis saWiroebas. igi moiTxovda 

agreTve, rom obieqtebi daculi yofiliyo 

Tavis Tavda pirvel adgil-samyofelSi 

da maTi gadatan-gadmotana 

mxolod konser va ciis mizniT momxdariyo. 

es iyo winaswarganWvreta 1830-iani 

an ii’ (11.iv.1794); ‘rapport de Grégoire sur “les 

destructions opèrèes par le vandalisme et les moyens 

de le réprimer’’’ 14 Fructidor an ii (31.viii.1794); 

‘Deuxième rapport de Grégoire sur le vandalisme, 8 

Brumaire an iii’ (24.X.1794); ‘troisième rapport de 

Grègoire sur le vandalisme, 24 Frimaire an iii’ (14. 

Xii.1794). 

82 abbé Grégoire: Rapport sur vandalisme, 

31.viii.1794. 

83 abbé Grégoire: Rapport sur les inscriptions, 

11.i.1794: 9 

wlebis Tvalsazrisebisa, roca saxelmwifo 

ufro organizebuli gaxda istori 

ul Zeglebze sazrunavad. am dokumentebis 

zneobrivi aspeqtebi gva gonebs 

aseve vinkelmans da win uswrebs jon 

raskinsa da XIX sauku nis miwurulis 

sakonservacio moZraobas. am moxsenebebSi 

wamoWrili prob le me bis gaTvaliswinebiT, 

Comité d’instruction publique-is 

mier momzadda axa li dekretebi: damtkicda 

orwliani patimroba yvelasTvis, 

vinc ki da an grevda an daazianebda “des 

monuments de science et d’arts~ (mecnierebisa 

da xe lovnebaTa Zeglebs). 84 greguaris 

mowinaaRmdegeni amtkicebdnen, rom 

mis angariSebSi warmodgenili ngrevis 

faqtebi gazviadebulia. mi u xe davad imisa, 

rom komitetis muSaobam xeli Seuwyo 

zogierTi nawar moe bis gadarCenas, mTeli 

qveynis masStabiT ngreva-ga nadgureba kvlavac 

grZeldeboda. 1793 wels aaoxres 

klYunis monasteri, romelic Semdeg 

upatronod darCa 1798 wlamde, rodesac 

sabolood daingra. igive bedi ewvia mraval 

monasters, eklesiasa da sasaxles. 

magaliTad, 1794 wels strasburgis kaTedralma 

kankelis 235 qandakeba dakarga, 

albis kaTed ralma ki 70. miuxedavad 

mniSvnelovani sakanonmdeblo mcdelobisa, 

ro melTac kulturuli memkvidreobis 

aRwerilobaTa Sedgena unda moetana, 

maTi dadebiTi Sedegebi mxolod ramdenime 

aTwleulis Semdeg ga movlinda. 

4.1.3. muzeumebi 

muzeumebi ganixileboda, rogorc erTgvari 

TavSesafari moZravi obieqtebis 

dasacavad. es 1793 wlis dekretSicaa 

miTiTebuli. luvris sa saxle jer 

kidev 1775 wlidan muzeumad gaxsnes. 

1791 wels zogierTi saxelosnos sivrce 

gamoyenebul iqna xelovnebis nawarmoe- 

84 dekreti, greguaris azrze dayrdnobiT, sazogadoebrivi 

ganaT le bis komitetma miiRo.

Ta gamosa fe nad. Semdeg wels iq ganlagda 

saxelmwifo koleqciebi, xolo 

1793 wels ki lui XVI-is koleqcia (mas 

mere, rac mas Tavi mohkveTes) daema ta. 

maSin roca aoxrebuli monastrebis xelovnebis 

nawarmoebebis ume tesoba ganadgurda, 

darCenili nivTebi an gaiyida, 

an saxelmwifo saca vebSi ganlagda. 

amgvar sacavad Petits-augustins-is monasteri 

SeirCa da 1791 wels mis kuratorad 

aleqsandre lenuari (1762-1839 ww.) dainiSna. 

upirveles yovlisa, man daiwyo iq 

arsebuli nivTebis inventarizacia; Semdeg 

man qandakebebi qronologiur rigze 

ganalaga XIII, XIV da XV saukuneebis darbazebSi. 

garda amisa, arsebobda misaRebi 

oTaxi, sadac warmodgenili iyo safrangeTis 

qandakebis istoriis mimoxilva 

antiku ri droidan axal droebamde. 1795 

wels es koleqcia gaixsna sajaro daTvalierebisTvis, 

rogorc musée des monuments 

Français (frangul Zegl Ta muzeumi). 

Tavdapirvelad koleqcia moicavda 

parizsa da mis SemogarenSi mo povebul 

nawarmoebebs, mogvianebiT ki safrange- 

Tis sxva nawilebisa sac. iq iyo, magali- 

Tad, mefeTa ramdenime qandakeba sendenidan. 

samwuxa rod, lenuarma ver Caaswro 

klYuniSi qandakebebis SesaZenad. 

nivTebs arCevdnen da xSirad muzeumSi 

restvaraciisTvis mohqondaT. am Ronis- 

Ziebebis sistematuri xasiaTis miuxedavad, 

isini Sua saukuneebis xelo v nebis 

SezRudul codnas emyareboda. xSirad 

sxvadasxva warmoSobis fragmentebs erT 

nawarmoebad aerTianebdnen. ase moxda 

eloizasa da abelYaris saflavis Zeglis 

SemTxvevaSi romlebic elises (Elysée) 

mim debare baRSi iyo ganTavsebuli. baRi, 

faqtorbrivad, muzeumis nawili gaxda 

da Seicavda mravali iseTi gamoCenili 

adamianis akldamebs, ro gorebicaa, 

magaliTad, molYeri, lafonteni da 

monfoko. muzeumi da misi baRi Zalian 

popularuli gaxda respublikisa da imperiis 

xanaSi. bevri mxatvari, mag., da- 


vidi, engri, Yuber roberi, modiodnen 

aq saswav leblad. koleqciis katalogi 

TerTmetjer gamoica (erTxel inglisura 

dac ki). Tumca gamoCndnen kritikosebic. 

1801 wlis konkordatis Sem deg 

gaCnda religiuri daniSnulebis nivTebis 

eklesiebSi dabrune bis survili. bevr 

xelovans erCivna xelovnebis nawarmoebebi 

Tavis Ta v dapirvel adgilsamyofelSi 

enaxa, xolo zogi arakoreqtuli 

restav ra cia ki eldismomgvreli iyo. 

4.1.4. katremer de kensi 

Tumca lenuarma bevri iRvawa Tavisi 

muzeumis Sesaqmnelad, igi, et yoba, naklebad 

erkveoda Sua saukuneebis xelovnebis 

mxatvrul Rir se bebSi; misTvis 

koleqciis organizeba umTavresad 

aRmzrdelobiTi sa q mianoba iyo. bolo 

kritikuli dartyma antuan-qrisostom 

kat re mer de kensim (1755-1849 ww.) miayena, 

klasikurma arqeologma da xelovnebaTmcdnem, 

romelic TviTonac nakleb 

afasebda Sua saukuneebs da sZulda 

muzeumebi. magram is darwmunebuli iyo, 

rom xelovnebis nimuSebi Ta vianT Tavdapirvel 

samyofelSi unda ganTavsebuliyo. 

iwinaswarme tyve la ra XX saukunis 

futuristTa mosazreba, is Tvlida, rom 

muzeu mi aris xelovnebis dasasruli 

(léon, 1951; 84). 

Zeglebis gadaadgileba, maTi fragmentebis 

Segroveba da maTi si s temurad 

klasificireba niSnavs mkvdari eris Seqmnas: 

ès igivea, saku Tar dasaflavebas 

sicocxleSive daeswro; es niSnavs, 

mokla xelovne ba, raTa misgan istoria 

Seqmna; es sinamdvileSi istoriis Seqmna 

ki ar aris, aramed epitafiis~ (Quatremère, 

1989: 48). 

1816 wels, napoleonis damarcxebis 

Semdeg, katremeri dainiSna na tif xelovnebaTa 

akademiis mdivnisa da agreTve 

Intedant géneral des arts et monuments publiques-


sur. 4.1. museé des monuments Français gaixsna xalxisaTvis 1795 wels, misi ku ra tori iyo a. 

lenuari. aq warmodgenilia XVII s-is oTaxis interieri. (de rek lin s trumis koleqciidan)

is (xelovnebaTa da ZeglTa generaluri 

intendanti) Ta namdebobaze. imave wlis 

24 aprils man gasca gankarguleba, raTa 

is nivTebi, romlebic lenuarma muzeumSi 

Seagrova, Tavdapirvel mflobe lebs dabruneboda. 

zog SemTxvevaSi amis gakeTeba 

SesaZlebeli iyo, zog SemTxvevaSi ki isini 

sxvadasxva koleqciebSi gadaitanes an 

sulac da i karga, vinaidan Tavdapirveli 

adgilsamyofeli aRar arsebobda. 1776 

wels katremerma imogzaura romSi, sadac 

oTxi weli dahyo. mas wakiT xu li hqonda 

vinkelmani, Sexvedroda davidsa da 

mengss da romis muze umebis da siZveleebis 

momavali direqtoris, antonio kanovas 

piradi me gobari gaxda. swavla man 

safrangeTsa da inglisSi gaagrZe la, 1789 

wels parizis deputatad iqna arCeuli 

da 1791 wels Comité d’instruction publique-is 

wevri gaxda. katremeri gansakuTrebuli 

gznebiT icavda xelovnebas da xelovanT 

da aseve gansakuTrebiT dainterese buli 

iyo kanonmdeblobis sakiTxebSi. samwuxarod, 

igi politikur sir Tu leebs Seejaxa, 

is daatusaRes da Semdgom gadaasaxles. 

rodesac napoleonma 1797 wlis tolentinos 

zavis safuZvelze aiZu la papi 

pius VI e.w. `napoleonis Taigulis” (bouquet 

de napoléon) saf rangeTisTvis gadmocema, 

katremeri imdenad ganrisxda, rom 

cixidan werilebis mTeli wyeba miswera 

Tavis mfarvels, rac SemdgomSi gamoi ca 

saTauriT “Lettres au Général Miranda” (werilebi 

general mirandas). `Ta i guli~ Seicavda 

iSviaT wignebsa da xelnawerebs, 

aseve italiuri xe lovnebis as yvelaze 

cnobil nawarmoebs, rogoricaa belvederis 

apo loni, laokooni, belvederis 

torsi, rafaelis, korejos da gvido 

renis ferweruli tiloebi. katremeris 

azriT, xelovnebis es nawarmoe bebi 

italias, xelovnebis udides skolas 

ekuTvnoda. am nawarmoebebs sagangebo 

mniSvneloba hqonda italiaSi da es 

mniSvneloba sxvagan ga datanisas ikarge- 


boda. igi ambobda, rom antikuri romi 

`hgavs diad wigns, romelic gaanadgura 

drom, an daSala misi furclebi. Tanamedrove 

kvleva-Zieba yoveldRe avsebs 

am danakargebs da aRadgens maT.” 85 romi 

faqtiurad iyo muzeumi, romelsac 

Seadgendnen: 

`qandakebebi, kolosebi, taZrebi, obeliskebi, 

satriumfo svetebi, Termebi, 

cirkebi, amfiTeatrebi, satriumfo Ta- 

Rebi, samarxebi, stu koebi, freskebi, 

re liefebi, warwerebi, fragmentebi, 

or na mente bi, samSeneblo masalebi, gamarTulobani, 

iaraRebi, da sxv. da sxv. 

magram igi agreTve moicavs adgilebs, 

adgilsam yoflebs, borc vebs, samtexloebs, 

Zvel zRaprebs da Tqmulebebs, 

danger uli qalaqebis sivrceSi mimarTebas; 

geografiul kavSi rebs, yve la obieqtis 

saziaro urTierTobebs, mogonebebs, 

adgi lobriv Cve ule bebs, jerac arsebul 

adaT-wesebs, paralelebsa da kavSirebs, 

rom lebic mxolod TviT am qveyanaSia 

SesaZlebeli~. 86 

katremeri amtkicebda, rom berZnul 

nawarmoebebs, romlebic Ta vis qveyanas 

mocilebulia, aRar moakldaT saber- 

ZnebTis adamianuroba da simSvide. aseve, 

Tuki mdinaris RmerTebis gamoqaruli 

qandakebebi ti b ris napirebidan parizSi 

iqneba gadmotanili, isini mxolod da mxolod 

qvis talaxian namsxvrevebad warmogvidgeba. 

arc maTi tkbobis Tvis iqneba 

dro; mnaxvelebic gulgrilni darCebian. 

katremeris Tval Si ita liidan misi 

klasikuri Sedevrebis gatana niSnavda 

evropis ga naTlebis ZiriTadi wyaros 

ganadgurebas. 1818 wels katermerma 

miswera kanovas romSi mTeli rigi werilebisa, 

im dros britaneTis muzeumSi 

ga mofenili eljinis marmariloebis 

Taobaze. am SemTxvevaSi misi pozi cia 

gansxvavebuli iyo imisgan, romelic 

man romTan mimarTebiT dai kava. igi mis- 

85 Quatremère, 1989:205 

86 Quatremère, 1989:207


aRebad miiCnevda berZnuli Zeglebis gadatanas 

maTi dacva-gadarCenis uzrunvelsayofad 

_ Tavis Tavdapirvel adgilze 

maT xom yo veldRiuri ganadgurebisa 

da Zarcvis safrTxe emuqrebodaT (Quatremère, 

1989:91). 

es omaxiani gzavnili imis Taobaze, 

rom xelovnebis nawarmoe bebi ekuTvnis 

Tavis kulturul da gegrafiul konteqsts, 

safrangeTSi sxva xelovanTa mierac 

iqna gaziarebuli. es mosazreba frangul 

kon te q stSic iqna gamoyenebuli: anu Sua 

saukuneebis qandakebebi unda dar Ceniliyo 

Tavis arqiteqturul konteqstSi. 

faqtobrivad, es iyo katre me ris mTavari 

argumenti lenuaris muzeumis winaaRmdeg. 

siZveleni tu luzaSi amgvaradve 

Seagrova aleqsandre dYu meJem (1786-1862 

ww.), ro melic gansakuTrebiT dainteresebuli 

iyo pireneebis sanaxebiT, rac 

Cans misi gamocemebidan “l’archéologie pyrénéenne” 

(pireneebis arqeologia). icoda 

ra revolYuciis dros momxadari ngrevis 

Sesaxeb, dYu meJes sur da, uzrunveleyo 

xelovnebis nawarmoebTa dacva. amitom 

man Seqmna mu zeumi Musée du Midi de la Republique 

(respublikis samxreTis muzeumi), 

ro melic 1794 wels avgustinelTa monasterSi 

ganTavsda. TumcaRa, am ko leqcias 

iseTive winaaRmdegoba Sexvda, rogorc 

parizSi, ris gamoc dYu meJes Sors gamiznuli 

gegmebi mxolod nawilobriv 

ganxorcielda. 

safrangeTis revolYucia kulturuli 

memkvidreobis Sefasebisa da dacvis 

sxvadasxva mimarTulebisTvis sinTezis 

momenti gaxda. vanda lizmma da istoriuli 

Zeglebis ngrevam (orTav cneba 

revolYuciis dros gamoikveTa) `radikaluri 

wvlili~ Seitana im memkvidreobis 

do kumentaluri, mecnieruli da mxatvruli 

Rirebulebebis axlebur gagebaSi, 

romelic adamianTa umetesobisTvis 

aqamde miuwvdomeli da akrZa lulic 

ki iyo. axla, Cveulebriv moqalaqeebs 

pirvelad miecaT saSua le ba gacnobod- 

nen xelovnebis am, maTTvis ucnob nawarmoebebs. 

maTgan unda eswavlaT warsulis 

gakveTilebi, raTa safrangeTs wamyvani 

adgi li hqonoda mecnierebisa da ekonomikis 

dargebSic ki. yovel moqalaqes 

(kacsa Tu qals) hqonda moraluri pasuxismgebloba 

am TvalsazrisiT da angariSvaldebuli 

iyo eris winaSe ara mxolod 

dRes, aramed momav lis pirispirac. 

4.2. klasikuri siZveleebis 

restavracia romSi 

italiaSi, klasikuri antikurobis sam- 

SobloSi, sadac Zveli Zeg le bis dacvis 

kanonmdebloba jer kidev renesansis 

drosve Camoyalib da da sadac mTavari 

konservatoris Tanamdeboba ukve rafaelis 

droi dan arsebobda, dacvi- 

Ti RonisZiebebi xSirad patriotuli 

suliskve Tebis gamoxatulebad warmoCindeboda. 

revolYuciis wlebSi, roca fran 

gulma jarebma italiuri saxelmwifoebi 

daikaves da Zarcvavdnen an qveynidan 

gahqondaT xelovnebis umniSvnelovanesi 

nawarmoebebi, es grZnobebi kidev ufro 

gaZlierda. roca pius VII-m 1800 wels papis 

tax ti daikava, misi erTi upirvelesi 

sazrunavi gaxda Zveli Zeglebis dacva 

da drodadro restavraciac ki, iseve 

rogorc danakargis Casa nacvleblad 

gaTxrebis Catareba meti siZveleebis 

mopovebis mizniT. 1799 wels frangebis 

gaZevebis Semdeg, papis samflobeloebi kvlav 

mas daubrunda da piuss VII (1800-1823 

ww.) roms 1800 wlis ivnisSi Cavida, ra Ta 

wm. petres taxti daekavebina. upirveles 

yovlisa, igi zrunavda pa pis administraciis 

mowesrigebaze; gansakuTrebuli 

yuradReba daeT mo xelovnebis nawarmoebTa 

da siZveleTa dacvis gaumjobesebas, 

rom lebic franguli mmarTvelobis 

dros dazianda. adre maT dasacavad da 

maTi eqsportis kontrolis mizniT ramdenime 

ediqti gamoica (mag., 1624, 1646,

1717, 1726, 1733, 1750). Tumca isini ar 

iyo efeqtiurad amoqmedebuli da papis 

samflobeloebis gaRatakebasTan erTad, 

xelovnebis nawarmoe bebis an koleqciebis 

ucxoelTaTvis miyidva Cveuleba gaxda. 

1801 wels iuristi da arqeologi 

karlo fea (1753-1836 ww.) Commissario delle 

Antichità-s (siZveleTa komisari) Tanamdebobaze 

dainiSna, xo lo Sem deg wels 

saxelganTqmuli neo-klasikosi moqandake 

antonio kanova (1757-1822 ww.) Ispettore 

delle Belle Arti (natif xelovnebaTa 

inspeqto ri) gaxda. Camera Apostolica-Si, 

sazogado kanonmdeblobaze, xelovnebis 

na warmoebebisa da siZveleebis zedamxedvelobasa 

da Sefasebaze pasu xis mgebeli 

e.w. Camerlengato iyo. Ispettore da Commissario 

iniSnebodnen Camerlengato-s mier 

da politikasa da xarisxis kontrolze 

iyvnen pasu xismgebelni. xazina pasuxismgebeli 

iyo fasebis kontrolze, iseve 

ro gorc samuSaoTa zedamxedvelobasa 

da ganxorcielebaze, Consiglio d’arte-sa da 

arqiteqtor-inspeqtorebis daxmarebiT. 

TumcaRa pasuxismgeb lo bebis or departaments 

Soris ganawileba sxvadasxvagvari 

gagebis sababs iZleoda. 

4.2.1. siZveleTa marTva 

sarestavracio samuSaoTa ganxorcielebisas 

xazinas dasayrdenad Accademia 

di San Luca-s wevrebi da profesorebi 

hyavda. am dawesebulebas, romelic 

1593 wels daarsda, didi gavlena da 

saxeli hqonda, mis wevrebs italiisa da 

sxva qveynebis wamyvan xelovanTa Soris 

irCevdnen. antikuri Zeglebis konservaciaSi 

yvelaze aqtiurad ju zepe kamporezi 

(1736-1822 ww.), rafael Sterni (1774- 

1820 ww.) da juzepe valadYe (1762-1839 

ww.) iyvnen Cabmuli. 1803 wels kamporezis 

siZveleTa Zeglebis inspeqti reba daevala. 

igi forumis gaTxrebis arqiteqturuli 

direqtoris mo va leobasac as- 


rulebda. mogvianebiT, 1818 wels, igive 

movaleoba vala dYes daekisra. samives 

sxvadasxva sarestavracio proeqtis 

ganxorcie lebac andes. 1802 wlis pirveli 

oqtombris papis Chirograph-i, romelic 

kar dinal doria pamfilis mier iyo xelmowerili, 

am droisTvis kul turul fasulobaTa 

dacvis sabaziso kanoni gaxda. 

igi gadamuSa ve bul iqna kardinal paCas 

mier (Pacca), Tumca misi ZiriTadi principebi 

ucv leli rCeboda, vidre mas 1870iani 

wlebis mere gaerTianebuli italiis 

axali kanonebi ar Caenacvla. xsenebuli 

ediqtis avtori karlo fea iyo, romelic 

ikvlevda papebis kanonmdeblobas da gansakuTrebuli 

gu lisyuriT arqeologias 

ekideboda. am ediqtis mizani xelovnebis 

nawa r moebebisa da Zveli Zeglebis dacvis 

uzrunvelyofa iyo. es naTladaa gamoxatuli 

SesavalSi, sadac Semdegi TanmimdevrobiT 

CamoTvlili upi ratesobania: 

àntikurobis es Zvirfasi narCenebi 

aniWebs qalaq roms iers, romelic 

ganasxvavebs mas evropis 

yvela sxva saxelganTqmuli qalaqisgan. 

isini mniSvnelovan Temebs 

sTavazobs mecnierT safiqrelad, 

iseve rogorc uZvirfases nimuSebs 

xelovanT, raTa STaagonos 

isini mSvenierebisa da amaRlebulis 

ideebiT. isini moizidavs am 

qalaqSi ucxoelebs, romle bic siamovnebiT 

Seis wavlian am unikalur 

iSviaTobebs. isini daasaq meben 

uamrav ada mians, romlebic xelovnebis 

asparezze moRvaweoben, 

da bolos, axali qmnilebani, romlebic 

maTi xelidan gamova, xels 

Se uwyobs komerciuli da sawarmoo 

saqmianobis ganviTarebas. es 

ukanas knelni, upirveles yovlisa, 

xalxisa da saxelmwifosTvis iqneba 

mom gebiani” 87 . 

87 Ediqt, 1.10.1802 (Emiliani, 1978)


ediqti xazs usvamda xelovnebis nawarmoebebisa 

da antikuri Zeg le bis sazogadoebriv 

xasiaTs; fea Tvlida, rom Seu- 

Zlebelia raime fa si daado antikur 

Zegls. Sesabamisad, kanonSi yvela antikuri 

obieqti da xelovnebis nawarmoebi, 

arqiteqturuli elementebis CaTvliT, 

saxe l m wifo sakuTrebad unda aRricxuliyo. 

licenziebi ufasod gaice moda, 

raTa Tavi aeridebinaT korufciisTvis. 

samoqmedo principi Zeg lebis maT 

Tavdapirvel adgilebze dacva da mxatvrobis 

taZrebSi Sena r Cuneba iyo. feas 

mware brZolis gadatana uxdeboda am 

principebis ga n saxorcieleblad, vinaidan 

mRvdlebs xSirad surdaT mieRoT 

Semosava li koleqcionerebisgan _ 

magaliTad, inglisel bankirs, ser hans 

slo ans mxat vris originali mihyides, 

adgilze ki is asliT Caanacvles. arc istoriuli 

nagebobis mTlianobis Senar- 

Cuneba iyo advili saqme da antikur 

elementebs kvlavac meoradi gamoyeneba 

emuqreboda. gaTx rebi, sazogadoebrivsa 

Tu kerZo miwaze, mkacrad iyo licenzirebuli 

da uSualod Commissario delle 

Antichità-s da Ispettore delle Belle Arti-is 

mier kontroldeboda. 

4.2.2. kanova 

antonio kanova daibada sofel posano- 

Si, swavlobda veneciasa da romSi. igi 

wamyvani neo-klasikosi moqandake gaxda 

da misi damkveTebi im drois yvelaze 

cnobili pirovnebebi iyvnen, papi pius 

VII-sa da na poleonis CaTvliT. kanovas 

nawarmoebebi vinkelmanis principebs 

mihyve boda da misi persevsi `miubaZavis 

mibaZvad~ iyo Cafiqrebuli. igi Tvli da, 

rom antikuri nimuSebis monuri kopireba 

daaxrCobda da gayi navda genioss, ma- 

Sin rodesac xelovnebis diad nawarmoebTan 

`damowa fe ba~ swavlis mizniT, misi 

Sedareba bunebasTan misi Tvisebebis 

gasa gebad, niSnavda mis gamoyenebas im 

mTlianobis Sesaqmnelad, romelic ar- 

Ceuli Temis swori gamoxatulebis mo- 

ZebnaSi daexmareboda. 88 man uari Tqva 

parTenonidan wamoRebuli èljinis 

marmariloebis~ restvaracia ze, rac 

misi poziciis naTeli dasturi iyo; 

misTvis, am Sedevrebis, `WeSmariti sxeulis~, 

Sexebac ki mkrexeloba iqneboda. 89 

igi gardaicvala 1822 wels da mudam 

gavlenian adamianad rCe boda romSi, rogorc 

wm. lukas akademiis jer inspeqtori, 

Semdgom ki prezidenti. kanova ibarebda 

angariSebs konservaciisa da gaTxrebis 

Ta obaze da, sadac saWiro iyo, saqmeSi 

piradadac ereoda. kanovas da feas xalsayreli 

Tanamdebobebi eWiraT rogorc 

sakanonmdeblo, aseve praqtikuli ganxorcielebis 

mxriv konservaciis koncefciebze 

gavle nis kvalad da amis Sedegad 

samuSaoebi umetesad mxolod Zeglis 

kon servaciisTvis aucilebeli minimumiT 

ifargleboda; kolizeumis SemTxve 

vaSi, magaliTad, mizans warmoadgenda 

ara restavracia, aramed yvela antikuri 

fragmentis, rogorc avTenturi istoriuli 

Zeglis nawile bis, konservacia. 

romsa da mis SemogarenSi saukuneebis 

ganmavlobaSi gaTxrebi Cve u lebrivi 

movlena iyo. bevri ucxoeli, britaneli 

swavlulebis msgav sad, awarmoebda kvlevas 

sxvadasxva Zeglze, rogoric aris, 

mag., Domus aurea _ oqros saxli (salmon, 

1995). pompeasa da herkulanumis aRmo- 

Ceneb ma axali Zala Semata enTuziazms, 

xolo baron fon friden hai mis 1788 wlis 

gaTxrebma romSi _ kidev erTi stimuli. 

1801 wels gaTxrebi ganaxlad ostiaSi, 

magram malarias gamo 1802 wels romSi 

iqna gadata nili. Cveulebriv, gaTxrebis 

Catarebis areali Semofargluli iyo da 

koncentrirdeboda ramdenime Zeglze, 

rogori caa septimius severusis TaRi, 

88 D’Este, 1864:20 

89 missirini, 1825:374

kolizeumi, titusis abanoebi da panTeoni. 

muSaxels Sedagendnen tusaRebi, 

romlebic iqve, gaTxrebis adgil zeve, 

karvebSi cxovrobdnen da Rames aTevdnen 

kidec. samuSaoebisTvis unda SerCeuliyo 

yvelaze Se sa ferisi sezoni, raTa 

Tavidan aecilebi naT rogorc didi 

wvimebi, ase ve zafxulis mcxunvareba, 

romelic nia dags aSrobda, is ki iTvlebo 

da malarias gamomwvevi mavne airebis 

wya rod. kidev erTi problema drenaJi 

iyo, aseve miwis sakuTrebis sakiT xebi, 

nagebobaTa ngrevis auci lebloba da 

duRabis gulis narCenebis gatana. 

septimius severusis TaRi Tavdapirveli 

saZirkvelis donemde ga iT xara. 

Semdeg mas Semoavles safexurebiani 

wriuli dacviTi kedeli, rac mnaxvelebs 

Zirs Casvlis saSualebas aZlevda. 

samuSaoebi 1803 wels dasrul da, 

rac warweriTac aris aRniSnuli. 1805 

wels msgavsi dacviTi kedeli konstantines 

TaRis garSemoc aages. kanova 

afrTxile b da kamporezis, rac SeiZleba 

meti sifrTxile gamoeCinaT am saqmianobis 

dros: `mTeli gulmodgimebiTa da 

mzrunvelobiT, romelsac ganic diT am 

nawarmoebebis mimarT, romlebic esoden 

sayvarelia, udidesi yu radRebiT unda 

moeqceT maT, raTa Zegls iotisodena 

zianic ki ar miadges~. 90 konsolodacia 

umniSvnelovanes aspeqtebsRa moicavda, 

rogo ri caa dabzaruli marmarilos svetis 

gamagreba rkinis salteebiT; sxva 

mxriv, samuSaoebi, rogorc Cans, movliT 

Semoifargleboda. 

4.2.3. kolizeumi: 1 

erTi umTavresi Zegli, romelic SekeTebas 

saWiroebda, kolizeu mi iyo, romis 

imperiis udidesi amfiTeatri. igi vespasianes 

dros aages, dasrulebuli saxe 

90 kanovas werili, 23.VI.1803 (arch. s., rome, 

Cam. ii, a.&B.a., b6:192) 


ki titusis dros miiRo axali welTaRricxvis 

80-ian wlebSi. igi aguriT da 

travertiniTaa agebuli, aqvs elifsis 

for ma 188 m X 156 m-ze gegmaSi da TiTqmis 

50 m simaRleSi. igi 70 000 mayu rebels 

itevda. mas amkobda erTmaneTis 

Tavze ganlagebuli orderebi, rac romaeli 

da renesansis xuroTmoZRvarTaTvis 

didebuli nimuSi gaxda. misi rTuli 

substruqcia sxvadasxva Sereuli sanaxaobis 

warmo d genis saSualebas iZleoda 

specialuri efeqtebiT, romlebic 

esoden uyvardaT romaelebs. Tumc ki 

Zlier dazianebuli, igi romis simbolo 

gaxda da STaagona Rirsi beda (673-735 

ww.) daewera saxelganTqmuli si ty vebi: 

vidre dgas kolizeumi, idgeba romic. 

roca daecema kolizeumi, daecema 

romic, 

da roca daecema romi, _ mTeli 

msoflioc. 

meetleebi mas RamissaTevad iyenebdnen, 

tyviis wamlis fabrika ki _ sawyobad, 

Tanac is mTlianad nakeliT iyo gaJReniTili. 

amgvari araswori gamoyenebis mizeziT 

ziandeboda qva da derefnebi ki 

ixerge bo da, ris gamoc isini miuwvdomeli 

xdeboda mnaxvelebisTvis. XVIII sa u kunis 

dasawyisSi momxdarma Zlierma miwisZvram 

Senobis qsovilis na wi lob rivi rRveva 

gamoiwvia, xolo XIX saukunis dasawyisis 

miwisZvram ki kidev ufro daaziana igi, 

gansakuTrebiT gareTa wris aRmosavle- 

Ti mxare. es problemebi aisaxa feas, kamporezisa 

da tomazo Zapatis mier 1804 

wlis ivnisSi Sedgenil memorandumSi. 

SiSobdnen ra, rom es dazia nebebi, saboloo 

jamSi, sabediswero aRmoCndeboda, 

isini iZleodnen rekomendacias nageboba 

garedan gamonTavisuflebuliyo, xolo 

kamare bis Tvis moecelibenaT damamZimebeli 

duRabis Sevseba. erTi kviris va da Si 

mTavarma xazinadarma kvirinaledan miiRo


brZaneba, kolizeumi yo velive ukuRmar- 

Tobisgan gaenTavisflebinaT. 1805 wels 

aSenda xis bij ge bi safrTxeSi Cavardnili 

aRmosavleTi kedlis gasamagreblad. 

daiw yo gaTxrebi da SemuSavda Zeglis 

konsolodaciis Semdgomi gegmebi. 

momdevno miwisZvris mere Sternma 

kvlav Seamowma nagebobis mdgo mareoba 

da moaxsena, rom travertinis masebis 

dacileba gamowveuli iyo vertikaluri 

bzarebiT meore da mesame orderSi. aman 

gamoiwvia bo lo ori TaRis burjebis 

daSla da solisebri saWeqi qvebis sagulisxmo 

jdena. Sesabamisad, konstruqcia 

sami mtkaveliT mainc dacil da Sveuls, 

xolo bolo burjs seriozuli bzarebi 

gauCnda, romlebic mudmivad farTovdeboda. 

SemoTavazebul iqna, ganivi moZraobis 

SesaCe re b lad da mdgradi sayrdenis 

Sesaqmnelad, travertinis safuZvelze 

agu ris kontrforsis age ba, rac ekonomikuradac 

SesaZlebeli iqneboda da 

Tanac Zeglis arqiteqturul da istoriul 

Rirebulebebs gaiTva lis winebda. 

Sternis TqmiT, mizani iyo, `yvelafris 

SekeTeba da kon ser vacia _ Tundac umciresi 

fragmentebisac ki~. 91 Tumca iyvnen 

kriti ko sebic, romlebic Ciodnen, rom 

amgvari uxeSi kontrforsebi SebRala vda 

am diadi nangrevebis cxovelxatulobas, 

rom es Careva sruliad ar Seesabameboda 

Zeglis xasiaTs da rom zedmeti 

wonis damateba teq nikuri marcxi gamodgeboda. 

Semxvedri winadadeba iyo dazianebuli 

nawili TviTon gadakeTe bu liyo `kontrforsad~ 

damreci xazis gayolebaze 

zeda nawilebis mo n g revis gziT, zogier- 

Ti TaRi ki amoqoliliyo. es gamoiwvevda 

erTi Ta Ris nawilis dangrevas pirvel 

sarTulze, mTeli TaRisa meoreze da 

ori malisa zedaze. ambobdnen, rom ase- 

Ti Careva Seqmnida bunebrivi na n grevis 

STabeWdilebas da, amave dros, saxarbie- 

91 Sterni Camerlengo-s, 18.XI.1806 (arch. s., rome: 

Cam. ii, a.&B.a, b7:207) 

lo sawyis pirobebs ko lizeumis Tavidan 

asaSeneblad, Tu momavalSi gaCndeboda 

amgvari sur vi li. Sterni, kamporezi 

da palaci, arqiteqtorebi, romlebic 

Seadgen d nen sarestavracio komitets, 

sastikad win aRudgnen am SemoTavazebas 

da ganacxades, rom: `mmarTvelisTvis 

amgvari mkrexeluri proeqtis wa r dgenis 

utifroba ucxo iyo TviT vandalebisa 

da goTebisaTvisac ki; Tumca maSin 

marTlac xorcieldeboda amgvari gegmebi, 

ngrevas ise Caa tarebdnen, rom amisTvis 

saWiro Tanxebs da Tanxmobas mTavrobas 

mainc ar sTxovdnen~. komiteti 

aRniSnavda, rom maTi sakuTari SemoTavazeba 

naxevari fasi dajdeboda, Tanac 

nagebobas mis mTlianobaSi SeinarCune bda: 

ès obieqtebia, romlebiT dasatkbobadac 

msoflios yvela xalxi mo dis da 

romelTa gamo maT SurT Cveni. sruliad 

naTelia, rom Tu amgvari vandaluri qmedeba 

iqneba ganxorcielebuli, ukeTesi 

iqneboda dazianebuli nawilebis bunebriv 

nangrevebad datoveba _ nacvlad 

maTi gadarCenis mcdelobisa. maSin Cven, 

uares SemTxvevaSi, dagvbraldeboda saxsrebis 

arqona da ara barbarosoba da 

damangrevloba” 92 . 

1806 wlis noemberSi roms kidev 

erTi miwisZvra daatyda Tavs da, miuxedavad 

imisa, rom xis bijgebma is sruli 

Camongrevisgan daicva, kolizeumi kidev 

ufro dacilda Sveul xazs da xis Zelebi 

gadatydo mis piras aRmoCnda. palacis, 

kamporezisa da Sternis proeqti 

damtki ce bul iqna da am saqmes saTaveSi 

ostati-qviTxuro antonio valenti Cau 

yenes. pirveli RonisZieba mZlavri bijgebis 

dayeneba Si mdgomareob da, raTa 

maT gadacemodaT mocilebuli elementebis 

dawola. Semdgom, TaRebi gamagrebis 

mizniT amoiqola; mesame, saWiro 

iyo gadamkveTi ked lis aSeneba Semdgomi 

ganivi gammbrjenis Sesaqmnelad da 

92 palaci, kamporezi da Sterni Camerale-s, 

10.XI.1806, iqve)

sur. 4.2. kolizeumi, romi. 1806 wlis 

alternatiuli winadadeba aRmosavleTi 

monakveTis gamagrebisTvis dazianebuli 

nawilisa da TaRebs Soris kedlebis 

mongreviT. 

kontrforse bis, burjisa da amoqolili 

TaRebis nagebobis Sida konstruqciasTan 

dasakavSireblad. samuSaoebi 

swrafad mimdinareobda da 1807 wlis 6 

iv nisisTvis damTavrebas cotaRa aklda. 

garSemo teritoria gaiwminda dagrovebuli 

mi wis masisgan da fasadis damfaravi 

Tivis zvinebisgan. 

papi Zalian amayobda am RonisZiebiT, 

romelmac romis didebuli antikuri 

Zegli ganadgurebas gadaarCina. kontrforsis 

proeqti papis samflobeloebSi 

aTwle u lis erT-erT yvelaze mniSvnelovan 

samSeneb lo proeqtad iqna miCneuli. 

misi gamosaxuleba daixata vatikanSi 


sur. 4.3. kolizeumis aRmosavleTi monakveTis 

gamagreba r. Sternis mier, ro melmac didi 

jafa gaswia, raTa SeenarCunebina antikuri 

qsovili im mdgo mareobaSi, rogoric mas 

daxvda. 

kle mentinas galereaSi, xolo axal kontrforsze 

mimagrda marmarilos dafa 

warweriT, romelic tradiciulad auwyebs, 

Tu ra wvlili iqna Se tanili antikuri 

Zeglis konservaciaSi. Sternma es 

Careva papis mTa var xazinadars Semdegi 

sityvebiT aRuwera: 

`maSin roca es diadi antikuri nageboba, 

udidesi, rac ki Cven viciT, gvidasturebs 

warsul saukuneTa brwyinvalebasa 

da gan swavlulobas, misi axali konservacia 

axlandel garemoebebSi aris 

utyuari dasturi im Tayvaniscemisa da 

maRali dafasebis, rasac Cven ganvicdiT 

warsuli xelovnebis am Zvirfasi reliq


viebis mimarT. es warmatebuli samuSao 

Cvens winaprebTan gvaax loebs da Tanac 

Cvens STamomavlobas daanaxebs, rom 

Cvens epo qaSi nawarmoebTa nakleboba 

gamowveuli iyo mxolod saxsrebis naklebobiT, 

ramac xeli SeuSala maT 

ganxorcielebas~. 93 

faqtiurad, XIX saukunis am pirvelma 

msxvil-masStabianma Ronis Zi e bam, romelic 

Segnebulad mimarTuli iyo yoveli 

fragmentis kon ser va ciisken, gaukafa 

gza momaval Carevebsa da konsrevaciis 

Tanamed ro ve Teoriis ganviTarebas. 

4.2.4. franguli mmarTveloba 

paps napoleonTan dapirispirebaSi ver 

gaumarTla da 1809 wlis 17 maiss papis 

samflobeloebi safrangeTis imperias 

miuerTda. isini frangul kanonmdeblobas 

da administraciul kontrols 

daeqvemdeba ra. romi gaxda ìmperiis 

Tavisufali qalaqi~, imperiis meore 

dedaqa laqi parizis Semdeg. mas gansaku- 

Trebuli mimzidveloba hqonda napo le onisTvis, 

romelmac Tavis pirmSos romis 

mefis wodeba uboZa. amave dros, pariz- 

Si modaSi Semovida antikuri romauli 

kultura _ socia lur cxovrebaSic, Teatrsaca 

da arqiteqturaSic. Sesabamisad, 

frange bi cdilobdnen qalaqi gamosaCeni 

gamxdariyo da SeimuSaves misi 

gamS ve nebisa da komunaluri meurneobis 

gaumjobesebis programebi. amave dros, 

monastrebis Seviwrovebam da eklesiebis 

daxurvam 1810 wlis iv nisis ediqtis safuZvelze, 

maTi Semdgomi ganadgureba 

gamoiwvia, Tumca ki mogvianebiT es ediqti 

nawilobriv Seicvala 94 . 

93 Sterni lantes (arch. s., rome: Cam. ii, 

a.&B.a., b7:207) 

94 am kanons misi amoqmedebis moTxovnis yiJina 

mohyva. 1810 wlis Se modgomiT gamSvenebis 

komisiam istoriulada da mxatvrulad 

gansa kuT rebiT sayuradRebo eklesiebis Se- 

pirveli dekretebi antikuri Zeglebis 

Taobaze 1809 wliT TariR deba; 1810 

wlis 9 ivlisis dekretiT gamSvenebisTvis 

360 000 franki ga mo iyo da, amasTan, 

dafuZnda Commission des monuments et bâtments 

civils (Zeg lebisa da samoqalaqo nagebobebis 

komisia), rogorc dagegmili 

samuSa o ebis adgilobrivi sam ma r T velo. 

komisias xelmZRvanelobda romis prefeqti, 

baroni kamil de turno, xolo 

misi wevrebi iyvnen meri da Zveli romauli 

ojaxebis warmomadgenlebi. Semdeg 

wels biujeti erT milionamde gaizar 

da da komisias Caenacvla Commission 

des embellisements de la ville de Rome (qalaq 

romis gamamSvenebeli komisia), romelic 

angariS valdebuli iyo parizSi Sinagan 

saqmeTa ministris, montalives winaSe. 

1811 wels gadawyda romis gamSvenebis 

sagangebo programis SemuSaveba. programa 

moicavda mdinare tibris xomaldgamtarobis 

pirobebis gaum jo be sebas, 

isve rogorc bazrebis, xidebis, sazogadoebrivi 

seirnobis adgilebis mSeneblobas, 

moednebis gafarToebas, ga- 

Txrebsa da sares tav racio samuSaoebs. 

qalaqis istoriul centrSi daxuruli 

bazrebis mSeneblobisa da panTeonis, 

traianes forumisa da trevis Sadrevnis 

ga r Semo urbanuli moednebis gafar- 

Toebis winadadebebs SeiZleboda mni Svnelovani 

ngreva gamoewvia, magram isini 

ar ganxorcielda. wm. angelo zis cixekoSkidan 

wm. petres taZarze xedis gaxsnis 

winadadeba ki mTe li sauku nis Semdeg 

ganxorcielda. 

daigegma ori saxalxo seirnobis 

adgili _ erTi pinCios borcvze (`didi 

keisris baRi~), meore forumebis midamoebSi, 

saxelad `kapito liu mis baRi~. valadYes, 

romelic 1793 wlidan amzadebda 

mowmebisa da maTze cnobebis mo sa wo deblad 

arqiteqtorebic daiqirava. sazogadoebriv 

xarjze Senax vis Rirsad 135 eklesia CaiTvala, 

maT Soris wm. petres, sant ignacios da 

s. eustaxios bazilikebi.


sur. 4.4. kapitoliumis baRi, l-m. bertos mier 1812 wels dagegmarebuli ro mauli forumis 

arqeologiuri arealisa da garSemomdebare borcvebisTvis. antikuri Zeglebi restavrirebul 

iqna, rogorc gegmis ZiriTadi wertilebi (museo di roma)


proeqtebs Piazza del Popolo-sTvis pinCios 

qvemoT, daevala `didi keisris baRis~ 

mi xed va, xolo kamporezis ki _ kapitoliumis 

baRisa. isini erToblivad amu- 

Savebdnen gegmebs sxva proeqtebisTvis, 

rogoricaa mag., panTeoni da traianes 

forumi. ramdenime proeqti gaigzavna 

kidec parizSi dasamtki ceb lad. Tumca 

montalive arc Tu mTlad kamayofili 

darCa proeqte biT da ukve Sesrulebuli 

samuSaoebiT. safrangeTis warmomadgenlebi 

romSi agreTve brals sdebdnen 

romaelebs araefqtiurobasa da samuSao 

Ta dabal xarisxSi. 

1810 wels, imperatorTan kanovas Casvlis 

Sedegad, sagan gebo Tan xe bi romis 

Zveli Zeglebis movlisa da SekeTebisa- 

Tvis gamoiyo uSua lod san lukas akademiisTvis, 

romlis prezidenti 1811 

wlidan gardac valebamde Tavad kanova 

iyo. bYujeti SedarebiT patara darCa 

da samu Saoebic minimumamde iqna dayvanili 

da, ZiriTadad, movliT Semoifargleboda. 

1811 wlis agvistoSi valadYema 

da kamporezim SesTavazes ins peqtirebis 

sistema da im antikuri Zeglebis reestris 

formireba, rom lebic akademiis 

mzrunvelbis qveS imyofeboda. pirveli 

sia romis da axloebiT 100 obieqts Seicavda 

da ramdenimes mis gareT _ tivoliSi, 

ostiaSi, fraskatisa da via apiaze. 

es miCneul iqna inventarizaciis pirvel 

fazad, romelic papis mTels samflobelos 

moicavda. momzad da dawvrilebiTi 

angariSi, romelSic warmodgenili 

iyo arsebuli mdgomareobis aRwera da 

gadaudeblobis mixedviT dajgufebuli 

saWi ro SekeTebebis CamonaTvali. am 

angariSs bYujetis farglebSi dabalan 

sebuli programa unda dafuZneboda. 

yovelgvar sakonservacio samuSa o ze 

unda wardgeniliyo yovelkvireuli angariSebi, 

mag., rogorc es ukve gakeTda 

kolizeumis SemTxvevaSi. aseve gaTvalisiwnebuli 

iyo mcve lebic, umTavresi Zeglebisa 

mainc. 

4.2.5. antikuri Zeglebi 

antikuri Zeglebisadmi mopyroba dasawyisSi 

imave mimarTulebiT vi Tardeboda, 

romelic saukunis pirvel dekadaSi 

damkvidrda. fran gul periodSi 

ganxorcielebuli uadresi restavracia 

Cautarda hercules victor-s miZRvnil meore 

saukunis taZars forum boariumze, 

tib ris napirze _ Tumca, Cveulebriv, 

mas `vestas taZars~ uwodeben. mogvianebiT 

taZari qristianul eklesiad gadakeTda 

da svetebs Soris ked le bi amo- 

Senda. 1809 da 1810 wlebSi samuSaoebs 

taZarSi valadYe da fea xelmZRvanelobdnen. 

svetebsSorisi kedlebis moxsnis 

Semdeg saWi ro gaxda dazianebuli 

svetebisa da celas kedlebis SekeTeba. 

es gan xorcielda nawilobriv marmariloTi 

(Zeglis garSemo darCenil Zvel 

fragmentebs iyenebdnen), nawilobriv 

ki kiris xsnariT. saxuravi da ce la restavraciamdel 

mdgomareobaSi datoves, 

ris gamoc wm. stefane sadmi miZRvnili 

eklesia kvlavac moqmedi darCa. am samuSaoTa 

msvle lobaSi taZris midamoze 

gaTxrebic Catarda, romelTa Sedegad 

Tavda pirveli Sesasvlelic iqna mignebuli. 

mogvianebiT, svetebs Soris rkinis 

meseri Caidga. 

1810 wels academia di san luca-m gadawyvita 

gaeTxara da gaemagre bina vespasianes 

(`mgrgvinavi Yupiteris~ taZris 

saxeliT cnobi li) taZ ris darCenili sami 

sveti forum romanumze. svetebs qveS 

sa Zirkveli imdenad cud mdgomareobaSi 

aRmoCnda, rom saWiro gaxda misi Tavidan 

amoSeneba. amis gamo svetebi moixsna 

da Tavidan aRimarTa axal saZirk velze 

kamporezis proeqtis mixedviT. miuxedavad 

imisa, rom Zve li ta Zari marmarilosgan 

iyo agebuli, axali nawilebisTvis 

traver tini gamoiyenes, romelic, 

ZiriTadad, kolizeumis nangrevebidan 

moh qon daT. Zalian daxvewili marmarilos 

antablementebisa da korinTu li

kapite le bidan, vidre maT adgilze daabrunebdnen 

da rkinis samag re biT daamagrebdnen, 

estampaJebi damzadda. es iyo 

konservaciis Seda re biT mokr Za lebuli 

cda, magram man mainc Semdgomi samuSaoebis 

stan darti da mo deli Seqmna. 

4.2.6. franguli principebi 

1812 wlis bolos montalivem gadawyvita 

romSi ori frangi arqi teq tori gaegzavna, 

raTa maT moexsenebinaT arsebuli 

mdgomarebis Tao ba ze. erTi maTgani iyo 

gi de gizori (1762-1835 ww.), parizis Conseil 

des batimens-is (SenobaTa sabWos) wevri, 

xolo meore ki lui-marten ber to 

(-1823 w.), aRiarebuli landSafturi arqiteqtori 

da persYes mowa fe, ro melmac 

daaproeqta malmezonisa da kompienis 

baRebi. es ori ar qiteqtori 1813 wlis 

TebervalSi ewvia roms da iq maisamde 

dayo. ber tos sagangebod daevala or 

saxalxo seirnobis adgilze muSaoba; 

gi zors unda Seemowmebina gamSvenebis 

komisiis gankargulebaSi arsebu li sxva 

proeqtebi da, garda amisa, antikuri Zeglebis 

gaTxris, gamag re bisa da restavraciis 

meTodebi Seeswavla. 

berto grZnobda, rom yvela manmadeli 

proeqti metismetad iyo koncentrirebuli 

calkeul Zeglze. isini 

cdilobdnen SeeqmnaT `CarCo Ti Toeuli 

suraTisTvis~ imis magivrad, rom daekavSirebinaT 

es Zeg lebi ufro yovlismomcveli, 

erTiani gegmiT. or proeqts 

Soris man ka pi toliumis baRi ufro mni- 

Svnelovnad miiCnia. bertos gamiznuli 

hqon da forum romanumi mTeli proeqtis 

fokusad eqcia da amiT daekav Sirebina 

kapitoliumi da arsebuli antikuri 

Zeglebi kolizeumTan. pa latinze 

man regularuli baRi dagegma; msgavsi 

gegma gaTvaliswinebu li iyo pinCiosTvisac. 

palatinis garSemo igi apirebda 

saseirno adgi lebis sistemis mowyobas, 


romlebic kolizeumidan da forumidan 

did cirkamde, Yanusis TaRamde da tibris 

piras santa maria in kosmedinis win 

ganlagebul or taZramde gadaiWimeboda. 

antikuri Zeglebi unda restavrirebuli 

yofiliyo rogorc nawili am generaluri 

gegmisa da maT unda SeeqmnaT, 

erTi mxriv, kavSiri romis istoriasTan, 

meore mxriv ki, saTanado garemo imperatoris 

imperiuli miswrafebebisTvis. 

gizoris amocana ufro rTuli iyo: 

mas unda Seemowmebina, Tu ris dangrevas 

apirebdnen, moednebisa da komunaluri 

momsaxureobis sis temebis dagegmareba, 

agreTve angariSi waredgina antikuri 

Zeglebis konservaciis meTodebis Taobaze. 

komisiis erTi wevri, martial 

daru, restavracias sistemuri meTodis 

naklebobas arqonas uwunebda da gi zoric 

mxars uWerda mas. man dagmo aguris 

kontrforsebis ageba koli zeumis 

gasamagreblad, iseve rogorc zogierTi 

sxva restavracia, rac mis Camosvlamde 

iqna ganxorcielebuli. faqtorbrivad, 

gizoris azriT antikuri Zegli integrirebul 

(kvlav gamTlianebuli) unda iq nas 

iseT nai radve, rogorc laokoonis jgufi 

XVI saukuneSi da igi miiCnevda berninis 

mier panTeonis portikis aRdgenas im 

idealur nimuSad, ro melsac momavalSi 

restavraciis dros unda mibaZon. 

ufro adre darum Semoitana winadadeba 

ori samreklos daSlis Ta obaze 95 , 

rac ganxorcielda kidec mogvianebiT, 

italiis gaerTianebis Semdeg, saukunis 

bolos. gizoris principebi antikuri 

Zeglebis resta v raciasTan mimarTebiT 

naTlad aris gamoxatuli darusadmi 1813 

wlis ag vistoSi gagzavnil werilSi: 

`Cemi azriT, darabebis, bijgebisa da 

sayrdenebis keTebisa da ma Ti `SefuT- 

95 daru kanovas, 29.V.1811: winadadeba panTeonis 

samrekloTa dan grevis Sesaxeb (acc. s. 

luca vol. 169, 112); 1811 wlis 2 ivniss academia 

di san luca-m xma dangrevas misca (acc. s. luca, 

reg. 56; vol. 169. 117).


vis~ nacvlad, _ Tu SeiZleba ase iTqvas _ 

isto riuli nagebobis yvela Camosangrevad 

gamzadebuli nawili unda aRd genil 

iqnas im zomamde mainc, rom warmodgenas 

qmni des maT Tavdapirvel formasa 

da proporciebze, iqneba es gakeTebuli 

qviT Tu aguriT, magram imdagvarad, rom 

re konstruqcia zustad gansazRvravdes 

naklul nawilebs.” 96 

titusis TaRi, romelic `samarcxvinod~ 

TiTqmis dangrevis piras iqna mitovebuli, 

dagegmil kapitoliumis baRSi saxarbielo 

mdgomare o baSi aRmoCnda da, Sesabamisad, 

am principebiT restavrirebis 

SesaniS nav magaliTs Seqmnida. marTlac, 

gizoris SemoTavazeba iyo: origina luri 

elementebis frTxilad Camoxsna da Semdgom 

Tav-TavianT adgil ze ganTavseba, 

nakluli nawilebis aRdgena Tavdapirvel 

mTlianobaze war modgenis Sesaqmnelad. 

winadadebaa miniSnebuli angariSSi, 

romelic parizis Conseil des batimensma 

moamzada 1813 wlis agvistoSi, agreTve 

mon talives mier romis prefeqtisad- 

96 gizori darus, 26.viii.1813 (Coulon, 1904:2ff). 

sur. 4.5 titusis TaRis 

nangrevebi, piranezis 

graviura veduta di 

roma-Si 

mi seqtemberSi gagzavnil werilSi, romliTac 

romis administracias momavalSi 

restavraciisas evaleboda am principebis 

gamoyeneba. frangebma metismetad 

swrafad datoves romi, imisTvis rom 

raime TvalnaTlivi Sedegi gvqonoda, 

magram bevri mog vianebiT ganxorcielebuli 

samuSao swored am mimarTulebiT 

iqna Cafiqrebuli _ amis magaliTebia titusis 

TaRis restavracia da koli ze umis 

meore mniSvnelovani gamagreba. 

4.2.7. papis administracia 

1814 wlis ianvarSi nalopeons mouxda 

daeTmo papis samflobe loebi da xanmokle 

gardamavali periodis Semdeg, papi 

pius VII didi triumfiT dabrunda rom- 

Si. franguli kanonmdebloba da wesebi 

gauqme bul iqna, eklesiebi kvlav gaixsna 

da mdgomareoba met-naklebad xuTi 

wlis winandels daubrunda. gardamaval 

periodSi Commission des embelli se mentsma 

SeinarCuna siZveleebze pasuxismgebloba, 

Tumca franguli mma r T ve lobis

drosTan SedarebiT bYujeti Semcirda 

da samuSaoebic ki dev metad SezRuduli 

iyo. 1814 wlis zafxulSi papma ramdenime 

adamia ni ganawesa Tavis Camera 

Apostolica-Si. kardinali paCa dainiSna 

Came rlengo-d, xolo markizi erkolani 

mTavari xazinadari gaxda. 1802 wlis 

Chirographi-i ZalaSi rCeboda, vidre ar 

Seicvala 1820 wlis 7 aprilis ediqtiT, 

romelic azustebda Camerlengato-sa da 

Commissione delle belle Arti-s funqciebs. 

wm. lukas akademia komisiaSi ori wevriT 

iyo warmodgenili, e.i. kvlavac mrCeveli 

uwyeba rCeboda, Tumca ar gaaCnda 

restavraciis Tvis saWiro bYujeti. 

axali Taosnoba, amjerad sruliad 

warmatebuli gaxldaT, fran ge bis mier 

XVIII saukunis bolos gatanili xelovnebis 

nimuSebis sam So b loSi dabrunebaze. 

1815 wels kanova, wm. lukas akademiis 

preziden ti, parizSi iqna gagzavnili. 

sxva qveynebis daxmarebiT, man moaxerxa 

pa riz Si am nawarmoebebis didi raodenobis 

moZieba da italiaSi maTi Ca motana. 97 

vatikanis muzeumebisTvis nawarmoebebis 

Sesasyidad 1802 wlis ediqtiT gaTvaliswinebulma 

wliurma biujetma Sedegi 

gamoiRo da 1817 wels papma daukveTa 

Sterns axali fligelis aSeneba Ciaramontis 

muzeumisTvis. 

1814 wlis ivlisSi, sagangebo komisiam 

Seamowma restavraciisa da sazogadoebrivi 

saseirno adgilebis proeqtebi. 

romidan frangebis wasvlis Semdeg, 

samuSaoebi zogan grZeldeboda, zogi ki 

Semdgomi ga da wyvetilebebis miRebamde 

gadaido. zogan adaminebis usafrTxoebis 

mi z niT sabjeni kedlebi moewyo, 

zogi proeqti ki sagrZnoblad Sekveces, 

rogorc mag., pinCios gegma. yuradReba 

kvlavac upiratesad forum ro manumze 

iyo mipyrobili. Sternma da valadYem 

97 kanova ecada `Taiguli~ italiaSi daebrunebina; 

1805 wels is ew via napoleons, romelsac 

Tavisi koleqcia eamayeboda. (missirini, 

1825:284). 


sur. 4.6. j. valadYes naxati titusis TaRis 

restavraciisTvis (archivio di stato, rome) 

moamzades ZiriTadi kom po ziciis gegmebi, 

Tumca isini mcire samuSaoebiT iyo 

Semofargluli. ufro farTomasStabiani 

gaTxrebi ar warmoebda 1827 wlamde, 

rodesac gaixsna septimius severusis 

TaRisa da vespasianes taZris are da gaikvala 

kapitoliumisken mimavali biliki. 

am xanebSi daiwyo msjeloba an tikuri 

forumis sazRvrebze, iseve rogorc 

calkeuli, jer kidev mi wis qveS myofi 

Zeglebis adgilmdebareobaze. franguli 

mmarTvelobis dasrulebis Semdeg pirveli 

mniSvnelovani restavracia titusis 

TaRs Cautarda.


4.2.8. titusis TaRi 

titusis TaRi ax. w.-is 81 wels imperator 

domi cianis mier, misi gaRmerTebuli 

ufrosi Zmis, titusis samaxsovrod 

iqna aRmarTuli da TaRis Semamkobel 

reliefebSi mis mier ierusalimis aReba 

iqna gansa xo v nebuli. Zegli agebuli iyo 

TeTri marmariloTi da, SesaZloa, tra - 

vertinis SigTavsi hqonda. Sua saukuneebis 

ganmavlobaSi man da karga Tavisi 

masalis didi nawili; marmarilos damakavSirebeli 

brin jaos samagrebi moxsnes 

da aguris nawilebi daumates. TaRi 

nawilobri vadac rom Semonaxuliyo, misi 

reliefebis mxatvruli xarisxi mainc miiq 

cevda did yuradRebas da mravalni, maT 

Soris paladioc, misi re konstruqciis 

Teoriul gegmebs Tavazobdnen. 

franguli mmarTvelobis dros monastris 

nagebobebi, romlebic TaRs aRmosavleTi 

mxridan uqmnida sayrdens, 

sur. 4.7. titusis TaRi, 

aRdgenili r. Sternisa da 

j. valadYes mier 1817-23 

ww-Si, antikuri Zeglis 

restavraciis klasikuri 

nimuSi gaxda 

sur. 4.8. titusis TaRis detali, travertinis 

axali nawilebi kveTilobis gareSea 

datovebuli, originaluri marmarilos 

nawilebisgan gansasxvaveblad. 

daangries da Zeglis mdgo mareoba kidev 

ufro gauaresda. meore mxriv, igi Ser- 

Ceul iqna ber tos mier sakvanZo Zeglad 

kapitoliumis baRis miseul gegmaSi.

1813 da 1816 wlebSi komitetebma rekomendacia 

misces mis gamagrebas, magram 

ara feri gakeTebula 1817 wlamde, rodesac 

Sterns restavracia daeva la, misi, 

valadYesa da kamporezisgan Semdgar 

komitetTan erTad. man moamzada proeqti 

axalgazrda venecieli arqiteqtori 

studentis dax ma rebiT da 1818 wels 

ukve SeeZlo kalatoz juzepe ravalinisTvis 

qvis samuSaoTa Sesruleba daekveTa. 

Tavdapirveli mosazreba imaSi 

mdgoma re obda, rom marmariloebi Tavis 

adgilze WanWikebis meSveobiT moeTav sebi 

naT (valadier, 1822). 

ufro guldasmiT ganxilvis Semdeg 

es mosazreba uaryofil iqna, vinaidan 

marmariloebis Tavis adgilas damagreba 

SeuZlebeli Canda. Se sabamisad, gadawyda 

kamaris daSla da Tavidan amoyvana saWiro 

sayr deniT. Zeglis mxolod gamagrebis 

nacvlad gadawyda gizoris rekomenda 

ciis gaTvaliswineba da nakluli nawilebis 

gamartivebuli forme biT Sevseba, 

misi winadadebis Tanaxmad: `Sedegad, 

am ufromo sabjene bis Rirebulebaze 

meti xarjis gauwevlad, es saintereso 

Zegli aRdge nil iqneba. Tundac es 

mxolod ZiriTadi masebi iyos, is mainc 

Seqmnis warmoadgenas mis zomebsa da 

proporcebze.~ 98 

Sternma aago xaraCo da nagebobis 

dazianebul nawilebs sabjene bi Seuyena. 

saZirkvlis gamosavlenad da Zeglis zusti 

arqiteqturuli formis dasadgenad 

gaTxrebi Catarda. 1818 wlis oqtombrisTvis 

qvis sa muSaoebis sakmaod didi moculoba 

Sesrulda; isini 1820 wlis ivnisam 

de Sewyda da valadYes mier 1823 wels 

Sternis gardacva lebis Sem deg dasrulda. 

originaluri nawilebi saTuTad iqna 

danomrili zur gis mxridan da saTiTaod 

Camoxsnili sayrdenad Zalovani qargilis 

ga mo yenebiT. TaRi Tavidan aages, 

Tavdapirveli elementebis axali agu ris 

98 Conseil des bâtiments, Paris, 14.viii.1813, archives 

nationales, Paris, F13, 1648a 


SigTavsze xelaxla morgebiT da travertinis 

mopirkeTebiT, rome lic kargad 

esadageboda Tavdapirvel marmarilos 

elementebs. axali nawilebi sadad 

iqna datovebuli, dekoris, reliefebis 

an svetebis kanelurebis mibaZvis gare- 

Se, raTa mnaxveli SecdomaSi ar Sesuliyo. 

mogvianebiT valadYem marmarilos 

nacvlad travertinis ga mo ye neba imdroindeli 

ekonomikuri sirTuleebiT 

gaamarTla. 

es restavraciac, manamde SesrulebulTa 

msgavsad, sxvadasxvanai rad unda 

Sefasebuliyo. zogi aRfrTovanebuli 

iyo _ filipo aure lio viskonti, natif 

xelovnebaTa komisiis mdivani, miiCnevda, 

rom is dax vewili iyo. sxvebi Sedegebs 

ufro kritikulad ganixilavdnen. 

sten da li, magaliTad, Cioda, rom mTeli 

Tavdapirveli Zegli daikarga da axla 

mxolod misi asliRa ariso. kardinalma 

konsalvim da kardinal ma paCam 1822 wlis 

noemberSi TviT samuSaoTa meTodologiuri 

safuZve li CaTvales saeWvod, 

roca SeZrwunebulebma aRmoaCines, rom 

`nacvlad Zeglis konservaciisTvis sa- 

Wiro samuSaoebisa, moxda misi daSla da 

Ta vidan awyoba, ramac gaasammaga Rirebuleba 

da rom axla Zegls SeiZ le ba ewodos 

piusis TaRi da ara titusis TaRi 

da rom am samuSaoebma gamoiwvia zogier- 

Ti reliefis dazianeba, maTi sxvadasxva 

nawilis Camo texa~. 99 

feamac ganacxada, rom ar eTanxmeba 

valadYes gadawyvetilebas; Tumca, miuxedavad 

imisa, rom yoveldRiurad akiTxavda 

obieqts da arasdros mouxsenebia 

Tavis zemdgomTaTvis amis Sesaxeb. valadYes 

mo T xoves waredgina Tavisi samuSaos 

oficialuri dasabuTeba, romelic 

man 1821 wlis dekemberSi romis arqeologiur 

akademias moaxsena (valadier, 

1822). igi amtkicebda, rom Sterns ukve 

imdenad bevri hqon da ga keTebuli, rom 

99 paCa Camerlengo-s, 5.Xi.1821 (arch. s., rome: 

Cam. i, iv, b 40)


mas TviTon mxolod imave gezis gagrZeleba 

SeeZlo. kardinalma paCam miiRo es 

dasabuTeba, magram mainc rCeboda Segr- 

Zneba, rom axali nakvTebi jabnida TaRs 

da rom proporciebi SesaZloa Tav dapirvelad 

sxvac yofiliyo. miuxedavad 

yvela eWvisa da kritikisa, ti tusis Ta- 

Ris restvarciam garkveuli safuZveli 

Cauyara istoriuli na ge bobisadmi mopyrobis 

Tanamedrove principebs da Semdgom 

xSirad sa ni muSod moixseneboda. 

4.2.9. kolizeumi: II 

franguli mmarTvelobis dros, kolizeumis 

arena nawilobriv gaiTxara, magram 

1814 wlis mere gaTxrili arena isev 

amoavses miwiT, vinaidan ver iqna mogvarebuli 

drenaJis problemebi. garedan 

mimdinare samuSaoebi iTvaliswinebda 

sam rigad wriuli saseirno adgilebis 

mow yobas da borcvis samagri kedlis 

aSenebas. pirveli sarTulis TaRebi gan- 

Tavisuflda gviandeli CaSenebisagan da 

Catarda gaTxrebi Tavda pir ve li Sesasvlelis 

donis gamosavlenad. Semdgom 

dacvis saWiroebam moiTxova TaRebis 

specialuri, brinjaosfrad SeRebili 

xis meseriT daxurva. Tumca arc es gamodga 

sakmarisi im mnaxvelTa SesaCereblad, 

romelTac, goeTes mibaZviT, mTavris 

Suqze surdaT am romantikuli nangrevebiT 

tkboba. mcenareulobis siuxve 

im aspeqtTagani iyo, rome lic izidavda 

romantikulad ganwyobilT, vinaidan 

`drom gadaaqcia igi kldovani borcvebis 

amfiTeatrad, veluri zeTisxilis, 

mirtisa da leRvis xeebiT, daserili 

viwro bilekebiT, romlebic iklakneboda 

da n greul safexurebsa da usasrulo 

galereebSi,~ 100 rogorc Selim aR wera 

igi Tomas pikokisadmi 1818 wlis weril- 

Si. 1815 wels feam wamoa yena winadadeba 

mcenareTa fesvebi amoeZirkvaT da nage- 

100 Seli Tomas lav pikoks, 1818 (Colosseum, 120). 

boba rkinis sama g rebiT SeemtkicebinaT. 

1820-ian wlebSi damatebiTi winadadebebi 

iqna SemuSavebuli, Tumca mcenareulobis 

ufro safuZvlianad mocileba 

mxo lod 30 wlis Semdeg, 1850-ian wlebSi 

ganxorcielda. amanac gamow via garkveuli 

kritika, vinaidan miiCnies, rom amiT 

Seilaxa dangreuli Zeglis cxovelxatuli 

ieri. 

1820 wlisTvis kolizeumis gare 

wris is bolo, romelic foru mis mxaresaa, 

SemaSfoTeblad aramdgradi aRmoCnda 

da valadYes daeva la mis gasamagreblad 

xis sayrdeni aego. man sami 

weli iarseba, vid re, bolos da bolos, 

seriozuli gamagrebiTi samuSaoebi ar 

daiwyo. va ladYes proeqti iTvaliswinebda 

nakluli nawilebis Tavidan agebas, 

rac erTgvar sayrden kedels Seqmnida. 

es gamoiwvevda: 

àntikuris imitacias umciresi detalebis 

CaTvliT, im erTader Ti gansxvavebiT, 

rom pirvandeli kedeli mTlianad 

travertinis iyo, xolo axal wyobaSi _ 

ekonomiis mizniT _ travertini gamoyenebulia 

mxolod pirveli svetebis 

naxevar simaRleze, TaRebis wamowyebebsa, 

svetebis bazisebsa, kapitelebsa 

da karnizebze. es aucilebelia stabilurobis 

moTxvnebisTvis. yvelaferi 

danarCeni aguriTaa amoyvanili, Zveli 

naZerwis frTxili imitaciiT, dafarulia 

freskuli patiniT, rac qmnis imis 

STabeWdilebas, rom yvelaferi mTlianad 

travertiniT aris agebuli.” 101 

yvela rodi daeTanxma am winadadebas 

(mag., karlo fea), magram sa bolood, 1823 

wlis dekemberSi, igi mainc miRebul iqna 

akademiis mi er. samuSao amis mere maleve 

daiwyo da 1826 wels dasrulda. 

valadYe amtkicebda, rom es meTodi 

gaaadvilebda kolizeumis mTlianad 

aRdgenas, Tu amis survili iqneboda. 

Semdgomi restavraciebi 1840-ian da 

1850-ian wlebSi luiji kaninas (1795- 

101 valadier, 1833:15


sur. 4.9. kolizeumis dasavleTi nawili restavrirebul iqna j. valadYes mier 1824-26 wlebSi da 

miznad isaxavda arqiteqturuli formebis nawilobriv aRd genas. aguris gamoyeneba qvis nacvlad 

ekonomikuri mize zebiT iqna gamarTle buli. 

sur. 4.10. kolizeumis samxreTi monakveTis restavraciisas XIX s-is Sua xaneb Si l. kaninam axali 

nawilebi aguriT amoiyvana, raTa isini Tavdapirveli qvis wyobisgan ganesxvavebina.


1856 ww.), neo-klasicisti arqiteqtoris 

mier Catarda, romelsac arqeologiisadmi 

gansakuTrebu li interesi hqonda 

da gamoqveynebuli hqonda mravali 

tomi antikuri romis arqiteqturis Sesaxeb. 

yvelaze farTomasStabiani Careva 

man sam x reT monakveTze ganaxorciela, 

sadac 1844 wlisTvis rva TaRi iqna 

Ta vi dan amoyvanili, 1852 wlisTvis ki 

_ forumisken mimarTul dasavleT SesasvlelTan. 

orive SemTxvevaSi axali 

nawilebi yviTeli aguriT iqna agebuli, 

xolo travertini mxolod konstruqciulad 

mniSvnelovan ad gi lebSi gamoiyenes. 

kedlis gagrZeleba xexeSi zedapiriT 

iyo aRniSnu li valadYes adreuli 

namuSevris msgavsad, magram mis mier 

gamoyenebu li freskuli imitaciis gare- 

Se. garda amisa, 1852 wels CrdiloeTi 

Se sasvlelis Tavze mcire farTobi nawilobriv 

travertiniT aRadgines. 

4.2.10. restavraciisadmi sxvadasxva 

midgoma 

natif xelovnebaTa komisiaSi, romelmac 

1824 wels daamtkica valadYes proeqti, 

kanovas sikvdilis mere Sediodnen fea, 

Torvaldse ni da viskonti. albert Torvaldseni 

(1770-1844 ww.), saxlganTqmuli 

da nieli moqandake, im droisTvis romis 

samxatvro wreebSi yvelaze gav le niani 

pirovneba da akademiis skolaSi qandakebis 

pirveli profeso ri gaxda. SemdgomSi 

igi akademiis vice-prezidenti, 

xolo 1827 wlidan ki prezidenti iyo. 

rogorc xelovanni, kanova da Torvaldseni 

Zalian gansxvavebulni iyvnen, Tundac 

orive neo-klasicistad SeiZleba 

iyos miC neuli. kanova, vilkelmanis tradiciisamebr, 

swavlobda antikuri xe lov 

nebis nawarmoebebs da bunebas sakuTari 

Semoqmedebis STagonebis mo sapoveblad. 

Torvaldsens gulisyuri ufro metad 

Zveli qandakebe bis proporciebis Seswa- 

vlisa da maTi mibaZvisken hqonda mipyrobili. 

roca kanovas Txoves eljinis 

marmariloebis restavracia, man amaze 

uari Tqva Zveli ostatebis pativiscemis 

gamo; meore mxriv, Torvald seni 

daTanxmda lYudvig I bavarielis mier 

mYunxenisTvis 1813/1817 wleb Si SeZenil 

eginis marmarilos qandakebebis nakluli 

adgilebis aRdge nas. 102 

am or midgomas Soris gansxvaveba 

aseve naTlad kolizeumis kon servaciaSi 

Cans. roca natif xelovnebaTa inspeqtori 

kanova iyo, pirve li kontrforsi 

imisTvis aSenda, rom SenarCunebuliyo 

Zeglis umcire si detalic ki, yovelgvari 

rekonstruqciis gareSe, rogorc 

warsulis dokumenti. oci wlis mere, 

roca Torvaldseni komisiis wevri iyo, 

valadYem meore kontrforsi aago, romelic 

gulisxmobda Zeglis nawi lobriv 

aRdgenas. es ori midgoma warmoadgens 

istoriuli Zeglisadmi mopyrobis ukiduresad 

dialeqtikur safuZvels. calkerZ, 

originaluri masalis pativiscema 

da wminda wylis konservaciaa; meore 

mxriv _ nak luli adgilebis savaraudod 

zusti aRdgena Zeglis arqiteqturis 

re konstruqciis mizniT. 

mesame, Sualedur midgomas titusis 

TaRis restavracia warmogvi d gens, romelic 

Sternma gizoris rekomendaciebis 

mixedviT ganaxorci e la da romelic 

valadYem daasrula. aq Tavdapirveli 

elementebi kon serevirebul iqna, xolo 

nakluli adgilebi moiniSna imgvarad, 

rom Tav dapirveli mTlianoba naTlad 

aRiqmeboda, magram axali nawilebi mkafiod 

gansxvavdeboda avTenturisgan. 

samive midgoma restavraciaSi Semdgomac 

gamoiyeneboda, garkveuli variaciebiT 

konkretuli SemTxve vi dan gamomdinare. 

kolizeumSi kaninas mier ganxorcielebuli 

samuSao SeiZleba ganvixiloT, rogorc 

mesame midgomis variacia, Tumca- 

102 saukunenaxevris mere qandakebebs aRdgenili 

nawilebi moaSo res.

Ra igi masalaSi gansxvavebas kidev ufro 

metad gamokveTda. es teqnika, ro gorc 

Cans, mavan puristebs akmayofilebda, 

romlebic zrunavdnen imaze, rom axali 

nawilebi TvalsaCinod gansxvavebuli yofiliyo 

origina lisgan da es, didi xnis 

manZilze _ TviT XX saukuneSic _ iqneb, 

yve laze farTod xmarebuli gadawyveta 

iyo. 

4.3. gavlena siZveleTa 

restavraciaze safrangeTSi 

titusis TaRis magaliTi katremer de 

keinsmac moiwona, roca man 1832 wels 

Tavis `leqsikonSi~ sityva `restavracia~ 

gansazRvra. misi az riT, restavarcia, 

pirvelyovlisa, niSnavs im samuSaoebs, 

romlebic ganxorcielda Zveli Zeglis 

SesakeTeblad, meore mxriv ki, dangreuli 

Zeglis grafikulad, Tavdapirveli 

saxiT Cvenebas. man xazi gausva Zegle bis 

restavraciis saganmanaTleblo aspeqts, 

Tumca is mxolod marT lac mniSv- 


nelovan sanimuSo Zeglebs miuyena. `maTi 

nangrevebis naSTebi mxolod im mizniT 

unda iqnes restavrirebuli, raTa konservacia 

gau keTdes imas, rac gamodgeba 

xelovnebisTvis nimuSad, an siZveleTa 

Sem s wav leli mecnierebisTvis.…...~ Semdgom, 

kvlav titusis TaRTan mimar TebiT, 

igi ayalibebs im ZiriTad principebs, 

romelTa mixedviTac unda xdebodes 

frizebiTa da qandakebebiT Semkuli 

amgvari klasikuri Zeg lis restavracia 

_ `sakmarisi unda iyos mTelis nakluli 

nawilebis re integracia, oRond detalebis 

gareSe, raTa mnaxveli SecdomaSi ar 

Sevides da advilad gaarCios erTmane- 

Tisgan Zveli namuSevari da is nawilebi, 

romlebic mxolod da mxolod Zeglis 

mTlianobisTvis iqna aRdgenili~. 103 

Zveli Zeglebis aRnusxvasa da Seswavlas 

romSi xangrZlivi tra di cia hqonda; 

XVIII saukunis Sua xanidan wm. lukas 

akademiis arqiteq tu ruli konkursebi 

cocxlad inaxavda am tradicias. romis 

103 Quatremère, 1832 

sur. 4.11. oranJis TaRi 

safrangeTSi pirvelad 

1807-09 ww-Si iqna 

restavri re buli, xolo 

dasrulebuli a.-n. 

karistYes mier 1824 w-s, 

minimaluri CareviT.


franguli akademiis moswavleTa muSaoba 

aseve xels uwyobda Zveli Zeglebis 

sul ufro zust arqeologiur fiqsirebas. 

1787 wlidan moyolebuli es kvle va 

savaldebulo gaxda da moicavda klasikuri 

Zeglis guldasmiT da detalur 

Seswavlas, misi arsebuli mdgomareobis 

aRnusxvas, àvto ri tetebis~, anu aRiarebuli 

teqstebisa da msgavsi xasiaTis 

cnobili Ze g lebis Seswavlas da qaRaldze 

Sesrulebul grafikul restavracias. 

amgvari kvlevis adreuli nimuSi aris 

a. J. m. genepenis mier titusis TaRze 

1809 wels Catarebuli samuSao (Bérard, 

1985:292 da Semd.). kvle vis am meTodma 

garkveuli gavlena XIX saukuneSi Sua 

saukuneebis nagebobe bi sadmi midgomazec 

moaxdina. 

im wlebSi, rodesac romSi mniSvnelovani 

restavracia xorci el deboda, 

samuSaoebi safrangeTSic klasikur Zeglebzec 

Catarda. es re s tavracia, ZiriTadad 

nimis amfiTeatrsa da oranJis 

TaRze, ganxorci el da im kanonebis mixedviT, 

romlebic XVIII saukunis bolos, 

revo lYu ciis dros SemuSavda. 1807 wels 

Conseil des Bâtiments-ma saWirod miiC nia, 

Seswavliliyo nimis amfiTeatris gamagrebis 

meTodebi, raTa `pati vi ecaT romauli 

nagebobis xasiaTisTvis, nangrevebis 

arsebuli mdgo ma re o bis yovelgvari 

cvlilebis gareSec da maTi sakmaod 

didi xniT gamagrebis mcdelobiTac.~ 104 

romauli naSTebi arsebuli mdgomareobiT 

_ bzarebis CaTvliT _ unda SenarCunebuliyo, 

raSic gamovlinda 1806 wels 

kolizeumis pirveli restavraciis midgoma. 

sakuTriv samuSaoebi 1809-13 wleb- 

Si ganxorcielda da moicavda zogierTi 

Sida konstruqci is gamagrebas, agreTve 

arenis restavracias, xolo Sua saukuneebis 

na ge bobebi, romlebic arenaze 

da mis garSemo iyo agebuli, daangries. 

1807-1809 wlebSi pirvandeli konstruqciebis 

sruli dacviT gamagrda oran- 

104 Conseil des Bâtiments, 1807 (Bonnel, 1957:113ff). 

Jis satriumfo TaRi: nakluli adgilebi 

Seivso ubralo wyobiT rekonstruqciis 

yovelgvari cdis gareSe. es samuSaoebi, 

romlebic qa laq oranJis mier, mTavrobis 

finansuri daxmarebiT da grafi 

montali ves mxardaWeriT ganxorcielda, 

1824 wels arqiteqtorma a.-n. karistYem 

daasrula. 

4.4. klasikuri berZnuli Zeglebis 

anastilozi saberZneTSi 

saukunis meore naxevarSi david lYo 

roYsa da stYuartisa da revetis publikaciebis 

wyalobiT, iseve rogorc 

vinkelmanis, goeTe sa da hYolderlinis 

mier antikuri saberZneTis gandidebis 

zegavle niT moxda berZnuli klasikuri 

memkvidreobis Tavidan aRmoCena, ramac 

meti mnaxveli da koleqcioneri waaqeza 

xelovnebis mniSvnelovani qmni lebebis 

mosapoveblad da wamosaRebad. erTi 

mxriv, es aRvivebda enTu ziazms da iZleoda 

masalas uSualo SeswavlisTvis, 

meore mxriv ki, sa berZneTis ukve sakamod 

Selaxuli memkvidreobis ufro met 

ngrevas da danakargebs iwvevda. 1801-03 

wlebSi lordma eljinma akropolisis 

mar marilos qandakebebi Camoxsna da 1812 

wels isini londonSi Caitana. 1812 wels 

lYudvig I bavarielis dakveTiT qokerelis, 

haleris, Stakel bergis da linkhis 

eqspediciam amoTxara eginis marmariloebi, 

romle bic restavrirebul iqna 

romSi, Semdeg ki mYunxenSi gaigzavna. 

maSin roca `berZnuli gemovneba~ mTels 

evropaSi vrceldeboda, TviT saberZ ne- 

Ti jerac otomanTa imperiis mier iyo 

dapyrobili. 

qveynis savalalo mdgomareobis 

sul ufro metad gacnobierebis kvalad 

berZeni patriotebi qveynis ganTavisuflebis 

mizniT, sxva ev ro puli qveynebis 

erovnuli ajanyebebis magaliTiT, 

saidumlo sazoga doe bebs (hetaireias) aya-

libebdnen. maTi meTaurebi, grafi kapodistriasi 

da princi ipsilianti mxardaWeras 

sazRvargareT eZebdnen da rigi 

ajan yebebis Semdeg, romlebSic lordma 

baironmac gaswira sicocxle ber Zeni 

patriotebis miznebis gasakeTilSobilebad, 

1821 wels saberZneTi damoukideblad 

gamocxadda. amas mxurvaled 

miesalmen mTeli evropis filelinebi, 

ludvig bavarieli, Satobriani da hYolderlini. 

sulTan mahmuds es gancxadeba 

1829 wlis SeTanxmebamde ar ucvnia, rac 

ingli sis, safrangeTisa da ruseTis daxmarebiT 

moxda. 1833 wlis Teberval Si, 

saberZneTis axlad arCeuli mefe, oto 

I, lYudvig I bavarielis meore vaJi, napliaSi 

taxtis dasakaveblad Cavida. es 

niSnavda, rom bavariis mTavroba mxars 

uWerda axalgazrda mefes, xolo bevri 

misi gadawyve ti leba misi mamis gavleniT 

miiReboda. filelinebisTvis, romelTagan 

lYudvigi yvelaze Tavdadebuli iyo, 

erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani ram saber- 

ZneTis didebuli warsuli da is Zveli 

Zeglebi iyo, romlebic mas acocxlebda; 

Sesabamisad, am Zeglebis Tavidan ageba da 

dacva axa li xelisuflebis mizanTagani 

gaxda. klasikuri taZrebis restavracia 

ara mxolod saukunovani monobis Semdeg 

berZeni eris aRorZinebis sim bolo Seiqmna, 

aramed gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba 

mianiWa restavraci is aRmniSvnel ber- 

Znul sityvasac _ ànastilozi~. 

4.4.1. samarTlebrivi da 

administraciuli safuZvelebi 

1834 wels saberZneTis samefom miiRo kanoni 

istoriuli Zeglebis dacvis Taobaze, 

romelic sakmaod kargad iyo SemuSavebuli 

da Seicav da princips, romelic 

mas mere xSirad aris xolme moxmobili: 

ànti kurobis yvela obieqti saberZneT- 

Si, Seqmnilia ra elini xalxis winap re bis 

mier, miCneulia yvela elinis saerTo 


erovnul kuTvnilebad.~ am aqtis bolo- 

Si naTqvami iyo: ìs obieqtebic, romlebmac 

moaRwia qristi a no bis adreuli 

periodidan da e.w. Sua saukuneebidan, 

ar gamoiricxeba am kanonis samoqmedo 

arisgan~ (Brown, 1905:217 da Semd.). am kanonis 

Semo RebiT, ro me lic germaneli 

mrCevlebis, kerZod ki profesor lYudvig 

moreris, da x marebiT SemuSavda, saberZneTi 

_ hessen-darmStadtis msgavsad 

105 _ sakonservacio kanonmdeblobis 

TvalsazrisiT erTi wamyvani qve yana gaxda 

evropaSi. Tumca, rogorc wesi, ZiriTadi 

yuradReba eTmo bo da klasikur 

antikurobas, xolo Suasaukunovani nagebobebi 

_ iseve ro gorc italiasa an 

safrengeTSic ki _ xSirad ingreoda, maT 

qveS an tikuri narCenebis gamosavlenad. 

1834 wels leo fon klence (1784-1864 

ww.) ludvig I-is hofbauintendant-i (samefo 

karis mSeneblobaTa xelmZRvaneli), gagzavnil 

iqna saberZneTSi diplomatiuri 

misiiT, raTa daxmareboda otos, gamkla 

ve boda misi taxtis garSemo daxlar- 

Tul intrigebs. magram misi Ca mosvlis 

oficialuri mizezi iyo konsultaciebi 

aTenis, rogorc axali dedaqalaqis, dagegmarebisa 

da mSeneblobis sakiTxebze. 

es uka nas kneli davaleba klencem sam 

nawilad dayo: aTenis generaluri gegma, 

sazogadoebrivi nagebobebi (gansaku- 

TrebiT samefo sasaxle) da ak ro po lisis 

sakiTxi. generaluri gegma ukve SemuSavebuli 

iyo breslau eli gustav eduard 

Sobertis (1804-60 ww.) da makedoneli 

stamacios kleanTes mier (1802-62 ww.), 

karl fridrix SinkelTan konsultaciebiT, 

romelic 1825-28 wlebSi berlinSi 

maTi maswavlebeli iyo. Sesabamisad, daiwyo 

garkveuli samSeneblo saqmianobac 

da klence, Tundac ar da Tanxmeboda 

gegmis sxvadasxva aspeqts, SesworebaTa 

SeTavazebiTRa unda Semofargluliyo. 

man Seitana ramdenime winadadeba same- 

105 lui X-is, hesen-darmStadtis didi hercogis 

dekreti, 22.I.1818 (moller, n. d.; harvey, 1972:208).


sur. 4.12 aTenSi akropolisis garemo 

sakonservacio arealadaa daculi 

fo sasaxlis ga mo, Tumca sabolood is 

misma metoqem, fridrix fon gertnerma 

(1792-1847 ww.) aago. samagierod, akropilisisTvis 

mis mier SemuSavebuli reko 

mendaciebi didad mniSvnelovani iyo 

rogorc am Zeglebis dacvisa da restavraciisTvis, 

iseve saberZneTSi arqeologiuri 

kvlevis organize bis Tvis. 106 

saberZneTSi CamosvlisTanave klencem 

korinTos, mikens, argoss, ti rinTs, 

106 fon klence germanuli klasicizmis erTi 

wamyvan arqiteqtor Ta gani iyo, regensburg- 

Tan man klasikuri taZris saxiT “valhala”, 

ger ma ne li eris gaerTianebis simbolo aago. 

igi ucxoeTSic moRvaweobda da siciliis 

berZnuli taZrebi Seiswavla. berlinSi, SinkelTan 

er Tad, igi davidTan, fridrix Jilisa 

da alois hirtTan swavlobda; mravali arqeologiuri 

sazogadoebis sapatio wevri iyo. 

epidavrsa da eginas imogzaura; amgvarad, 

mas mravali SesaZ lebloba hqonda 

enaxa, rom antikuri berZnuli naSTebi 

sruliad ugu l velyofili iyo. aTenSi 

es gancda erTgvar nostalgiaSi gadaizarda, 

ramac aiZula gamoeyenebina Tavisi 

diplomatiuri statusi da raime moemoqmeda 

berZnuli xelovnebisa da istoriis 

am saTayvanebeli da mito vebuli 

naSTebisTvis. klences gagebuli hqonda 

bevri saCoTiro ambavi _ rogor moipara 

avstriulma brigma siZveleebi delosidan; 

rogor Ca mo texa CaquCiT erTma ingliselma 

parTenonis figuris nawili; 

rogor cdilobdnen amerikeli oficrebi 

moeparaT ornamentebi erexTeionidan. 

isic marTalia, rom TviT berZnebi 

sakmaod gulgrilad epyrobodnen Ta vis 

Zeglebs; TviT kapodistriassac ki ar 

sjeroda, rom Zveli berZnu li Zeglebi 

Wkuis saswavlebeli raimes momcemi iyo. 

magram klences su r da maTi dacva da samomavlod 

SenarCuneba da agreTve surda 

evro pisTvis daemtkicebina, rom axalgazrda 

mefe da saberZneTis xelisuf leba 

ufro meti gulisyuriT ekidebian maT, 

vidre es maTi mflobele bis usuligulo 

damokidebulebidan Cans. man SesTavaza, 

rom saberZne Tis yvela mniSvnelovan 

Zeglze regularuli zedamxedveloba 

dawese boda, maT Soris, aTenTan er Tad, 

12 umTavresi RirsSesaniSnavi adgili: 

egina, delfosi, ramnusi, sunioni, asklepiosis 

hieroni epidakrosis max lob lad, 

korinTo, mikeni, basa, mesina, delosi da 

olimpia yofiliyo. garda amisa, igi Tavazobda, 

omis invalidebisa da pensionerebis 

am Ze g lebis sadarajod da mnaxvelTa 

gamZRolad daeyene binaT, xolo 

pro vi n ciel inspeqtorebs CaetarebinaT 

sistematuri daTvaliereba General konse 

rvator-is kontroliT. 1834 wlis 6 

seqtembrisTvis mTavrobam daamt ki ca es 

winadadebebi da 12 pensioneri maleve 

akropilisis darajad dai niSna. 

klences rekomendaciebi moicavs ase

ve Zveli Zeglebis restavra ciis saxelmZRvanelo 

principebs; igi miuTiTebda, 

rom Tu Zeglebis Tvis araferi gakeTda, 

Zneli ar iqneba im Jamis winaswarmetyveleba, 

ro ca maTi formis bolo kvali 

gaqreboda. is iTxovda arqeologiuri 

gaTxrebis dauyovnebliv dawyebas akropolisze 

da prioritetulad mi iCnevda 

parTenonis SenarCunebas, rogorc aTenis 

RirSesaniSnaobisa da aseve im Rirsebis 

gamo, rasac igi Sematebda axali 

saxelmwifos sta tuss. klencem aTenSi 

ocdaaTamde adgili aRricxa, romelic 

daculi unda yofiliyo da romlebSic, 

akropolisis garda, Sedioda agora, Tezeioni, 

adrianes karibWe da zevsis ta- 

Zari. am siaSi Setanil iqna nakleb mniSvnelovani, 

magram garkveuli potenciis 

mqone adgilebi, ro goricaa àntikuri 


sur. 4.13. aTenis akropolisi Turquli saxlebis dangrevamde. stYuartisa da revetis naxati 

“aTenis siZveleebidan” (1787, tomi II). 

nangrevebi~, `herode atikosis mier agebuli 

Zeglis SesaZlo naSTebi~. man garkveuli 

interesi gamoiCina mcire zomis, 

moxa tuli bizantiuri eklesiebis mimarTac, 

romlebic antikuri Zeglebis 

na Zarcvi masaliT iyo agebuli da romelTac 

axla, axali ganviTarebis gamo, 

dangrevis safrTxe emuqreboda. 

Generalkonservator-is Tanamdebobaze 

klencem doqtori ludvig rosi (1806-59 

ww.), holstaineli istorikosi da arqeologi 

waradgina, rome lic klasikur 

filologias kilsa da laipcigSi swavlobda 

da 1832 wlis maisSi saberZneT- 

Si Cavida. man napliaSi konsrevatoris 

asisten tad imuSava da gamyolis movaleobas 

asrulebda rogorc klences, ase ve 

samefo ojaxisTvis. teqnikuri mimarTulebisTvis 

klencem SesTavaza Soberti


sur. 4.14 aTenis parTenoni 1910 wels (Institut fűr Denkmalpflege, Berlin) 

da kleanTesi, aTenis gengegmis avtorebi. 

rosi da Soberti da amtkices, magram 

kleanTesis nacvlad mTavrobam daniSna 

danieli ar qi teqtori hans xristian 

hanseni (1803-83 ww.). 1836 wels, raRac 

dapiris pirebis gamo, rosi gadadga da 

misi adgilze aTeneli arqeologi, kiriakos 

pitakisi (1798-1863 ww.) dainiSna. 

akropolisze mimdinare samuSaoebze, 

rogorc dafinansebis, aseve zedamxedvelobis 

TvalsazrisiT, garkveuli pasuxismgebloba 

gaaCnda 1837 wels daarse- 

bul aTenis arqeologiur sazogadoebas. 

1844-45 wleb Si erexTeionis CrdiloeT 

portiks Turquli tyviiswamlis sawyobis 

narCenebi moaciles da gaxsnes misi 

CrdiloeTi Sesasvleli. gaizarda ucxo 

qveynebis dawesebulebaTa monawileobac; 

romis magaliTis midev ne biT, aTenSi Seiqmna 

skolebi da akademiebi. romis franguli 

akademia, dasawyisSi arc Tu didi 

enTuziazmiT, 1845 wlis aqeT, rodesac 

aTenSi natif xelovnebaTa sazogadoeba 

daarsda, saSualebas aZlevda studen tebs

saberZneTSi emogzauraT. garkveuli kvlevebi 

Catarda akropolis sa da sxva adgilebSi 

107 , proeqtebi moicavda dawvrilebiT 

anazomebs, hi po Tetur rekonstruqciebs, 

poliqromiisa da ornamentebis 

Seswavlas. 1848-53 wlebSi m. bYole uZRveboda 

gaTxrebs propileebis win da aRadgina 

e.w. bYoles karibWe (Beulé, 1862). 

4.4.2. akropolisi 

akropolisze gaTxrebis oficialurad 

dawyebisTvis mTavrobis Tvis erT-erTi 

sirTule is iyo, rom is samxedroebis 

mier jerac cixe-simagred gamoiyeneboda. 

klencem moiTxova misi demilitarizacia, 

rac mTavrobam 1834 wels daamtkica 

kidec. es iZleoda SesaZleblobas 

si ma g reTa dangreviTa da Zveli taZrebis 

aRdgeniT `samudamod gamoudega ri 

gaexadaT igi samxedro TavdacvisTvis~. 

es samuSao iyo aseve saTana do gza `civilizebuli 

evropis TanagrZnobis gasaRviveblad 

da misi mzerisa da interesis 

aTenis zeda qalaqis restavraciisken 

misapyro bad~ (von Klenze, 1838:303). 

samxedroebma akropolisi sabolood 

1835 wlis martSi gaanTavi su f les 

da samuSaoebic oficialurad daiwyo. 

simagreTa garda aq ma Sin faqtorbrivad 

patara qalaqi iyo patara saxlebiTa da 

baRebiT. 

viTareba naTlad SeiZleba warmovidginoT 

XVIII saukunis naxatis mixedviT, 

romelzec klasikur nagebobaTa naSTebi 

dasaxlebaSi aris da nTqmuli. ukanaskneli 

omis damabolovebeli brZolis Semdeg, 

es ad gi li srul qaoss warmoadgenda, 

`svetebis kapitelebs Soris, dangreul 

svetebs Soris, marmarilos did da 

mcire blokebs Soris saarti le rio Wur- 

107 aq Sedioda T. balus muSaoba erexTeionze 

1844-5 ww., aleqsis pi kardisa parTenonze da 

propileebze 1847-8 ww. da p. debYuisonisa 

pro pileebze 1848 w. 


vebi, gasrolili vaznebi, adamianis Tavis 

qalebi da Zvlebi iyo, romelTa didi 

nawili erT grovad erexTeionis momxiblavi 

karia tidebis gverdiT mieyaraT~ 

(von Klenze, 1838:290). erexTeioni TiTqmis 

mTlianad iyo dangreuli; misi kedlebi 

jariskacebma tyviis Ziebisas daSales, 

CrdiloeTi portiki Camongreuliyo. 

1827 wels misi Tavani ga moyenebul iyo 

Wurvsacavad da miwiT iqna daculi. Tumca 

didi sim Zimisgan igi Camoingra da 11 

adamiani imsxverpla. erT-erT kariatidas 

esrodnen da misi nawilic Camoingra. 

propileebi nangrevebad iyo qce uli da 

mTeli Sesasvleli kedliT iyo amoqolili. 

mis samxreT-dasav leT kuTxeSi e.w. 

frankebis koSki aRimarTeboda. 

pirveli gaTxrebi akropolisze Catarda 

1833 wlis gazafxulze. pitakisma, 

romelic siWabukeSi enTuziazmiT eZiebda 

klasikur nangre vebs, miiRo kapodistrias 

nebarTva parTenonis maxlobad 

mcire gaTxre bis Casatareblad. mas bedma 

gauRima da man aRmoaCina sami kargad 

Se naxuli bareliefi da ramdenime warwera. 

1834 wlis 10 seqtembers, jer kidev 

aTenSi yofnisas, klencem akropolisze 

gaTxrebisa da restavra ciis oficialuri 

sazeimo gaxsna gamarTa mefis monawileobiT. 

gaxs nes Sesasvleli propileebidan, 

raTa mefe parTenonis CrdiloeT 

mxa remde misuliyo, sadac, saTanado 

adgilas aRsamarTad, svetis nawili moemzadebinaT. 

iqve axlos, niadagis Txeli 

fenis qveS àRmoCenil~ iqna kargad 

Senaxuli frizi. TviT klencem warmo- 

Tqva sityva, romelSic ga nacxada, rom 

`barbarosuli drois kvali, yore qva da 

usaxuri nangre ve bi gaqreba aqedan iseve, 

rogorc mTeli eladidan da didebuli 

war sulis naSTebi axali brwyinvalebiT 

aRsdgeba. isini Seqmnian yvelaze saimedo 

safuZvels kidev ufro diadi awmyosa 

da momavlisTvis~. 108 

klencem aTenSi yofna parTenonis Se- 

108 von Klenze, 1838:380f


saswavlad gamoiyena, Tanac gansakuTrebiT 

samSeneblo xerxebiT dainteresda. 

igi aRfrTovanebuli iyo samuSaos xarisxiT 

da nawilebis daxvewili SekavSireba-morgebiT. 

man daaskvna, rom liTonis 

samagrebi miwisZvrebisgan dasacavad iyo 

gamiznuli. man daafasa masalis arCevani 

movla-Senaxvis TvalsazrisiT da, misda 

sasikeTod Seadara germanuli kaTedralebisas 

(kYolni, stra s burgi). mYunxenSi 

dabrunebamde klencem SeimuSava gaTxrebis 

pro grama da garkveuli miTiTebebi 

sarestavracio samuSaoebis warmoebis- 

Tvis. am saxelmZRvanelo principebis ZiriTadi 

muxlebi gaxldaT 109 : 

1. saTavdacvo nagebobebi, romlebsac 

ara aqvTs konstruqciuli an cxovelxatuli 

(malersich) Rirebuleba, 

unda moixsnas, magram nia da gis Tavdapirveli 

doneebi SenarCunebul iqnas 

unda terasebis, substruqciebis 

da sayrdenebis meSveobiT. 

2. restavracia unda daiwyos parTenonis 

CrdiloeTi nawilidan, romelic 

yvelaze kargad Cans qalaqidan, mere 

gagrZeldes celas kedlebze da samxreT 

svetnarze. amis Semdeg SeiZleba 

erxTeioni sa da propileebis jeric 

dadges. Semdeg igi Tavazobda muzeumis 

agebas parTenonis dasavleTiT. 

3. yvela xelmisawvdomi originaluri 

sveti axlad unda aRimarTos. Tu maT 

akliaT erTi an ori `cilindri~, isini 

SeiZleba arsebu li marmarilosgan 

axlad gamoikveTos `restavraciis dafarvis 

mcdelobis gareSe~. arqitravebis, 

triglifebis, metopebis da kar 

ni zebis fragmentebi Tavis adgilas 

unda dabrundes, Senobis mxa tvruli 

xasiaTis gaTvaliswinebiT. zogi sveti 

SeiZleba arc ki daidgas mTlianobis 

efeqtis dauzianeblad. 

4. darCenili qandakebebi unda Senaxul 

109 saxelmZRvanelo principebi 18.IX.1834 daiwera 

(von Klenze, 1838:392ff) 

iqnas an meCeTSi, an Tezei on Si. sxva 

saintereso elementebi, rogoricaa 

profilebi, orname n tebi da fragmentebi 

ferweruli dekoriT, unda dakonservdes 

da rogorc nangrevebis 

SigniT, aseve gareT dalagdes, maTi 

cxo velxatuli xasiaTis SesanarCuneblad. 

is qvebi da marmariloebi, romlebic 

am kategoriebSi ar moxvdeba, 

samSeneblo masalad un da gaiyidos. 

yore qva SeiZleba Catanil iqnas areopagze 

da ga moyenebul iqnas samefo 

sasaxlis terasebis asagebad. 

aTenis generaluri gegmis konteqstSi 

klencem CarTo rekomenda ciebi 

akropolisis mogviano cxovelxatuli 

danamatebis konservaciis Taobaze. amaT- 

Tagani iyo àcciajuoli~-is koSki an `veneciuri 

bastioni~ pro pileebis gverdiT. 

klence aseve amaxvilebda yuradRebas 

akropoli sis garemos konservaciaze. 

man ganWvrita `Zveli aTenis~, anu plakas 

SenarCuneba. Tavdapirvel gegmebSi, 

Soberti da kleanTesi apirebdnen ramdenime 

mTavari quCis meSveobiT, axal 

ganviTarebaSi mis CarTvas. klencem amas 

mxari dauWira da kvlav daadastura, 

rom akropolisi un da mudmiv rCebodes 

qalaqis mTavar sanaxaobad da kulminaciad. 

klen ce did mniSvnelobas aniWebda 

nangrevebis cxovelxatuli garemos 

kon servacias. rekonstruqcia daSvebul 

iyo imdenad, ramdenadac SesaZle be li 

iyo misi Zveli masaliT ganxorcieleba. 

sxva SemTxvevaSi restav ra cia mxolod 

ukiduresi aucileblobis dros iyo dasaSvebi. 

yvela saxis gamagreba an Sevseba 

unda naTlad gamijnuliyo Tavdapirveli 

nawilebisgan _ romSi dadgenili principebis 

Sesabamisad da rogorc katremer 

de kensimac ramdenime wliT adre, 1830 

wels, gansazRvra Ta vis àrqiteqturis 

leqsikonSi~. didad aravin wuxda 

àraklasikur~ nagebobebze, an RirsSesaniSnavi 

adgilisa an saxlebis ngrevisas

gamo Ce nili ùmniSvnelo naSTebis~ Seswavlaze. 

maT yridnen, samSeneblo ma sa lad 

an Semavseblad iyenebdnen. 

4.4.3. aTena nikes taZari 


sur. 4.15. aTena nikes taZari 1910 wels, sadac Cans britaneTis muzeumis mier gamogzavnili 

eljinis marmariloebis terakotis aslebi. 

1835 wlis ianvarSi rosma, hansenma da 

Sobertma samuSaoebi wamoiw yes. daayenes 

dacva da gareSe pirebs aekrZalaT rosis 

nebarTvis gare Se am `wmindaTa wmindaSi~


Sesvla. oTxmoci adamiani angrevda Turqul 

kedlebs da parTenons yore qvisgan 

asufTavebda. daSla propileebis win 

daiwyes, Tumca Turquli qvebis wyoba 

sakmaod mkvidri da Znelad da sangrevi 

aRmoCnda. mogvianebiT rosi Tavis mogonebebSi 

werda: `dasa w yisisTvis Cven 

davSaleT bizantiur-frankul-Turquli 

kedlebi da si ma g reebi propileebis 

win. aqedan warmoCnda nike apterosis 

dangreuli mcire taZris naSTebi da 

Cven saSualeba mogveca ramdenime Tvis 

ganmav lo baSi Tavidan igi Tavis Zvel adgilas 

agvego.” 110 gamovlinda aseve ori 

kedeli 7-8 metris sisqis yore qvis SemavsebliT 

maT Soris. ked le bi sxvadasxva 

droisa aRmoCnda. maT Soris ufro axali 

arqiteqtu ru li elementebisgan, Tlili 

qvisa da arqitravebisgan iyo agebuli. 

Se mavsebeli Sedgeboda svetebisgan, ioniuri 

kapitelebisgan, frizebis frag- 

110 ross, 1863:82 

sur. 4.16. erexTeionis 

taZari aTenis akropolisSi 

1910 wels. 

mentebisgan _ yvelaferi nikes taZridan 

iyo aRebuli. taZris saZi r kvlebi 

napovni iyo in situ samxreT bastionze da 

Sedgeboda sami safe xu risgan, celas kedlis 

mTliani safuZvelis, ori svetis 

bazisisa da svetis cilindruli qvisgan 

(jerac Tavdapirvel adgilas). ivlisis- 

Tvis yvela fragmenti propileebis win 

Segrovda, sadac rCeboda ramdenime 

Tvis ganmavlobaSi, vidre 1836 wlis gazafxulze 

daiwyeboda rekonstruqcia, 

romelic maisSi dasrulda. 

samuSao TiTqmis mTlianad Tavdapirveli 

nawilebis gamoyenebiT Sesrulda. 

sami damtvreuli sveti SekeTda 

pentelikonis marmarilos blokebis 

gamoyenebiT, klences rekomendaciebis 

Sesabamisad. axali blo kebi ar iyo dekorirebuli. 

celas kedlebze ramdenime 

naxevrad damtvreuli marmarilos bloki 

Canacvlebul iqna axliT, `porosis 

qvisgan~. taZari aRdgenil iqna Crdilo

eTi da aRmosavleTi mxridan ar qitravis 

simaRleze, maSin roca samxreT mxares 

celas kedlis na wili daumTavrebeli 

darCa, xolo sveti samxreT-dasavleT 

kuTxeSi Ta v dapirvel simaRleze dabali 

datoves, Tanac ukapitelod. 111 Tavis 

ko le gebTan erTad rosma moamzada 

publikacia nikes taZris Taobaze. man 

TviTon dawera teqsti, xolo Sobertma 

da hansenma ki naxazebi da Cana xatebi moamzades. 

es unda yofiliyo pirveli gamocema 

seriisa gaTxre bis Sesaxeb da mas 

unda mohyoloda gamocema klasikur arqiteqturaSi 

ferisa da saRebavis Sesaxeb, 

rac im dros Zalian moduri gaxda. 112 

1843-44 wlebSi aTenis arqeologiurma 

sazogadoebam gadawyvita daefinansebina 

nikes taZris rekonstruqciis meore 

etapi, raTa dasru lebuliyo samxreTdasavleTi 

kuTxe. britaneTis muzeumma 

gamogzavna lord eljinis mier waRebuli 

marmariloebis terakotis aslebi, 

rom lebic ganaTavses taZris CrdiloeT 

da dasavleT mxareebze. saZirkvel Si 

wvimis wylis CaRwevis asarideblad, ta- 

ZarSi gaimarTa kirqvisa da aguris iataki. 

taZris Sesavlels gaukeTda liTonis 

karibWe. 

pitakisma, akropolisze pasuxismgenlobis 

periodSi gaagrZela rosis 

mier erexTeionze dawyebuli gaTxrebi 

da Tanac garkveuli sa restavracio 

111 imave xanebSi ngreva propileebis SigniT 

daemTavrebinaT, mxo lod akiajuolos ko- 

SkiRa idga, vidre, garkveuli kamaTis Semdeg, 

is 1874 w.-s, hainrix Slimanis xarjze 

ar daangries. 

112 poliqromiis Taobaze ramdenime gamokvleva 

SeesrulebinaT frang, inglisel da germanel 

arqiteqtorebs, maT Soris gotfrid 

zem pers (Protzmann, 1979:101ff). poliqromias 

siciliaze 1822-24 ww.-Si iakob ignac hiTorfi 

(1792-1867 ww.) da gamoaqveyna l’architecture 

polychrome chez les Grecs (1830). 


samuSaoebic Caatara. man gaamagra dasavleTi 

fasadis sami sveti, gaamagra da 

SeakeTa CrdiloeTi portikis ori sveti. 

Sveicarel ma moqamdakem e. imhofma 

aRadgina aRmosavleTidan meore kariatida, 

xo lo misma italielma asistentma 

j. andreolim SeakeTa Sida kariatida 

aRmosavleT mxares. 1846-7 wlebSi aleqsis 

pakardma daasrula portikis restavracia; 

bazebi da arqitravebi SekeTda 

axali marmarilos gamoye ne biT, xolo 

Senoba gaamagres jer xis da Semdeg li- 

Tonis bijgebiT. dakarguli kariatidas 

terakotis asli miawoda britaneTis muzeumma. 

pitakisi pativs miagebda Tavdapirvel 

masalas da restavracia imiT Semofargla, 

risi gakeTebac Tavdapirveli 

masalis gamoyenebiT SeiZle bo da. igi 

upiratesobas aniWebda dauzianebeli 

mTliani blokebis ga moyenebas da fragmentebs 

mxolod gamonaklis SemTxveveb- 

Si iSvelieb da. yoveli axali elementi 

markirebuli da daTariRebuli iyo mis 

mier. gamagrebisTvis igi iyenebda garedan 

xilul rkinis Zelebs an salte ebs 

da rodesac Sida dakavSireba iyo saWiro, 

es rkinis samagrebiT keT deboda. 

damtvreuli nawilebi ivseboda aguriT 

_ rogorc parTeno nis celas kedlebze, 

sadac man agreTve mcire samuSaoebi Caatara.

5 

romantizmis epoqa 

safrangeTis revolYucia gansjagonebis 

gandidebis ukiduresi gamovlineba 

iyo da, amave dros, gaaRviva 

janyi ganmanaTleblobis epo qis ZiriTadi 

ideebis mimarT, rogoricaa absolutizmi, 

wesrigi da dis ciplina. am axali 

moZraobis, romantizmis, winamorbedi 

iyo rusos `bu nebisken mibruneba~, TviT 

igi ki filosofia da literaturaSi, 

xelo v nebasa da religiaSi Tavisuflebis, 

individualobis, gamomsaxvelobis da 

SemoqmedebiTobis Ziebad miiCneva. mas 

SeigrZnobdiT sxvadasxva sa xis àRor- 

ZinebebSi~ da man biZgi misca mibaZvis 

xelovnebidan gamomsaxve lo bis xelovnebisken 

Zvras; is vlindeboda warsulis 

awmyoSi gacocx le bis nostalgiur survilad 

da qmnida rezidenciebsa da cixedarba 

zebs, rogorc am survilis konkretul 

gamoxatulebas. romantizmis epo qa 

sakvanZo xana gaxda istoriuli obieqtebisa 

da adgilebis resta v raciisa da 

konservaciisadmi axali midgomis ganvi- 

TarebaSi. 

adre, Sua saukuneebis nagebobebze 

cvlilebebi ama Tu im drois sti liT 

keTdeboda; eklesiebs barokaluri an 

neo-klasikuri danama tebi uCndeboda, 

zogjer ki isini mTlianad gadakeTdeboda 

axali `mo dis~ Sesabamisad. Tumca 

arseboboda Tavdapirveli stiliT 

gagrZele bis SemTxvevebic, iseTic, roca 

arqiteqtori (rogorc mag., alberti an 

re ni) saTuTad epyroboda Senobis es- 

Tetikur mTlianobas. axalma isto riulma 

cnobierebam Seqmna axali midgo- 

130 

ma, romelic efuZneboda Tavda pir veli 

stilis pativiscemas _ Tanac ukve ara 

mxolod wminda esTeti kuri mizezebiT, 

aramed Senobis, rogorc erovnuli istoriis 

miRweve bis gamoxatulebis, mniSvnelobis 

gamo _ safrangeTsa an germaniaSi, 

an da religiuri misazrebebiT, 

rogorc inglisSi. ase rom, istoriuli 

Senobebi, rogoricaa marienburgis 

cixe-darbazi, kYolnisa da magdebu r gis 

kaTedralebi, ganixileboda rogorc 

èrovnuli Zeglebi~ da restavrirebel 

iyo konkretuli gzavnilis gasavrceleblad. 

amgvari sarestavracio saqmianoba 

im arqiteqtorTa da mSenebelTa xelSi 

iyo, romlebic klasicizmis suliskveTebiT 

iyvnen ganswavluli. arqiteqtu ra 

kvlavac ganixileboda rogorc mibaZvi- 

Ti xelovneba, TumcaRa mime zi sis ufro 

adreuli cneba Seicvala stilis cnebiT, 

romelic obieq tisgan damoukidebeli 

egonaT. igi mSenebels magaliTTa wyebas 

mianiS nebda, saidanac mas SeeZlo 

gaekeTebina arCevani Sinagani logikis 

sa fuZvelze da sxvadasxva tipis nagebobaze 

gamosayeneblad funqciuri 

moTxovnebidan gamomdinare. amis Sedegad, 

istoriuli nagebobis res tavracia 

erTgvari samecniero saqmianoba gaxda, 

romelic miznad isa xavda stilistur 

mTlianobas, rogorc idealis gansaxovnebas 

113 . 

113 SeiZleba `stilis~ cneba kartezianuli 

`Tan dayolili ideebis~ praq tikul ganxorcielebadac 

ki miviCnioT.

5.1. goTuri aRorZineba da inglisis 

kaTedralebis saxecvla 

racionalistur epoqaSi ZiriTadi mecnierebisa 

da teqnologiebis ganviTareba 

Canda, xolo religia naklebad izidavda 

yuradRebas. ing liss Zlieri kavSirebi 

hqonda klasicizmis TavwyaroebTan; mxatvrebi 

da arqiteqtorebi uSualod ecnobodnen 

mas xmelTaSuazRvispireTSi `did 

mogzaurobaTa~ dros; ganaTlebuli jentlemenebi 

iZendnen klasi kur siZveleTa 

koleqciebs da xelovnebis sxva nimuSebs. 

goTuri ek le siebi didi xnis ganmavloba- 

Si papizmis simboloebad rCeboda da 

maT erTgvari eWvis TvaliT uyurebdnen. 

Tumca, goTika sinamdvileSi arasd ros 

gamqrala qveynidan. 114 klasicizmis zogi 

wamyvani arqiteqtoric ki, magaliTad, 

ser kristofer reni, TumcaRa kritikulad 

ganwyobili, ma inc aRiarebda Sua 

saukuneebis mSeneblTa xelovnebas. mis 

mier houksmu r Tan erTad selisberis 

kaTedralsa da uestminsteris saabatos 

dasav leT koSkebze ganxorcielebuli 

SekeTebebi arqiteqturul mTelTan Se- 

TanxmebiT iyo Cafiqrebuli. 

goTikis dafaseba gansakuTrebiT mweralTa 

da poetebis mxrida naa naTeli. 

Yorkis, solsberis da darhemis didebuli 

kaTedralebis brwyinvaleba TviT 

klasicizmis ayvavebis xanaSi iyo aRiarebuli 

da mokrZalebuli Suasaukunovani 

kluatrebis mistikuri atmosfero 

zemo q me debas axdenda iseT mgrZnobiare 

poetebze, rogoricaa jon milToni, romelic 

Tavis Ìl Penseroso”-Si werda (1631 

w.): 

de, nurasodes moiSlis Cemi marTali 

terfi 

mimosvlas mwignobrul kluatrTa bindSi 

da saxuravTa, maRla SerkalulTa, siyvaruls, 

ZvelTaZvel burjTa mZime simyariT, 

114 Clark, 1974; Germann, 1972; honour, 1981; Pevsner, 

1972; watkin, 1980. 

romantizmis epoqa 131 

da asarTulebul sarkmelTa mdidrul 

naySis, 

mcxral religiur Suqs rom afens. 

TandaTanobiT, literaturis, rokokos 

axirebebisa da axleburi is to riuli 

cnobierebis meSveobiT, klasikuri landSaftis 

idealebi Sua saukuneebis 

cxovelxatuli nangrevebisa da Senobebis 

mimarT wina-ro mantikuli mowiwebiT, gaocebiTa 

da aRfrTovanebiT Seicvala. 

1750 wels, horas uolpolma (1717-97 

ww.) Tavis qalaqgareT mamulSi, stro uberi 

hilSi (Tviqenhemis axlos) wamoiwyo 

cvlilebaTa wyeba go Tur stilSi, ra- 

Sic aisaxa rokokos ayvavebis periodSi 

goTikis mzar di mowoneba. 115 amanve STaagona 

igi daewera òtrantos cixe-darbazi~ 

(1765 w.) da dasabami mieca goTuri 

saSinelebaTa romanebisTvis. am axali 

tendenciis kvalad robert adams, jorj 

dens umcross, rober smirks, jon neSs 

da jeims uaiets daukveTes saxlebisa da 

vilebis da p roeqteba da rezidenciebis 

gadakeTeba aRorZinebuli goTuri stilis 

ya idaze, Tumca, sinamdvileSi, amgvari 

stilisturi elementebi gareg nul efeqturobas 

ufro emsaxureboda. 

5.1.1. jeims eseqsi 

amgvari formebi uolpolis qalaqgareT 

rezidenciaSi daaproeqta jeims eseqsma 

(1722-84 ww.), kembrijeli durglis vaJma, 

romelic `goTur arqiteqtor~-ad iyo 

cnobili da pirveli praqtikosi arqiteqtori 

iyo, vinc Sua saukuneebis xuroTmoZRvrebis 

mimarT siZveleTmcdneobiTi 

in teresi gamoiCina. jer kidev 1756 wels, 

115 uolpols misi vilis mSeneblobis sameTvalyureod 

`gemovnebis komi teti~ hyavda. 

wevrebi iyvnen uilYam robinsoni (1720-75 

ww.), pirveli Se ke Te bis gamZRoli, jon SYuTi 

(1701-76 ww.), erTi umTavres proeqtantTagani, 

romelsac uolpoli Zlier afasebda 

da riCard benTli (1708-82 ww.).


igi cdilobda gamoeca samefo kolejis 

kapelis anazomebi; man gamoaqveyna ramdenime 

gezismimcemi nar k vevi goTur arqiteqturaze. 

1772 wels arCeul iqna antikvarTa 

sazoga doebis wevrad. man SeakeTa 

da aRadgina mravali nageboba kembrijis 

universitetSi, aseve didi SekeTebiTi 

samuSaoebi ganaxorciela elis da 

linkolnis kaTedralebze, sxva nagebobebzec 

umuSavia, dauweria mo x senebebi. igi 

afasebda goTikas rogorc esTetikuri, 

aseve konstruq ciuli TvalsazrisiT. 

ase, mag., rodesac man Seiswavla linkolnis 

ka Tedralis dasavleTi kedeli, man 

kritikulad Seafasa gviani cvlile bebi 

da wamoayena winadadeba misi aRdgenisa 

imgvarad, rogorc misi maSeneblebi 

ganizraxavdnen. 

eseqsi gamonakliss warmoadgenda. Sua 

saukuneebis Senobebze, ro gorc wesi, is 

arqiteqtorebi muSaobdnen, romlebsac 

klasikuri ganaT leba hqondaT miRebuli 

da vinc afasebda mTlianobas da `mSvenieri 

ubraloebis~ princips, goTuri da 

normanuli nagebobebis WeSmariti xasia- 

Tis sruli ugulebelyofisas. 1782 wels 

es principi Semdegnairad ganisazRvra: 

`Senobis namdvili ubraloeba iqmneba 

nawilTa daqvemdeba re buli SeerTebiT 

erTgvarovani da Tanabari mTlianobis 

Sesaqmnelad: iseTis, rom mxedvelobis 

sxivebi arasdros dabrkoldes, da arc 

kon struqciuli nawilebi dascildes 

mTlianis sistemas.~ (D’moundt, 1782:480). 

es midgoma aRiarebul iqna bevri taZris 

winamZRvrisa da samo nastro kapitulis 

mier. amis Sedegad, kaTedralebis 

interierebi yve lafer Semaferxeblis 

mocilebis gziT saxecvlil iqna er- 

Tiani pers peqtivis Sesaqmnelad. mas 

Semdeg, rac es didi nagebobebi aSenda, 

sau ku neTa ganmavlobaSi warmoqmnili 

sxvadasxvagvari moTxovnebis dasak ma yofi 

leb lad, interierebi xSirad damatebiT 

daenawevrebinaT mcire sivrceebad, 

rasac mrevlisTvis praqtikuli mniS- 

vneloba hqonda. amave dros, organebis 

budeebi da sakurTxevlebi gadakeTda da 

nagebobaTa eq s terierebi gadasxvaferda, 

raTa misadageboda im drois gemovnebis 

Sesabamis simetriis princips. 

5.1.2. darhemis kaTedrali 

darhemis kaTedrali SeiZleba imis magaliTad 

gamodges, Tu ra daemarTa did inglisis 

religiur nagebobebs. darhemis 

kaTedrali age bul iqna 1093-1133 wleb- 

Si normanTa mier, romlebsac qveyanaSi 

Tavisi mdgomareobis ganmtkiceba da ga- 

Zliereba surdaT. Senoba ganTavsda ma- 

Ra li platos kideSi, romelic mdinare 

viers gadahyurebda, romelic mas sami 

mxridan uvlida da erTgvar koncxs qmnida. 

samxreT nawilSi sa monastro nagebobebi 

iyo, CrdiloeTiT _ cixe-darbazi, 

romlebic qmnidnen patara qalaqis STambeWdav 

ansambls. kaTedrali qviT aages, 

da uxvewavad, gamokveTili mZime burjebiT 

da evropaSi pirveli nervYu ruli 

kamariT. misi sruli sigrZe, XII saukunis 

galileis kape li dan da savleTiT, vidre 

aRmosavleT nawilSi sakurTxevlis ukan 

ganlage buli XIII saukunis `cxra trapezis 

kapelamde~, 123 m.-ia. Sejvarebaze 

cen traluri koSki iyo, xolo dasavleT 

boloSi ori koSki, romleb mac XVII saukuneSi 

Spilebi dakarga. 

1536 wels monastrebis gauqmebisa 

da XVII saukunis xatmebrZole obis Semdeg 

darhemsac mZime ziani miadga da 

XVIII saukuneSi mas kvlav esaWiroeboda 

SekeTeba. 1777 wels adgilobrivma arqiteqtorma, 

jon vu lerma, romelic samuSaoTa 

zedamxedvelad aiyvanes, moxseneba 

moamza da. saWiro naxazebi momzadda 

vuleris asistentis, jorj nikolsonis 

mier, romelic samuSaoTa mwarmoebeli 

iyo. dadginda gadaxurvebis da qvis wyobis 

cudi mdgomareoba; kamarebs bzarebi 

gasCenoda; centralu ri koSki da

`cxra trapezis kapelis~ koSkurebi dazianebuli 

iyo; ar arsebobda wvimis wylis 

gadamyvani sistema; sarkmlebi sul 

Campaliyo; CrdiloeTi karibWe mocilebuli 

iyo ZiriTad kedels, xolo galileis 

kapelis saZirkvelSi mciredi uwesrigoba 

gamovlinda. SekeTebis mizani 

iyo maT Semdeg mTlianoba aRdgeniliyo 

`rac SeiZleba srulad, rasac ki iTxovs 

TviT nageboba da ris saSualebasac iZleva 

qvis masalis xa siaTi, romliTac is 

aris agebuli~; 116 garda amisa, SemoTvazebul 

iqna zogierTi morTuloba Senobis 

`gasamSveneblad~. 

eqsterieris Tlili qva Zlier iyo 

gamoqaruli, xolo bevri qvis bloki sruliad 

daSlili. wylis CaJonvis Tavidan 

asacileblad da kedlebis met-naklebad 

gluvi zedapiris Sesaqmnelad, vulerma 

SeTava za qvebis CamokveTa 2-3 inCis siRrmeze, 

dazianebuli qvebis Secvla, aseve 

nakerebisa da Rrmulebis kiris xsnariTa 

da kaJis namsxvrevebiT Sevseba. es aseve 

gulisxmobda sarkmlebis kveTili Car- 

Coebisa da yve lanairi Semkulobis ga- 

116 ‘Durham Dean and Chapter minutes’, ii, 582; wooler, 

J., ‘report,’ 29 november 1777. 



kaTedralis 

xedi, raitis 

mier fanqriT 

Sesrulebuli 

dama te bebiT 

axali Spilis 

proeqtisTvis _ 

Yorkis Spilis 

msgavsad (the 

Dean and Chapter of 

Durham) 

naxlebas. navis kamaris bzarebi mudmivi 

meTval yu reobis qveS unda yofiliyo, 

xolo galileis kapelis dazianebebi unda 

SeekeTebinaT. `cxra trapezis kapelis~ 

koSkurebis aRdgena arse bi Tad 

iqna miCneuli erTgvarovnebis miRwevis 

TvalsazrisiT, da, ro gorc `gamSvenierebis~ 

nawili, daigegma `Senobis metismetad 

masiuri ga regnobis Semsubuqeba~ 

qvis Spilebis damatebiT dasavleT 

koSkebsa da centralur koSkze. 

Spilebi, Yorkis taZris msgavsad, etyoba 

Tomas raitis (1711-86 ww.), maTematikis, 

astronimiisa da navigaciis adgilob rivi 

maswavleblis Canaxatebidan warmoiqmna 

117 , romelmac aseve SesTavaza Spilebi 

CrdiloeTi transeptisa da `cxra trapezis 

kapelis~ gasamSve ne b lad. samuSaoebi 

1779 wels daiwyo; Spilebi dasavleT 

koSkebze 1797 wels dasrulda. 

117 gravYura no. 51 (1780) da 55 (‘darhemis 

sakaTedro eklesiis xedi’): ‘n. B. the additions 

in Pencil Design’d by mr. tho. wright’ (Durham 

Dean and Chapter muniments). simpson, F. G. and 

richmond, i. a., ‘thomas wright of Durham and immanuel 

Kant’. Durham university Journal, XXXiii, 

new series ii, 1940-1941:111ff.


Tumca es cvlilebebi yvelas rodi 

moswonda. 1787 wels, v. hatCi sonma gamoaqveyna 

nikolsonis naxazebi Tavis `darhemis 

istoriaSi~ da mkacrad gaakritika 

kaTedralis `Zveli ieris~ Selaxva. mas 

gansakuTre biT adardebda ramdenime 

Zveli reliefuri figuris dakargva, 

romle bic `gamoxatavdnen Senobis epoqas~ 

da imJamad xelovnebis xasiaTis nimuSs 

gvacnobda. Tumca igi axal figurebs 

TavisTavad kargad miiCnev da, Tan 

SiSobda, rom momavalSi isini Seiyvandnen 

mnaxvels SecdomaSi, daajerebdnen 

ra, rom nagebobis es nawili gacilebiT 

ufro adre iqna agebuli Tu aRdgenili 

(hutschinson, 1787:226). 

5.1.3. jeims uaieti 

jeims uaietma (1746-1813 ww.), Zmebi adamebis 

Semdeg qalaqgareTa saxlebis 

yvelaze `modurma~ arqiteqtorma inglisSi, 

oqsfordsa da ues t minsteris saabatoSi 

henri kini (1726-76 ww.) Secvala. 

igi 1787-92 wleb Si muSaobda selisberis, 

xolo 1787-95 wlebSi liCfildis kaTedralebis 

Seswavlasa da SekeTebaze, 1788 

wels ki herfordSi, sadac da savleTi 

koSki ori wliT adre Camoingra. konstruqciuli 

da funqci uri gaumjobesebebis 

garda, uaieti da eklesiis winamZRvari 

da kapitu li umetesad miznad isaxavdnen 

mTeli Sida sivrcis gamTlianebas 

yo velgvari damabrkolebeli elementebis 

moxsniT da (liturgiuli) aR mosav 

leTisken warmarTviT. amis kvalad, 

kankelebi da embazebi moxsnes, kapelebi 

gaxsnes da mTavari trapezebi Senobis 

Soreul boloSi gana la ges. herfordSi 

navi erTi ubiT iqna damoklebuli, xolo 

dasavleTi fasadi koSkis gareSe aigo. 

Tumca, uaieti ar iyo goTuri formebis 

ume cari; igi muSaobda uolpolTan 

strouzeri hilSi da Tavis proeq teb Si, 

rogoricaa mag., uiliam bekfordisTvis 

1796-1807 wlebSi gakeTe bu li fonthilis 

saabato da 1808-13 wlebSi brijuoteris 

grafisTvis Sesrulebuli eSrij parki, 


kaTedralis CrdilodasavleTi 

xedi, 

romelzec `naC ve ne bia 

gaTvaliswinebuli 

Spili da farani~ 

jeims uaietis 

proeqtis mi xedviT, 

1795 w. (the Dean and 

Chapter of Durham)

goTur stils iyenebda. 118 

1791 wels SYut beringtoni, selisberis 

episkoposi, darhemSi dai niSna, sami 

wlis mere ki, liCfildisa da qoventris 

yofili episkoposi graf jeims qornvalisi 

taZris winamZRvrad airCies. orive 

mondomebuli iyo miewviaT uaieti darhemSi, 

ara mxolod kaTedralis Sesaswavlad, 

ara med agreTve biSof oklendisa 

da darhemis cixe-darbazis episkoposis 

rezidenciebis SekeTeba-gaumjobesebisTvis. 

mowveva 1794 wlis bolos daamt- 

118 Frew, 1979:366ff; Colvin, 1954:722ff; linstrum, 

1973; turnor, 1950; Colvin, Crook and Port, 1973, 

vi:49ff; lees-milne, 1976. 


sur. 5.3. darhemis kaTedralis 

gegma SemoTavazebuli 

gadakeTebebiT, galileis 

kapelis mocilebisa da 

dasavleTis Sesasvlelis 

gaxsnis CaTvliT. (the Dean and 


kices da 1795 wlis seqtemberSi uaietma 

waradgina SemoTavazebu li SekeTebebisa 

da cvlilebebis gegmebi. aq ori mTavari 

mizani isaxe ba: pirveli, nagebobebis 

gaumjobeseba arqiteqturuli TvalsazrisiT 

da maTi stilisturad ufro 

gamTlianeba, meore ki, zogi funqciuri 

gaumjobesebis Semotana winamZRvrisa da 

kapitulis survilebis Sesaba misad. 

cvlilebebi moicavda Semdegs: galileis 

kapela unda daeSalaT da dasavleTiT 

kvlav mTavari Sesasvleli gaexsnaT; 

axlad aRdgenili CrdiloeTi karibWe 

unda daeSalaT; axali proeqti iqna 

SemoTavazebu li aRmosavleTi fasadis


aTvisac, sadac jerac SekeTeba mimdinareobda 

nikolsonis xelmZRvanelobiT; 

maRali Spili unda aSenebuliyo cent raluri 

koSkis Tavze. kaTedralis SigniT 

yvela gamyofi kedeli unda moxsniliyo 

da interierSi unda Seqmniliyo dasavleTidan 

aRmosavle Tis ken ganuwvalebeli 

gasaxedi. es niSnavda wm. qatbertis 

samarxis ga tanas galileis kapelidan, 

nevilis mSvenieri kankelis, mTavari 

trapezisa da XVII saukunis mTeli avejis, 

embazis, organis budis da dasajdomlebis 

gatanas. axali mTavari trapezi 

iqna SemoTavazebuli `cxra trapezis 

kapelis~ centrSi, xolo sakurTxevlisTvis 

axali ka Tedra da saydari iqna 

gaTvaliswinebuli. XVII saukunis organi, 

rome lic efareboda sakurTxevels mTavari 

navidan, unda Secvliliyo ufro 

msu buqi formis axliT, Zveli organisa 

da daSlili nevilis kankelis elementebiT. 

kapitulis saxli TiTqmis orjer 

unda damoklebuliyo da axali wriuli 

afsidiT aSenebuliyo. 

am gegmebis wardgenis Semdeg uaieti 

adgilze mxolod erT Ca kiTxvas ixseniebs. 

praqtikuli ganxorcieleba daevala 

adgilobriv ar qiteqtors, uiliam 

morpeTs, romelic yovelive danarCenze 

iyo pasu xismgebeli da 1824 wlamde agr- 

Zelebda aq muSaobas. CrdiloeTi koSkure 

bi da `cxra trapezis kapelis~ fasadis 

qveda nawili ukve dasrule bu li iyo da 

vitraJebic momaragebuli. fasadis zeda 

nawili da samx reTi koSkurebi aRdgenil 

iqna uaietis gegmis mixedviT. kapitulis 

sax li nawi lobriv gadakeTda morpeTis 

gegmiT, marTkuTxa formiT _ da ara afsidiT, 

rogorc uaiets hqonda dagegmili. 

1796 wels gadawyda ka TedralisTvis 

CamoeSorebinaT sxvadasxva funqciebi, 

raTa SesaZlebe li yofiliyo interierSi 

da galileis kapelaSi SemoTavzebuli 

ngre vis winwagdeba. 1797 wels kapitulma 

daadgina, rom rodesac aRmosav le- 

Ti nawili dasruldeboda, morpeTs 

unda daewyo eklesiis saxuravis sruli 

SekeTeba. Zveli tyviis firfitebi unda 

gaeyidaT, xolo saxura vi, uaietis gegmiT, 

gadaxuruliyo fiqaliT. dasavleTi 

koSkebis Spile bis da koSkurebis 

dasamTavrebeli samuSaoebi grZeldeboda 

rait-vu le ris gegmebis Tanaxmad, 

iseve rogorc kaTedralis CrdiloeTi, 

dasav leTi da aRmosavleTi fasadebis 

gare zedapirebis gadaTla; msgavsad 

muSavdeboda monastris kluatric. 

5.2. antikvarTa kamaTi restvaraciis 

principebze 

SekeTeba da galamazeba miznad isaxavda 

erTianobas, wesrigsa da simetrias, 

magram sruliad ugulvebelyofda istoriuli 

kaTedralebis xno vanebis Rirebulebas. 

is cvlilebebi, romelnic 

uaietma ganaxorcie la selisberis kaTedralze, 

pirveli biZgi gaxda konservaciis 

princi pebis Taobaze kamaTis wamosawyebad. 

zogierTni mis gegmebs icavdnen 

da moswondaT, rom aTwleulebis 

ganmavlobaSi mitovebuli da ukuRmar- 

Tad gamoyenebuli Senobebi, rogorc 

iqna, SekeTda da mowesrigda. maTi azriT, 

kapelebma didi xnis win dakarga moxdeniloba, 

xolo ferweru li morTuloba 

asaxavda `mouxerxebel, araproporciul 

figurebs, ro me liRac xeibris STamomavlebs, 

SesaZloa eduard IV-is an henri 

VII-is mefobis xanisas, romlebic mudam 

dasacini ram iyo yvela gonieri mnaxvelisTvis~ 

(Gentlemen’s magazine [Gm], 

1789:1065). am ferweris SeTeTrebiT svetebi, 

TaRebi da Weri harmoniuli, jerovani 

da STambeWdavi gaxdebo da. 

Tumca iyvnen iseTebic, vinc nanobda 

Zveli Zeglebis dakargvas da romlebic 

uaryofiTad udgebodnen ganaxlebis 

samuSaoebs. am kritiko s Ta Soris iyo 

riCard gugi, antikvarTa sazogadoebis 

prezidenti, rome lic afasebda goTur

arqiteqturas da miiCnevda, rom selisberis 

kaTe d ralis `stili ugabedulesi 

da umsubuqesia, Canafiqri erTiani da 

mo x de ni li, Sesruleba misi mdebareobis 

tolfasi, xolo Zalian maRali 

Spi li samefos saocrebaa~ (“R.G.” GM, 

1789:873), Tavisnair ansamblebs So ris 

srulyofili, romelsac cota ram Tu 

Seedreboda. meore kriti kosma werili 

miwera baton urbans, Gentlemen’s Magazineis 

redaqtors da sinanuls gamoTqvamda 

Zvel gamarTulobaTa ganadgurebis 

gamo: `me Za lian moxuci kaci var; me bevri 

ucnauri ram minaxavs; magram namdvilad 

ver warmovidgendi, rom odesme 

Tqvens mSvenier JurnalSi wavikiT xavdi, 

rom navis (eklesiis, batono urban) silamaze 

mTlianad nadgur de boda saeklesio 

dasajdomlebis daxvavebis gamo~ 

(G. m. Feb. 1796:98). 1798 wels, jon milnerma 

gamoaqveyna Tavisi `disertacia 

Zveli kaTed ra lebis gadakeTebis axlebur 

stilze, selisberis kaTedralis 

magali T ze~, romelSic igi edaveboda 

uaiets samarxebisa da kapelebis dangre 

vis, iseve rogorc aseTi Senobebis 

Tavdapirveli sivrciTi xasiaTis da 

wyobis Tanamedrove erTgvarovnebamde 

dayvanis gamo. 

5.2.1. jon qarteri 

cnobebi darhemis kaTedralis gadakeTebis 

Taobaze swrafad ga vr celda mas 

mere, rac 1795 wlis seqtemberSi uaietma 

Tavisi gegmebi warmoadgina. ukve 

oqtomberSi vinme `viator~-i werda Gentlemen’s 

Magazine-Si, gasakviri iqnebao Tu 

darhemi gaxdeba ganadgurebis samizne 

mas me rec ki, rac esoden bevri ram iTqva 

selisberize. 1795 wlis 26 noembers 

jon qarterma (1748-1817 ww.) warudgina 

antikvarTa sazogadoebas darhe mis kaTedralis 

daumTavrebeli anazomebis wyeba, 

romelic wina zaf xuls sazogadoebis 


dakveTiT gakeTda. igi wardgenil iqna 

Tavmjdoma ris, ser henri englfildis 

mier, romelmac gaacno sazoga doebis 

wev rebs is samuSaoebi, romelnic wamowyebul 

iqna darhemSi jeims uaietis, 

panTeonis didad pativcemuli arqiteqtoris, 

xelmZRvanelobiT. eride bo da 

ra uaietis personalur dadanaSaulebas, 

englfildma mainc gamo Tqva eWvi, 

esmoda Tu ara mas Sua saukuneebis xuroTmoZRvrebis 

xasia Ti. ser henrim xazi 

gausva Sua saukuneebis gegmis iregularuli 

Cax larTulobis didebul da 

cxovelxatul efeqts, Tundac xSirad 

Sem Tx veviT Seqmnils da nanobda axali 

naxelavis mowesrigebulobas da mkacr 

simetrias, rom aRaraferi iTqvas Zveli 

xelovnebis nawarmoebe bis ganadgurebaze 

da agrZelebda: 

`roca mesmis, rom galileis kapelis 

nacvlad natexi qvis biliki gakeTdeba, 

roca vici, rom sxva kaTedralebis 

garSemo areebi ase Tive usicocxlo 

mowesrigebulobamde daiyvaneba, erTgvari 

ko mikuri aRSfoTeba avsebs Cems 

gonebas da ar unda gamikvirdes, Tu davinaxav 

raindebs, romlebic samarxebSi 

ganisveneben, abreSu mis windebSi gamowyobilni 

da akuratuli bafTebiT Semkulni; 

cxa dia, balaxis beltebi, `xSirad 

obis grovebi rom aqvT~, ufro metic, 

ekliani da WinWrianic ki, melanqoliuri 

brwyinvalebiT rom yvavis warsuli Taobebis 

ferflSi, ukeT eTanxmeba didebuli 

nagebobis nacrisfer kedlebs, vidre 

sacodavi, gakreWili Se m cvleli, romelic 

sxva asociacias ar iwvevs garda `Cais 

baRi sa~ an `boulingis mwvanesi~. (s.a.l., 

1793-1796:XXV, 486) 

qarterma gamokveTa `formaTa siamovnebis 

momgvreli mravalfero v neba~, 

dasavleTi fasadis ùCveulo da STambeWdavi 

efeqti~ da didi centraluri 

koSkis `Zveli sidiadis sruli brwyinvaleba~. 

man xazi ga usva galileis kapelis 

proeqtis gamorCeulobas da SeniSna 

`Suqisa da Crdilis uCveulo efeqti~.


sur. 5.4. darhemis kaTedrali, dasavleTi fasadis naxati, jon qarteris mier ga keTebuli 1801 

wels anazomebis mixedviT. naclad arsebuli mdgomareobis Ca xa t visa, man scada nawilobrivi 

rekonstruqciis gakeTeba (Dean and Chapter of Durham). 

vizualuri efeqti, cxovelxatuloba da 

amaRlebuloba misTvis SesaZloa kidev 

ufro faseuli iyo, vidre is toriuli 

Rirebuleba. igi imdenad winaaRmdegi iyo 

ukve Catarebuli cvlilebebisa, rom maTi 

Caxatvac ki ar moindoma. samagierod, man 

ga moiyena Zveli gravYurebi da Canaxatebi 

Senobis rekonstruqciis sura Tis im 

saxiT Sesaqmnelad, rogoric is unda yofiliyo 

samuSaoTa daw yebamde. igi eyrdnoboda 

hatCisonis `darhemis istorias~ 

da Senoba od nav idealizebulad aCvena, 

dasavleT koSkebze mwyobri qongurebiT. 

qar ters surda xelisufalTa darwmuneba 

ufro faqizad muSaobas da Tanxmebodnen 

da nawilobriv amas miaRwia kidec: galileis 

kapela isev SeakeTes da interieric 

ise aRar iyo gamTlianebuli, rogorc 

adre. roca uaieti wardgenil iqna antikvarTa 

sazogadoebaSi asarCevad, igi 

pirveli arCevnebis dros `gaaSaves~, Tumca 

meore jerze, 1797 wels igi didi umravlesobiT 

airCies. amis Sedegad, gugi 

gadadga sazogadoebis pre zidentobidan 

da qarters aekrZala raime naxazebis 

wardgena sazo ga doebaSi sagangebo mowvevis 

gareSe. 

antikvarTa sazogadoeba 1792 wlidan 

ukveTavda qarters istoriu li 

nagebobebis anazomebis Sesrulebas. man 

am mizniT imuSava wm. ste fa nes kapelaSi 

uestminsterSi, eqseterisa da darhemis 

kaTedralebze da baTis samonastro 

eklesiaze; es masala mogvianebiT gamo

qveynda. ga r da amisa, man gamosca ramdenime 

tomi inglisis Sua saukuneebis 

xelo v nebasa da arqiteqturaze, Tumca 

misi saukeTeso literaturuli nawarmoebi, 

albaT, aris wyeba 212 werilisa, 

àrqiteqturuli siaxleebis Zie bani~, 

romelsac igi 1798 wlidan gardacvalebamde 

aqveynebda Gentlemen’s magazine-Si 

fsevdonimiT àrqiteqtori~. `Ziebani~ 

Tavdapirvelad Cafiq re bu li iyo rogorc 

Zveli nagebobebis restavraciis 

kritikuli mimo xilva, Tumca TandaTan 

igi inglisis arqiteqturis istoriaSi 

gadai zarda. mas hqonda qve-saTauri: 

àrqiteqturis winsvla inglisSi~ da 

moicavda periods uadresi xanidan dedofal 

anas zeobamde. igi bevrs mogzaurobda 

qveynis sxvadasxva nawilSi da, 

Cveulebriv, TiTo weril Si TiTo Senobas 

ganixilavda; ufro mniSvnelovani 

nagebobebi, rogo ri caa uestminsteris 

saabato an uindzoris cixe-darbazi, 

ramdenime werils saWiroebda. igi iSviaTad 

iZleoda Sefasebas, Tumca zogjer 

mainc ake Tebda amas _ rogorc, magali- 

Tad, selisberis SemTxvevaSi, sadac igi 

mi iCnevda, rom kluatri `karg xelSia~. 

Tumca arc kritika daiSura da selisberis 

Sesaxeb statia ase daamTavra: 

`vidre davSordebi am kaTedrals, neba 

momeciT kidev erTxel cremli davRvaro 

misi samRvdelmsaxuro nawilisa 

da masSi arse bu li samarxi relikviebis 

ganaxlebuli da modernizebuli mdgoma 

re o bis gamo; sadac axal-axali mor- 

Tuloba moewyo, sruliad Se u sabamo 

mTlianobaSi naSenobis stils, sruliad 

uwesrigo da uje ro; sadac Zeglebi an 

daangries da gaitanes, an maTi nawilebi 

Seakowiwes ise, rom sruliad aRries arqiteqturuli 

proeqti da istoriuli 

mowmoba~. (G. M., 1810:511). 

qarteris leqsika Seicavda iseT cnebebs, 

rogoricaa: gadakeTeba, gamSveneba, dazianeba, 

ngreva, gaumjobeseba, inovacia, 

SekeTeba da res tavracia, romlebic, 


yvela erTad, saboloo jamSi, gulisxmobs 

is toriuli nagebobobisadmi miu- 

Rebeli an damangreveli mopyrobis sxvada 

sxva xarisxs. `gamSveneba~ mdgomareobda 

`Cveni Zveli eklesiebis in terierebis 

SeTeTrebaSi, sarkmlebSi minis CasmaSi... 

maTi ornamen tuli CarCoebis sruli 

mongreviT; navebisa da eklesiis sivrcis 

skame biT gamotenas...~ (G. m., 1802:1118). 

`Secvla~ gagebul iyo rogorc: 

`qtitorTa da patronTa samarxebis da 

Zeglebis aR mo savleT na wi l Si maTi Tavdapirveli 

da jerovani adgilidan da sav 

leT bo loSi gadaadgileba: sakurTxevlis 

gadatana (winaswar kankelis tixris 

mo S liT) RmrTismSoblis kapelaSi... am 

nagebobebis zogierTi na wilis gadamuSaveba 

da damatebebis gakeTeba romaul 

da berZ nul stilSi da, sabolood, 

maTi zogierTi Semadgeneli nawilis 

sruli mongreva, rogoricaa kapitulis 

saxli, kankelis tixrebi, Zeglebi da sxv. 

(G. M., 1802:1021). 

`SekeTebebi~ misTvis, umetesad iyo SemorCenil 

Zvirfas saxsovre b Tan `br- 

Zola~, rac daudevari imitirebiT 

an damaxinje biT mTavrdebo da (G. m., 

1804:328). `restavraciebi~ momdevno nabijiRaa; 

praqtikaSi isini muSa-xelosnebis 

uyuradRebo xelebsaa mindobili da 

`Zalian mcire an sulac araviTari kav- 

Siri, msgavseba an Tanafardoba aqvs xelovnebis 

Zvel nawarmoebebTan.~ (G. m., 

1804:328). ganixilavda ra uestminsteris 

sa a batoSi henri VII-is kapelas, igi mo- 

Tqvamda: 

`roca iwyeba restavracia _ ratom aRar 

unda iyos originali. Ce mi mxriv, me ar 

var Senobis restavraciis momxre. me igi 

makma yo filebs iseTi, rogoric aris. 

rac Seexeba SekeTebas, me SemiZ lia amas 

daveTanxmo; iseTi, rogoricaa nakerebis 

gadaxsnis SeCe reba; an sarkmlebis mulionebis 

gasworeba, sarkmlebis Seminva; 

magram amis iqiT ar wavidodi.~ (G. M., 

1804:739).


safiqrebelia, rom qarteris mier restvaraciis 

uaryofa nawilo b riv gamowveuli 

iyo misi zizRiT Tanadrouli goTuri 

aRorZinebis arqiteqturis adrindeli 

formebisadmi. igi amtkicebda, rom 

origina luri arqiteqturuli detalebis 

imitacia sworad unda iqnas gagebuli 

ise, rom nawarmoebma `mniSvnelovaneba 

SeiZinos misi istoriuli miniSnebebis 

gamo da ganagrZos arseboba, rogorc We- 

Smariti gemovnebi sa da namdvili mibaZvis 

magaliTma~ (G. m., 1801:310). aq qarteri 

moaswa vebs goTuri aRorZinebis 

kritikas pYujinis mier, Tumc ki mxolod 

wmi n da antikvaruli da es Tetikuri 

TvalsazrisiT. qaRaldze igi Tvi To nac 

akeTebda restavraciebs, rogorc, magaliTad, 

darhemsa an liC fildSi, sadac 

man àRadgina~ dasavleTi fasadi im 

qandakebebiT, rom lebic ukve moxsnili 

iyo. 119 misi Zalisxmeva ZiriTadad Tavisi 

qveynis av Tenturi memkvidreobis dacvisken 

iyo mimarTuli da man Tavisi bolo 

werili Semdegi sityvebiT daamTavra: 

`Tu antikvarTa sazogadoeba ganwyobili 

iqneba da es udaod ase moxdeba, 

daafasos im pirovnebis faqizi midgoma, 

romelic gadaar Cens ganwirul grovebs; 

gana SeuZliaT sxvebs, vinc `gemovnebasa~ 

da mgrZnobelobas Cemulobs, guliTadad 

ar gaixaron? Cven kidev erTxel sixaruliT 

SevZaxebT: gmadlobT! da davasrulebT 

TviT-milocvis daskvniT: Cveni 

Sroma amao ar yofila!” _ ‘arqiteq tori’ 

(G. M., 1817:225) 

119 qarteri, G. m., 1810:403: ‘liCfildis kaTedralis 

TandarTul xedze, Tavs neba 

miceviT, yvela niSebi (garda didi sarkmlis 

qveS mdebareTa da Sua portikis niSebisa 

_ aq Tavdapirveli qandakebebi adgilzea) 

qan da kebebiT Segvevso; am niSebSi myofi 

qandakebebi ramdenime wlis win de kanozis 

brZanebiT Camoagdes; mas (ase amboben, 

daujerebeli kia) ela n de bo da, rom eklesiaSi 

misi Sesvlisas isini Tavs ukravdnen 

mas . . . 

5.3. goTuri aRorZinebis restavracia 

inglisSi 

industriul ganviTarebasTan, keTildReobis 

zrdasa da mosaxle o bis matebasTan 

erTad daiwyo Civili Zveli ubnebis 

ugvanobis, viwro quCebis da qalaqis 

galavnebis Taobaze, romlebic xels 

uSlida tra ns portsac da qalaqebis 

gafarToebasac. magaliTad, YorkSi miiRes 

ga da wyvetileba, daengriaT Zveli 

TavdacviTi kedlebi da maTi masala 

qu Cebis Sesworebisa da xidebis aRdgenisTvis 

gamoeyenebinaT. qarteris msgavsi 

antikvarebis protestebma droebiT 

gadaafiqrebina am proeqtis ganxorcieleba, 

magram adgilobrivi mosaxleoba 

1820-ian wlebamde aq sacilos verafers 

xedavda, vidre gazeTebi met adgils 

dauTmobdnen ka maTs am sakiTxze. 

YorkSiris filosofiuri sazogadoeba, 

1822 wels da arsebuli, aqtiurad icavda 

istoriul Zeglebs da TandaTanobiT, 

sa zogadoebrivi azris mxardaWeriT, 

uzrunveliqna kedlebis konservacia 

(Curr, 1976). 

sakuTar qveyanaSi safrangeTis revolYuciis 

Semdeg mimdinare mRe lvarebebiT 

Sewuxebulma ingliselebma am 

tendenciebis da nonkon for mis tuli seqtebis 

aqtiurobis SeCerebis saukeTeso 

gzad oficia lu ri eklesiis gaZliereba 

miiCnies. amis Sedegad 1811 wels daarsda 

òficialuri eklesiis principebiT 

RaribTa ganaTlebis erovnuli sa zogadoeba~, 

xolo 1818 wels parlamenti 

daarwmunes, mieRo saeklesio mSeneblobis 

aqti, romelic uzrunvelyofda milion 

girvanqa ster lings axali eklesiebis 

asaSeneblad. damkveTebma, surdaT ra 

maqsima lu ri sivrcis miReba minimaluri 

danaxarjiT, am nagebobaTa umetesoba Si 

gamartivebuli Seisruli TaRis stili 

aiTvises, rasac pYujini ùb ralo arqiteqturul 

uformobas~ eZaxda. miuxedavad 

imisa, rom goTuri nagebobebi popu-

laruli gaxda, arqiteqtorebs naklebi 

gamocdileba hqondaT am stilis eklesiebis 

mSeneblobaSi. 

Tumca aqti arsebuli eklesiebis 

restavracias ar gulisxmobda, 1820-ian 

da 1830-ian wlebSi gansxvavebuli SedegiT 

SekeTda eklesiebisa da kaTedralebis 

mTeli rigi. umetes SemTxvevaSi es 

SekeTebebi gamow veuli iyo mdgradobisa 

da dacvis aucileblobiT da ara 

gamSveneba-Se m kobis surviliT. riponSi 

eduard blorma (1787-1879 ww.) transeptis 

ka ma rebis SesakeTeblad papier maché 

gamoiyena. Tumca zog ufro mniSvne lovan 

Carevasac hqonda adgili. blori, 

romlis restavraciebi Sefase bul iqna 

rogorc `gaumarTleblad destruqciuli~, 

muSaobda piterbo roSi, aRadgina 

merton kolejis kapela oqsfordSi, 

glazgos kaTedra li da lembeTis sasaxle. 

1825-1830 wlebs Soris lYuis nokals 

qotin hem ma (1787-1847 ww.) ganaaxla 

gadaxurva roCesterSi, aRadgina samxreTi 

ke deli, gaakeTa centraluri ko- 

Skis rekonstruqcia axali pinaklebiT; 

man aseve aRadgina centraluri koSki 

sent albanoSi. 1832-1834 wlebSi jorj 

ostinma (1786-1848 ww.) qentrberis kaTedralze 

mniSvnelovani Se ke Te bebi ganaxorciela; 

man Tavidan aago transeptis 

kamara da fron toni, aRadgina Crdilo- 

Ti navis gasavleli `perpendikularuli 

goTi kis~ stilSi, daangria normanuli 

Crdilo-dasavleTi koSki da aRadgi na 

ise, rom XV saukunis samxreT-dasavleT 

koSks moxdenoda. 

uilYam atkinsoni (1773-1839 ww.), uaietis 

mowafe da Semdgom misi Semcvleli 

kartografiul samsaxurSi, qalaqgare- 

Ti saxlebis arqiteq to ri iyo, romelic 

darhemis arsebuli nagebobebis gadakeTebaze 

muSa ob da. 1804 wels man gaakeTa moxseneba 

darhemis kaTedralze, romelSic 

amtkicebda, rom Catarebulma SekeTebebma 

da, gansakuTrebiT, qvebis ze da piris gadaTlam, 

sinamdvileSi, daaqveiTa nagebo- 


bis simtkice, daama xinja Senobis xasiaTi 

da qvis susti Sida nawilebi gamosaqarad 

gaaSi Sv la. atkinsoni kargad icnobda 

barkis disertaciaSi warmodgenil cxovelxatulobis 

popularul Teoriebs. 

uswrebda ra win `Zveli Seno be bis dacvis 

sazogadoebis~ principebs, igi rekomendacias 

iZleoda, taZris dauzianebeli 

nawilebi xeluxlebeli darCeniliyo _ 

maSinac ki `Tu maTze xavsi gaCnda, unda 

vecadoT ar movaciloT igi~. Sesake Teblad 

igi urCevda e.w. `parkeris cementis~ 

gamoyenebas, bunebrivi cementis axlaxan 

aRmoCenil nairsaxeobas, romelic dekorisa 

da na ZerwobebisTvis gamoiyenebida. 120 

igi amtkicebda, rom am masaliT Sesru lebuli 

SekeTeba sagrZnoblad iafi iqneboda, 

vidre Sesabamisi nawile bis qvaSi gamokveTa 

da, rac, misi azriT, ufro mni- 

Svnelovania, misi `muqi baTis-qvis feri~ 

kargad exameboda xavss da aZlierebda nagebobis 

didebulebas. samuSaoebi centralur 

koSkSi 1806 wels daiwyo, magram or 

weliwadSi es meTodi uvargisi gamodga da 

atkinsoni daiTxoves. 

1827-1835 wlebSi darhemis winamZRvari 

da kapituli kaTedralSi Casatarebel 

samuSaoTa Taobaze ignacius 

bonomis (1787-1870 ww.) eTaT bi rebodnen. 

bonomi italiuri warmomavlobis iyo. 

igi inglisSi Tavis ma masTan, jozefTan 

da Zmeb adamebTan erTad Camovida; mu- 

Saobda sagra fos topografad da Tanac 

saxlebsa da eklesiebs sxvadasxva stilSi 

_ normanul, perpendikularul, goTursa 

da neo-klasikurSi _ restav racias 

utarebda. qvis wyoba erT-erTi mniSvnelovani 

problema iyo. ga dawyda nagebobis 

dazianebuli nawilebis Tavidan 

mopirkeTeba msgavsi xarisxis qviSaqvis 

gamoyenebiT, rogorc es uaietma `cxra 

trapezis ka pe laSi~ gaakeTa. gamocvales 

mxolod cud mdgomareobaSi myofi 

qvebi, ramac kedeli dalaqavebuls da- 

120 atkinsoni monawile iyo am cementis warmoebisa 

londonis bazrisa da ucxoeTisTvis.


amsgavsa da Zveli qvebis Semdgomi ko rozia 

gamoiwvia. bonomisTvis SekeTebaTa 

mizani iyo maTi umaRlesi SesaZlebeli 

standartiT ganxorcieleba, igi urCevda: 

`TviT Senobis Tanadrouli monacemebi 

unda iqnes gaTvaliswinebuli, sadac 

ki nawi le bi isea dazianebuli, rom 

maTi aslebis gakeTeba SeuZlebelia.” 121 

eqsterieris detalebis aRsadgenad igi 

nimuSebs interieris Tavdapir vel detalebSi 

daeZebda, iyenebda naZerwobasa da 

figurebs namuSevris gasamdidreblad 

da ufro `swori~ ieris misaniWeblad. 

igi ar aZlevda upiratesobas romelime 

konkretul stils, `Senobis TariRis 

Sesaferi sad~, inarCunebda rogorc normanulis, 

aseve perpendikularulis niSnebs; 

Tumca iseTi sakiTxebi, rogorcaa, 

magaliTad, sakurTxevlis zeda rigis 

sarkmlebis zoma, specifikuri moTxovnebis 

Sesabamisad wydebo da. 

1824 wels, jeims uaietis ZmisSvils, 

romelmac Semdgom raindoba miiRo, ser 

jefri uaietvils (1766-1840 ww.), jorj IV-m 

uindzoris cixe-darbazze muSaoba daukevTa. 

umTavresi samuSaoebi misi gegmis mixedviT 

ganxorcielda da es `STambeWdavi 

da uzarmazari massa~, inglisel mmarTvelTa 

simbolo, gadakeTda mefis komfortul 

da cxovelxatul re zidenciad 

(linstrum, 1972:181). samefo saTavsoebi, 

`Rirsi monarqisa da erisa~, 1828 wlisTvis 

dasrulda. ser jefrim sasaxlis 

mimdebare teri toriidan moaSora zogi 

`mouxerxebeli~ nageboba, xolo koSkebi 

da ze da ezo nawilobriv gadakeTda, nawilobriv 

ki Tavidan aSenda maSiku le biTa 

da qongurebiT. mrgvali koSki 33 futiT 

amaRlda, riTac cxo vel xatuli kompoziciis 

dominantad iqca. Tumca ramdenime 

Suasaukuno vani nagebobis dangrevis gamo 

garkveuli sinanuli gamoiTqva, ganaxleba 

da, gansakuTrebiT, samefo parkis reabilitacia 

mefis karis moTxov nilebaTa 

121 Bonomi, i., moxseneba dekanozsa da kapituls, 

ianvari 1830. 

Sesabamisad, umTavresad mowonebul iqna 

kritikosTa mier. ara vis dananebia Carlz 

II-is droindeli momxiblavi barokuli 

interi e rebis dangreva. jorj IV-s kargad 

esmoda uindzoris cixe-darbazis 

cxo velxatuli Tvisebebi da am Senobis 

istoriuli konotaciebi; mas ase ve kargad 

esmoda, rom goTuri stili yovelTvis 

dakavSirebulia diad erovnul istoriul 

movlenebTan, xolo samefo taxtisTvs 

istoriul uwyvetobas da politikuri safuZvlis 

simyares ganasaxierebs. 

5.3.1. pYujini 

interierebis mowyoba da avejis mofiqreba 

batonebs morels da se dons daevalaT. 

morelma, frangma avejis momfardagebelma, 

kargad icoda, rom `goTuri arqiteqturis 

Cinebuli mcodne~ iyo kidev 

erTi emigranti safrangeTidan, ogastas 

Carlz pYujini (1762-1832 ww.), rome lic 

neSTan muSaobda da r. akermanis, j. britonis 

da e. v. breilis gamoce me bisTvis 

istoriuli Senobebis anazome bi da naxazebi 

Seasrula (Ferrey, 1861:50). Tumca pYujinma 

es `didad sapasuxismgeblo~ saqme 

Tavis vaJs, ogastas uelbi norTmor pYujins 

(1812-52 ww.) gadauloca, romel sac 

mxazvelis didi niWi hqonda da mamamiss 

normandiaSic ki dayvebo da istoriuli 

Senobebis dasafiqsireblad. pYujinis namuSevrebi 

uind zo risTvis SeiZleba axla 

`Rirseulad da martivad~ iqnas miCneuli, 

mi si kolega da biografi benjamen 

feri (1810-80 ww.) eWvobda, `pYujinis garda 

vinme sxva Tu SesZlebda aseTi raodenobis 

nivTebis daproeqte bas Tanabrad 

didi warmatebiT~-o (lindstrum, 1972:191; 

Ferrey, 1861:53). mefis survili iyo, misi 

dangreuli londonis rezidenciidan 

(karlton hau si) zogierTi elementis 

(magaliTad buxrebis) gamoyeneba, igi imasac 

ki fiqrobda, rom elTam palasis sabanketo 

darbazis XVI saukunis mSve nie ri

gadaxurva uindzorSi gadaetanaT, Tumca 

igi metismetad daziane buli aRmoCnda 

`misi kanonieri adgilidan~ gadasaadgileblad. 

pYujini inglisSi goTuri aRorZinebis 

erT-erTi wamyvani figura gaxda 

da sazRvargareTac kargad iyo cnobili. 

misi yvelaze mniSvne lo vani wamowyeba 

ser Carlz barisTan TanamSromloba 

iyo parlamen tis axali Senobis asagebad. 

igi Zalian Sromismoyvare iyo da uzomo 

raodenobis Senobebi daaproeqta, 

Tan ki bevrs werda da mxars uWerda 

goTikas, rogorc religiuri nagebobebisTvis 

erTaderT moralurad mi saReb 

qristianul arqiteqturas. igi Tavs esxmoda 

klasicizmsa da protestantizms 

da maT mxardamWerebs qveynis goTuri 

memkvidreobis ga nadgurebaSi adanaSaulebda, 

Tumca braldebebi arc kaTolike 

mRvdlebs daaklo. igi enTuziazmiT 

Sromobda kaTolikuri aRorZine bis Tvis 

da TviTonac miiRo kaTolikoba, Tumca 

gmobda im barokul fu funebas, romli- 

Tac romis papi iyo garemoculi. 

misi pirveli wigni, `kontrastebi~, 

1836 wels gamoica da Sua sau ku neebis 

da imdroindeli Senobebis Sedarebas 

warmoadgenda. masSi mo k ledaa aRwerili 

inglisSi Sua saukuneebis eklesiebis 

mitovebisa da ngrevis istoria, gansakuTrebiT 

ki maTdami bolodroindeli 

ugunuri mopyrobaa gakritikebuli. 1841 

wels gamocemuli `Seisruli TaRni anu 

qristianuli arqiteqturis WeSmariti 

principebi~ da 1843 wlis `qris ti a nu li 

arqiteqturis aRorZinebis apologia~ 

misi wvlili iyo im pri n cipebis CamoyalibebaSi, 

romelTa mixedviTac unda 

ganxorcielebu liyo goTuri aRorZineba. 

kaTedralebis dasaTvaliereblad 

mogzauro bi sas, pYujinma ukve naxa uaietis 

namuSevrebi da aitaca qarteris 

mier gamoTqmuli kritika. episkoposi 

beringtoni da uaieti ùmkacres dag mo - 

bas~ imsaxurebeno selisberis `gaumjo- 


besebisTvis~, sadac eklesiis Crdi lodasavleT 

nawilSi daangries samreklo, 

daSales hangerfor disa da boSamis kapelebi, 

xolo tagrucebi ùkiduresad dazianebul~ 

mdgomareobaSi navis svetebs 

Soris ganalages (Pugin, 1836, 1973:38). 

her fo r d Si igi gaqanda kaTedralis sanaxavad, 

magram `hoi, saSinelebav! Se- 

Zrwunebav! naZirala uaieti ukve iyo aq, 

dasavleTi fasadi misia. gana saWiroa metis 

Tqma? ara! yovelive es unamusobaa, 

cbiereba da cbierad aris CarTuli terminSi 

ùaieti~. me ver movikribe Zala, 

rom Sevsu liyav da interieri dameTvalierebina” 

(Ferrey, 1861:80). gansxvavebuli 

suraTi daxvda mas elis kaTedralSi, 

romelic mitovebuli da dazia ne buli 

iyo, magram ara restavrirebuli. pYujini 

aRfrTovanebuli iyo am didebuli 

Senobis xilviT, romlis zogi nawili 

arc ki iyo damTav rebuli, rogorc magaliTad, 

saxuravis farani, romelic man 

torss mi amsgavsa. man gulistkivilic 

igrZno: mxolod erTi adamiani uvlida 

am Senobas da araferi eRonaT, Tundac 

SenobaSi simSralis uzrunvelsa yo fad, 

rom aRaraferi vTqvaT SemaSfoTebel 

napralebze, romelic gan sakuTrebiT 

dasavleT koSks gasdevda. 

restavraciis ararseboba, erTi 

mxriv, dadebiTi iyo, magram, meo re 

mxriv _ uaryofiTi. sirTule is iyo, 

rom taZari an unda misadage buliyo 

protestantuli rwmenis moTxovnebs _ 

skamebi mrevlisTvis, kar gi xilvadoba 

da kargi akustika, aseve papobis simboloebis 

moSo re ba, rac gulisxmobda kapelebis 

gadanawilebas da Tu ara, maSin 

ek le sia mitovebuli rCeboda. uestminsteris 

saabatoSi igi aRSfoTebu li iyo 

`yvelaze Seusabamo da ugemovno ZeglebiT~, 

romlebic eklesia Si daidga. `kontrastebSi~ 

igi werda, rom am odesRac 

didebuli ekle siis upatronoba erovnuli 

sircxvili iyo da igi SeZrwunebuli 

iyo imaTi apaTiuri mdgomareobiT,


visac evaleboda ezrunaT memkvidreobaze 

`rogorc kanonier damcvelebs Cveni 

erovnuli siZveleebisa~ (Pugin, 1836:41). 

amave dros pYujins mxneobas matebda, 

rom zogierTi kaTedralis da eklesiis 

uaxlesi restavraciisas garkveuli 

gaumjobeseba dainaxa, gansakuTrebiT, 

rac exeboda naZerwobisa da teqnikuri 

detalebis sifa qizes. magram igi kvlav 

dardobda imas, rom ìs principebi, 

romlebic gansazRvravda Zvel kompoziciebs 

da is suli, romelic aris yvela 

Zvel namuSevarSi~ (Pugin, 1836:43) jerjerobiT 

ar iqna sworad gagebuli. erTadreTi 

gza maTi saTuTad dacvis uzrunvelyofisa 

TviT Zveli grZno bebis da 

gancdebis aRorZineba iyo. `mxolod maT 

SeuZliaT go Tu ri arqiteqturis odindeli 

didebiT aRorZineba. amis gareSe 

yove live, rac gakeTdeba, iqneba banaluri 

da usulo asli, swori imdenad, 

ramdenadac stilis meqanizmi moqmedebs, 

magram Zalian daakldeba is grZonebebi 

da gancdebi, romelic gamoarCevs Zvel 

nakeTebs~ (Pugin, 1836:43). 

es iyo misi kritikis mTavari sagani 

piterborosa da norviCis sakurTxevlebis 

Tanamedrove gadakeTebasTan 

dakavSirebiT. Tumca deta lebi 

kargad iyo damuSavebuli, mTlianobaSi 

saerTo Canafiqri sruli ad SecdomiT 

iqna gagebuli. qentrberiSi ki, piriqiT, 

Tumca igive kri tika SeiZleboda 

gamoeTqva, pYujini mainc kmayofli iyo 

Crdilo-dasav leTi koSkis aRdgenisa, 

rasac igi `Zvel, ukeTes dReTa Sesa fer 

wamow ye bad~ racxda (Pugin, 1836:43). pYujinisTvis 

yvelaferi, rac inglisur 

ek le siebTan iyo dakavSirebuli, kaTolikuri 

iyo. sazogadoeba ki, pi ri qiT, 

protestantuli gaxda. da, Sesabamisad, 

eklesiis Tavdapirveli koncefcia daikarga. 

Tumca raRac-raRaceebi mainc 

gadarCa protestan tebis gulgrilobis 

gamo, maSin roca safrangeTSi revolYuciis 

gama nad gu rebelma qmedebebma da 

klasicizmis `warmarTulma gavlenam~ 

ki dev meti ziani moitana. 

misi azriT, pirvel rigSi unda 

momxdariyo Tanamedrove kaToli keebis 

cnobierebaSi fundamenturi cvlilebebis 

xelSewyoba, `raTa i si ni Zveli RvTismosavobis 

Rirsni gamxdariyvnen~ (Pugin, 

1836:55). pYuji n ma uaryo sityva `stili~, 

vinaidan WeSmariti qristianuli 

arqiteqtu ris Seqmnis mxolod erTader- 

Ti gza arsebobda. igi pirveli iyo, vinc 

msjelobda xelovnebis da arqiteqturis 

Rirebulebaze maT SemqnelTa zneobrivi 

Rirsebebidan gamomdinare. zneoba vrceldeboda 

nagebobis detalebzec ki, 

romelTagan yvela aucileblobis namdvili 

da WeSma ri ti gamoxatuleba unda 

yofiliyo. protestantebma ugulvebelyves 

ek le siis tradiciuli forma da 

bevri ram daangries Tavisi praqtikuli 

moTxovnebis Sesabamisad, romlebic, pYujinis 

azriT, ar Seesatyvisebo da Tavdapirvel 

formas. mas surda aeRor- 

Zinebina yvela Zveli forma, romlebic 

adreuli qristianuli eklesiebis nawili 

iyo, qvis trapezis CaTvliT. 

pYujini imdenad originaluri istoriuli 

masalis SenarCunebaze ki ar 

zrunavda, aramed kaTolikur eklesiaSi 

Tavdapirveli ideis xorc Sesxmaze. dangreul 

eklesiebze saubrisasac ki, igi 

iZaxda: `Rme rT ma ar qnas, rom isini rodesme 

restavrirebul iqnas Tavis odindel 

didebaze udaresad!~ amgvar midgomas 

pirdapiri Sedegi hqonda da vid re 

pYujini inglisSi goTuri aRorZinebis 

ideebs amkvidrebda, man aseve waaqeza 

èklesiologiuri~ moZraoba Zveli eklesiebis 

SesakeTeblad, ara mxolod maTi 

formis, aramed maTi moraluri Sinaarsis 

Tvalsaz ri siT (rac Semdeg TavSi iqneba 

ganxiluli). zogi ariqtetori TanaugrZnobda 

am ideebs da maT Tqves kidec Tavisi 

sityva stilistu ri restavraciis ganviTarebasa 

da istoriuli Senobebisadmi 

mopyrobis Taobaze kamaTSic.

5.4. romantizmi da Sua saukuneebis 

aRorZineba germanulenovan 

qvey nebSi. 

1770 wels iohan gotfrid herderi 

Sexvda iohan volfgang fon goeTes (1749- 

1832 ww.), romelic strasburgSi swavlas 

amTavrebda da aman safuZvlianad Secvala 

axalgazrda kacis interesebi. amis 

Sedegad goeTem strasburgis kaTedral- 

Si goTuri arqiteturis mSveniereba aRmoaCina 

da dawera Tavisi cnobili narkvevi 

am nagebobasa da mis didi xnis win 

gardacvlil arqiteqtorze, ervin fon 

Stainbaxze, romelic gamoqveynda 1772 

wels saTauriT `Von deutcher Baukunst” 

(germanuli xuro T moZRvrebisTvis), imave 

gamocemaSi, sadac iyo herderis statia 

xalxur poeziaze; es gamocema gaxda 

programuli deklaracia germanuli 

`Sturm und Drang” (Seteva da winswrafva) 

moZraobisa da germanuli romantizmis 

umTavresi Semapirobebeli. Tavis narkvevSi 

goeTe miuTiTebda im cru warmodgenebsa 

da gaugebrobebze, ramac ganapiroba 

goTikis arasaxarbi e lo danaxva 

XVIII saukunis ganmavlobaSi. mas miiCnevdnen 

`CamounakvTa vad, araorganizebulad, 

arabunebrivad, Sekowiwebulad, 

mravalnawilia nad, gadatvirTulad~ 

(Goethe; wignSi: Gage, 1980:103ff), misTvis 

ki, piriqiT, es goTuri nageboba warmodga, 

rogorc germanuli sulis yvelaze 

sru l yofili miRweva; da, mimarTavda ra 

ervin fon Stainbaxs, igi werda: `raSi 

gWirdeba Sen Zegli. Sen aige yvelaze 

brwyinvale Zegli. da Tumca Seni saxeli 

arad aRelvebs mis garSemo mcocav 

WianWvelebs, Sen igive bedi gaqvs, rac im 

xuroTmoZRvars, romelmac mTebi Rrublebamde 

daaxvava.~ goeTesTvis es iyo 

nacionalizmis umaRlesi gamoxa tu leba; 

es iyo `germanuli arqiteqtura~, `Cveni 

arqiteqtura~. igi mou wodebda yvela 

Tanamemamule germanels, mosuliyvenen 

da eRiarebinaT is Rrma SegrZneba We- 


Smaritebisa da proporciaTa silamaze, 

romelic Seqmna Zlierma da mkacrma germanulma 

sulma medi aevi-is SezRudul, 

pir quS, mRvdlebiT marTul etapze. 

garkveulma drom ganvlo, vidre es 

patriotuli xotba ufro far To gamo- 

Zaxils hpovebda germanulenovan qveynebSi, 

TumcRa es ar iyo Sua saukuneebis 

Senobebisadmi intersis erTaderTi 

niSani. 1756 wels varburgis cixe-darbazi 

miCneul iqna `germanuli siZvelis 

Zeglad~ (Denkmal des deutschen altertums) 

(Gabelentz., 1931:103; noth, 1972,:16) da 1774 

wels, roca fridrih didma Sua saukuneebis 

cixe-darbazi marienburg Si, dancigis 

maxloblad, fqvilis sawyobad 

gadaakeTa, kedelze gakeT da warwera, 

romelSic naTqvami iyo, rom es Zveli 

Zegli gadarCenil iqna dangrevas da 

STamomavlobisTvisaa SenarCunebuli 

(neumeyer, 1977:181f). imave xanebs ganeku- 

Tvneba uadresi gankargulebebi istoriuli 

Zeglebis mofrTxilebis Sesaxeb, 

romlebic gacemul iqna aleqsandres, 

bairYoitis markgrafis mier, 1771 da 

1780 wlebSi da fridrih II-is, he ssenis 

landgrafis mier, 1779 wels (huse, 1984: 

26-8). 

1770-ian wlebSi germaniaSi gaiTavises 

inglisuri landSafturi ba Rebi, ma- 

Tgan pirveli gakeTda vYorlicSi, hales 

maxloblad. 1779-85 wlebSi qristian 

kai lorenc hirSfeldma gamoaqveyna 

germanulad landSafturi xelovnebis 

pirveli Teoria, “Die theorie der Gartenkunst” 

(sabaRo xelovnebis Teoria); igi 

landSaftSi goTur nangrevebs aniWeb da 

upiratesobas, radgan isini ufro `namdvili~ 

Canda, vidre `xelov nu ri~ berZnuli 

ruinebi. mogvianebiT, gansakuTrebiT 

XIX saukuneSi romantiuli cxovelxatuli 

sasaxleebi an yalbi ruinebi baRebis 

mo du ri elementi gaxda. goTuri aRor- 

Zinebis erTi upirvelesi nageboba germaniaSi, 

e.w. `goTuri saxli~ 1773 wels 

vYorlicis baRSi, germanuli neoklasi-


cizmis ostatis fridrih vilhelm fon 

erdmandsdorfis (1736-1800 ww.) gegmis 

mixedviT aSenda. 

5.4.1. kaTedralebis restavracia 

XVIII saukunis inglisis msgavsad, germaniaSic 

moipoveboda isto riuli nagebobis 

SekeTebis, rekonstruqciisa an axlad 

Semkobisas Tavda pir veli stilis 

gaTvaliswinebis magaliTebi. romanuli 

kaTedrali Spa i er Si naxevrad daingra 

frangTa Semotevebis dros 1689 wels, 

did wi lad daingra mTavari navi, mogvianebiT 

ki Camoingra mTeli dasavle Ti 

nawili da koSkebi. kaTedrli 1697-1778 

wlebs Soris aRadgines. Zi ri Tad sivrce- 

Si rekonstruqcia miyveboda Tavdapirvel 

romanul ni muSs; dasavleTi nawili 

saxecvlil iqna originalTan SedarebiT, 

Tum ca mainc darCenili romanuli 

nagebobebiT iyo STagonebuli. rCevas im 

drois ramdenime wamyvan arqiteqtors 

daekiTxnen, maT Soris balTazar noYmans. 

1772-75 wlebSi mis vaJs, franc 

ignac miqael noYmans (1733-85 ww.) daevala 

dasavleTi nawilis ageba (Kubach and 

haas, 1972). 1767 wels man ase ve daaproeqta 

axali Spili maincis kaTedralis dasavleTi 

transep tisTvis, romelic SemorCenili 

aRmosavleTi goTuri Spilis 

mimsgavse biT aSenda (neumeyer, 1977:175ff). 

swored stilis siwminde iyo is kriteriumi, 

romliTac xelmZRva nelobdnen 

1783 wels venis wm. stefanes taZrisTvis 

minaSenis sakiTxis gadawyvetisas, vinaidn 

sxvafriv igi saTanadod ver mouxdeboda 

Zvel germanul nagebobas. 122 msgavsadve 

moufrTxildnen avgustinerkirhes (1784 

w.) da minoritTa eklesiasac (1785 w.). 

1790 wels germanuli neo-klasicizmis 

122 1783 wlis sabuTi venis wm. stefanis eklesiis 

damatebaTa Sesaxeb (wien, statthalterarchiv, 

1327, Fasc. e 4, Gutachten sartori) (tietze, 

1909:162ff). 

erTma wamyvanma warmomadgenelma, karl 

gotard langhans ma (1732-1808 ww.), aago 

berlinis marienkirxes Spili, romelic 

asaxavda eklesiis adreul originalur 

goTur xuroTmoZRvrebas. 1780iani 

wle bidan moyolebuli, sul ufro 

miyves xeli mcire rezidenciebis go- 

Turi aRorZinebis stilSi Senebas _ gansakuTrebiT 

berlinSi, potsdam Si, kaselSi, 

desauSi, vYorlicSi, vaimarsa da 

venaSi. 

5.4.2. Sua saukuneebis aRmoCena 

goeTes nakvalevze gamoCndnen mwerlebi, 

romlebic aRfrTovane bul ni iyvnen 

goTuri kaTedralebiT; vilhelm hainze 

(1749-1803 ww.) sa ubrobda `didebul go- 

Tur taZrebsa da maT uzarmazar sivrceebze, 

ro m lebic racionaluri barbarosebis 

mieraa Seqmnili~ (“Ein feyerlicher 

gotischer Dom mit seinem freyen ungebeuren 

Raume, von vernünftigen Barbaren entworfen”, 

heinse, 1972:84), meore ki iyo georg forsteri 

(1754-94 ww.), ro melsac Sors, azia- 

Si emogzaura da yovelTvis siamovnebiT 

moinaxuleb da xolme kYolnis kaTedrals 

àm mSvenier taZars, romelic gagrZno binebs 

srulyofilebis TrTolvas~, imitom 

rom, rogorc igi werda 1790 wels, ègzom 

Tamami Sedevrebis pirispir, suli muxls 

moiyris, savse aRtacebiTa da aRfrTovanebiT, 

mere igi kvlav aRimarTeba da 

af rindeba maRliT am namuSevarTa miRma, 

romlebic kongenialuri sulis mxolod 

erT-erTi Canafiqria~. 123 1795 wels, Jurnali 

Der neue teutsche merkur werda safrangeTSi 

kulturuli memkvidreobis 

mdgomareobis Ta o ba ze, im kanonmdeblobaze, 

romelic Camoyalibda revolYuciis 

dros da abati greguaris moxsenebebze. 

imave wels, Jurnali saubrobda èro vnul 

Zeglebze~, rogoricaa paulincelas 

yofili saabatos nangrevebi da mouwo- 

123 Forster, 1791 (Germann, 1972:85).

debda mkiTxvelebs yuradReba miaqcion 

maT da mxolod `Soreul~ qveynebs ar 

miaCerdnen, rogoricaa saberZneTi da 

romi. 124 

Sua saukuneebiT romantikul aRfr- 

Tovanebas 1796 wels kidev er Ti biZgi 

misca vinme ucnobis gamoqveynebulma 

vilhelm heinrix vakenro deris (1773-98 

ww.) esseebis patara wignma, herzensergiessungen 

eines kunstliebenden Klosterbruders (xelovnebismoyvare 

beris gulis nadebi), 

ro melmac enTuziazmi ufro farTo sazogadoebas 

STabera. am wignSi alb rext 

dYureri da sxva Zveli germaneli ostatebi 

Seqebul iyvnen maTi miRwevebisTvis 

erovnul xelovnebasa da xuroTmoZRvrebaSi. 

`xelovne bis mo yva re beri~ 

daexeteboda nYurembergis daklaknil 

quCebSi, tkbebo da winaprebis saxlebiTa 

da eklesiebiT, samSoblos Semoqmedebi- 

Ti su lis gamoxatulebiT da germanel- 

Ta erovnuli memkvidreobiT. amave dros 

igi sinanuliT iyo aRsavse, roca xedavda 

qalaqis am didebul adgilebs, sadac 

albrext dYureris mokvdavi neSti ganisvenebda 

da romelic odesRac germaniis 

da mTeli evropis siamyes warmoadgenda, 

axla daviwyebulsa da iSviaTad monaxulebuls. 

bers sxvebic moyvnen da XIX 

saukunis nYurembergi, vartburgi da Sua 

saukuneebis mravali sxva RirSesaniSnavi 

Zegli momlocvelobisa da patriotuli 

dResaswa u lebis adgili gaxda, mogvianebiT 

ki restavraciisa da rekonstruqciis 

obieqtebic (Bornheim, 1974-75: 94ff; Findeisen, 

1983-135ff). romantikosi mxatvrebi, 

rogoricaa kaspar david fridrixi 

(1774-1840 ww.), aqcents ake Tebdnen religiur 

da amaRlebul Sinaarsze da xSirad 

ukavSirebd nen Tavis sYuJetebs Sua 

saukuneebis SenobaTa nangrevebs. mogvianebiT, 

fermwerTa jgufma, romlebsac 

`nazarevelebs~ uwodebdnen da romelic 

1809 wels venaSi fridrih overbekma da 

franc pforma daaarses, cxov re bis yve- 

124 Der neue teutsche merkur, 1795:i. 


la aspeqtSi Seitana nacionalisturi 

Suasaukunovani formebi (vaughan, 1982). 

5.4.3. Jili 

XIX saukunis dasawyisSi, erovnuli Zeglebi 

xSirad, vinkelmanis midevnebiT, kvlav 

klasikuri formebiT gansaxovndeboda. 

1790-ian wleb Si brwyinvale axalgazrda 

fridrix Jilim (1772-1800 ww.), cnobili 

ger ma neli arqiteqtorebis karl fridrix 

Sinkelisa da leo fon klen ces maswavlebelma, 

fridrih didis erovnuli 

Zeglis konkursze klasiku ri berZnuli 

taZris koncefciaze dafuZnebuli proeqti 

warmoadgina (oncken, 1981). 1807 wels 

kronprinc lYudvig bavariels (1786-1868 

ww.), `ga nic dida ra did sircxvils~ germaniis 

danawilebis gamo, daebada erovnuli 

Zeglis aRmarTvis idea, germaneli 

xalxis gaerTianebis aR sa niS navad~. 125 

es Zegli, daproeqtebuli fon klences 

mier, saxelad `valhala~, 1830-42 wlebSi, 

bavariaSi, regensburgis maxloblad, klasikuri 

taZris formiT aSenda, rogorc ki 

lYudvigma gvirgvini daidga. is msgavsia 

Ji lis proeqtisa. franguli revolYuciuri 

jarebis TareSma germaniaSi ki dev 

ufro gaaZliera patriotuli grZnobebi. 

iohan qristian fridrix hYolderlinis 

(1770-1843 ww.) da iozef fon aixendorfis 

(1788-1857 ww.) msgavsi poetebi aqezebdnen 

berZnuli yaidis patriotizms da didebas 

ugalobdnen maT, vinc samSoblos Seswira 

Tavi. izrdeboda istoriuli Zeglebis Seswavlisa 

da konservaciisadmi interesic 

da 1820 wlis ax los am mizniT sxvadasxva 

germanul saxelmwifoSi ramdenime sazogado 

e ba dafuZnda. 126 

125 traeger, 1979 

126 mittheilungen, 1835,i:iii. saqsoniis sazogadoeba 

1824 wels daaarses, xeli suf lebis warmomadgenelTa, 

mag., ministrisa da saxelmwifo 

mdivnis, graf fon ainzidelis monawileobiT.


imave periodSi aRorZinebas ganicdida 

erovnuli folklori, tra diciuli 

germanuli wes-Cveulebebi, musika, 

xelovneba da arqiteq tura. rainis 

xeobis kldovani peizaJi, cixe-darbazebis 

romantiuli nangrevebiT izidavda 

mxatvrebs rogorc ucxoeTidan _ mag., 

terneri, aseve germanulenovani qveynebidan 

127 . aixendorfis msgavsi poetebi 

da Su manisa da Subertis msgavsi musikosebi, 

am saxeebs aragermanulenovan 

qveynebSic avrcelebdnen. mogvianebiT 

franc listma moawyo koncer tebi Zveli 

dangreuli Zeglebis dasacavad, rogoricaa 

roladsbogeni. Zvelma germanulma 

xelovnebam koleqcionerebic miizida, 

maT Soris upirvelesni da yvelaze 

cnobilni iyvenen Zmebi iohan sulpic melqior 

dominikus buasere (1783-1854 ww.) 

da melqior herman jozef buasere (1786- 

1851 ww.), romelTa mxatvrul koleqcias 

didad afasebda goeTe. 128 Zme bi buasereebi, 

kYolneli vaWrebis ojaxidan, warmoSobiT 

holandie lebi, jer hamburgSi 

swavlobdnen da Semdeg parizSi, sadac 

daumego brdnen germanel mwerals, filosifossa 

da orientalists, fridrih 

fon Slegels (1772-1829 ww.). 1804 wels 

megobrebi erTad gaemarTnen sa mo gzaurod 

rainis gayolebiT niderlandebidan 

Sveicariasa da safran geTamde; 

Slegeli kYolnSi 1806 wlamde darCa, rodesac 

gamoaqveyna am mogzaurobis aRwera, 

Briefe auf einer Reise (erTi mogzaurobis 

werilebi), Sem dgomSi gadamuSavebuli 

da gamoqveynebuli saTauriT Grundzűge 

der gothischen Baukunst (goTuri xuroT- 

127 tauch, m., 1974, rheinische landschaften Gemälde 

und aquarelle aus dem 19. und 20. Jahrhundert, neuss, 

wilton, a., 1982, turner abroad: France, italy, 

Germany. swilzerland, london. ternerma evropa 

pirvelad 1802 wels moiara (safrangeTi, 

Svei ca ria), 1817 wels da Semdgomac, rainlands 

estumra. 

128 koleqcia mogvianebiT mefe lYudvig I-ma mYunxens 

Caitana, 1835 wels ki sulpic buasere 

mTavar mcvelad aiyvana. 

moZRvrebis ZiriTadi niSnebi) (1823 w.). 

es mogzaurni yuradRebas amaxvilebdnen 

Sua saukuneebis xuroTmoZRv re bis 

Seswavlaze da goTurma arqiteqturam 

maT TvalSi gansakuTrebu li mniSvneloba 

SeiZina, vinaidan Tavazobda raRacas 

RvTaebrividan da SeeZlo ùsasrulobis 

gamosaxva da gacnobiereba bunebis sisavsis 

ub ra lo imitaciiT~ (“das Unendliche 

gleichsam unmittelbar darstellen und vergegenswärtigen 

durch dis blosse Nachbildung der 

Naturfűlle”, von Schlegel, 1823). 

5.5. Zeglebze saxelmwifoebrivi 

zrunva prusiaSi 

sazogadoebriv nagebobebze zrunva prusiaSi 

ober-Bau-Departement-is (mSeneblobis 

mTavari departamentis) xelSi iyo, 

romelic 1770 wels da arsda da romlis 

wevric iyo david Jili (1748-1804 ww.). 

1804 wlis mere mas ewodeboda technische 

ober-Bau- Deputation (umaRlesi teqnikuri 

sa m Se neb lo deputacia) da 1810 wels 

administraciuli cvlilebebi gani cada. 

yoveli axali sazogadoebrivi Senoba 

unda damtkicebuliyo ober-Bau-Deputation-is 

mier. Tumca arsebuli nagebobebis 

SekeTebebis ganxilva maTi movaleoba 

ar iyo, maT mainc hqondaT mTeli 

qveyniis masStabiT ins peq tirebis ufleba. 

cixe-darbazebisTvis arsebobda specialuri 

ko mi sia, schloss-Bau-Kommission. 

im Senobebze, romlebic uSualod ar 

ekuTv noda centralur xelisuflebas, 

provinciuli mmarTveloba zrunavda. 

karl fridrih Sinkeli (1781-1841 ww.) 

arqiteqtori, damgegmarebeli da fermweri, 

romelmac bevri imogzaura italiaSi 

da mogvianebiT inglis Si, prusiis 

wamyvani klasicisti arqiteqtori da 

yvela germa nul qveya naSi arqiteqturis 

sakiTxebSi udidesi avtoriteti gaxda. 

mas ekuTv noda dedaqalaqis, berlinis 

centris dagegmareba, muzeumebiT,

ekle sie biTa da TeatrebiT (Pundt, 1972; 

schinkel, 1981). 1810 wels igi waradgines 

ober-Bau-Kommission-is wevrad da mogvianebiT, 

rodesac 1830 wels ober-Bau- 

Direktor-i eitelvaini gadadga, is direqtoric 

gaxda. 1815 wels, fra n guli jarebis 

gandevnis Semdeg rainispireTidan, 

romelic venis kon fe ren ciaze prusias 

gadaeca, mTavrobam gaagzavna Sinkeli am 

mxareSi sazogadoebrivi nagebobis mdgomareobis 

Sesaswavlad. 

misi angariSebis kvalad, 1815 wels 

ober-Bau-Deputation-ma warudgina mefes 

dokumenti, romelic prusiaSi kulturuli 

memkvidreobis konser va ciis safuZveli 

gaxda: `ZiriTadi principebi 

Zveli Zeglebis da siZve leebis Senaxvisa 

Cvens qveyanaSi~ (“Die Grundsätze zur Erbaltung 

alter Denkmäler und Altertűmer in unserem 

Lande”). am dokumentSi warmodgenili 

iyo winada deba specialuri saxelmwifo 

organizaciis Seqmnis Taobaze Rirebuli 

istoriuli Zeglebis aRnusxvisa da 

dacvisTvis. am axali organizaciis pirveli 

amocana yvela provinciaSi invetarizaciis 

Catareba iyo, yvela Zeglis mdgomareobis 

dafiqsirebiT da maTi dacvisTvis 

saWiro miTiTe bebiT. mTeli qveynis 

zogadi suraTis miRebis Semdeg unda 

Sedgeniliyi `gegma, Tu rogor SeiZleba 

am Zeglebis gadarCena, raTa xalxs gul- 

Tan mietana erovnuli ganaTleba da 

dainteresebuliyo Tavisi qveynis warsuli 

bediT” 129 . vinkelmanisa da goeTes 

msgavsad, Sinkeli udides mniSv ne lobas 

aniWebda ganaTlebas da Tvlida, rom 

istoriul nagebobebs saamisod arsebi- 

Ti adgili ekuTvnis. igi nanobda, rom 

amdeni ram dai karga germanul qveynebSi 

da xazs usvamda, rom Tu yovelmxrivi 

da sa fuZvliani RonisZiebebi ar Catardeboda 

mimdinare movlenebis Sesaferxeblad, 

male qveyana usaSvelod SiSveli 

da arafrismqone Seiqmneboda _ msgavsad 

129 schinkel, 1815, Die Grundzatze zur Erbaltung alter 

Denkmaler und altertümer in unserem lande. 


axali koloniisa, sadac arasdros aravis 

ucxovria. Sin keli, romelic amave dros 

damgegmarebelic iyo da fermweric, ar 

iz Rudeboda calkeuli ZeglebiT, aramed 

maTi farTo konteqstSi danax vac 

ZaluZda. mis mier aRsanusxad wardgenili 

obieqtebis sia moicavda: yvela 

tipis nagebobebs (rogorc mTlianad 

Senaxuls, aseve dangre uls), rogoricaa 

eklesiebi, kapelebi, kluatrebi da 

monastrebi, cixe-darbazebi, karibWeebi, 

qalaqis galavnebi, memorialuri svetebi, 

sazo ga do eb rivi Sadrevnebi, saflavis 

qvebi, ratuSebi. igi ar amarTlebda 

obieqtebis gadmotanas provinciebidan 

did muzeumebSi, aramed urCevda SeenaxaT 

isini Tavdapirvel adgilas da amiT 

wvlili SeetanaT adgi lobrivi muzeumebis 

dafuZnebaSi (heimatsmuseum). igi 

agreTve arCevda ori ginaluri obieqtebis 

Senaxvas maTsave istoriul nagebobebSi 

da maT gamofenas mnaxvelTa gasanaTleblad. 

rac Seexeba restavracias, 

igi moiTxovda rom Zeglebi: 

`romlebic drois gamoisobiT SesaZloa 

nawilobriv aRar aris mi mzidveli _ da 

xSirad xalxisTvis araamocnobadia da 

amis ga mo faqtobrivad dakargulia mis- 

Tvis, unda aRdgenil iqnas ganax le buli 

formiT saxelmwifos mier. amis warmatebiT 

gansaxorcie leblad, ise, rom ganZma 

isev ixilos sinaTle, erTaderTi gza iqneboda 

iseTi instituciebis Seqmna, romlebsac 

SeswevT unari am urTulesi amocanis 

kargad ganxorcielebisa, zogjer 

TviT ni v Tis Rirebulebis riskis fasadac 

da rac SeiZleba srulad aRa d genen 

maT mTeli maTi didebulebiT.” 130 

am angariSis myisieri Sedegi iyo kabinetis 

gankarguleba, mefis mier 1815 wlis 

14 oqtombers xelmowerili, romelic 

cvlida ober-Bau-Deputation-is amocanebs 

arsebuli nagebobebis mimarTebiT. nabr- 

Zanebi iyo, rom sazogadoebrivi nagebobebis 

an Zeglebis raime mniSvnelovani 

130 schinkel, 1815


cvli lebebis SemTxvevaSi pasuxismgebelma 

saxelmwifo uwyebam winas war unda 

mimarTos ober-Bau-Deputation-s (samefo 

gankarguleba, 14 oqtom beri, 1815 w.). am 

gankargulebam dasabami misca prusiaSi 

istoriuli na gebobebis konservaciaze 

saxelmwifoebriv zrunvas. Semdgomi 

cirku lYa rebi gamoica momdevno wlebSi: 

1819 wels (mitovebuli cixe-dar bazebisa 

da monastrebis dacvis Sesaxeb), 1823, 

1824 da 1830 wlebSi (is to riuli nagebobebis 

dacvisa da maTze zrunvis Taobaze 

im cvlile bebis sawinaaRmdegod, 

romelTac SeuZliaT gamoiwvion maTi 

Tavisebu re bis dazianeba an dakargva) 131 . 

1830 wels gamoica kabinetis gankargule 

ba qalaqis TavdacviTi nagebobebis 

SenarCunebis Sesaxeb, romelTac moyveboda 

ramdenime ministris xelmowerili 

instruqciebi. 132 1835 wels kulturis 

saministrom miiRo ufleba Seemowmebina 

yvela sakonserva cio samuSao yovelgvar 

nagebobaze, romelsac aqvs istoriuli, 

samec ni e ro da teqnikuri Rirebuleba 

da mniSvnelovneba. 133 

Tumca sazogadiebriv mflobelobaSi 

myofi istoriuli nagebobe bis konservacia 

saxelmwifos kontrolis qveS moeqca, 

1815 wlis pirve li gankargulebis 

Semdeg, Sinkelis winadadeba saTanado 

organizaciis Seqmnis Taobaze praqtikulad 

1843 wlamde ar ganxorcielebula, 

rode sac 1 ivliss, mefem moawera xeli 

kabinetis brZanebas, romlis Tanaxma dac 

iniSneboda xelovnebis ZeglTa konservatori 

(Konservator der Kunst denkmäler). 

1815 wlis brZanebis Semdeg Sinkeli pi- 

131 ‘runderlaß’, 15 December 1823, ‘betr. Fürsorge für 

die Denkmäler’; ‘runderlaß’, 18 march 1824, ‘betr. 

veränderung an Denkmälern ‘runderlaß’, 28 January 

1830, ‘betr. Erhaltung von Denkmälern, besonders 

auch von Glasmalereien’ 

132 samefo brZaneba, 20.VI.1830, ‘betr/ Erhaltung 

von stadtbefestigungen.’ 

133 “runderlaß’, 27 march 1835, ‘betr. Übertragung der 

Denkmalpflege auf das Kultusministerium’. 

radad monawileobda ramdenime moxsenebis 

wardgenasa da restavraciaSi. vitenbergSi 

man xa zi gausva nagebobaTa 

patriotul mniSvnelobas da wamoayena 

Sloskir xes restavraciis winadadeba 

lYuTeris 1517 wlis Tezisebis 300 wlis- 

Tavis aRsaniSnavad. mis winadadebaSi Sedioda 

1760 wlis dangreuli in terieris 

rekonstruqcia, magram amas religiuri 

xelisufleba Seewina aRmdega. haleSi man 

SesTavaza XV-XVI saukuneebis dangreuli 

moric burgis SekeTeba adgilobrivi 

universitetisTvis, misi axali saxuraviT 

gadaxurva, magram Tavdapirveli 

qvis wyobis dacva. 1830-ian wlebSi igi 

muSaobda rainze mdebare Stolcenfelzis 

cixe-darbazis nawilob riv rekonstruqciaze. 

1817 wels man moamzada moxsenebiTi 

baraTi xo rin Si XIII saukunis 

dangreuli monastris nagebobebis Sesaxeb, 

romle bic sasoflo-sameurneo miznebisTvis 

gamoiyeneboda da Tavazobda 

ero v nul Zeglebad maT gamocxadebas. 

Sinkeli sxvadasxva arqiteqturul 

stils icnobda da misi praq ti kuli saqmianoba 

_ ZiriTadad, klasikuri mimar- 

Tulebis _ goTuri aRorZinebis nagebobebsac 

moicavda. igi ar miiCnevda aucileblad 

suf Ta konservacias, magram 

mainc upiratesobas aniWebda istoriuli 

nage bobisTvis Zveli saxis dabrunebas, 

Tu is dakarguli iyo. amave dros, 

mas gacnobierebuli hqonda garkveuli 

SezRudvebis arseboba da erCiv na, frTxilad 

emoqmeda da yvelaze racionaluri 

da ekonomiuri gada wyveta moeZebna. 

am dros prusiaSi ganxorcielebuli sami 

yvelaze mni Sv nelovani restavracia kYolnis 

kaTedralze, marienburgis cixedar 

bazsa da magdeburgis kaTedralze 

Catarda. Sinkeli samiveSi iyo Car Tuli, 

rogorc ober-Bau-Deputation-is wevri. 

pirveli, kYolni, mniSvnelo vani iyo, rogorc 

udidesi Zegli goTuri stilisa, 

romlis Semqmnele badac, sazogadod, 

germanelebi iyvnen miCneulni, marien-

urgi dakavSi re buli iyo germanuli 

ordenebis Suasaukunovan istoriasTan, 

xolo magdeburgi ki iyo simbolo samSoblosi 

da otonta imperiisa. 

5.5.1. kYolni 

kYolnis kaTedralis mSenebloba XIII 

saukuneSi daiwyo, magram XVI saukuneSi 

Se wyvetil iqna; dasrulebuli mxolod 

sakurTxeveli da dasavleTi koSkrebis 

nawili iyo, riTac Senobis sruli 

ganfenilo ba iyo gansazRvruli. sakur- 

Txeveli yru kedliT iyo gamoyofili 

jer augebuli transeptisgan da, mRvdelmsaxurebis 

moTxovnebis dasakmayofi 

leb lad, navis sivrceSi droebiTi 

konstruqciebi iyo dadgmuli. sa ukuneTa 

manZilze mravali mogzauri aRfrTovanebula 

sakurTxevlis warmoudgenlad 

maRali sivrciT da gamouTqvams survili, 

Seweoda am kaTedralis dasrulebas, 

romelic mTels germaniaSi udidesi 

unda ga mx dariyo (Forster, 1791; Bayer, 

1912). sulpic buaserem gadadga nabijebi 

ka Tedralis dasrulebis mizniT. 1807 

wels man daarwmuna adgilobrivi xelisufleba, 

gaenawilebinaT xarjebi gadaudebeli 

SekeTebebisTvis da 1810 wels 

mxardaWerisTvis goeTes mimarTa. Tumca 

goeTe, italiaSi mogzaurobebis Semdeg, 

ufro klasicizmis momxre gamxdariyo, 

man moa xerxa, maRal xelisufalTa kur- 

Txeva mieRo. piradad igi am adgils 1815 

wels ewvia da SesTavaza Senobis mosavlelead 

organizaciis Seqm na, Tanac xazi 

gausva ara mxolod Tanxebis moZiebis, 

aramed xelosno bis dargebis aRorZinebis 

mniSvnelobas. 

1811 wlis seqtemberSi nageboba Seamowma 

mSeneblobis mrCevelma georg 

mYolerma (1784-1852 ww.), darmStatelma 

ariqteqtorma da istori ko s ma, romelmac 

misi mdgomareoba sagangaSod miiCnia. 

sakurTxevlis kedlebi daxrili iyo, 


gadaxurvis konstruqciebi Wia-naWami da 

nakereb-gaxsnili. Catarda zogi gadaudebeli 

qmedeba. 1814 wels kronprincma 

fridrih vilhelm prusielma moinaxula 

kaTedrali, dapirda samTavro bo Tanxebs 

SekeTebebisTvis da didi interesi 

gamoiCina Senobis das rulebis mimarT. 

imave wels kYolnis arqivSi napovni iyo 

dasavleTi fasadis Suasaukunovani naxati, 

kidev erTi naxati mogvianebiT 

gamoCn da parizSi, xolo gegma ki venaSi. 

yovelive amis safuZvelze momzadda naxazebi 

kaTedralis sruli saxis warmoasaCenad. 

noemberSi iohan iozef gYore- 

sur. 5.5. Sua saukuneebis kYolnis kaTedralis 

ageba Sewyda XVI s-Si da mxo lod 1840-80-ian 

ww.-Si, f. cvirneris xelmZRvanelobiT 

dasrulda


sma (1776-1848 ww.), ganTqmulma mweralma 

da Tavisuflebis Tvis mebrZolma, gamoaqveyna 

omaxiani manifesti kaTedralis 

dasrule bis mxardasaWerad Tavis 

jurnalSi Rheinische Merkur, romelsac 

napole o ni `mexuTe did Zalauflebas~ 

uwodebda. 1823 wels buaserem gamoaqvey 

na Tavisi brwyinvale naxatebi da aTi 

wlis Semdeg maT moyva mYole ris mniSvnelovani 

naSromi germanuli xuroTmoZRvrebis 

istoriaze, `Denkmäler der deitschen 

Baukunst” (gemanuli xuroTmoZRvrebis 

Zeglebi) (1815-21 ww.). 

1816 wlis agvistoSi kaTedralis 

Sesaswavlad Sinkeli Camovida da aRfrTovanebuli 

iyo nagebobis grandiozulobiT. 

im arqiteqtore bis msgavsad, 

romlebic aTi wliT adre romSi did pativad 

miiCnevdnen kolizeumis aRdgenaze 

muSaobas, igi privilegiad miiCnevda 

emuSava egzom didebul Senobaze da moaxsenebda, 

rom: 

`msgavsi mxatvruli wamowyebani _ da 

mxolod maT meSveobiT SeuZlia arseboba 

WeSmarit xelovnebas _ sruliad ar 

arse bobs Cvens droSi. warsulma Taobebma 

metismetad bevri qoneba dagvitoves 

yvelgan; da ukve naxevari saukunea Cven 

vmuSaobT am memkvidreobis ganadgurebaze 

iseTi Tanmimdevruli barba ro so biT, 

rom am did SejibrSi didixania movitoveT 

ukan atilas droindeli uneblie 

barbarosoba... am garemoebebSi, adamianis 

yvelaze Rirseuli ganzraxva unda 

iyos didi zrun viTa da pativiscemiT 

daicvas, rac warsulma Taobebma dagvito 

ves.” 134 

bolo Semowmebidan gasul xuT weliwadSi 

mdgomareoba kidev uf ro gauaresda, nawilobriv 

adre Catarebuli SekeTebebis 

gamo; Sinkeli daexmara buaseres, miemar- 

Ta mTavrobisTvis sarestavraciod Tanxebis 

ga mo sayofad. 1821 wels kYolnSi 

kvlav aRdga mTavarepiskoposis ka Ted ra 

da mefem piroba dado, daefara Senobis 

134 schinkel, 3 september 1816 (Ennen, 1880:115). 

movla-dacvis xarjebi. 1823 wels restavracia 

bolos da bolos daiwyo, Tavidan 

sakmaod neli tem piT, 1830-iani wlebidan 

ki ufro gamalebiT. restavraciisas 

dazia nebuli elementebi sistematurad 

unda SeecvalaT da kontrforsebis sistemis 

ZiriTadi nawili Tavidan aSenda. 

1829 wels Sinkelma wamoa yena winadadeba, 

rom Sua navi nawilobriv aRedginaT 

interieris das ru lebiT kamarebis donemde, 

xolo eqsterieri daetovebinaT, 

rogorc ubralo konstruqcia zogadad 

moniSnuli ornamentebiT. koSkebi SeiZle 

boda arc aegoT. amiT miiReboda unikaluri 

da mSvenieri efeqti ìn terierSi, 

mTeli nageboba iqneboda mdgradi, xolo 

xarjebi arc Tu ise didi~ (Sinkelis werilidan 

buaseres, 8 agvisto, 1829 w.; Ennen, 

1880:121). 

1833 wlis ivlisSi am adgilas daini- 

Sna axali zedamxedveli. ernst fridrix 

cvirnerma (1802-61 ww.), goTuri aRorZinebis 

arqiteq torma da Sinkelis yofilma 

moswavlem, masTan erTad moamzada 

taZris dasrulebis gegmebi da samuSaoebs 

axali suli STabera. man gaacocx la 

Sua saukuneebis tradicia da aRadgina 

Dombauhűtte (taZris mSnebel Ta saxli), 

kaTedralis tra diciuli saxelosno. 

misi miswrafebebi gan sxvavdeboda Sinkelisgan: 

igi mizanad isaxavda, daesrulebina 

Senoba yve la misi detaliT 

da TandaTanobiT Tavisi maswavleblis 

darwmune bac moaxerxa, romelmac bolos 

kaTedrali 1838 wels inaxula. roca 

1840 wels prusiis taxtze fridrix 

vilhelm IV avida, man ufro Sesa grZnobi 

formiT gamoxata Tavisi interesi istoriuli 

nagebobebis mi marT, rac jer kidev 

kronprincad yofnisas gamoavlina. 

1841 wlis de kemberSi gaica brZaneba, 

Sinkelisa da cvirneris mier damuSavebuli 

Sua saukune ebis proeqtis mixedviT, 

samSeneblo samuSaoebis gagrZelebisa 

da das rulebis gamo. Seiqmna specialuri 

fondi, Dombauverein (taZ ris

omantizmis epoqa 153 

sur. 5.6. kYolnis kaTedralis eqsterieris proeqtis sakiTxi xangZlivi kamaTis sagani gaxda. 

sabolood gadawyda arqiteqtura yvela detaliTurT Sesrule bu li yo. samxreTi Sesasvlelis 

qvis samuSaoebi, 1983 wlis fotoze Cans meore msoflio omis Semdeg Catarebuli restavraciac.


sur. 5.7. kYolnis kaTedralis daumTavrebeli 

interieris sakurTxevelze did i me debs 

amyarebdnen, magram gasrulebuli saxiT 

interieri bevr sxvas daemsgav sa. 

mSeneblobis gaerTianeba), Tanxebis mosagroveblad, 

romlebsac, Ta vis mxriv, 

Seavsebda saxelmwifo. saxelmwifos bevrma 

mTavarma gaiRo Se sawiri, maT Soris 

lYudvig I bavarielma, avstriis imperatorma 

franc-iozefma, inglisis dedofalma 

viqtoriam, niderlandebis mefe 

vi lemma da italiis kronprincma umbertom. 

1842 wlis 4 seqtembers, aTasobiT 

damswres winaSe, fridrix vilhelm IV-m 

da arqiepiskoposma iohanes fon gaiselma 

dades pirveli qva mSeneblobis gagr- 

Zelebis aR saniSnavad. Sua saukuneebis 

amwe, TiTqmis sami saukunis molodinis 

Sem deg, kvlav iqna gamoyenebuli Sesabamis 

adgilas am qvis asatanad da daiwyo 

aRSeneba `germanuli naciis gaerTianebuli 

ojaxebis RvTismo sa vobis, Tanxmobisa 

da rwmenis maradiuli Zeglisa am 

wminda adgi las~ 135 . 

es, arsebiTad, bolo SesaZlebloba 

iyo samuSaoTa dasawyebad, radgan maleve 

mouxdaT aRiareba, rom goTika maincdamainc 

ger manuli qmnileba ar yofila. 

patriotuli aRtkineba ganelda da 

roca es diadi Zeg li, bolos da bolos, 

1880 wels dasrulda, am movlenas didi 

yura d Reba aRar miqcevia. miuxedavad 

amisa, samuSaos didi mniSvneloba hqonda 

restavraciis sferoSi; arqiteqtorrestavratorebis, 

teqnikose bi sa da xelosnebis 

didi raodenoba, romlebmac 

ganswavla aq miiRes, mTel germanulenovan 

qveynebSi muSaobda _ avsrtiaSi, 

Sveicariasa da Crdilo italiaSi. erTi 

maTgani iyo fridrix Smidti (1825-91 

ww.), go Tu ri aRorZinebis mTavari warmomadgeneli 

avstriaSi, romelic muSaob 

da kYolnSi 1843 wels, milanis kaTedralze 

1857-58 wlebSi da 1863 wels 

dainiSna venis wm. stefanes eklesiis 

zedamxedvelad. germaniaSi msgavsi me- 

TodebiT mravali sxva eklesia iqna restavrirebuli, 

maT So ris bambergis, 

regensburgis da Spaieris kaTedralebi, 

bavariis cnobi li klasicisti arqiteqtoris 

fridrix fon gertneris mier 

(1792-1847 ww.), dinkelsbYulis, nYordlingenis 

da roTenburgis eklesiebi 

ki aRd ge nil iqna karl aleqsander fon 

haidelYofis (1789-1865 ww.) mier. garda 

nagebobaTa danaklisTa SekeTebisa, 

restavracia sazogadod gulisx mob da 

yvela barokuli elementis mocilebas 

da `Tavdapirvelad gaTva liswinebuli 

formis~ rekonstruqcias. 

135 King Freidrich wilhelm iv, 3.iX.1840 (Ennen, 

1880:121).

5.5.2. marienburgi 

1794 wels, roca fridrix Jili Tavis 

mamas, davids wayva marien burgis cixedarbazis 

sainspeqciod, man Seasrula 

rogorc nangrevebad qceuli eqsterieris, 

aseve mSvenieri kamarovani Sida sivrcis 

ramdenime Cinebuli naxati. ori 

wlis mere naxatebi didi warmatebiT 

iqna gamofe ni li berlinis akademiaSi 

da SemdgomSi gravirebul iqna fridrix 

fri kis mier (Frick, 1799, 1803). Jili 

cixe-darbazs siZveleTmcodneobiTi 

TvalsazrisiT aniWebda mniSvnelobas 

da erovnul istoriasTan kavSi ris gamo, 

Senobas veneciis sasaxleebs adarebda; 

sxvebi amsgavsebdnen mas alhambras espaneTSi 

an uetsminsters inglisSi. 1803 

wels berlinis Jurnalma Freimuthige 

gamoaqveyna protesti misi gamudmebuli 

ngrevis ga mo, dawerili ferdinand 

maqs fon Senkendorfis mier, romelic 


sur. 5.8. marienburgis cixe-darbazi iyo erTi im sam mTavar ZeglTagan, romel Ta restavracia 

prusiaSi XIX saukunis dasawyisSi ganxorcielda (Institut für Denkmalpflege, Berlin). 

Tvli da, rom goTuri arqiteqturis yvela 

naSTs Soris prusiaSi, marienbur gis 

cixe-darbazi gansakuTrebuli adgili 

ekava (von schenkendorff, 1803; Boockmann, 

1982:137). amas moyva myisieri reaqcia ma- 

Rali rangis piris, mi nistris fon Sroterisa, 

romelmac es sakiTxi ministrTa 

sabWoze gai tana da momdevno wels mefem 

am Senobis dacvis brZaneba gasca. Tumca 

aT welze meti dasWirda, vidre moipovebdnen 

Tanxebs misi SekeTebisa da restavraciisTvis. 

1816 wels dancigis provinciis 

mmarTveloba Caabares Teodor fon 

SYons, rogorc dasavleT prusiis ober- 

Präsident-s da Tumca mas es uSualo brZanebiT 

ar evaleboda, man gulTan axlos 

miitana marien bur gi da misi restavraciis 

mxurvale mxardamWeri gaxda. sam- 

Tavrobo da finansebis miRebis mizniT, 

igi moiTxovda, rom am cixe-darbazisadmi 

iseTive damokidebuleba yofili


yo, rogorc samefo rezidenciebisadmi 

berlinSi, Sarlotenburgsa da potsdam- 

Si da amave dros cdilobda, ker Zo wyaroebidanac 

moepovebina Tanxebi. misma 

mcdelobam nayofi ga mo i Ro da 1816 

wels rCevisTvis iohan konrad kostenobles, 

magdebur gel arqiteqtors, 

mimarTes, Tumca amas gagrZeleba ar 

hqonia. samuSa oe bi imave wels, Sinkel- 

Tan mWidro TanamSromlobiT daiwyo, 

romelmac bevr sxva ramesTan erTad, 

mTavari darbazisTvis axali vitraJebic 

da aproeqta. unikaluroba da msgavsi 

nimuSebis ararseboba imis erTi-er Ti 

mizezi iyo, rom restavracia ar gamodga 

advili. arsebiTad, Sin kelma aRniSna, 

ariso cduneba, warmosaxvas ayolisa 

(Sinkelis werili harden bergs, 11 noemberi, 

1819 w.). ase rom, samuSaoebi or 

kategoriad daiyo: pirveli _ kargad 

Senaxuli nawilebi, sadac advili iyo 

dakarguli elementebis formebis dadgena, 

rogorc, magaliTad, satrapezo 

da ra in debis darbazi da meore _ ufro 

dazianebuli nawilebi, sadac Tavda pirveli 

forma da funqcia saeWvo iyo da 

sadac restavraciisTvis sakmarisi monacemebis 

mosapoveblad CaRrmavebuli kvleva 

iyo saWiro. gamocdilebis naklebobis 

gamo, samuSaoebi cudad midioda, 

xSirad daS lis dros Sua saukuneebis 

originaluri nawilebic nadgurdeboda 

da gamogonili formebiT aRdgeboda _ 

rogorc es mitelSlosis ezos Sesasvlelis 

aRdgenisas moxda. 1822 wels cixe-darbazSi 

moewyo gran dizuli zeimi, 

misi erovnuli mniSvnelobis xazgasasmelad, 

xolo 1856 wels ki fon SYonis 

sapativcemod. restavraciis mizani iyo 

Senobis Sua sa u ku nebrivi xasiaTis sruli 

aRdgena avejis, nivTebis da kostYumebSi 

gamowyobili manekenebis CaTvliT. 

samuSaoebi saukuneze met xans gagrZelda, 

jer august StYuleris, bolos ki 

konrad Stainbrextis xelmZRvanelobiT. 

am ukanasknelma, arqiteqtorma da arqe- 

ologma, 1882-1922 wlebs Soris daasrula 

restavrcia da rekonstruqcia. meore 

mso f lio omis dros Zeglma uzarmazari 

ziani ganicada da kvlav aRdga da 

restavrirebul iqna (Frych, 1975; Boockmann, 

1982). 

5.5.3. magdeburgi 

magdeburgma, adre Sua saukuneebis dasaxlebam 

mdinare elbaze, germanuli 

qveynebis Sua gulSi, didi mniSvneloba 

moipova mefe oton I didis, 962 wels 

romis gvirgvindasxmuli imperatoris, 

gadawyvetile bis gamo, is misi sayvareli 

rezidencia gamxdariyo da aq pirveli 

ka Te d rali aeSenebina (daiwyo 955 

w.-s). Zveli marmarilos svetebi ravenidan 

Camoitanes da maT kapitelebSi 

wminda nawilebi ganaTavses. 1207 wels 

nageboba xanZarma gaanadgura da am adgilas 

axali kaTedrali aSenda, romelic 

1363 wels akurTxes, Tumca mSenebloba 

mxolod 1520 wels dasrulda. es 

iyo yvelaze adreuli goTuri Senoba 

germaniaSi, agebul iqna qviSaqviTa da 

kirqviT, laTinuri jvris formis gegmiT 

da samnawiliani ZiriTadi sivrciT, 

franguli tipis sakurTxevliT kape lebiT 

mis garSemo da ori koSkiT dasavleTiT. 

sakurTxevlis qveda nawilebi 

jerac asaxavda romanuli arqiteqturis 

principebs, maSin roca danarCeni 

TandaTan sul ufro goTuri xdeboda. 

yvelaze cno bili ram aq aris skulpturuli 

dekori, gansakuTrebiT samoTxis 

ka ribWe brZeni da suleli qalwulebis 

qandakebebiT. gamoyenebul iqna ase ve 

otonTa droindeli Senobis Semkulobac, 

ZiriTadad, sakurTxev lis areSi; aq 

ganTavsda antikuri svetebi antikuri 

yaidis kapitele biT. 

rogorc ki kaTedrali dasrulda, 

mas siZneleebi Seeqmna. lYu Ter ma Tavisi 

Tezisebi axlomdebare vitenbergSi mia-

lursma da papis bula dawva. maSin roca 

protestantizmi swrafad vrceldeboda 

germa ni a Si, magdeburgi kaTolikuri 

rCeboda da aman dasawyisi misca dapirispirebasa 

da xatmebrZoleobas, gamosaxulebaTa 

Camongrevas da qandakebebis 

ganadgurebas. 1550-51 wlebSi kaTedrali 

Zlier dazianda mo ris saqsonelis 

jarebis xeliT, general tilis jariskacebisgan 

ocdaaTwliani omis dros, 

1631 wels, rodesac mas xanZari gauCnda 

da napoleonis omebis dros, roca igi 

sursaTis sawyobad gamoiyeneboda. 1814 

wlis maisSi prusielebma daibrunes magdeburgi 

da 29 maiss kaTed ralSi samadlobeli 

wirva Catarda. 

1819 wels adgilobrivma xelisuflebam 

ganacxada, rom kaTed rals seriozuli 

SekeTeba Wirdeboda. i. k. kostenoblem, 

kaTedralis ar qi teqtorma 

da avtorma wignisa “Deutsche architektur 

und ihr Ursprung” (ger manuli arqiteqtura 

da misi warmomavloba) (1812 w.), pirveli 

winaswari gaTvlebi 1821 wlis Teberval- 

Si gaakeTa, Tumca proeqtis zedamxedve- 


sur. 5.9. magdeburgis 

kaTedralis gravYura 

1823 w., XIX s-is 

restavraciamde (Institut 

für Denkmalpflege, Berlin) 

lad k. a. rozenTali airCies. 136 proeqtSi 

upiratesoba transeptis, gadaxurvebis, 

`tyviis koSkisa~ da sakurTxevlis 

restavracias mieniWa. sa mu Saoebi 

1826 wlis aprilSi daiwyo. dasawyisSi 

SemoTavazebul iyo e.w. `tyviis koSkis~ 

daSla, romelic eklesiis Sejvarebaze 

iyo aRmarTu li, ZiriTadad, movlis 

xarjebis dasazogad, magram amas uaryo- 

136 1826-1828 wlebSi g. g. a. hazenflugma (1802- 

58 ww.) Seasrula suraTebis wye ba, sadac kaTedrali 

arsebuli saxiTac da ganzraxuli 

restavra ciis Semdegac, idealizebul-romantizebuli 

saxiT, xeebiTaa garemocu li 

(Fritsche, 1937-38). adgilobriv, xelmZRvaneloba 

Caabares komisias, ro mlis wevrebad 

iyvnen saxelmwifo ministri a. v. fon klevitci, 

dekano zi fon kroziki, Y. a. klemensi, 

f. a. j. melini da k. a. rozenTali. Semowmebisa 

da mimdinare kvartalur angariSebs 

xels klemensi awerda, da wv ri lebiTi gegmebi 

ki melinma da rozenTalma moamzades 

(1830-52 ww.). restavracia 310 000 talerad 

Sefasda da 15 wlianad ivaraudeboda, Tu mca 

komisiam es metismetad CaTvala da igi 10 

welze daiyvana.


sur. 5.10. magdeburgis kaTedralis CrdiloeTi fasadi, misi 1826-1835 ww.-Si Ca ta re bu li 

restvaraciis proeqti (Institut für Denkmalpflege, Berlin). 

fiTad Sexvda saeklesio xelisufleba 137 

da generaluri direqtorati (ober-Bau- 

Deputation). koSki arqiteturulad mni- 

Svnelovnad iqna miCneuli, rad gan anawevrebda 

sxva mxriv metismetad grZel 

saxurvis xazs da, amave dros, navebis 

Sejvarebis adgils gamokveTda. 

generalurma direqtoratma berlinSi 

am problemis Sesaxeb naxa ze bisa 

da angariSebis safuZvelze, adgilze Semowmebis 

gareSe imsje la. STabeWdileba 

iseTi iyo, rom es naxazebi da angariSebi 

kargad iyo momzadebuli, Tumca samuSao 

137 fon alterStaini da fon Srekmani mefes, 

1.II.1826 (B1 45-48, C20 ii nr 44 ii, magdeburg archiv) 

Zalian rTuli iyo. ganixiles ra zedmetad 

mravlismomcveli da Zviri SekeTebani, 

CaTvales, rom saxelmwi fos Tvis 

metismeti iqneboda yvela ornamentul 

detalze ezruna. ami tom generalurma 

direqtoratma gamoTqva mosazreba: 

`momavali TaobebisTvis usasrulo 

raodenobis yvela mcire da met-naklebad 

gameorebadi ornamentebis da detalebis 

SenarCuneba, romlebic am Senobebs faravs 

da romlebic mxolod da mxolod 

monotonuri naySebis CaxlarTul TamaSs 

(ein mechanischer Schematis mus) warmoadgens 

da ar Seesatyviseba natifi xelovnebis 

WeSmarit amo canas, anu àdaminisa da 

bunebis mdgomareobis idealur aRq mas~,

niSnavs uzarmazari Tanxebis daxarjvas 

im mxatvruli forme bis konservaciisTvis, 

romlebic mxolod imas gvaswavlis, 

rom ase ar unda gavakeToT.~ 138 

aRiniSna aseve, rom ornamentebis umetesoba, 

arsebiTad, damouki de beli iyo 

konstruqciisgan da amitom SeiZleboda 

maTi `bedis anaba ra~ mitoveba. xelovne- 

138 samefo samSeneblo komisia saministros, 

30.V.1825 (rep. C 20 ii, # r44 ii, B1 24ff, magdeburg 

archiv). hamburgis firmis mier inglisidan 

Camotanili `romauli cementi~ 

dazianebul samkaulTa dasamagreblad 

saukeTeso Canda, radgan wyalTan SeerTebisas 

ganivrdeboda da yvela bzars avse b da 

da ìse magrdeboda, rom garedan veranairi 

nesti SemoaRwevda~. wvi mis wylis gadasayvani 

spilenZis milebi nagebobisgan calke 

unda da r Ceniliyo, ukeT mosavlelad. 


sur. 5.11. magdeburgis kaTedrali, yru frontonebis restavraciis proeqti 

sam x reTi navis Tavze. Tavdapirveli frontonebi xisa iyo, xolo axlebi ki 

qviT iq na amoyvanili (Institut für Denkmalpflege, Berlin) 

bis istoriis gulisTvis SeTavazebul 

iqna maTi mcire raodenobis Senaxva, 

xolo danarCenis datoveba, radgan isedac 

kidev didxans iarsebebdnen; Camongrevis 

piras myofi dazianebuli adgilebi 

SeiZleboda moecilebinaT, xolo 

es adgilebi gamoqarvis sa SiSroebis 

Tavidan asacileblad damuSavebuliyo. 

Senobebma iqneb moi gos kidec da ufro 

metadac miizidos im `romantikosebis 

warmosaxva, romelTac igi momavalSic 

moewonebaT~. cxadia, es msjeloba upirobo 

ar yofila. samSeneblo komisia da 

adgilobrivi xelisufleba xazs us vamda 

goTuri arqiteqturis xasiaTisTvis 

mdidruli ornamentaciis mniSvnelobas. 

isini amtkicebdnen, rom ornamentebi 

aris mSeneblis ostatobis gamoxatule


ba, Senobis arsebiTi nawili, romelic 

aZlirebs im STabeWdilebas, romelsac 

aseTi Senobebi uqmnis keTilganwyobil 

specialistebsa da xelovnebis moyvarulebs, 

maT STambeWdav zomebTan kontrastis 

gamo. sabolood miRweul iqna 

SeTanxmeba SinkelTan da restavraciis 

dros kveTili gare morTulobis didi 

nawili ganaxlda, xolo zogi pirvandeli 

qandakeba taZris SigniT ganaTavses. samoTxis 

karibWis qalwulebis qandakebebi 

Tavdapirvel adgilas iqna konsrevi rebuli, 

Tumca TviT karibWis dazianebuli 

qvis wyoba safuZvlianad iqna ganaxlebuli. 

restavraciis erTi principi, fon 

klevitcis mtkivebiT, iyo èrT gu lebis 

valdebuleba originalis mimarT yvela 

SesaZlo saSuale biT~. 139 klemensi xazs 

usvamda erTiani politikis aucileblobas 

res tav ra cias Tan dakavSirebiT 

gadawyvetilebebis miRebisas. kaTedralis 

sa kurTxevels, franguli goTikis 

gvarad, garSemosavleli Semouyvebo da, 

romelic, rogorc fiqrobdnen, Tavdapirvelad 

qviSaqvis terasiT iyo dafaruli; 

gadaxurva mis Tavze XVIII saukunis 

bolos aSenda. ga dawyda saxuravi 

aRar aSenebuliyo, aramed nacvlad amisa 

aRedginaT te rasa, vinaidan saxuravi 

Tavdapirvelad ar arsebobda da radgan 

sa kurTxevels ukeTesi ieri eqneboda, 

xolo roca sarkmlebi gamonTavisufldeboda, 

interieris ganaTebac 

gaumjobesdeboda, xarji ki igive iqneboda. 

cementis gamoyeneba moxsnida im 

problemebs, romlebic, Se saZ loa, warsulSi 

warmoqmniliyo (Clemens, 3 oqtomberi, 

1827 w.). Tavda pir ve lad yru xis 

frontonebi samxreTi navis Tavze axlad 

aguriT da qviT amoiyvanes, martivi 

vertikaluri danawevrebiT, CrdiloeTi 

fron to nebis mdidruli dekoratiuli 

139 klevitci mefisadmi, 15.X.1827 (sign. 2.2.1. nr 

22113, 14-19v; Zentrales staatsarchiv, merseburg; 

14) 

motivebis mibaZviT. restavracia Tav dapir 

veli formebis gaTvaliswinebiT da 

dacviT Catarda, magram roca naxazebi 

gamoqveynda, gamoTqmul iqna kritikuli 

SeniSvnebi simetrias Tan dakavSirebiT, 

romelic `gamaRiazianebeli~ aRmoCnda 

sxva mxriv asimetriul fasadze. 

interierSi SekeTeba ise iyo organizebuli, 

rom kaTedrals fun q cionireba 

kvlavac SeeZlo. bevri 64 trapezTagan 

da aseve sxvadasxva drois saflavis 

Zegli (gansakuTrebiT, renesansisa da 

barokos droi sa) gatanil iqna, Tumca 

zogi `lamazad~ miiCnies da SeinarCunes. 

XVII da XVIII saukuneebis aveji da gamar- 

Tuloba, ùwesrigod ganTavsebuli da 

mouxerxebeli qadagebis gasagebad, yu- 

Tebis msgavsi formis, yviTel-TeTrad 

SeRebili, uformo... WianaWami da Zlier 

dazianebuli~ gata nil iqna da Seicvala 

`saTando stilis~ skamebiT. 140 XIII saukunis 

tra pe zi centraluri sivrcis SuagulSi 

damabrkoleblad iqna miCneuli 

skamebis wesierad dasawyobad; aseTive 

bedi ewia XIII saukunis wminda sa f lavis 

kapelasac, oton I-isa da misi meuRlis 

qandakebebiT, romle bic gverdiT kapelebSi 

iqna gadatanili. 

Sua saukuneebis kiris baTqaSi mTlianad 

ganaxlda, qvis wyobis ferweruli 

imitacia ki axal baTqaSze gaimeores; 

dasavleTi Sesasvle lis gverdiT Sua 

saukuneebis kapelis kedlis mxatvroba 

aslebis sa xiT ganaxlda; iataki Tavidan 

daigo; saflavis qvebi amoiRes, kluatr- 

Si gadaitanes da iq kedlebSi Caamagres. 

mniSvnelovani warwerebi Tavi dan amokveTes 

axal iatakze. gare kedlebze 

skulpturuli ornamentebi Tavidan gamoikveTa, 

maSin roca interierSi originalebi 

karg mdgoma re o baSi iyo da amitom 

SenarCunebul iqna. konstruqciuli 

gamagreba in terierSi xiluli saSualebebis 

gamoyenebiT gakeTda; burjebisTvis 

rkinis salteebi iqna gamoyenebuli, 

140 Burchardt, 1835:86.

sakurTxevlis kamaris centraluri nervYura 

mis qveS Camosxmuli rkinis elementis 

damagrebiT gamagrda. saflavebSi 

saintereso nivTebi iqna napovni, Tumca 

isini kvlavac, erT-erTi episkoposis anderZisamebr, 

ukan daabrunes. yvelaze 

saintereso ni v Te bis aslebi gadaiRes. 

oton I-is saflavi, antikuri marmariloTi 

agebuli, saguldagulod iqna Seswavlili, 

Tumca is adgilze datoves 

da dekoratiuli rkinis Robe Semoavles. 

saxuravebis kramiti fiqaliT Seicvala, 

romelic ufro msubuqi iyo da 

ufro Seesabameboda nagebo bis stils, 

Tumca taZars ufro mkacri ieri mianiWa. 

samxreTi koSkis qvebis wyobis didi nawili 

gasaaxlebeli gaxda. CrdiloeTi ko- 

Skis dag virgvineba gamagrda, amave dros 

aRiniSna, is, rom samxreT koSks Ta visi 

dagvirgvineba aRar gaaCnia, ìstoriul 

momentad~ unda vaRiaroT da is ar unda 

aRvadginoTo. 141 

kaTedralis restavraciis Semdeg, 

yuradReba miaqcies mis Semoga rens. zogierTi 

Senoba samxreT-aRmosavleTi 

mxridan 1826 wels ukve dan g re ul iqna 

Senobis gamosanTavisufleblad. axla 

garemo areebi ga amwvanes da kaTedralis 

garSemo rkinis Robe gakeTda. frangulma 

jar ma daaziana lindenalleen, xeivnebiani 

quCebi CrdiloeTiT arsebuli 

moed nis garSemo. mamulis àm yvelaze 

mSvenieri Zeglis~ dasrulebis aRsa ni Snavad 

eklesiaSi ganaTavses marmarilos 

dafa warweriT da 1835 wlis 18 ianvars 

episkoposma samadlobeli wirva Caatara 

141 gadmocemis Tanaxmad, isini 1629-31 ww.-Si, 

general tilis mowyobili alyisas Camoagdes. 

mogvianebiT aRmoCnda, rom isini manamdec 

aklda, imasac ambobdnen, isini grigalma 

Camoglijao (1614-22 ww-is monetebze 

erTi gvirgviniRa Cans). miuxedavad amisa, 

radgan am nawilis ararsebo bac kaTedralis 

maxasiaTebelTagani gaxda, legendebSic ki 

(sulerTia, tyuian isini Tu ara), gadawyda, 

koSkebis dagvirgvinebis gareSe datove ba, 

viTarca ìstoriis Zeglisa~. 


sur. 5.12. magdeburgis kaTedrali 1980-ian ww.- 

Si – kidev erTi restavraciis Sem deg, meore 

msoflio omSi miRebuli zianis gamo. 

samuSaoTa war ma tebiT dasrulebis gamo. 

Tumca Sinkeli, rogorc generaluri 

direqtoratis wevri, ar wya lobda am an 

msgavsi Senobis skulpturuli dekoris 

restvaracias, man mainc Seitana wvlili 

`tyviis koSkis~ Tavisi Tavdapirveli 

formiT Se narCunebaSi. interierSi daangries 

an iqidan gaitanes sxvadasxva àrasa 

Ta nado~ Zegli SenobaSi, inglisuri 

modisamebr, Tavisufali per s peqtivis 

gasaxsnelad. aqac Sinkeli Seewia XV saukunis 

sakurTxevlis mozRudvis gadar- 

Cenas, radgan miaCnda, rom raimenairad 

unda Seneldes si carielisa da siSi- 

Svlis gancda, romelic esoden advilad


warmoiqm ne boda axlad restavrirebul 

eklesiebSi. interieris axlad gamarT vam 

da SedarebiT naTeli ferebiT SeRebvam 

taZris sivrce SuqiT savse war moaCina. 

es efeqti kidev ufro gaZlierda Cveulebrivi 

minis sarkm le bis meSveobiT. 

1832 wels franc kuglerma, xelovnebis 

istoriis pro fesorma, gaakritika 

es `TvalismomWreli siTeTre~ da zedmeti 

Su qi da nanobda, rom `jadosnur 

bind-bunds, romelic gardasul droTa 

mSvenier RvTismosav sagad Cagvesmis da 

mkerds uCumari monatrebiT aRa v sebs 

da, TiTqosda, sarkmelTa wmida, martvilobiT 

anTebul saxeba Ta Crdili iyoso, 

istoriuli xibli TiTqos ganZarcvia~. 142 

kaTedra li Zlier dazianda meore msoflio 

omis dros da intensiurad iqna 

restavrirebuli 143 . 

politika, romelic prusiaSi restavraciis 

zemoaRwerli adreu li nimuSebis 

kvalad SemuSavda, mefis 1843 wlis 12 

dekembris cirku lYarSi iqna Sejamenuli. 

igi avaldebulebda xelisuflebas, 

moexsene bi na istoriuli Senobis yvela 

cvlilebis Taobaze da araviTar Sem- 

142 Kugler, F., ‘reiseblätter vom Jahre 1832’, museum, 

1833, iv 

143 II msoflio omis bolosken sahaero Tavdasxmebis 

Sedegad istoriuli qalaqi magdeburgi 

TiTqmis mTlianad daingra. dazianda TviT 

kaTedra lic. dasavleTi fasadi afeTqebam 

gaxliCa, gverdiTi navebis kamaraTa 300 m 2 

Camoiqca, interieri xanZarma daaziana, yvela 

sarkmeli ganadgur da. marTalia, rkina-betonis 

konstruqciiT daculi, XII-XIII 

ss.-is Rire buli qandakebebi dauzianebeli 

gadarCa. omis damTavrebisTanave daiw yo restavracia 

da 1949 wlisTvis saxuravebi da 

sarkmlebi TiTqmis mTli anad SekeTda, 1955 

wlisTvis restavracia kvlav dasrulda. sadac 

ornamentacia daRupuliyo, igi axali 

namuSvriT Secvales (h. apelis mixedviT). 

SigniT, saerTo ieris SenarCunebisas, zogierTi 

Zegli da kapela, wina restavraciisas 

gatanili (mag., e.w. otosa da ediTis kape la) 

kaTedralSi pirvandel adgilze daabrunes 

(Berger 1982). 

TxvevaSi ar daengria raime, rasac istoriuli, 

samcniero, teqnikuri an mxatvruli 

Rirebuleba hqonda. restvarciis 

mizani arasdros unda iyos im mciredi 

xarvezebis mocileba, romlebic Senobis 

xasiaTs war sulis kvalad Seemata. 

zedapiris Taobaze zrunvis nacvlad, 

restvara toris movaleoba mdgradobis 

problemebze yuradRebis gamaxvilebaa. 

yve laze srulyofili restvaracia is 

iqneba, sadac gaumjobeseba sru liad 

SeumCneveli iqneba. naxsenebi iyo garemos 

gamwvaneba da mowesri gebac. 

5.5.4. konservatori 

Sinkelis mere, istoriuli Senobebisadmi 

mopyrobaze zedamxedve loba daevala 

konsrevators, romelic 1843 wels fridrih 

vilhelm IV-m daniSna, romelic did 

enTuziazms iCenda istoriul SenobaTa 

resta vraciis mimarT. pirveli Konservator 

der Kunstdenkmäler (xelovnebis ZeglTa 

konservatori) iyo ferdinand fon kvasti 

(1807-77 ww.), arqiteqtori da istorikosi, 

romelic SinkelTan swavlobda. 

fon kvasti bevrs mogzau robda, 1838-39 

wlebSi swavlobda klasikur Zeglebs 

italiaSi da moam zada germanuli gamocema 

h. v. invudis gamokvlevisa erexTeionis 

Tao ba ze (1834 w.). igi icavda aTenis 

Zvel qalaqs da Sokirebuli iyo imiT, 

rom Zveli qalaqebi axali SenobebisTvis 

maTi istoriuli Rirebule bis yovelgvari 

gaTvaliswinebis gareSe gamoiyeneboda. 

igi eTanxmeboda akropolisze 

veneciuri da Turquli kedlebis moSorebas 

da mxars uWerda Sinkelis gegmebs 

samefo rezidenciis Taobaze, radgan es 

kidev ufro gazrdida Zveli Sedevrebis 

Rirebulebas (von Quast, 1837/1977). fon 

kvastma adreve gamoiCina istoriuli Senobebisa 

da maTi restavraciis mi marT 

interesi; 1837 wels man CainiSna “Pro 

Memoria” siZveleTa dac vis Sesaxeb pru-

siaSi (von Quast, 1837/1977). igi nanobda 

istoriuli Senobebis saTanado codnagagebis 

da tradiciuli teqnologiebis 

gamocdilebis naklebobas. igi miuTi- 

Tebda ingliss, rogorc qveyanas, sadac 

istori ul SenobaTa konservacias meti 

mxardaWera da gageba hqonda sazoga doebis 

mxridan da sadac istoriul Zeglebs 

zrunva ar aklda. ro gorc konservatori, 

igi Zalian bevrs mogzaurobda, raTa 

gaekeTebina moxsenebebi Zeglebis da 

maTi mdgomareobis Taobaze, igi aseve 

monawi leobda saerTaSoriso Sexvedreb- 

Si, sadac ganixileboda arqi teq tu ris 

istoriisa da arqeologiis sakiTxebi. 

igi zogierT res tav raciaSi (mag., gernrodes 

eklesiisa) monawileobda da marienburgis 

isto riac dawera. 

konservatoris movaleobebi, safrangeTSi 

1830 wels dadgenilTa msgavsi, 

gansazRvrul iqna ministrTa kabinetis 

1844 wlis 24 ianvris cir kulYariT. 

misi mizani iyo sazogadoebriv mflobelobaSi 

myofi `xe lovnebis Zeglebis~ 

konservaciis safuZvelis gaumjobeseba, 

maTi Ri rebulebis Sesaxeb codnis gaRrmaveba 

da maTi konservaciisa da res tavraciis 

samoqmedo principebis SemuSaveba. 

mniSvnelovnad iqna miCneu li istoriuli 

Senobis dazianebis SeCereba da am 

mxriv Zeglis cneba sakmaod farTo iyo: 

àr aris gansxvaveba, ra tipis nagebobebzea 

saubari, Tuki maT ga aCnia raime 

mxat vruli an monumenturi mniSvneloba, 

iqneba es su ra Tebi, ferweruli tiloebi, 

xelovnebis nawarmoebebi, an msgavsi 

ram, an, nivTebis SemTxvevaSi, iqneba es 

samefo Tu municipaluri sa kuTreba, 

an raime korporaciis mflobelobaSi 

myofi, an mosav le lad kerZo pirTaTvis 

mibarebuli maTi status quo-s SenarCunebis 

pirobiT.” 144 

aq gamotovebulia mxolod Tavisufali 

kerZo sakuTreba. am amo canebis ganxor- 

144 ‘Zurkularelaß’, 24 January 1844. 


cielebisas, Tu wamoiWreboda Carevis 

raime aucileblo ba, konservatori unda 

dayrdnoboda adgilobriv da provinciul 

xeli suf lebas; mas unda daemyarebina 

`megobruli urTierToba~ adgilobriv 

asociaciebTan, maswavlebleb- 

Tan, mRvdlebTan da sxva adamianebTan, 

vi sac SeeZlo gavlenis moxdena ZeglTa 

dacvaze da gaeRvivebina am sa kiT xisadmi 

maTi interesi. misi movaleoba iyo yovelwliurad 

emogzau ra qveynis yvela 

kuTxeSi, kargad scodnoda kulturuli 

fasulobebi, emuSava zusti reestrebis 

Sesadgenad dadgenili formatis mixedviT, 

moemzadebina angariSebi SenobaTa 

mdgomareobis Sesaxeb da restavra ci as- 

Tan dakavSirebiT rCevebi da miTiTebebi 

mieca. gansakuTrebul SemTxvevebSi konservators 

ufleba hqonda Careuliyo da 

dauyonebliv SeeCerebina adgilobrivi 

organoebi, vidre saministro gadawyvetilebas 

miiRebda. mas aseve evaleboda 

mudmivad mieqcia yuradReba yvelaze 

Ri re buli da gansakuTrebiT saSveli ZeglebisTvis. 

reestrebis Sevsebis Semdeg 

misi movaleoba iyo, saWiro sarestavracio 

samuSaoebis ganxor ci ele bis sistematuri 

gegmis SemuSaveba. 

1858 wels fon kvasti miiwvies gernrodeSi, 

sadac es-es iyo unda dawyebuliyo 

otonuri saabato eklesiis 

gadaxurvis SekeTeba. man Caa ta ra Senobis 

istoriuli, arqeologiuri da konstruqciuli 

kvleva, mo amzada anazomebi 

da waradgina misi restavraciis ganacxadi, 

rome lic 1859 wels damtkicda. saabatom 

garkveuli cvlilebebi ganicada, 

gansakuTrebiT, XII da XVI saukuneebSi 

da sabolood miiRo samnaviani kirqvis 

nagebobis saxe afsidebiT aRmosavle- 

Tidan da dasavleTidan. aR mosavleTi 

sakurTxeveli navisgan transeptiT iyo 

gamoyofili. re fo r maciis Semdeg, monastris 

nawili dangreul iqna da eklesia 

samrev lo taZrad gadakeTda sxvadasxva 

saxecvlilebebiT: ferweruli dekori


moixsna an SeTeTrda, xolo sarkmlebi 

gafarTovda. samxreTi navis ke deli 

konstruqciuli saWiroebebis gamo iqna 

gadakeTebuli, xolo cen t ralur navs 

yalbi Weri gaukeTda. 

Canafiqri imaSi mdgomareobda, rom 

Senoba gamagrebuliyo, SeZle bisdagvarad, 

gamovleniliyo da aRdgeniliyo otonTa 

droindeli nage boba. Tumca cvlilebebi 

didi moculobisa ar yofila da Senobis 

Zi ri Tadi ieri SenarCunebul iqna. mciredi 

kritika gaisma imis gamo, rom igi metismetad 

`mowesrigebuli~ gaxda (voigtländer, 

1980:26). sanam is iSoveboda, fon kvastma 

kirqvis Tavdapirveli saxeoba gamoiyena, 

Semdeg qviSaqva da mcire SekeTebebisTvis 

_ cementi. erTi sakvanZo sakiTxi iyo 

transeptis Sejvareba, sadac man grZivi 

TaRebis aRdgena da triforiu mis TaRebis 

gaxsna gadawyvita. dasavleTi afsida, 

Zalian cudi mdgoma reo bis gamo, daSales 

da Tavidan aaSenes; samxreTi kedeli 

ganTavi sufl da mogviano gamagrebebisgan 

da Tavdapirvel simaRlemde aRdga; 

sa xuravi otonTa droindeli formiT 

aSenda, muxis xis gaSiSvlebuli nivni ve- 

sur. 5.13. gernrodes 

eklesiis interieri, 

restavriorebuli f. fon 

kvastis mi er, romelmac 

XVIII s-is baTqaSis qveS Sua 

navis adreuli sarkmlebis 

rigi aR moaCina. 

biT da gakeTda axali Weri dekoratiuli 

ferweriT. sabuTebiT cno bili iyo, rom 

otonTa drois SenobaSi kedlis mxatvroba 

iyo, Tumca mere daikarga; fon kvastma 

gadawyvita ZiriTad nawilebSi axali mxatvroba 

Sesrulebuliyo, oRond nakleb 

gamosaCenad, danarCeni zedapi re bis Tvis 

ki `qvisebr nacrisferi~ toni mieca. man 

daaproeqta vitra Je bic. kriptaSi napovni 

iyo `wminda saflavi~ _ qristes akldamis 

XI sa ukunis imitacia, romelic, misi 

religiuri Rirebulebis gamo, winan deburad 

datoves 145 (siebigk, 1867:616). 

fon kvastis mizani iyo, Tavi aeridebina 

`mxatvruli~ an àrqeo lo giuri~ 

restavraciisTvis da e.w. `purifikaciisTvis~, 

rasac is dama n g revlad miiCnevda. 

amis nacvlad mas surda aRedgina 

Senoba yvela mi si nawilis da yvela 

drois danatovaris gaTvaliswinebiT, 

romelTac gaaCndaT istoriuli an mxa- 

145 dasavleTi koSkebis mdgomareoba, romelnic 

fon kvastis drosac deformirebuli 

iyo, XIX s.-is bolosken gauaresda da, amitom, 

isini 1907-10 ww.-Si qva-qva daSales da 

axal saZirkvelze xelaxla amoiyvanes.

tvruli Rirebuleba. iq, sadac ufro 

gviani samSeneblo fenebi Tavdapirvel 

masalas faravda, kritikuli gansja iyo 

saWiro imis gadasawyvetad, Rirda Tu 

ara Zveli nawilis restav racia mogviano 

fenis dakargvis xarjze. nebadarTuli 

mxolod xarve ziani da uRimRamo nawilebis 

mocileba iyo. gaumjobeseba minimaluri 

da yovlad aucilebeli Tu iyo, 

Senobis mdgradobisa da saxasiaTo ieris 

Seulaxavad. ostat-mSenebels, yvelaze 

metad, Tavdapirveli nawi le bi sadmi pativiscema 

da e.w. gaumjobesebis mimarT 

sifrTxile moeT xo ve boda. 

konservatoris saqmianoba mTeli 

qveynis masStabiT saTanado personalis 

gareSe mZime saqme iyo. Tumca 1853 wels 

Zeglebis kvlevisa da dacvis sagangebo 

komisia Seiqmna, xolo 1854 wels ki adgilobrivi 

ko respondentebic iqna SemoRebuli, 

komisia maleve daiSala Tanxebis 

uqonlobis gamo. fon kvasti mogvianebiT 

Cioda, rom man yvelaferi gaa keTa, rac 

ki SeeZlo am viTarebaSi. erTi `sirTule~, 

rasac is waawyda, iqneb, istoriuli 

nagebobis mimarT misi pativiscema yofiliyo 

da `mxa tv ruli~ an àrqeologiuri~ 

restvarciis uaryofac, romlebic 

mis dros esoden iyo gavrcelebuli. 

reestrebze muSaoba gaagrZela georg 

dehiom, romelmac tomebis STambeWdavi 

raodenoba gamosca. 

prusiaSi mxolod 1891 wels Semoi- 

Res samxareo komisiebi da sam xa reo konservatorebi 

mTavari konservatoris 

dasaxmareblad. sxva ger ma nul saxelmwifoTagan, 

bavariaSi natif xelovneba- 

Ta generaluri inspeqtori 1835 wlidan 

arsebobda, xolo 1868 wels ki xelovnebis 

da siZ veleTa Zeglebis generaluri 

konservatoric dainiSna. vYurtemberg- 

Si inventarizacia 1841 wels daiwyo da 

1858 wels Zeglebis generaluri konservatori 

dainiSna. badenSi romaul siZveleebTan 

dakavSirebiT ediqti jer kidev 

1749 wels gamoica, Tumca konservato- 


ri mxolod 1853 wels dainiSna, saqsoniaSi 

ki mxolod 1894 wels. samagierod, 

hessen-darmStadtis didi hercogis 1818 

wlis 22 ianvris dekreti konceptua lurad 

bevrad uswrebda win sxva evropuli 

qveynebis kanonmdebolobas. istoriuli 

Zeglebi daculi unda yofiliyo, rogorc 

warsulis tra di ciebisa da sazogadoebis 

socialuri da inteleqtualuri 

mdgoma reo bis gamovlineba 146 . umetes 

germanulenovan qveynebSi ZeglTadacvi- 

Ti kanonmdebloba XX saukunis dasawyis- 

Si SemuSavda. 

5.6. istoriuli Zeglebis 

saxelmwifo marTvis dasawyisi 

safrangeTSi 

safrangeTis mTavrobasa da romis paps 

Soris konkordatis gafo r me bis Semdeg 

Zalian male, 1802 wels, fransua rene vikont 

de Satob ri anma gamoaqveyna Tavisi 

`Génie du christianisme” (qristianobis genia), 

ro mel mac ìstoria Seiyvana literaturaSi~ 

da xeli Seuwyo sazogadoebri 

vi cnobierebis Semzadebas Sua saukuneebis 

istoriuli Rirebulebe bis 

dasafaseblad. adarebda ra klasikur 

arqiteqturas goTur ekle si ebs, Satobriani 

werda, rom `metafizikuri Rmer- 

Tis saTayvaneblad~ sa Wi roa reimsisa da 

parizis notr-damis eklesiebi; es xavsiT 

dafaruli bazilikebi ufro SeZlebs 

gardaclilTa Taobebisa da winaparTa 

su le bis daunjebas, vidre axlad agebuli 

klasikuri taZrebi; `Zegli mxolod 

maSin xdeba saTayvano, roca istoria 

Tavis kvals daamCnevs, ase vTqvaT, 

mis saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi gaSavebul 

nivnivebze.~ 147 

ùwyveti istoriis~ koncefcia gamo- 

146 lui X-is, hesen-darmStadtis didi hercogis 

dekreti, 22. i.1818 (harvey, 1972:208) 

147 Chateubriand, 1966, i:399:


kveTilia madam de stalis mi er mis `De 

l’Allemagne”-Si (germaniisTvis, 1813 w.) da 

igi pirveli iyo, vinc gaacno frangebs 

germanuli literatura _ vinkelmani, 

goeTe, Si leri. igi saubrobda eklesiebis 

erovnul mniSvnelobaze da amtkiceb da, 

rom arc erTi Senoba ar SeiZleba iyos 

iseTive patriotuli, ro gorc eklesia 

da rom es erTaderTi Senobaa, romelic 

ara mxolod sa zogadoebriv movlenebs 

mogvagonebs, aramed idumal fiqrebsa da 

pira dul gancdebs, romlebsac beladebi 

da moqalaqeebi mis kedlebSi eziarebodnen. 

amave dros, ingliselma mogzaurebma 

aRmoaCines norman dia da maTma magaliTma 

biZgi misca mzard interess arqeologiuri 

da istoriuli kvlevisadmi, 

ramac 1820-ian wlebSi moitana sagangebo 

sazo gadoebebis dafuZneba, romlebic 

istoriuli nagebobebis konservacia sac 

misdevdnen. am TvalsazrisiT wamyvani 

figura iyo arkis de komoni (1802-1873 

ww.), vinc 1832 wels sxvadasxva samxareo 

sazogadoeba ligad gaaerTiana, romelic 

1834 wels Société française d’archéologie 

(franguli sa arqeologio sazogadoeba) 

gaxda. 

Sinagan saqmeTa ministrma gamohyo 

mcire biujeti istoriuli Zeglebis restavraciisTvis, 

magram dacvis saqme ar 

iyo kargad mogva rebuli da restavraciac 

xSirad zianis momtani iyo. ar moi- 

Zebneboda erTi qalaqic, sadac istoriuli 

Zeglebi ar daengriaT an adgilobriv 

xelisuflebas an calkeul moqalaqeebs. 

yvelaze xmamaRla am ngrevis winaaRmdeg 

xma viqtor hYugom (1802-85 ww.) aimaRla, 

romelic safran geT Si istoriuli romanis 

mama gaxda _ rogorc ser uolter 

skoti ing lisSi. 1831 wels hYugom gamoaqveyna 

`parizis RmrTismSoblis taZa ri~, 

sadac igi xotbas asxamda `franguli 

kaTedralebis am dedo fals~; man gaacoxla 

igi farTo sazogadoebisTvis, aCvena, 

Tu rogor qmnidnen giganturi masebi 

`qvis simfonias~. igi miuTiTebda, rom 

es, romanulidan goTurze gardamavali 

xanis, Senobebi nakleb Rirebuli rodi 

iyo, vidre sufTa stilis nawarmoebebi. 

isini gamoxatavda im xe lovnebis nairferobas, 

romelic maT gareSe daikargeboda. 

igi ambobda: 

ìsini agreTve gvarwmuneben, rom xuroTmoZRvrebis 

udidesi na war moebebi ara 

imdenad individuumTa qmnilebaa, aramed 

sazoga do e bisa _ ufro eris mcdelobis 

gamovlinebaa, vidre kerZo go nebis koncefcia 

_ mTeli xalxis mier datovebuli 

sawindari _ sa ukuneTa naRvawi... 

diadi Senobebi, iseve rogorc diadi 

mTebi, saukuneTa namoqmedaria. xSirad 

xelovneba ganicdis cvlilebas, isi ni ki 

molodinSi arian _ pendent opera interruptia 

_ isini wynarad agrZeleben arsebobas, 

xelovnebis cvlilebebTan Sesabamisoba- 

Si. Se cvlili xelovneba eufleba nagebobas, 

ileqeba masze, moargebs Tavis 

Tavs, Tavis yaidaze ganaviTarebs da, 

Tu SeuZlia, daamTav rebs kidec~ (hugo, 

1953:101f). 

hYugo, romelmac aq moxaza Tanamedrove 

ganviTarebis safuZvlebi, ar aRiqvamda 

kaTedrals, rogorc izolirebul Zegls, 

aramed istori u li qalaqis, parizis, 

nawilad da is `mfrinvali Citis~ 

mzeras moav lebs parizs, rogoric is 

iqneboda XV saukuneSi da aRwers aseve 

im cvlilebebs, rac mas mere moxda. parizi 

misTvis arqiteqturis ramde nime 

gansxvavebuli epoqis nawarmoebTa krebuli 

gaxda. saukeTesoni uk ve gamqraliyo; 

Tanamedrove uSno sacxovreblebi 

metismetad swrafad enacvleboda 

istoriul ganaSenianebas da misi arqiteqturis 

istoriu li mniSvnelobac yoveldRiurad 

qarwyldeboda. 1825 wels 

man dawera mi marTva Guerre aux Démolisseurs 

(omi damangrevelT), romelic 1832 

wels ga zeTisTvis revue des Deux mondes 

ganavrco. igi Tavs esxmoda im fran gebis 

sibriyvesa da ucodinarobas, romlebic 

ugulvelyofdnen Tavis Suasaukunovan

memkvidreobas, qva-qva daSlas aclidnen, 

angrevdnen, kla sikuri formebiT 

àRadgendnen~ da ingliselebze hyidnen, 

rogorc moxda JumeJis saabatoSi; natif 

xelovnebaTa akademiis arqiteqtorebic 

ki Tavisive sakuTar mSvenier Senobebs 

ugulvelyofdnen da, amave dros, didZali 

fuli ixarjeboda muzeumebis Sesavsebad 

ucxoeTidan Se motanili xelovnebis 

nawarmoebebiT. 1825 wels igi werda 

`male er Tad er Ti Zegli teilorisa da 

nodYes gamocema `voyages pittiresque et romantiques~ 

iqneba~-o da dasZenda: 

`movida dro, roca gaCumeba dauSvebelia! 

sayovelTao mowodebaa saWiro, 

raTa axali safrangeTi daexmaros Zvels. 

yvela juris pro fanacia, dazianeba 

da ngreva emuqreba im mciredsac, rac 

da gvr Ca Sua saukuneebis im aRsafrTovanebeli 

Zeglebisgan, romle bic warsulis 

mefeebs da xalxis tradiciebs 

gvagonebs. me, SesaZ loa, ar vici zusti 

ricxvi im hibriduli Senobebisa, romlebic 

arc berZnulia da arc romauli, 

romlebic didi xarjebiT Sen de ba; sxva 

originaluri nagebobebi ki mitovebuli 

da ngrevisTvi saa ganwiruli mxolod 

imitom, rom isini frangulia~. 148 

mogvianebiT, imave wels hYugom meore 

werilSi gaagrZela ngreva Ta sia da mimarTa 

frangebs, SeeCerebinaT es sigiJe. 

lanSi, municipali tetma gasca nebarTva 

im mSvenieri koSkis daSlisa, romelic 

qalaqis simbolo iyo; `qalaqma moaparina 

Tavisi gvirgvini da gadauxada kidec 

qurds!~ es Zeglebi ganasaxierebs kapitalur 

investiciebs, amtkicebda hYugo, da 

maTi dangreva niSnavs qveyanas Semosavali 

davakarginoT. ma Ti gadarCena da movla 

erovnuli interesis sakiTxi iyo da 

es myar sa ka nonmdeblo qmedebas iTxovda. 

Semdeg wels Sarl grafma de montala mberma 

(1810-70 ww.) mxari dauWira am mimarTvas 

imave gazeTSi gamocemu li weriliT 

`le vandalisme en France~ (vandalizmi 

148 hugo, 1825/82, 1985:177. 


safrangeTSi). montala mberi, liberaluri 

kaTolicizmis brwyinvale damcveli, 

safrangeTSi kulturuli memkvidreobis 

damcveli gaxda da hYugosTan erTad Comité 

des arts-is wevri iyo, romelic 1830 

wels ganaTlebis saministroSi da ars da. 

revolYuciis Semdeg, 1810 wels safrangeTis 

istoriuli Zeglebis inventarizaciis 

sakiTxi kvlav wamoWres 

grafma de montalivem da aleqsandr 

de labordma (1774-1842 ww.), romlebmac 

gaugzavnes prefeq tebs cirkulYari, 

romelSic moiTxovdnen moxsenebiT 

baraTebs yovel prefeqturaSi arsebul 

istoriul cixe-darbazebze, monastrebsa 

da sxva obiqtebze. garda amisa, saministro 

cdilobda yvela mxareSi moe- 

Zebna SesaZlo korespondentebi. rva 

wlis ganmavlobaSi mxolod asi pa suxi 

movida, amitom 1819 wels labordma, 

romelic maSin Académie des inscriptions et 

belles lettres (warweraTa da sityvakazmuli 

mwerlobis akademi is) wevri iyo, gaagzavna 

meore, ufro farTo diapazonis 

cirkulYari, ro melic moicavda yvela 

saxis siZveles, berZnul-romaulidan 

dawyebu li. amjerad Sedegi bevrad uke- 

Tesi iyo da qveynis memkvidreobis ufro 

naTeli suraTi warmoaCina. 

Tumca es xana sakmaod didi ngreviT 

aRiniSna, iyo dacvis mcde lo bac, 

rogoricaa mag., karkasonis Cité-s Sem- 

Txveva, romelic kvlav sa m xedro obieqtebis 

siaSi moeqca, raTa mis simagreTa 

uangariSo ngreva aRekveTaT. 1823 wels 

Jan-antuan alavuenma (1778-1834 ww.) pirvelma 

Ses Ta vaza Camosxmuli rkinis elementebis 

gamoyeneba ruanis kaTedralis 

me xis mier dangreuli Suasaukunovani 

Spilis rekonstruqciisTvis. es winadadeba 

mowonebul iqna, magram mogvianebiT 

xelisuflebis mier iq na uaryofili; 

mSenebloba 1848 wels Sewyda da mxolod 

1875 wels das rulda. 

1830 wlis ivlisis revolYuciam safrangeTSi, 

romelic istori ko sisa da


Jurnal National-is gamomcemlis, adolf 

tieris (1797-1877 ww.), mier iyo momzadebuli, 

taxtze aiyvana lui filip I, orleanis 

hercogi (1830-48 ww.), romelmac 

dasabami misca SeZlebuli burJuaziis 

òqros xa nas~. kapitalizmma da industrializmma 

warmatebas miaRwia. Sinagan 

saqmeTa ministrTan, fransua-pYer gi- 

Yom gizosTan erTad (1787-1874 ww.), mefem 

daamyara `konservatul-pirovnuli~ 

reJimi. gaTvaliswinebul iqna erovnuli 

arqiteqturuli memkividreobis dacvisa 

da inventarizaciis gamo Zalisxmevac, 

rac dagvirgvinda 1830 wlis oqtomber- 

Si, rodesac gizom SemoiRo Tanamdeboba 

Inspecteur général des monuments historiques de 

la France (safrangeTis istoriul ZeglTa 

generaluri inspeqtori). pirve li generaluri 

inspeqtori iyo lui vite, romelic 

1834 wlis 27 maiss prosper merimem 

Secvala. 

generaluri inspeqtoris saqmianoba 

orgvari iyo: erTi mxriv, mas unda 

uzrunvelyo yvela im Senobisa da Zeglis 

sruli da zusti siis Sed gena, romlnic 

mTavrobisgan seriozul yuradRebas imsaxurebda; 

me o re mxriv, mas ekisreboda 

restavraciebis kontroli, adgilobrivi 

or ga noebis administraciuli xelmZRvaneloba 

da adgilobriv korespon denteb 

Tan kavSiris damyareba. mogvianebiT, 

1837 wels, misi amocanebis ganxorcielebaSi 

inspeqtoris Sesa wev nad, Commission 

des monu ments histo riques (istoriul 

ZeglTa komisia) daarsda. gizom, romelic 

TviTon iyo axali istoriis profesori 

sorbonaSi, gadmoTargmna Seqspiri 

da saf rangeTis istoriis sabuTebi gamosca. 

rogorc ministri, is miznad isaxavda 

`Zveli safrangeTi Semoeyvana axali 

Taobebis mexsierebasa da cnobierebaSi, 

gaeRviZebina CvenSi samarTlisa da 

TanagrZnobis gancda Zveli safrangeTis 

sazogadoebis mimarT, romelmac didi 

ZalisxmeviTa da didebiT icxovra 15 

saukunis ganmavlobaSi, raTa Seeqmna is 

memkvid reoba, romelic Cven miviReT~ 149 . 

warsuli warmogvidgenda kacobriobis 

xa siaTs, Rirsebas da beds. istoriuli 

Zeglebi ar moicavda mxolod da mxolod 

erT istoriul fazas, aramed qmnida 

mowmobaTa uwyvet, ga n grZobad jaWvs 

(23 oqtomberi, 1830). da Tumca is nanonda 

mraval dana kargs, musée des monuments 

Français-is CaTvliT, mainc Segulianebuli 

iyo bolo drois gamokvlevebi mas 

imediT aRavsebda. safrangeTis arqiteqtu 

ruli memkvidreoba saocrad mdidari 

iyo, magram misi mdgomareoba _ Zalian 

cudi. istoriuli Senobebis uniaTo Seke- 

Tebebis gamosasworeb lad meti kvleva 

da istoriuli arqiteqturis meti codna 

iyo saWiro, agreTve meti yuradReba 

gamagrebisa da konservaciisadmi da ara 

res tav raciisa da rekonstruqciisadmi. 

arsebuli resursebi Zalian SezRu duli 

iyo da maTi marTva ar iyo ioli saqme. 

nacvlad Tanxebis kon centraciisa ramdenime 

gamorCeul nagebobaze, komisiam 

amjobina Tanxe bis ufro didi raodenobis 

SenobebisTvis gamoyeneba, minimaluri 

Care viT am etapze da momavalSi maTi 

gagrZelebis imediT, roca meti saxs rebi 

gamoCndeboda. generaluri inspeqtoris 

Carevis ufleba Zalian Se z Ruduli iyo 

da, xSir SemTxvevaSi, mas SeeZlo, mxolod 

ecada, daerw munebina adgilobrivi 

xelisufleba, Tavi Seekavebina ama Tu 

im Zeglis dangrevisgan, Tu amas ar moi- 

Txovda transportis problemebi an ram 

msgavsi mizezebi. 

1831 wels lui vitem (1802-73 ww.) pirvelad 

imogzaura qveynis ku l turuli 

memkvidreobis Sesaswavlad da masze moxsenebis 

mosamzadeb lad. man SearCia is 

istoriuli Senobebi, romlebic gansaku- 

TrebiT sa gulisxmo iyo xelovnebisa da 

arqiteqturis istoriisTvis; Senobebi, 

romlebmac igi yvelaze metad miizida, 

XIII-XV saukuneebiT TariRdebo da. vites 

SefasebebSi sakmao mgrZnobeloba gamo- 

149 lèon, 1951:114.

sCans; igi gulisyuriT ekideboda ara 

mxolod mTavar Zeglebs, aramed istoriuli 

nagebobebis ufro farTo speqtrsac. 

reimsis kaTedralisTvis man moamzada 

calke moxsenebiTi baraTi, Seke- 

TebaTa aucileblobis miTiTebiT. man 

rekomen da cia misca sanlisis taZris Spilis 

konservacias da SekeTebas, ro gorc 

am rigis unikalur nimuSs. reimsis senremis 

taZris msgavsi na war moebebi mas 

imiT moswonda, rom aq ukeT SeiZleboda 

aRmSeneblobis sxvadasxva periodis gamovlena 

da aRqma. sxva Senobebi, Tundac 

nakleb mimzidveli Tavisi gare da Sida 

saxiT, mainc SesaZloa gansakuTrebuli 

yuradRebis sagani gamxdariyo maTi 

xasiaTis mSvenieri Sewonaswo re biT, daxvewili 

wesrigis, faqizi da originaluri 

detalebis gamo. xSir SemTxvevaSi, 

vites uxdeboda brZola Senobis Tundac 

nawilis ga dasarCenad mainc. noanSi, 

magaliTad, patara koxta kluatri mis 

Casv lamde ori wliT adre, sruliad umizezod, 

mTlianad daangries; igi moiTxovda, 

rom darCenili ori Tu sami TaRi 

mainc SeenarCunebinaT. sent-omerSi man 

aRmoaCina, rom macxovreblebi sruliad 

gulgrilad uyureben, rogor emuqreba 

dangreva istoriulad metad mniSvnelovan 

san-bertenis saabatos nangrevebs da 

rom mxolod ramdenime ingliseli mogzauri 

cdilobs maT gadarCenas. man gaamaxvila 

yuradReba kYusis Za lian mniSvnelovani 

cixe-darbazis nangrevebze da 

SesTavaza misi deta luri aRdgena, raTa 

`warmovadginoT misi interieris mor- 

Tuloba da gamarTuloba, davubrunoT 

forma, feri da, Tu SeiZleba ase iTqvas, 

mi si Tavdapirveli cxovreba~ 150 , magram 

ara TviT realur adgilas, aramed qa- 

Raldze (mogvianebiT, eJen viole-ledYukma 

es nawyveti daimowma pYe r fonis 

sasaxlis restavraciasTan dakavSirebiT, 

amayobda ra imiT, rom SeZlo am ocnebis 

qvaSi ganxorcieleba). 

150 iqve 


es Senobebi bolo ormoci wlis ganmavlobaSi, 

uyuradRebobisa da ngrevisgan 

Zlier dazianda da gadaudebel 

qmedebebs iTxovda. vite acnobierebda, 

rom saxelmwifos SeuZlia daicvas mxolod 

mis uSualo mflobelobaSi myofi 

istoriuli Senobebi da moiTxovda, rom 

sakmari si Tanxebi gamoyofiliyo, Tundac 

im SenobaTa gasamagreblad, romleb sac 

sruli dangrevis safrTxe emuqreboda. 

nakleb saintereso nimuSebi an iseTebi, 

romlebic rigian fizikur mdgomareobaSi 

iyo, adgilobrivi xelisuflebis 

sazrunavi unda yofiliyo. rac Seexeba 

kerZo sakuTre bas, aq erTaderTi gza _ 

mflobelTa daintereseba iyo. es rTuli 

amo cana iyo. warsulTan kavSiri gawyvetil 

iqna da axal Taobas naklebad, an 

sulac ar enaRvleboda Zveli Zeglebis 

bedi. xalxi unda aeZule binaT, waekiTxaT 

da gaegoT es Zeglebi, rogorc maTi sakuTari 

istoriis mowmobani. 

ìstoria, rogorc gonieri moqandake, 

maTi Semamkobeli mogonebe bis gacocxlebiT, 

ubrunebs Zeglebs siWabukesa da 

sicocxles. igi gamoavlens maT dakargul 

mniSvnelobas; Zvirfass da sayvarels 

xdis im qalaqebisTvis, romelTa 

warsulis mowmeni arian isini da aR- 

Zravs sazogadoebaSi SurisZiebisa da 

risxvis grZno bas imaT mimarT, vinc maT 

ganadgurebas ganizraxavs.~ 151 

1833 wels hYugom, arsebiTad, swored es 

gaakeTa: man notr-dami xalxs misi istoriis 

meSveobiT daalaparaka; man istoria 

gaacocxla. imave wels vitem, imave 

mizniT, erT tomad gamoaqveyna normandiis 

qa laq dYepis istoria, pirveli 

mis mier ganzraxuli seriidan `Histoire 

des anciennes villes de France” (safrange- 

Tis Zveli qalaqebis istoria). mas surda, 

es gamocema qalaqis arqiteqturuli 

istoria gamxdariyo da TviT Zeglebs 

151 vitet, l., histoire des anciennes villes de France, 1re 

série, haute normandie, Dieppe, 2 vols, Paris 1833, 

i:viii


moeyolaT Tavisi ambavi. igi dainteresebuli 

iyo ara mxolod qvis ZeglebiT, 

aramed aseve afasebda tradiciebs, Zvel 

adgilobriv adaT-Cvevebs, miwamiyril 

ìlYustraciebs~ da warsulis usamarTlod 

daviwyebul adgilebs _ Rirseul 

memorialebs. 152 1834 wels, politiku ri 

karieris gamo, vite gadadga generaluri 

inspeqtoris Tanamdebobi dan, Tumca 

mWidrod TanamSromlobda Tavis SemcvlelTan, 

prosper merimesTan. igi mravali 

wlis ganmavlobaSi Tavmjdomareobda 

Commission des monuments historiques da, 

merimesTan erTad, am komisiis wamy van 

wevrTagani iyo. miaCndaT, rom man misca 

biZgi safrangeTis istori u li nagebobebis 

gagebisadmi kritikul midgomas. am 

TvalsazrisiT, sa Ta nado niSnuli gaxda 

misi 1831 wlis moxseneba, ramac dasabami 

mis ca warsulis ufro sistemur Seswavlas, 

Sua saukuneebis xelosanTa gaTvaliswinebisas. 

vite icnobda bolo drois 

aRmoCenebs berZnuli xuroTmoZRvrebis 

poliqromiulobis Taobaze da man miu- 

TiTa, rom msgavsi ram, Tumca mogviano 

SeTeTrebaTa gamo uCinari, Sua saukuneebis 

Se nobebSic arsebobda (viollet-le-Duc, 

1854-68:Xiii, restauration). 

1830-ian wlebSi Seiqmna istoriuli 

Senobebisa da xelovnebis na war moebebze 

mzrunveli ramdenime organizacia. 1830 

wels gizos mier daarsebulma Comité 

des arts-ma Seicvala dasaxeleba, daerqva 

`Comité des travaux historiques” (istoriul 

samuSaoTa komiteti) da ganaTlebis 

samini s t ros daeqvemdebara. 1837 wels 

Sinagan saqmeTa ministrma, kamil baSasom, 

grafma de montalivem (1801-80 ww.), 

Jan-pYeris vaJma, daafuZna `Commission 

des monuments historiques” (istoriul ZeglTa 

komisia). am komisi is mizani iyo, 

prefeqtebs da generalur inspeq tors 

istoriuli Senobebis Sefasebasa, klasifikaciasa 

da maTi resta v ra ciis prioritetebis 

dadgenaSi daxmareboda (1838 

152 iqve, ix 

sur. 5.14. prosper merime (1803-70 ww.), s. t. 

roSaris portreti (Arch. Phot. Paris -CNMHS) 

wlis 29 ianvris de k reti). samagierod, 

kaTedralebi religiis saministrosTan 

arsebul “Direction générale de l’administration 

des cultes”-is (kultTa gamgebeli 

genera lu ri di reqcia) daqvemdebareba- 

Si gadavida da 1848 wlamde yvela saxis 

samuSaoebs adgilobrivi arqiteqtorebi 

awarmoebdnen. Semdeg Seiqmna `Commission 

des edifices réligieux~ (religiur SenobaTa 

komisia) da kaTedra lebze e.w. `saeparqio 

arqiteqtorebs~ daekisraT pasuxismgebloba. 

prosper merime (1803-70 ww.) generalur 

inspeqtorad 1834 wels dainiSna da 

oc welze met xans Service des monuments 

historique-is (istori ul ZeglTa samsaxuri) 

wamZRoli piri gaxldaT, rac 1853 

wels misi fo r ma luri gadadgomis Semdegac 

gagrZelda. es saqme uamrav mimosvlas 

moiTxovda. misi pirveli mogzauroba 

1834 welis ivlis-dekemberSi oTx

naxevari Tve gagrZelda da safrangeTis 

samxreTi moicva. Tanamdebo baze yofnisas 

mas TiTqmis yovel wels uwevda msgavsi 

mgzavroba, iseve rogorc ufro xanmokle 

gasvlebic. mas daxmarebas uwevda 

`Commission des monuments historiques”. misi 

zogi wevri mas moxsenebiTi baraTebis 

war d ge naSi exmareboda: baroni JYusten 

teilori, ogYust leprevo, Sarl lenormani, 

a-n. karistYe da Jak dYuba. garda 

amisa, qveynis yvela mxare Si moipoveboda 

korespondentebi, adgilobrivi arqiteqturuli 

sazoga doe be bis wevrebi, 

gansakuTrebiT ki `société des antiquaries de 

France” (saf ran ge Tis antikvarTa sazogadoeba) 

da `Société française d’archéologies”is 

we v re bi, Tumca maTi amocanebi ar iyo 

mkafiod gansazRvruli. 

arqiteqtorebi ganaTlebas tradiciulad 

académie des beaux-arts-Si (natif 

xelovnebaTa akademia) iRebdnen, 

romelic mWidrod iyo dakav Si re bu li 

klasikur tradiciasTan. konfliqtma 

klasicistebsa da medie va lis tebs Soris 

kulminacias 1840-iani da 1850-iani 

wlebis kamaTis dros miaRwia (Patetta, 

1974; Epron, 1997). kartremer-de-kensi, 

rogorc akade mi is mdivani, uryevi iyo 

Tavis damokidebulebaSi Sua saukuneebis 

arqi teqturis mimarT da 1880-ian 

wlebamde am sagnis sistemuri swavleba 

arc xdeboda. es niSnavda, rom `service 

des monuments historiques”-is mTavari 

amocana iyo moemzadebina da gaewvrTna 

rogorc arqiteqtorebi, aseve teqnikosebi 

da xelosnebi Sua saukuneebis Senobebis 

restavraciasTan dakavSirebuli 

saqmianobisTvis. Tavidan komisiis mier 

dasaqmebul ar qi teqtorTa jgufi sakmaod 

mcire iyo da, umetesad, parizSi 

imyofebo da. masSi Sediodnen viole-ledYuki 

da emil bYosvilvaldi da saqmis 

umetesi tvirTi maT mxrebs daawva. bYosvilvaldi 

(1815-96 ww.), romelic 1843 

wels arqiteqtorad muSaobda, 1860 wels 

generaluri inspeqtori da komisiis we- 


vri iyo, muSaobda, mag., Sartris, manis, 

da sent-Sapelis restavraciaze (lasYus 

gardacvalebis mere), agreTve kYusis 

cixe-dar bazze. adgilobrivi arqiteqtorebi, 

zedamxedvelebi da teqnikosebi 

Ca r Tulni iyvnen samuSaoebSi, Tumca 

xSirad warmoiqmneboda sirTuleebi maT 

mier parizelTa miTiTebebis Sesrulebaze 

ampartavnulad uaris Tqmis gamo. dapirispireba 

sxvadasxva uwyebaTa Sorisac 

warmoiSveboda. zogi wamyvani piri, 

Tundac, merime da viole-le-dYuki, er- 

Tdroulad ra m denime komitetis wevri 

iyo da ramdenime uwyebaSi msaxurobda. 

1837 wels restavraciis bYujeti 

gaizarda da prefeqtebs gaegzav naT cirkulYari, 

samTavrobo dafinansebaze ganacxadebi 

waredginaT. mTli anobaSi 83 

prefeqturidan 669 ganacxadi Semovida 

da zogo maTga ni komisiam gamohyo, rogorc 

gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani. yvelas 

dakmayofilebis saSualeba ar iyo: 

an unda gadaewyvitaT, Tanxebi ram denime 

yvelaze mniSvnelovanze daexarjaT, 

sxvebi ki momavlisTvis gadaedoT, an 

arsebuli Tanxebi SenobaTa ufro did 

raodenobaze gada e na wi le binaT, yvela 

SemTxvevaSi, rac SeiZleboda gadaudebeli 

prob le me bis mosagvareblad. upiratesoba 

am meore gzas mianiWes, xolo 

pre feqturebisgan xarjebSi monawileobas 

moelodnen. zog SemTxvevaSi, saxelmwifo 

Tanxebi mxolod simboluri iyo 

da miznad adgilobrivi xe lisuflebis 

waqezebas isaxavda. prioriteti mieniWa 

gadaudebel Se ke Te bas, ngrevis SeCerebas, 

vidre sruli restavraciis Catarebis 

saSu a leba gaCndeboda. Tumca iyo 

ramdenime nageboba, rogoricaa romauli 

amfiTeatrebi arlsa da nimSi, wm. magdalinas 

eklesia vezeleSi da sen-Sapeli 

parizSi, romlebsac upiratesoba miecaT 

maTi arqiteqturuli da istoriuli Rirebulebisa 

da SekeTebaTa gadaudeblobis 

gamo. 

komisiis mier aRnusxuli Zeglebis


raodenoba 1840 wels dafiqsi re buli 934dan, 

1849 wels 3000-mde gaizarda. umetesi 

maTgani religiu ri daniSnulebisa 

da Suasaukunovani iyo. Semdeg modioda 

romauli si Z veleni, xolo sxva saxis nagebobebi 

SedarebiT mcirericxovani iyo. 

bevri ufro axali drois Senoba kerZo 

sakuTrebas warmoadgenda da, Sesabamisad, 

saxelmwifo kontrols ar eqvemdebareboda. 

gizom specia lu ri komiteti 

Seqmna, franguli memkvidreobis nusxis 

Sesadgenad. Semdgom arqiteqturuli dokumentaciis 

Sedgena, ZiriTadad, `Comite 

des arts”-is movaleobebSi Sedioda, Tumca 

`Commission des monuments historiques” agreTve 

amzadebda anazomebs subsidirebisa da 

restavraciisTvis. 153 ar qe o lo giisa da kvlevis 

miznebis gaTvaliswinebiT, komisiam 

mogvianebiT gadawyvita, gansakuTrebuli 

yuradReba im Senobebze gaemaxvilebina, 

romelTac dandgreva emuqreboda da maTi 

fiqsacia Caetarebina. 

153 rodesac viole-le-dYuks vezeles proeqti 

daevala, merimem mas we rili miswera amis 

Sesaxeb da Seaxsena, rom mas originaluri 

Zegli sadmi pativiscema marTebda. (mérimée 

to mme Georges viollet-le-Duc. February 1840).

6 

stilisturi restavracia 

XIX saukunis pirveli naxevris miwuruls 

istoriuli Zeglebis ro mantikul 

trfobas axali Zala STabera im TviTdarwmunebam, 

romelic Ta na med rove 

mecnierebis da teqnologiebis ganviTarebam, 

xolo filosofia Si _ pozitivizmma 

warmoSva. maSin, roca Tanadroul 

arqiteqturaSi ek leq tizmi gabatonda, 

istoriul Senobebze zrunva istorizmmac 

Seamtkica. sul ufro met evropul 

qveyanaSi xdeba mniSvnelovani istoriuli 

Seno be bis erovnul Zeglebad gamocxadeba 

da, rogorc eris miRwevebis 

gamom Cen Ta, Sesaferis stiliT maTi 

restavracia. Suasaukunovani Senobebis 

ing lissa da prusiaSi wamowyebuli 

restavracia, viTarca stilisturi 

mTli a no bis restavracia, safrangeTis 

`Service des monuments historiques”-ma (istoriul 

ZeglTa samsaxuri) daasabuTa. 

6.1. restavraciis principebi da 

praqtika safrangeTSi 

XIX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi arqiteqtorebma 

da mSeneblebma je rac araferi 

icodnen Sua saukuneebis arqiteqturul 

sistemebsa da teq no logiebze. 154 prosper 

merimes kargad esmoda, rom SemkeTebeli, 

iseve saSi Si SeiZleba iyos, rogorc damangreveli! 

Sesabamis xifaTT naTlad aCveneb 

da sen-denis saabatos eklesiis magali- 

Ti. eklesiaSi samuSaoebi 1805 wli dan mimdinareobda 

revolYuciiT miyenebuli ga- 

154 1846-47 ww.-Si mimdinareobda `goTicistebis~ 

da `klasicistebis~ kamaTi (Patetta, 1974). 

nadgurebis Sedegebis gamosasworeblad, 

magram misi konstruqciuli sistemis sa- 

Tanado gagebis gareSe (Didron, 1846:175; leniaud, 

1980:78). 1837 wlis ivnisSi Crdilodasavle 

Ti Spilis wvers mexi daeca da 

SekeTeba fransua debres (1777-1850 ww.), 

sur. 6.1. sen-denis saabatos eklesia ori 

koSkiT. naxati miewereba martiaJs, XVII s. 

(Arch. Pho. Paris – Cnmhs) 

173


`Conceil des bâtiments civils”-is (sazogadoebrivi 

mSeneblobis sabWos) wevrs da e vala. 

dazianebuli nawilis SekeTebis nacvlad, 

man gadawyvita daeSala Spili da koSki 

TiTqmis mTavari Sesasvlelis Tavze arsebul 

platfor mamde. qveda nawilSi arsebuli 

bzarebis mizezebis saTanado kvlevis 

ga reSe, man aago axali da ufro mZime 

koSki. axali bzarebi maleve gaCnda da kvlav 

SekeTda cementisa da rkinis Wimebis 

gamoyenebiT, Tumca mdgo mareoba gauaresda. 

1844 wels sajaro samuSaoTa ministrma 

am axali nage bo bis daSlis brZaneba 

gasca. amave dros didroni werda: `Cven 

did zians ver davinaxavdiT imaSic, mTeli 

portalis dangrevac Tu moindomes. mTeli 

gulwrfelobiT unda ganvacxadoT, 

rom sen-deni aRar warmoadgens CvenTvis 

raime interess. gvirCevnia, es Zegli 

saerTod daingres, vidre ase rigad damaxinjdes.... 

bevr adamians pativis ayras 

sikvdili urCev nia.~ 155 es sityvebi, romelic 

jon raskinis winaswaruwyebad gaismis, 

qmedi Ti gamodga. debre gadadga da 

samuSaoebi daevala viole-le-dYuks, romelic 

gamagrebiT Semoifargla da axali 

koSkis agebas ar cdila. 

XV saukunis almodebuli goTikis 

nimuSis, sen-Jermen l’oqseruas eklesiis 

restavracia, luvris pirispir 

parizSi, pirveli skola gaxda moqandakeebis, 

vitraJistebis da sxva xelosanTaTvis, 

iseve rogorc arqi teq torrestavratorebisTvis 

_ Tumca TviT 

samuSao im droisTvis sakma od sadavo 

oyo (leniaud, 1980:57). `Comité des arts et 

monuments”-is Sekrebaze 1839 wlis mart- 

Si, viqtor hYugom dagmo akldamisa da 

samkveTlos ori kape lis dangreva; sarkmlebis 

amoqolva da XV saukunis gisosebis 

moxsna; Se sasvleli portikebis gadaxurvebis 

moxsnis gadawyvetileba da 

eklesiis in terieris gafxekva. samuSaoebi 

warmoebda parizis municipalitetis 

pasu xis mgeblobiT, xolo aRmasrule- 

155 Didron, 1846. 

beli arqiteqtori iyo etYen-ipolit 

gode (1781-1869 ww.), romelic parizis 

ramdenime eklesiaze, maT Soris notrdam 

sa da sen-Jermen-de-preze muSaobda; 

man restavracia Cautara parizis 

saqa la qo TviTmmarTvelobis Senobas 

da SeakeTa amienis kaTedrali. rogorc 

restavrators, godes yvela SesaZlebeli 

braldeba wauyenes: cementisa da 

rkinis gauazrebeli gamoyeneba, ramac 

qvebis dabzarva gamoiwvia; samSeneb lo 

problemebis namdvili mizezebis argageba, 

SekeTebaTa zedapiruli xa siaTi, 

stilebis aRreva, ZviradRirebuli, zedapiruli 

da daudevari res tav racia. 156 

xsenebuli magaliTebis gaTvaliswinebiT, 

restavraciis principebi Seicvala 

_ 1830-iani wlebis saguldagulo 

arqeologiur kvlevaze dafuZ ne bu li minimaluri 

sakonservacio Carevis koncefcia, 

saukunis Sua xanis T vis, ufro mkve- 

Tr `srul restavraciad~ iqca. adreul 

principebs Tavi mo u yara adolf napoleon 

didronma (1806-67 ww.), arqeologma, 

vitraJis os tat ma da 1844 wels Les Annales 

archéologiques-s damfuZnebelma, romelic, 

ama ve dros, 1840-ian wlebSi restavraciis 

yvelaze cnobili kritikosi iyo safrangeTSi. 

1839 wels man es principebi 

Semdegnairad Camoayaliba, rasac Se mdgom 

xSirad imeorebdnen: `rac Seexeba Zvel Zeglebs, 

ukeTesia gaamag ro, vidre SeakeTo, 

jobs SeakeTo, vidre restavracia gauke- 

To, jobs res tavrireba, vidre aRdgena, 

jobs aRdgena, vidre Selamazeba. aravi- 

Tar Sem TxvevaSi araferi unda daematos 

da, rac mTavria, araferi unda moSordes.~ 

157 didroni iyo godes erTi yvelaze 

mgznebare kritikosi da mis namuSe vars 

uwodebda `style goddique!~. 158 

156 Guilhermy, 9 February 1843, l’univers (leniaud, 

1980:62). 

157 Didron in Bulletin archèologique, 1, 1839:47. 

158 Didron, in: l’univers, 3 December 1842 (leniaud, 

1980-58).

merime, cxadia, didronis principebs 

gamoxatavda, roca aqebda sa trium 

fo TaRis konservacias oranJSi da 

restavratorTa `karg gemovne bas~, romlebmac 

arc ki scades risame restavrireba. 

igi miiCnevda, rom nimSi rekonstruqcia 

Zalian Sors wavida: ukeTesi 

iqneboda Tavdapirve li nagebobis gamagrebiT 

Semofargvla. Zveli Suasaukunovani 

nagebobebis Sem TxvevaSic ki, rogoricaa 

sen-loranis kripta grenoblSi 

(isère), is wina aRm degi iyo rekonstruqciis 

gagrZelebisa, vinaidan es daazianebda 

Zeg lis arqeologiur faseulobas (mérimée, 

1971). principSi, merime Tvlida, 

rom yvela periodi da yvela stili imsaxurebda 

dacvas, magram, amave dros, is 

rCevas iZleoda, mTavrobas monawileoba 

mieRo mxolod im pro eqtebSi, romlebic 

WeSmaritad `Rirseuli~ (digné) iqneboda. 

amgvari dacu li Senobebis restavraciis 

instruqciebi mkafiod miuTiTebda, rom: 

ùnda moveridoT yvela saxis siaxles 

da konservaciaCatarebuli mo de lebis 

formebi guldasmiT unda iqnas gadmoRebuli. 

iq, sadac ori gi nalis raime 

kvali aRaraa darCenili, xelovanma unda 

gaaorkecos kvleva da Seswavla imave periodis, 

imave stilis, imave qveynisa, Zegl 

Ta paralelebi moiZios da es tipebi 

msgavs viTarebasa da msgavsi TanafardobiT 

gadmoiRos~. 159 

maSin roca merime originaluri arqiteqturis 

gulmod gine SenarCu ne bas da 

momavali Taobebis Tvis mis `xeluxlebel~ 

wardgenas moiTxovda, es xSirad mxolod 

ganazraxiRa iyo. rac ufro meti 

unar-Cvevebi da cod na grovdeboda, miT 

meti iyo rwmena imisa, rom SesaZlebelia 

analogiebis safuZvelze dakarguli 

nawilebis farTo rekonstruqciis 

Catareba. meri memac da didronmac 

ukve moumzades niadagi `stilistur 

restavracias~, romelic safrangeTSi 

159 mérimée, 1843:81. 

stilisturi restavracia 175 

praqtikulad viole-le-dYukma ganaxorciela, 

ing lisSi ki ser jorj Jilber 

skotma. meore mxriv, faqti iyo, rom 

bolo aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi istoriuli 

Senobebi Zlier dazianebuliyo. 

bevri Senoba mitovebuli iyo, xolo uxarisxod 

Catarebuli SekeTebani mxolod 

arTulebda mdgomareobas. am viTarebas 

gulisxmobda 1845 wels montalamberi, 

roca werda parizis notr-damze: ès 

aris WeSmaritad umaR lesi da wminda 

patriotizmis aqti, vinaidan droisa 

da barbarosuli ucodinrobis damangreveli 

zemoqmedeba moSordeba am Senobas, 

romelic aris mowmoba franguli 

geniis upiratesobisa Sua saukuneebSi 

da jerac warmoadgens eris ulamazes 

samkauls.~ 160 

hYugom ver moigo kampania godes winaaRmdeg; 

restavracia ganzrax visamebr 

Catarda, Tumca yvelaferi arc ise cudi 

iyo. da TviT hYugomac aRiara, rom 

mTavari Sesasvlelis portikis aRdgena 

zedmiwevniT `faqi zad, codniT, 

keTilsindisierad~ moxda da dakarguli 

originalis gul da gul asaxulobebs 

efuZneboda. arsebrivad es portiki 

godes axalga zrda inspeqtors, 

Jan-batist lasYus (1807-57 ww.) daekisra, 

safrangeTSi goTuri aRorZinebis 

Tavgamodebul mxardamWers, romelic 

Semdgom mniSv nelovan sarestavracio 

proeqtebze muSaobda, uwinaresad, sen- 

Sapel ze da, Tavis umcros kolegasTan, 

eJen viole-le-dYukTan erTad, parizis 

notr-damze. nort-damis restavrciisTvis 

1842 wels konkursi gamocxadda, romel 

Sic lasYusa da viole-le-dYuks neba 

miecaT araoficialurad mie RoT monawileoba. 

didronze maTma ganacxadma 

didi STabeWdileba moaxdi na, igi werda: 

àxalgazrda arqiteqtorebs Soris, madloba 

RmerTs, ram de nime misaRebi aRmoCnda, 

erTi maTgani [lasYu], romelic 

160 Didron in annales archéologiques, iii, 592, n. 39, 

1845:113.


yvelaze mcod nea da yvelaze Wkviani 

Cveni drois im xelovanTagan, visTvisac 

goTuri arqiteqturis Rrma Seswavlam 

da mkacrma praqtikam didi Rirebuleba 

Ses Zi na, gamorCeul da arCeul iqna yvela 

im adamianis mier, vinc parizis notrdamiTaa 

dainteresebuli~. 161 lasYusa da 

viole-le-dYukis ganacxads upiratesoba 

mianiWes, Tumca maT unda warmoedginaT 

samuSaoTa Seswore bu li gegma, romelic 

sabolood 1845 wels damtkicda. 

lasYus damokidebuleba istoriuli 

Zeglebis restavraciis mi marT mkacrad 

`mecnieruli~ da `pozitivisturi~ iyo, 

xolo Semoqmedi xe lo vani, misiT, ganze 

unda gandgariyo. 

`roca arqiteqtori Zeglis restavracias 

ivalebs, man unda mecnie ru li codna 

SeiZinos. Sesabamisad, xelovani mTlianad 

ganze unda gad ges, daiviwyos Tavisi 

gemovneba, prioritetebi da instiqtebi 

da er Tad erT da mudmiv miznad hqondes 

konservacia, gamagreba da rac Se iZleba 

mciredis damateba, isic mxolod maSin, 

roca es gadaudeb lad aris aucilebeli. 

TiTqmis religiuri krZalviT unda 

gamoiZi os man formebi, masala da Zveli 

samuSao meTodologiac ki, vinai dan sizuste 

da istoriuli WeSmariteba iseve 

mniSvnelovania Seno bis T vis, rogorc 

masala da forma. restavraciis dros 

arsebiTia, xelovani mudmivad acnobierebdes, 

rom misi namuSevari daviwyebul 

unda iqnas da mTeli Zalisxmeva 

imas moaxmaros, rom Zeglze misi yofnis 

raime kvali ar moiZebnebodes. Cveni xedviT, 

es marto den mec nierebaa, mxolod 

da mxolod arqeologia.~ 162 

am gancxadebaSi, romelic Annales 

archeologiques-Si 1845 wels daibeWda, 

lasYum gamokveTa samecniero meTodologiaze, 

àrchéologie nationale~-ze dafuZnebuli 

restavraciis mizandasaxu- 

161 Didron. ‘notre-Dame’, l’univers, 11 october 1842 

(leniaud, 1980:62). 

162 lassus, 1845:529 

loba, romelic Sua saukunee bis arqiteqturis 

istoriis warmoCenas ganizraxavda. 

lasYu cnobili iyo am dargSi Tavis 

gamokvlevebiT; 1837 wels man SesTavaza 

sen-Sapelis Taoba ze monografiis gamoce 

ma da viYar d’onekuris Canawerebis gamocemazec 

mu Saobda. 

franguli restavraciis istoriaSi 

yvelaze meti namdvilad eJen emanuel viole-le-dYukis 

(1814-79 ww.), arqiteqtorisa 

da Zeglebis mTavari inspeqtoris 

Sesaxeb Tqmula. misi gavlena _ rogorc 

dadebiTi, ise uar yofiTi _ ara mxolod 

safrangeTSi, aramed mTels msoflioSi 

igrZno boda. igi iyo emanuel violele-dYukis, 

tuilris samefo rezidenciis 

kon servatorisa da eJeni deleklYuzis 

vaJi, misi deda iyo diasaxlisi parizuli 

salonisa, sadac paraskevobiT 

am peri, stendali, Jirardeni, an sent- 

sur. 6.2. eJen emanuel viole-le-dYuki (1814-79). 

(Arch. Pho. Paris – Cnmhs)

Yovi ikribebodnen. eJens xelovnebisadmi 

midrekileba misi biZis, etYen 

deleklYuzisgan dayva; igi bevrs mogzaurobda 

da mSvenivrad xatav da. Tumca 

arasdros uswavlia arqiteqturis oficialur 

skolaSi, igi Ta visiT ganiswavla 

`sazogadoebriv samuSaoTa direqtoratis~ 

saxelosno ebSi muSaobisa Tu 

centralur evropasa da italiaSi mogzaurobis 

wyalobiT. 

1838 wlis agvistoSi italiidan dabrunebis 

mere, igi istoriuli Senobebis 

sabWos sxdomebs damkvirveblis statusiT 

eswreboda da samefo arqivis mSeneblobis 

inspeqtoris moadgiled dainiSna. 

Semdegi wels igi narbonSi, sent- 


sur. 6.3. sen-denis eklesia misi axlandeli 

saxiT, viole-le-dYukis restavraciis Sem deg. sur. 6.4. notr-damis eklesia bYonSi, romelic 

viole-le-dYukma aRadgina; man mas XVI s-is 

damatebebi moacila, raTa idealuri modelis 

Sesatyvisi gaexada. Sesasvle lis Tavze 

winandeli damreci saxuravebi wawvetebuli 

koSkebiani terasiT Seic va la. proeqti 1844 

w.-isaa, xolo samuSaoebi 1860-ain ww.-Si 

ganxorcielda. 

JYustis eklesiis SekeTebas amowmebda. 

mis cxovrebasa da moRvaweobaSi erTmaneTs 

uTavsdeboda arqeolog-istorikosis, 

konserva tor-restavratorisa 

da Semoqmedi arqiteqtoris interesebi. 

misi midgoma yovelTvis sistemuri 

iyo da yoveli calkeuli SemTxevevis 

saguldagu lo Seswavlas efuZneboda. 

merimem amomwuravi daxasiaTeba misca 

mas, ro ca Tqva, rom brwyinvale goneba


da saRi azrovneba aqvso: `man icis, rogor 

imsjelos, rac Zalian mniSvnelovania 

arqiteqturaSi, radgan am xe lovnebis 

mizani arsebiTad sasargebloobaa; 

msjelobis Secdoma ar SeiZ le ba imavdroulad 

TviT xelovnebis winaaRmdeg 

daSvebuli Secdomac ar iyos.~ 163 

misi warmatebuli moxsenebis Sedegad, 

aseve im dadebiTi STabeWdi le bis 

gamo, romelic man merimesa da komisiis 

sxva wevrebze moaxdina, igi wardgenil 

iqna vezeles wm. magdalinas taZarze samuSaod 

_ es misT vis erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani 

proeqti gamodga, romelzec 

man 1859 wla m de, Tavisi karieris 

yvelaze mniSvnelovan monakveTSi, imuSava. 

1840 wels magdalinas restavraciaze 

muSaobis mere man samsaxurebrivad 

swrafad waiwia win da 1846 wels istoriuli 

Zeglebis sammarTvelos (Service des 

monuments historiques) ufrosad iqna daniSnuli. 

ori wlis mere igi religiu ri 

xelovnebis da Senobebis komisiis wevri 

gaxda, xolo 1853 wels epar qia luri 

Senobebis generalur inspeqtorad da 

163 merime sent-bYovs, 13.ii.1864 (mérimée, 1958, 

vi:1864-65:54). 

sur. 6.5. sinodaluri 

darbazi sansSi violele-dYuks 

religiuri 

da saero arqi teq turis 

dakavSirebis mSvenier 

nimuSad miaCnda. fasadi 

Zlier iyo dazianebuli 

da fragmentuli 

monacemebis safuZvelze 

iqna aRdgenili. samuSaoebi 

1855-1866 ww.-s Soris 

gasrulda. 

1857 wels ki eparqialur ar qiteqtorad 

dainiSna. xelovnebisa da arqiteqturis 

dargSi misi gama le buli kvleva-Zieba 

da misi daintereseba sxva sferoebiT, 

rogoricaa ge o logia da mTebi, sakmao 

masalas aZlevda mas aTobiT periodul 

gamoce mebSi (Annales archéologiques-is 

CaTvliT) didi raodenobiT narkvevebis 

dasa we rad. 1854-68 wlebSi man `franguli 

arqiteqturis leqsikonis~ aTi tomi 

gamoaqveyna, rasac Semdeg wlebSi ramdenime 

sxva gamocemac moyva, mag., ar qiteqturisa 

da avejis istoriis Sesaxeb. 164 

viole-le-dYuki brwyinvale grafikosi 

iyo da muSaobda rogorc arqiteqtori 

axali Senobebis daproeqtebisas, 

iseve rogorc avejisa da interierebis 

dizainze _ saimperatoro 

matareblis CaTvliT. mas aintere seb da 

pedagogiuri moRvaweoba da Tavisi wvlili 

Seitana dekoratiul xelovnebaTa 

da rewvis ganviTarebaSi. magram misi mTavari 

asparezi, ro gorc arqiteqtoris da 

rogorc inspeqtoris, istoriuli Senobebis 

res tavracia iyo. mas tradiciuli 

164 bibliografiisTvis, ix: viollet-le Duc, 1980; 

auzas, 1979: architectural Design, iii-iv, 1980.

sur. 6.6. vezeles wm. magdalinas eklesiis 

mTavari fasadi, restavraciamde. viole-ledYukis 

naxati (arch. Pho. Paris –Cnmhs) 

samSeneblo meTodebis da teqnologiebis 

safuZvliani codnac hqonda. misi mTavari 

sarestavracio proeqtebi pari zis, amienis, 

reimsis da klermon-feranis kaTedralebs, 

narbonis sent-JYus tis, vezeles wm. 

magdalinas, sen-denis, bYonis, tuluzis 

sent-ser nenis eklesiebs, aseve karkasonis 

gamagrebul Cité-s, sansis sinodalur da rbazs, 

kYusis da pYerfonis cixe-darbazebs 

da avinYonis galavans moicav da. garda 

amisa, igi monawile iyo mravalricxovani 

programisa safran geT Si, belgiaSi, niderlandebSi 

da SveicariaSi. misi pirdapiri 

Tu ara pirdapiri gavlena mTels evropaSi 

da sxva kontinentebzec ki igrZnoboda da 

igi, arsebiTad, sarestavracio moZraobis 

simbolo gaxda. 

6.1.1. vezele 


sur. 6.7. axalgazrda viole-le-dYukis mier wm. 

magdalinas eklesiis restavracia safrangeTSi 

sarestavracio politikisaTvis mniSvnelovani 

sasinji aRmoCnda; samuSaoebma 1840-dan 1860an 

wlebis CaTvliT gastana. 

wm. magdalinas eklesia vezeleSi, parizis 

samxreT-aRmosavleTiT, 1979 wels 

iuneskos msoflio memkvidreobis nusxaSi 

iqna Setanili, ro gorc safrangeTis 

erT-erTi pirvelxarisxovani franguli 

Zegli da mas mniSvnelovani adgili 

uWiravs franguli xuroTmoZRvrebis 

istoriaSi. misi centraluri navi romanuli 

tradiciis mSvenieri nimuSia, xolo 

sa kurTxeveli msubuqi, Seisruli TaRebiT 

da nervYurebiani kamarebiT XII saukuneSi 

goTikaze gadasvlis niSansvetia. 

man didi gavlena iqonia bur gundiisa da 

Crdilo safrangeTis adreul goTur 

Senobebze. man sagange bo mniSvneloba


SeiZina jvarosnuli laSqrobebis dros; 

1146 wels bernar klervoeli aq qadagebda 

II jvarosnuli laSqrobis dawyebas; 1190 

wels safrangeTis mefe filip-avgustusi 

da inglisis mefe riCard lomguli ierusalimisken, 

mesame jvarosnul laSqroba- 

Si, swored aqedan daiZrnen. 

1840 wels merimes moxsenebiTi bara- 

Tis danarTad mocemul Zegle bis siaSi, 

romlebic samTavrobo mxardaWeras 

iTxovda, erT-erTi Senoba, romelmac 

sakmaod didi Tanxebi miiRo, vezeles 

wm. magdalinas eklesia iyo. pol leonma 

am sarestavracio samuSaoebs upiratesi 

mniSvneloba mianiWa, rogorc istoriul 

ZeglTa departamentis `naTlobis 

aqts~. man aseve safuZveli Cauyara viole-le-dYukis 

reputacias da dasabami 

misca mis dawinaurebas (leon, 1951). ori 

wlis mere, roca restavraciis pirveli 

safexuri dasrulda, merimem, am samuSaoTa 

mniSvnelobis gamosakveTad, ministrs 

Semdegi miswera: 

`roca germania udides Zalisxmevas 

aqsovs kYolnis taZris dasru le bis- 

Tvis, roca inglisi arafers iSurebs 

Zveli eklesiebis aRsad ge nad... udavod 

arc safrangeTi gaiRebs naklebs 

zemoTCamoTvli li Zeglebis, Sua saukuneebis 

arqiteqturis srulyofili 

nimuSebis, Se sakeTeblad. komisia imedovnebs, 

rom Tqven, batono ministro, 

ar daizarebT, gamosTxovoT kabinets 

saWiro saxsrebi am diadi saqmis Sesasruleblad, 

rac esoden mniSvnelovania 

Cveni erovnuli dide bis Tvis~ 165 . 

eklesias saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi Wirvarami 

gamoevlo, mimdebare mo nasteri 

ki daengriaT. roca 1834 wels aq merime 

Camovida, igi werda: `mTe li Senoba sacodav 

mdgomareobaSia; wvimis dros wyali 

Sig Caedineba da qvebs Soris mklavis 

sisxo xeebi izrdeba~ 166 . taZris interi- 

165 mèrimèe, 1843. 

166 merime leneels, 9.viii.1834. 

erSi yofni sas, mas esmoda, Tu rogor 

cviva kamaridan mcire kenWebi. gasaWiri 

yovel dRiurad izrdebao, afrTxilebda 

igi. `Tu magdalinas daxmareba kidev da 

kidev gadaideba, male mogvixdeba misi 

daSlis gadawyvelibis miReba, raTa Tavidan 

ubeduri SemTxvevebi aviciloT~. 167 

restavraciis Catarebis sabo loo Tanxmoba 

1840 wlis 30 maiss gaica, mas mere, 

rac viole-le-dYukma mox senebiTi bara- 

Ti da proeqtis monaxazi moamzada. man 

warmoadgina naxa zebi asian masStabSi, 

mTeli Senobis gegmebiT, WrilebiT 

da fasadebiT. mimdinare angariSebi 

sistematurad waredgineboda da yvela 

ZiriTadi ga da wyvetileba parizSi komisiis 

mier miiReboda. 

pirvelad samuSaoebi mTavar navSi, 

ganiv TaRebsa, arkbutanebsa da gverdi- 

Ti navebis gadaxurvis konstruqciebze 

warimarTa. 1841 wlis miwu ru lisTvis 

aRdgenil iqna 13 kontrforsi, 12 arkbutani, 

navis 3 kamara da Sesabamisi ganivi 

TaRebi. viole-le-dYukma gadaxurvisTvis 

cinkis gamoye ne ba SesTavaza, magram 

komisiam winandeburi kramitis (tuiles 

creuses) Senar Cu neba arCia. XVII saukunis 

arsebuli arkbutanebi ver asrulebda 

Tavis funqcias da Tavidan iqna agebuli 

konstruqciulad ufro gamarTuli 

for miTa da ukeTesi Tlili qviT. mTavari 

navis ganivi TaRebi rekonst ruirebul 

iqna Tavdapirveli naxevarwriuli 

formiT, dasavleTidan pir veli samis 

gamoklebiT, romlebic mxolod SeakeTes 

da deformirebul mdgomareobaSi datoves. 

axali kamarebi Tavdapirvelebze 

ufro msubuqi iyo. TandaTan samuSaoebma 

sakurTxevlis kapelebSi gadainacvla, 

Catarda yvela saxuravis SekeTeba, 

dasavleTi koSkis dagvirgvineba, interieris 

gaw menda SeTeTrebisgan da ornamentebisa 

da qandakebebis SekeTeba. 

viole-le-dYukis SexedulebiT, mTavari 

navis aRmosavleTi nawilis oTxi 

167 mérimée, 1835:63.

goTuri kamara aSenebul iqna romanuli 

kamaris Camongrevis mere, TumcaRa siCqareSi 

da `xelovnebaze daufiqreblad~ 

_ isini ar iyo saTa na dod gadabmuli 

Zvel kedlebTan. kamara transeptis ko- 

Skebs Soris kons truqciulad mdgradi 

iyo, Tumca sxvebi Tavidan amoyvanas 

moiTxovda. daisva sakiTxi, ranairad 

unda gakeTebuliyo es. man SesTavaza 

rekonst ruq cia Tavdapirveli, romanuli 

formiT, rogorc danarCen navSi, rac 

navs esTetikur mTlianobas mianiWebda. 

yvela saWiro monacemi arsebobda, es 

uzrunvelyofda Senobis mdgradobas 

da Tanac ufro iafi dajdeboda, vidre 

arsebuli formiT aRdgena. kamara transeptis 

koSkebs Soris SeiZ le boda Tavisi 

goTuri formiT darCeniliyo da amgvarad 

damyardeboda kavSiri sakurTxevelsa 

da transepts Soris. 168 merime 

TviTonac miuTiTeb da mTavari navis 

xasiaTis erTianobis aRdgenis mniSvnelobaze, 

romelic goTuri CareviTY 

`dairRva~ da, yvela SemTxevaSi, kamarebis 

Tavidan amoy va nas urCevda. 169 komisia 

amas daeTanxma, magram rekonstruq cia 

dadgenili sakonservacio principebidan 

erTjerad gadaxvevad CaTvala da xazi 

gausva, rom amis safuZveli, ZiriTadad, 

konstruqciuli iyo. 

1842 wlis ianvarSi m. lenormanma, 

komisiis wevrma, ewvia ra vezeles, 

moiTxova, prioriteti, yvela juris 

`restavraciis~ winaSe, konsolida cias 

hqonoda. igi aRniSnavda, rom eklesiis 

mTavari Rirseba misi veeber Tela navis 

silamazeSi mdgomareobda da rom gare- 

Ta morTuloba winan delze uxvi ar unda 

yofiliyo. imave wels, merimem moaxsena, 

rom I fazis konstruqciuli TvalsazrisiT 

faqizi samuSaoebi dasrulda da 

askvnida: ùdavoa, rom mniSvnelovani 

samuSaoebi, iseve rogorc mniSvnelovani 

168 viole-le-dYuki ministrs, 3.vi.1844. 

169 Commission m. h. 14 June 1844 (Bercé, 1979:324): 

merime vites, 5.vi.1847. 


saxs rebi, jer kidev saWiroa; magram maT 

TvalSi, vinc kargad icis am ekle siis 

mdgomareoba, miRwevebi uzarmazaria 

da misi sruli aRdgena axla ukve mxolod 

droisa da Tanxebis sakiTxia.~ 170 

Sesrulda bevrad meti mo culobis samuSao, 

vidre Tavidan iyo Cafiqrebuli. 

nacvlad ubralo SekeTebisa an nawilobrivi 

aRdgenisa, bevr adgilas saWirod 

iqna miCneu li sruli rekonstruqciis 

ganxorcieleba: meore sarTuli Tavdapi 

r ve li formiT iqna aRdgenili, mTavari 

navisa da sakurTxevlis saxuravi, 

mxo lod SekeTebis nacvlad, mTlia nad 

Tavidan aSenda, daiwyo qandakebebis 

restavraciac. 

Semdeg fazaSi, ufro meti yuradReba 

esTetikur aspeqtebs daeTmo. 

sa muSaoebma jerac mcenareulobiT dafaruli 

dasavleTi fasadi, revo lYuciis 

dros dazianebuli centraluri 

kari, skulpturuli deko ri, mTa var nav- 

Si dazianebuli kapitelebi da narTeqsis 

vitraJebi moicva. ax lad restavrirebuli 

sakurTxevlisTvis axali trapezis 

gakeTeba iyo SemoTavazebuli, 

imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom gvian-renesansul 

trapezze mxolod da mxolod 

`naZerwobaTa uwesrigo grova iyo~. 171 

Sua navis da transeptis burjebs afarebuli 

panelebi da merxebi mocilebul 

iqna, xolo kapelebSi trapezebi daidga. 

samkveTlo restavrirebul iqna, xolo 

kluatris nawili Tavidan aSenda. eklesiis 

dasavleTi fasadi XIII sauku neSi 

iqna gadakeTebuli, mas gaukeTda didebuli 

frontoni xuTi didi sarkmliT da 

ramdenime adamianis zomis qandakebiT, 

Tumca is ar iqna das rulebuli. nawilobriv 

konstruqciuli mizezebis gamo, 

viole-le-dYukma arsebul mdgomareobaSi 

garkveuli cvlilebebi Seitana da 

mas ufro si met riu li forma misca. man 

170 mérimée, 1843. 

171 viollet-le-Duc. ‘rapport sur la situation des travaux 

au ler janvier 1847.


sur. 6.8. (a) viole-le-dYukis proeqti wm. magdalinas eklesiis dasavleTi Sesasv le lis 

centraluri karis skulpturuli reliefebisTvis (arch. Pho. Paris – Cnmhs). (b) dasavleT 

Sesasvlelis CrdiloeTi karis kapiteli, originalis replikad vio le-le-dYukis naxazis 

mixedviT gamokveTili (amJanad muzeumSia) 

daumata sami kontrforsi fasadis zeda 

nawi lis gasamagreblad; ori maTgani 

centraluri sarkmlebis orsav mxares 

aSenda. am dros nawilobriv mocilebul 

iqna XIII saukunis naxelavi da CrdileoT 

mxares mxolod erTi kvadrifoliumi 

datoves. gaiWra axali, wriul-TaRebiani 

sarkmlebi, simetriulad frontonis 

orsav mxares, samx re Ti nawilis mibaZviT, 

radgan jerodaT, rom Tavdapirvelad 

aq ori urTierTmsgavsi koSki iyo 

aRmarTuli. mTavar timpanze maxarebelTa 

sim bo loebiT garSemortymuli 

qristes didebis reliefuri gamosaxuleba 

yo fila. es reliefi 1793 wels 

Camoangries. viole-le-dYukma axali 

re liefi daaproeqta da Tema gankiTxvis 

dRiT Secvala (salet, 1965:33ff). 

fron tonze zogi figura aslebiT iqna 

Canacvlebuli, magram qristes uTavo 

fi gura centrSi ise datoves, rogorc 

iyo. samxreTi koSki axali damre ci saxuraviT 

da mis garSemo balustradiT 

da garguliebiT daasrules. CrdiloeT 

koSksac axali saxuravi gaukeTda. 

narTeqsi naxanZrali iyo da bevr 

aRdgenas moiTxovda. mTavar navSi kapitelebi 

ukeTes mdgomareobaSi iyo 

da maT SedarebiT mcire raodenobas 

esaWiroeboda SekeTeba an Canacvleba. 

skulpturuli elementebis restavraciisas 

viole-le-dYuki yvelafers 

saguldagulod aRnusxavda da yve la 

elements ikvlevda, Tundac maTi xelis 

xleba arc yofiliyo ganz raxuli, raTa 

Tavdapirveli mxatvruli Canafiqri

ukeT gaecnobierebina. vidre samuSao 

daiwyeboda, dazianebuli kapitelebi 

aizoma, an gakeTda baT qaSis yalibebi, 

radgan gadanacvlebis dros maT, uaRresi 

simyifis ga mo, SeiZleboda Semdgomi 

dazianeba mieRo. axali elementis 

saboloo ga mokveTamde moqandakes viole-le-dYukisTvis, 

Tanxmobis misaRebad, 

mode li unda waredgina. dazianebuli 

kapitelebis Secvlis mizezi, ZiriTadad, 

konstruqciuli xasiaTisa iyo. Tu 

SesaZlebeli iyo mxolod SekeTebas dasjerebodnen, 

asec moiqceodnen xolme. 172 

miuxedavad imisa, rom gaismoda garkveuli 

kritikuli SeniSvnebi, magaliTad, 

172 hohl and Di matteo. 1979. Pressouyre, l., violletle-Duc 

et la restauration de la sculpture,’ in violletle-Duc, 

1980:144ff. saulnir. l., ‘vézelay: la restauration 

de la sculpture.’ in viollet-le-Duc, 1980:150ff. 

mérimée. report to the Commission, 15 november 

1850. 


sur. 6.9. parizis notr-damis samxreTi fasadis restavraciis viole-le-dYukis pro eq ti, axali 

Spilis CaTvliT (arch. Pho. Paris – Cnmhs) 

parlamentis erTi wevris mxri dan, romelic 

korufciis, cudad dagegmili 

samuSaoebis, uniaTo teq no logiisa da 

sazogadoebrivi Tanxebis xarjvis braldebiT 

gamodioda, wm. magdalinas eklesiis 

restavracia mainc Service des monuments 

historiques-Tvis did warmatebad iqna 

miCneuli da samuSaoebi bevrad ukeT 

warimarTa, vidre dasawyiSi bevrs egona. 

6.1.2. notr-dami 

XII saukuneSi daarsebulma notr-damis 

kaTedralma mravali saxecv li leba ganicada. 

Tavdapirveli sakurTxevlisgan 

cota ram darCa da mis interiers ukve 

XVII saukunis saxe hqonda. mTavari navis 

ieric Seicvala _ gansakuTrebiT sarkmlebi. 

mTavari Sesasvleli XVIII saukune


Si ukuRmarTad iqna saxecvlili, xolo 

revolYuciis dros taZari vandali z mis 

sur. 6.10. viole-le-dYukis 

daproeqtebuli mefeTa 

rigi parizis notrdamis 

taZris dasavleT 

fasadze. am qandakebebis 

sivrciTi da mxatvruli 

xarisxi gansxvavdeba Sua 

saukuneebis qandakebebis 

ufro arqiteqturuli 

xasiaTisgan 

msxverpli gaxda; bevri qandakeba, maT Soris 

dasavleTi fasadis 28 me fis figura, 

sur. 6.11. parizis notr-damis taZris aRmosavleTi fasadi, axali salaroTi sam x re Ti mxridan. 

viole-le-dYukis meore proeqti, damtkicebuli 1843 wlis 28 ianvars (arch. Pho. Paris – Cnmhs)

sur. 6.12. samxreTi koSkis zeda kontrforsis 

Tavi, fanqriT Canaxati viole-le-dYu kisa 

Camoxsnes da samSeneblo masalad gayides. 

godes mier Cata rebulma uaxlesma 

SekeTebamac araferi argo Senobas. 

acnobierebdnen ra Seqmnil viTarebas, 

lasYum da viole-le-dYukma, Senobis 

Sefasebis safuZvlad, mis Taobaze vrceli 

istoriuli narkvevi waradgines. maTi 

azriT, sifrTxile da windaxeduloba 

zedmeti arasode saa. cudi restavracia 

SeiZleba ufro saziano gamxdariyo, 

vidre saukune Ta gamanadgurebeli moqmedeba, 

xolo axalma formebma SeiZleba 

`gamoiw vi os bevri naSTis gaqroba, 

romelTa iSviaToba da dazianebuli 

mdgomare o ba aRvivebs Cvens interess~. 173 

restavraciam SeiZleba Zveli Zegli axlad 

aqcios da gaanadguros misi istoriuli 

mniSvneloba. avtorebi winaaRmdegni 

iyvnen gviani damatebebis mocilebis 

da Zeglis Tavdapirveli formis 

aRdgenisa; piriqiT, isini daJinebiT 

173 lassus et viollet-le Duc, 1843 (auzas, 1979:62ff). 


amtkicebdnen, rom: `yoveli dama teba, 

romeli periodisac iyos, unda konservirebul 

iqnes, gamagrdes da restavrirebul 

iqnes missave stilSi. metic, es 

unda gakeTdes sruli si frTxiliT da 

pirovnuli Sexedulebis TviT umciresi 

kvalis gareSec~. 174 isini Tvlidnen, rom 

frTxili restavraciis gziT, maT See- 

ZloT daebru nebi naT ZeglisTvis is simdidre 

da sidiade, romelic man dakarga 

da SeenaxaT STamomavlobisTis `misi 

ieris mTlianoba da Zeglis sagulisxmo 

detalebi~. 175 arqiteqtorebs ganZraxuli 

hqondaT gverdiTi navebis kapele bis 

gamyofi kedlebis aRdgena maTi mor- 

TulobiTurT, interierSi Se TeT rebis 

fenebis mocileba da misi xelaxali Semkoba. 

maT waradgines hopo Teturi naxazi 

sakurTxevlisa XVII saukunis cvlilebebamde, 

magram arsebuli monacemebi 

restavraciis dasasabuTeblad arasakmarisad 

miiCni es. maTi azriT, SeuZlebeli 

iqneboda, Tanamedrove moqandakes 

fasadebis reliefis primitiuli xasiaTis, 

`saukuneTa winandeli naivurobis!~ 

mibaZ va SeZleboda 176 . miuxedavad 

amisa, maT mainc winadadeba Semoitanes, 

momx dariyo kaTedralis Sesasvlelebis 

restavracia da axlad gamoqandakebu liyo 

dasavleTi fasadis mefeTa figurebi, 

`metismetad mniSvnelovani furceli 

istoriisa imisTvis, rom daviwyebas 

mieces~. 177 

didroni, TviTon vitraJis ostati, 

TanaugrZnobda am or arqiteq tors da 

maT siyvaruls da codnas `qristianuli 

Zeglebisa~; da ara mar to imitom, 

rom maT ramdenime maTgani aRadgines, 

174 auzas, 1979:62ff. 

175 Daly in revue d’architecture et des travaux publics, 

1843, iv:137ff: l’unité d’aspect et d’intérêt des détails 

du monument’. 

176 lassus et viollet-le-Duc, 1843. ‘Projet de restauration 

de notre-Dame de Paris.’ 

177 iqve


aramed imitom, rom maT ram denime kidec 

aaSenes. Tumca igi yovelTvis eWvobda, 

rom arqiteqto rebs erTi suli aqvT, 

raime axali gaakeTon, mainc lasYusa da 

viole-le-dYukis mier gancxadebuli 

principebi misTvis sruliad damajereblad 

JRerda da Tanac arqeologiis 

axali skolis umkacres moTxovnebs 

Seesa ba meboda. 178 Tumca iyvenen sxvebi, 

visac ar sjeroda, rom es, met-naklebad 

idealuri gegma SeiZleboda realurad 

ganxorcielebuliyo. erTi maTgani iyo 

sezar deni dali (1811-93 ww.), nayofieri 

mwerali da eparqialuri ar qiteqtori, 

mamiT ingliseli. masSi gansakuTrebul 

eWvs Zveli brwyinvale bisa da detalebis 

erTobliobis aRdgenis ganzraxva iwvevda, 

rasac kon ser vaciis TvalsazrisiT 

sakmaod xifaTianad miiCnevda. marTlac, 

am geg mis ganxorcielebis oclwliani 

umZimesi Sromisas bevri siZnele wamoiWra; 

da xSirad arqiteqtors uWirda imis 

gadawyveta, Tu romeli gziT wa su li yo. 

lasYu, romelic ufrosi iyo da ufro 

gabeduli partnYoric sa w yis etapze, 1857 

wels gardaicvala da viole-le-dYuks 

mouxda marto ga egrZelebina muSaoba da 

proeqti 1864 wels daemTavrebina. 

roca samuSaoebi daiwyo, mTavari 

navis sarkmlebi iseT cud mdgoma reobaSi 

aRmoCnda, rom aucileblad miiCnies maTi 

aRdgena. magram Zneli ga dasawyveti iyo, 

isini arsebuli formiT unda aRedginaT, 

romelic arqi teqturulad damakmayofilebeli 

ar iyo, Tu kaTedralis 

erT-erT stils yo filiyo SeTanadebuli. 

pasuxad igulves Xii saukunis vardulisebri 

sar kmlis naSTebi, romelic 

nimuSad iqna aRebuli, Tumca siZnele 

isic iyo, rom zogi sarkmeli yru unda 

yofiliyo, sxvebi ki gaxsnili. sakurTxe 

velSi gadawyda gamoemzeurebinaT XII 

saukunis zogi forma, xolo mog vi a no 

arqiteqturis nawili `gaewiraT~. viole-le-dYukma 

moamzada naxati, romelic 

178 iqve 

aCvenebda, rogori iqneboda Spilebi, 

Tu dasavleTi koSkebis Tav ze aigeboda. 

magram lasYu Tavs ikavebda maTi agebisgan, 

radgan Tvli da, rom adre isini 

ar arsebobda. Sejvarebis adgilas 1792 

wels dangreu li Spilis kvali ipoves 

da viole-le-dYukma daaproeqta axali, 

romelic mxolod lasYus gardacvalebis 

Semdeg aSenda. mTavari Sesasvlelis 

de ta lebi, romlebic suflom XVIII saukuneSi 

gadaakeTa, aRdgenil iqna sar wmunod 

miCneuli Canaxatebis safuZvelze, 

`zustad ise, rogorc isini XIII saukunis 

azrma dabada~ 179 . mefeTa figurebi 

gamoaqandakes zogi napovni fra g mentis, 

agreTve Sartrisa da reimsis qandakebebis 

analogiiT. moiZeb na nimuSebi vitraJebiani 

sarkmlebisTvisac. isini arsebuli 

fragmentebis safuZvelze aRadgines 

180 . 

6.1.3. karkasoni 

karkasonis Cité, romauli warmoSobis 

cixe-simagre, safuZvlianad ga dakeTda 

XIII saukuneSi da mas mere Seuvali gamxdariyo. 

man samxedro funqcia safrange- 

Tis revolYuciamde SeinarCuna, magram 

XIX saukunis dam degs misi samxedro 

statusi gauqmda, misi qvebi TandaTan 

daitaces da sa Sen masalad gamoiyenes. 

simagris zeda nawilebi daikarga. 1820 

wels, ad gilobrivi TaosnobiT, Semdgomi 

ngrevis SesaCareblad, mas kvlav mieniWa 

samxedro statusi. viole-le-dYukma es 

adgili 1830-ian wlebSi moinaxula, xolo 

1846-1864 wlebSi mas yofili san-nazaris 

kaTedralis restavraciis zedamxedveloba 

daukveTes. merimes moxsenebaSi 

naTqvamia: àm eklesiis sa kurTxevlis ar- 

179 Comte de montalembert and a. n. Didron, 1845. 

‘réparation de la Cathédrale de Paris.’ annales 

arcbéologiques, august, 117. 170 a history of architectural 

Conservation. 

180 iqve

qiteqtura imdenad msubuqia da imdenad 

mdidari, rom misi ubralod ngervisgan 

dacva da uxvi dekoris aRdgenaze uaris 

Tqma sru li ad Secvlida mis saxes da 

momxiblav nangrevebs ucnauri nagebobiT 

Ca a nacvlebda.~ 181 maSin roca Senobis 

interieri sakmaod karg mdgomareobaSi 

iyo, eqsterieris SedarebiT susti qvis 

gamoqarvis gamo, arqiteqturuli detalebi 

sruliad daikarga. restavracia 

gare zedapirebis srul rekon st ruqcias 

moicavda, qandakebebis umetesobis CaTvliT. 

vitraJebis darCe ni li nawilebi 

SeinarCunes da originalis imitaciiT, 

axali figurebiT Seavses, Tumca zogi 

Secdoma mainc gaipara. 

1846 wels viole-le-dYuks karka- 

181 mérimée. report to the Commission, 25 march 

1845. 


sur. 6.13. karkasonis Cité-s dasavleTi mxare viole-le-dYukis naxatze, romelic aCvenebs 

arsebul mdgomareobas da rekonstruqcias Sua saukuneebis formebiT (arch. Pho. Paris – Cnmhs) 

sonSi narbonis bWis gamokvleva sTxo ves 

da, Cinebuli Sedegebis gaTvaliswinebiT, 

es davaleba mTels sa Ta v dacvo sistemaze 

ganavrces, rac arqeologiur kvlevas, 

arsebuli mdgo mareobis anazomebis 

Sesrulebas da mSeneblobis sxvadasxva 

fazis Ta obaze hipoTezebis SemuSavebas 

moicavda. 1853 wlis winaswari samuSaoebis 

Semdeg, 1855 wels mas daukveTes 

cixe-simagris restavraciis dawyeba, samuSao, 

romelic mis gardacvalebamde 

gagrZelda: kedlebi zemodan gaas rules, 

koSkebi meti strategiuli zemoqmedebisTvis 

gadaixura, Tumca ra o denobrivad 

es samuSaoebi mTelis mxolod 15%-s 

moicavda. SemorCenili Tavdapirveli 

nawilebi xeluxleblad datoves, Tumca 

iyo mosazreba, am efeqturi òmis manqanis~ 

dakarguli nawilebi XIII saukunis


sur. 6.14. karkasonis Cité-s antikuri romauli 

TavdacviTi koSki, CarTuli Sua sa u kuneebis 

cixe-simagris naSenobaSi, SenarCunebuli XIX 

s-is restavraciisas. saxu ra vi 1960-ian ww.-Si 

gamocvales, raTa is SesatyvisobaSi yofiliyo 

Tavdapir veli romauli saxuravis dabal 

qanobTan. 

miwurulis saxiT aRedginaT. samuSaoebi 

1910 wlamde gagrZelda pol bYosvilavaldis 

(1844-1931 ww.) xelmZRvanelobiT, 

romelmac rekonstruqcia kidev 

ufro Sors waiyvana, vidre misma maswavlebelma. 

man aRadgina, magaliTad, cixedarbazis 

xis nawilebi viole-le-dYukis 

arqeologiuri naxazebis safuZ vel ze. 

Tumca es naxazebi maT aucileblad ganxorcielebas 

ar gulisx mob da da ufro 

hipoTezis xasiaTisa iyo. 

faqtiurad, viole-le-dYukis azriT, 

romaul simagreebs dabalqano- 

biani saxuravebi unda hqonoda, magram 

imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom XIII sa ukuneSi 

samuSao mefis Crdiloeli inJinrebis 

mier ganxorcielda, man upi ratesoba 

maRalqanobian saxuravs mianiWa. 1960-ian 

wlebSi, rodesac karkasonSi viole-ledYukis 

mier ganxorcielebuli samuSaoebis 

erTgva ro v neba mZafri kritikis sagani 

gaxda, romauli koSkebis saxuravebi 

aRdgenil iqna misi Teoriuli rekonstruqciis 

naxazebis mixedviT, xolo 

ga daxurvis masalad fiqalis nacvlad 

kramiti gamoiyenes (Poisson, 1994). 

6.2. `stilisturi restavraciis~ 

koncefcia 

mTeli 1840-iani wlebis ganmavlobaSi mimdinareobda 

kamaTi restav ra ciis principebis 

Taobaze. ramdenad Sors SeiZleba 

wavides restavra cia? unda SekeTdes aw 

arsebuli dazianeba da drois nakvalevi 

Tu ara? iyv nen iseTebi, vinc sakonservacio 

midgomas amjobinebda da iseTebic, 

vinc srulmasStabian restavracias 

aniWebda upiratesobas. kamaTi 1845 

wels Seajama J-J burasem, Comités historiques-is 

korespondentma turidan. pirveli 

kiTxva, romelic man dasva, exeboda 

konstruqciul usafrTxoebas da imis 

SekeTebas, rac aucilebelia Senobis 

normaluri funqcionirebis Tvis ubeduri 

SemTxvevis an katastrofis mere. 

igi amtkicebda, rom amgva ri dazianeba 

rac SeiZleba swrafad unda SekeTdes: 

`danaSauli iqneboda, davuSvaT Zeglis 

ganadgureba xelovnebis pativiscemis 

mizeziT…... Cven ar unda movepyraT Cveni 

erovnuli da qristianuli arqiteqturis 

naSTebs arc ZalmomreobiTada da 

arc mkrexelurad, magram arc pativiscemiT 

da mowyaled qmedebas unda SevuSindeT. 

STamomavloba pasuxs mogvTxovs 

ro gorc umoqmedebis, aseve metismetad

moufiqrebeli qmedebebisTvis~ 182 . 

burase aRniSnavda ornamentaciis 

sakiTxis mimarT or midgomas: pirvels 

surda naSTebi, Tundac Zlier dazianebuli, 

arsebul mdgomareo baSi Seenar- 

Cunebina, meore jgufi ki amjobinebda 

`frTxili restavraci is~ gziT evloT. 

pirveli jgufi ganixilavda istoriul 

Senobebs, ro gorc mowmobebs da maTi 

dokumenturi Cvenebebi xeluxleblad 

da avTen tu rad unda yofiliyo SenarCunebuli, 

falsifikaciebis gareSe. ufro 

me tic, es Senobebi asxivebda siZvelis 

auras, romelic samudamod gaqreboda, 

Tuki Zvels axali formebi Caenacvleboda. 

burase aRiarebda, rom ar qiteqtorebi 

Zvel eklesiebs, rogorc axlad 

dapyrobil qvey nebs epyrobo d nen 

da restavraciis saxeliT saSinel zians 

ayenebdnen. `vis ar Seeziz Reba es SekeTebani? 

adamiani uars ityvis Tavisi sxeuli 

miandos im qiru r gis danas, visi codnac 

saeWvoa, raTa kvlav janmrTeli gaxdes am 

auci le be li sisastikis gziT. maS ratom 

vbedavT, vandoT ucodinari kalato zis 

niCabs da Zalmomreobas Cveni xelovnebis 

nawarmoebebi, romelTa da kargva maradiuli 

sinanulis mizezi gaxdeba?~ 183 

sawinaaRmdego azris mxardamWerni, 

piriqiT, Zvel Senobebs ganixilavd 

nen ara mxolod rogorc istoriul 

Zeglebs, aramed mxedvelobaSi hqondaT, 

rom es Senobebi jerac emsaxureboda 

imave mRvdelmsaxurebas, ifaravs 

qristianebs, romlebic am didebuli 

arqiteqturuli qmnilebebis avtorebs 

Tavis uwyvet tradiciebs ukavSirebdnen. 

burases mixedviT, qris tianebi aRiarebdnen 

eklesiebis istoriul Rirebulebas, 

romauli Zegle bis dars, magram 

svamdnen kiTxvas, amarTlebda Tu ara es 

maTze Zveli da zianebis yvela niSnis SenarCunebas. 

182 Bourassé, 1845:272ff. 

183 iqve 


àse rom, Cven vsvamT kiTxvas, Cveni rwmenisa 

da Cveni Tvalsazrisis gaTvaliswnebiT, 

davuSvebT, rom Cveni wminda 

Zeglebi daglejil iqnes vandalebis 

umowyalo iaraRebiT, moispos maTi 

CaquCebiT, dailewos maTi cule biT, ise 

rom Cveni SvilTaSvilebi Tavis TvaliT 

naxaven, rom vandalebma ga dauares aqaurobas! 

samwuxarod, Tu gvsurs STamomavlobas 

gadavulo coT Cveni Sina uTanxmoebis 

tragediis nakvalevi, amisTvis 

sakmao nangre ve bi gvaqvs Cvens qalaqebSi 

da soflebSi da es nangrevebi eWvs gare- 

Sea sak maod mWermetyvelnia, raTa sworad 

iqnes gagebulni.~ 184 

burasem sruliad mkafiod daikava 

am meore jgufis mxare da gansa kuTrebiT 

gamokveTa tradiciis uwyvetobis 

sakiTxi. igi aRiarebda, rom Zve li romis 

Zeglebi, romlebic Soreuli civilizaciis 

nawili iyo _ ìs toriis daxuruli 

furceli~ _ unda dacul iqnes maT 

amJamindel mdgo mareobaSi, rogorc dokumenti 

an dokumentis fragmenti. qristianuli 

eklesiebi ki, piriqiT, misTvis 

warmoadgenda cocxal tradicias da 

Cveni movaleobaao, movuaroT da vizrunoT 

maTze, raTa uzrunvelvyoT maTi 

fun qcionireba, rogorc sazogadoebis 

nawilisa; marTlacda, mogvianebiT Seiqmna 

dayofa `mkvdar~ da `cocxal~ Zeglebad. 

burase Tvlida, rom `co c xali~ Zeglebi 

aseve SeiZleba ekuTvnodes kacobriobis 

didi miRwevebis ricxvs, rogorc xelovnebis 

an arqiteqturis nawarmoebi da 

daxe lo v nebuli profesionalebis xelSi 

moxvdes, romlebic uzrunvelyofen 

samuSao Ta maRal xarisxs. igi miuTiTebda 

kaTedralis mimdinare restavracias 

mis mSobliur qalaq turSi, sadac arqiteqtorma 

s-v. gerenma (1815-81 ww.) didi 

sifrTxiliT ganaTavsa originaluri 

fragmentebi adgilobriv muze um Si da 

didi xelovnebiT gaimeora Zveli naxelavi 

sakuTriv Senobaze. ori ginaluri 

184 iqve


fragmentebi darCa rogorc pièces justificatives 

(gasamarTlebe li sabuTebi) axali 

namuSevris sizustis dasamtkiceblad. 

amgvarad, msgavs SenobebSi mizani mxatvruli 

ideis dasruleba unda yofiliyo 

_ sa Tanado pativiscemiT dokumenturi 

monacemebis mimarT. ase rom, burases 

mier dasmuli kiTxvebi mWidrod iyo 

dakavSirebuli imave periodSi ing lisSi 

mimdinare kamaTTan da, arsebiTad, ramdenime 

maTgani dResac isto riuli Senobebis 

konservaciis sakvanZo kiTxvad 

rCeba. 

1848 welma xelisuflebaSi lui napoleon 

buonaparti, imperatoris Zmi s- 

Svili, moiyvana; mogvianebiT man meore 

imperia daafuZna da napoleon III gaxda. 

misi didi ocneba iyo aReSenebina parizi, 

rogorc avgustusma romi. am mizniT man 

moixmo baroni JorJ-eJen osmani (1809- 

91 ww.). 1852-70-ian wlebSi uzarmazarma 

organizaciam daangria parizis mTeli 

ubnebi, ile de Paris-is CaTvliT, romelic 

qoleris yvelaze saSineli kera iyo. 

londonis ma galiTiT STagonebuli, sadac 

ukve daiwyo sanitaruli pirobebis, 

komu na luri momsaxurebisa da transportis 

modernizacia, wamoiwyes didi 

operacia, rac moicavda rogorc ganieri 

gamzirebisa da bulvarebis, parke 

bis, sazogadoebrivi Senobebis, aseve 

sacxovrebeli kvartalebis mSeneb lobas. 

gzebis axali sistema usafrTxoebis 

miznebsac emsaxureboda, rad gan 

saSualebas aZlevda policiis Zalebs, 

swrafad gadaadgilebuliyvnen qalaqis 

nebismier ubanSi. 

“Service des monuments historiques”-s am 

dros mravali problema gauCnda; merimes 

cxare brZola uxdeboda ZeglebisTvis, 

maTi biujetis dasacavad da sxva 

uwyebebTan sazogadoebrivi funqciis 

mqone istoriul SenobaTa Taobaze davac 

uwevda. 1848 wels `Direction générale 

de l’Adminstration des Cultes”_Tan daardsda 

komisia, `Commission des arts et édifices ré- 

ligieux”, romelic eparqi u li arqiteqtorebis 

saqmianobas uZRveboda. 1849 

wels komisiam gamoaqvey na dokumenti 

saxelwodebiT `L’Instruction pour la conservation, 

l’entretien et la restauration des édifices 

diocésains et particulièrment des cathédraels” 

(instruqcia re ligiuri Senobebis, ker- 

Zod ki kaTedralebis konservaciis, movlisa 

da res tavraciis Taobaze), romelic 

merimesa da viole-le-dYukis moxsenebiT 

baraTs efuZneboda (viollet-le-Duc da 

mérimée, 1849). am dokumentis mizani iyo, 

gaerkvia yvela gaugebroba restvarciis 

miznebsa da meTodebTan dakavSi re biT, 

imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom samuSaoebi 

aqamde adgilobriv arqiteq torTa xelSi 

iyo, romelTa meTvalyureoba service-s 

naklebad SeeZlo _ Tum ca zogi, violele-dYukis 

msgavsad, orive uwyebisTvis 

muSaobda. 

am mcire moculobis, ociodgverdian 

saxelmZRvaneloSi, maxvili daismoda 

movla-Senaxvaze, rogorc istoriuli 

Senobis konservaciis sa u keTeso saSualebaze. 

`ragind xarixianad Catarebuli, 

restavracia yo vel T vis dasanani 

aucileblobaa, romelic gonierma 

movla-patronobam unda aicdinos~. 185 

saxelmZRvanelo restavraciis mraval 

praqtikul as peqts exeboda, dawyebuli 

adgilze samuSaoTa organizebiT, xara- 

Coebis da ye ne biT, ganixilavda qvis wyobas, 

wvimiswylis gadamyavn sistemas, 

xanZrisgan dacvas, samSeneblo masalebs, 

ornamentikas, qandakebebs, vitra Jebsa 

da avejs. micemuli iyo miTiTeba naxazebisTvis 

(feradi moniSnvis ga moyeneba), 

aseve detaluri aRwerebisTvis, samuSaoTa 

Casatareblad. da zi a ne bu li 

originaluri masala, rogoricaa, mag., 

qva, unda Secvliliyo ima ve saxeobis da 

imave formis axali masaliT da Tavdapirveli 

meTo debis Sesabamisad gamoy- 

185 viollet-le-Duc et mérimée, 1849.

enebuliyo. 186 wylisgadamyvani sistemis 

gamarTulo ba Zalian mniSvnelovnad 

iqna miCneuli wylis mier nagebobis dazianebisa 

da saZirkvelSi CaJonvis TvalsazrisiT. 

SeZlebisdagvarad, upiratesoba 

Tavdapirvel formas eniWeboda. 

am saxelmZRvanelos suliskveTeba 

ukiduresad praqtikuli da Tana medrove 

iyo, usvamda ra xazs movla-patronobasa 

da samuSaoTa xarisxs. es dokumenti 

principebis Camoyalibeba-ganmartebis 

axali niSansveti gax da. 1830-ian wlebSi 

inspeqtorisa da arqeologis ZiriTadi 

sazrunavi is to ri u li Zeglis dacva 

iyo. Tavdapirveli xasiaTis pativiscemidan 

gamom di nare, agreTve Tanxebisa 

da daostatebuli muSa-xelis uqonlobis 

gamo, restvarcias minimaluri Carevis 

saxiT urCevdnen xolme. momdevno 

aTwle ulis ganmavlobaSi, roca arqeologiuri 

kvleva ukve mkvidr safuZvelze 

dadga, Sua saukuneebis xuroTmoZRvrebis 

istoriazec meti codna 

dagrov da, arqiteqtorebma da xelosnebma 

meti wvrTna miiRes da samSeneblo me- 

To debic ganviTarda, maxvilma yvelaze 

Rirebuli istoriuli Senobebis `srul 

restavraciaze~ gadainacvla. Tanxebis 

nawili movla-patronobis Tvis da mciredi 

SekeTebebisTvis yovelTvis iyo Semona 

xu li. ganviTarebam Sesabamis RirebulebaTa 

gadasinjva da `restavraciis~ 

mizandasaxulebis xelaxali gansazRvra 

moitana. 

1866 wels viole-le-dYuki Tavisi 

`leqsikonis~ VIII tomSi werda 

`restavraciis~ Sesaxeb da Semdeg definicias 

iZleoda: 

`termini restavracia da TviTon es 

saqmec orive Tanamedrovea. Senobis 

restavracia ar niSnavs mis SenarCunebas, 

SekeTebas anda aRdgenas. es niS navs 

SenobisTvis imgvari mTlianobis dabrunebas, 

romelic SesaZloa arc odes 

186 viollet-le-Duc et mérimée, 1849. 


arsebobda romelime mocemul dros.~ 187 

Tanamedrove restavracia, viole-ledYukis 

azriT, mxolod XIX sau kunis 

pirveli meoTxedidan xorcieldeba. Zveli 

xelovnebis Teoriuli Ses wavlisas, 

inglisma da germaniam gauswres safrangeTs 

da mere espaneT mac da italiamac 

analitikuri midgoma SeimuSaves. restavraciis 

axali me Todi mdgomareobs 

im principSi, rom `yoveli Senoba da Senobis 

yoveli nawili unda restavrirebul 

iqnes Tavis sakuTar stilSi da ara 

mxolod garegani ieris TvalsazrisiT, 

aramed konstruqciuladac.~ 188 adre, 

arsebi Tad, antikurobis Semdeg, adamianebi 

awarmoebdnen arsebuli Senobebis 

Se ke Tebas, restavracias da cvlilebebs 

sakuTari drois stilis Sesabami sad. meore 

mxriv, Zalian cota Senoba, miTumetes 

Sua saukuneebSi, aSenda erTbaSad 

da, Sesabamisad, sxvadasxva saxis gadakeTebebisa 

da damatebebis erToblioba 

iyo. amitom arsebiTi iyo, yovelgvari 

samuSaoebis dawyebam de, Catarebuliyo 

kritikuli kvleva `yoveli nawilis 

xnovanebisa da xasiaTis dasadastureblad 

_ erTgvari specifikaciis Sedgena, 

romelic da fuZnebuli iqneboda 

sarwmuno dokumentaciaze grafikuli, 

an teqstob rivi saxiT.~ 189 arqiteqtori 

aseve kargad unda icnobdes sxvadasxva 

stilis regionalur nairsaxeobebs da 

sxvadasxva skolebs. 

stilis cneba, Cveulebriv, obieqtisgan 

damoukideblad gamoiyenebo da da 

kulturebis mixedviT icvleboda. arsebobda 

agreTve `SedarebiTi stilis~ 

cneba, romelic Senobis funqciaze iyo 

damokidebuli. ase, mag., eklesiis SedarebiTi 

stili gansxvavdeboda sacxovrebeli 

Senobis Seda re biTi stilisgan. 

viole-le-dYukis mixedviT, xuroTmoZR- 

187 viollet-le-Duc. 1854-68, viii:14. 


189 viollet-le-Duc. 1854-68, viii:22f.


vreba mimbaZve lo bi Ti xelovneba ki ara, 

aramed adamianis nawarmi iyo. formebi 

da pro porciebi arsebobda samyaroSi 

da adaminis amocana iyo maTi aRmoCena 

da mSeneblobis principebis SemuSaveba 

Tavisi kulturuli konteqstis Sesabamisad. 

rogorc bunebaSi, specifikuri 

garemoebebi badebs kristalebis specifikur 

saxeobebs, romlebic, Tavis mxriv, 

mTebis formirebis safuZ veli gaxda, 

aseve adamianis nagebobebi gamomdinareobs 

garkveuli amosava li formebis logikuri 

ganviTarebidan Sinagani wesebis 

an principebis Se sa bamisad. stili aris 

harmonia, romelic adamianis gonebam 

SesZlo daemyarebina formebs, saSualebebs 

da obieqts Soris: `stili aris 

gansa xie reba principebze dafuZnebuli 

idealis~. 190 

viole-le-dYuki amtkicebda, rom Sua 

saukuneebis safrangeTSi ar ar se bobda 

stilebi, romelTa Soris mSeneblebs SeeZloT 

arCevani gaeke Te binaT. nacvlad 

amisa, arsebobda kulturuli ganviTareba, 

romelsac SeeZlo Seeqmna sxvadasxva 

formebi, damaxasiaTebeli qveynis konkretuli 

mxa reebisTvis. arqiteqturuli 

formebi konstruqciuli principebis 

lo gi kuri Sedegi iyo, romlebic damokidebuli 

iyo samSeneblo masalebze, konstruqciul 

saWiroebebze, aucileblad 

dasakmayofilebel programeb ze, iseve 

rogorc amgvarad dadgenili kanonis 

logikur deduqciaze, mTlianiT dawyebuli 

umcires detalamde. `mxolod logikas 

SeuZlia da adginos kavSirebi nawilebs 

Soris, yovel maTgans adgili miu- 

Cinos da Se nobas ara mxolod erTianoba, 

aramed erTianobis STabeWdileba miani- 

Wos qmedebaTa mTeli wyebis saSualebiT, 

romlebmac unda Seqmnan igi.~ 191 amgvarad 

miRebuli mTlianoba iyo upirvelesi da 

umTavresi kanoni xelo v nebisa. is erTi 

190 viollet-le-Duc, 1854-68, viii:475ff. 

191 viollet-le-Duc, 1854-68, iX:345. 

iyo da ganuwvalebeli; igi asaxuli iyo 

Senobis gegmasa da fasadebSi, isve rogorc 

mis detalebSi da gansakuTrebiT, 

mis konst ruqciaSi. 

klasikur SenobebSi, rogoricaa doriuli 

taZrebi, arqiteqturuli orderis 

principebi qmnida erTianobas variaciaTa 

SezRuduli SesaZleb lobiT. 

goTur xuroTmoZRvrebaSi, piriqiT, 

konstruqciuli principebis dacvasTan 

erTad arqiteqtoris warmosaxvas SeeZlo 

Seeqmna gansxvavebul SedegebTa 

usasrulo raodenoba, romlebic mxolod 

konkretul moTxov ni lebaze iqneboda 

damokidebuli. mniSvnelovani iyo 

pirveli principiT dawyeba da kanonis 

Sinagani wesebis, `WeSmaritebis miyola 

yovelTvis, pi r vel warmoqmnili ideidan 

vidre Senobas xels ukanasknelad rom 

Seva xebT~. 192 elinurma xelovnebam mogvca 

ukvdavi Sedevrebi, iseve rogorc 

frangulma goTikam, magram es orni sxvadasxva 

kanons miyveboda, rom lebic Seu- 

Tavsebelia erTmaneTTan. swored amis 

gamo viole-le dYuki da lasYu ar iwynarebdnen 

goTuri SenobebisTvis klasikuri 

stilis damate bebs an gadakeTebebs. 

lasYus, magaliTad, erCivna barokuli 

sakurTxeveli misi sawyisi Suasaukuneebrivi 

formiT aRedgina. 

viole-le-dYuki amtkicebda, rom 

arqiteqtor-restavrators unda hqondes 

ara mxolod sxvadasxva periodis da 

skolis samSeneblo me Todebis Cinebuli 

codna, aramed kritikuli Sefasebis unari. 

Zveli sam Seneblo meTodebi aucileblad 

erTnairi xarisxisa rodi iyo; maT 

SeiZ le boda garkveuli xarvezebi hqonoda. 

es mxedvelobaSia misaRebi istoriuli 

Zeglis Sefasebisas da Tu Tavdapirvelad 

Senobis naklovani ele mentebi 

SemdgomSi gamosworda, mag., saxuravis 

konstruqcias daemata wyal gadamyvani 

milebi, cxadia, am mogviano gadakeTebis 

SenarCuneba sru liad gamarTlebulia. 

192 viollet-le-Duc, 1854-68, iX:344.

meore mxriv, Tu mogviano SekeTebebma 

Seasusta Ta v dapirveli nageboba sxva 

Rirsebebis uqonelad, gamarTlebulia 

Senobas Tavdapirveli mTlianoba daubrundes. 

mogviano cvlilebebisa da 

damate bebis SenarCuneba SeiZleba gamarTlebuli 

iyos, Tu isini sagulisxmo 

iq neboda xuroTmoZRvrebis istoriis 

TvalsazrisiT, rogorc xelovnebis ganviTarebaSi 

mniSvnelovani cvlilebebis 

maCveneblebi, anda niSnakebi da nakerebi, 

romlebic miuTiTebs, rom Senobis garkveuli 

nawilebi ufro gviani danamati 

yofila. Tumca unda gvaxsovdes, rom 

es sakiTxi exeba `res tavracias~ da Tu 

amgvari samSeneblo elementebi ganaxlebas 

saWiro ebs, axali naxelavi Tavdapirvel 

formebs unda iTvaliswinebdes. es 

auci leblad ar gulisxmobs Tavdapirveli 

masalis konservacias. 193 

vezeleSi viole-le-dYukma magdalinas 

eklesiis arkbutanebi axliT Caanacvla, 

raTa saWiro konstruqciuli 

mdgradoba mieRo. man es gaakeTa Sua 

saukuneebis samSeneblo logikis Sesatyvisi 

formiT _ Tumca konkre tu lad es 

arkbutanebi warsulSi arasdros arsebula. 

gverdiTi navebis saxuravebi Tavdapirveli 

saxiT aRdga, rac araTu Seesatyviseboda 

ekle si is xuroTmoZRvrul 

mTlianobas, aramed teqnikuri mizezebi- 

Tac iyo gan pirobebuli. SartrSi lasYum 

sagangebo yuradReba miapyro saxuravebis 

Se ke Tebas: XV saukunis gorguliebi 

SenarCunebul iqna, raTa àr waSliliyo 

sainterso primitiuli kompoziciis 

kvali~ 194 da maTma SenarCunebam, Sesa 

bamisad, gavlena moaxdina yvela sxva 

gadawyvetilebebze. roca magda linas 

eklesiaSi ama Tu im qandakebas an kapitels 

axali elementebi Cae nacvla, originaluri 

nawilebi Senaxul iqna eklesiaSi, 

rogorc mowmoba ni: igive gakeTda 

193 viollet-le-Duc, 1854-68, viii:24f. 

194 viollet-le-Duc, 1854-68, viii:25. 


truas, turis da parizis notr-damis 

kaTedralebSi. 

viole-le-dYuki yovelTvis aRiqvamda 

restavrcias, rogorc vibraci i Ta da 

biZgebiT Senobis erTgvar gamocdas da 

is urCevda konstruqciis ga umjobesebas, 

sadac ki SesaZlebeli iqneboda; axali nawilebi 

damatebi Ti siZlieris unda yofiliyo 

da masalebi gansakuTrebuli sifr- 

TxiliT unda SerCeuliyo _ Tu SesaZlebelia, 

Tavdapirvelze ukeTesi xarisxis. 

bij gebis Seyenebis da saZirkvelis gamagreba 

konstruqciis `saqcielis~ sruli 

gacnobierebiT unda Catarebuliyo. yovelgvari 

jdena acilebuli unda yofiliyo. 

sayrdenebis gamocvlidan samuSaoebis 

dawyebamde garkveu li dro unda 

gasuliyo. arsebiTad, xuroTmoZRvars 

unda kargad gaecno bie rebina nageboba, 

misi anatomia da temperamenti, vinaidan 

`yvelaferze mniSvnelovani misi gacocxlebaa. 

igi unda flobdes yvela detals 

ise, TiTqos swored igi iyo am Senobis 

originalis Semqmneli. da SeiZens ra am 

codnas, mis xelT unda iyos saSualebani 

araerTi gankargulebis ga cemisa, raTa 

ganaxlebiTi samuSaoebi Caataros. Tu 

erTi ver gaamarTlebs, meore da mesame 

mzadyofnaSi unda hqondes~. 195 aqve unda 

aRiniSnos, rom ro ca viole-le-dYukma 

daiwyo magdalinas restavracia, man daaTvaliera 

am midamos yvela Zveli qvis 

samtexlo, zustad igive saxeobis qvis 

mosa poveblad, rogoric SenobisTvis Tavdapirvelad 

iqna gamoyenebuli. tuluzis 

sent-sernenis eklesiis SemTxvevaSi, 

romelic man `gaagoTura~ 1860-77 wlebSi, 

man SearCia originalurze ufro mkvrivi 

da magari qva, romelic advilad ar gamoiqareboda. 

Tumca verc axalma qvam `gaamarTla~, 

rac erTi saukunis mere, 1980ain 

wlebSi sababi gaxda iv buares mier 

Catarebuli `de-restav ra ciisa~, ra Ta 

Senobas kvlav daebrunebina Tavisi ro- 

195 viollet-le-Duc, 1854-68, viii:27.


manuli ieri. 196 

1830-an wlebSi, safrangeTSi istoriuli 

Senobebis gadarCenis pir veli mcdelobebis 

xanaSi, ZiriTad yuradRebas 

mxatvrul da dokumentur Rirebulebebze 

amaxvilebdnen xolme. am saqmianobis 

gafarTovebisas naTe li gaxda, rom restavracia 

praqtikul miznebsac emsaxureboda. 

provinci ebma, romlebsac centralizebuli 

marTvis gamo (romelsac 

akritikebdnen merime da viole-le-dYuki) 

kvalificirebuli muSakebi akldaT, 

axla didi raodenobiT Tavdadebuli 

da daostatebuli xelosnebi moipoves. 

maT SeswevdaT arqiteqtorTan erTad 

muSaobis da misi daxmarebis unari, adgilze 

wamoiWrili sxvadasxva sirTulis 

gadaswyvetad. garda amisa, Seno bis yoveldRiuri 

gamoyenebidan gamomdinare, 

arsebobda utilitaruli moTxovnebi. 

196 ’Durliat, m., 1980: ‘la restauration de saint-sernin 

de toulouse, aspects doctrinaux’, monuments historiques, 

CXii:50ff; Boiret, Y., 1980: ‘Problèmes de 

la restauration’, monuments bistoriques, 54ff. in her 

PhD dissertation, samia rab discusses issues related 

to the concept of ‘monument’ in the restoration by viollet-le-Duc, 

and in the derestauration by Yves Boiret 

in the 1980s (rab, 1997). 

sur. 6.15. sen-sernenis 

eklesia tuluzaSi violele-dYukma 

`sisrulis 

mdgomareo bamde~ 

aRadgina. pirveli gegmebi, 

arqeologiur kvlevaze 

dayrdnobiT, 1847 wels mom 

zadda, xolo samuSaoebi 

1860 wels daiwyo 

sur. 6.16. Commission supérieure des monuments 

historiques-is 1979 wlis gadawyvetilebis 

Tanaxmad, sen-sernenis eklesia 1980-ian wlebSi 

`de-restavrirebul~ iqna i. buares xelmZRvanelobiT

Tumca zogi `Teoretikosi arqeologi~, 

viole-le-dYukis TqmiT, amas yovelTvis 

ar eTanxmeboda, igi mainc amtkicebda, 

rom `Seno bis SenarCunebis saukeTeso sa- 

Sualeba misTvis funqciis povna da misi 

moTxovnebis imdenad srulad dakmayofilebaa, 

rom raime cvlilebis saWiroeba 

arc ki gaCndebodes ~. 197 

viole-le-dYuks Rrmad swamda arqiteqtoris 

ostatobisa, iseve ro gorc 

sicocxlis saboloo srulyofilebisa 

da ganviTarebisa. amocana sak maod faqizi 

iyo, vinaidan arqiteqtors unda 

aRedgina Senoba misi xu ro T moZRvruli 

mTlianobis dacviT, amave dros, epova 

axleburi gamoyene biT ganpirobebuli 

gadakeTebebis minimumade dayvanis gza. 

rogorc dade biT magaliTs, is asaxelebda 

sen-martin-de-Samis mSvenieri satrapezos 

adaptacias Ecole des arts et métiers-is 

biblioTekisTvis. igi amtkicebda, rom: 

àseT garemoebebSi saukeTeso gamosavalia, 

warmoidgino Tavi Tavdapirve li 

Senobis arqiteqtoris adgilas da warmoisaxo, 

ras moimoqmedebda igi, Tuki 

daubrundeboda am qveyanas da mas igive 



programa daevaleboda, ro mel sac Cven 

axla vaxorcielebT.~ 198 

istoriuli Zeglis sruli pativiscemis 

daaxloebiT ocdaaTiwliswi nandeli 

midgomisgan gansxvavebiT, axla 

restavrators gza gaexsna Tavda pirveli 

Semoqmedi arqiteqtoris nacvlad emoqmeda. 

am ganviTarebas SeiZ leba Tvali gavadevnoT 

wm. magdalinas eklesiis magaliTze, 

sadac samu Saoebi daiwyo, rogorc 

konsolidacia da dasrulda ornamentuli 

deta lebis aRdgeniT iqac ki, 

sadac adre araferi yofila. Tumca Zeglis 

misi warmosaxviTi idea luri formiT 

aRdgenis idea viole-le-dYukis gonebaSi 

1842 wlidanve ar se bobda, roca man 

SeniSna eklesiis Taobaze, rom `sruli 

ugulebelyofa ukeTesia, vidre umarTebulod 

Cafiqrebuli restvarcia~. 199 igi 

amaSi gu lis xmobda, rom jobs dacda, 

sanam am saqmis gasakeTeblad daostatebuli 

xelosnebi gamoCndebobdnen, vidre 

Senobis uniaTod Sesrulebuli samuSa- 

198 viollet-le-Duc, 1854-_68, viii:31. 

sur. 6.17. pYerfonis cixedarbazi 

viole-le-dYukis 

mier, napoleon III-is 

brZanebiT, iqna aRdgenili. 

proeqti 1857 wlidan 

moyolebuli mzaddeboda, 

xolo mSenebloba 1885 

wlamde gagrZelda. 

199 viollet-le-Duc, ‘report on saint-Frons’ (secret, J., 

‘la restauration de saint-front au XiX e siècle’, monuments 

bistoriques, 1956, ii:145ff).


o Ti gafuWeba. parizSi, sen-Sapelisa da 

notr-damis garSemo istoriuli Senobebis 

dangrevam maincdamainc ar SeaZrwuna 

arqiteqtorebi da lasYu moiTxovda 

yvela xelisSemSleli nagebobisgan 

ganTavisuflebas, Tu amis SesaZlebloba 

iqneboda. Tumca igi aseve Relavda imis 

Taobaze, rom axal Senobebs ZeglisTvis 

xeli ar SeeSela. 

Tumca lasYus 1845 wlis gancxadeba 

da 1849 wlis instruqcia xazs usvamdnen 

konservaciis aspeqtebs, utilitarul 

moTxovnebsa da dacva-mov lis sakiTxebs, 

isini, amavdroulad, ukve moicavda arqiteqturuli 

mTlia nobis kvlav-Seqmnis 

dasabuTebasac. dasawyisSi skulpturuli 

deta lebis Tavidan gamokveTa (rogorc 

notr-damze) ganixileboda mxolod rogorc 

ga mo naklisi. mogvianebiT, cvlilebebi 

da axali Temebic ki iqna nebadar Tuli, 

rogorc es wm. magdalinas eklesiis 

SemTxvevaSi moxda. sansis si nodaluri 

darbazis fasadi aRdgenil iqna ramdenime 

fragmentis safuZ vel ze, xolo romanuli 

sen-serneni tuluzaSi aRdgenil 

iqna hipoTeturi goTuri formiT. zogi 

dangreuli nawilebis dasrulebis wi- 

naaRmdegi iyo. 1851 wels didroni reimsis 

kaTedralis Taobaze werda: ìseve 

rogorc arc erT poets ar moundeboda 

Tavis Tavze aeRo eneidas daumTavrebeli 

leqsebis dasruleba, arc erT fermwers 

_ rafaelis suraTis dasruleba da arc 

erT moqandakes _ miqelanjelos nawarmoebisa, 

aseve arc erTi go nieri xuroTmoZRvari 

ar daTanxmdeba kaTedralis 

dasrulebas.~ 200 impera tors surda, 

Tavis sazafxulo rezidenciad aRedgina 

parizis Crdiloe TiT mdebare pYerfonis 

dangreuli cixe-darbazi. violele-dYuki, 

rome lic am cxovelxatul 

nangrevebs axalgazrdobidan icnobda, 

dasawyisSi Tavs ikavebda, Tumca Semdeg 

daTanxmda srul rekonstruqcias, 

skulptu ruli ornamentebis, ferweruli 

dekorisa da avejis CaTvliT. igi 

amayob da kidec, rom sicocxle daubruna 

sasaxles, rogorc Tavis droze 

Tvli da vite, roca SesTavaza kYusis 

cixe-darbazis grafikuli rekonstruqcia 

qaRaldze, oRond amjerad es qvi- 

Ta da duRabiT gakeTda. es viole-ledYukis 

erT-erTi bolo dakveTa iyo da 

200 Didron, 1851 (leniaud, 1980:80) 

sur. 6.18. pYerfonis 

aRdgenili 

cixe-darbazis Sida ezo

igi iq 1858-dan 1870 wlamde muSa obda. 

mmarTvelobis moqmedebis sawyis etapze 

Tanamedrove samSeneblo masalebsa da 

istoriul Senobaze axal damatebebs Zalian 

frTxilad ekidebodnen. Tavdapirveli 

konstruqciuli sistemis aRdgena 

restavraci is erTi mTavar mizanTagani 

iyo da principSi es Tavdapirveli masalis 

msgavsi masaliT unda gakeTebuliyo. 

Tumca viole-le-dYuki Tanamedrove masalebis 

gamoyenebasac uSvebda, rogorc 

magaliTad, gadaxurvis konst ru q ci ebSi 

xis nacvlad foladis gamoyenebas _ im 

zomiT, rom ar Selaxu liyo Tavdapirveli 

konstruqciuli nimuSi da gadaxurvis 

wona ar gazr diliyo. es gadawyveta 

gamoyenebul iqna notr-damis axal salaroSi, 

ro me lic man kaTedralis samxreT 

mxares aago. 201 

amgvarad, restavraciis azri, vilele-dYukis 

mixedviT, nage bo bis aRdgena 

gaxda, `misi mTlianobis dabruneba, romelic, 

SesaZloa, arc odes arsebula 

drois romelime mocemul monakveTSi~ 

(viollet-le-Duc, 1854-68, VIII:14). es agreTve 

gulisxmobda istoriuli masalis Canacvlebas 

axali qviT da Tundac originaluri 

nimuSi SeenaxaT kidec, rogorc da sabu 

Teba, TviT SenobisTvis igi dakarguli 

iyo. es sarestavracio principebi aRiarebul 

iqna ara mxolod safrangeTSi, 

aramed sazRvargare Tac. viole-le-dYukis 

namuSevarma mraval qveyanaSi hpova 

aRiareba. `1855 wels igi gaxda riBa-s sapatio 

wevri inglisSi, sadac xuTi wliT 

adre imog zaura; 1858 wels igi gaxda 

natif xelovnebaTa akademiis wevri milanSi, 

mogvianebiT ki sapatio wodebebi 

miiRo niderlandebis, portuga liis, 

belgiis, espaneTis, spilos Zvlis sanapiros, 

meqsikis, avst riis, Se erTebuli 

Statebis da sxva qveynebis uwyebebisganac; 

Tumca zogi nanobda, rom istoriu- 

201 salaro damoukidebel Senobad aages, 

radgan misi istoriul nagebobaSi CarTva 

xuroTmoZRvrul mTels daarRvevda. 


li Senobebi kargavda siZvelis iers; monsenYor 

kastanarim amas Tan dakavSirebiT 

Tavisi gancdebi 1864 wels gamoTqva: `me 

maT ricxv Si var, vinc Tvlis, rom ngreva 

uxdeba Zegls. es mas adamianur iers ani- 

Webs, aCvenebs mis xnovanebas da gamodis 

ra misi Znelbedobebis mowmed, av lens im 

Taobebis suliskveTebas, romelTa cxovrebam 

mis CrdilqveS Ca i ara.~ 202 sinamdvileSi 

es grZnobebi bevrad ufro farTod 

iyo gavrcele buli da viole-le-dYuki, 

Tavis inglisel kolegasTan, jojr jilbert 

skotTan erTad, damangreveli restavrciis 

simbolo gaxda, gansxvavebiT 

im konservaciuli moZraobisgan, romelsac 

jon raskini da uilYam morisi uZRvebodnen. 

6.3. konservacia restavraciis sapirispirod 

inglisSi 

istoriul SenobaTa dacva inglisSi 

didi xnis ganmavlobaSi calke ul pirTa 

Zalisxmevas efuZneboda. XX saukeneSic 

ki, qveynis didebuli kaTedralebis movlisa 

da SekeTebisTvis mniSvnelovani 

Zalisxmeva, Ziri Tadad, kerZo dafinansebas 

efuZneboda. franguli restvaraciebis 

kritiki sas brali umetesad 

centralizebul sistemas edeboda. 

ufro individua luri britanuli midgoma 

1877 wels `Zveli Senobebis dacvis 

sazogadoe bis~ Seqmnasa da sxvadasxva 

moyvarulTa sazogadoebis moRvaweobaSi 

gamo i xa ta, rogoric iyo `Zveli Zeglebis 

sazogadoeba~, `georgianuli jgufi~, 

`viq torianuli sazogadoeba~, `britanuli 

arqeologiis sabWo~. bevri maT gani 

1957 wels daarsebuli Civic trust-is (sazogadoebrivi 

fondi) egidis qveS gaer- 

Tianda; sxva mniSvnelovani movlena 1895 

wels dafuZnebuli national trust-i (erovnuli 

fondi) iyo, romelmac mniSvnelovani 

qoneba Sei Zina masze sazrunavad da 

202 Castagnary, 1864:138 (leniaud, 1980:81).


mosavlelad. 1931 wels mas mibaZa `Sotlandiis 

nacionalurma fondma~ da msgavsma 

organizaciebma sxvadasxva qveynebSi 

(SeerTebuli Statebi, avstralia, indoeTi 

da zogi evropuli qveyanac). 

amave dros, istoriuli Senobebis 

dacvis oficialuri uwyebebis Se qm nis 

mcdeloba safrangeTis magaliTis mixedviT 

ufro adrec iyo. 1841 wels jon 

britoni, romelmac aRnusxa istoriuli 

Senobebi londonSi, daukavSirda jozef 

hYums (1777-1855 ww.), parlamentis wevrs, 

informaciis komitetis dasaarseblad 

TemTa palataSi. imave wels, ser 

jorj jilbert skotma antikvaruli 

komisiis Seqmna SesTavaza, restavraciis 

meTvalyu reobaSi dasaxmareblad. 1845 

wels es sakiTxi kvlav wamoiWra, Tumca 

uSe degod. sabolood, 1871 wels ser 

jon labokma specialuri saparlamento 

bilis momzadeba daiwyo. igi saparlamento 

ganxilvebze gaitanes sami wlis 

mere da sakmao winaaRmdegobac Sexvda, 

vinaidan kerZo sakuTrebis uf lebebSi 

iWreboda. londonis àntikvarTa sazogadoebamac~ 

ki misi mxa r da Werisgan 1879 

wlamde Sei ka va Tavi, rodesac `Sotlandiis 

antikvarTa sazogadoebam~ da irlandiis 

samefo akademiam Tanxmoba gamoTqves. 

ramde nime mosmenis mere igi 

1882 wlis 18 agvistos dakanonda `Zveli 

Zeglebis aqtis~ saxeliT. Tumca es aqti 

yorRanebis, dolmenebis an qvis wreebis 

dacviT ifargleboda, 1892 wlis irlandiuri 

aqti, ramdenime wliT gvian damtkicebuli, 

ukve gacilebiT farTo moqmedebisa 

iyo. pirveli inglisu ri nusxa, 

ZiriTadad, winaistoriul Zeglebs an 

Zeglebis jgufebs moi cavda, rogoricaa 

stounhenji. aqti 1913 wels gafarTovda, 

roca Seiqmna Zveli Zeglebis sabWoebi, 

romlebsac moxeleTaTvis saeqsperto 

rCeva unda miecaT. inventarizacia 

gacilebiT intensiuri gaxda pirveli 

msoflio omis Semdeg, magram mxolod 

meore msoflio omis gamaCanagebeli 

Sedege bis kvalad, inventarizacia sayovelTad 

iqna aRiarebuli istoriul 

Seno baTa dacvis instrumentad. amis 

Semdeg britanuli kanonmdebloba sxva 

qveynebisTvisac modeli gaxda. 

Tu kvlav gadavxedavT, rogor warimarTa 

saqme inglisSi a. v. n. pYu jinis 

`provokaciis~ Semdeg, vnaxavT rom 

1860-1869 wlebs Soris sakma od gaizarda 

restavarciaTa ricxvi, Tan mimdinareobda 

gacxovelebuli ka maTi istoriuli 

Senobebisadmi mopyrobis principebis 

Taobaze. am ka maT Si sagulisxmo rols 

TamaSobda kembrij-kemdenis sazogadoeba, 

daar se buli 1839 wels ori yofili 

kembrijelis _ jon meison nelisa 

(1818-69 ww.) da benjamen uebis (1819-85 

ww.) mier. 203 maTi mizani iyo kaTolikuri 

ri tualis, gamarTuli saeklesio nagebobis 

da codnaze damyarebuli restav 

raciis mxardaWera. bevri arqiteqtori 

an am sazogadoebis wevri iyo, an misi 

gavlenis qveS imyofeboda., mag., riqmeni, 

salvini, qokereli, striti, baterfildi 

da skoti. misi principebi gancxadebul 

iqna Ecclesiologist-Si, romelic 

pirvelad 1841 wels gamoica da misi wevrebis 

mraval sxva pub likaciaSi. maTma 

polemikurma midgomam maleve gamoiwvia 

reaqcia: sazoga doe bas brali dasdes 

papizmis aRdgenis saidumlo SeTqmulebaSi. 

igi dai Sala da Tavidan 1845 wels 

èklesiologiuri sazogadoebis~ saxiT 

daarsda. am sazogadoebis erTi sakvanZo 

mizani iyo inglisis eklesiebis warsuli 

didebiT aRdgena, maTi saukeTeso da 

sufTa stilisa (igulisxme boda umetesad 

dekoratiuli, an Sua goTuri, zogjer 

adre-inglisuri). acnobierebdnen ra, 

rom Senobebi sxvadasxva periodSi iqna 

gadakeTebuli, upiratesobas yvelafris 

erT stilSi aRdgenas aniWebdnen da ara 

203 imav wels meore sazogadoeba goTuri xuroTmoZRvrebis 

Sesaswavlad oqs fordSic 

daarsda (Semdgom mas `saistorio sazogadoeba~ 

ewoda).

yvela nawilis misi sakuTari formiT SenarCunebas. 

es principebi Ecclesiologist-Si 

1842 (1:65) wels gamocxadda: 

`Cven unda aRvadginoT, an arsebuli monacemebiT 

an daSvebiT, Seno bis Tavdapirveli 

ganazraxi, rogorc is Caifiqra 

pirvelma mSenebe l ma, an rogorc mis 

mier iyo dawyebuli da gagrZelebuli 

mis uSua lo mimdevarTa mier, an, 

meore mxriv, unda SevinarCunoT Semdgom 

droTa damatebebi da cvlilebebi, 

mxolod saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi SevakeToT, 

an iqneb ufro sruladac ki 

ganvaxorcieloT is idea, ro melmac isini 

warmoqmna... Cven TviTon gadawyvetiT 

virCevT pir vel midgomas, Tumca mudam 

unda gvaxsovdes, rom udidesi mniSvnelo 

ba aqvs mogviano naxelavis xnovanebisa 

da siwmindis, misi damate bis garemoebebis, 

momxmareblisTvis misi adaptaciis 

da misi upira te si moxerxebulobis 

gaTvaliswinebas.~ 

es politika, Cveulebriv, mTavrdeboda 

mongreviTa da rekonstruq ciiT, `safuZvliani 

da kaTolikuri restavraciiT~, 

rogorc ityodnen xol me. risame 

srulyofilebad aRiarebulis gameorebiT 

dakmayofileba sisustis niSnad iyo 

miCneuli. 204 praqtikaSi es xSirad niSnavda, 

rom (Cole, 1980:229): 

mrevlis dasajdomebs, patronikes 

da sxva `Tanamedrove gamarTulobas~ 

gaitandnen da axali nakeTebiT 

Seanacvlebdnen; 

arsebuli iataki aiyreboda mas mere, 

rac dafiqsirdeboda `monumentu ri 

204 ser keneT klarkma CainiSna: `netav gagvagebina, 

imdenive Suasaukunovani na geboba Tu 

daangria kemdenis sazogadoebam, rogorc 

kromvelma. Tu ara, Tanxebis naklebobis 

`wminda siRatakis~ mizeziT _ isaa Zvel SenobaTa 

er TaderTi namdvili mcveli. Tumc 

kemdenelebs Rirsebebic hqondaT: maT ZaluZdaT 

Zvel _ miT ufro maTTvis misaRebi 

drois _ nagebobaTa siyvaru li da isini 

ufro xSirad gadaurCeniaT, vidre daungreviaT 

(Clark. 1974:173). 


filebis~ adgilmdebareoba da axali 

iataki, am filebiT Tavdapir vel adgilas, 

6 inCis sisqis cementis fenaze 

igeboda; 

saxuravebs axsnidnen da Tavidan daagebdnen 

axali kramitiT, wyalgadamy 

vani milebiTa da drenaJiT; 

Senobis naklovan adgileb Tavidan 

aaSenebdnen `SemakavSirebeli qvebiT~ 

da rkinis WimebiT maT gasamagreblad; 

saZirkvlebi gamagrdeboda da sadac 

saWiro iyo, ximinjebic gaukeTde bo da; 

interieri gaiwmindeboda SeTeTrebisgan, 

gaixsneboda `bunebrivi suf- 

Ta zedapiri~; miuxedavad imisa, rom 

yuradRebas aqcevdnen yvela saxis 

Se morCenil Zvel kedlis mxatvrobas, 

mainc xSirad baTqaSs qvis wyobis 

gamosavlenad xsnidnen; 

gegmarebaSi xSirad cvlilebebs Seitandnen; 

gverdiT navebs gaafarTovebdnen 

an daamatebdnen, xolo sakurTxevlis 

TaRebs gaaganierebdnen; 

im elementebs, romlebic àramodur~ 

an aramisadagebul stils ekuTvnoda, 

xsnidnen da àsworebdnen~. 

kavSirebi damyarda inglisel, frang da 

germanel xuroTmoZRvarTa Soris. goTuri 

aRorZinebis wamyvani, 1840-ian wlebSi 

daarsebuli Jurna le bis _ Ècclesiologist”, 

“Annales archéologiques” da “Kölner Domblatt” 

– gamomcem le bi TanamSromlobdnen erTmaneTTan, 

aqveynebdnen werilebs da reportaJebs 

sxva qveynebis gamocdilebis 

Taobaze da mogzaurobis dros xvdebodnen 

erT maneTs. avgust raihenSpergeri, 

`Kölner Domblatt”-is gamomcemeli, 1846 

da 1851 wlebSi ewvia ingliss, Sexvda 

pYujins, baris, skots, aseve didrons, 

Ànnales”-is gamomcemels. montalamberi, 

merime, viole-le-dYuki, didroni 

da lasYu Zalian bevrs mogzaurobdnen, 

aseve pYujinic, romelsac sazR vargareT 

misi nawerebiT kargad icnobdnen.


6.3.1. eklesiologosTa arqiteqtorebi 

eklesiologTa usayvarlesi xuroTmoZRvari 

enToni salvini (1799-1881 ww.) iyo, 

àntikvarTa sazogadoebisa~ da oqsfordis 

àrqiteqturuli da istoriuli 

sazogadoebis~ wevri. mas mravlad uSenebia 

sasoflo sax lebi da, amave dros, 

muSaobda norviCSi, darhemSi da uelsSi, 

iseve ro gorc mravalricxovan samrevlo 

eklesiebSi. man gadaakeTa cixe-darbazebi, 

londonis Taueris, uindzoris, 

elnvikisa da kernarvonis CaTvliT. bevri 

maTgani kerZo sacxovrebeli iyo da 

gadakeTeba mflobelTa survilis Sesabamisad 

xdeboda. londonis Tauerze Catarebuli 

samuSaoe bisTvis man 1863 wels 

riBa-s medali miiRo, miuxedavad imisa, 

rom eqvsi wliT adre imave dawesebulebam 

mkacrad gaakritika misi namuSevari 

eln vikSi. 1845 wels igi kembrijSi wm. saflavis 

_ wriuli ro ma nuli ekle siis _ 

aRdgenaSi monawileob da. kumdenelebma 

xarjebis ZiriTadi nawilis dafrava SesTavazes, 

raTa Tavisi principebis Cveneba 

moexdinaT. eklesia Se d geboda orsarTulian 

svetnarze damyarebuli mrgvali 

qongurebiani koS kisgan, wriuli 

garSemosavleliT. yve la gviani damateba 

mocilebul iqna da Senoba, jeims eseqsis 

adreuli hipoTezis Tanaxmad, konusuri 

sa xu raviT gadaixura. interieri, qvis 

trapezis CaTvliT, axali liturgiu li 

moTxovnebis Sesabamisad gadakeTda. aman 

didi vnebaTaRelva gamoiwvia da sakiTxi 

eklesiis umaRles sasamarTlomdec 

ki mivida, sadac gadawyve tileba magidis 

sasargeblod iqna miRebuli, radgan 

trapezi mosaxseneb lad da ara evqaristiisTvis 

unda yofiliyo gamoyenebuli. 

amgvari ram ngrevis Cveulebrivi saxeoba 

gaxda bevr eklesiaSi, rac maT èrT 

sagu lisx mo wertilsac~ ki ar utovebda, 

rogorc wers Tavis `mogonebebSi~ skoti. 

1840-ian da 1850-ian wlebSi salvini 

muSaobda darnhemSi da jorj pikering- 

sur. 6.19. kembrijis wriuli taZari 

restavrirebul iqna e. salvinis mier 

daaxlo e biT 1845 w.-s da eklesiologiuri 

sazogadiebis saxelmZRvanelo princi pebs asaxavs. 

adreuli qongurebiani koSki konusurma 

saxuravma Secvala 

Tan erTad aq yvelaze uxeS cvlilebaTa 

rigi ganaxorciela. xis tixrebi gaitanes 

da sakurTxeveli gadakeTda; daproeqtda 

axali skamebi da merxebi, dasavleTi 

didi Sesasvleli kvlav gaixsna, xolo 

qandakebebi gadaadgilda. orRani da kankeli 

moxsnes, raTa gaexsnaT kaTedralis 

in te rieris `grandiozuli xedi~, 

xolo sxvadasxva periodis sarkmlebi 

no r manuli stiliT gadakeTda. 1850-ian 

wlebSi yuradReba gamaxvilda ansablis 

sxva nawilebze, riTac, inglisSi stilisturi 

restavraciis sru li ayvavebisas, 

dasrulda kaTedralis restavraciis

Semdgomi aqtiu ri faza. 

jon louboro pirsoni (1817-96 ww.) 

ignacius bonomisa da salvinis mowafe 

iyo, romelTac mas eklesiologiuri 

principebi gaacnes. igi koor di nacias 

uwevda saeklesio mSeneblobisa da restavraciis 

farTo saqmia no bas, romelic 

asamde samrevlo eklesias da ramdenime 

kaTedrals moi ca v da. 1870 wels 

igi dainiSna linkolnis kaTedralis zedamxedvelad, 

xo lo 1879 wels ki skotis 

Semcvlelad uestminsteris saabatoSi, 

rac uilYam morisis mZafri kritikis 

sagani gaxda. igi eklesiologiur rekomendaciebs 

misdevda: patronike da 

gamarTuloba moixsna, gverdiTi nave bi 

gafarTovda, sarkmlebi, saxuravebi da 

iataki ganaxlada, koSkebi da Spilebi 

SekeTda, daidga axali aveji. misi muSaobis 

meTodi dazianebuli nawilebis moxsnasa 

da, originaluri masalis maqsimaluri 

gamoyenebiT, maT qva-qva aRdgena- 

Si mdgomareobda. Tumca saWiroebiT an 

esTetikuri mid re ki lebebiT ganpirobebuli 

zogi siaxle mainc Sehqonda, magaliTad, 

uf ro cicabo saxuravs agebda, 

rogorc man gaakeTa eqstonSi (rutlandi), 

sa dac 1843 wels eklesias mexi daeca 

da igi Zvel saZirkvelze iqna aRdgeni li. 

sizustis uzrunvelsayofad pirsoni, 

Cveulebriv, nomravda qvebs. eqse te ris 

wm. pankrasis eklesiaSi man sakurTxeveli 

daSala da ise marjved àRadgina~, 

rom eqspertebic ki ver arCevdnen originalisgan 

(Quiney, 1979). 

kamdenelTa meore `falavani~ uil- 

Yam baterfildi (1814-1900 ww.) iyo; man 

Semoitana goTuri arqiteqturis individualuri, 

Taviseburi in ter pretacia 

da Zlieri poliqromiis moyvaruli iyo. 

restvaraciaSi igi moiTxovda maRal 

standartebs rogorc konstruqciuli, 

aseve kompozici u ri mxriv da mudam `mdgradi 

da qmediTi~ SenobisTvis iRvwoda. 

igi iyene b da ximinjebs, nestis-sawinaaRmdego 

fenebs, iatakis ganiavebas, ase- 


ve Semo i tana saTanado wyalgadamyvani 

milebi, drenaJi da gaTboba. igi xsnida 

pat ronikeebs da aproeqtebda axal trapezebs 

maTken aRmavali safexure biT da 

axali saxelurebiT, kankelebs da sanaTlavsac 

ki, Tu isini ar daxvdeboda. igi 

ar Tvlida aucileblad restavracia 

erTi romeli peri o dis yaidaze momxdariyo. 

bevr SemTxvevaSi man SeinarCuna 

XVII saukunis aveji (thompson, 1971). baterfildi 

mogvianebiT anti-restavraciis 

moZrao bis samizne gaxda da 1900 

wels, riBa-s Jurnali mis Sesaxeb werda 

(VII:242): `gvaocebs, ramden rames afasebda 

da ramdenad cota ram SeinarCu na. igi 

zizRiT uyurebda skotis ugemovno da 

fuye ganaxlebebs, Tumca, amavdroulad, 

ver xedavda pirsonis delikatur da natif 

TavSekavebulo bas... Cven vnanobT, 

rogorc Cveni, aseve misi saxelis gamo, 

rom mas Tun dac erTxel daevala xeli 

Zveli naSenisTvis moekida~. 

1840-ian wlebSi inglisSi axlidan 

daiwyo kamaTi istoriuli Senobe bis 

konservaciis da restavraciis principebis 

Taobaze, gansakuTrebiT Sua saukuneebis 

eklesiebTan mimarTebiT. am 

polemikam adamianebi or sa winaarmdego 

jgufad dahyo _ restavratorebad da 

anti-restavratore bad da TandaTanobiT 

arqiteqturuli konservaciis principebis 

gamokveTa moi tana. am kamaTs 

zogadad Tu SevxedavT, or jgufs Soris 

bevri ram iyo saerTo; arsebiTi gansxvaveba 

obieqtis gansazRvraSi mdgomareobda. 

resta v ra torebs, ZiriTadad, zedmiwevniTi 

`restavracia~ da, Tu saWiro 

iyo, adreuli arqiteqturuli formis 

rekonstruqcia aRelvebdaT, amavdroulad 

praqtikuli da funqciuri aspeqtebis 

xazgasmiT. anti-restavratore bi ki 

acnobierebdnen ìstoriul dros~ da 

amtkicebdnen, rom yoveli obi eqti an 

nageboba Tavis specifikur istoriul 

da kulturul konteqsts eku Tvnoda da, 

rom SeuZlebeli iyo sxva periodSi es


yovelive imave mni Sv ne lovnebiT aRdgeniliyo; 

erTaderT SesaZlebel amocanad 

rCeboda im ori ginaluri obieqtis Tavdapirveli 

qsovilis dacva da konservacia, 

ris ganac, bolosa da bolos, Sedgeba 

kulturuli memkvidreoba. 

am kamaTis Sedegebma TandaTanobiT 

sazogadoebis cnobierebazec imoqmeda 

da sarestavracio praqtikazec, romelic 

ufro konservatuli mi d go mis mimarTulebiT 

warimarTa. edvard ogastas 

frimenma (1823-93 ww.), `normanuli dapyrobis 

istoriis~ avtorma, gamoaqveyna 

wigni èklesiebis res tavraciis principebi~ 

(1846 w.), romelSic restavraciisadmi 

sam midgo mas ganasxvavebda: 

`destruqciuls~, `konservatulsa~ da 

èkleqturs~, Tum ca samive SemTxvevaSi 

Senoba sagrZnobi ganaxlebisa da mSeneblobis 

sagani xdeboda. 

1. `destruqciuli~ midgoma wina saukuneebis 

midgoma iyo, roca warsulis 

stilebis formebi axa li damatebisa 

da gadakeTebis ganxorcielebisas 

mxedvelobaSi ar miiReboda. 

2. `konservatuli~ midgoma SekeTebis 

miznad isaxavda Zveli naxe lavis yoveli 

nawilis detalebis zustad gameorebas 

da ekle sias `faqsimiled~ 

aqcevda. 

3. èkleqturi~ midgoma erTgavar Sualedur 

gzas warmoadgenda, rodesac 

Senoba fasdeboda misi istoriisa da 

mkafiod gamoxa tuli Tvisebebidan 

gamomdinare da saTanadod SekeTdeboda 

an gadakeTdeboda, saukeTeso 

SesaZlebeli Sedegis misaRebad. 

6.3.2 jorj jilbert skoti 

Semdgomi kamaTis erTi mTavari monawile 

ser jorj jilbert skoti (1811-78 ww.) 

iyo, yvelaze warmatebuli viqtorianeli 

arqiteqtori, saekle sio restavraciaSic 

uzomod garjili. skotma Tavi 

mTlianad saqmes miu ZRvna da `dauokebeli 

energia da dauSreteli Tavgamodeba 

hqonda, aseve gansxivosnebuli sulic, 

riTac Tavisi diadi mowodebisTvis iRvwoda~, 

rogorc mogvianebiT misi vaJi 

ixsenebda. misi naRvawi 800-ze met Senobas 

mo icavda, maT Soris sagareo saqmeTa 

saministros, wm. pankrasis otels da albertis 

memorials londonSi. 1858 wels 

mas saxelosnoSi 27 asis tenti hyavda. 

misi saqmianobis didi nawili istoriul 

Senobebs exeboda. interesi goTikisadmi 

mas pYujinis publikaciebma gauRviZa 

da 1842 wels igi kembrij-kamdenis sazogadoebas 

SeuerTda. mas xSirad adarebdnen 

vio le-le-dYuks, arsebiTad, 

is inglisisa da uelsis yvela kuTxeSi 

ocze met kaTedralze, mraval saabatosa 

da aTeulobiT samrevlo eklesiaze 

muSa obda da did gavlenas axdenda sarestavracio 

politikis ganviTarebaze. 

igi mogzaurobda safrangeTsa da germaniaSi, 

ikvlevda kontinentalur goTikas 

da anazomebs akeTebda. 1851 wels man 

imogzaura italiaSi, vene ciaSi raskins 

Sexvda da ganaaxla rva wlis winandeli 

nacnoboba. 1835 wels skotma, uilYam 

boniTon mofatTan (1812-87 ww.) erTad, 

Tavisi pir veli saxelosno gaxsna. 1847 

wels igi elis kaTedralis restavraciis 

ar qiteqtorad daniSnes, sadac mis win 

eseqsi da blori muSaobdnen. 1849 wels 

man Secvala blori uestminsteris saabatos 

inspeqtoris Tanamdebo baze. 1850ain 

wlebSi igi konsultaciebs uwevda 

herfordis, liCfildis, piterboros, 

darhemis, Cesteris da selisberis kaTedralebis 

aRdgenas. Semdgom maT sxva 

kaTedralebic mohyva. 

1859 wels skotma darhemis kaTedralis 

centralur koSkze, nYukas lis wm. 

nikolozis msgavsad, Spilis ageba SesTavaza, 

Tumca es, Senobis konstruqciuli 

mdgradobidan gamomdinare, ar iqna 

miRebuli. amis nacv lad, koSki atkinsonis 

samuSaoebamde arsebuli formiT

aRadgines, qanda ke bebi Tavdapirvel adgilebze 

niSebSi daabrunes, xolo cariel 

niSebSi ki axlebi daayenes. 1870-ian 

wlebSi skotma gadagegma sakurTxeveli 

da na wilobriv daxura `vrceli xedi~, 

romelic eklesiis mesveurT aRar moswondaT 

da daaproeqta sam-TaRiani Ria 

kankeli lombarduli goTikis sti l Si. 

garda amisa, man daaproeqta “Cosmatic~ 

mozaikis yaidaze Semkuli ka Tedra da 

varxvis formis sawigne. sakurTxeveli, 

SeZlebisgvarad, res ta v rirebul iqna 

im formiT, rac mas salvinamde hqonda. 

eklesiaTa res tav raciisas skoti kamdenelTa 

principebs icavda, rac xSirad 

Senobis is toriuli formebis ganadgurebas 

iwvevda. 

misi restavraciebi jer kidev 1840ian 

wlebSi iqna gakritikebuli. erT-er- 

Ti kritikosi iyo jon lui pti (1801- 

68 ww.), romelmac 1841 wels ga moaqveyna 

Tavisi `SeniSvnebi saeklesio arqiteqturaze~. 

masSi iyo Tavi `Ta na medrove 

SekeTebebi da adaptaciebi~. igi wuxda 

ùmecari da Tavdaje rebuli restavra- 


sur. 6.20. ser j. j. skotis 

idea darhemis kaTedrlais 

centraluri koSkis restavra 

ciisTvis (the Dean and 


sur. 6.21. darhemis kaTedralis interieri, 

j. j. skotis mier daproeqtebuli elementebiTurT


torebis~ namuSevrebis gamo da am Tavs 

leqsiT iwyebda: 

`gadade cota xniT umowyalo saqmianoba 

_ o, Seibrale, 

Se mkacro, Seubralebelo demono 

SekeTebisa, 

es Zvirfasi narCenebi warsulTa droTa! 

es RvTis saTno Sroma iyoo, mesmis, rom 

ambob, 

daanebo Tavi vardnil nangrevebs da Sea- 

Cero 

gaukacrielebis saqme. SeiZleba 

Sen marTalic xar; magram hoY! imuSave 

nazad; 

gaufrTxildi yovel gacrecil nakvTs, 

romelsac Sen Sli, 

ecade, Tanamedrove kopwiobis erTi Reric 

ar daumato; 

yovel daSlil qvas mowiwebiT moepyari, 

pativi ec TviT liqenebs, rac izrdeba 

masze...~ 

1841 wels skotma pasuxi gasca ptis 205 , 

romelSic safrangeTSi revolYu ciis 

mere Camoyalibebulis msgavsi koncefcia 

warmoadgina. igi ganixila v da Zvel 

Senobebs, rogorc originalur qmnilebebs 

did xelovanTa, vis ga nac SeeZlo 

qristianul xuroTmoZRvrebaze yvelaferi 

eswavla; restav ri re buli saxiT _ 

rac unda ifrTxilo _ aseTi Zegli nawilobriv 

da kargavda Tavis avTenturobas. 

imave suliskveTebiT, igi xazs usvamda 

is to riuli gadakeTebebisa da SekeTebebis 

Rirebulebas, romlebic SeiZleba 

originaluri nagebobis naSTebis Semcveli 

Zvirfasi naxelavi yofiliyo da 

iseTive faqiz dacvas imsaxurebda. 1847 

wels, eklesiologiuri sazoga doebis 

yovelwliur Sekrebaze, msjeloba restavraciis 

Taobaze, rogorc mogvianebiT 

werda skoti, `metad arasasiamovno 

kamaTSi~ gadaizarda. sa zo gadoeba upiratesobas 

restavraciis èkleqtur~ 

205 skoti ptis. 1841. dabeWdilia: reply by sir 

Gilbert scott, r. a., to mr J. J. stevenson’s Paper on 

,,architectural restoration: its Principles and Practice’’, 

read at a meeting of riBa, 28 may 1877. 

meTods aniWebda. skots mainc eSinoda, 

rom Tumca Sekrebaze gamoTqmuli zogi 

SeniSvna `na xev rad saxumarod~ iyo warmoTqmuli, 

am saxis cilobas SeiZleboda 

Za lian seriozuli Sedegebi mohyoloda. 

amitomac, 1848 wels man bakinhem SirSi 

àrqiteqturuli da arqeologiuri sazogadoebis~ 

pirveli wliuri SekrebisTvis 

moxseneba moamzada. 

1850 wels man gamoaqveyna es moxseneba 

SeniSvnebiTurT saTauriT `mowodeba 

Cveni Zveli eklesiebis keTilsindisieri 

restavraciisken~, ro melic 

misi sarestavracio principebis erTgvari 

Sejameba gaxda. es pub li kacia mimdinare 

kamaTiT, gansakuTrebiT ki wina 

wels ga mocemuli jon raskinis `Svidi 

lampariT~ iyo STagonebuli. srulad 

acnobierebda ra Zve li nagebobis mniSvnelovnebas, 

skotma pragmatuli pozicia 

daikava da principulad ganasxvava ori 

SemTxveva: 

1. Zveli nagebobebi an nangrevebi, romlebmac 

dakarga Tavisi Tavda pirveli 

funqcia da axla mxolod warsuli 

civilizaciis mow mobad SeiZleba 

aRiqmodes; 

da 

2. Zveli eklesiebi, romlebic, garda 

imisa, rom kvlavac gamoiyeneba _ 

amave dros, RvTis saxlia da, Sesabamisad, 

pYujinisa da kamde ne lebis 

moTxovnaTa Tanaxmierad, SeZlebisamebr 

saukeTesod unda warmogvidgebodes. 

skoti amtkicebda, rom Tu eklesiebi, 

antikuri nangrevebis msgavsad, mxolod 

Zveli arqiteqturis dokumentur 

mowmobad ganixileboda, isini, ra ginda 

iyos dazianebuli, cxadia, arsebuli 

mdgomareobiT unda Senar Cu ne buliyo. 

miuxedavad amisa, imis gaTvaliswinebiT, 

rom Senoba saTanado miznebisTvis unda 

yofiliyo gamoyenebuli, igi Tvlida,

sur. 6.23. ser j. j. skotma daaproeqta 

CiCeTeris kaTedralis centraluri koSki, 

ro me lic aRdgenil iqna mas mere, rac 1861 

w.-s Zveli Camoingra 


sur. 6.22 darhemis 

kaTedralis dasavleTi 

fasadi amJamad 

rom ufro gamar Tlebuli arCevani iqneba 

ufro gviani CanarTebis mocileba 

adrindeli, ufro Zvirfasi nawilebis 

dRegrZelobisTvis. skotis mizani iyo, 

ecada `cota ram kargi~ gaekeTebina da 

amitom mxars uWerda ufro faqiz da 

kon servatul midgomas Zveli eklesiebis 

mimarT. mas kargad esmoda yvela drois 

namdvili istoriuli Senobis saganmanaTleblo 

Rirebuleba da, aqe dan gamomdinare, 

yvela sagulisxmo elementis èr- 

Tguli~ konservaciis saWiroeba, magram 

mas aseve kargad esmoda Senobis gamoyenebisadmi 

Tana medrove moTxovnilebebi, 

restavraciisTvis zRvaris dadebisa da 

adgilze misi saTanado ganxorcielebis 

uzrunvelyofis sirTule. 

saeklesio xuroTmoZRvrebis istorias 

skoti ganixilavda, rogorc jaWvs, 

romelSic yoveli nimuSi ganviTarebis 

erTi rgolia da yvela erTad `qristianuli 

xelovnebis erT uzarmazar saganZurs~ 

qmnis. yoveli Zveli eklesia, 

ragind martivi an mouxeSavi, unda ganixilebodes, 

rogoc `nawili qristianuli 

xelovnebis qsovilisa, rogorc 

erTi qva, misi aRo r Zinebis sasaZirkv


led Semonaxuli~. iseve rogorc manamde 

frangebi, sko ti ganixilavda am memkvidreobas, 

rogorc `margalits, romelic 

gadmogve ca Cven ara mxolod saCvenod 

gamosayeneblad, aramed im rwmeniT, rom 

Cven gadavcemT mas Semdeg Taobebs, romelTac 

misi sworad gamosayeneblad meti 

codna da meti ostatoba eqnebaT~. 

igi Tvlida, rom arsebobs gan sxvaveba 

Sua saukuneebisa da Tanamedrove xuroTmoZRvarT 

Soris; Zveli mSeneblebi 

gulwrfelad iRvwodnen TiTqmis `zeadamianuri 

srulyofile bis~ misaRwevad, 

raTa SeeqmnaT imaze ukeTesi, rac 

ki odesme arsebula. ase rom, cvlilebebi 

misaRebia ara ramis dasamateblad, 

aramed `gamosa ricxad~ da winamorbedTa 

Seqmnilis gasaumjobeseblad. Tanamedrove 

ar qiteqtoris pozicia sruliad 

gansxvavebuli iyo, vinaidan axla es iyo 

ara stilis Seqmna, aramed misi kvlavwarmoqmna. 

ase rom, dRevandelobis valdebuleba 

dacva da Seswavla iyo da ara 

dangreva da gamocvla. 

igi ar eTanxmeboda e.w. `destruqciuli~ 

meTodis damcvelebs, romlebic 

amtkicebdnen, rom RvTis saxli 

imsaxurebs yovelive saukeTesos, risi 

saSualebac ki SeuZlia mogvces codnam 

da fulma da rom istoriu li an antikvarTa 

kavSirebi, aqedan gamomdinare, 

nakleb mniSvnelovania. igi ki, piriqiT, 

zustad amave mizeziT, amtkicebda, rom 

`konservatizmi~ unda iyos `restavraciis 

mTavari laitmotivi~, Tumca arc 

ise iolia `gancdis swori tonalobis 

povna~ an raime mkafio wesebis dadgena. 

res tavraciaSi did saSiSroebas warmoadgens 

metismetad bevris keTeba da did 

sirTules _ imis codna, sad unda SeCerde. 

igi aRiarebda, rom res tavrirebuli 

eklesia kargavda Tavis namdvilobas da 

iseve nakleb avTen tu ri xdeboda, rogorc 

sruliad axali proeqtiT Tavidan 

aSenebuli. Tum ca mTlianad Tavidan 

aSenebac ki SeiZleba konservatulad 

Sesrule bu liyo, zusti formebis da 

xSirad originalis faqtobrivi masalisa 

da detalebis SenarCunebiT. xSirad 

es ukeTesad nabij-nabij miiRweva, vidre 

srulad bolomde miyvanis aCemebiT. zogadi 

wesi yvela im gansxvavebuli stilisa 

da uswor-masworobis SenarCuneba 

iyo, romlebic Senobis zrdasa da istorias 

asaxavs (rogorc amas viqtor hYugoc 

amtkicebda) da mokrZa lebul eklesiebs 

cxovelxatulobasa da mimzidvelobas 

hmatebs. Tumca, ro gorc skoti 

mianiSnebda, am wesidanac arsebobda 

gamonaklisebi da, kri tikuli Sefasebis 

safuZvelze, unda dadgindes, axal Tu 

Zvel nawi lebs miecemoda upiratesoba 

restavraciisas. magram yvela SemTxveva- 

Si, igi moiTxovda, uZvelesi nawilebis 

Tugind mcire kvalis SenarCunebas, rogorc 

Senobis warmoSobis simtkicisa. 

àvTenturi elementi, Tundac gviani 

da cudi, ufro Rirebulia, vid 

re va raudiT aRdgenili adreuli, 

Tundac ufro daxvewili nawi li _ 

ubralo faqti, vidre ornamentuli 

varaudi. yvelaze ufro ki me moviTxovdi, 

rom res tavraciaSi srulad 

gamoiricxos piraduli xu Sturebi. 

restavratorma ar unda 

mianiWos daumsaxurebeli upiratesoba 

arc erTi epoqis naSTebs, arc 

sxva drois axirebas, mxolod imitom, 

rom erTi ram stili uyvars, 

me o re ki ara~ (scott, 1850:31). 

gviani nawilebis dangreva gamonaklisad 

SeiZleba gamarTlebuli iyos, Tu isini 

naklebmniSvnelovania, iseve rogorc 

adreuli nawilebis aRdgena, Tu is àbsolutur 

ueWvelobas~ efuZneba. igi 

aseve iTxovda mud miv TanamSromlobas 

samRvdeloebasTan; iTxovda aseve samu- 

SaoTa ganxor ci e lebis xarisxis mkacr 

kontrols, raTa uzrunvelyofiliyo 

iseTi Se de gi, romelic namdvilad See-

sabameboda arqiteqtoris ganzraxvas. 

Tumca `konservatizmi~ `miaxloebiT gansazRvrebas~ 

warmoadgenda imisas, rasac 

miznad unda isaxavdes restavracia, gadawyveta 

yovel calkeul SemTxve vaSia 

mosaZebni. bolos da bolos, igi yvela 

restavrators èkleqtiko sad~ miiCnevda, 

ganurCevlad imisa, `konservatiul~ 

midgomas irCevda igi Ta vis saqmianobaSi 

Tu `destruqciuls~. 

is, rasac skoti `konservatiul restavracias~ 

an `zust restavraci as~ uwodebda, 

Tavdapirveli proeqtis pativiscemas 

efuZneboda da ara Ta v dapirveli 

masalisa an istoriul ganviTarebaSi 

Camoyalibebuli for mebisa. praqtikaSi 

igi xSirad arRvevda Tavisive principebs, 

rasac Semd gom nanobda xolme. asea 

Tu ise, kargi dokumentacia da arqeologiuri 

dasabuTeba amarTlebda bevr 

restavracias, anu imis aRdgenas, rac 

dai karga an dazianda _ da damatebi- 

Ti mowmobani SeiZleboda amav mxareSi 

sxvaganac daZebniliyo. aq misi midgoma 

met-naklebad emTxveva amave peri odSi 

safrangeTSi SemuSavebul principebs. 

viole-le dYuks kargad icnobdnen inglisSi. 

1854 wels, mas, riBa-s sapatio 

wevrs, misi saqmiano bis aRiarebis niSnad, 

institutis oqros medali mianiWes. skoti 

aRfrTo vanebuli iyo profesor uilisis 

unariT, moeZebna rekonstruqciebisTvis 

saWiro arqeologiuri mowmobebi 

da am saxis samuSaos paleontologis 

saqmianobas adarebda. mas sjeroda, rom 

istoriuli Senoba, ganaTxari ConCxiviT, 

SeiZleba aRdgenil iqnas logikuri 

analogiebis safuZvelze. da mainc, igi 

Zalian kritikulad udgeboda sarestavracio 

saqmianobas saf rangeTSi. 

skotis midgoma restavraciisadmi 

bevri TvalsazrisiT hgavda vio le-ledYukisas; 

orive Tavisi drois yvelaze 

gavleniani arqiteqtor-res tavratori 

iyo, Tumca maTi nawerebi xSirad, Ti- 

Tqos, ewinaaRmdegeba ma Tive praqtikul 


saqmianobas. orivem _ skotma da violele-dYukma 

_ namd vi lad mniSvnelovani 

wvlili Seitana istoriuli nagebobebis 

konservaci is saqmeSi. miuxedavad amisa, 

rac unda èrTguli~ yofiliyo skoti 

Tavis restavraciebSi da ra xarisxiTac 

unda daecva mas istoriuli Senobis av- 

Tenturoba, mis nakeTebs misive Tanamedroveebi 

daufaravad akritikebdnen. 

igi TviTonac sakmaod obieqturi iyo, 

raTa eRiarebina is `danaSaulni~, rac 

Tavis sarestavracio moRvaweobaSi dau- 

Svia. Tumca skoti yovelTvis qadagebda 

`konservatizmi, konservatizmi da kvlav 

konservatizmi~-o, ro gorc prof. 

sidnei qolvini acxadebs, misa da mis 

mocileTa pri n cipebs Soris, TiTqos, 

gansakuTrebuli gansxvaveba ar unda yofiliyo. 

qolvini erTaderTi kritikosi 

rodi iyo da 1860-ian da 1870-ian wlebSi 

ànti-res tavraciis~ Zlierma moZraobam 

iwyo moRoniereba. 

6.4. dacva da restavracia avstriaSi 

XIX saukuneSi avstriis imperia centraluri 

evropis did nawils mo i cavda: 

dasavleTiT _ bohemias, avstrias, lombardias 

da venecias, aR mo savleTiT _ 

galicias, transilvanias da ungreTs, 

xolo samxreTiT, dal maciis sanapiros 

gayolebiT, dubrovniksa da kotoramde 

vrceldebo da. avstriaSi kulturul 

faseulobaTa dacvis Sesaxeb uadresi 

gankargu le bebi moZrav Zeglebs exeboda; 

pirveli maTgani, saarqivo masalebis 

Seg rovebisa da dacvis Taobaze, 1749 

wlis 12 agvistos iyo gacemuli dedofal 

maria-terezias mier da imav wels 

saxelmwifo arqivebi daaarses (Frodl, 

1988;181). XIX saukunis pirveli naxevris 

ganmavlobaSi, italiis, safrangeTis, inglisisa 

da prusiis gavleniT, imata yuradRebam 

siZveleTa da istoriul SenobaTa 

mimarT, rac aisaxa maTi dacvisTvis


gamiznul ramdenime ediqtSi, romlebic 

sagangebod krZalavda qveynidan xelovnebis 

nawarmoebebisa da antikvaruli 

nivTebis gatanas. nivTebis gatana Zveli 

cixe-darbazebidan da nangrevebidan 

1802 wels aikrZala (helfgott, 1979). 

XVIII saukunis bolo meoTxedidan SeiniSneba 

patriotizmis aRmav loba, ramac 

biZgi misca mravali sazogadoebis dafuZnebas 

kulturisa da xelovnebis mxardasaWerad. 

1833 wlidan eduard melim, 

romelic did ronis konsultanti iyo, 

scada venaSi `siZveleTa sazogadoebis~ 

(altertums verein) daarseba (rac, faqtobrivad, 

oci wlis mere moxda), istoriuli 

Se no bebisTvis saxelmwifos dacvis 

mopoveba; agreTve saTanado personalis 

mqone kulturis saministros, siZvele- 

Ta centraluri bYurosa da centra luri 

komisiis daarseba (Frodls, 1988:61ff). 

es winadadeba Zalin ZviradRire bulad 

iqna miCneuli da upiratesoba mieniWa 

fon prokeS-ostenis mier wardgenil 

sxva ganacxads, romelic prusiis mTavrobasTan 

konsultacie bis safuZvelze 

Camoyalibda berlinSi, sadac 1844 wels 

gamoqveynda ins truqciebi mTavari konservatorisTvis. 

Sesabamisad, 1850 wlis 31 dekembers, 

imperatorma xeli moawera brZa ne bulebas 

ìstoriuli Senobebis kvlevisa 

da konservaciis centraluri komisiis~ 

(Central-Commission zür Erforschung und Erbaltung 

der Baudenkmale) Seqmnis Ta o baze, 

karl CYorning fon CYonhauzenis (1804- 

89 ww.) xelmZRvanelobiT, ro melic 1863 

wels gadadga, xolo 1910 wlamde am movaleobas 

iozef aleqsandr fon helferti 

asrulebda. 206 1873 wels komisia 

gafarTovda da moicva `xelovnebis da 

istoriis yvela Zegli~ winaistoriuli 

206 uzenaesi dadgenileba, 31.Xii.1850, daarseba 

,,Central-Commission zur Erforschung und Erbaltung 

von Baudenkmalen”-sa, mogvianebiT ewoda: “K. 

k. Central-Commission zur Erforschung und Erbaltung 

der Kunst- und bistoriscben Denkmale’’. 

da antiku ri periodidan moyolebuli 

XVIII saukunemde. centraluri komisia, 

Ziri Ta dad, nebayoflobiT sawyisebze 

muSaobda. igi koordinacias uwevda sapatio 

konservatorTa muSaobas imperiis 

sxvadasxva nawilSi da miTiTeba hqonda, 

moepovebina yvela xelmisawvdomi kerZo 

Tanxa, maT Soris sazoga do e bebisac. sam- 

Seneblo uwyebebs sTxovdnen TanamSromlobas 

teqnikuri da x marebisa da azomviTi 

samuSaoebis Casatareblad, Tumca 

konservato rebs ar gaaCndaT iZulebis 

kanonmdeblobiT ganmtkicebuli meqanizmebi 

1911 wlamde, roca damtkicda 

am organizaciis axali debuleba. 1853 

wlis instruqciebis Tanaxmad, centraluri 

komisiis movaleobebi moicavda 

is toriuli Senobebis inventarizacias, 

dokumentirebas, sakanonmdeblo dac vas 

da sarestavracio proeqtebis damtkicebas. 

`Baudenkmal~-is (istoriuli Senoba, 

Zegli) iuridiuli gansazRvreba iyo: Senoba 

an adreuli nagebobebis naSTebi, 

romlebsac axlavs sagulis x mo (saintereso) 

istoriuli mogonebebi an gaaCnia 

mxatvruli Rirebu leba da romlebic 

ver gadaadgildeba Tavisi Tavdapirveli 

adgilidan da zianebis gareSe (instruktionen 

für die k.k Baubeamten). aseTi Zeglebi 

daculi unda yofiliyo yovelgvari 

ngervisa da dazianebisgan da yovelgvari 

cvli leba an gadakeTeba komisiasTan 

unda SeTanxmebuliyo. axal adgilze 

gadatanis SesaZlebloba ganixileboda 

mxolod sagangebo viTarebaSi an da Tu 

sakonservacio qmedebebi warumatebeli 

gamodgeboda. yvela SemTxve vaSi, aucilebeli 

iyo Senobis zusti fiqsacia. 

restavracia, Cveulebriv, sistematuri 

movliT, nakerebis amolesviT, gawmendi- 

Ta da dazianebis Ta vi dan acilebiT unda 

Semofargluliyo. misaRebi SeiZleba yofiliyo 

im na wilebis dasruleba, romlebic 

sasicocxlo iyo originaluri 

ZeglisT vis, magram araviTar SemTxve-

vaSi `damaxasiaTebeli an stilisturi 

ele mentebis dasruleba, Tundac amgvari 

dasruleba suliskveTebiT am naS Tebs 

Seesabamebodes~. 207 ukanaskneli saxis restavracia 

ìSviaT SemTxve vad~ miiCneoda. 

komisiis pasuxismgeblobiT ganxorcielebuli 

pirveli in tervenciebi 1853 

wels ganxorcielda (mag., kefermarktis 

sakurTxeveli, zi be nikis kaTedrali da 

diokletianes sasaxle splitSi). yvela 

sares tavracio samuSao saguldagulod 

unda yofiliyo dokumentirebuli da 

gamoqveynebuli; 1856 wels komisiam gamoaqveyna 

Tavisi perioduli gamocemis 

mitteilungen-is pirveli nomeri da pirveli 

weliwadeuli (Jahrbuch). 

sapatio konservatorebi, Cveulebriv, 

keTilSobili da cnobili oja xebi 

dan iniSnebodnen; 1855 wels maTi ricxvi 

58-s Seadgenda, maT So ris iyvnen 

eduard fon zaheni da ignac kaiblingeri 

samxreTi avstriis Tvis; doqtori 

peter kandleri triestSi, vinsenc 

andrihi (viko andriCi) splitisTvis da 

matias graf Tuni trientisTvis. erTi 

yvelaze cnobili iyo adalbert Stifteri 

(1805-67 ww.), peizaJisti mxatvari, 

bunebismetyve lebis maswavlebeli da 

mwerali, romelic 1852 wels CrdiloeT 

avtriaSi daniSnes. misi saganmanaTleblo 

romanis Der nachsommer (nazafxulevs, 

1857 w.) Tema restavraciaa da man 

pirvelma miapyro farTo sazogadoebis 

yu radReba istoriuli Senobebisa da 

xelovnebis nawarmoebebis dacvas da restavracias. 

sizmriseul `nazafxulev~- 

Si warsulis xelovnebis na war moebebs 

aRadgenen awmyoSi, raTa maT kvlavac 

icocxlon da dagvatk bon. warsuls mni- 

Svnelovani adgili eniWeboda saganmanaTleblo 

proces Si _ sityva `Zveli~ 

gaxda `sworis~ an `mSvenieris~ sinonimi. 

TviT isto riac xelovnebis istorias da 

stilis grZnobas daukavSirda. romanSi 

207 konservatoris samoqmedo are. `movaleobani~ 

6. 


sur. 6.24. fridrix fon Smidtis (1825-91 

ww.) venis wm. stefanes taZris koSkebis 

aRdgenis proeqti. igi mis zedamxedvelad 

1863 wels dainiSna da uZRveboda xan grZ liv 

restavracias, Tumca faqtobrivad mxolod 

erTi koSki iqna aRdgenili (Österreichische 

nationalbibliothek, vienna) 

mox senebulia Stifteris zedamxedvelobiT 

Catarebuli erT-erTi pirveli 

samuSao, kerZod, kefermarktis sakur- 

Txevlis xis kankelis restavracia 208 . es 

restavracia, Tumca didi siyvaruliT da 

enTuziazmiT Catarebuli, si namdvileSi 

warumatebeli gamodga gamocdilebis 

naklebobis gamo _ saku r T xe veli sapniT, 

wyliTa da jagrisebiT gawmendis Sedegad 

dazianda. 

mTavari arqiteqtor-restavratori, 

208 stifter, 1853, ix. aseve: Killy. w.. ‘nachwort’ in 

stifter, a., 1978. Der nacbsommer, münchen, 732ff.


romelmac Zlieri zegavlena mo ax di na 

avstriis imperiaSi goTur aRorZinebasa 

da sarestavracio praqti kaze, fridrix 

fon Smidti (1825-91 ww.) iyo. igi 1843 

wlidan muSaobda kYol nis kaTedralze, 

aswavlida milanis akademiaSi (1857-59 

ww.), restav ra cia Cautara wm. ambrojios 

eklesias milanSi da san donatos _ 

murano Si. man SeimuSava proeqtebi vi- 

Cencas san jakomosi da agreTve milanis 

ka Tedrlis `goTizaciisTvis~. 1863 

wels igi dainiSna venis wm. stefanes 

taZris zedamxedvelad da uZRveboda 

mis xangrZliv restavracias, rome lic 

Spilebis aRdgeniT daiwyo. mis mier iqna 

restavrirebuli Senobebis didi raodenoba 

mTel qveyanaSi, karlStainis cixedarbazis 

(1870 w.), zagrebis kaTedralis 

(1875 w.), klosternoYburgisa da praRis 

wm. vitis ka Tedralebis CaTvliT. 

miuxedavad imisa, rom sapatio konservatorebi 

Tavisi saqmianobiT amayobdnen, 

isini `dilettanti~ iyvenen da, Tumca 

pativs scemdnen istoriul xa siaTs, 

aqcenti mainc Zveli formebis romantikul 

aRorZinebaze keTde boda. romantizmisa 

da Historismus-is am epoqaSi 

uamravi restavracia umete sad skotisa 

da viole-le-dYukis magaliTiT iyo 

STagonebuli. amave dros, grZeldeboda 

kvleva da dokumentireba da am period- 

Si mniSvnelov nad gaizarda codna istoriuli 

xuroTmoZRvrebis Taobaze. 

6.5. stilisturi restavracia 

italiaSi 

italiis kanonmdebloba, ZiriTadad, 

klasikur Zeglebs exeboda, Tum ca XV 

saukunidan moyolebuli ramdenime br- 

Zaneba Sua saukuneebis Seno be bis dasacavadac 

gaica 209 . sazogadod miRebuli 

209 papis saufloSi winandeli gankargulebebi 

1802 da 1820 ww.-is ediqtebSi ganaxlda, 

xolo 1821 w.-s gaaZlieres siZveleTa 

iyo SenobaTa dasruleba im dros arsebuli 

stiliT, rogorc es ramdenime mni- 

Svnelovani taZris da savleTi fasadis 

aRdgenis proeqtebiT Cans (mag., milanis 

kaTedrali, bo loniis san petronio, santa 

kroCe da kaTedrali florenciaSi) 

(wittkower, 1974). istoriuli Senobis gadakeTebis 

tradicia im dros miRe bu li 

stiliT XIX saukunis dasawyisSi jerac 

cocxali iyo, mag., juzepe va ladYem au- 

Sena neo-klasikuri fasadebi san pantaleos 

da wm. mociqulTa eklesiebs rom- 

Si. goTuri aRorZinebis aRmavlobasTan 

erTad es midgoma Tan daTanobiT Seicvala. 

1823 wels san paolo fuori le mura-s 

adreqris tianuli bazilika xanZris 

gamo sastikad dazianda. misi aRdgenis 

proeqti valadYem moamzada, romelsac 

ar surda aslis ageba, aramed SesTavaza 

ga darCenili transeptisa da afsidis 

SenarCuneba, xolo mTlianad bazili kis 

Tanamedrove stiliT dasruleba. mar- 

Talia, imZlavra sxva midgomam da 1825 

wels papma leo XII-m gadawyvita damwvari 

nawili misi Tavdapir veli formiT aRedginaT. 

1831 wels samuSaoebi paskuale 

belim (1752-1833 ww.) daiwyo, xolo 1869 

wels luiji poletim (1792-1869 ww.) daasrula. 

210 

komisioneris uwyeba. igive veneciaSi 1818 

w.-s avstriis xelisuflebam gaakeTa, sadac 

daarsda `Com mis sio ne artistica per la tutela delle 

opere d’arte di interesse pubblico”. lombardiaSic 

Catarda eklesiebSi myofi xelovnebis nawarmoebebis 

dacvis RonisZiebebi. toskanaSi, 

piriqiT, msgavsi mizandasaxulobis ediqti 

1780 w.-s gaauqmes. TviT italiis gaerTianebis 

Semdegac, 1860-70-ian ww.-mde calkeul 

mxareeb Si Tavidan winandeli kanonebi mtkicdeboda, 

vidre ar Seiqmna erTiani administracia 

da saukuneTa mijnaze axal 

kanonmdeblobas SemoiRebdnen. 

210 raskinze _ man eklesia rekonstruqciis 

damTavrebisas inaxula _ bazi likis interierma 

didi STabeWdileba moaxdina da 

miiCnia, rom is `keTil Sobilurad da guldasmiTaa 

Sesrulebuli~ (ruskin, 1849). sxvani 

kidev metad `raskinianelni~ iyvnen da

sur. 6.25. florenciis kaTedralis mTavari 

fasadi aSenda emilio de fabrisis proeqtis 

mixedviT, romelmac 1868 wlis konkursSi 

gaimarjva 

Sua saukuneebis nagebobaTa pirvel 

restavraciebs Soris iyo kremo nas ratuSa, 

romelic iqamde klasikuri stiliT 

gadakeTda. 1840 wels igi Ta visi 

Tavdapirveli stiliT aRadgines. 1848- 

50 wlebSi san pietros ekle sias trentoSi 

axali goTuri fasadi gaukeTda, 

romelic pietro selva tiko estensem 

(1803-80 ww.) daaproeqta da es goTuri 

aRorZinebis pirveli mniSvnelovani nimuSi 

iyo italiaSi. estensem imogzaura 

germaniasa da in g lisSi da germanuli 

romantizmiT iyo STagonebuli. igi miznad 

qristia nul azrovnebasTan Tanxmie- 

erCivnaT nangrevi adreuli qristianobis 

Zeglad darCeniliyo (Ceschi, 1970:62). 


sur. 6.26. sienis kaTedralis restavracia 

xorcieldeboda j. d. partinis mier 1865 

w.-dan 1895 w.-s mis gardacvalebamde. igi 

dasavleTi fasadis qandakebebis ganaxle ba sac 

moicavda 

ri erovnuli xuroTmoZRvrebis Seqmnas 

isaxav da da mxars uWerda Sua saukuneebis 

italiur stilebs, rogorc yvelaze 

Sesaferiss, radgan es iyo xalxis WeSmariti 

gamoxatuleba. 1850-1856 wleb Si 

igi veneciis akademiis profesori iyo 

da mis mowafeTa Soris iyo kami lo boito, 

romelmac igi akademiaSi Secvala. 

1840 wels momzadda florenciis 

santa kroCesa da santa maria dei fiores 

eklesiaTa daumTavrebeli dasavle- 

Ti fasadebis axali proeqtebi. ni kolo 

matam moamzada proeqtebi santa-kro- 

CesTvis _ erTi, 1837 wels, neo-klasikur 

stiliT da meore, 1854 wels, toskanuri 

goTikis stiliT. es ukanaskneli daedo


safuZvlad 1857-62 wlebSi ganxorcielebul 

samuSa o ebs. b. mulerTan erTad manve 

moamzada proeqtebi santa-maria dei 

fio res taZrisTvisac da axali fasadis 

ganxorcielebis mxardamWeri gaerTi anebis 

wevri iyo (Beltrami, 1900:50). 1859 

da 1868 wlebs Soris Catarda sami arqiteqturuli 

konkursi, romelTa konsultantebi 

selvatiko da viole-ledYuki 

iyvnen. am konkursebs Tan sdevda 

polemikuri debatebi yvelaze Sesaferisi 

stilis Taobaze. gamarjvebuli, emilio 

de fabrisi (1808-83 ww.), florenciis 

akademiis arqiteqturis profesori, 

iZulebuli iyo ram denjerme werilobiT 

daecva Tavisi proeqti 211 . 

florenciis konkursis erTi umTavresi 

minawile juzepe dome ni ko partini 

(1842-95 ww.), axalgazrda sieneli arqiteqtori 

iyo, romelmac 1861 wels daam- 

Tavra sienis akademia, sadac mogvianebiT 

profesorad muSaobda. (Buscioni, 1981). 

1865 wlidan gardacvalebamde igi sienis 

kaTedralze muSa ob da, anaxlebda da restavracias 

utarebda Senobis arsebiTad 

yvela na wils, dasavleT fasadze jovani 

pizanos qandakebebisa da interierSi 

cno bili mozaikuri iatakis CaTvliT. 

am restavraciam mis mxardamWereb Sic 

ki erTgvari Secbuneba gamoiwvia. isini 

Ciodnen, rom Tumca Zveli ni muSebi yovelTvis 

da yovel detalSi zustad iqna 

reproducirebuli, fa sa di winandelisgan 

sruliad gansxvavebuli aRmoCnda 

(rubini, 1879; Buscioni, 1981:44). interierSi 

yvela `dekadenturi~ barokuli danamati 

moixsna (aseve gakeTda florenciis, 

pizisa da arecos kaTedralebSi), raTa 

aRdgenili yo filiyo `misi Tavdapirve- 

211 varaudobdnen, rom Tavdapirveli fasadis 

naSTebi 1657 w.-s moangries ek lesiisTvis 

klasikuri fasadis misaSeneblad; es aRar 

ganxorcielda da fasadi freskiT 1688 w.-s 

moxates. aRaravis Seumowmebia igi 1871 w.mde, 

ro desac baTqaSis qveS naxes da Semdgom 

daangries Tavdapirveli Suasaukunovani 

naSenoba. 

sur. 6.27. sienis kaTedralis qandakebaTa 

rCeuli originalebi 1870 wels daarsebul 

museo dell’opera metropolita-Sia ganTavsebuli. 

li mSveniereba~ (Buscioni, 1981:45). romanuli 

Se no bebis restavraciisas partini 

afasebda maT `xnovanebas~ (vetusta) da 

`da u in tereseblad~ da guldasmiT epyroboda 

maT. goTur Senobebze muSaobisas 

ki, piriqiT, is Tavis SemoqmedebiT 

unars srul Tavisuflebas aZlev da da 

ase iyo sienis kaTedralis SemTxvevaSic. 

xelos nobiT misi gatace ba imas iwvevda, 

rom igi Senobebs freskebiT, mozaikebiT, 

liTonmqanda keblobiT da a.S. amkobda. 

Tanamedrove kritikosebi xazs usvamdnen, 

rom mis namuSevrebSi xdeboda warsulisa 

da awmyos, rogorc erTi da imave 

re a lobis, gaazreba da igi ìstoriuli 

drois miRma, meTodis erTgvari identu

obiT~ muSaobda (Buscioni, 1981:9). bevri 

misi namuSevari Suasaukuno v nad miiCnies 

da igi Zvirad Tu ixsenieba arqiteqturis 

istorikosTa mier. 

veneciis avstriulma xelisulebam 

1815-1866 wlebSi ramdenime msxvili 

proeqti wamoiwyo, maT Soris sarkinigzo 

xidisa da navsadgurisac. 1843 

wels, san-markoSi da doJebis sasaxleSi 

grZelvadiani sarestavracio programa 

daiwyo. 1856 wels san-markosTvis specialuri 

fondi daarsda da samuSaoebis 

warmoebisTvis selvatiko moiwvies. misi 

winadadedbebi Seno bis `movlis~ Taobaze 

1859 wels gamoqveynda (Dalla Costa, 

1983:24), isini moi cavda radikalur konstruqciul 

gamagrebas rkinis jaWvebiT, 

agreTve Zve li mozaikebis, kapitelebisa 

da svetebis bazisebis restavracias. XVI 

sa u kunis Zenos kapela Senobis danar- 

Cen nawilebTan `SeuTavseblad~ iyo mi- 

C neuli da gadawyda misi dangreva. 1860 

wels samuSaoebze pasuxismgeb loba dae- 


kisra jiovani batista medunas (1810-80 

ww.), romelmac 1836 wlis xanZris Semdeg 

aRadgina da neo-rokokos stiliT 

restavracia Cautara Zvel `La Fenice”-s 

Teatrs veneciaSi. medunam san-markos 

CrdiloeT mxares 1865 wlamde, samxreT 

mxares ki 1875 wlamde imuSava. mogvianebiT, 

sxva sa mu Saoebi dasavleTi fasadisa 

da mozaikuri iatakisTvisac daisaxa. es 

re s tavracia bevrs moswonda. viole-ledYukma, 

romelic 1837 wels imyofebo da 

veneciaSi, aRwera, Tu rogor irweoda 

da ibzareboda mTeli nageboba da rogor 

hgavda igi `Zvel pontons, romelic 

ganwiruli iyo imave lagu naSi CasaZirad, 

romlidanac aRmocenda~ (viollet-le-Duc, 

1872,I:15). 1871 wels taZris xelmeored 

monaxulebis mere, man miuloca venecielebs, 

romleb mac ar dakarges gambedaoba 

da arsebiTad miiCnies im samuSaoebis 

Catare ba, romlebic Senobis mdgradobas 

da dRegrZelobas uzrunvelyofda.

7 

konservacia 

Tanamedrove konservaciis arsi axlebur 

istoriul cnobierebas da kulturuli 

mravalferovnebis aqedan momdinare aRqmas 

daefuZna. belori da vinkelmani, 

Tumc jerac tradiciuli cnebebiT azrovnebdnen, 

mainc uk ve acnobierebdnen 

Zveli xelovnebis nawarmoebTa istoriulobas. 

es mid go ma kidev ufro gamoikveTa 

im kritikisas, romelsac siZvele- 

Ta damcve le bi gamoTqvamdnen eklesiaTa 

klasikur yaidaze ganaxlebis mimarT 

(rac 1790-ian wlebSi inglisSi da 1830ian 

wlebSi safrangeTSi mimdinareobda), 

Semdeg ki romantizmis epoqaSi, rodesac 

RirebulebaTa fardobiTobam da 

xe lovnebis idealuri da universaluri 

sazomis TandaTanobiTma gaqrobam maxvili 

xelovanis individualurobasa da 

SemoqmedebiTobaze gadaatanina. XIX saukunis 

Sua xanebSi kritika _ amJamad jon 

raskinis meTaurobiT _ mi marTuli iyo 

stilisturi restavraciis, xSirad nebismieri 

ganaxlebisa da istoriuli qsovilis 

rekonstruqciis winaaRmdeg. uilYam 

morisisa da `Zveli Senobebis dacvis 

sazogadoebis~ ZalisxmeviT konservaciis 

moZrao ba sazRvargareTac gavrcelda 

_ safrangeTSi, germanulenovan qveyneb- 

Si, sa berZ neT Si, italiaSi da sxva kontinentebzec 

ki, mag., indoeTSi. dasawyi 

s Si konservacia kritikul moZraobas 

winamZRvrobda, Semdeg ki TandaTan aRiarebul 

iqna istoriuli Senobebisa da 

xelovnebis nimuSebis dacvis sferoSi 

Tanamedrove midgomad da, aqedan gamomdinare, 

movla-patronobis da konservaciuli 

SekeTebis politikis mTavar 

ganmsazRvrelad. 

214 

7.1. jon raskinis konservaciis 

principebi 

anti-restavraciuli moZraoba arqiteqtor-restavrato 

rebs SenobaTa istoriuli 

avTenturobis ganadgurebas uwunebda 

da maTi dacvis, konser va ciisa 

da movlisTvis ibrZoda. am moZraobis 

Tavkaci jon raskini (1819-1900 ww.) iyo, 

sur. 7.1. jon raskini (national Portrait Gallery)

omlis maxvili mzera da mware kalami 

aaSkaravebda da gmob da yvela saxis 

restavracias. amis Sedegad inglisur 

enaSi sityva `res tavracia~ raRac negatiuris 

aRmniSvneli gaxda da mas Tanda- 

TanobiT Caenacvla sityva `konservacia~, 

xolo TviT es moZraoba `konservaciuli 

moZraoba~ gaxda. raskini istoriul Senobas, 

mxatvrobas an qandakebas ga ni xilavda 

rogorc xelosnis an xelovanis 

unikalur qmni lebas konk retul istoriul 

konteqstSi. amgvari WeSmariti 

xelovne bis nawarmoebi piradi msxverplSewirvis 

Sedegi iyo; igi efuZneboda 

ada mianis mier bune baSi RvTaebrivis 

aTinaTad arsebuli mSvenierebis aRqmas. 

xnovaneba Tavis Ta vad matebs mSvenierebas. 

amitom siZvelis niSnebs ganvixilavT 

arsebiT Se madgenlad obieqtisa, romlis 

mSveniereba `mwifed~ mxolod ramdenime 

sa u kunis Semdeg Tu CaiTvleba. 

miiRo ra Sinauri ganaTleba SeZlebul 

ojaxSi, raskinma mravali klasikuri 

mwerali da filosofosi waikiTxa, 

gansakuTrebiT ki Tomas kar lailiT 

iyo dainteresebuli. is did dros uTmobda 

dedasTan erTad bibliis Seswavlas 

da mis mSoblebs misi episkoposad 

xilva gauxardebo daT. amis nacvlad igi 

xelovnebis kritikosi da Teoretikosi 

gaxda. igi Cinebuli grafikosi da fermweri 

iyo, aseve Cinebuli maswavlebelic. 

igi bevrs mogzaurobda, gansakuTrebiT 

xangZlivad italiaSi. misi nawerebi mdidari 

iyo ideebiT, xSirad polemikuri, 

enis srulad flobis maCvenebe li; mis 

publikaciebSi ganixileboda mravalferovani 

Temebi, xelovnebisa da arqiteqturis, 

istoriisa da geologiis, 

socialuri da politikuri sa kiTxebis 

CaTvliT. xelovnebaze misi mTavari naSromebia: 

`Tanamedrove mxatvrebi~-s xuTi 

tomi (1843-60 ww.); `veneciis qvebi~-s sami 

tomi (1851-53 ww.) da `xuroTmoZRvrebis 

Svidi lampari~ (1849 w.). ukve zrdasruls, 

mas re ligiaSi eWvi Seepara da azrovneba 

konservacia 215 

gadausxvaferda. literaturuli mo Rvaweoba 

man daasrula avtobiografiiT, 

`Praeterita” (1885-89 ww.), romelSic misi 

goneba SerCeviT midi-modis im adgilebSi, 

romlebmac netareba mia niWes da 

sruldeba sienis karibWesTan, xedavs ra 

`cicinaTelebs mTel ca ze, aRma-daRma 

moZrav Rrublebs, elvasTan Sereuls da 

varsklavebze Tva lismomWrels.~ 

raskins konservaciis Teoria ar Seuqmnia, 

magram man istoriuli Se no bebisa 

da obieqtebis Rirebulebani da mniSvnelovneba 

ufro mkafiod ga n sazRvra, 

vidre vinmem manamde da amiT safuZveli 

daudo Tanamdrove konservaciis filosofias. 

mis nawarmoebebs Soris `restavraciasTan~ 

mi marTebiT klasikurad mieTiTeba 

`xuroTmoZRvrebis Svidi lampari~. es 

iyo misi wvlili zogadad arqiteqturis 

Rirebulebebisa da Tvisebebis gansazRvrebis 

Sesaxeb kamaTSi, xolo mTavari 

maxvili aq istorizmze mo dis. lamprebs, 

anu saxelmZRvanelo principebs, raskini 

gansazRvravs rogorc: msxverplSewirva, 

WeSmariteba, Zalaufleba, mSveniereba, 

sicocx le, mexsiereba da morCileba. 

skotisgan is imiT gansxvavdeboda, rom 

moi T xovda istoriuli arqiteqturis materialuri 

utyuarobis absolutur dacvas. 

namdvili Zegli da ara misi Tanamedrove 

aslia eris WeSmariti me m kvidreoba 

da warsulis saxsovari. am moTxovnas mivyavarT 

Semoqmedebi Ti suliskveTebisa 

da sixarulis sakiTxTan, rac ostatobis 

xarisxis wi na pirobaa. Svidi lampari 

moiazreboda raskinis mier, rogorc Svidi 

fun damenturi kanoni, romelic unda daecva 

yvela Segnebul xuroTmoZRvarsa da 

mSenebels. saTauris idea misi sayvareli, 

119 fsalmunidan, modis: 

sanTel ars ferPTa CemTa hsjuli Seni 

da naTel-alagTa CemTa... da vimkvidre 

wamebani Senni ukunisamde, rameTu sixarul 

arian guli sa Cemisa. movidrike 

guli Cemi yofad samarTalTa SenTa 

ukunisamde...


istoriuli Senobis an xelovnebis nawarmoebis 

restavrireba, ma Sinac ki, rodesac 

imave istoriuli epoqis meTodebia 

gamoyenebuli, Tun dac Zalian èrTgulad~, 

yvela SemTxvevaSi mainc Zveli 

formebis axali ma saliT reproducirebas 

da, Sesabamisad, im unikaluri, avTenturi 

nawar moebis ganadgurebas niSnavda, 

rogoric is misma Semoqmedma xelovanma 

Se qm na da rogorc is drom da istoriam 

cvales. `mexsierebis lamparSi~ raskini 

acxadebda: 

àrc sazogadoebas da arc imaT, vinc sazogadoebriv 

Zeglebze zru n avs, ar esmiT 

sityva restavraciis WeSmariti sazrisi. 

is gulisx mobs srul, totalur 

ganadgurebas, romlis mere aRaraviTari 

naS Ti rCeba; ganadgureba, romelsac Tan 

sdevs ganadgurebulis fari sev lu ri 

aRwera…... modiT nu visaubrebT amitom 

restavraciaze. es aris tyuili Tavidan 

bolomde. Tqven SegiZliaT gaakeToT Senobis 

modeli _ aseve sxeulisac _ da 

Tqven models SesaZloa hqondes SigniT 

Zveli kedlebis naWuWi, iseve rogorc 

Tqvens yalibs hqondes ConCxi, Tumca 

me amaSi veraviTar upiratesobas vxedav 

da is arc ma dardebs: Zveli Senoba 

dangreulia da Tanac ufro srulad da 

umowyalod, virde mtvris grovaSi rom 

danTqmuliyo an Tixis masa Si gadamdnariyo. 

gaukacrielebuli ninevia mets 

getyviT, vidre aRd ge nili milani.~ 

igi ganasxvavebda Senobas da arqiteqturas: 

`Senoba~ iyo faqtiuri, ganzraxuli 

funqciis moTxovnilebaTa Sesabamisi 

nageboba; àrqiteqtu ris~ sazrunavi 

ki, piriqiT, naSenis is niSnebia, 

romlebic misi Cveuleb rivi gamoyenebis 

maRla da miRmaa da amitomac mas 

gansakuTrebul Tvise bebs aniWebs. igi 

gansazRvravda amas `msxverplSewirvis 

lamparSi~: àrqi teq tura xelo v nebaa, 

romelic ise ganalagebs da amkobs adaminis 

mier aRmarTul nebis mi eri daniSnulebis 

Senobas, rom maT xilvas Seu- 

Zlia Sematos mas gone bis sijansaRe, 

Zliereba da netareba~. aq xazgasmulia 

mxatvruli damuSa ve ba, rac aZlierebs 

Senobis esTetikur mimzidvelobas. raskini 

pirveli iyo, vinc gamokveTa ornamenti 

arqiteqturuli mTlia nobis konteqstSi. 

me o re mxriv, mas esmoda, rom 

karg xuroTmoZRvrebas kar gi aSeneba 

esaWi ro e boda da, Tumca uyvarda am ori 

aspeqtis gansx vaveba, mainc maT erTad, 

er Ti mTlianobis Semadgenlebad xedavda. 

xuroT moZRv rebas igi sxvadasxva 

doneze Wvretda, dawyebuli mTliani 

sivrciTi da kompoziciuri agebiT da 

damTavrebuli umciresi detalebiTa da 

masa lis SerCeviT (unrau, 1978). roca is 

ngrevasa da restavraciaze saubrobda, 

igi arqiteqturuli Sem kulobis saboloo 

gasrulebaze fiq rob da da amtkicebda, 

rom Tu es bo lo naxevari inCi 

daikarga, veraviTari restavracia ve- 

Rar daabrunebs mas. 

7.1.1. goTikis buneba 

misi naSromis `veneciis qvebi~ erT-erT 

TavSi, `goTikis buneba~, mocemulia arqiteqturis 

miseuli gagebis sakvanZo 

elementebi da miseuli warmodge na 

Sua saukuneebis ostatebis midgomaze 

Tavisi amocanis da saqmianobis mimarT. 

arqiteqtura SeiZleba SevadaroT mineralebs, 

vinaidan orive SeiZ leba ori 

aspeqtiT aRviqvaT: mineralebis erTi 

aspeqti garegnulia, anu kris taluri 

forma, simkvrive da sikriale, meore ki 

Sinagani, anu mis Se ma d genel atomebTan 

dakavSirebuli. arqiteqturasTan mimarTebiT 

ki, wers igi: 

`zustad aseve, Cven vnaxavT, rom go- 

Tur xuroTmoZRvrebas aqvs ga reg nuli 

formebi da Sinagani elementebi. es elementebi 

mSeneblebis garkveuli mentaluri 

midrekilebania, masSi naTlad 

gamoxatuli: fa n tas tikuroba, mravalferovnebis 

siyvaruli, mdidrulobis

siyva ru li da amisTanani. misi garegnuli 

formebia Seisruli TaRebi, ka marovani 

gadaxurvebi da sxv. da Tu orive 

ar gveqneba _ elementebi ca da formebic, 

Cven ar gvaqvs ufleba davarqvaT am 

stils goTuri. ar aris sakmarisi, rom 

mas aqvs forma, Tu amave dros ara aqvs 

Za la da sicocxle. ar aris sakmarisi, 

Tuki mas aqvs Zala, Tu ara aqvs forma. 

amitom yvela es niSani Tanmimdevrulad 

unda gamovikv li oT; da jer ganvsaz- 

RvroT, ra aris goTuri arqiteqturis 

goneb ri vi gamoxatuleba da meore, ra 

aris misi materialuri forma, ra Ta 

saxeli sworad davarqvaT.~ 

man gansazRvra goTikis damaxasiaTebeli 

niSnebi anu moraluri ele mentebi: veluroba, 

cvlilebis siyvaruli, bunebis 

siyvaruli, aRgzne buli warmosaxva, Seupovroba 

da didsulovneba, mniSvnelobaTa 

swored am TanmimdevrobiT. arqiteqturul 

Semkulobas igi sam kategoriad 

yofda: 

1. monuri ornamenti, sadac daqvemdebarebuli 

muSis namuSevari mTlianad 

emorCileba wamyvani ostatis 

inteleqts; 

2. arsebiTi ornamenti, sadac Semsruleblis 

daqvemdebarebuli Zala garkveul 

donemde emansipirebuli da 

damoukidebelia; 

3. revolYuciuri ornamenti, sadac 

Sem sruleblis araviTari daqvemdebareba 

ar aris miRebuli. 

pirvel kategorias ganekuTvneba ber- 

Znuli, nineviuli da egvipturi arqiteqtura, 

sadac ornamentebi geometriuli 

naySis midevnebiT da mkac ri kontrolis 

qveS sruldeboda. meore tipis ornamentebi 

iyo Sesrule bis Sinagani Tavisuflebisa 

da SemoqmedebiTobis Sedegi, 

rogorc es Sei Z leba goTur arqiteqturaSi 

vnaxoT, romlis keTilSobili 

xasiaTi ara ha vis, aramed religiuri 

principebis gamoxatulebaa. mesame ti- 


pis ornament ebi iZebneba renesansSi, 

`romelic yovelgvari keTilSobili 

xuroTmoZR v rebis gamanadgurebeli iyo~ 

(tomi 1, XXI:XIV). 

qristianobam, aRiara ra yoveli sulis 

individualuri Rirebuleba da, 

amavdroulad, moinania sakuTari arasrulyofileba, 

sruliad aRmo fxv ra 

monoba WeSmaritad qristianul xuroTmoZRvrebaSi. 

Tu xelosans eZleva warmosaxvis, 

fiqris, risame marTlac Rirebulis 

gakeTebis mcde lobis neba, 

maSin meqanikuri daxvewiloba qreba; da 

Tundac ram SeeSa los, igi amavdroulad 

izrdeba kidec da mTel im didebulebas 

gamoav lens, rac potenciuradaa 

masSi Cadebuli. rogorRa unda mivmar- 

ToT xe lo sans dRes, raTa garja Rirseuli 

da gamakeTilSobilebeli iyos? 

Za lia nac advilad, gvarwmunebs raskini, 

martivi wesebis dacviT: àrasdros waaqezo 

raime iseTis gakeTeba, rac ar 

aris sruliad aucilebeli, ris ke Te baSi 

warmosaxvas araviTari wvlili ar aqvs. 

arasdros moiTxovo zed miwevniToba 

zedmiwevniTobisTvis, aramed mxolod 

raime praqtikuli an ke TilSobiluri 

miznisTvis. arasdros misce mxari raime 

saxis imitacias an kopirebas, Tu ara 

mxolod diadi nawarmoebebis asaxulobis 

SesanarCuneb lad (t.2 VI:XVII). raskini 

mouwodebda xalxs, kidev erTxel SeexedaT 

kaTedralisTvis: 

ìsev wadiT, raTa SexedoT Zveli kaTedralis 

fasads, romlis wina Se ase xSirad 

geRimebodaT Zveli moqandakeebis 

fantastikur umec re ba ze: kidev erTxel 

daaTvaliereT es maxinji goblinebi da 

ufor mo monstrebi, es pirquSi qandakebebi, 

uxorconi da gaSeSebulni, mag ram 

nu dascinebT maT, radgan isini yoveli 

im qviTxuros sico cx lisa da Tavisuflebis 

niSania, vinc ki qva gamokveTa; 

fiqris Ta vi suflebisa da arsebulTa 

ierarqiaSi iseTi adgilisa, rogorsac 

verc kanonebi, verc qartiebi, verc mowyaleba 

uzrunvelyofs. magram romlis


SvilTaTvis dabruneba mTeli dRevandeli 

evropis umTavre si mizani unda 

iyos.~ (t.2, VI:XIV). 

raskini Tvlida, rom amienSi Zalian mniSvnelovani 

iyo im gzis swo ri SerCeva, 

romliTac mnaxveli kaTedrals moadgeboda, 

aseve garemos da arqiteqturu 

li Canafiqris ragvarobis gacnobiereba. 

igi urCevda mdina ris gaRma, 

borcvidan daewyoT, raTa daefasebinaT 

kaTedralis koSkis na m dvili simaRle 

da qalaqTan misi urTierTmimarTeba. 

kaTedralTan miax loebisas igi urCevda 

pirdapir samxreT transpetTan misvlas, 

vinaidan aqedan Sesvla yvelaze keTil- 

Sobil gancdas badebda, `transeptis 

navebis svetebi sakurTxevlisa da gverdiTi 

navebis svetebTan erTad war m tac 

jgufebs qmnis. garda amisa, afsidis simaRlec 

aqedan ukeT Cans, roca transeptidan 

Sua navSi gadasvlisas gadageSlebaT 

Tvalwin da ara, roca mas navis 

dasavleTi bolodan erTianad dainaxavT.~ 

(ruskin, 1897, iv:8). interieris safuZvlianad 

daTvalierebisa da kvlav gareT 

gamosvlis me re, mnaxvels saSualeba 

aqvs, Seadaros interieri da eqsterieri 

da ukeT daafasos kontrforsebisa 

da vitraJTa meseris sazrisi, romlebic, 

Ziri Ta dad, SigniTaa aRsaqmeli. Tu ar 

CavTvliT qandakebas, wers igi, franguli 

kaTed ra lis eqsterieri yovelTvis 

susti mxarea, `romelSic xedavT, ro - 

gorc iqseleba Zafebi, romlebic swori 

mxaris naySis sarCuls qmnis.~ 

7.1.2. sasoflo midamoebi 

raskins mTeli cxovreba gahyva uzomo 

aRfrTovaneba da siyva ruli bu nebisadmi, 

sadac mas srulyofili mSveniereba da 

RmerTis Tanayofna egu leboda. mas gansakuTrebiT 

uyvarda mTebi, kristalebi, 

mineralebi, ro m lebsac nawilobriv 

`Tanamedrove fermwerebis~ meoTxe 

sur. 7.2. koteji batermirSi, tbaTa regionSi, 

ilYustracia uilYam uordsuorTis wign Si 

`tbaTa megzuri~ (1835) 

tomi (1856 w.) mi uZRvna. misi nawerebi 

mniSvnelovani iyo rogorc bunebrivi 

peizaJis mi marT grZnobebis aRZvris, 

aseve, gansakuTrebiT, mkiTxvelisTvis 

Sesaba misi koncefciebis ganmartebisa 

da Camoyalibebis TvalsazrisiTac. 

axalgazr do baSi raskinze didi zegavlena 

iqonia uilYam uordsuorTis (1770- 

1850 ww.) tbebis mxarisadmi siyvarulma, 

mis mier mokrZalebuli kotejebis aRweram, 

romlebic TiTqosda bunebrivi 

kldeebidan amozrdilni da `yo ve live 

arsebulis sasicocxlo principis Sig 

gulSi ganTavsebulni~, amiT bunebis 

mSvidi mdinarebis gamomxatvelni iyo, 

romelic Taobidan Taobam de warmarTavda 

misi mobinadreebis cxovrebas (wordsworth, 

1835). 

`sacxovrisebi da maTi mimdebare saTavsebi, 

bevr SemTxvevaSi im bu ne b rivi qvis 

feria, riTic isinia aSenebuli; Tumca 

xSirad sacxov re be li, anu kerasaxli, 

rogorc mas Cveulebriv uwodeben, 

beRelis gan mouxeSavi SebaTqaSebiT da 

SeTeTrebiT gansxvavdeba, romlis fe radovneba, 

vinaidan mobinadreni ar Cqaroben 

mis ganaxlebas, ramde ni me weliwadSi, 

amindis gavleniT, erTdroulad ufro 

mqrqalic xde ba da ufro aWrelebulic.

Tumca es saxlebi dasaxlebuli iyo er- 

Tidaimave, mamidan Svilze gardamavali 

saqmianobiT dakavebuli ada mi a ne biT, 

garemoebebis cvlileba mainc iwvevda, 

raimegvari Seu Tav seb lobis gareSe, 

minaSenebs da damatebebs, romlebic 

yoveli mo m devno mkvidris moTxovnilebebs 

iyo morgebuli, romelic, rogorc 

wesi, mflobeli iyo da SeeZlo Tavis 

survilebs Tavisuflad ahoy loda.~ 

Tavis adreul naSromSi àrqiteqturis 

poezia~, raskini aRwerda da adarebda 

erTmaneTs kotejebisa da vilaTa arqiteqturis 

erovnul niS nebs inglisSi, 

safrangeTSi, italiasa da SveicariaSi, 

Tanac sagangebo yu radRebas uTmobda 

`xnovanebis Rirebulebas~ da `grZnobaTa 

erTianobas, yovelgvari moxdenilobis 

safuZvelsa da silamazis 

arss~. aRfrTovane biT uyurebda ra, Tu 

rogor zemoqmedebda inglisuri kotejis 

gaxunebu li silamaze warmosaxvaze, 

igi ganviTarebis gamo maT ganadgurebas 

nanob da. xelovnebis martivi formebis 

mimarT misi cxoveli interesi da aRfr- 

To vaneba gamovlinda, roca raskini 

stvenias budes akvirdeboda _ `gansakuTrebuli 

sinatifisa da momxiblao- 


sur. 7.3. jon raskini 

aRwerda selisberis 

kaTedralis ruxi 

kedlebis Crdilour 

xa siaTs, rogorc 

xmelTaSuazRvispireTis 

nagebobebisgan mis 

ganmasxvavebels 

bis CaxlarTul goTur amonazids~, 

romelic udavod didi siamovnebiT da 

ornamentuli formis miRebis ù Tuo mizandasaxulobiT~ 

gakeTda (ruskin, 1872). 

am saxis `budeTmSenebloba~ SeiZleba 

inaxos strasburgis Zveli saxlebis arqiteqturaSi, 

romlebic garemosa da 

saWiroebebs iyo misadagebuli da glexisTvis 

didi siamovne ba mohqonda. roca 

raskini saubrobda msxverplSewirvaze, 

romelsac arqi teqtorisa da mSeneblisgan 

moeloda, igi gulisxmobda, rom yovel 

maT gans araferi unda daeSurebina 

da arqiteqturis xaTriT yvela sxva siamov 

neba msxverplad Seewira. es moicavda 

adgilobriv xelmisawvdomi sam Se neblo 

masalis gamoyenebas, ama Tu im miznisTvis 

saukeTeso xarisxis SerCevas, raTa 

patiosani, WeSmariti wvlili Seetana Senobis 

esTetikur momxiblaobasa da gam- 

ZleobaSi. 

7.1.3. mSveniereba da cxovelxatuloba 

`mSveniereba~ raskinis cxovrebis arss 

warmoadgenda da Sinagani harmoniidan 

da simSvididan momdinareobda. sru


sur. 7.4. jotos kampanile florenciaSi 

raskinisTvis `mTis alebastris uSfoT vel 

simaRles~ ganasaxierebda 

lyofili mSveniereba Rmer Tis wiaR arsebobda 

da, rogorc RmerTis asaxva, 

bunebasa da xelov ne baSi vlindeboda. 

raskini mSvenierebas `tipiurad~ da `vitalurad~ 

yof da; pirvels formebi da am 

formebis Tvisebebi Seadgens, rogoricaa 

mag., gazneqili, mrudi xazebi; meores 

_ gamomsaxveloba, bedniereba da sicocxlis 

energia. arqiteqturaSi formebs 

is mSvenivrad miiCnevda, Tuki isi ni bunebidan 

momdinareobda, radgan adamians 

ar SeeZlo TviTon Seeqmna mSveniereba. 

klasikuri xuroTmo ZRvreba ar efuZneba 

bunebis mibaZvas (iseT detalebs Tu ar 

CavTliT, rog orc korinTuli kapitelia) 

da ar pa su xobs mSvenierebis moTxovnebs. 

renesansuli xuroTmoZRvreba, rogorc 

kla sikuris imitacia, uaryofili iyo 

ram denime gamonaklisiT (mag., rafae li 

da miqelanjelo). samagierod, goTika 

mTli anad efuZneba bunebriv formebs. 

qandakeba da ornamnetacia aq gaiazreboda, 

rogorc xuroTmoZRv rul mTlianobas 

ganuyofeli, Tumc ki mas daqvemdebarebuli 

nawili. de ta lizebis xarisxi 

damokidebuli iyo xedvis distanciaze. 

reliefuroba mi iRweoda Crdilis saTanado 

siRrmiT, xolo mravalferadovneba 

ki qvis bu neb rivi SeferilobiT. igi kargad 

grZnobda gansxvavebas goTikis sxvada 

sxva saxeobebs Sorisac, magaliTad, 

jotos kampanilesa da selisberis kaTedralis 

Sedarebisas: 

`gansxvaveba marTlac rom ucnauria, 

Tuki mas erTbaSad SevigrZ nobT. erTi 

mxriv, mwvane tbidan amoSverili muqi 

unayofo kldeebi viT wynari amwvanebuli 

sivrcidan amoziduli ruxi kedlebi, 

maTi mo u xeSavi, naZerwi xaoiani svetebiT, 

sammagi RiadebiT, yovelgvari saxiani 

meserebis an raime sxva ornamentis 

gareSe, garda mercxle bis budeebisa, 

meore mriv ki naTeli, gluvi, mziani 

zedapiri kaSkaSa iaspisa, spiraluri 

svetebi da jadosnuri naySebi, imdenad 

TeTri, im denad baci, imdenad kristaluri, 

rom maTi msubuqi siluetebi Zlivs 

ganirCeva aRmosavleTis fermixdili cis 

wyvdiadSi; mTis ale bastris uSfoTveli 

simaRle dilis RrubeliviT Seferili 

da zRvis niJarasaviT naWedi~. 

gamoTqma `cxovelxatuli~ xSirad gamoiyeneboda 

nangrevebad qceul SenobebTan 

mimarTebiT da `sayovelTao kvdomis~ 

aRsaniSnavadac ki. amas raskini `parazitul 

amaRlebulobas~ uwodebda. 

`cxovelxatuli~ misTvis mSvenierebisa 

da amaRlebulis SeerTebas niSnavda, rac 

xelovnebaSi sxva da sxva maxasiaTeblebsa 

da ganazraxSi aisaxa. goTuri qandakebis 

cxovel xatuloba imiT ganisazRvreboda, 

rom Crdilebi da Crdilebis masebi 

kom poziciur mTlianobaSi moiazreboda,

maSin roca klasikuri qandake baSi _ rogorc 

parTenonSi _ es ase ar iyo, radgan 

Crdilebi iq mxo lod gamosaxuli ambis 

gamosakveTad gamoiyeneboda. istoriul 

SenobebSi, Sem Tx veviTi, ngrevismieri 

cxovelxatuloba ar iyo mTavari; mTavari 

iyo `ke TilSobili cxovelxatuloba~, 

`drois es oqros damRa~, xnovanebis 

niSne bi masalaze, rac ganumeorebel 

xasiaTs aniWebs mas. imis gaTvaliswinebiT, 

rom aseTi midgomisas Senoba Tavis 

`saukeTeso mdgomareobas~ mxo lod 4-5 

saukunis mere miaRwevs, Zalian mniSvnelovani 

iyo samSeneblo ma salebis 

saTuTad SerCeva, raTa maT gamoqarvisTvis 

amden xans gaeZlo. `mex sierebis lampari~, 

garkveuli TvalsazrisiT, istoriul 

arqiteqtura ze raskinis msjelobis 

dagvirgvinebas warmoadgenda, gansakuTrebiT, 

ero v nul mniSvnelovnebasTan 

da sazogadoebis istoriaSi mis rolTan 

mimar TebiT. igi miuTiTebda, rom Tu gvsurs 

raime viswavloT warsulidan da 

Tu bedniereba gveweva momavalSi Cvenc 

vinmes vaxsovdeT, Cven gvesaWiroe ba mexsiereba, 

gvesaWiroeba raRac, rasac Cveni 

mexsiereba CaeWideba. poe zi is darad, 

xuroTmoZRvreba drois erT-erTi `dampyrobeli~ 

iyo da ras kini xazs usvamda 

Cven ZiriTad movaleobebs am TvalsazrisiT: 

pirveli, iseTi xarisxis xuroTmoZRvrebis 

Seqmna, romelic istoriuli 

gaxdeba da meore, `warsul droTa xuroTmoZRvrebis, 

rogorc uZvirfasesi 

namemkvid re vis SenarCuneba~ (VI: ii). 

rac Seexeba emociur faseulobebs, 

raskini `keTili adami a nis saxls~ misi 

mflobelis, misi cxovrebis, misi siyvarulis, 

gansacdelis, mexsierebis 

gansaxierebad miiCnevda; is ufro metad 

iyo misi memoriali, vidre rac ginda 

ram eklesiaSi dadgmuli; amitom misi 

Svilebis da maTi STamomavlebis movaleoba 

iyo misi movla, dacva da Senaxva. 

amas igi qri s tianobis amocanadac ganixilavda. 

RmerTi yvela ojaxSi myofobs da 


misi sakurTxevlis dangreva mkrexeloba 

iqneboda. Sesabamisad, saxli ekuTvnis 

mis pirvel mSenebels, is ar aris Cveni, 

TumcaRa is aseve ekuTvnis mis STamomavlobas, 

ase rom Cveni movaleobaa 

misi dacva, konservacia da Sem dgomTa 

CvenTaTvis gadacema. Cven ar gvaqvs 

ufleba momaval Taobebs da vakloT 

raime sargebeli, radgan adamianis erTi 

fundamenturi piroba wa r sulze dafuZnebulobaa. 

rac ufro didia da 

Sors mimavali miznebi, miT meti TviTuaryofa 

da Tavmdabloba gvesaWiroeba, 

raTa vaRiaroT, rom Cve ni mcdelobis 

Sedegebi CvenTa SemdgomTaTvis gaxdes 

xelmisawvdomi. xu roT moZRvreba, 

SefardebiT mudmivi, sxvadasxva bolovadi 

movlenis meS veobiT Seqmnis gangrZobiTobas, 

sxvadasxva epoqas daakav- 

Sirebs da eris iden tobas gaaZlierebs. 

aq SeiZleba albertisa da safrangeTis 

revolYu ciis naxmevi amovicnoT, romelic 

raskinma kidev ufro ganaviTara; 

igi aRar saubrobda calkeul erovnul 

Zeglebze, aramed erovnul xuroTmo- 

ZRvrul memkvidreobaze, sacxovrebeli 

arqiteqturisa da istoriuli qalaqebis 

CaTvliT. 

7.1.4. WeSmariteba da mexsiereba 

raskins sZulda imitacia; samSeneblo 

masalebi da samSeneblo meTo debi unda 

iyos is, rac sinamdvileSi aris, xolo 

arsebiTi _ Semqmnelis ga nazraxia. igi 

mxars uWerda tradiciul xelosnobas, 

radgan SiSobda, rom industrializacia 

adamians Tavisi saqmianobiT tkbobas 

gaaucxoebda da misi xelidan carieli 

da usicocxlo ram gamovidoda, sicocxlesa 

da `msxverplSewirvas~ moklebuli. 

mis werilebSi mravali furcelia, sadac 

is aRSfoTebas gamoTqvams xelovnebis 

nacnobi nawarmoebebis ganadgure bis, pizaSi 

jotos freskebis mospobis, vero-


naSi istoriuli Senobe bis Canacvlebis, 

veneciaSi ka d’oros ganaxlebis, jotos 

kampaniles `da na wevrebis da gawmendis~ 

gamoc ki. ra unda gakeTdes am SenobaTa 

is toriuli Rirebulebis SesanarCuneblad? 

1845 wlis ivnisSi raskini werda 

mamas: `me ase gavakeTebdi: dae, mouaron 

saukeTesod imas, rac aqvT da ro ca 

movla ukve veRarafers uSvelis, maSin 

jobs, acalon, misxal-misxal gaqres, vidre 

ganaaxlon igi~. es fraza, romelic 

man Semdgom `mexsiere bis lamparSi~ Car- 

To, arsebiTad raskinis `safirmo niSani~ 

gaxda. raskins uyvarda mkvaxe gamoTqmebi, 

raTa saTqmeli ufro TvalsaCino 

gamxdariyo. is sulac ar gulisxmobda, 

rom Zveli Senoba saerTod ar unda 

SekeT des. piriqiT, is, iseve rogorc 

Semdeg uilYam morisi, dabejiTebiT ur- 

Cevda Se nobis saTanado movlas, raTa 

Semdgom `restavraciis aucilebloba~ 

aeri debinaT, rac, samwuxarod, metismetad 

xSirad gamxdara gadakeTebis gamarTlebis 

sababi. (VI: xix). 

`zedmiwevniTi yuradRebiT Tvalyuri 

adevneT Zvel Senobas; saukeTe sod, nebismieri 

saSualebiT daicaviT igi Slis 

yovelgvari zemoqme de bis gan. daiTvaleT 

misi qvebi, rogorc gvirgvinis pa ti o san 

Tvlebs daiTvlidiT. daayeneT guSagebi 

mis garSemo, rogorc alyamodebul qalaqs 

dauyenebdiT, SekariT igi rkiniT, 

sadac moeSveba, SeuyeneT xis Zelebi, sadac 

gadmoixreba; nu idardebT, amgvari 

daxmareba Tu ar gelamazebaT.~ 

raskins aRelvebda urbanul garemoSi 

mimdinare ganviTareba da axali moednebis 

da ufro farTo quCebis mosawyobad 

Senobebis ngrevis kva lad, Zveli 

qalaqebis TviTmyofadobis dakargva. igi 

afrTxi lebda, ya l bi siamaye ar egrZnoT 

amis gamo da sanacvlod yuradRebas 

amaxvilebda im Rirebulebebze, rac 

Zveli qalaqis Zvel ubnebsa da bnel qu- 

Cebs ax lavs. istoriuli qalaqi mxolod 

calkeuli Zeglebisgan ki ar Sedgebo- 

sur. 7.5. raskinma mZafrad gaakritika ka 

d’oros restavrcaia veneciaSi sa fasado 

dekoris metismeti ganaxlebis gamo 

da, aramed sxvadasxva tipis nagebobebis, 

sivrceebisa da detalebis ansamb li 

iyo. igi xazs usvamda, rom istoriuli 

Senobebisadmi interesi iseT qveynebSi, 

rogoricaa safrangeTi da italia, imdenad 

calkeul mdidrul sasaxleebs 

ki ar emyareboda, aramed `maTTvis saamayo 

periodebis umcire si sacxovrisis 

naloliaveb da daxvewil morTulobas~ 

(VI: v). 

1854 wels raskini kristal palasis 

gaxsnaze sityvis warmosaTqme lad miiwvies 

da man es SesaZlebloba gamoiyena, 

raTa xelovnebis nawar moe bebisa da istoriuli 

Senobebis dacvisken moewodebina. 

mas nakleb aS foTebda parizSi axali 

quCebisa da bulvarebis gaWra, misi `br

wyinvale didebulebis Taviseburi xasiaTis~ 

gamo, is ki seriozulad adardebda, 

Tu ra zemoqmedebas moaxdenda es istoriul 

qalaqebze mTels evropaSi. man 

axsena Zveli normanuli saxlebi ruanSi, 

romlebic mTlianad unda ganaxlebuliyo 

da SeTeTrebuliyo, raTa SesabamisabaSi 

mosuliyo bolo dros aSenebuli 

sastumroebisa da ofisebis siaxlesTan. 

man agreTve dag mo meore imperiis 

dros safrangeTSi didi kaTedralebis 

restavracia, miuxedavad imisa, rom es 

viTomcda `maTematikuri sizustiTa~ da 

didi ostatobiT gakeTda. 

7.2. konservaciis politikis 

ganviTareba inglisSi 

raskinma wamoayena winadadeba, Seqmniliyo 

asociacia, romlis wevre bi moamzadebdnen 

moxsenebebs mTels qveyanaSi istoriuli 

Senobebis mdgo mareobis Taobaze 

da fondi, romelic Seisyidida safr 

TxeSi Cavardnil na gebobebs, an maT 

movlaSi mflobelebs rCeviT gauwevda 

daxmarebas; yove li ve amis dasawyebad 

man 25 girvanqa sterlingi gadaixada. 

àntikvarTa sa zogadoebam~ ganixila es 

idea da gaavrcela dokumenti, romelic 

Zveli eklesiebis ufro dacvis, 

vidre restavraciis principebs efuZneboda. 

mag ram saeklesio xelisuflebam 

es im pirTa Seuracxyofad miiRo, vinc 

uf lis sadideblad Zal-Rone ar dai- 

Sura misi saxlis gasaumjobeseblad da 

mzardi mrevlis moTxovnebis dasakmayofileblad 

(Evans, 1956:311). miuxeda vad 

imisa, rom arqeologiuri sazogadoebebi 

qveynis TiTqmis yvela na wil Si arsebobda, 

dacviT saqmianobaSi Carevis 

mowadineba jerjerobiT nak lebad Canda. 

Tumca kamaTi mainc daiwyo da arqeologiur 

da arqiteq turul sazogadoebebSi 

gamomsvlelni met yuradRebas aqcevdnen 

im meTo debs, romliTac SekeTeba da 


restavracia xorcieldeboda. lesterSi, 

1854 wlis maisSi, henri draidenma Semdegi 

gansazRvreba Semoitana: (Dryden, 1854): 

`restavracia SeiZleba ganisazRvros, 

rogorc raRacis miyvana im mdgomareobamde, 

romelSic is ar yofila, roca 

inaxa, magram SesaZ loa odesRac yofiliyo. 

bevrni, batoni raskinis msgavsad, 

uaryofen, rom arsebobs aseTi ram, 

restavracia. magram ganurCevlad imisa, 

ve Tan x mebiT me da Tqven b-n raskins, 

sazogadoebrivi azri miiCnevs, rom es 

Zveli Senobebi unda gamoyenebul iqnas 

sajaro mRvdelmsaxu re bisTvis da am 

azrs me suliTa da guliT veTanxmebi. 

da cxadia, rom Tu isini unda gamoyenebul 

iqnas, xSirad gaxdeba saWiro maTi 

Se ke Teba, zogjer ki rekonstruqciac. 

principi, romelsac me vadga var, imaSi 

mdgomareobs, rom motyuebas ar unda 

vcdilobdeT~. 

igi eTanxmeboda avTenturobis Senar- 

Cunebis princips, rom ar SeiZleba motyuileba, 

magram mas sjeroda, rom 

eklesiebi kvalavac moqme di unda iyos. 

igi urCevda, ar cdiliyvnen `Tavdapirveli~ 

formis aRd genas, romlisganac 

zogjer erTi kuTxeRa darCeniliyo, 

aramed saukeTe sos Tan miaxloebas dasjerebodnen. 

is Tvlida, rom SesaZlebelia 

cemen tis gamoyeneba dazianebuli 

nawilebis gasamagreblad maTi demonta- 

Jis ga re Se; mosaridebelia Camomtvreva 

da aseve sifrTxiliT unda ganexorciele 

binaT nakerebis amovseba. urCevda is 

ferweriani zedapirebis da vit raJebis 

fragmentebis SenarCunebasac. imis gaTvalisiwnebiT, 

rom ùsayvar lesi Tanamedrove 

stili~ maSin XIII saukunis goTika 

iyo, misi gamoyeneba didi sifrTxiliT 

unda momxdariyo, raTa Sexla-Semoxla 

da areuloba ar Camovardniliyo; 

draidens magaliTebic moyavs, ras unda 

eridon res tavraciisas: magaliTad, 

XIV saukunis maRalqanobiani saxuravis 

dadgmas XV saukunis kedlebze.


7.2.1 skotis gamoxmaureba raskins 

`mexsierebis lampris~ wakiTxvis mere 

skotma CaTvala, rom raskini masze bevrad 

konservatiuli yofila. igi sruliad 

gamarTlebulad miiC nevda restavraciaze 

uaris Tqmas antikuri qandakebebis 

an nangrevebad qce uli nagebobebis 

SemTxvevaSi, magram miuTiTebda, rom 

is Senobebi, rom lebic mxolod Zeglebi 

ki araa, aramed kvlavac gamoiyeneba, 

rogoricaa, ma galiTad, eklesiebi, 

SeuZlebelia dro da dro ar SekeTdes. 

meore mxriv, maT warsulSi ukve miadga 

ziani212 . 1862 wels man moamzada vrceli 

moxseneba riBa-s SexvedrisTvis, sadac 

kidev ufro daazusta Tavisi sabu Tia 

noba da raskinis proncipebis kidev 

ufro farTod gamoyenebas cdi lobda 

(scott, 1862). man Zveli arqiteqtura da 

arqiteqturuli naSTebi oTx kategoriad 

dayo: 

1. sruli siZvele, rogoricaa stounhenji; 

2. saeklesio an saero Senobebis nangrevebi; 

212 `batoni raskini, `mexsierebis lamparSi~ 

bevrad maWarbebs me konserva tizmiT, imdenad, 

rom TiTqmis ugamonaklisod gmobs 

restavraciis yovelg var mcdelobas, 

rogorc garduvalad damangrevels Zveli 

Zeglis sicoc x lisa da sinaRdisTvis…... 

magram, vai, rom ziani ukve miyenebulia; 

sauku novanma uyuradRebobam da SembRalavTa 

xelma ukve gaakeTes Tavisi saqme. 

Senoba ki raRac ufro metia, vidre mexsierebis 

Zegli, is aris taZari samyaros 

Semoqmedis Tayvaniscemisa da didebisa, vidre 

aRsasrulamde sof li sa; es movaleobis 

sakiTxia, iseve rogorc aucileblobisa, 

rom daS lis niSnebi da dazianebebi SekeTdes. 

Tumca ukeTesi iqneboda Semdegi Ta obisTvis 

maTi xel ux leblad gadacema, vidre 

upasuxismgebloTa xelSi ma Ti Cagdeba, romlebic 

mxolod Tavisi cbierebiT cdiloben 

dagvamaxsov ron Tavi, rodesac acxadeben, 

rom fiqroben qvebze da sionis mtverze 

dar doben~. (scott, 1850:120f; ‘note B’) 

3. Senobebi, romlebsac jerac iyeneben 

da 

4. Zveli naSTebis fragmentebi SedarebiT 

axal SenobebSi. 

man xazi gausva, rom bolo kategoria 

Seicavda sacxovrebeli arqi teqturis 

Rirebul fragmentebs, romlebsac didi 

praqtikuli mniSvnelo ba aqvs studentebisTvis. 

igi ar miiCnevda, rom 

pirveli kategoria raime problemebs 

warmoSobda, maSin roca meore, klimaturi 

pirobebis zegav le niT nagebobis 

swrafi Slis gamo, gadaudebel qmedebebs 

moiTxovda. aq igi urCevda raskinis 

receptis gamoyenebas anu kedlebis 

zeda nawilebis dacvas, sadac saWiroa, 

Cacementebas, Sekvras, bijgebis an, absoluturi 

auci leblobis SemTxvevaSi, 

kontr-forsebis dayenebas, oRond yovelive 

amis ise gakeTebas, rom nangrevis 

Tavda pirveli saxe da cxovelxatulo ba 

ar Secliliyo; amasTan, is amateb da, rom 

Tu raime saxis axali samu Sao gaxdeboda 

saWiro, ùkeTesi iqneboda, rom es axali 

mouxeSavi yofi liyo, Tanac Zveli masaliT 

gakeTebuli, magram araviTar SemTxvevaSi 

ar miCqmaluliyo, raTa mkafiod 

Candes, rom is mxolod Zveli nagebobis 

Se sanarCunebladaa damatebuli.~ 

rac Seexeba funqcionirebad nagebobebs, 

igi eTanxmeboda raskins, rom 

mTavari mizani unda yofiliyo, rac 

SeiZleba meti Zveli naxelavis xe luxleblad 

datoveba, Tumca aRiarebda, 

rom `Cven yvelani Seuracxmyo felni 

varT!~ imgvari restavraciis Tavidan 

asacileblad, romlis Semdeg sruli 

`sicariele~ rCeba da im mizniT, rom 

Senobas istoriuli masalis maqsimumi 

SerCes, igi iZleoda rekomendacias, 

rom idealur SemTxvevaSi, restavracia 

nabij-nabij da xelis cecebiT `Catarebuliyo... 

ufro grZnobiT gzis mosinjviTa 

da umciresi sakeTeblis ZiebiT 

da ara gabedu li sistemis miyoliT.~ 

igi saWirod miiCnevda samuSaos ganxor-

cielebas mcire dakveTiT da ara erTi 

farTomasStabianiT; arqiteqtorisTvis 

ki _ ga nexorcielebina kvleva da àbsoluturad 

zusti naxazebi yvelafer mikv 

leulis da yvela mopovebuli mowmobidan 

gamotanili marTebuli STax vedris 

zedmiwevniTi aRweriTurT, raTa, 

sabolood, SesZleboda (met-nak le bi 

uTuobiT) qaRaldze aRedgina dakarguli 

da nawilobriv mignebuli formebi; 

es yvela SemTxvevaSi Zalze sasargeblo 

iqneba, xolo Tuki de facto restavracia 

odesme momavalSi daigegmeba, sruliad 

fasdaudebeli gaxdeba~ (scott, 1862:73 ff). 

7.2.2. RIBA-s saxelmZRvanelo 

principebi 

riBa-Si gamarTuli kamaTisas jorj edmund 

stritma (1824-81 ww.), Yorkis sakaTedro 

taZris restavratorma, xazi gausva, 

rom arqiteqtori pi radad unda iyos 

CarTuli Senobis dawvrilebiTi Semowmebis 

yvela fa zaSi. SeuZlebelia Senobis 

srulyofili gageba, vidre ar gazomav 

da ar gamoxazav mis yvela nawils. samuSaoTa 

zedamxedvelobis gadabareba mSe neb 

lobis administratorisTvis seriozuli 

Secdoma iyo. Secdo me bis ume te soba 

arqiteqtoris aryofnaSi xdeba. miuxedavad 

imisa, rom striti aR frTovanebuli 

iyo frangi profesionalebis didi energiiT, 

mondomebiTa da ostatobiT, maTi 

Cinebuli katalogizaciiT da merimes 

mSvenieri mox senebebiT, is mainc irwmuneboda, 

rom britaneTis xuroTmoZ- 

Rvruli mem kvid reobis mTavrobisadmi 

gadabareba did safrTxes Seqmnida. igi 

amtki ce b da, rom es naTlad gamoaCina 

safrangeTSi `sabiTumo~ restavraciis 

sistemam (street, 1862:86) 213 . mas erCivna, 

213 Tavis werilSi skotma xazi gausva franguli 

goTuri Senobebis, ro gorc universaluri 

memkvidreobis, udides Rirebulebas: 

`frangma xuroT moZRvrebma da xelovnebis 

istorikosebma aCvenes ra (vaRiarebT Cven 


eklesiebis kanonier meurveebs _ episko 

posebs, mTavar diakvnebs, soflis 

dekanozebs, restavraciasTan mimarTebiT 

konsultaciebi aRiarebuli profesionalebisgan 

mieRoT. miuxedavad amisa, 

jorj godvini aRiarebda rom Tumca 

britonis da raskinis mcdelo ba warumatebeli 

iyo, SesaZloa, momwifda dro, 

saqmeSi mTavrobac Cabmu li yo. bolos, 

riBa-s sabWom komitetis Seqmna moiTxova 

praqtikuli wese bis da winadadebebis 

wyebis SesamuSaveblad Zvel SenobebTan 

mopyrobis Ta o baze. 

1865 wels gamoqveynda amgvari praqtikuli 

wesebis da SeTavazebebis rigi, 

saTauriT `Zveli Zeglebis da naS- 

Tebis konservacia~. is or nawilad iyo 

dayofili: `zogadi rCeva Zveli Senobebis 

restavraciis mesveurTaT vis~ da 

`miTiTebebi Zveli Senobebis restavraciasa 

da SekeTebebSi mona wi le xelosnebs~ 

da, ZiriTadad, skotis moxsenebas 

efuZneboda. rekomen da ciebi iTxovda 

saguldagulo arqeologiuri da istoriuli 

kvlevis, ana zomebis da fotoebis 

gakeTebas iqamde, vidre SesaZlo cvlilebebis 

Taobaze raime gadawyvetileba 

iqneboda miRebuli. gansakuTrebuli 

yu radReba eniWeboda yvela samSeneblo 

periods, Zeglebs, gamosaxulebebs, vitraJebs 

da kedlis mxatvrobas. yovel 

Senobas istoriuli Rirebuleba hqonda, 

romelic daikargeboda, Tu misi avTenturoba 

Seilaxeboda. yve laferi, rasac 

ki raime Rirebuleba SeiZleboda hqonoda 

_ mag., dekora tiuli baTqaSis, vitraJebis 

fragmentebi, liTonis gamarTulobebis 

da wa r werebis detalebi _ in situ 

unda yofiliyo konservirebul; ikrZa- 

amas sru lad Tu ara), rom goTuri xuroTmoZRvrebis 

samSoblo maTi qveyanaa, misi qmnilebebi 

mTeli evropisa da mTeli msoflios 

sakuTrebad aqcies, Tan ki, maTi sakuTari 

aRiarebiT, goTuri xuroTmoZRvrebis yvela 

motr fi a les TiTqmis Tanabari ufleba aqvT 

maTze maTi avTenturobisa da kon servaciis 

TvalsazrisiT (scott, 1862:81).


leboda Zveli zedapirebis gafxeka, moryeuli 

qvis wyobis konsolidaciisa da 

Sev sebisTvis cementi iyo SeTavazebuli; 

xolo qvebis gasamagreblad ki TeT ri Selaki 

da sapnisa da Sabis xsnari. stritis 

rekomendaciebis Tanaxmad, urCevdnen 

Tavi aeridebinaT axlad SebaTqaSebisTvis, 

raTa gamoevlinaT da `rac SeiZleba 

naTlad eCvenebinaT naSenis istoria gadakeTebebis 

Tan mimdevrobiTurT~. Tumca, 

kvlavac igrZnoboda `kembrijis kemdenuri 

sazo ga doebis~ erTgvari gavlena 

_ `Tu Zveli dafaruli naxelavi SeiZleba 

iyos, mosacilebelia, rac xels gviSlis~, 

mag., `kedlis mopirkeTeba, iata kis safari, 

patronikeni, maRalzurgiani merxebi, 

Tanamedrove kedlebi da tixrebi an sxva 

dabrkolebebi~. am dokumentma Tavisi 

wvlili Seitana is toriuli Senobebis 

konservaciisadmi axali midgomis gamomuSavebaSi, 

Tumca zogi misi teqnikuri 

rekomendacia, rogoricaa baTqaSis moxsna, 

ce mentis da qvis gasamagreblebis 

gamoyeneba, mogvianebiT seriozuli sir- 

Tu leebis mizezi gaxda. 

1860-1870-ian wlebSi restavraciisa 

da anti-restavraciis Taobaze cxo veli 

kamaTi mimdinareobda. skoti Tavadac 

monawileobda masSi, Tumca amjerad igi 

braldebuli aRmoCnda. 1877 wels misi 

sakuTari sityvebi missave dasadana- 

Sauleblad iqna gamoyenebuli Rirsi v. 

J. loftis mier werilSi `guldasmiTi 

restavracia~ (loftie, 1877:136). skotma 

upasuxa `gul dasmiTi anti-restavraciiT~, 

romelSic Tavis namuSevars icavda 

da saub robda imaze, raoden Tavdadebuli 

momxrea igi konservaciisa (scott, 

1877b:228). 1874 wels raskins riBa-s 

oqros medali SesTavazes, magram man 

uari Tqva mis miRebaze, radgan mTels 

evropaSi kvlavac xelovnebis na warmoebebis 

da istoriuli Senobebis esodeni 

ganadgureba midiso, àrc erT CvenTagans 

ar aqvs ufleba, Cemi azriT, gavceT 

an miviRoT jildoebi, yovel SemTxvevaSi 

is, romelsac britaneTis gvirgvini gviwyalobebs 

da mis Rirsebasac moicavs~ 

(ruskin, 1900:143). 

7.2.3. anti-restavracia 

raskinis mosazrebebi TandaTanobiT 

gavrcelda da mravalTa mier iq na gaziarebuli, 

xolo 1877 wels ZiriTadi 

samsjelo sidnei qolvinma (1845-1927 

ww.), kembrijis natif xelovnebaTa profesorma, 

Seajama Tavis `restavracia da 

anti-restavracia~-Si. igi ganixilavda 

Senobas, rogorc xelovnebis nawarmoebs, 

Tumca gansxvavebuls qandakebisgan, 

romlis das ruleba drois konkretul 

momentSi xdeboda. Senobebs ki, piriqiT, 

SeiZ leba bevri saxeSemcvleli Zalis zemoqmedeba 

daemCnes da amgvari Zalebis 

rac ufro met niSans atarebs, miT metia 

maTi istoriuli Rirebuleba da miT 

ufro sagulisxmoa isini. imowmebda ra 

raskins, qolvini acxadebda, rom Tavisi 

cxovelxatulebisa da xnovanebis RirebulebiT, 

istoriul Se nobas ormagi 

momxiblaoba gaaCnda. is mosakrZalia, 

upirvelesad, imitom, rom Zveli xeloba 

arqiteqturaSi ufro lamazi iyo, vidre 

axali da meorec, imitom, rom is ufro 

saintereso iyo da met amaRlebul 

grZno bebs aRZravda (Colvin, 1877:457). igi 

brals sdebda restavratorebs WeSmariti 

istoriuli grZnobis naklebobaSi da 

imowmebda mwerals, romelsac uTqvams, 

rom Zveli eklesia xSirad erTi ki ar 

aris, aramed ramdenime eklesia erTSi. 

igi agreTve amtkicebda, rom sruli sigiJe 

iyo mogviano na Senis dangreva arqeologiuri 

kvlevis, ritualuri Sesatyvisobis, 

mxa tv ruli ganuwvaleblobis 

momizezebiTa, an SekeTebis sababiT. igi 

miuTi Tebda bolodroindel Targmans 

viole-le-dYukis werilisa `restavraciis 

Sesaxeb~, romelSic restavracia gaazrebuli 

iyo, rogorc elda Seno bis Tvis

da amtkicebda, rom rogori aRmoCenebic 

unda gakeTebuliyo, isi ni nagebobis 

mTlianobis da misi istoriis uwyvetobis 

xarjze keTdebo da. 

`xelovnebis WeSmarit moyvaruls Seu- 

Zlia dainaxos erTi stilis Ri r sebani 

ise, rom ar iyos brma sxva stilis RirsebaTa 

mimarT. igi mSvenivrad grZnobs, 

rom Sua saukuneebis xuroTmoZRvrebis 

didebu li, zeSTagonebuli sistema Tavis 

saukeTeso periodebSi aris ram gacilebiT 

ufro maRali mSvenierebis da 

mniSvnelovnebis mqone, vi d re XVII da XVIII 

saukuneTa sistemebi; igi aRiarebs, rom 

istoria xSirad tovebs Tavis nakvalebs 

mxatvrulobis xarjze da rom Seno ba, 

istoriuli Rirebulebis dagrovebisas 

xSirad anadgurebs mxatv rul Rirebulebas. 

da mainc, miuxedavad amisa, mas 

SeuZlia dainaxos rom dedofal anas 

droindeli Canafiqri mdidrulia, kargi 

propor ciebisaa da mravali funqciisTvis 

Sesabamisi, gansakuTrebiT deko ratiu 

li xeze Wris TvalsazrisiT. da is 

gacilebiT metad mondome buli iqneba am 

epoqis namdvili nawarmoebi hqondes, vidre 

dRevande li, yalbi Suasaukunovani 

nawarmi~ (Colvin, 1877:460). 

qolvinis msgavsad msjelobda jon jeims 

stivensoni (1832-1908 ww.), Sotlandieli 

xuroTmoZRvari, romelic, ZiriTadad, 

dedofal anas sti liT agebuli saskolo 

SenobebiT axsovT. igi gansakuTrebiT 

aRSfoTebu li iyo nakluli nawilebis 

imgvari restavraciiT, roca SeuZlebeli 

xdeba axlisa da Zvelis garCeva. 

magaliTad mas mohyavda Tavisi viziti 

sen-SapelSi, parizSi, rasac viole-ledYuki 

uZRveboda. zogierTi poli qromuli 

niSis restavrciisa da ferweris 

ganaxlebasTan dakavSirebuli wva lebisa 

da sazrunavis aRwerisas, vile-le-dYuki 

ùneblied sasaci lod~ gamoiyureboda: 

`mas mere, rac nawilebi aRdga Zveli Seferilobis 

zusti imitaciiT, zogjer 

aucilebeli Seiqna maTi sruli gadaxatva, 

Zvel namuSevarSi zogierTi feris 


aRmoCenis gamo, romelsac axali namu- 

Se vari ar exameboda. aqedan SeiZleba 

vimsjeloT, ramdenad uzustoa restavracia 

da ramdenad avTenturia imis 

Cvenebisas, Tu ras warmoadgenda Zveli 

namuSevari~. 214 igi amtkicebda, rom dokumenti, 

romelic im droze ufro gvian 

aris Sedgenili, vidre is dro, romelic 

uzis, `gamousade garze uaresia~; 

igi SecdomaSi Semyvania da falsifikaciaa. 

stivensoni moixmobda karlails, 

romelsac dabejiTebiT uTqvams àbsolutur 

avTen turobas veTayvanebi~o 

da bolo mouRo am saxis gayalbebas 

literatu ris sferoSi (stevenson, 1881). 

man moixmo agreTve eljinis dazianebuli 

mar mariloebis magaliTi, romelTa 

aRdgena da restavracia adre Zalian 

moundebodaT moqandakeebs, magram axla 

amgvari qmedebis nebas `maTi kul tura~ 

ar aZlevda. stivensonma Seutia ser edmund 

bekeTis (lord grim Torpis) namuSevars, 

radgan igi sent-albanos saabatos 

dasav leTi fasadis aRdgenas sTavazobda 

da igi Zvirfasi istoriuli dokumentebis 

ganadgu re baSi daadanaSaula. 

bekeTma upasuxa da yvela kritikuli 

SeniSvna uar yo. 215 ufro adre, stivensonma 

imave Senobis gamo mosazrebebisTvis 

skotic gaakritika da skotmac, 

sakmaod Secbumebulma, vrceli pasuxi 

miswera. be keTis gegmebi faqtobrivad 

ganxorcielda, ris gamoc èklesias 

garekerZo xibliani cota ram darCa~ 

(Ferriday, 1957:93; Clifton-taylor, 1977:272). 

7.3. uilYam morisi da SPAB 

1877 wlis 5 marts Athenaeum-Si daibe- 

Wda uilYam morisis (1834-96 ww.) werili 

destruqciuli restavraciis winaaRm- 

214 stevenson, 1877. skotma upasuxa am werils: 

scott, 1877a. 

215 ser edmund bekeTma upasuxa stivensonis 

werils (riBa transactions, 28 march 1881:187).


deg 216 , romelSic SemoTavaze bu li iyo 

istoriuli Zeglebis dasacavad asociaciis 

Seqmna. 

àxlaxan dilis gazeTSi Tvali sityva 

`restavracias~ movkari. uf ro dakvirvebiT 

CakiTxvisas gamoirkva, rom 

amjerad saqme, arc meti arc naklebi, 

TYuksberis kaTedrals exeba, romelic 

ser jilbert skotma unda daangrios. 

nuTu ukve gvian aris raimes gakeTeba 

mis gadasarCenad _ misi da yovelive im 

mSvenieris da istoriulis, rac jerac 

SemogvrCa im uZvelesi Senobebis adgilas, 

romelTac esoden gva saxeles? gana 

ar iqneboda upriani erTxel da samudamod, 

da Ta nac rac SeiZleba swrafad, 

dafuZndebodes asociacia am reliqviebis 

zedamxedvelobis da dacvis mizniT, 

romlebic, Tundac ase mci re ric xovnad 

darCenilni, jerac araCveulebrivi saganZuria, 

kidev ufro Zvirfasi am epoqis 

samyaroSi, roca cocxali istoriis 

ax lad-Seqmnili kvleva mravali CvenTaganis 

sicocxlis mTavari sia mov nebaa.~ 

Zveli Senobebis dacvis sazogadoeba (society 

for the Protection of ancient Buildings = 

sPaB) formalurad 1877 wlis 22 martis 

Sexvedraze dafuZnda. mis pirvel wevr- 

Ta Soris mravali gamorCeuli pirovneba 

iyo, rogoricaa karlaili (romelmac 

sagangebo mimarTva gaakeTa kristofer 

renis lon do nur eklesiebTan dakavSirebiT), 

raskini, profesori jeims brYusi, 

ser jon laboki, lordi houtoni, profesori 

sidnei qolvini, edvard bernjonsi 

da filip uebi. morisi sazogadoebis 

sapatio mdivnad airCies da igi 

misi moRvaweobis warmmarTavi Zala iyo 

(morris, 1984:352). am sazogadoe bas mniSvnelovani 

wvlili unda Seetana Zalebis 

gaerTianebaSi saalbaTo res tavraciis 

winaaRmdeg da movlisa da konservaciis 

216 swored zogierTma restavraciam (mag., barfordis 

samrevlo eklesia da liCfildis 

kaTedrali) aiZula morisi 1876 wlis seqtemberSi 

daewra pir veli saprotesto werili, 

Tumca is ar gamoqveynebula. 

midgomis mxarda WeraSi. 

morisi iRvwoda, rogorc mwerali 

da poeti, Seiswavla, magaliTad, islandiis 

folklori da misi ZiriTadi naSromebi 

friad aRiarebuli iyo TanamedroveTa 

mier. raskinic aRfrTovanebuli 

iyo misi leqsebiT. moriss ser 

uolter skotis istoriuli romanebis 

kiTxva uyvarda da roca 1853 wels oqsfordSi 

daiwyo swavla, karlailis, Sarlot 

Yongis da, gansa kuTrebiT ki, raskinis 

`veneciis qvebis~ didi gavlenis 

qveS moeqca. igi belgiasa da CrdiloeT 

safrangeTSi mogzaurobda, raTa flandriuli 

fe r wera da goTuri xuroTmoZ- 

Rvreba Seeswavla. 1856 wels man Segirdad 

daiwyo muSaoba j. e. stritTan da 

filip uebi gaicno. arqiteqtoris saqmianoba 

maincdamainc ar xiblavda moriss 

da dante gabriel rosetis (1828-82 ww.) 

zemoqmedebiT man saxelosno datova da 

mxatvrobas mokida xe li. uebi, romelmac 

seriozulad Seiswavla inglisuri go- 

Turi xuroTmo ZRv reba, im daskvnamde 

mivida, rom `Tanamedrove medievalizmi 

daufara vad winaaRmdegobrivi ramaa~ da 

cdilobda amdRevandeli Senobebi sasiamo 

v no yofiliyo, stilze raime pretenziis 

gareSe (lethaby, 1979:18). 

1861 wels, ramdenime megobarTan, 

maT Soris rosetisa da uebTan er Tad, 

morisma gadawyvita, Seeqmna firma `mxatvrobis, 

kveTilobis, avejisa da liTonis 

mxatvar-xelosnebisa~, firmis saxelwodeba 

ki iqneboda `mo ri si, marSali, 

folkneri da kompania.~ (morris, marshall, 

Faulkner & Co). mizani iyo, Suasaukunovani 

mxatvar-xelosnis raskinis idealis 

Tanaxmad, xelo van Ta warmoebis realur 

procesSi CarTva. 1892 wels man Sesavali 

waumZR vana kelmskot presis mier gamocemul, 

`veneciis qvebidan~ amoridebul 

`goTikis arss~ da ambobda: `raskini aq 

gvaswavlis, rom xelovneba im sia movnebis 

gamoxatulebaa, romelsac adamiani SromaSi 

poulobs; rom adami ans SeuZlia

xarobdes Tavisi SromiT da rom, rac 

unda ucnaurad JRer des es dRes CvenTvis, 

iyo dro, roca adamiani marTlac 

xarobda SromiT; da bolos, vidre Sroma 

kvlav ar gaxdeba siamovneba adamianisTvis, 

saami so niSani ki is iqneba, rom mSveniereba 

kvlav gaxdeba nayofieri Sromis 

bunebrivi da aucilebeli Tanmyoli, 

yvela, uvargisTa garda, unda tkivi liT 

Sromobdes da, Sesabamisad, tkiviliT 

cxovrobdes~. igi agrZelebda, rom amitom 

xelovnebisgan Sromis Tayvaniscema 

Cveni drois adamianebis erT mizanTagan 

unda gaxdes. 

7.3.1. mcire xelovnebebi 

morisis Tanaxmad, yvelafers, adamianis 

xeliT gakeTebuls, aqvs forma, lamazi 

an uSno. `lamazi, Tu igi bunebasTan SesatyvisobaSia 

da ex mareba mas; uSno, Tu 

disonansSia bunebasTan da eurCeba mas~ 

(morris, 1877). xelovnebis cnebam mas- 

Tan tradiculi sami didi xelovnebis _ 

xuro T moZRvreba, mxatvroba da qandakeba 

_ garda, misi sityvisaebr, `mcire xe lo vnebebic~ 

_ adaminis yvela saxmari sagnis 

mxatvrul-Semoqme debiTi qmna _ moicva. 

ar aris aucilebeli formebi bunebis 

ìmitaciias~ warmoadgen des, magram xelovanis 

xeli manamde unda Sromobdes, 

vidre sagani bune bis dar silamazes ar 

SeiZens. mosabezrebeli da gameorebadi 

Sromis Semo q medebiT procesad swored 

amgvari gardasaxviT SeiZleba Sroma adami 

a nisTvis sixarulis momgvreli gaxdes. 

Tumca morisi uaryofiTad iyo ganwyobili 

industriuli warmoebis mimarT, igi 

uSvebda, rom nawarmis ra Rac nawili Sei- 

Zleba meqanizmebis saSualebiT damzaddes, 

magram Ziri Tadi mainc xelnakeTi 

unda iyos. morisi mTels xelovnebas adaminis 

mier silamaziT tkbobis gamoxatulebad 

da istoriuli ganviTarebis 

nayofad miiCnevda. igi amtkicebda, rom 


kavSiri istoriasa da Semkulobas Soris 

imdenad mkvidria, rom dRes veravin daikvexnida 

raime axlis Seqmnas saukuneebis 

ganmavlobaSi gamoyenebuli formebis 

gaTvaliswinebis gareSe. amitom arsebi- 

Ti iyo Zveli Zeglebis Seswavla, romelnic 

`saukuneTa si grZeze ganicdida cvlileba-Sematebas, 

xSirad lamazs, mudam 

istoriuls; maTi Rirebuleba, misi didi 

wili swored esaa~. 

1870-ian wlebSi moriss sul ufro 

metad awuxebda winaaRmdegoba Tavs sakuTar 

idealebsa da nawarmoebebs Soris, 

ramac ubiZga, gadaesinja Ta visi midgoma 

xelovnebisa da sazogadoebis mimarT. 

karlailsa da ras kin Tan erTad igi Tvlida, 

rom yoveli epoqis xelovneba misi 

socialuri cxovrebis gamoxatuleba 

unda iyos, magram imJamindeli socialuri 

cxov reba amis saSualebas ar iZleoda. 

warsulsa da awmyos Soris am gansxvavebis 

gamo goTuri xuroTmoZRvrebis 

aRorZineba SeuZlebeli iyo Tana med rove 

sazogadoebis safuZvlis Secvlis gareSe. 

aqedan gamomdinare, res tavraciis 

sakiTxic moxsnili iyo: Tanamedrove 

muSa ar iyo xelovani Zveli ostativiT 

da mis namuSevars ver ganaaxlebda. ìseTi 

Cveulebrivi ram, rogorc kedeli, 

Tlili qvisa an riyis qvisa, axla veRar 

aSendeba iseTnairad, rogorc Sua saukuneebis 

kedeli~ (thompson, 1967:58). patara 

inglisuri eklesiebis Semyure, romelTa 

mTavar momxiblaobas xnovanebis patina 

da sxvadasxva periodis cvlilebebisa 

da damatebebis narevi qmni da, SeigrZnobdiT, 

rom restavraciisas maT TiTqos 

`cocxlad tyavi gaaZ res~. es mkvleloba 

iyo. antikuroba niSnavs siZveles; go- 

Tika Sua sau kuneebs miekuTvneba da XIX 

saukuneSi gakeTebuli yovelgvari imitacia 

si yalbe iqneba. 1877 wlamde morisis 

firmis warmoebuli vitraJebis erTi 

mesamedi Zveli SenobebisTvis iyo gankuTvnili; 

im wels man gadawyvita aRar 

mieRo SekveTebi Zveli Senobebis sarkm-


lebisTvis~ (D. o’Connor in Banham-harris, 

1984:54). erT-erTi gadamwyveti faqtori 

iyo oqsfordis kaTe d ra lis XIV saukunis 

aRmosavleTi nawilis `restavracia~ 

skotis norma nu li proeqtis mixedviT. 

axla morisi ukve Tvlida, rom Tuki Zvel 

sar kmlebs daWirdeboda SekeTeba, jobda 

tyviis CarCoebiT danawevrebuli ubralo 

Tanamedrove minis Casma. 

7.3.2. manifesti da politikis 

ganviTareba 

sPaB-is daarsebis Semdeg morisma moamzada 

`manifesti~, romelic sa s tikad 

gmobda Tanamedrove restavracias, rogorc 

ucabeds. Zveli Seno bebi, iqneboda 

es `mxatvruli, cxovelxatuli, istoriuli, 

antikuri an mni Sv nelovani; mokled, 

yovelgvari namuSevari, romlis 

Taobazec ganaT le buli xelovani adamianebi 

fiqrobdnen, rom saerTod Rirs 

masze msjeloba~, unda ganxiluliyo 

ganuyofel mTlianobad Tavisi istoriuli 

minaSeneb-gadakeTebebiTurT, xolo 

mizani iyo maTi materialuri SenarCune 

ba da `yuradsaRebad da pativsacemad 

maTTvis gadacema, vinc Cvens mere mova~. 

es `manifesti~ konservaciis Tanamedrove 

politikisTvis formalu ri safuZveli 

gaxda. masSi mocemuli iyo istoriuli 

Senobis Sefasebis Tvis ori arsebiTi 

mosazreba: jer erTi, dacva aRar Semoifargleboda 

spe cifikuri stilebiT, 

aramed arsebul SenobaTa fondis kritikul 

gan xilvas efuZneboda; meorec, rom 

Zveli Zeglebi warmoadgens garkveul 

istoriul periodebs mxolod imdenad, 

ramdenadac maTi avTenturi masa la ar 

aris darRveuli da adgilzevea (in situ) 

Semonaxuli. restavrirebis an kopirebis 

yovelgvari cda mxolod avTenturobis 

dakargvas da siyal bis Seqmnas gamoiwvevs. 

sPaB-is wamyvani principebi `konservaciuli 

Seke Te ba~ da ~yoveldRiuri 

movla-zrunviT ngrevis SeCereba~ iyo. 

istoriuli Senobebis SekeTebis gansakuTrebuli 

moTxovnebis dakma yo filebis 

dasaxmareblad, `sazogadoebam~ 

1903 wels gamoaqveyna Tavisi, farTo 

zegavlenis mqone `saxelmZRvanelo principebi~, 

xolo mogvianebiT a. r. pouisma, 

1911-1936 wlebSi sazogadoebis mdivanma, 

gamoaqveyna saxel mZR vanelo `Zveli 

Senobebis SekeTeba~, sadac es principebi 

Sejamebuli iyo da ganmartebuli 

iyo, Tu rogor SeiZleba `Zvel Senobaze 

zrunvis movaleoba ise aRasrulo, 

rom uminimaluresad Secvalo Senobis 

is maxa siaTeblebi, romelnic gamoar- 

Cevs am Senobas, saxeldobr _ xeloba, 

for ma, feri da teqstura~. sPaB-is suliskveTeba 

mSvenivrad aris gamoxatuli 

pouisis 1922 wels tinternis saabatos 

nangrevebisa da misi bolodroinde li 

restvaraciis sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT 

naTqvam sityvebSi (the Powys Journal, vi, 

1996:163f): 

`daZvelebul nangrevebs ormagi mSveniereba 

aqvs, adamianisa da bu ne bis gan 

Tanabrad miRebuli. romantizmiT egzom 

gamsWvalul TaRebs qveS da kedlebs Soris 

xetialisas adamianma SeiZleba gonebrivi 

gar dasaxva ganicados. amgvar adgilebs 

igi gakvirvebisa da mowiwe bis grZnobiT 

emSvidobeba. mecniereba, mkacri, civi 

da, rac mTavaria, utyuari, yvelafers, 

mis mier ganxiluls, aclis am Tvisebebs, 

rom le bic esoden mZlavrad zemoqmedebs 

adaminis gonebaze. mis Suqze saabatos 

cxovreba iseTive naTeli xdeba CvenTvis, 

rogorc Cveni wi namorbedi Taobisa. Senoba, 

gaanalizebuli, awonili da gazomili, 

sa i dumlos aRar Seicavs; foTlovanebisgan 

ganZarculs aRar SerCe nia farul 

SeRrmavebaTa Rrma Crdilebi. mnaxvels, 

Zveli aRmSeneb lis msgavsad, SeuZlia Caswvdes 

mTlianobas. mxatvari veRar poulobs 

kontrasts qvis kedlebsa da foTlebis 

faqiz xlarTebs So ris, ise Serwymuls, 

TiTqos ukve suraTze gadaetanoT. 

Tundac erTi qvac ar daZrula adgilidan, 

Tundac TaRebi jerac gamoiyureba

ise, TiTqos saxifaTod gamokidebulia 

haerSi, rogorc ki aRdgena dasruldeba, 

saidumlo gaqarwylebulia~. 

sPaB-Si, ànti-fxekis sazogadoebaSi~, 

mravali wlis manZilze mamoZ ra vebeli 

Zala morisi da uebi iyvnen. sPaB-is 

wevrebi agzavnidnen moxse ne biT baraTebs 

im eklesiaTa Sesaxeb, romelTac 

`restavracia~ an ngreva emuqreboda; 

`sazogadoebam~ formac ki dabeWda, romelic 

gamoiyeneboda informaciis Sesagroveblad 

yvela im eklesiis Taobaze, 

romelTac jer ar Sexebia restavracia. 

pirvel xanebSi morisi `sazogadoebisTvis~ 

Seno bebs Tavad amowmebda da xSirad 

sirTuleebsa da mtrul ganwyobas Seejaxe 

boda xolme. uebma Zvel Senobebze angariSebis 

mTeli rigi Seadgina da mudmivad 

uxdeboda mSeneblebisTvis imis Sexseneba, 

Tu ra gansxvavebaa Zvel Senobasa 

da axlis agebas Soris. sPaB-is gavlena 

TandaTan Zlier de boda da miuxedavad 

zogi marcxisa, did warmatebasac aRwevdnen: 

sPaB-is protestebis Sedegad 

uari iTqva iseT ganazraxze, rogoric 

iyo uest minsteris saabatos gafarToeba, 

ueston holis gadakeTeba, itonSi Zveli 

saskolo Senobis da londonSi ori klasikuri 

eklesiis (wm. mariamisa borcvze da 

wm. mariamisa strendze) dangreva (thompson, 

1967:61). lidsSi, kirkstalis saabatoSi 

cxovelxatuli nangrevebi swrafad 

nadgurdeboda, magram `sazogadoebam~ 

moaxerxa is, rom 1890 wels polkovnikma 

j. t. norTma Seisyida isini da qalaq 

lidsis moqalaqeebs aCuqa. 1885 wels 

`sazogadoebam~ moaxerxa YorkSi ngrevisgan 

aTobiT eklesiis gadarCena. 

7.3.3. SPAB-is gavlena sazRvargareT 

inglisis garda, sPaB-s mis sazRvrebs 

gareTac sagrZnobi gavlena hqonda, msgavsi 

asociaciebis daarsebisa Tu pirdapiri 

Carevis xelSewyo bis mxriv. Tavad 


morisi fuZemdebeli mniSvnelobisa 

gamodga rogorc Tanamedrove dizainis, 

aseve konservaciis ganviTarebisTvis. 

`xelovne bisa da xelosnobis~ moZraobam 

filip uebis, uilYam riCard leTebis 

(1857-1931 ww.) da riCard norman Sous 

(1831-1921 ww.) monawileobiT, gavlena 

iqonia frenk loid raitze, henri van 

der veldeze, adolf loosze, her man 

muTezivsze, Deutsche werkbund-sa da Bauhaus-ze 

(mag., Goldzamt, 1977:99ff). sPaB-is 

wevrebi mimoweras awarmoebdnen ramdenime 

qveyanasTan da iqauri sarestavracio 

gamocdilebis Sesaxebac iRebdnen informacias. 

gansakuT re biT sagulisxmo 

aRmoCnda veneciis san-markos SemTxveva, 

romelic far Tod Suqdeboda britanul 

presaSi: 1879 wlis noembersa da dekemberSi 

oc da aTamde statia gamoqveynda, 

romelTagan bevri italiaSic iqna gadabeWdili. 

morisi Tavad kiTxulobda sajaro 

leqciebs am Temaze, xolo italiis 

ganaTlebis saministros waredgina peticia 

aTasze meti xelmo weriT, romelic 

eklesiis dasavleTi fasadis restavracias 

aprotestebda. italiis mTavrobam 

yurad iRo es protesti, SeaCera samuSaoebi 

da ufro konservaciuli midgoma 

moiTxova (amaze qvemoT visaubrebT). 

7.3.4 safrangeTi 

safrangeTSi, viole-le-dYukis mere, administraciuli 

cvlilebebi rogorc Service 

des monuments bistoriques, aseve Edifices 

diocesains-Si ganxorciel da, romlebic 

erT saministroSi gaerTianda; erov nuli 

kanoni istoriuli Senobebis dacvis Taobaze, 

rogorc iqna, 1887 wlis 30 marts 

damtkicda, rac bevri sxva qveynisTvis 

mogvianebiT mniSvne lo vani amosavali 

gamodga, sakuTari ka nonmdeblobis SemuSavebisas. 

maT Soris, pirvel yovlisa, 

Crdi lo afrikis qvey nebi _ alJiri, tunisi 

da maroko _ romlebic fran guli


gavlenis qveS imyofebodnen da maleve 

gaatares msgavsi iuridiuli RonisZiebebi. 

safrangeTSi farTo sazogadoebam 

ufro metad gaacnobiera, rom sasurveli 

iyo zedmeti daSla-ngrevis Tavidan 

arideba. uilYam mori sis `manifesti~ 

franguladac iTargmna da sxva enebzec, 

xolo sPaB-ma da amyara kontaqtebi 

sazogadoebasTan `L’Ami des monuments” 

(ZeglTa megoba ri), romelic 1887 wlidan 

amave dasaxelebis periodul Jurnals 

gamos cemda. gaizarda kritikos- 

Ta ricxvi, gansakuTrebiT arqeologebs 

Soris, ro melTa Soris iyvnen grafi r. 

de lasterYe, andre miSeli da a. gYuiloni, 

romlebic gmobdnen hipoTetur 

reskonstruqciebs da ar eTanxmebodnen 

mTav robis winandel politikas saxelmwifo 

xarjebis rCeul Zeglebze koncentraciisa 

maTi `sruli restavraciis~ 

mizniT; am ganwyobis xmebi parlamentSic 

gaismoda. 

kritikosTa am jgufs anatol fransic 

(1844-1924 ww.) ganekuTvneboda, romelic 

cxared utevda viole-le-dYuks 

pYerfonsa da parizis notr-dam ze misi 

restavraciebis gamo da, viqtor hYugos 

darad, xazs usvamda ero v nuli mexsierebis 

SenarCunebis mniSvnelobas ara 

mxolod istoriuli Se nobebis avTenturi 

qvebis, aramed TviT istoriuli qalaqebis 

saxiT. misT vis istoriuli Senoba 

gaxsnil wigns hgavda, romelSic furclebi 

sxva da sxva xeliT da sxvadasxva 

Taobis mier iyo dawerili. swored es 

uwyve to ba aniWebda mas sicocxles. 

xolo parizis notr-dami restavraciis 

Semdeg cocxali istoriuli Senobidan 

àbstraqtul kaTedralad~ iqca. Tavis 

romanSi `pYer nozYeri~ igi moixsenebda 

istoriul qalaqs, rogorc civilizaciis 

dedas, romelSic yvela qva da Senoba, 

bedniereba da bed uku R marToba, xalxis 

mexsierebas warmoadgens. 

raskinis ideebi safrangeTs j. milsandma 

1864 wels gaacno, magram mxolod 

mas mere, rac robert de la sizeranma 

1899 wels gamoaqveyna L’Esthétique anglaise: 

étude du M. John Ruskin, gaxda SesaZlebeli 

misi nawerebis ufro safuZvliani gacnoba. 

1899 wels frangulad raskinis `Svidi 

lampa ri~ iTargmna, rasac sxva naSromebis 

Targmnac mohyva. àmienis bibliisa~ 

(1904 w.) da `sezamisa da SroSanis~ (1906 

w.) mTargmneli marsel prusti (1871-1922 

ww.) iyo, bunebasa da goTur xuroTmoZ- 

RvrebaSi mSvenierebis ga mo v li ne bebiT 

Sepyrobili, rasac adamianis maradisobis 

pirispir dgomis simboloebad aRiqvamda. 

misi pirveli nawerebi raskinis 

Sesaxeb 1900 wels emTxveva, raskinis 

gardacvalebis wels Tanxvdeba, wels, 

roca prustma ve neciaSi imogzaura da 

safrangeTis eklesiebis monaxuleba 

daiwyo. Tavi si winasityvaoba àmienis 

bibliisTvis~ man daasrula gancxadebiT: 

`gar dacvlilic ki igi Cven kvlav gangvanaTlebs, 

rogorc is momakvdavi varskvlavebi, 

romelTa Suqi jerac aRwevs 

Cvenamde…...~ mogzaurobis dros prusti 

gaecno restavracias da mkveTrad daiwuna 

viole-le-dYukisa da bevri sxva arqiteqtor-restavratoris 

namuSevrebi, 

Tumca kargad Sesru le bul namuSevars 

mainc maRal Sefasebas aZlevda. arsebiTad, 

restavra cia misTvis mniSvnelovani 

gaxda, rogorc simbolo mravali 

im Temisa, romlebsac is ganixilavs 

Tavis nawarmoebebSi `dakarguli dro~ 

da `mopovebuli dro~; isic xelovnebasa 

da siyvarulTan, droSi cvlilebeb sa da 

uw y vetobasTan da, gansakuTrebiT, mexsierebasTan 

iyo dakavSirebuli (Fraisse, 

1990:342ff). 

1905 wels safrangeTSi eklesia 

saxelmwifos gamoeyo da `Service des monuments 

historiques” darCa erTaderT saxelmwifo 

uwyebad, romelsac isto riul Senobebze 

zrunva evaleboda; axali kanoni 

xels uwyobda gamorCeu li Senobebis 

`damatebiT~ aRnusxvas. am dromde 

saxelmwifo uars ambobda monawileoba

mieRo istoriuli Zeglebis movla-patronobaSi 

da mxolod `restavraciebisTvis~ 

irjeboda; magram gamoirkva, 

rom adgilobrivi xe li sufleba ver asrulebda 

Tavis movaleobas; umTavresi 

safrTxe ki am SenobebisTvis movlis nakleboba 

gaxda. amgvarad, centraluri 

mTavrobis da mokidebuleba TandaTan Seicvala 

da upiratesoba mieniWa SenobaTa 

_ Tundac ufro dabali kategoriisas _ 

SekeTebas, romlebsac sruli ngre vis safrTxe 

emuqrebodaT, vidre ufro mniSvnelovan 

Senobebze nakleb gadaudebeli 

samuSaoebis ganxorcielebas. 

7.4. arqeologiuri Zeglebi 

1894 wels aTenis akropolisi miwisZvram 

Searyia da Zeglebis nawi li daaziana. 

parTenonidan Camocvivda zogierTi, 

isedac sakmaod moryeu li, fragmenti. 

gamagrebis da konsolodaciis saWiro 

RonisZiebebis Sesa r Ce vad mowveul 

iqna saerTaSoriso komiteti (Durm, 

1895). mTavar konserva torad nikolas 

balanosi iqna daniSnuli. samuSaoebi 

parTenonis dasav leT mxares, 1898-1902 

wlebSi daiwyo, gagrZelda erexTeionis 

restavraci iT 1902-1909 wlebSi, 

Semdgom propileebze 1909-1917 wleb- 

Si, Semdeg isev pa r Tenonze 1922-1933 

wlebSi da, bolos, 1935-1940 wlebSi 

nikes taZris meore rekonstruqcia Catarda 

(orlandos, 1947-1948:1ff). samuSaoebi 

erexTeionze moi ca v da samxreTi da 

CrdiloeTi kedlebis mTels simaRleze 

srul aRdge nas, aRmosavleTi portikis 

svetebis aRmarTvas, maTi nawilebis 

aRdgenas, aseve dasavleTi fasadis naxevarsvetebs 

Soris romauli kedlis 

da sar km lebis rekonstruqcias 1751 

wlis gravYuris safuZvelze. CrdiloeTi 

portiki arqitravis doneze iqna 

aRdgenili da mas kesonirebuli Weric 

daemata. kariatidebis portiki daSales, 


saZirkveli gaamagres da yvelafe ri, kesonuri 

Weris CaTvliT, Tavidan aages. 

propileebze rekonstruire bul iqna aRmosavleTi 

frontoni da ramdenime arqitravi, 

aseve kesonebia ni Weris nawili. 

parTenonze samuSaoebi dasavleTi fasadidan 

da opos todomosidan daiwyo. es 

nawili 1898-1902 wlebSi gamagrda. 

is konservaciuli midgoma, romelic 

safrangeTSi viTardeboda, par Tenonis 

restavraciis mimarT gamoCenil 

pirovnebaTa damokidebulebaSic aisaxeboda. 

1904 wels, axali perioduli gamocemis 

`Le Museé, revue d’art antique” pirvel 

nomerSi misi redaqtori, JorJ tuduzi, 

ganixilavda ra cnebebs `restavracia~ 

da ~restitucia~, sinanuls gamoTqvamda, 

rom es uka naskneli xSirad gamoiyeneboda 

originaluri masalis mxolod da 

mxo lod ramdenime mcire fragmentis safuZvelze 

arqeologiuri rekonstruqciebis 

Casatareblad. pouisis msgavsad, 

misi pozicia mecnierebis domini rebis 

winaaRmdeg iyo mimarTuli da is amtkicebda, 

rom: 

ìs didi Secdoma, rodesac cdiloben 

Zveli xelovnebis istoriis mecnierebad 

gadaqcevas, zustadac iqidan momdinareobs, 

rom SeuZle be lia Sefasdes iseTi 

araprognozirebadi elementi, rogoricaa 

xe lo va nis xedva. es aris is idumali 

X, romelic moicavs mis mTrTo lav 

individualobas, Tavisufal nebasa da 

mWermetyvelebas, wese bis, meTodebis da 

SezRudvebis masxrad agdebisa da ugulebelyofis 

unars. SeuZlebelia Senad 

gaiTaviso suli: Tavad miqelanjeloc 

ki, mqandakeblobis RmerTi, ver axerxebda 

amas. vinc gnebavT praqtiko sis Tvis 

qandakebis dakarguli nawilebis aRdgena-Canacvleba 

niSnavs im ostatis Ralats, 

romelic gandidebas imsaxurebs~ 

(toudouze, 1904: 74). 

1905 wels arTur sambonma, am perioduli 

gamocemis direqtorma, tuduzis 

gancxadebis suliskveTebis moxmobiT,


moiyvana axali ambebi aTe nis parTenonis 

restavraciis Taobaze. tuduzTan er- 

Tad man moamzada werili, `mweralTa 

da xelovanTa protesti parTenonis 

restavraciis wi naaRmdeg~ (sambon and 

toudouze, 1905:1ff). isini amtkicebdnen, 

rom Zveli Zeg li, antikuri qandakebis 

msgavsad, asaxavs saiqiod wasuli geniosis 

xed vas da rom igi ar unda CavanacvloT 

Tanamedrove, ragindara 

zusti, hipoTezebiT. adamianis inteleqtis 

yvela Sedevris msgavsad, parTenoni 

kacobriobis inteleqtualuri memkvidreobis 

ganuyofeli nawiliao, saer- 

Ta Soriso sakuTreba, romelic ar unda 

ganadgurdes. aTeulobiT werili iqna 

miRebuli da maTgan mravali gamoqveynda 

kidec. werilebis avtorTa Soris 

iyvnen poetebic, mxatvrebic, moqandakeebic, 

ogYust rodenis CaTv liT. isini 

ara mxolod parTenonze dardobdnen, 

aramed sxva istoriuli qan dakebebis 

restavraciis Taobazec, safrangeTsa 

da sxvaganac. gaixsenes viqtor hYugos 

sityvebi da rodenma yvelas mouwoda 

mxarSi amosdgomod nen raskins. igi 

acxadebda, rom bevrisTvis parTenoni 

Tavisi silamaziT iyo cnobili, magram 

aseve saWiroao yuradReba daeTmos safrangeTis 

ka Te d ralebs, romlebic 

aseve yvelasTvisaa aRmafrTovanebeli. 

igi amtki cebda, rom misma epoqam ver Se- 

Zlo daecva es mSvenieri memkvidreoba 

da gaiZaxoda: `kaTedralebs sworedac 

wamloba klavs~-o (rodin, 1905:66ff). 

1905 wels aTenSi Catarebul arqeologiis 

pirvel saerTaSoriso kongresze 

akropolisis restavraciazec 

imsjeles. momwyobT gadaecaT sa gangebo 

krebuli, romelic Seicavda oficialur 

frangul protestsa da mis mxardamWer 

werilebs. magram am Taosnobas pasuxi 

ar mohyolia da res tavracia balanosis 

gegmebis Sesabamisad gagrZelda. Tumca 

opozicia TviT saberZneTSic arsebobda, 

rac naTeli gaxda 1905 wels kamaTisas, 

ro ca xma restavraciis mowinaaRmdegeebma 

aimaRles (aa.1905:119ff), gansakuTre 

biT ki 1922 wels, roca dagegmili 

restavraciis meore faza es-es iyo un da 

dawyebuliyo. 

1921 wels aTenis arqeologiurma 

sabWom daamtkica CrdiloeTi kolonadis 

aRmarTvis proeqti, ukve ganxiluli 

1912 wels romis arqeo lo giur kongresze. 

dava mudam Tan sdevda 1922-1930 

wlebSi ganxorciele bul am samuSaoebs. 

1927 wels uilYam bel dismorma moamzada 

memorandu mi, sadac cxared akritikebda 

svetebis cilindrebis ganlagebas da maT 

swor mdebareobas miu TiTebda. akropolisis 

restavracia dYorpfeldma daicva. 217 

1926 wels Tavdapirveli zomebiT, rkinabetonis 

zRudariT dasav le Ti Sesasvleli 

aRdgenil iqna. 1931 wels karnizis 

samxreT-aRmosavle Ti kuTxe gasworda, 

xolo misi nawilebi Tav-TavianT adgilze 

dabrunda. 1932-33 wlebSi nawilobriv 

aRmarTes samxreTi svetnari. 

balanosi restavracias, ZiriTadad, 

Tavdapirvel elementebze afuZ nebda, 

Tumca SenobaSi yoveli elementis Tavdapirvel 

mdebareobaze ar zrunavda da am 

elementebs axal masalasTan mosargebad 

da liTonis sa mag rebis maTSi Casamagreblad 

aWrevinebda. magaliTad, erex- 

TeionSi, man auria erTmaneTSi samxreTi 

da CrdiloeTi kedlebis qvis blokebi. 

parTe nonSi svetnaris rekonstruqciisas 

Casanacvleblad man fragmentebi gamoi 

yena, rac xelSi moxvda. propileebSi 

man oTxi gansxvavebuli kapitelis oTxi 

fragmentiT erTi ioniuri kapiteli 

Seakowiwa; igi Tvlida, rom er Ti da imave 

orderis yvela kapitelis srulyofili 

da identuri kveTa iZleoda amis Sesa- 

Zleblobas (Balanos, 1932: 135ff; Balanos, 

1938). rac lakunebs Seexeba, 1938 wels 

217 es dokumenti aRmoCenil iqna doqtor fani 

maluSu-tufanos mier aTenis klasikuri kvlevebis 

amerikul skolaSi (mallouchou-tufano, 

1997:217f).

alanosma misi winamorbedebis (rosis, 

Sobertis, pita ki sis da a.S.) Camoyalibebuli 

principebi moiSvelia, rac kavadiasma 

da dYorpfeldma ase gamoTqves: 

`yovelgvari sruli restavracia arsebuli 

fragnetebidan gamomdina re akrZalulia; 

misaRebi mxolod Zeglis Camovardnili 

avTenturi frag mentebis aRmarTvaa, 

mSeneblobis Sesaferisi meTodebis 

gamoye ne biT. is dakarguli nawilebi, 

romlebic aucilebelia antikuri marmariloebis 

mniSvnelovani raodenobis 

dasayrdenad, axali masa liT Caenacvleba. 

marmarilos axali nawilebi kvlavac 

mosaTmenia svetnaris arqitravis dasrulebisa 

da konsolidaciisTvis.~ 218 

erexTeionsa da propileebSi nakluli 

adgilebis Sesavsebad igi, upiratesad, 

marmarilos iyenebda. betoni, konstruqciuli 

mizezebiT, ka ria tidebis 

portikSi iqna gamoyenebuli, sadac arqitravi 

kariatidebs So ris Cayenebul 

rkinis sabjenebs eyrdnoboda. erexTeionis 

qvis wyobis dam tvreuli marmarilos 

qvebi axali marmariloTi Caanacvles mas 

mere, rac Tavdapirveli qvis blokebis 

damtvreuli zedapiri gadasworda maTi 

Seer Tebis gasaadvileblad. parTenonSi 

CrdiloeTi kolonadis arqitravi SekeT 

da da marmarilos gamoyenebiT dasrulda. 

svetebis 12 cilindri arse bu li 

fragmentebis gamoyenebiT SekeTda da 

damzadda 5 axali cilindri, pireosis 

qvis guliTa da betonis tlanqi, marmarilosTan 

SesaTavseblad Seferili 

zedapiriT (10 sm-is sisqis). kanelurebi 

ufro Rrmad CaikveTa. 

balanosi amtkicebda, rom betonis 

gamoyenebis miseuli kriteriume bi wminda 

esTetikuri xasiaTisa iyo. igi ar iyo 

kmayofili axali marmari los daZvelebi- 

Ta da patinirebiT, amis nacvlad, Caatara 

ra rigi eqsperi mentebisa agoras raionSi, 

igi darwmunda, rom SeeZlo betoni Zeglis 

mTli a nobas ukeT moergo. garda ami- 

218 Balanos, 1938:9. 


sa, betoni momavalSi Seqcevadad da mocilebadad 

iyo miCneuli, roca SeiZleba 

ukeTesi masalebi gamoCeni liyo. samwuxarod, 

aRmoCnda, rom es ukanaskneli 

mosazreba didi Secdoma iyo. qvis blokebi 

rkinis samagrebiT da RerakebiT iyo 

dakavSirebuli. ba lanoss nanaxi hqonda, 

rom swored ase akeTebdnen Zveli ber- 

Znebi da surda imave sistemis gamoyeneba, 

magram samuSao uxeSad Sesrulda da bevri 

avTenturi qva dazianda. nikes taZris 

pirveli rekonstruqcia (rome lic 1844 

wels dasrulda) berZnuli restavraciis 

pirveli didi miRweva iyo, Tumca isic 

ki iqna gakritikebuli rogorc esTetikuri 

Tvalsazri siT, aseve samuSaoTa xarisixs 

gamo. frangi arqeologi m. bYole, 

romel mac e.w. bYoles karibWe (romauli 

warmomavlobis karibWe, romelic amJa mad 

akropolisze Sesasvlelad propileebis 

win dgas), gaTxara da aRad gina, werda: 

`momavali, albaT, ixilavs propoleebs, 

parTenons, erexTeions, maTi kvlav awyobili 

naSTebiT, zustad iseve, rogorc 

Tavidan aRimarTa ni kes taZari da aRfrTovanebul 

mogzaurT ufro srulyofilad 

wa rud geba... Tumca ar vityodi, 

rom ufro lamazad. diad nangreveb sa 

da diad ubedurebaSi aris erTgvari poezia 

da didebuleba, ro mel sac ar unda 

Seexo. rkinis kavebi da duRabi WuWyis 

laqebiviTaa da antikuri nawarmoebi maT 

imdenad axal sicocxles ki ar umad lis, 

ramdenadac warsulis profanirebas.~ 219 

7.4.1. orlandosis saqmianoba 

balanosis gegmebis mowinaaRmdegeTa 

Soris erT-erTi wamZRolTagani anastasios 

orlandosi iyo, romelic wamyvani 

arqeologi, berZnuli arqe o logiis profesori 

da akropolisze balanosis Semcvleli 

gaxda. 1915 wels man gamoaqveyna 

Tavisi SeniSvnebi, yoveli qvis sagulda- 

219 Beulé, 1862:41.


sur. 7.7. aTeni, nikes taZris detali, TeTri 

cementisgan Camosxmuli britaneTis muzeumSi 

daculi originalidan 

gulo anazo meb sa da nagebobaSi maTi 

idealuri adgilmdebareobis maTematikur 

gamo Tv lebze dafuZnebuli. Tavisi 

Sedegebis rosis, Sobertisa da hansenis 

na muSevarTan, maT anazomebTan da filip 

le bas anazomebTan Sedarebisas (ross, 

schaubert and hansen, 1839; le Bas, 1888), man 

sxvadasxva saxis Secdomebi wa r moaCina 

(orlandos, 1915:27ff). orlandosi amtkicebda, 

rom rosma raRac za dis gamo 

sur. 7.6. aTeni, nikes 

taZari 1930-iani ww.is 

meore restavraciis 

Semdeg 

sur. 7.8. balanosis mier restavrirebuli 

antikuri marmarilos detali, romelic 

CakveTilia axali qvisa da rkinis kavebis 

Casamagreblad 

daiwuna celas kedlis qvis blokebis 

nawili, romlebic orlan dosma moagrova 

da Tavisi dakvirvebebis dasasruleblad 

gamoiyena. misma kvlevam gamoavlina, 

rom bevri qva sxva rigSi an araswori 

Tanmimdevro biT Caidga, zogjer 

yiramalac ki. cdomilebebi gamovlinda 

anazomebSic. 

1933 wels SeniSnes, rom klde, romelzec 

bastioni idga, deda qans mo

scilda. bastionis dasavleT fasadze, 

TiTqmis taZris safuZvlamde aSkarad 

gamoCnda bzarebi, xolo TviT fasadi ki 

win gadmoi xara. taZris samxreT nawilSi 

garkveuli jdena gamovlinda. Sesabamisad, 

gadawyda bastionis gamagreba da am 

mizniT nikes taZris daSla da Tavi dan 

ageba. samuSaoebi 1935 wels, balanosis 

xelmZRvanelobiT daiwyo da 1940 wlamde 

gagrZelda, roca isini orlandosma 

daasrula. taZari mTlia nad daSales, 

saZirkvlebisa da CrdiloeT mxares postamentis 

qveda safe xu ris garda. ga- 

Txrebisas amave adgilas ufro Zveli 

taZris naSTebi ipo ves. axla ukve taZari 

pirdapir kldeze aSenda da bastions 

SigniT SesaZ le beli gaxda arqeologiuri 

ganaTxaris daTvaliereba. orlandosis 

moT xovniT, sagangebo (meti, vidre 

akropolisze odesme Catarebuli sxva 

sa mu Sa oe bisas) yuradReba daeTmo yoveli 

elementis swor adgilas ganTav se bas. 

roca 1939 wlis martSi balanosi gadadga, 

taZris qveda nawili `ga magrebuli da 

tyviaSi Casmuli~ iyo, xolo danarCeni 

orlandos unda da esrulebina. 

rac Seexeba lacunae-s, anu naklul 

adgilebs, orlandosi upirateso bas 

aniWebda maTi Zveli da ara axali marmariloTi 

Sevsebas, radgan `ga regnulad 

igi harmoniulad exameboda antikur qandakebebs~ 

(orlandos, 1947-1948:26). aseve, 

marmariloTi iqna aRdgenili datexili 

svetebi, kanelure bis amokveTiT (rosis 

mier gamoyenebuli ukaneluro blokebis 

sapirispi rod), xolo martivi geometriuli 

formebis blokebi, romlebic 

adre da karguli kapitelebis magivrad 

iqna dadgmuli, kapitelebis zusti aslebiT 

iqna Canacvlebuli. blokebi erTmaneTs 

h-is formis (308 mm. sigrZis) rkinis 

kavebiT SeakavSires. pirveli rekonstruqciis 

drois terakotis mulYaJebi 

am xanebSi ise gamuqda, rom isini axali, 

TeTri cementis mu lYa JebiT Secvales, 

romlebic britanetis muzeumma miawoda. 


aqac gacile biT meti yuradReba eTmoboda 

saboloo esTetikur Sedegs, Tumca 

lakune bi daufaravad nairgvari masaliT 

Seavses. g. f. stivensma, romelmac 

ere x Teionis kvleva Caatara, aRmoaCina 

fragmentebi, romlebic nikes taZris 

karnizs ekuTvnoda (stevens, 1908:398). 

Sesabamisad, es fragmentebi Tavis adgilas 

ganTavsda cotaTi reintegrirebuli 

saxiT, ris gareSec origina lis Tavdapirveli 

forma aRqmadi ver iqneboda. 

niSandoblivia, rom am axlad napovn 

fragmentebze ferweruli dekoris kvali 

iyo darCenili, ramac biZgi misca gagrZelebas 

kamaTisa feris mniSvnelobis 

Taobaze kla sikur arqiteqturaSi. nikes 

taZris meore anastilozis samuSaoebi 

1940 wlis seqtembris bolos dasrulda 

da mis kvalad taZari, am mSvenieri nagebobis 

axleburi ieri isev warudga sazogadoebas. 

igi _ titusis Ta Ris msgavsad 

_ Tanamedrove restavraciis erT-erTi 

simbolo gaxda. 

7.4.2. xmelTaSuazRvispireTi 

saukuneTa mijnaze nangrevebis restavracia 

farTod gavrcelda xmel Ta- 

SuazRvispireTSi. TurqeTis komerciuli 

politika nebas iZleoda Zveli Zeglebi 

evropuli muzeumebisTvis mieyidaT. 

1899-1913 wlebSi mileTi T. vigandma 

gaTxara, xolo pergamonis sakurTxeveli 

berlinis pergamonis mu zeumSi 

iqna gadatanili. 220 olimpoSi 1886-90 

wlebSi georg kaveraum aRma r Ta heras 

taZris ori sveti, romelnic balanosis 

konsultaciiT Catare buli gaTxrebisas 

ipovnes. 1903-06 wlebSi aRadgines 

aTenelTa saganZuri delfosSi; Tolosis 

wriuli taZari aseve Tavidan aages, 

220 rekonstruqcia Zlier dazianda meore 

msoflio omis dros, Tanamedrove teqnologiebis 

araswori gamoyenebisa da xvrelebis 

gaburRviT konstruq ciis dasustebis gamo 

(schmidt, 1993).


aRdgenil nawi leb Si muqi porosis marmarilos 

gamoyenebiT, ramac `zolebiani 

keqsis efeq ti~ Seqmna. 1900-1914 wlebSi 

ser arTur evansma (1851-1941 ww.) gaTxara 

mi nosis sasaxle knososSi da 1905 

wlidan moyolebuli mas rkina-betonis 

da sruli poliqromiis gamoyenebiT 

aRadgenda (es adgili arqeologiuri 

restavraciis `Zegli~ gaxda!). 

samxreT italiis mniSvnelovan arqeologiur 

Zeglebze SekeTeba da mcire 

restavracia jer kidev XVIII saukunidan 

moyolebuli tardeboda, maT Soris 

herkulanumsa da pompeaSi. safuZvliani 

rekonstruqciebi 1920-ian wlebSi daiwyo, 

roca, magaliTad, ramdenime sveti 

Tavidan aRmarTes agrigentosa da selinuntis 

taZrebSi. rekonstruqciis 

_ tivolis maxlob lad adrianes vilis 

CaTvliT (r. viRi, v. fazolo, 1955-56 

ww.) _ Semdegi pe riodi 1950-ian da 1960ian 

wlebze modis. msgavsi politika 

sxvaganac Semovida, mag., epidavrossa 

(1958-63 ww.) da abu-simbelSi (1963-68 

ww.). traia neumi pergamonSi xelovnuri 

qvis gamoyenebiT iqna aRdgenili, xolo 

1970-80-ian wlebSi efesoSi celsusis 

biblioTeka da misi mimdebare nagebobebi 

iseTi baTqaSis gamoyenebiT aRadgines, 

romelic Tavdapirveli qandakebe bis 

zedapiris imitacias warmoadgenda. 221 

7.5. konservaciuli moZraoba 

centralur evropaSi 

saqsoniis arqiteqturul identobas, 

upirvelesad, XVIII saukunis barokul 

kompleqsebSi xedavdnen _ aseTia, mag., 

Zlier morTul-mokazmuli cvingeri, 

samefo sazeimo sasaxle drezdenis 

221 hartvig Smidtis wigni xmelTaSuazRvispireTSi 

arqeologiuri Zeglebis istoriisa 

da gaTxrebis Cinebul analizs moicavs 

(schmidt, 1993). garda ami sa, sagulisxmoa: 

thompson, 1981; Gizzi, 1988, vlad Borrelli, 1991. 

centrSi. cvingeri ukve XIX saukunis 

pirvel naxevarSi iqna restavrirebuli 

da nawilobriv aRdgeni lic 1849 wlis 

xanZris Semdeg. miuxedavad imisa, rom 

goTuri aRorZineba aq ufro gvian gamoCnda, 

vidre prusiaSi, mainc SeiniSneboda 

interesi Sua saukuneebis nangrevebis, 

rogorc lanSafturi parkebis 

erTi maxasiaTeb lis, mimarT XVIII s-is bolos 

da kvlav 1814-15 wlebis venis kongresis 

Se m deg, rodesac aRzevda germaneli 

xalxis gaerTianebis patriotuli 

su r vili. tYuringiisa da saqsoniis 

erovnuli siZveleebis kvlevis pirveli 

sazogadoeba 1819 wels daarsda da mere 

mas sxvebic mohyva (magirius, 1989:52ff). 

iyo mcdeloba, 1852 wlis avstriuli 

magaliTis mibaZviT, Seeqm naT istoriuli 

Senobebis dacvis samTavrobo uwyeba, 

magram pirveli kon k re tuli nabiji mxolod 

1893 wels gadaidga, roca doqtori 

kornelius gurliti inventarizaciis 

xelmZRvanelad dainiSna. 1894 wlis 

29 ivniss mTavrobam daarsa Kommission 

zur Erhaltung der Kunstdenkmäler (mxatvruli 

Zegle bis dacvis komisia), franguli 

Commission des monuments historiques da 

avstri u li centraluri komisiis darad. 

1917 wlis 29 seqtembers moxda misi reor 

ganizacia Landesamt für Denkmalpflege-d 

(ZeglTa dacvis samxareo samsaxu ri) (magirius, 

1989:121ff). 

gotfrid zemperi (1803-79 ww.), ekleqtizmis 

upirvelesi warmomadgene li, 

romelmac sakmaod adre didi wvlili Seitana 

Tanamedrove arqiteq tu ris Teoriis 

SemuSavebaSi, 1834-49 wlebSi drezdenSi 

muSaobda. misi saqmianoba mravlismomcveli 

iyo _ konservaciac da purifikaciac, 

stilu ri rekonstruqciac, 

winaswargansazRvruli proporciebiT 

gagrZelebac da urbanul kompozicia- 

Si istoriuli Senobebis kontra pun qtad 

gamoye nebac ki, rogorc cvingeris 

SemTxvevaSi. miuxedavad amisa, igi pativs 

scemda da icavda cvikauSi XVI da

XVII saukuneTa marienkirxes inte rieris 

dekors, maSin roca imave dros laipcigis 

Tomaskirxe (1814-15 ww.) an fraiburgis 

kaTedrali (1829 w.) SeTeTrda da `modernizebul~ 

iqna. oSa t cis ratuSisa da 

eigidenkirhes miseuli rekonstruqciebi, 

Tavis rig ze, unikaluri iyo am periodSi 

saqsoniaSi (magirius, 1989:63ff). 

XIX saukunis meore naxevarSi da, gansakuTrebiT 

ki, 1861 wlis Eisenacher Regulative-is 

mere, goTurma aRorZinebam fexi 

moikida aq, rogorc pro testantuli 

eklesiebisTvis yvelaze Sesaferisma 

stilma. Semdgom, Historismus-is period- 

Si, restavraciaSi stiluri mTlianobis 

nacvlad sti luri siwminde Semovida 

(Stileinbeit-dan Stilreinbeit-sken) da saqsoniis 

900 ek le si is TiTqmis 80 procenti Sesabamisad 

iqna restavrirebuli _ ZiriTadad, 

kerZo saxsrebiT. erT-erTi saeklesio 

restavratori Teodor kventi ni 

iyo, romelic pirnaSi, fraiburgsa da 

stolpenSi muSaobda. maisenSi kaTedralis 

da albrextsburgis restavracia 

TiTqmis naxevari saukune grZeldeboda 


sur. 7.9. drezdenis 

cvingeris Sesasvlelis 

koSki, restavrirebuli da 

rekonstru i rebuli meore 

msoflio omiT miyenebuli 

ngrevis Semdeg 

da, ZiriTadad, cixe-darbazis axlad 

morTvasa da kaTedra lis axali dasavle- 

Ti koSkebis agebas moicavda. am koSkebisTvis 

mravali saproeqto winadadeba 

iqna SemoTavazebuli, sabolood ki isini 

karl Sei feris proeqtiT aSenda. mTeli 

Senobis da, gansakuTrebiT, koSkebis restavracias, 

1912 wels samuSaoTa saboloo 

dasrulebamde, xangZlivi kamaTi sdevda 

Tan. miCneulia, rom am proeqtiT dasrulda 

Historismus-is mTavari restavraciebi. 

kornelius gurlitis miTiTebiT, 

romlis Sexedulebani inglisur sakonservacio 

moZraobas asaxavda, saqmianoba 

axla a. riglis Denkmalkultus-is ZiriTadi 

ideebis Tanaxmad warimarTa, romelic 

mouwodeb da konservaciisken nacvlad 

restavraciisa. 

prusiaSic, romantizmisa da Historismus-is 

wyalobiT restavracia yo vel Tvis 

ufro dasrulebisa da rekonstruqciisadmi 

iyo midrekili, gan sa ku T rebiT, 

eklesiebisa da cixe-darbazebis SemTxvevaSi, 

marienburgisa da kYolnis mibaZviT. 

es moda XX saukuneSic gagrZelda


sur. 7.10. albrextsburgi da maisenis 

kaTedrali; kaTedralis koSkebi karl 

Sei fe ris proeqtiT XIX s-is miwuruls 

aSenda 

mravali praqti ko sis mier, vinc violele-dYukis 

meTodebiT iyo aRfrTovanebuli. 

isto ri u li avTenturobisadmi interesis 

gaRviveba pirveli prusieli 

konser va to ris, fon kvastis principebSi 

SeiniSneba. 1856 wels avgust raihenSpe rgeri 

amtkicebda, rom `pirveli da ZiriTadi 

wesi yvela saxis restavra ciisa aris: 

rac SeiZleba naklebis da rac SeiZleba 

SeumCnevlad gakeTe ba~ (reichensperger, 

1845). Tumca raihenSpergeri uSvebda 

nakluli adgilebis aRdgenas òriginalis 

suliskevTebiT~, igi xazs usvamda 

istoriisa da Zve li Senobis individualobis 

pativiscemis aucileblobas, 

gansakuTre biT, eklesiebis SemTxvevaSi. 

romelime nawilis mocilebis Taobaze 

gada wyvetileba unda efuZnebodes `karg 

gemovnebas~, teqnikur gamocdilebas da 

usafrTxoebis dacvas; `gviani elementebi~ 

SeiZleba moxsniliyo mxo lod im Sem- 

TxvevaSi, Tuki isini `mkafiod upirispirdeba 

Senobis stils da funqcias da 

arc mxatvruli Rirebuleba gaaCniaT.~ 

7.5.1. mYunxenis magaliTi 

1852 wels mYunxenis arqiepiskoposma 

mxari dauWira frauenkirxes restavracias, 

raTa misTvis Zvelindeli `mSvenieri 

forma daebrunebi naT~. 222 roca 1861 

wels sazogadoebas axlad gaformebuli 

taZari warud gines, amas presaSi aRSfo- 

Tebis talRa moyva. erT-erTi avtorTagani 

vilhelm lYubke iyo, romelic 

werda `sarestavracio cieb-cxelebis~ 

Tao baze, bolo wlebSi mTels qveyanas 

kidiT-kide rom moedo. Tumca, erTi 

mxriv, erisTvis sasargeblo iyo Tavis 

Zeglebze zrunva, meore mxriv, amt kicebda 

igi, yovelive metismetad Sors 

wavida; restavracia ci eb-cxele bad gadaiqca, 

romelic, gaxelebuli, didebuli 

Zeglebisa da maTi dama xasiaTebeli niSnebis 

ganadgurebasac bedavda. frauenkirxe 

restavraciis Sedegad mas TiTqmis 

ganadgurebuli daxvda: 

ìgi gawmendil iqna, anu is sakurTxevlebi 

da qandakebebi, romlebic goTuri 

stilisa ki ar iyo, aramed `dakululebuli 

formebisa~, mo ci lebul iqna. aseve 

moaciles farTo renesansuli TaRebi, 

romle bic esoden kargad abolovebda 

perspeqtivas da ararsebuli tran se ptis 

magvars qmnida eklesiisTvis. `dakululebulis~ 

winaaRmdeg ga c xareba namdvili 

anti-istoriuli arev-darevaa, 

222 Knoop, 1972:393ff.

omelic mxolod calmxriv fanatizms 

mohyveba xolme. netav, es mxolod maTi 

damfa ravi danamatebisgan keTilSobili 

arqiteqturuli formebis gamon Ta vi suf 

leba yofiliyo! piriqiT, mocilebul 

iqna jerac dekorati u lad STambeWdavi 

CanaSenebi, romlebic faqizad faravda 

nagebobis siSiSvels, rac TavisTavad 

uSno da arafrismetyvelia.~ 223 

dancigis, breslaus, maincisa da venis 

sxva mniSvnelovan eklesieb Tan dakav- 

SirebiT lYubke xazs usvamda istoriuli 

stratigrafiis mniSv ne lobas, romelic 

mrevlis cxovrebas da RvTismosaobas 

asaxavda. igi aRniSnavda, rom es Senobebi 

mSvenierebis abstraqtuli idealis gamo 

ki ar augiaT, aramed RmerTis cocxali 

rwmeniT. 224 1891 wels igi mrCevelTa im 

komisiis wevri iyo, romelic germanuli 

saxelmwifoebis warmomadge nelTa 

monawileobiT, XVII saukunis bolos 

franguli jaris mier dang reuli XVI 

saukunis haidelbergis cixe-darbazTan 

dakavSirebiT Seiqmna. komisiam gamoitana 

verdiqti: dakarguli nawilebis aRdgena 

aikrZala da neba daerTo mxolod 

arsebulis sakonservacio samuSaoebis 

Catarebas. 

7.5.2. inglisuri gavlenis Semotana 

miuxedavad imisa, rom mYunxenTan da kav- 

Sirebuli protesti anti-res tav raciuli 

tendenciis gamoxatuleba iyo, mxolod 

saukunis dasasru lis T vis gamoCnda 

axali, ufro Zlieri moZraoba _ 

amjerad inglisuri magaliTis mibaZviT. 

erT-erTi pirveli, vinc axali midgoma 

daamkvidra germanulenovan qveynebSi, 

herman muTeziusi iyo (1861-1927 ww.), 

arqiteqto ri, romelsac klasikuri 

musika da literatura, gansakuTrebiT 

223 Lübke, W. 1861, ‘Das Restaurationsfieber’ (in Huse, 

1984:100ff). 

224 lübke, ibid. 


goeTe uyvarda. is garkveul dros 

iaponiasa da italiaSi muSaobda, xolo 

1896-1903 wlebSi _ teqnikur da kulturul 

ataSed londonSi. aq man gaicno 

uilYam mo risi, romlis saxelosno Soriaxlo 

mdebareobda, aseve Carlz rene 

makintoSi da inglisuri xuroTmoZRvrebis 

sistemuri kvleva Caatara (muthesius, 

1981:42). am kvlevis Sedegad, moris ze 

da ingliseli arqiteqto rebis swavlebaze 

uamravi narkvevi gamoqveynda. 1900 

da 1901 wlebSi muTe zi usma germanulad 

gamoaqveyna raskinis naSromebi, rasac 

1904-5 wlebSi mohyva misi Das Englische 

haus, romelsac didad afasebda leTebi 

da sxva ing liseli arqiteqtorebi. 

1902 wels werilSi restavraciis Sesaxeb 

ger maniaSi, igi sinanuls gamoTqvamda 

kYolnis kaTedralis dasrulebis 

Tao ba ze, fiqrobda ra, rom misi Tavdapirveli 

sxeuli gacilebiT mets da 

ukeT mogviTxrobda misi mSeneblebis 

da maTi yovlismomcveli miswrafe bis 

Taobaze, vidre amas odesme SeZlebda 

XIX saukunis civi pedanturi na ge boba. 

igi gamokveTda yvelaze moklrZalebul 

nagebobaTa dokumentur mniSvnelobas, 

xolo rekonstruqciebs srul idiotizmad 

miiCnevda, sawyi si etapis erTgvar, 

kbilis amosvlis dar sirTuleebad, im 

bavSvebs gvago nebso, romelTac surT 

daSalon Tavisi saTamaSo, raTa naxon, 

ra aris SigniT! 

zrunva da movla rekonstruqciis 

nacvlad: ai, es aris konservaciis Ziri- 

Tadi mizani. nangrevis an nakluli adgilis 

mxatvruli gasrulebis Tvis danamatebis 

gakeTeba sruliad dauSvebelia. 

es mxolod droebiTi qmedeba SeiZleba 

iyos da mkafiod unda iyos aRniSnuli, 

rogorc aseTi, anu araviTari mxatvruli 

formis pretenzia ar unda hqondes 

da yvelaze naklebad ki Zeglis xuroTmoZRvrebas 

unda baZavdes (muthesius, 

1902). 

muTeziusi miuTiTebda Tanamedove


moZraobaze inglisSi da acxadeb da, 

rom amgvari unda yofiliyo istoriuli 

nagebobisadmi mopyrobis go nivruli 

safuZveli. oTxi wliT gvian misi mosazrebebi 

konrad langemac gaimeora. igi 

xazs usvamda, rom yovelma drom Tavisi 

xuroTmoZRvreba unda Seqmnas da ar ecados 

stiluri avTenturobis miRwevas. 

amitom, yo veli restavrirebuli nawili, 

Tundac TariRisa da warweris gareSec, 

unda atyobinebdes mnaxvels, ra aris 

Zveli da ra _ axali. (lange, 1906:29). 

meore arqiteqtori, Teodor fiSeri 

(1862-1938 ww.), romelic rkina-betonis 

gamoyenebis avangardSi idga, haidelbergis 

cixe-darbazis rekonstruqcia ze 

msjelobisas, aRniSnavda eWvis saCoTiro 

gancdas, romelic avTentu ro bas Tan dakavSirebiT 

TiTqmis yvela restavrirebul 

SenobaSi ibadeboda. igi Tvlida, 

rom 100 restavraciidan 50 mainc arasaWiro 

iyo da ubralod mezobelTan 

gajibrebiT anda wesrigis gadaWarbebuli 

moTxovnilebiT iyo ganpirobebuli. 

umetesad, sul mciredi SekeTebac 

sruliad sakmarisi iq ne boda istoriis 

msvlelobaSi Seqmnili mTlianobis 

TvalsazrisiT. igi amtkicebda, rom `Tanamedrove 

pedanti `saxazavis adamiani~ 

did TviTdis cip linas saWiroebs, rom 

drois mier ganadgurebuli an gaxunebuli 

deta lebis miRma mTlianis harmoniis 

danaxva iswavlos~. 225 

7.5.3. paul klemeni 

1900-iani wlebis dasawyisSi paul klemenma, 

1893 wlidan rainispireTis konservatorma, 

dawera narkvevebi raskinsa 

da inglisuri konservaciuli moZraobis 

Taobaze. igi aRiarebda inglisuri 

gavlenis mniSvnelobas, gan sakuTrebiT 

nangrevebisadmi midgomis TvalsazrisiT. 

raskins igi istori u li Senobebis 

225 Fischer, 1902:298 

restavraciis `yvelaze mkacr, yvelaze 

mWevrmetyvel da yvelaze gavlenian 

oponentad~, xolo uilYam moriss, mis 

yvelaze enTu ziast mociqulad ixseniebda. 

igi gansakuTrebiT afasebda `Svidi 

lamp ris~ meore Tavs, xuroTmoZRvrebaSi 

WeSmaritebisken mowodebas da siyal bis 

dagmobas (Clemen, 1900:17), Tumca sakmaod 

kritikuli iyo raskinis zo gadi midgomis 

mimarT. klemenis dakvirvebiT, mas 

yovelTvis yvelaferi eTikuri cnebebidan 

gamohyavda, rasac erTgvari gaugebroba 

da gauwonas wo rob loba Sehqonda 

fuZemdebel koncefciebSi mxatvrul da 

teqnikur aspeqtebTan mimarTebiT. isto 

rikosisTvis raskins obieqturoba 

aklda, aRiarebda ra mxolod mokle istoriul 

periods da ugulebelyofda 

`berZnul xelovnebas _ didebul ganmwmend 

sabanels~. Tumca, raskinis gagebisTvis 

gasaRebi yrmobisas mis ganviTarebaSi 

iyo saZiebeli: `mas ax lavs siaxle 

da originaloba, magram, amave dros, 

TviTnaswavli adamianis mankieri calmxrivobac~ 

(Clemen, 1900:32). klemeni ar 

uaryofda, rom aRd genis Tanamedrove 

meTodebi safrTxes uqmnida istoriuli 

Senobis cxo vel xa tulobasa da mimzidvelobas. 

igi upiratesobas yovel jerze 

mcire odenobis SekeTebebs aniWebda da 

acxadebda, rom Zeglebis konservacia _ 

die Denkmalpflege, momdevno saukunesac 

unda iTvaliswinebdes da ara mxo lod 

momaval aTwleuls. 

igi aRfrTovanebuli iyo viole-ledYukis 

ostatobiT parizis notr-damis 

restavraciisas, roca faqtiurad iviwyebdi, 

raoden bevri ram iyo iq axali 

_ miuxedavad metismeti mouxeSaobisa, 

gansakuTrebiT qanda kebasa da CuqurTmaSi. 

igi didad afasebda viole-le-dYukis 

mier taZris garemos mowesrigebaze 

gaweul zrunvas, romelic, misi azriT, 

bevrad aRe mateboda kYolnis ususur 

mcdelobas. igi dadebiTad afasebda 

karkasonsa da egYu-morts, Tumca pY-

erfoni napoleon III-is `neronul fantaziad~ 

mi aCnda da amJamad ukve `civi 

da mSrali~ eCveneboda. klemeni nanobda, 

rom XVIII saukunis gamarTulobani, 

gansakuTrebiT kveTili dasajdomlebi, 

ro gorc sansSi, amiensa da germanul 

kaTedralebSi, stilis sisufTaves Seewira. 

Tumca igi aRniSnavda, rom frangebi 

ufro adre gamofxizldnen, vidre 

germanelebi da Seecadnen, CamoeyalibebinaT 

restavraciis principe bi Senobis 

istoriuli xasiaTis sruli gaTvaliswinebiT. 

igi udides mniSvnelobas ani- 

Webda ganxilvebs, raTa brmad Catarebul 

restavracias jansaRi reaqcia mohyoloda. 

igi iSveliebda franguli asociaciis, 

Ami des monument-is rekomendacias: 

`konservacia da ara restavracia!~ sicoxlis 

mi wu ruls klemeni konservaciis 

dasasabuTeblad ufro simboluri da 

mkveTrad nacionalisturi Rirebulebebisken 

gadaixara. es àRsareba~, ro gorc 

misi cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebis erTgvari 

Sejameba, 1933 wels ga moqveynda 

(Clemen, 1933). 

XIX saukunis bolosTvis germanulenovan 

saxelmwifoebSi ekonomi ku ri ganviTareba, 

quCebis keTilmowyoba transportisTvis, 

kerZo spekula ciebi da 

umaRlesi xelisuflebis ugulisxmieroba 

im mizezTagani iyo, romlebmac bevri 

qalaqis istoriuli ieris waSla ganapiroba. 

nYurenbergi imaTTagani iyo, vinc 

Tavisi xasiaTi mainc SeinarCuna. 1899 

wels, rodesac pirvelad gamoica konservaciisadmi 

miZRvnili axali Jurnali 

Die Denkmalpflege, ganxilvis erT-erTi 

Tema iyo `Zveli nYurenbergi safrTxe- 

Sia~ (“alt-nürnberg in Gefahr~, Die Denkmalpflege, 

i 1899:6). werili yuradRebas 

im mTa var Rirebulebaze amaxvilebda, 

rasac, mnaxvelebis mozidvis Tvalsazri 

siT, istoriuli qalaqis silamaze 

ganasaxierebda. imave wels stras burg- 

Si ìstoriis da siZveleTa germanuli 

sazogadoebebis asociaciam~ ga moitana 


dadgenileba, romelic xelisufalT 

istoriuli qalaqebis mi marT maT movaleobebs 

Seaxsenebda: 

ìstoriuli Zeglebis, rogorc yvela 

xalxis erovnuli warsulis yvelaze 

mniSvnelovani da keTilSobili mtkicebulebebis 

sagulda gu lo dacva da 

restavracia, aqamde xelmisawvdomze 

gacilebiT met Tanxebs moiTxovs. amitom 

kongresi aucileblad miiCnevs, rom 

kon ser va ciis sferoSi wamyvani saxelmwifoebis 

magaliTis Sesabamisad, saxelmwifo 

bYujetSi am mizniT yvelgan unda 

gadaidos Tanxebi.~ 226 

7.5.4. Sexvedrebi konservaciis Taobaze 

komitetis SeTavazebis safuZvelze, 

romlis wevri klemeni iyo, ga da wyda 

regularuli Sexvedrebis mowyoba yvela 

germanulenovani saxelm wi fos konservatorebis 

monawileobiT. am movlenebs 

`Tage für Denkmalpflege” (`konservaciis 

dReebi~) daerqva da yovelwliurad 

ewyoboda. pirveli Sex ved ra 1900 

wles drezdenSi, kornelius gurlitis 

maspinZlobiT moewyo. 227 pirvel Sekrebaze 

klemenma gaakeTa evropaSi istoriuli 

Senobebis dacvis saerTaSoriso 

mdgomareo bis mimoxilva, rasac moyva 

gurlitis moxseneba inventarizaciaze. 

es seminarebi, romlebic 1920-ian 

wlebamde yovelwliu rad tardeboda, 

Cinebul SesaZleblobas aZlevda sxvadasxva 

saxelmwifos warmomadgenlebs 

gamocdilebis Sejerebisa da gacvlis, 

226 ‘hauptversammlung der deutschen Geschichts-und 

altertumsvereine’, strassburg, 27-28 september 

1899 (Die Denkmalpflege, 17 October 1900:104). 

227 Semdgomi Sexvedrebi moewyo: fraiburgSi, 

1901 w.; dYuseldorfSi, 1902 w.; erfurtSi 

1903 w.; maincSi 1904 w.; bambergSi, 1905 w.; 

braunSvaigSi, 1906 w., man haimSi, 1907 w., lYubekSi 

1908 w.; trirSi 1909 w.; dancigSi 1910 

w.; hal ber StadSi 1912 w.


principebis, in ven tarizaciis, administrirebisa 

da sakanonmdeblo sakiTxebis 

ganxilvis, romlebic gansakuTrebiT 

imxanad iyo saintereso, rodesac bevri 

saxelm wifo jer mxolod iwyebda 

sakanonmdeblo dacvis amoqmedebas. rac 

Seexe ba istoriuli nagebobebis mimarT 

midgomas, naTlad gamoikveTa ori xazi, 

romelTagan erTi konservacias, meore 

ki restavracias aZlevda upirate so bas. 

drezdenSi 1900 wlis Sekrebaze, 

paul tornov-metcma, erT-erTma maTganma, 

vinc ~Zvelebis suliskveTebiT~ 

restavraciis momxre iyo, SesTa vaza zogierTi 

principi, romlebic miznad isaxavda 

istoriuli xasiaTis SenarCunebas 

da originalis srulad gaTvaliswinebas. 

erTaderTi gamo nak lisi Senobis 

`konstruqciuli Secdomebis gasworeba 

da teqnikuri mo na cemebis upirobo 

gamosworeba~ SeiZleba yofiliyo. man 

sagangebo yurad Re ba gaamaxvila stilis 

sakiTxze. pirveli principi gaxlavT, 

rom kon servacia vrceldeba yvela 

Zeglze, romelic ìstoriul stils~ 

ganeku Tv neba (anu uZvelesi droidan XVII 

saukunis miwurulamde); meore, yvela 

stili TanabarRirebuli unda iyos konservaciis 

TvalsazrisiT; garda ami sa, 

igi iZleoda rekomendacias, rom Zeglebs 

pativiscemiT mopyrobod nen: Zveli 

formebis SenarCuneba, restavraciisas 

gamZle masalebis gamoye neba, kargi 

dokumentaciis momzadeba anazomebiT, 

aRwerebiT, fotoebiTa da mulYaJebiT, 

Canacvlebuli fragmentebis muzeumSi 

ganTavsebiT da sa mu SaoTa msvlelobis 

`matianis~ publikaciiT. igi urCevda 

restavraciis Semdeg mTeli Senobis regularuli 

detaluri Semowmebis Catarebasac. 

mi u xedavad imisa, rom es saxelmZ- 

Rvanelo principebi Tavisi koncefciiT 

sa k maod Tanamedroved JRers, tornovi 

da bevri misi kolega jerac stilisturi 

restavraciis momxreni iyvnen. 

Semdegi sakiTxi, romelic Sekre- 

bebis dros wamoiWra, iyo istoriuli 

Zeglebis dayofa kategoriebad: 

`mkvdari~ da `cocxali~. es sakiTxi gani 

xileboda 1904 wels madridSi arqiteqtorTa 

me-6 saerTaSoriso kong res ze 

da Semdeg kvlav iqna wamoyenebuli 1909 

wels trirSi dancigeli profesoris s. 

veberis moxsenebaSi integraciisas stilis 

sakiTxis Sesa xeb. 

(a) mkvdari Senobebis Taobaze: 1) 

`suf Ta nangrevevi~ yovelgvari 

mxa tvruli Rirebulebis gareSe 

SeiZleba minimaluri dacviTi Ronis 

Ziebebis anabara davtovoT; 2) 

`mkvdari Senobebi~, romleb sac jerac 

aqvs saxuravi, magram ar gamoiyeneba, 

ise unda iqnes movlili, rom 

nangrevebad ar iqces. 3) didi mxatvruli 

da is toriuli Rirebulebis 

mqone `mkvdari Senobebi~, rogoricaa 

mag., haidelbergis cixe-darbazi, 

yovel jerze sagangebod unda 

ganixilebodes, magram maTi gawirva 

`mSvenieri sikvdilis T vis~ namdvilad 

samarcxvino iqneboda. 

(b) `cocxali Senobebis~ ganxilvisas, 

anu Senobebis, romlebic maTi Tavdapirveli 

funqciiT gamoiyeneba, 

prioroteti mxatvrul Rirebulebebs 

unda mieniWos: `yoveli amdagvari 

restavraciis mizani is unda 

iyos, rom samuSaoTa dasrulebisas 

_ me aq ekle siebs vgulisxmob _ 

rodesac Senoba gadaecema mrevls, 

misi STa beW dileba saero adamianze, 

visTvisac faqtiurad gakeTda es 

samuSao, iseTive iyos, rogorc axali 

eklesiis cqerisas~. 228 

barokuli sakurTxevlebis moxsna strasburgis, 

augsburgis, kYol nis kaTedralebsa 

da mYunxenis fravenkirxeSi misTvis 

`mxatvruli qmede ba~ iyo, romelic 

saWiro iyo am SenobebSi monumenturobis 

gancdis Sesa qm nelad, rac arqiteqtoris 

erTi mTavari unaria. 

228 weber, 1909:95ff

aseTi midgoma _ istoriuli Senobis 

mxatvruli ieris aRdgenisa misi istoriuli 

da arqeologiuri Rirebulebebis 

xarjze, restavraciaSi ìstoriuli 

skolis~ gacxadeba unda yofiliyo. 

`modernistuli skola~ ki piriqiT, cdilobda 

Senobis istoriuli mTlianoba 

SeenarCunebina. ro ca danamatebi saWiro 

xdeboda, es unda gakeTebuliyo amd- 

Revandeli sti lis Sesabamisad, uilYam 

morisisa da kamilo boitos midgomis 

Sesatyvi sad. sirTule is iyo, rom bevrs 

ar sjeroda, Tuki arsebobda raime, rasac 

`Tanamedrove stili~ SeiZleba ewodos! 

doqtori kornelius gurli ti 

drezdenidan darwmunebuli iyo, rom momavali 

Taobebi kritikulad miudgebian 

im ngrevas, rac stilis saxeliT gakeTda 

XIX saukuneSi. igi gansakuTrebiT wuxda 

im SemTxvevebis gamo, roca Zveli nawarmoebi 

Seswo rebul iqna restavraciisas, 

raTa `sruliad swori~ gamxdariyo. garda 

imisa, rom ganadgurebul iqna àunazRaurebeli 

erovnuli mniSvnelobis 

Ri rebulebani~, restavratorebis wyalobiT 

ramdenadme gaurkveveli gaxda, 


`Tu ramdenadaa isini marTlac saTayvano 

Zeglebi da ramdenad _ XIX sau kunis 

nawarmoebebi!~ igi aRniSnavda, rom aqamde 

naklebad iyo mcdeloba Cveni dRevandelobis 

gamoxatvisa restavraciaSi 

da amgvari ram ar unda iyos dasacini. 229 

7.5.5. dehio 

sur. 7.11. haidelbergis 

cixe-darbazis ezo, 

romelic sarestavracio 

kamaTis sagani gaxda 

XIX s-is miwurulSi. 

marcxniv Cans cnobili 

ottheinrichsbau. 

1901 wels seminaris erT-erTi Tema 

iyo haidelbergis cixe-darbazis axlad 

SemoTavazebuli rekonstruqcia, romelic 

1891 wels dawunebul iq na komisiis 

mier. axla am gadawyvetilebis gadasinjva 

arqiteqtorma karl Seiferma 

moiTxova, romelic nangrevebad qceul 

ottheinrichsbau-s agegmarebda. proeqts mxari 

dauWires misma kolegebma, romlebic 

aucileblad Tvlid nen am nangrevebis 

mdgradobis uzrunvelyofas da òriginaluri 

da brwyi n vale mxatvruli nawarmoebis 

Seqmnas Zvelebis suliskveTebiT~ 

(Dehio, 1901:108ff). am proeqts mowinaaR- 

229 gurliti trirSi, 1909 wels: von oechelhaeuser, 

1910-1913, gv.115.


mdegenic gamouCndnen, gansakuTrebiT 

profesori georg gotfrid dehio 

(1850-1936 ww.), xelovnebis istorikosi 

strasburgidan, romlis gvari erTgvar 

sazogado saxeladac iqca, radgan is iyo 

istoriuli Senobebis Taobaze sanimuSo 

saxelmZRvaneloebis seri is avtori da 

wamomwyebi germanulenovan qveynebSi da 

germaniaSi Tanamed ro ve sakonservacio 

midgomis damfuZnebelic. dehiom gaixsena, 

rom 1891 wels komisiam, xolo 1896 

wels haidelbergSi germanuli arqiteqturuli 

da sainJinro sazogadoebebis 

generalurma asambleam rekonstruqciis 

wi na aRmdeg gadawyvetilebebi miiRes. 

amas marienburgis restavratori, arqiteqtori 

Stainbrextic ki daTanxmda. 

arsebul nangrevebs ar gaaCnda kon struq 

ciuli problemebi da arc sakmarisi 

dokumentacia iyo warmodgeni li. 

dehio daJinebiT moiTxovda im principebis 

dacvas, romlebic mravali wlis 

gamocdilebis kvalad SemuSavda: `konservacia 

da mxolod konserva cia! aRdgena 

mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki konservacia 

materialurad Se uZlebelia; 

rac Camovarda, mxolod gansakuTrebul, 

sagangebo da gansazRvrul garemoebeb- 

Si SeiZleba aRdges~. 230 SemoTavaze buli 

rekonstruqcia hi poTeturi iqneboda 

da disonanss Seqmni da mTels kompleqs- 

Si. fsiqolo giurad aq Cadebulia Rrmad 

dasafuZvlebuli moTxovna, rom Zveli 

unda ga moiyurebodes siZveled, warsulis 

nakvalevi aCndes, iqneba es naoWebi, 

bza rebi Tu Wrilobebi. haidelbergis 

SemTxvevaSi ikargeboda avTenturo ba da 

miiReboda imitacia, daikargeboda nangrevebi, 

romlebic xanma gaana c risfra, 

magram jerac cocxali iyo, sanacvlod 

ki miiReboda raRac, arc Zveli, arc axali, 

`mkvdari akademiuri abstraqcia~. 

dehio darwmunebuli iyo arqiteqtorTa 

da teqnikosTa ganaTlebis 

da wvrTnis aucileblobaSi istori- 

230 Dehio, 1901:110 

ul Senobebze samuSaod. pirvelad es 

sakiTxi man 1901 wels da Semdeg kvlav 

1903 wels wamoWra, da dasva ki T x va, ra 

aris arqiteqtori da misi damokidebuleba 

istoriul Senobas Tan. misTvis 

arqiteqtori nawilobriv teqnikosi 

iyo, gamoyenebiTi mecnie rebis muSaki, 

nawilobrivadac xelovani. xolo istoriul 

Senobaze muSaoba Se moqmeds ki 

ara, mkvlevar-mecniers moiTxovda. Sesabamisad, 

mSenebeli-pra q tikosis konservacionistobaze 

gadasvla adamianis uRrmesi 

Sinagani ar sebis srul reorientacias 

iTxovda. es fundamenturi sakiTxi 

iyo, rad gan arqiteqtura xelovneba 

iyo, xolo konservacia mTeli misi 

moTxovne biT da miznebiT _ mecniereba. 

es ori aspeqti Znelad Tu Seegueboda 

erT maneTs; konservatori, romelmac gamiznulad 

ugulebelyo Tavisi Semoqmede 

biTi temperamenti, yovelTvis rCeboda 

potenciur safrTxed ZeglisT vis. 

ufro metic, konservacia ikavebda srul 

samuSao dros da iTxovda ìs toriuli 

suliskveTebis srul STawvdomas~, rac 

mxolod zedmiwevni Ti ganaTlebiT miiRweoda 

_ ojaxidan dawyebuli (Dehio, 1901: 

17). arsebi Tad, ganaTleba da wvrTna vrclad 

iqna ganxiluli yvela donesTan 

mima r TebiT, pirveldawyebiTi da saSualo 

skolebiT dawyebuli da universite 

te biT damTavrebuli, sxvadasxva 

disciplinis, saxelovno da saxelosno 

skolebis, politeqnikuri da arqeologiuri 

fakultetebis gaTvaliswine biT. 

7.6. konservaciuli moZraoba 

italiaSi 

Tumca mravalricxovan mogzaurTa wyalobiT 

(SatobrianiT dawyebu li da viole-le-dYukiTa 

da raskiniT damTavrebuli) 

italielebs ar akl daT kavSiri 

centralur evropasa da inglisTan, 

mainc SedarebiT didi dro dasWirda Sua

saukuneebis an ufro mogviano Senobebis 

dacvisa da kon servaciis mimarT ufro 

Rrma interesis gaRvivebas. am Sedarebi- 

Ti dag vianebis gamo, italielebs Sesa- 

Zlebloba miecaT, gaeTvaliswinebinaT 

sxva qveynebis _ inglisis, safrangeTisa 

da germaniis _ gamocdileba, romlebic 

win uswrebdenen maT. amis Sedegad 

TiTqmis erTdroulad sxvadasxva midgoma 

iqna danergili, rac am sakiTxebis 

garSemo mudmiv kamaTs iwvevda. swored 

am kamaTma aRmoacena italiuri midgoma, 

romelic antikuri Zeg le bis restavraciis 

ufro adre Camoyalibebul principebsac 

efuZneboda, germanul romantizmsa 

da istorizmsac, frangul sarestavracio 

princi peb sac da jon raskinisa da 

sPaB-is inglisur midgomasac. amave 

dros, mimdinareobda italiis gaerTianeba, 

romelic aZlierebda nacionalistur 

grZnobebs, rasac mniSvnelovani wili 

hqonda qveynis memkvidreobis dafa se baSi. 

italiis samefos gaerTianebisas 

(1860-70 ww.), erovnuli kanonmdeb lo bisa 

da Zveli Zeglebisa da xelovnebis nawarmoebebis 

dacvis gamo qve y nis yvela mxareSi 

araerTi Taosnoba Cans. 231 1872 wels 

ganaTlebis sami nistrom daafuZna pirveli 

generaluri direqtorati, `Direzione 

generale degli scavi e musei”, romelic 1881 

wels gadakeTda `Direzione generale delle antichita 

e belle arti~. 1889 wels Camoyalibda natif 

xelovnebaTa 12 generaluri komisio 

neris Tanamdeboba qveynis sxvadasxva 

regionisTvis, xolo 1891 wels ki Ùffici 

regionali per la conservazione dei monumenti”; 

oTxi wlis mere isini daiyo calkeul sopritendenze-d, 

anu samTavrobo uwyebebad, 

romlebic istoriul Se nobebze, samxatvro 

galereebze, gaTxrebsa da muzeumebze 

iyvenen pasu xis mgebelni. 1870-ian wleb- 

Si da kvlav 1888 wels wardgenili iyo 

ramdeni me kanonproeqti erovnuli kanonmdeblobis 

Sesaqmnelad, magram kanoni 

231 mag., G.B. Cavalcaselle (1819-97), G. azzurri. ix.: 

Pavan, 1978. 


mxo lod 1902 wels iqna miRebuli da Semdgom, 

1904, 1906 da 1909 wlebSi ramdenjerme 

gadakeTda. 1939 wels ki sruliad 

axali kanoni Seiqmna. 

1830-ian wlebSi italiis mZime ekonomikur 

mdgomareobas ukeTesoba daetyo, 

amas keTildReoba mohyva, man ki 

urbanuli ganaxlebis programe bis SemuSaveba 

gamoiwvia iseT did qalaqeb- 

Si, rogoricaa milani da florencia. 

quCebis gafarToebam da axali Senobebis 

agebam istoriuli ubanuli qsovilis 

ganadgureba moitana. raskini sinanuls 

gamoTqvamda amis Taobaze; kritikosebi 

adgilobrivac moiZebneboda. 

erTi maTgani kar lo kataneo (1801-69 

ww.) iyo, publicisti da inteleqtuali, 

romlis na werebmac sagulisxmo 

wvlili Seitana Risorgimento-Si da romlis 

mosazre bebs kulturis sferoSi 

Semdgom sxvebic gamoexmaurnen, mag., 

karlo tanka (1816-83 ww.), Il Crepuscolo-s 

redaqtori da rafaele pareto, 

Jurnal Giornale dell’ingegnere architetto 

agronomo-s direqtori, romelmac 1861 

wels gadaTargm na j. e. stritis werili 

da mis ideebs sworad, Tumca gazviadebulad 

mi iC nevda (Pareto, 1861). kataneo 

inglisel moazrovneTa gavlenis qveS 

iyo. mas aRafrTovanebda Sua saukuneebis 

municipaluri organizacia da 

qalaqs ita liuri civilizaciis erTerT 

idealur principad miiCnevda. 1839 

wels man daaarsa perioduli gamocema 

Il Politecnico, romelSic igi istoriul 

qa laqebs ganadgurebisgan icavda (rocchi, 

1974:14). igi ewinaaRmdegeboda milanis 

kaTedralis win monumenturi 

moednis Seqmnas, iTvaliswinebda ra 

kaTedralze mis negatiur zemoqmedebas 

da istoriuli urbanuli qso vilis 

rRvevas. aRelvebda mas istoriul 

qalaqebSi masobrivi Tanamedrove 

transportis Semosvlac. 1862 wels 

man wamoayena erovnuli Zeglebis dasa 

cavad asociaciis, patrii monumenti,


Seqmnis winadadeba, romelic imave mimarTulebisa 

iqneboda, rac raskinma ingliss 

SesTavaza. 

raskins, romelmac venecia 1876 

wlis zamTarSi moinaxula, rodesac sanmarkos 

samxreTi fasadidan xaraCoebi 

moxsnes, viole-le-dYukis wina ndeli 

STabeWdilebisgan sruliad gansxvavebuli 

reaqcia hqonda: igi sa so warkveTiT 

ixsenebda im `bednier da amaRelvebel~ 

dReebs, rac piaceta ze gauatarebia. 

axla ki àq mxolod aCrdilia _ ara, gvami 

_ yovelive imisa, rac esoden miyvarda~ 

(ruskin, works, 1903-12,xxiv:405). mas axsovda 

oq ros Rrma naTeba da mozaikebis 

natifi naxlarTi, zeda TaRebSi mzis 

Suq ze farSavangis bolos rom emgvaneboda, 

magram axla isini TeTr saRebav Si 

amovlebul farSavangis bolod gamoiyureboda! 

raskini aRiarebda aR d genis 

aucileblobas, magram ar moswonda is 

meTodebi, romliTac es keTdeboda. igi 

Tvlida, rom am umniSvnelovanesi Senobis 

gadarCena reli giuri pasuxismgebloba 

iyo da ara marto veneciisTvis, 

aramed mTeli ev ropisTvis saWiro. 

xma restavraciis winaaRmdeg TviT 

veneciaSic gaisma _ graf alvis piero 

zorcim (1846-1922 ww.), raskinis Tayvanismcemelma 

da megobarma, 1877 wels 

gamoqveyna Tavisi dakvirvebebi _ Osservazioni 

intorno ai ristauri interni ed estenri 

della Basilica di San Marco (dakvirvebani 

san markos interierisa da eqste rieris 

restavraciis Taobaze), raskinis winasatyvaobiT, 

sadac Zvel bazi likas àrqiteqturis 

muzeumad~ ganixilavda, 

romelic, Sesabamisad, arqe o lo giuri 

da mxatvruli TvalsazrisiT gansakuTrebul 

mopyrobas saWi ro eb da. igi 

amtkicebda fundamenturi gansxvavebis 

arsebobas `restavraci a sa~ da `konservacias~ 

Soris. 

`restavracia saWiroebaTagan momdinare 

siaxleebs gulisxmobs. kon ser vacia 

sruliad gamoricxavs maT. restavracia 

SeiZleba gaukeT des yvelafers, rasac 

ara arqeologiuri, aramed wminda mxatvruli 

mni Svneloba aqvs. konservacia 

miznad isaxavs mospobisgan imis dac vas, 

rasac, misi siZvelisa da istoriuli 

mizezebis gamo, gansakuT rebuli, xelovnebaze, 

simetriaze, arqiteqturul 

orderebze da karg gemovnebaze aRmatebuli 

Rirseba axlavs. konservacia kidev 

ufro aucilebelia, Tuki arqeologiurs 

mxatvruli Rirebuleba emateba da 

rodesac obieqts, mis mTlianobaSi da 

detalebSic, istoriis iseTi niSan-kvali 

atyvia, rom is sruliad ganadgurdeba 

axlebur ya i daze ganxorcielebuli 

restavraciisas.~ 232 

igi amtkicebda, rom san marko, yvela 

TvalsazrisiT mSvenivrad pasuxobda 

yvela moTxovnas, rac mas italiaSi 

yvelaze saintereso da mTels dasavleTSi 

unikalur Zeglad aqcevs. igi 

irwmuneboda, rom mimdi nare restavracia 

am moTxovnebs ar iTvaliswinebs da 

bevri seriozuli Secdomaa daSvebuli, 

romlebic man 7 kategoriad daajgufa _ 

patinas Ca mofxekis, gansxvavebuli ornamentebiani 

marmariloebis Canacvlebis, 

deta lebis saxis Secvlis da Zenos 

kapelis dangrevis CaTvliT. misi rCeva 

iyo, daSlisa da ganaxlebis nacvlad, 

gamagreba Catarebuliyo. 1879 wels sPaB-ma 

da morisma protesti gaugzavnes 

italiis mTavrobas. j. e. striti da j. 

j. stivensoni Senobis Sesamowmeblad piradad 

Cavidnen. 1880 wels striti Times- 

Si werda, rom sirTuleebi mxolod wina 

restavarciam gamo iw via da rom ar arsebula 

`Tavidan agebis~ raime aucilebloba. 

italie lebis reaqcia restavraciaSi 

ucxoelTa amgvar Carevaze mTlad 

dadebiTi ar yofila. miuxedavad amisa, 

samuSaoebi mainc SeaCeres, xolo meduna 

am saqmes CamoaSores. samuSaoebi Caabares 

sakardosa da f. berCets, did arx ze 

arsebuli bizantiuri sasaxlis, Fondaco 

dei Turchi restavrators (uka nas k nels 

232 Zorzi, 1877

Zlier emdurebodnen 1860-1869 wlebSi 

hipoTeturi formebiT Seno bis ax lad 

amoyvanis gamo). 

erT-erTi venecieli, romelsac 

xangZlivi miwer-mowera hqonda ing liselebTan 

san-markos Taobaze, jakomo 

boni (1859-1925 ww.) iyo, arqeolo gi da 

arqiteqtori, romelsac raskini 1876 

wels Sexvda da istoriuli Se nobebis 

azomva da gamoxazva daukveTa (Beltrami, 

1926:25ff; tea, 1932,i:17). bonim mxari dau- 

Wira ormocdaaTi xelovanis mier xelmoweril 

werils, ro melic italiis 

mTavrobas 1882 wels gaegzavna. 233 mogvianebiT 

man isic moaxerxa, moexsenebina, 

rom san markos rig SemTxvevebSi ngreva 

ascda da rom mozaikuri iatakis 

restavraciisas aikrZala meqanikuri 

xerxis xmare ba; mozaikis originaluri 

kenWebi Tavdapirvel adgilebSi unda 

Caemagre binaT, xolo amotexili monakveTebi 

irgvliv arsebulTan misadagebiT, 

iata kis uswor-masworobis gauTanabreblad 

Se keT da. marmarilo sufTa 

wyliT da RrubeliT unda gawmendiliyo; 

axlad mooqrva ikrZaleboda. 234 ing 

lisel arqiteqtorTan, uilYam duglas 

qerousTan erTad, bonim gul dasmiT 

233 es dokumenti iSveliebs raskinis sityvebs 

da acxadebs (tea, 1932, i:43): `ve neciisa da 

mTeli italiis xelovanno, SexedeT am 

saxelganTqmul Zeg lebs iseve, rogorc 

SexedavdiT eris didebasa da Rirsebas~. 

xelmomwe r Ta Soris iyvnen: j. faereto, s. 

j. rota, f. marsili, j. laudi, e. tito, e. 

feruci, a. alesandri. 

234 1879 wels bonis daevala veneciis doJebis 

sasaxlis restavracia da Tumca igi ar 

iRebda gadawyvetilebebs, mainc SeeZlo 

samuSaoebze gavle nis moxdena. restavracia 

Seexo TaReds, sadac zogi kapiteli 

axliT un da SeecvalaT, xolo samxreTi 

mxare ki XVII s-is danamatebisgan gaenTavisuf 

lebinaT. doJebis sasaxleSi bonim jer 

kidev SeZlo, epovna da dae fiq sirebina mooqrva 

da Seferiloba _ rogorc aRmoCnda, 

marmariloze tyvi is TeTra da wiTeli feri 

daetanaT. 


Seiswavla veneciuri Zeglebi, Ca’ d’oro-s 

CaTvliT da kidev ufro detaluri kvleva 

Caatara san-markoze, dazianebebis 

aRnusxviTa da marma riloebis feradovani 

nairgvarobis SeswavliTurT. man 

daaskvna, rom zog adgilas garkveuli 

iregularoba sagangebodaa daSvebuli 

da amitom ar unda gaswordes. 1885 wels 

man Caatara stratigrafiuli gaTxrebi 

san markos ka m paniles saZirkvlis 

garSemo. 1888 wels igi romSi gaiwvies, 

raTa siZveleebis konservaciis wesebi 

da regulaciebi SeemuSavebina. mogvianebiT, 

igi siZveleTa mTavari direqciis 

pirvel arqiteqtorad dainiSna. 

boni bevrs werda, radgan surda 

italiaSi igive gaekeTebina, rac raskinma 

da morisma inglisSi moaxerxes. igi 

ibrZoda veneciaSi axali quCebis gayvanis 

winaaRmdeg, did yuradRebas aqcevda 

saxlebis higienur mdgomareobas, 

afiqrebda qalaqis gadarCenis finansuri 

safuZveli da ica v da lagunebis areals, 

romelsac veneciisTvis arsebiTad 

miiCnevda. igi mo nawileobda antikuri 

ZeglebisTvis sakonservacio teqnologiebis 

ganvi Ta re baSi (mag., qvis gamagreba, 

uJangavi foladis gamoyeneba). Zvel 

Zegleb ze muSaobisas, misi mTavari sazrunavi 

maTi avTenturobis dacva iyo. 

vinkelmanis msgavsad, igi xelovnebis 

nawarmoebs, bunebiT ukvdavi `RvTa ebrivi 

ideis~ anareklad ganixilavda. amgvari 

nawarmoebis ganadgureba RvTa ebis 

Seuracxyofis tolfasi iyo. igi gansakuTrebiT 

bevrs muSaobda samxreT italiaSi, 

xolo sicocxlis bolo periodSi 

ki, rogorc uwyebis direqtori romSi, 

forum romanumisa da palatinis gaTxrebze 

da didi wvlili Seitana gaTxrebis 

stratigrafiuli meTodis ganviTareba- 

Si. 235 

235 1892 wels bonim, l. beltramisa da j. sakonisTan 

erTad, Seiswavla pan Teoni; 1895- 

96 ww.-Si igi uZRveboda Ufficio Regionale dei 

Monumenti di Roma-s: 1898 w.-s igi forum ro-


7.6.1. Restauro filologico 

ganviTarebis meore mniSvnelovan poluss 

milanis akademiuri wreebi warmoadgenda 

_ gansakuTrebiT istorikosebi, xelovnebis 

istorikoseb i da arqeologebi. 

erTi maTgani k. mongeri iyo, romelic 

1878 wels werda xelovnebis nawarmoebebis 

restavraciis Ta obaze. igi bre ris 

natif xelovnebaTa akademiis mdivani iyo 

da arqeo lo giaze pasu xis mgebel pirebTan 

(Consulta) mWidro kavSiri hqonda (Stolfi, 

1992:937). milan Si SemuSavda lingvisturi 

kvlevis analogiuri istoriuli 

midgoma, ro mel sac `filologiuri~ 

daerqva. es midgoma Zeglis laTinuri 

gansazRv re bidan (zedawerili an dokumenti) 

momdinared SeiZleba CavTvaloT. 

Zeg li, am TvalsazrisiT, imisTvis igeboda, 

rom garkveuli gzavnili gadaeca 

da TviTonac aRiqmeboda, rogorc dokumenti. 

misi teqsti istoriis veri fi kaciis 

wyaros warmoadgenda; igi analizsa 

da interpretacias saWiro eb da, magram 

ar unda gayalbebuliyo. mas mere, rac 

aRiarebul iqna isto rizmis axali koncefcia, 

`teqstis~ cneba faqtobriv nawers 

gascda da na gebobis TviT masalazec 

gavrcelda, romelic istoriul Rirebulebas 

da ukavSirda. raki es ganviTareba 

inglisuri konservaciuli moZraobis 

Zlieri gavlenis qveS imyofeboda, 

is srulad arasdros iqna aRiarebuli 

ita lielebis mier, maTi gansaxvavebuli 

kulturuli garemosa da filo so fiuri 

memkvidreobis gamo. 

itliaSi am politikis danergvaSi 

mniSvnelovani wvlili Seitana tito 

manumis gaTxrebs xelmZRvanelobda. man SeimuSava 

stra tigrafiuli gaTxrebis normebi 

(Nuova Antologia, Rome, 16 July 1901). 1899-1905 

ww.-ze modis forum romanumis gaTxrebis 

yvelaze mniSvnelovani Sedegebi: (tempio di 

Cesare, tempio di vesta, arch of septimius severus, 

regia, etc.); 1906 w.-s _ gaTxrebi traianes 

forumze; 1907 w.-s _ palatinze; 1923 w.-is 

martSi boni senatorad airCies. 

vespasiano paraviCinim (1832-99 ww.), xelovnebis 

istorikosma, romel mac ganaTleba 

milanis akademiaSi miiRo, egvipteSi 

imogzaura da mere da mere ki 

konsrevaciuli moZraobis mimarTac 

aReZra interesi; igi sPaB-is italieli 

korespondenti gaxda. 1874 wels, 

anazomebis publikaciisas, igi axsenebs 

restavracias, Tumca mTavar yuradRebas 

mainc yoveli periodis xasiaTisa da stilis 

Seswavlas uTmobs (Bellini, 1992:897). 

ai ramdenime wlis Semdeg ki, 1879-1881 

wlis werilebSi (Paravicini, 1879,1880, 

1881) naTlad Cans, rom igi ukve gaecno 

raskins da mTlianad konservaciuli moZraobis 

rwme naze moeqca. Tavis sjaSi igi 

Zeglebs dokumentebs adarebs da maT, ama 

Tu im, Sesabamisi Rirseba-naklovanebis 

mqone, periodebis sarkeebad ganixi lavs. 

amgvari Zeglis dakargva lakunas Seqmnis 

istoriaSi, magram kidev uf ro mZime misi, 

rogorc dokumentis gayalbeba iqneboda. 

paraviCini or tendencies xedavda: 

erTs mxars uWerdnen idealiste bi, 

vizionerebi da poetebi (viole-le-dYuki), 

meores ki arqeologebi, rom lebsac 

Zeglis amJamindeli realobis miRma gan- 

Wvretis unari akldaT, magram romlebic 

upiratesobas aniWebdnen Zeglis SenarCunebas 

`rogorc istoriis cocxali furclisa~, 

risame moklebis an damatebis 

gareSe. ti tu sis TaRs igi restavraciisadmi 

konservaciuli midgomis mSvenier 

nimu Sad miiCnevda da yuradRebas masalismier, 

gansa kuT rebiT Tav da pirveli 

ze dapiris Tvisebebze amaxvilebda, 

uaryofda reproducirebas da istoriul 

stratigrafias icavda. 1882 wels 

uilYam morisma Times-Si (1882 wlis 12 

aprili) gamoqveynebul werilSi italiaSi 

vandalizmis Sesaxeb sPaB-is mimarT misi 

werili daimowma. paraviCinis SeniSvnebi 

restavraciaTa Sesa xeb sakmaod kritikuli 

iyo restavraciisadmi oficialuri 

midgomis mimarT da qveyanaSi bevri aurzauri 

gamoiwvia (Bellini, 1992:898).

paraviCinisa da milanis wris ganviTarebuli 

koncefciebi profe sor ma 

kamilo boitom (1836-1914 ww.) aitaca, 

romelic saukunis bolos ita liuri sakonservacio 

moZraobis yvelaze TvalsaCino 

monawile gaxda. bo i to warmo- 

SobiT romaeli iyo, Tumca milanis natif 

xelovnebaTa akade miis profesori 

gaxda, sadac mongerisa da paraviConisTan 

hqonda urTi er Tobda. igi ekleqturi 

arqiteqturis suliskveTebiT ganiswavla 

da piet ro selvatikos mowafe 

iyo. Tavidan boitos Sexedulebebi misi 

ganswav lis Sesatyvisi iyo da venis 

1873 wlis gamofenasTan dakavSirebiT 

man da u faravad gamoxata Tavisi aRfr- 

Tovaneba viole-le-dYukis namuSevriT 

kar kasonsa da pYerfonSi; igi 1879 welsac 

imave Tvalsazriss adga. misi saku- 

Tari restavraciebi 1860-iani da 1870iani 

wlebiT TariRdeba da mSveniv rad 

esadageba istorizmis tradicias (Stolfi, 

1992:935). boitos moRvaweoba Ta na drouli 

italiuri politikis ganviTarebisTvis 

ori TvalsazrisiT iyo mniSvnelovani. 

upirveles yovlisa, italiis 

xelisuflebaSi yofnis ganmavlobaSi 

misi mTavari interesi istoriul nagebobze 

pasuxismgebeli italiuri saxelmwifo 

uwyebebis adeqvaturi administraciuli 

da norma ti u li sistemebis 

ganaxleba da Seqmna iyo. meorec, igi mxars 

uWerda is toriuli Senobebis konservaciasa 

da restavraciaSi mofrTxilebis 

poli tikas, rac sistematizirebulia 

qartiaSi, romelic mogvianebiT 

sanimuSo cnobari gaxda. 236 

1879 wels, inJinrebisa da arqiteqtorebis 

romis kongresze, boitom 

warmoadgina moxseneba Zveli Zeglebis 

restavraciis Taobaze. amis Sede gad, 

1882 wels direqtoratma gadawyvita, 

moemzadebina da gaevrcelebina istoriuli 

Senobebis restavraciis droe- 

236 boitos naSromebis krebuli da misi bibliografia 

gamoqveynebulia: Boito, 1989. 


biTi saxelmZRvanelo principebi. isini 

juzepe fiorelis, generaluri direqtoris 

mier iyo xelmowerili da qveynis 

yvela nawilis prefeqtebs daegzavna. 237 

amis mizani iyo restav raciis im meTodologiis 

mxardaWera, romelic istoriuli 

Zeglis ukeTes codnas gulisxmobda, 

arasaWiro ngrevisa da Secdomebis 

Tavidan asaci leb lad. restavracia unda 

dafuZneboda Senobisa da misi istoriuli 

sa xe cv lilebis saguldagulo Seswavlas, 

rasac unda mohyoloda kritiku li 

gansja imis Taobaze, Tu ra unda iyos 

konservirebuli da ra moci lebuli. 

mizani Senobis Tavdapirvel `normalur 

mdgomareobasa~ da mis `faq tobriv mdgomareobas~ 

Soris gansxvavebis warmo- 

Cena iyo. restavra ciis procesSi es gansxvaveba 

`ganeldeboda~, radgan SeZlebisdagvarad 

mo x deboda yovelive dasakonservebelis 

normaluri mdgomareobis 

gaaqti u reba da SenarCu ne ba. dakarguli 

an dazianebuli fragmen tebis restavracia 

da reproduqcia zogadad daSvebul 

iqna im pirobiT, rom origina luri 

forma utyuarad unda iyos dadasturebuli, 

an konstruqciuli mdgra dobis 

moTxovnebiT unda iyos ga marTlebuli. 

im SemTxve vebSi, ro de sac Zeglis konstruqciuli 

mdgomareoba konsolidacias 

moiTxovda, dakarguli nawilebis 

rekonstruqcia maSinac ki iyo daSvebuli, 

Tu maTi pirvandeli forma eWvs 

iwvevda. Tuki mogviano danamatebebi ar 

iyo mniSv nelovani istoriuli an mxatvruli 

TvalsazrisiT, SesaZlebeli iyo 

maTi daSla. 238 

237 ‘roma, 21 lugio 1882. regno d’italia. ministero della 

Pubblica istruzione, Direzione Generale delle antichità 

e Belle arti, ai Prefetti Presidenti delle Commissioni 

Conservatrici dei monumenti del regno. 

‘Circolare’ Oggetto: Sui restauri degli Edifizi Monumentali.’ 

Doc. dell’archivio della soprintendenza ai 

monumenti della romagna e Ferrara, Certella: alessandro 

ranuzzi, Doc. 1 (Pavan, 1978:131). 

238 Boito, ‘Circolare’ 1882 (Pavan. 1978:131).


Tumca am saxelmZRvanelo principebs 

jer kidev istorizmis Zlieri gavlena 

amCnevia, boitom, rogorc Cans, 

maleve daazusta Tavisi midgoma. marTlac, 

1883 wlis bolos romSi Catarebul 

inJinerTa da arqiteqtorTa mesame 

kongresze wardgenil axal moxsenebaSi 

gansasjelad mniSvnelovani Temebi Ses- 

Tavaza: dasaSvebia Tu ara, restavraciisas 

Tavdapirveli xuro T mo ZRvrebis imitacia; 

unda iyos Tu ara mkafiod miniSnebuli 

Sevseba-da matebebi. pirveli alternativa 

franguli gavlenidan momdinareobda 

da mi Rebuli praqtika iyo italiaSi. 

Tavis axal moxsenebaSi boitom, 

Tavad fra n guli skolis mimdevarma, 

meore midgomas dauWira mxari, romelic 

ar gamoricxavda restavracias, magram 

adgenda kriteriumebs intervenciis Tvis 

yoveli calkeuli Zeglidan gamomdinare. 

es principebi man 7 muxlad Seajama, 

romlebsac rekomendaciis forma mieca 

da damtkicda ganaTle bis sami nistros 

mier. igi pirveli Tanamedrove italiuri 

qartia da e.w. `filologiuri restavraciis~ 

Ziri Tadi cnobari Seiqmna. dokumenti 

iwye boda gancxadebiT, romelSic 

Zveli Zegli gansazRvruli iyo rogorc 

dokumenti, romlis yoveli nawili warsulis 

istorias asaxavda. 

ìmis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom warsulis 

xuroTmoZRvruli Zeglebi Rirebu lia 

ara mxolod arqiteqturis Sesaswavlad, 

aramed arsebiT dokuments warmoadgens 

sxvadasxva xalxis mravalsaukunovani 

isto ri is ganmartebisa da 

dasuraTebisTvis, aqedan gamomdinare, 

isini un da guldasmiT da TiTqmis religiurad 

iqnes pativdebuli, rogorc 

do kumentebi, romlebSic yovelg varma 

cvlilebam, Tundac umniSvne lom, Tuki 

is originalis nawili gaxdeba, SesaZloa 

SecdomaSi Seg viy vanos da mcdari daskvnebi 

dabados.~ 239 

239 risoluzione del iii Congresso degli ingegneri ed architetti, 

roma 1883 (Boito, 1893:28ff). 

Zeglad martooden pirveladi nagebobebi 

ar igulisxmeboda. rogorc isto riuli 

dokumentebi, aseTnai ra d ve Rirebulad 

iyo miCneuli yvela Sem dgomi cvlileba 

da damateba da, Sesabamisad, isinic 

unda SenarCunebu liyo rogorc aseTi. 

ase rom, aq mkafio gansxvavebas vxedavT 

wina cirku lYar Tan SedarebiT, romelic 

miznad Zeglis pirveladi `normaluri 

mdgo ma reobis~ aRdgenas isaxavda. 1883 

wlis dokumenti rekomendacias mi nimalur 

restavracias aZlevda da urCevda 

yvela axali nawilis gansxva vebuli 

masalis an gamartivebuli geometriuli 

formebis gamoyenebiT mka fio aRniSvnas 

(rogorc titusis Ta Ris SemTxvevaSia). 

axali damatebebi da ufaravad 

Tanamed ro ve stiliT unda Sesrulebuliyo, 

Tumca original Tan metismetad 

kontras tu lic ar unda yofiliyo. yvela 

samuSao zedmi wev niT unda yofiliyo 

dokumentirebu li da Zeglze intervenciis 

Tari Ric unda mi TiTebuliyo. 

1893 wels boitom gamoaqveyna qartiis 

Seswore bu li varianti rva mokle debulebis 

saxiT _ daamata Zeglidan moxsnili 

Zveli frag mentebis iqve, Zeglis 

siaxloves gamofenis idea. 

am qartiis ZiriTadi ideebi aSkarad 

paraviCinis koncefciebidan mom di nareobda, 

Tumca boitos damsaxurebaa 

ma Ti aRiareba da saxelmwi fo do neze 

gatana. 1884 wlis ivnisSi turinis gamofenaze 

wakiTxul moxseneba Si boitom 

kidev ufro metad ganmarta Ta visi koncefcia 

(Boito, 1884a). man Seadara ori 

midgoma, warmodgenili viole-le dYukisa 

da raskinis mier da orives mimarT 

sakmaod kritikuli iyo. axla mas ukve 

safrTxilod eCveneboda viole-le-dYukis 

winadadeba, Tavi Tav da pirveli 

xu roTmoZRv ris adgilas davayenoTo. 

piriqiT, unda gakeTdes yvelaferi rac 

SesaZle belia da isic ki, rac SeuZlebelia, 

raTa Zeglis Zveli mxatvruli 

da cxo velxatuli ieri SevinarCunoT;

yovelgvari gayalbeba unda gamoiricxos. 

rac ukeTesia restavracia, miT 

metia siyalbis triumfi. istoriuli 

Senoba SeiZleba xelnaweris fragments 

SevadaroT da filologisTvis Se c doma 

iqneboda lakunebis imdagvarad Sevseba, 

rom SeuZlebeli iyos ori ginalis da 

Canamatebis garCeva. amgvari analogia 

lingvistikis meTo debs eTanxmeba. 

amave dros, boito kritikuli iyo 

raskinis midgomis mimarTac, romelsac 

uxeSad amartivebda da araswor interpretacias 

aZlevda, amtki cebda ra, 

TiTqos es midgoma gulisxmobda, rom 

istoriul Senobas xeli ar unda Seaxo 

da `restavraciis~ nacvlad jobs dasangrevad 

daagdo igi. SesaZloa, igi ras kins 

mxolod paraviCinis msgavsi nar kvevebiT 

icnobda, TumcaRa misi sakuTari nawerebic 

italiaSi kvlavac sanimuSod hqondaT 

(Stolfi, 1992:937). igi acxadebda, rom 

amgvari `wminda konservacia~ verasd ros 

moitanda Sedegs veneciisgvar qalaqSi. 

igi Tvlida, rom raskinma da zorcim 

sakmaod ver daafases san-markos konsolidaciis 

aucilebloba da am samuSaoebis 

Tanamedrove gziT ganxorcielebas 

Tavazobda. igi aseve ak ri tikebda 

doJebis sasaxlis kapitelebis gamagrebis 

inglisur meTodebs, romelTa Tanaxmad 

kapitelis Sida birTvi unda ganaxlebuliyo, 

xolo ori ginaluri skulpturuli 

nawilebi mis garSemo SemoewyoT. `gana 

uke Te si ar iqneboda maTi kopireba, xolo 

originalebis iqve axlos ganTav se ba, sadac 

axlandeli da momavali mkvlevarni 

advilad Seiswavlidnen maT? Cveni movaleobaa, 

is vakeToT, rasac wuTisofeli 

SegvaZlebinebs; mag ram Zeglebis Tvisac 

ki ar arsebobs jerjerobiT ukvdave bis 

wyaro~ (Boito, 1884b:29). 

boito xuroTmoZRvrebas xnovanebis 

mixedviT sam klasad yofda: an ti kuri, 

Sua saukuneebisa da renesansuli. 

pirveli jgufis Zeglebs arqe o logiuri 

Rirebuleba gamoarCevs, meores 


_ cxovelxatuli ieri, xolo me sa mes _ 

arqiteqturis silamaze. Sesabamisad, 

restavra ciisa da konserva ci is mizani 

unda ganisazRvros yoveli jgufis 

maxasia Teb lebis gaTva lis winebiT da 

pativiscemiT, rogoricaa: àrqeologiuri 

restavracia~ (restauro archeologico), 

`cxovelxatuli restvarcia~ (restauro pittorico) 

da àrqi teq turuli restavracia~ 

(restauro architettonico). 

antikurobis Zeglebs Sinagani mniSvnelovneba 

yvela Tavis nawilSi axlavs; 

yvelaze mokrZalebuli naSTebic 

ki SeiZleba kvlevisTvis arsebi Ti 

gamodges. Sesabamisad, gaTxrebi uaRresi 

sifrTxiliT unda Catardes, yoveli 

fragmentis adgilmdebareoba aRinusxos 

da detaluri dRiuric Se d ges. 

mizani imis SenarCunebaa, rac originalisgan 

darCa. yovelgvari aucilebeli 

sayrdeni an gamagreba imdagvarad 

unda gakeTdes, rom antiku ri s gan gansxvavdebodes 

_ ise, rogorc kolizeumsa 

da romis satriumfo TaRebze. Sua saukuneebis 

nagebobebs SeiZleba SekeTeba 

da gamagreba das Wir des da zogjer 

`yvelaze naklebad cudi~ gadawyveta 

zogi originalu ri elementis Canacvleba 

iyos, rogorc veneciis doJebis 

sasaxleSi. igi eTanxmeboda san markos 

daSlili aguris naSenis, rogorc marmarilosa 

da mozaikebis gansaTavseblad 

mkvidri safuZvlis, aRdgenas. Tumca, 

cxo vel xatuli ieris SenarCuneba mainc 

mniSvnelovani iyo da amgvari restavraciisTvis 

udidesi qaTinauri unda 

yofiliyo sayveduri, araferi gakeTebulao. 

ufro axali arqiteqturis Sem- 

TxvevaSi boito eTanxmeboda im azrs, 

rom aq ufro advilia originaluri 

formebis imitacia da TandaTa nobiT, sadac 

saWiro iqneba, daSavebuli elementebis 

gamocvlac _ garda im adgilebisa, 

sadac mniSvnelovani arqeologiuri da 

istoriuli Rire bu le bani dagvxvda. 

rekonstruqciebi SeiZleboda mxolod


gamonaklisis saxiT daeSvaT, Tu is sarwmuno 

dokumentebiT iqneboda dasabuTebuli; 

sti listuri gamTlianebac ki 

misaRebi iqneboda, rogorc milanSi, sadac 

luka belt ramim axali fasadi aaSena, 

raTa gaeerTianebina palaco mari nis 

Se madgeneli Senobebi piaca dela skalaze, 

renesansis epoqis arqiteq toris, galeaco 

alesis, axlad aRmoCenili proeqtis 

mixedviT. gviani damatebebi Sei- 

Zleboda daeSalaT, Tuki maT sagangebo 

istoriuli an es Te tikuri Rirebuleba 

ar gaaCnda da gansakuTrebiT ki, Tu isini 

`xelis Sem S leli~ iqneboda. 

principSi, boito ganixilavda istoriul 

Zegls, rogorc sxvadasxva periodis 

qmnilebaTa danaSrevs, romelTagan 

yvelas mofrTxileba unda. sxvadasxva 

elementis Sefaseba, mag., maTi 

xnovanebisa da silamazis safuZ velze 

ioli saqme rodi iyo. sazogadod, ufro 

Zveli nawilebi yo velTvis ganixileboda, 

rogorc ufro Rirebuli, Tumca 

zogjer xnovanebaze sila maze imarjvebda. 

boito safuZvelSive ganasxvavebda 

`konserva ciasa~ da `res tavracias~; 

restavratorebi TiTqmis yovelTvis 

àzviadeben da saSiS ni~ arian; konser- 

vacia yovelTvis, iSviaTi gamonakli sis 

garda, èrTader Ti brZnuli midgomaa~; 

igi amtkicebda, rom xe lovnebis Zveli 

namuSevre bis konservacia ara mxolod 

yvela civilizebuli xelisufle bis, aramed 

adgilobri vi mmarT velobis, uwyebebis 

da TviT individumebis movaleobaa. 

miuxedavad imisa, rom misi Teoria 

sakmaod gasagebi Cans, boito, misi ganxorcielebisas, 

orWofia. ase, romSi viqtor 

emanuel II-is Zeglis SemT x vevaSi, 

man mxari dauWira juzepe sakonis (1854- 

1905 ww.) gamarjvebul pro eqts, radgan 

is ganasaxierebda Cveni drois umTavres 

SemoqmedebiT misw ra febas, TumcaRa 

kapitoliumis borcvis garSemo Sua saukuneebisa 

da re ne sansuli nagebobebis 

dangrevas gulisxmobda. es dasanani iyo, 

magram igi Tvlida, rom isini naklebmniSvnelovania, 

vidre axali Zegli (Boito, 

1893:204). 

7.6.2. restavratori arqiteqtorebi 

boitos ganazraxis ukeT gasagebad 

sa sargebloa im arqiteqtore bis Tanadrouli 

namuSevrebis gacnoba, vis- 

sur. 7.12. bolonYas 

istoriuli centri 

a. rubianis mier Catarebuli 

restavraciis Semdeg

Tanac mas axlo kavSiri hqonda. erTi 

maTgani iyo alfonso rubiani (1848-1913 

ww.), Jurnalisiti da xelova ni, romelic 

TviTnaswavli arqiteqtor-restavraori 

gaxda da boloniis `ga samSveneblad~ 

muSaobda. rubiani kargad icnobda frangul 

sarestavra cio Teoriebs da Tavis 

nawerebSi xSirad imowmebda maT (mazzei, 

1979). Sua saukuneebis sazogadoebis 

miseuli ideali zi re bu li suraTi Zalian 

hgav da uilYam morisis utopias, xolo 

mis isto riul warmosaxvas heroikuli 

idealebiT STagonebu li poeti jios kaduCi 

(1835-1907 ww.) asazrdoebda. 1913 

wels rubianim gamosca pamfleti `Di 

Bologna riabbellita” (gacxovelebuli bolonYa), 

raTa gaeTvalsaCinoebina Tavisi 

mizani _ Zveli bolonYa, dra matuli da 

cxovelxatuli xelovnebis nawar moebis 

saxiT gaecxovelebina. igi xSirad sakmaod 

mwiri dokumentaciis sa fuZ velze 

muSaobda; gvian da namatebs is xsnida da 

anacvlebda xlarTulalaTebiani sarkmlebiT, 

qon gu rebiT da sxva, `tipiurad~ 

Suasaukunovani elementebiT; Tavdapirvelic 

mravlad ingreoda da icvleboda 

axliT. igi mraval sasaxlesa da saxlze 

muSaobda bolonYaSi (ratuSa, rencos 

palaco, palaco dei notai, san franCesko 

da mercancias lojia). kritikosebs 

gansakuTrebiT am uka nasknelis saWiroeba 

aeWvebdaT, isini amtkicebdnen, rom 

Senoba Cine bul mdgomareobaSi iyo. 1900 

wels igi bolonYis galavnis ngrevis winaaRmdeg 

brZo laSi CaerTo, romelic 

daangries, raTa umuSevari kalatozebi 

samu Sa o Ti uzrunveleyoT. 1898 wels 

igi Aemilia Ars-is (xelovneba emiliaSi) 

dam fuZnebeli wevri gaxda, romelic inglisuri 

`xelovnebisa da xelos no bis~ 

magaliTs misdevda da agreTve xeli 

Seuwyo Comitato per Bologna Storica ed Artistica-s 

dafuZnebas, romelmac 1902 wels 

gamoaqveyna saxelmZRva nelo istoriuli 

Senobebisadmi mopyrobis Taoba ze maTi 

istoriuli, mxa tvruli da cxovelxat- 


uli Tvisebebis angariS gaweviT. 

rubianis mtkiced sjeroda Tavisi 

mowodebis, proeq tebs oficialu ri mxardaWera 

hqonda, mag., siZveleTa generaluri 

direqtoris kora do ri Ci, luka 

beltrami da kamilo boito. magram 

kritika Zalas ikrebda da 1910 wels 

juzepe baCelim (1849-1914 ww.), parlamentis 

wevrma, bolo dar tymac miayena, 

roca gamoaqveyna Tavisi pamfleti Glú 

le mani! dai nostri monumenti antichi (`xelebi 

Sors Cveni Zveli Zeglebisgan!~). baCeli 

amtki cebda, rom restavracia, vinaidan 

igi siZvelis aRdgenas ar unda gascdes, 

sur. 7.13. gamagrebuli sofeli, 

daproeqtebuli d’andrades mier turinis 

1884 wlis gamofenisTvis, sadac man piemontis 

tradiciuli sacxovreblebis Semcire bul 

masStabSi Sesrulebuli aslebi gamoiyena


ufro mecniereba unda iyos, vidre xelovneba 

da amave mizeziT igi veras dros 

gautoldeba xelovnebas, romlis imitacias 

Cemulobs (Bacchelli, 1910). rubiani 

ki, piriqiT, scdeboda mecnierebis 

farglebs, Tavis intuicias da analogiebs 

iSveliebda imis Sesaqmnelad, 

rac xSirad mxolodRa fanta zia iyo. 

baCeli gaiZaxoda: ò, raskin, raskin, 

ramdenjer mogvixdeboda Tqveni daxmarebis 

moxmoba, Cveni restavrato rebis 

dasaostateblad!~ igi gladstonis sityvebiT 

amTavrebda: `xelebi Sors! diax, 

xelebi Sors Cveni Zeglebisgan. modiT, 

CavutaroT maT konser vacia iseTive 

siyvaruliT, sina ziT, pativiscemiT, 

rogoriTac Cvens mSob lebs vepyrobiT; 

magram modiT, nurasdros vecdebiT maT 

Secvlas. da, rac mTavaria, modiT, nu 

vecdebiT maT ufro axalgazrduli ieri 

SevsZinoT. araferia imaze uaresi, vidre 

ram xnovani, SeRebili da gaaxalgazrdavebuli!~ 

240 

alfredo d’andrade (1839-1915 ww.), 

portugaluri warmoSobis mxatva ri da 

arqitreqtori, italiur kulturul 

cxovrebaSi mniSvnelovani pi ro v neba 

Seiqmna; 1886 wlidan igi piemontis da 

liguriis Zeglebis konser vaciaze pasuxismgebeli 

uwyebis direqtori, xolo 1904 

wlidan ki romSi natif xelovnebaTa da 

siZveleTa centralu ri komisiis wevri 

iyo. iyo igi agreTve sazogadoebrivi 

Senobebis, dagegmare bi sa da restavraciis 

saxel mwi fo komisiebis wevric, 

mag., san-markos, mila nis kaTedralis, 

wm. ange lo zis cixe-koSkis, viqtor emanuelis 

Zeglisa romSi; miRebuli hqonda 

mravali jildo italiaSic da ucxoeT- 

Sic. 1906 wels igi Tavmjdomare obda 

komisias, romelsac unda Seefasebina 

italiis daculi istoriuli Senobebis 

1902 wels Sedgenili pirveli sia. Tavisi 

karieris ganmavloba Si d’andrades 

240 Bacchelli, 1910; in solmi and Dezzi Bardeschi, 

1981:619. 

mouxda istoriuli Senobebis dacvis, 

konservaciis, restav raciis, popularizaciasa 

da gaumjobesebasTan dakav- 

Sirebuli uamravi prob lemis mogvareba, 

dawyebuli arqeologiuri ZeglebiT, 

eklesiebiT, cixe-darbazebiTa da dam- 

Tavrebuli rigiTi sacxovrisiT (Cerri, 

1981). roca is pirvelad Camovida italiaSi, 

mas, umTavresad, istoriuli 

Senobebis na xaze bisa da Canaxatebis Sesruleba 

swadda, gansakuTrebiT Crdilo 

ita liaSi. aman mas am regionisTvis damaxasiaTebeli 

cixe-darbazebis arqiteqtu 

raze safuZvliani codna SesZina da 

1884 wlis turinis gamofenasTan dakav 

SirebiT, misi xelmZRvanelobiT, Semcirebul 

masStabSi gakeTebuli suzas 

velis dazianebuli istoriuli Senobebis 

aslebiT agebul iqna mcire zomis 

gamagrebuli sofeli. es gamofena, 

`leqsikoni~ a la viole-le-dYuki, muzeumi 

gaxda da didad daexmara italiaSi 

naSeni memkvidreo bis ga c nobierebas. 

d’andrade bevrs muSaob da amgvari Senobebis 

dacvisa da konservaciisTvis, arwmunebda 

saxelmwi fos, Seesyida isini, 

roca Senobebs ngreva emuqreboda, mag., 

veres da fenis cixe-darbazebi, romlebic 

1894-1895 wlebSi iqna Sesyi duli. 

orive Semdgom restavrirebuli iqna 

d’andradesa da misi saxelo nis mier. 

d’andrade kargad icnobda frangul 

sarestavracio politikas da praqtikas, 

iseve rogorc boitos principebs. bevr 

SemTxvevaSi igi zedmi wevniT mihyveboda 

boitos saxelmZRvanelo principebs, 

rodesac saqme hqon da antikur romaul 

ZeglebTan, rogoricaa aostas Tavdacvi- 

Ti koSkis naSTebi Tu tore de paileroni. 

Sua saukuneebisa da ufro mogviano 

Seno bebis SemTxvevaSi igi ufro violele-dYukis 

mimdevari iyo da originaluri 

xuroTmoZRvrebis `simulYacias~ 

axdenda rogorc formiT, aseve xe lobis 

xasiaTis mxrivac. roca xelT raime kvali 

an dokumenti ar hqonia, maSin naklul

nawilebs, amave regionis sxva Senobebze 

nanaxi `SesaZlo mowmobebis~ mixedviT 

aRadgenda. ase iyo mag., cixe-darbazebis 

Sem TxvevaSi, rogoricaa pavones sasaxle, 

romelic TavisTvis SeiZina, mravali 

eklesia, genuas Sua saukuneebis qalaqis 

karibWe, porta soprano. sakra di 

san-mikele-Si romelic miwisZvram Zalze 

daa zian a, man gaukeTa ek lesias arkbutanebi 

Sua saukuneebis yaidaze, Tumca 

aseTi ram aq arasd ros arsebula da amas 

vezeles, diJonis, burJis, amienis magaliTebiT 

amarT lebda. turinSi pa laco 

madamas (is meaTe kohortis uZveles 

karib Wes, XIII saukunis cixe-simagresa 

da filipo juvaras agebul sasaxlesac 

Se i cavs) restavracia 1884 wlidan mimdinareobda, 

rac guldasmiT kvleva sa 

da romauli periodis stra tigrafiul 

gaTxrebs (isini eqsponirebuli caa), 

aseve danarCeni nagebobis restavraciasa 

da gamagrebas moicavda, ju va ras 

namuSevris SekeTebisa da gawmendiTurT. 

Sua saukuneebis nawili mi si adreuli 

ieriT iqna restavrire buli, risTvisac 

zogi mogviano danama ti Camoixsna. 

7.6.3. Restauro storico 


sur. 7.14. palaco madama, 

turini, d’andrades mier 

Catarebuli restavraciis 

mere, ro melmac angariSi 

gauwia mSeneblobis sam 

mTavar fazas: romauls, 

Sua saukunee bi sas da 

juvaras 

d’andrades msgavsad, boitos mowafe, 

luka beltramizec (1854-1933 ww.), franguli 

restavraciis politikama da 

praq tikam moaxdina gavlena. igi TiTqmis 

sami weli swavlobda da muSaobda 

parizSi, xolo 1880 wels milanSi dabrunda 

da italiis istoriuli Senobebis 

dacvasa da restav ra cias miuZRvna Tavi. 

igi xSirad werda JurnalebSi, bevri 

Senoba danger vas gada arCina, monawileobda 

konkursebSi da sarestavracio 

proeqtebSi. beltrami aRiarebda dokumentaciis 

mniSvnelobas yvela saxis 

restavra ci isT vis. amis gamo mis 

midgomas `restauro storico”-s (is to riuli 

restavracia) uwo debdnen; igi italiaSi 

pirvel Tanamdrove restavra torarqiteqtorad 

iyo miCneuli (Bonelli, 

1963, XI:346). Tumca, praqtikaSi `restauro 

storico~-sa da `stilistur restavracias~ 

Soris gansxvaveba yovelT vis ioli dasadgeni 

ro dia. Tavisi moRvaweobis dasasruls 

beltrami miwisZvriT dazianebul 

romis wm. petres bazilikas ik v levda. 

mas restavraciis ramdenime alterna 

ti va esaxeboda da imis cdunebac ki


gauCn da, arqiteqtura miqelanje los 

mier Cafiqrebuli qanda kebebis damatebiT 

Seesworebina, romlebsac gumbaTis 

wonasworeba unda uzrunveleyo. magram 

roca SeniSna, rom kon st ruqcia aRar 

iryeoda, is kontrforsebis datexili 

qvebis gamocvliT Semoifargla. 

boitos kvaldakval, igi sxvadasxva 

SemTxvevas Zeglis tipis mixed viT ganasxvavebda, 

anu, antikuri taZari iyo 

es, Sua saukuneebis nageboba Tu ufro 

axali Senoba. antikuri nagebobebis 

restavracia uaRres sizus tes iTxovda. 

Zvel berZnul taZarSi restavracia 

SesaZlebeli iyo Tu mTlia nisa da misi 

detalebis moxazulobaTa dasadgenad 

sakmao raodeno bis fragmentebi moipoveboda. 

romaul nangrevebSi SesaZ lebeli 

iyo agu ris wyobis konstruqciuli 

gamagrebiT Semofargvla da marmarilos 

de ko ris detaluri restavraciisgan 

Tavis ari deba. gansxvavebuli iyo 

Sua saukuneebis nagebobebisa da renesansuli 

arqiteqtu ris viTareba. milan- 

Si sforcas sasaxlis restavracia da 

rekonstruqcia (1893-1905 ww.) ramdenime 

Semonaxul dokuments efuZneboda, 

romlebic frangul arqivebSic ki iqna 

sur. 7.15. san markos 

kampanile veneciaSi 

1902 wels Camoingra da 

beltramis proeq tiT iqna 

aRdgenili, originalis 

msgavsad, `com’era e dov’era~. 

am koSks qalaqis xe dis 

mniSvnelovan elementad 

miiCnevdnen 

mignebuli. samuSaoebi moicavda renesansuli 

koSkis, tore di filaretes, 

rekonstruqcias, romelic 1480 wels 

aages da 1521 wels daangries, radgan 

es Zeglis mTlianobis arsebiTi niSani 

iyo. rekonstruqciis dros belt ramim 

garkveuli nebismierobani dauSva, TviT 

ramde ni me metris cdomileba simaRleSi 

an ramdenime decimet risa detalebSi, 

radgan STabeWdilebis Tvis arsebiTi 

mTliani monaxazi da masebis moZraoba 

gaxldaT (Beltrami, 1905). 

boitosTan erTad beltramic iyo 

im komisiis wevri, romelic veneciis san 

markos kampaniles inspeqtirebisTvis, misi 

1902 wlis 14 ivliss Ca mo ngrevis Semdeg, 

dainiSna. rekonstruqciis Taobaze 

kamaTs ucxoeTSic gamoexmaurnen da 

mosazrebebi mkafiod orad gaiyo: aRdgenis 

mosurneebi da rekonstruqciis 

mowinaaRmdegeni. milanis natif xelovnebaTa 

akademiam moawyo konkursi Tanamedrove 

gadawyvetaze. upira tesi aRmoCnda 

kampani les Tavdapirveli saxiT aRdgenis 

survili, `Dov’era e com’era!~ (sadac iyo da 

rogorc iyo). es gansakuTre biT veneciis 

xedisTvis misi mniSvnelobiT iyo gamar- 

Tlebuli da misi, rogorc san-markos

sapirwonis, funqciiTac. es aseve aucilebeli 

iyo sansovinos unatifesi lojiis 

aRsadgenad, ro mel sac veneciisTvis 

simboluri Rirebuleba hqonda. yvela 

Tavdapirveli fragmenti sagulda gu lod 

Seg rovda, xolo rekonstruqcia arsebul 

do ku men tacias efuZneboda. bel tramis 

eva leboda koSkis rekonstruqciis 

pirveli proeqtis momza de ba, magram igi 

1903 wels gadadga. koSki 1910 wels rkina-betoniT 

da SebaTqaSebis gareSe dasrulda. 

misi Camongrevis pirdapiri Sedegi 

ve neciis yvela mniSvnelovani Senobis 

gamokvleva da bevri maTganis droebiTi 

gamag rebis Catareba iyo (Beltrami, 1903; milan, 

1903, venice, 1912). 

7.6.4. restavracia romSi 

XIX saukunis dasasruls italiis did 

qlaqebSi (milani, floren cia, neapoli, 

bolonYa) sagrZnobi gaxda osmanis 

parizis gavlena _ maTac imgvaradve moeqcnen. 

romi SedarebiT xeluxlebeli 

darCa, Tumca istori u li saxlebisa da 

sasaxleebis iers garkveuli cvlilebebi 

daetyo, Ta nac imdenad, rom gaisma 

kulturis sakiTxebSi CaxedulTa Civili 

(letarouilly, 1849; Brown, 1905). 1864 wlidan 

municipalitetma erTgvari kont rolis 

ganxorcieleba daiwyo. 1866 wels 

kanoniT akrZala arqiteqturuli an 

mxatvru li Rirebulebebis mqone Senobebze 

raimes miSeneba da es akr Zalva 1873 

wels kidev ufro gamkacrda. amave dros, 

axali gengegma romis, rogorc italiis 

gaerTianebuli samefos dedaqalaqis, 

statusis Sesabami sad, quCebis gafar- 

Toebas da samTavrobo Senobebis agebas 

Tavazobda. 1870 wels ga naT lebis saministrom 

daiwyo arqiteqturuli an istoriuli 

Ri re bu lebis mqone Senobebis 

aRnusxva, erovnuli an adgilobrivi 

mniSvne lobis kategoriis miniWebiTurT. 

antikuri Zeglebi aRiricxeboda antikur 


siZveleTa sammarTvelos, xo lo ufro 

mogviano xuroTmoZRvreba wm. lu kas akademiis 

mier. 1886 wlis Sexvedris kvalad, 

romisTvis 1887 wels axa li samSeneblo 

kodeqsi SemuSavda, romelic aRric xuli 

istoriuli Se nobebis dacvas aZlierebda. 

es nusxa 1912 wels, imave wlis sam- 

Seneblo kodeqsTan erTad gamoqveynda. 

1890 wels, romSi inglisuri sPaBis 

da franguli Àmis des monu ments”-is 

magaliTis midevnebiT, Camoyalibda istoriuli 

Senobebis aso ci a cia, Àssociazione 

artistica fra i cultori di architettura” (am 

sazogadoebebs oficia luri urTierTkavSiric 

hqondaT). asociaciis wevrebi 

mTavrobis moxelee bic iyvnen, regionTa 

wargzavnilebic, damkveTnic, Accademias 

profesore bic da boitos, d’andrades 

da partinis msgavsi arqiteqtorebic. 

asocia ci is wevrebi monawileodnen administrirebaSi, 

samarTlebriv dacvaSi, 

is to riuli kvlevebis da restavraciis 

mxardaWeraSic; asociacia TviTve axdenda 

istoriuli Senobebis fiqsacias 

da am zadebda anazomebs. ganisa zRv ra 

Zeglebis sami kategoria: 

1. istoriuli an mxatvruli Rirebulebis 

mqone Senoba; 

2. istoriuli an mxatvruli Rirebulebis 

mqone Senoba an Senobis 

nawili, romelic SeiZleba gadatanil 

iqnas sxva adgilas, sa zo gadoebrivi 

gamoyenebis mizniT; 

3. xelovnebis istoriisTvis saintereso 

Senobebi. 

samarTlebrivi dacva, ZiriTadad, 

pirveli kategoriis SenobebisTvis iyo 

gaTvaliswinebuli. danarCeni adgilobrivi 

mmarTvelobis sazrunavi iyo. `Zegli~ 

ganisazRvra farTo gagebiT, ker- 

Zod: `yvela Senoba, sazoga do eb rivi an 

kerZo, yvela periodis, an yvela nangrevi, 

romelic avlens mxa tv rul xasiaTs 

an inaxavs istoriul mexsierebas, iseve 

rogorc Seno bis yvela nawi li, yvela moZ-


ravi an uZravi obieqti da yvela fragmenti, 

romelic amgvar xasiaTs atarebs.~ 241 

im restavraciebs Soris, romelsac 

asociaciam waukra xeli, iyo sa n ta maria 

in kosmedinis eklesia, san sabas eklesia 

da e.w. Torre degli Anguillara trastevereSi. 

santa maria in kosmedinis eklesia 

gviCvenebs, ras ganizraxavda boito 

1883 wels. eklesiis istoria romaul 

periodSi iRebs saTaves, xolo 1718 

wels juzepe sardim (1680-1753 ww.) mas 

barokuli fasa di, interierSi ki cru 

kamarebi gaukeTa. 1891 wels ganaTlebis 

saminist ros komisiis mier SemuSavda 

misi restavraciis proeqti (1893-1899 

ww.), ro melsac jovani batista jovenale 

(1849-1934 ww.), im dros Associazione-s 

Tav mj do mare, xelmZRvanelobda. radgan 

Senoba ganixileboda, rogorc `coc xali 

Zegli~ da ara muzeumi, wamoiWra kiTxva, 

romeli periodis saxiT unda aRedginaT 

igi da sabolood XII saukuneze SeTanxmdnen. 

XVIII sau kunis fasadi, sardis 

xuroTmoZRvrebis mSvenieri nimuSi, er- 

Tianad àag li jes~. Catarda gulmodgine 

kvleva restavraciis damajere beli 

safuZv lis uzrunvelsayofad, Tumca 

bevri iseTi detali rCeboda, romelsac 

ìnterpretacia~ sWirdeboda. yvela 

axali ele men ti aRniSnul da daTari Rebul 

iqna, raTa maTi ganrCeva yofiliyo 

SesaZlebeli. gaimar Ta kamaTi imis Taobaze, 

moexsnaT da Cae nacvlebinaT Tu 

ara aslebiT ex integro fer we ruli dekoris 

naSTe bi, romlebic or sxvadasxva 

periods ganekuTvnebo da, magram bolos 

maTi in situ datoveba gadawyda. eklesiis 

mTavari fasa dis Tvis unda SerCeuliyo 

nimuSebad imave periodis Senobebi, rogoricaa 

san klemente, an san bartolomeo 

al’izola. SeirCa pirveli, Tumca meore, 

albaT, ufro axlos iyo origi nalTan. 

miuxedavad imisa, rom es restavra cia 

241 associazione artistica fra i Cultori di architettura, 

1896, ‘inventario dei monumenti di roma’. Annuario, 

rome, vi:22. 

jerac stilistur tradici as ganekuTvneba, 

igi, amave dros, avlens sruliad 

gacnobirebul tendencias boitos yaidis 

sakonservacio midgo misken. 

XIX-XX saukuneTa mijna arqeologiisadmi 

dainteresebiT aRiniSna _ ara 

mxolod italiaSi, aramed sxva qveyneb- 

Sic. pompei da herkulanumi gaiT xara da 

restavrirebul iqna, jer juzepe fiorelis, 

Semdeg ki ama deo maiu ris xelmZRvanelobiT. 

1893-1901 wlebSi romSi rodolfo 

amedeo lan Cia nim (1847-1929 ww.), 

arqeologma da topografma, gamosca Forma 

Urbis Romae, ar qeologiuri ruka, aTasian 

masStabSi, romelzec datanili iyo 

romis yvela antikuri naSTi. 1887 wels, 

profesorma guido baCelim wamoa yena 

winadadeba vrceli arqeologiuri arealis 

dacvisa kapito liumis borcvi sa da 

forum romanumidan dawyebeuli palatinis, 

domus aureusis, cirkus maqsi musis, 

karakalas Termebis da via apias samxreTi 

nawilis CaTv liT. romis kulturuli 

asociaciebis rCeva iyo am arealis parkis 

saxiT SenarCune ba, misi bunebrivi 

borcvebini niadagiT da saavtomobilo 

tran s portis akrZalviT; sinamdvileSi, 

es areali didi arqeologiuri gaTxrebis 

adgilad iqca. gaTxrebis direqtori 1878 

wlidan lanCiani iyo, xolo 1899 wlidan 

igi bonim Secvala. forumis mTeli are 

kapitoliumis borcvsa da titusis TaRs 

Soris romauli periodis donemde gaiTxara. 

san adrianis eklesia, mogviano arqiteqturis 

moci lebiT, misi anti kuri 

sa xiT, Roman Curia Iulia-d aRadgines (1930- 

36). santa maria deli anjelis ekle si idan 

moxsnes karlo fontanas XVIII saukunis 

fasadi, raTa romauli di o k letianes 

droindeli Termebi gamoevlinaT. 1892 

wels beltramim gamoi kv lia panTeoni da, 

Zeglis stiluri mTlianobis aRsadgenad, 

XVII sauku nis ori samreklo moxsna. 

Tu gadavxedavT im xanas, romelic 

raskinisa da mori sidan boitosa da klemenamde, 

viole-le-dYukidan da skotidan

fon Smidtsa da partinim de grZeldeboda, 

Cven istoriuli Senobebis dacvis 

politikis ganviTare bis mniSvnelovan 

periods davinaxavT. am saqmianobaze 

Zlier gav lenas ax denda stilisturi 

restavracia, Tumca am midgomas konservacionistebi 

sul ufro metad utevdnen. 

es aris mZlavri teqnikuri da industriuli 

ganviTarebis da urbanuli 

centrebis zrdis periodi; es agreTve 


sur. 7.16. romis santa 

maria in kosmedinis 

barokuli fasadi. 

daproeqtebuli j. sa r dis 

mier, Camoxsnil iqna XIX-is 

restavraciis dros 

aris kvlevisa da arqeologiis periodi, 

xolo ramde nime qveyanam kulturuli 

memkvidreobis konservaciis kanonmdebloba 

da misi mravalgvari aspeqtis 

(koleqcie bi, xelovnebis nawarmoebebi, 

siZvele Ta Zeglebi, sazogadoebrivi 

Senobebi) momcveli saxelmwifoebrivi 

sistema SeimuSava. Tanamedrove sa konservacio 

Teoria da principebi imxanad 

Cayril saZirkvels efuZneba. 

sur. 7.17. romis santa maria 

in kosmedinis eklesia 1893- 

99 ww.-Si j. jovenales restavraciis 

Semdeg. fasadi 

aRdgenil iqna hopoTezebis 

safuZvelze. axali 

nawilebi gamoyofil iyo 

boitos mier gancxadebuli 

principebis Tanaxmad

8 

principebi da koncefciebi 

XX saukune, didwilad, wina saukuneebis 

memkvidreo bas emyareba, Tu m ca mas aseve 

sakuTari gansakuTrebu li identobac 

aqvs. XIX saukunis zo gi erTi ZiriTadi 

mimdinareoba, metadre romantizmi da 

istorizmi, dasru l da, Tumca, amave 

dros, xelovnebis istoriis wiaR, alois 

riglis, ervin panofskis, rudolf 

vitkoveris, julio karlo arganis da 

sxvaTa meoxe biT, grZeldeba ganviTreba, 

romelmac ufro globaluri mi d gomis 

axali, kritikuli safuZvlebi Seqmna. 

aris sxva mimarTulebebic mecnie rebis, 

teq nikis da industriis ganviTarebisa, 

ekonomikis, socialuri da politi kuri 

cxovrebis axali formebi, gaumjobesebuli 

komunikaciebi, mobilu ro ba da saer- 

TaSoriso TanamSromloba. yvelafer 

amasTan mWid rod dakav Si re buli konservaciis 

moZraoba, Zveli Zeglebis da 

xelovne bis nimuSe bis SenarCunebis romantizmiT 

ganmsWvaluli survili ki 

aRar iyo, aramed vrceli disciplina, 

romelic saxelmwifo uwyebebis mieraa 

aRiarebuli da saerTaSo riso organizaciebis 

mxardaWeriT sargeblobs. 

dekartis, vikos, herderis, kantis, vinkelmanis, 

hegelis, marqsis, Spengleris, 

komtis, dilTis da nicSes memkvidreobam 

Secvala Rirebulebebisadmi Tanamedrove 

midgoma da yuradReba specifikurobasa 

da fardobiTobaze gaamaxvila. filosofiuri 

TvalsazrisiT, axali midgomisTvis 

damaxasiaTe belia, mag. anri 

bergsonis drois, gangrZobadobisa da 

SemoqmedebiTi evoluciis kon cef cia, 

huserlis fenomenologia, xolo mogvianebiT, 

struqtura lizmi da lingvis- 

263 

tika; yovelma maTganma gavlena iqonia 

restavraciis Teoriaze. 

gadasvla absolutur-RvTaebrividan 

fardobiT kulturul Rirebu lebebze 

fridrix vilhelm nicSes (1844- 

1900 ww.) ZiriTad TemaTagania. cno bilia 

misi gancxadeba: `Gott ist tot! (`RmerTi 

mokvda!~) da daazusta: (Wir baben ihn 

getötet! (`Cven movkaliT igi!~) (Gay Science, 

125). es gancxa debaa misi filosofiuri 

ganviTarebis sawyisi wer tili, gamoxatavs 

ra `nihilisturi imedgacrue bis~ 

SiSsa da axal RirebulebaTa gaCenis 

saWiroebas. `Rmer Tis sikvdili~ Sei- 

Zleba gavigoT, rogorc umaRlesi, absolYuturi 

da u ni versaluri Rirebuloebe 

bis ganadgurebas mas Semdeg, rac 

XVIII sauku neSi wa moiWra kulturul 

mravalferovnebas Tan dakavSirebuli 

Rirebu le baTa fardobiTobis sakiTxi. 

amas kidev ufro metad gausva xazi 

roman tizmis epoqaSi individualobis 

win wamowevam. nicSesTvis, movlena, 

rome l sac umaRles RirebulebaTa ganadgureba 

moaqvs, saukeTesod sityviT 

`ni hilizmi~ gamoixateba da igi gaxda 

dasavluri istoriis fuZemdebeli gamocdileba 

(heidegger, 1989:183). 

martin haidegerma gamokveTa nicSes 

mosazreba, umaRlesi Rirebule bebis ganadgurebis, 

e.i. `RmerTis mokvdinebisas~, 

aucilebeliao moxerx des ar se bobis gangrZoba, 

riTac adamiani uzrunvelyofs materialur, 

fi zi kur, cnobiersa da sulier 

gangrZobadobas. 242 adamians, romel mac 

SeZlo am So kis gada ta na nicSe uwodebs 

242 heidegger, 1980b:257

“Übermensch.” sityvis zogadad Targmani _ 

`ze ka ci~ ver gamoxatavs mis realur sazriss, 

rac gulisxmobs adamia nis myo fobas 

axal realobaSi, axali valdebulebebiT, 

romelTac `Zala uf lebis neba~ gansaz- 

Rvravs (heidegger, 1980b:247). Übermensch-i 

ver Caenacvle ba RmerTs da es, marTlac 

SeuZlebelia, Tu gaviT valiswinebT axal 

kul turul plYu ralizms, rac am àdamianismierma 

revolYuciam~ moitana: Zvel 

RirebulebebTan ukan dabrunebis gza 

aRar arsebobs. 

gardamwyveti swored `Zalauflebis 

nebaa~, rac Seesabameba adamia nis moTxovnilebas 

Tavad iyos pasu xis mgebeli 

sakuTar yofnaze da igi RirebulebaTa 

warmoqmniT usafrTxohyos. marTlac, 

`Zalauflebis neba~ RirebulebaTa warmoqmnis 

SesaZleblobis mizezicaa da 

saTavec. nicSe WeSmaritebas iseT Rirebulebad 

aRiarebs, ramac unda usafrTxohyos 

`Zalauflebis neba~-sTan mimyvanebeli 

nabijebi. magram WeSmariteba 

ar war moadgens RirebulebaTa uzenaes 

sazoms. nicSes sjera, rom am funq cias 

xelovneba kisrulobs (Will to Power, gaanalizebuli 

haide geris mier, 1980b:222). 

xelovneba, misi zogadi gansazRvrebiT, 

SeiZleba gavigoT, ro gorc adamianis 

nebismieri Semoqme debiTi aqtivoba; igi 

yofierebis ZiriTa di maxasia Tebelia. 

amgvarad, xelovneba `Zalauflebis nebis~ 

yvela ze gam W virvale da ucnobilesi 

formaa, rasac Semqmne li, Tu 

mwarmoebeli naTlad unda aRiqvamdes. 

igi ufro faseulia, vidre WeSmariteba 

da Tanamedrove samyaroSi SesaZlo nihilizmis 

sapirwonea. aq igi xelovnebas 

ganixilavs ara rogorc kulturis 

gamoxatulebas, aramed rogorc `Zalauflebis 

nebis~ demonstracias (heidegger, 

1989:86, 162). 

martin haidegeri (1889-1976 ww.) sagangebod 

Caufiqrda xelovnebis nawarmoebis 

koncepcias. igi edmund huserlis 

(1859-1938 ww.) mowafe da erT-erTi 

principebi da koncefciebi 263 

yvelaze gavleniani Tanamedrove moazrovne 

iyo, romelmac adre ve dasaxa 

sakuTari mimarTuleba, upiratesad, 

naSromiT `yofiereba da dro” (1927 w.). 

mis fuZemdebel narkvevSi `xelovnebis 

nawarmoebis warmo So ba” (1935-36 ww.), igi 

xazs usvams xelovnebis nawarmoebis Tvisobriobas, 

rogorc gansakuTrebuli, 

Cveulebrivi sagnisa Tu xelsawyosgan 

gansxvave buli naqmnisa (heidegger, 1980a). 

Sesa ba misad, adamians SeiZleba hqondes 

Se moqmedebiTi unari, rac xelovnebaSi 

aisaxeba. 243 SemoqmedebiTi pro ce sis ga nxilvi 

sas, haidegeri adarebs erTmaneTs 

`sagnis,~ `xelsawyos~ da `xelov nebis 

nimuSis~ sazrisebs. Tu sagani mxolod 

`sagania~, is ar gulisxmobs muSaobis 

process; igi SeiZleba iyos xis an kldis 

Camonatexic iyos. amis sapirispirod, 

xelsawyo muSaobis Sedegia, magram xelsawyos 

mizani mis miRma rCeba, radgan misi 

daniSnulebaa iyos iaraRi gansakuTrebuli 

miz nis misaRwevad. amgvarad, Tavad 

xelsawyo araferia misi vargisianobis 

gareSe da misi Semadgeneli masalac am 

mizansaa `morgebuli.~ xelovnebis nimu- 

Si gansxvavdeba sagnebis am ori tipisgan, 

radgan igi warmoadgens mu Saobis Sedegs, 

romlis mizani Tavad igia; igi avTenturi 

SemoqmedebiTi procesis meoxebiT 

xdeba da Tavisi nivTieri Semadgenlobi- 

Tac ki unika luria, rogorc xelovnebis 

qmnileba, romlis myofobaSi `moxdeba~ 

WeSma riteba (heidegger, 1980a). 

amgvarad, xelovnebis nimuSi SemoqmedebiTi 

procesis Sedegia da ra wams 

Seiqmna, igi `wamomarTavs qveynierebas.” 244 

243 sainteresoa nicSes mosazrebebis Sedareba 

frangi filosofosis anri bergsonis 

koncefciasTan, romelmac daupirispira 

darvinis Teorias “élan vital”-is “sasicocxlo 

impulsis~ cneba, rac aiZu lebs sicocxles 

gadala xos materiis daRmavali 

entropiuli dineba (Bergson, 1994, pirvelad 

gamoq ve y nebuli 1941 w.-s). 

244 heidegger, 1980a:31


qveyniereba, Tavis mxriv, qmnis miwas, romelic 

TavisTavad ùZalisx mevoa,~ magram, 

rogorc xelov ne bis nawarmoebis 

nawili, iZens sazriss mis SemoqmedebiT 

pro cesSi. xe lov ne bis nawarmoebis 

arsi mis WeSmari tebasa da poeturobaSi 

mdgomare obs; WeS maritebis dafuZneba 

unikaluri da istoriulia. xelovnebis 

na warmoebSi WeSmaritebis dadgineba niSnavs 

myofobis ise warmoCenas, arc manamde 

rom yofila da arc odesme ganmeordeba. 

245 amgvarad, miwa masalaa, risganac 

xe lovnebis nawarmoe bi iqmneba, xolo 

urTierTobaTa qveyniereba mis WeSma rite 

bas da sazriss Seicavs. rac Seexeba 

mecnierebas, haidegeris azriT, ra ime 

Tavdapir veli WeSmariteba ki ar arsebobs, 

aramed aRmoCena ukve cxadyofili 

WeSmari te bisa. rac ufro metad 

ixsneba xelovnebis na war moe bi Tavisi 

samyaroTi, miT ufro sxivmfeni xdeba 

igi; rac ufro sxivmfeni xdeba igi, miT 

ufro unikalu ria igi da euli da, Sesaba 

misad, ufro mni Svnelovanic. iseve rogorc 

xelovnebis nawarmoebi myofobas 

mxolod Sem qmnelis arsebobisas SeiZens, 

aseve misi SenarCuneba SemnarCunebels iTxovs. 

SeinarCuno xelovnebis nawarmoebi 

niSnavs, sazoga do e bis cno bi e rebaSi aaRorZino 

misi WeSmaritebis da sazrisis aRqma 

urTierTobaTa mismieri qveynierebis 

meSveobiT. Cven SegviZlia vilaparakoT 

`WeSmarite bis Semoq me de biT meurveobaze~ 

(die schaffende Bewahrung der Wahrheit`). 

am mimarTebiT jorj Stainerma aRniSna: 

`xelovneba ar aris, rogorc platonTan 

an kar te zi a nul realizmSi, realobis imitacia. 

igi ufro metadaa realuri. xo lo 

haidegerma am paradoqsis wvdomiT ukan 

moitova tradiciuli esTeti ka~ (steiner, 

1992:135). 

nicSe da haidegeri aRniSnaven, rom 

kulturuli procesebi, romel Tac RirebulebaTa 

da wesrigTa rRveva moitana, 

ar SeiZleba ganxorciel des erTi 

245 heidegger, 1980a:48 

socialuri jgufis, an Tundac erTi 

saxelmwifos farglebSi, isini ufro 

farToa da SeiZleba, sul cota, mag., 

mTel evropas moicav des. magram es 

rodi niSnavs, rom procesi, romelic 

erT romelime kul tu rul samyaroSi 

mimdinareobs, SeiZleba sakmarisi iyos, 

misi Sedegebis sa erTaSoriso doneze, 

sxva kulturebSi gadatanis gasamarTleblad, 

Tu maT msgavsi procesebi ar gamoiares 

(heidegger, 1989:184). Sesabamisad, 

mar Te bu li ar iqneboda sxva kulturebisTvis 

mogvexvia Tavs RirebulebaTa 

is toriulobis da fardobiTobis koncepciebi, 

romelnic evropis konteq st Si 

ganviTarda; Teoriulad, yovelma kulturulma 

regionma TavTavisi procesebi 

unda ganvlos da Sesabamisi Rirebulebebi 

gansazRvros. 

meore msoflio omis Semdgom C. 

brandis mier damuSavebul restav raciis 

TeoriaSi dawvrilebiTaa gadmocemuli, 

Tu ra moaqvs Semoqmedebi Ti procesis 

ase gaazrebas xelovnebis nawarmoebebis 

konservaciisa da restavraciisTvis 

(Brandi, 1963 w.). am TeoriaSi 

CamonakvTulia yovelive, rac am 

koncefciebidan gamomdinareobs da is 

Tanamedrove restavraciisa da konservaciisTvis 

erTi umTavres amosaval- 

Tagania. mniSvnelovania, rom brandi 

SemoqmedebiT process kulturul RirebulebiT 

Sefasebebze maR la ayenebs 

da mas miukerZoeblad ganixilavs, ris 

gamoc is potenciurad misi sakuTari 

kulturuli garemos miRmac xdeba misaRebi. 

manamde ki kon ser vaciis Tanamedrove 

Teoriis pirveli, Tavis TavSi 

dasrulebuli safu Z veli riglis mier 

xelovnebis nawarmoebis mis istoriul 

ganzomilebaSi gansazRvrebam, ìstoriu 

li Zeglis~ gansazRvrebama da memkvidreobismieri 

Rirebulebis kritikulma 

analizma Seuqmna.

8.1 alois rigli da “Denkmalkultus” 

(ZeglTa Tayvaneba) 

1856 wlidan mokidebuli avstriis centraluri 

komisia Tavisi saqmi a nobis 

Sedegebs regularul bYuletenSi aqvey 

nebda. 246 1902 wlis ianvarSi mis redaqtorad, 

vilhelm kubiCekTan erTad, alois 

rigli (1857-1905 ww.) da i niSna. 1903 

wels rigls SesTavazes, gamxdariyo centraluri 

komisiis wevri da imave wels 

igi mTavar mcvelad dainiSna. igi swavlobda 

iuris prudencias, filosofias, 

istorias da xelovnebis istorias da 

ganaTle ba romSi daasrula. 1886 wels 

igi xelovnebisa da mrewvelobis avstriis 

muzeumSi miiRes, Semdeg universitetis 

leqtori gaxda, xolo 1897 wels _ 

xelovnebis istoriis profesori. misi 

Sromebi gansakuTre buli obieqti vizmiT 

gamoirCeoda da Tumca igi mxolod 

48 wlisa gardaicvala, man xe lovnebis 

istoriaSi mniSvne lovani wvlili Seitana. 

man warmoaCina evro pu li da aziuri 

civilizaciebis saerTo niadagi da 

aRmo savluri xelov nebis istoriis kvlevas 

axleburi safuZveli gauCina (riegl, 

1891). `Die Stilfragen”-Si (stilis sakiTxebi), 

man warmoaCina elinuri, elinisturi, 

ro ma u li da aRmosavluri ornamentis 

umTavresi motivebis ganviTarebis 

is toriuli uwyvetoba (riegl, 1893; olin, 

1992). kulturuli mem kvidreobis konser 

vaciis samsaxur Si misi xanmokle, magram 

intensiuri moRvaweoba moi cavda 

mudmiv mogzau robas avstro-ungreTis 

imperiis _ avstri is, tiro lis, dalmaciis 

da bohemiis _ sxvadasxva nawilebSi. 

igi regula rulad aqveynebda centraluri 

komisiis muSaobis angariSebs 

da memkvid re o bis Rirebu le baTa da 

restavraciis Teoriis pirveli sistematiuri 

analizic dawera (riegl, 1903; 

246 mittheilungen der Kaisel. Königl. Central-Commission 

zur Erforschung und Erhaltung der Baudenkmale, 

i Bd., wien, 1856 


Bacher, 1995; scarrocchia, 1995). 

riglis nafiqris erT-erTi sakvan- 

Zo Tema Kunstwollen-ia, romlis Tar gmna 

`formis neba~-d an `saxelovno neba~-d 

bolomde ver asaxavs am sity vis sazriss 

(holly, 1984:74), Tumca igi ramdenadme 

Tanxvdenilia nicSes `Za la uf lebis nebas.~ 

germanuli sityvis “wollen” mniSvneloba 

xelovnebasTan mi marTebiT, Sei- 

Zleba gagebu li iyos, rogorc `tendencia 

xelovnebisken.~ doq torma gertrud 

tripma, avstri is Bundesdenkmalamt-is 

yofilma direq tor ma ganmarta misi 

mniSv ne loba anri bergsonis koncepciiT 

“élan vital”-is (`sasicocxlo mamoZravebeli 

Zala~ an `sasicocxlo impulsi~) 

cnebiT. Ta vad rigli ki amtkicebs, rom 

igi pirveli iyo, vinc moifiqra `xelovnebis 

Teleologiuri koncefcia~ 

(e.i. misi saboloo mizezebis gansazRvra 

moax di na) da romelmac dainaxa xelovnebis 

nimuSi, rogorc `nayofi garkveu li 

mizandasaxuli Kunstwollen-isa, rome lic 

xmarebasTan, masalasTan da teqnikasTan 

urTierTWidilis Sedegad aRmocendeba~ 

(Gebrauchszweck, Rohstoff, Technik), e.i. im 

sam faqtorTan, rac zemperis xelovnebis 

TeoriaSi iqna win wa moweuli (riegl, 

1927:9). amdenad, rigli gansakuTrebul 

mniSvnelobas ani Webs mxatvris SemoqmedebiT 

azrovnebas funqcionalur, 

konkretul da te q nikur mosazrebebTan 

mimarTebiT (olin, 1992:72; riegl, 1927:9). 

Kunstwollen (an künstlerisches Wollen) pirvelad 

`Stilfragen”-Si gamoCnda, xolo Semdgom 

`Spätrö mi sche Kunstindustrie”-Si iqna 

gansazRvruli. misdevda ra istoriulobis 

Ta na med rove koncef cias, rigli 

xedavs yovel calkeul periodsa da 

kul turas TavTavianTi pirobebiTa da 

moTxov nebiTurT, romelTa wiaR gamoikve 

Teboda mxatvruli nawarmis xasiaTi 

da romelnic xelovnebis isto ri kosma 

aucileblad unda icodes, raTa epoqis 

mxatvruli Rirebulebebi gan sazRvros. 

Tavis kvlevaSi man aCvena, rom gvianro-


maul periods, ro melic, Cveulebriv, 

adreul epoqebze udaresad miiCneoda, 

sakuTari maxa si a Teblebi aqvs, unda gvesmodes, 

raTa saTanadod Sefasdes Sesabamisi 

xe lov neba. rigli xelovans Tavis 

drosa da kulturasTan akavSirebs, romel 

Ta wiaR is qmedebs, rogorc amRebi 

da rogorc wvlilisSemtani. 

avstriaSi sakonservacio samsaxurebis 

reorganizaciis farglebSi, 

rigls SeukveTes daewera Sroma, sadac 

gansazRvruli iqneboda samuSaos Te oriuli 

aspeqte bi. misi kvlevis Sedegebi 

gamoqveynda saxelwodebiT `Der moderne 

Denkmalkultus, sein Wesen, seine Enstehung” 

(`Zeglis Tanamedrove Tay va neba: misi 

arseba da misi warmoSoba~; riegl, 1903). 

restavraciis principe bis ganviTarebis 

istoriuli mimo xil vis Semdeg, igi 

gansazRvravs Tana med rove konservaciasTan 

dakavSirebul Rirebulebebs da 

koncefciebs da ganasxvave bs `ganazrax 

Zeglsa~ (gewollte Denkmal) da `winaswar 

ganuzraxvel Zegls~ (ungewollte Denkmal). 

zemoxsenebulidan pirveli, gamiznuli 

rogorc memoriali (Denkmal, 

sityva sity viT `simbolo fiqrisTvis~), 

misi uZvelesi da yvelaze zogadi mniSvnelobiT, 

warmoadgens àdamianis qmnilebas, 

aR mar Tuls sagangebod, raTa 

momavali Taobebis mexsierebaSi samudamod 

Se moinaxos winaparTa diadi saqme 

da xvedri.” 247 ukanaskneli ki, Sesdgeba 

ra `xelovnebis da istoriis ZeglTagan~ 

(die Kunst- und historischen Denkmale), axa li 

koncefciaa, romelic exeba nagebobebs, 

247 riegl in Bacher, 1995:55. jovani karbonara, 

Tumc Rebulobs riglis Semota nil ganyofas, 

SeniSnavs, rom etimologiurad 

`Zegli~ (monument) niSnavs sabuTs, anderZs. 

es sityva ara mxolod `ganzrax Zeglebs~, 

aramed sxvag var `sabuTebsa~ da sagnebsac 

miemarTeba. amitomac, marTebulia `Zegli~ 

Zvel frag mentsa an xelsawyos, TviT istoriul 

qalaqs vuwodoT, misi sa zo gadoeb 

rivi monumentebiTa da mokrZalebuli 

sacxovrebeli ubnebiTac (Carbonara, 1997:12) 

Tavdapirvelad aSenebuls Ta visi drois 

praqtikuli Tu ideuri saWiroebebis 

dasakmayofileblad da is toriuli Rirebulebis 

mqoned mxolod Semdgom miCneuls 

da, amitomac, Ta namedrove aRqmazea 

damokidebuli (rogorc “monument 

historique” safran geT Si). 

ganixilavs ra am koncefciebis zogad 

ganviTarebas, rig li aRniS navs, rom Zvelad 

Zeglebi, ZiriTadad, ganazraxi iyo. 

Zvel aRmosavleTSi, Cveulebriv, isini 

calkeuli pirov nebebis, an ojaxebis 

mier aRimarTebo da, xolo antikur saberZneTsa 

da romSi isini ufro zogad, 

patriotul in teresebs iTvaliswinebda, 

rac ufro xangrZliv aqtualobas 

uzrun vel yofda. istoriuli Zeglis 

cneba, misi zogadi mniSvnelobiT, italiuri 

aRor Zinebis droidan moyolebuli 

arsebobs da maSinve moxda `mxatvruli 

Zeglebis~ da ìstoriuli Zeglebis~ 

erTmane Tis gan gamocalkevebac. kulturis 

istoriis damkvidrebis kvaldakval, 

yuradReba TviT mcire deta lebis 

da fragmentebis istoriul Rirebulebas 

mieqca, rogorc kultu ruli 

memkvidreobis Seucvlel nawilebs; 

gansakuTrebiT es XIX saukune ze iTqmis, 

rodesac jer kidev hqondaT yvela 

periodSi xelovnebis abso luturuli 

Rirebulebis rwmena. amasTan, istoriuli 

Rirebuleba Tanda Tan evolYuciur 

Rirebulebad iqceva, siZvelis Rirebulebad, 

sadac deta lebi ukiduresad 

umniSvneloa. ase rom, siZvelis Rirebuleba 

yvelaze axalia da sinamdvileSi 

XIX saukunis boloTi TariRdeba. 248 

miRebuli Rirebulebebis Tavmosayrelad, 

rigli maT or ZiriTad jgu fad 

yofs: 

1. memorialuri Rirebulebani: siZvelis 

Rirebuleba, istoriuli Ri rebuleba 

da ganazraxi memorialuri 

Rirebuleba (Erinnerungswerte: Alter- 

248 riegl, 1903:16

swert, historischer Wert, gewollter Erinnerungswert); 

da 

2. dRevandeli Rirebulebani: gamoyenebiTi 

Rirebuleba, mxatvruli 

Ri re buleba, siaxlis Rirebuleba 

da SefardebiTi mxatvruli Ri rebuleba 

(Gegenwartswerte: Gebrauchswert, 

Kunstwert, Neuheiswert, relativer 

Kunstwert). 

xelovnebis nawarmoebi zogadad ganisazRvreba, 

rogorc àdamianis qmni leba, 

romelsac SeiZleba xeliT SevexoT, 

davi na xoT an movusminoT da ro melsac 

mxatvruli Rirebu leba aqvs~; istoriuli 

Zegli aris nebismie ri namuSevari, 

romelsac istoriuli Rirebuleba aqvs. 

ganixilavs ra is torias, ro gorc xazobriv 

process, rigli aRniSnavs: `Cven 

is toriuls vu wodebT yvelafers, rac 

arsebula da aRar aris; Tanamedrove 

gagebisa mebr, rac arsebula veRarasdros 

iqneba da yvelaferi, rac arsebula 

evo lYuciis jaWvis moucilebeli 

rgolia.” 249 TanamedroveobaSi warsulis 

ne bis mieri adamianis qmedeba da xvedri, 

Tuki is riTimea damowmebuli, is toriuli 

Rirebulebis mqoned miiCneva. 

imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom ar arsebobs 

xelovnebis nawarmoebTa Se fa sebis 

sayovelTaod absoluturi kriteriumebi, 

gardasu li epoqebis xe lo v nebis 

Rirebuleba mxo lod imdenad SeiZleba 

Sefasdes, ramdenadac igi axal Kunstwollen-s 

Seesabameba da, aqedan gamomdinare, 

unda ganixile bo des, rogorc Cveni 

Tanadrouli Rirebuleba. mxatvruli 

Rirebuleba ukve aRar aris memorialuri 

Rirebuleba da zusti mniSvnelobiT, 

igi arc unda Sediodes Zeglis cnebaSi. 

`rogorc ganazraxi, ise winaswar 

ga nu zraxveli Zeglebi memorialuri 

RirebulebiT xasiaTdeba da orive Sem- 

Tx vevaSi Cven gvainteresebs namuSevris 

Tavdapirveli, daumaxinjebeli ie ri, 

249 riegl, 1903:2 


ranairic Semqmnelis xelidan gamovida, 

romlis aRdgenasac Cven vcdi lobT. da 

mainc, pirvel SemTxvevaSi, memorialuri 

Rirebuleba daZalebu lia (Tavsmoxvevulia) 

CvenTvis sxvebis (yofili avtorebis) 

mier, bolo Se m TxvevaSi ki, igi gansazRvrulia 

Cven mier.” 250 aRsaniSnavia, 

rom rigli ìs toriulis~ koncefcias 

ise iyenebda, rogorc XIX saukuneSi 

iyo miRebu li. aqedan gamomdinare, mis 

sqemaSi ìstoriuli Rirebuleba~ konkretul, 

calkeul etaps miemarTeba, 

romelsac Zegli warmoadgens, xolo siZvelis 

Rirebuleba ki _ im cvlilebebs, 

rac eroziiT da xangrZlivi xmarebiTaa 

gamowveuli, siZvelis patinis, mTlianobis 

naklebobis da formisa da fe ris 

Sladobis CarTviT. siZvelis Rirebuleba 

ufro mravlismom c ve lia da asocirebulia 

nangrevebTan da fragmentebTanac 

ki, romelTac raime is to ri u li Rirebuleba 

ar gaaCnia. 

garda maTi memorialuri Rirebulebisa, 

istoriu li Zegle bis umetesobas 

dRevandel cxov re basTan dakavSirebu 

li Rirebulebebi, kerZod, `gamoyenebiTi 

Rirebulebac~ aqvs. rodesac 

Senobebi eqspluata ciaSia, isini movlas 

da SekeTebas saWiroebs, raTa isini 

usafrTxo da ga mosayenebeli iyos, 

rac garkve ul cvlilebebsac gulisxmobs. 

imis gaTva liswinebiT, rom Rirebulebebs, 

Tumc nebismierad ver mivakuTvnebT, 

mag ram isini fardobiTia, 

aucilebe lia movZebnoT swori Tanafardoba, 

erT SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba gamoyenebiT 

Rirebulebas mivceT pirveloba, 

xolo me oreSi _ siZvelis Rirebulebas. 

251 rodesac warmoiqm neba konfliqti 

gamo yenebiT Rirebulebasa da istoriul 

Rirebu lebas Soris, Zeglisadmi 

mo pyrobisas, uwinaresad, siZvelis Rirebuleba 

unda miviRoT mxedvelobaSi. 

250 riegl, 1903:6f da Semd. 

251 riegl, 1903:43


rigli Tvlis, rom mTli a nobaSi, istoriuli 

Rirebuleba gamoyenebiT Ri rebu 

lebasTan SedarebiT ufro moqnilia. 

XIX saukuneSi Zeglebis dacva, ZiriTadad, 

emyareboda stilis pirvandelobas 

(mis isto riul Rirebule bas) da stilis 

mTlianobas (misi siaxlis Rireb u leba). 252 

Sesabami sad, stra tegia mdgomareobda 

bunebrivi daSlis kvalis yvela mocilebaSi 

da im simrTelis aRdgenaSi, rac 

Tavdapirvel ganazraxs Seesabameboda. 

konfliqti Rirebulebebs Soris 

mxolod XIX saukunis bolosken gamoaSka 

ravda, rodesac sul ufro meti 

mxardamWeri gamouCnda siZvelis Rirebulebas. 

es gansakuTrebiT TvalsaCino 

gaxda im SemTxvevebSi, rode sac Zeglebs 

ar SerCenoda Tavdapirveli forma da 

droTa ganmavlobaSi sti listuri cvlilebebi 

ganecada. radgan miCneuli iyo, 

rom istoriuli Rirebuleba, metwilad, 

ganpirobebuli iyo `Tavdapirveli mdgomareobis 

naTlad amocnobiT,~ xSirad 

miuRiaT gada wyvetileba yvela gviani 

cvli lebebis moSorebisa da ZeglisTvis 

Tavdapirveli saxis dabru ne bis Sesa xeb. 

aseTi gadawyvetileba damokidebuli ar 

yofila raime kvalis jerac ar sebobaararsebobaze, 

radgan TviT savsebiT miaxloebiT 

stilistur mTli anobas upiratesobas 

aZlevdnen gindac utyuar, 

magram stilisturad araerTgvarovan 

formebTan SedarebiT. axla aseT midgomas 

mkacrad daupi rispirdnen siZvelis 

Rirebulebis qomagebi. marTlac, istoriuli 

Senobi dan gviani periodebis 

yvela danamatisa da minamatis moSoreba 

yvelafris xelyofad aRiqmeboda, rasac 

ki siZvelis Rirebuleba ganasxeulebda 

da bu nebrivicaa, Tu brZola kidev ufro 

gamwvavda. 

riglma Tavisi Teoria Zalze abstraqtulad 

da dakumSulad Camoqna da 

misi Targmna arcTu advilia. man gavlena, 

ZiriTadad, germanulenovan qveynebze 

252 riegl, 1903:52 

da CrdiloeT evropaze iqonia da mis 

naazrevs jer kidev fuZem de bel mniSvnelobas 

aniWeben, metadre, avstriaSi 

konservaciis strategi is gansazRvrisas. 

sxva qveynebSi, italiis gamoklebiT, 

misi gavlena nak le bi iyo. misi Teoria 

Tanamed roveebma imis gamo gaakritikes, 

rom konser vaciis saboloo miznad man 

qmnisa da kvdomis bunebrivi cikliT 

`religi u ri tkboba~ dasaxa, radgan ukiduresobamde 

miyvanisas es konservaciis 

TviTgauqmebis tolfasi iqneboda 253 . 

georg dehio gaxldaT is kaci, vinc, 

1905 wels strasburgis univer si tetSi 

sityviT gamosvlisas, gamoexmaura riglis 

Teoriis am aspeqtebs. igi daeTanxma 

mTlianobaSi ganviTarebis miseul aRweras 

da XIX saukune istorizmisa da istoriuli 

suliskveTeba mouwona, radgan 

aman konserva ci as realuri safuZveli 

Seuqmna. ai, konservaciis miznebis 

Taobaze ki de hio rigls ver daeTanxma; 

esTetikur-mecnieruli midgomis garda, 

auci le beliao ZeglTa Tayvanebis Sinagani 

motivaciac. 

`Cven ar vutarebT Zegls konservacias 

mxolod imitom, rom igi la ma zia, 

aramed imitom rom igi Cveni erovnuli 

myofobis nawilia. Ze glTa dacva siamovnebis 

Zieba ki araa, sasoebis gamovlenaa. 

esTeti ku ri da Tundac xelovnebis 

istoriis sjani cvalebadia; aq ki Rirebu 

lebis ucvalebeli ganmasxvavebeli 

Tviseba movipoveT” 254 . 

dehio amas Tanamedrove konservaciis 

meore mxares, mis socialur xa siaTsac 

amatebs. iTvaliswinebs ra arqiteqturuli 

memkvidreobis erov nul mniSvnelobas 

da liberalizmTan konfliqts, igi xazs 

usvams, rom ga batonebuli ekonomikuri 

sistemis da sakanonmdeblo CarCoebis 

pirobeb Si Zeglebis dacva advili ram 

rodia. pasuxSi dehio sTvis (gamoqveynda 

253 huse, 1984:128 

254 Dehio, 1905

1906 wels) rigli daeTanxma mas, rom XIX 

saukunes ar hqonia pasuxi dRe vandel 

kiTxvebze da rom konservaciis realuri 

motivacia altruis tul motivaciazea 

damokidebuli. amasTan, wminda nacionalisturi 

midgoma mas zedmetad Sez- 

Rudulad eCveneboda. misi azriT, dehio 

jerac ver ganTavi suf lebuliyo jadosgan 

XIX saukunis Sexedulebisa, romelic 

Zeglis mni Sv nelovanebas mis ìstoriulobaSi 

eZiebda” 255 . 

rigli kargad acnobierebda konservaciis 

saerTaSoriso tendenci ebs 

da aRniSnavda, rom gansakuTrebiT im 

qveynebSi, sadac memkvidreoba ar ganixileboda, 

rogorc `visime sakuTreba~ 

konservacia ufro farTo moti va cias, 

`kacobriul grZnobas~ (Menschheitsgefühl) 

unda dafuZne boda; xolo na cionalisturi 

grZnobebi am ufro zogadi 

sabuTianobis Semadgeneli iq neboda. igi 

dabejiTebiT iTxovda konservaciisadmi 

aseT, ganzogadebul midgomas, magali- 

Tad bunebis dacva mohyavda, rac TandaTan 

popularobas iZenda imdroindel 

germaniaSi da aRniSnavda, aq ègoizmis~ 

bolo wveTma gza srul altruizms unda 

dauTmoso. amgvarad, igi Tavis adrindel 

das kv nas miubrunda: àmieridan 

Zeglebi Cven aRgvafrTovanebs rogorc 

mowmo ba, rom mimarTebaTa im uzarmazar 

sistemas (Zusammenhang), romelsac 

Cven Ta vadac mivekuTvnebiT, Cvenamde 

bevrad adre uarsebia da Seuqmnia” 256 . 

is aRi arebs, rom mas gauWirda epova 

swori sityva im grZnobis gamosaxatad, 

rac gvibiZgebs Cven kultad vaqcioT 

kulturuli memkvidreoba. TviT ra ci onaluri 

samarTlebrivi CarCos Seqmna da 

mis imedad yofnac ki SeuZ le beli iqneboda, 

Tu ara ìseTi grZnobis arseboba 

da sayovelTaod ga vr ce leba, romelic 

religiuri grZnobebis msgavsia, arc sa- 

255 riegl in huse, 1984:147 

256 riegl, 1905b in huse, 1984:147 


gangebo esTe ti kursa da istoriul ganaTlebazea 

damokidebuli, arc raime 

gansjismi er awon-dawonas eqvemdebareba. 

misi daukmayofilebloba ki sruliad 

au ta neli iqneboda.” 257 es SeiZleba iseTi 

adamianis mrwamsad miviCnioT, rom lis 

naazrma Tavis dros didad gauswro. 

8.2 avstriuli strategiis 

ganviTareba 

im ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi, rac 

riglma SesZlo avstro-ung reTis istoriuli 

nagebobebis konservaciisTvis 

emuSava, misi yuradReba, Zi riTadad, istoriuli 

Zeglebisadmi (Tan maTi transformaciis 

yovel eta p ze) saTanado pativiscemis 

xelSewyobas daeTmo. franguli 

restavra ci is da kYolnis sakaTedro 

taZris mSeneblobis gavlena avstriaSic 

iyo sagrZnobi. rigli sakmaod 

pragmatuli iyo, Sesabamisad, kompromisic 

mis Tvis misaRebi iyo, xolo sufTa 

konservacias igi SeuZleblad miiCnevda. 

ferweris gawmendac xom axaldroindeli 

intervenciaa, xolo Tu sazoga doebrivi 

nageboba kargavda dekoris raime nawils, 

mas samarTlianad mi a Cnda misi reproducireba 

(riegl, 1905:120). riglma Camoayaliba 

kedlis mxa tv ro bisadmi mopyrobis 

sami SesaZlo kategoria: `radikaluri,~ 

`xelo v ne bis-istoriuli~ da `konservaciuli.~ 

yvelaze `radika luri~ midgoma 

gu li s x mobda Zveli da dazianebuli 

mxatvrobis, yvela misi zadianad Sena r- 

Cunebas; `xelovnebis-istoriuli~ midgoma 

mdgo ma reobda kompromis Si, sa dac 

upiratesoba eniWeboda Tavdapirveli 

mxatvrobis, rogorc warsulis utyuari 

mowmis, konservaciasa da dacvas; 

`konservaci ul~ midgoma ki, mo iT xovda 

Tavdapir veli gamosaxulebebis Sevsebas 

da rekonstruqcias ise, ro gorc es 

odesRac iyo (ase esmodaT `konserva- 

257 riegl, 1905b in huse, 1984:147


cia~, raskinis gansazRv rebis sawinaaRmdegod, 

XIX saukunis Sua xa ne bis inglisel 

restavrato rebs). 

`radikaluri midgomisas~ dasaSvebi 

iyo gabzaruli kedlis an baT qa Sis 

SekeTeba, magram sruliad miRebeli _ 

raime saxis interven cia Tavad mxatvrobaSi; 

xelovnebis-istoriuli midgoma 

umTavresad mxatvrobis Sla di fenebis 

dacvas, SenarCune bas da gamagrebas miiCnevda 

(avstriaSi Semd gom saamisod cvilis 

gamoyenebac mosinjes, Tumca Sedegi 

aradamakmayofi leblad iqna miCneuli, 

radgan zedapiri brWyviala rCeboa). 

rogorc Sesa Z lo kompromiss xelovnebisistoriulsa 

da konservaciul midgomebs 

So ris, rigli Tavazobda xeluxleb lad 

SeenaxaT originaluri mxatvroba, magram 

zemodan igi Tavdapirveli saxiT aRdgenili 

aslebiT daefaraT. es SesaZlebels 

gaxdida originalis Semowmebas, Tumca 

ver akmayofilebda im radikalebs, vinc 

daJinebiT moiTxovda kvdomis `SegrZnebas~. 

rogorc `reintegraciis~ an Tundac 

ìntegraciis~ ukidures SemTxvevas, 

rigli mi u TiTebda arqiteqturul 

sivrces, sadac dekoris mxolod 

nawili iyo Se mo r Cenili. Tu kedelze 

aRaraferi iyo, SeiZlebao misi axali, 

oRond Zvelis suliskveTebas harmoniulad 

SeTanxmebuli dekoriT Sevseba. Tu 

ga dawyde boda SemorCenili mxatvrobis 

gacxovleba `dRevandeli kaToli kuri 

suliskveTebis~ dasakmayofileblad, 

mTlianad gadaweraze ufro sa su rveli, 

intervenciis mxolod konturebis 

gamkveTrebiT Semofargvla iq ne bao. 

konservatorebs erCivnaT, ar gamoCeniliyo 

raime gansxvaveba origi nalsa 

da restavrirebul nawilebs Soris, magram 

xelovnebis istorikose bi (iseve, 

rogorc Tavad rigli) mniSvnelovnad 

miiCnevdnen damatebuli ad gi lebi TviT 

gamosaxulebazeca da Sesabamis angariS- 

Sic naTlad yofi liyo aRniSnuli 258 . 

258 mitteilungen der k k Zentral kommission, 3, F., 2. 

sazogadod, rigli momxre iyo minimaluri 

intervenciisa da sarestavracio 

Zeglis SesanarCuneblad sruliad 

aucilebeli zomebiT Semofar gvlisa. 

Tavis saqmianobaSi igi xelmZRvanelobda 

siZvelis Rirebulebis pa tiviscemis 

da Zeglebis udroo ngrevisgan dacvis 

principiT (mag., alt mYunsteris Sua saukuneebis 

samrevlo eklesiis mimarT adre 

miRebuli ga dawyvetile ba gadaisinja da 

SeinarCunes barokuli sakurTxeveli). 

1904 wels rigli monawileobda rTuli 

stratigrafiis mqone splitis romauli, 

Sua saukuneebSi qalaqad qceuli, 

diokletianes sasaxlis restavra ciis 

komisiaSi. igi wi na aRmdegi iyo peristilis 

SigniT sakaTedro taZris Suasaukunovani 

samreklos rekonstruq ciisa, 

Tumca sabolood igi mainc rekonstruirebul 

iqna. rigli splitis istoriul 

centrsac icavda, ro me lic, misi azriT, 

ar unda Sewirvoda mxolooden romis 

droindeli naS Tebis restavracias, rogorc 

sxvebi Tavazobdnen. igi aRniSnavda, 

rom an ti kuri xanis naSTebi imdenad 

mravalgvarad exlarTeba qalaqis Sua 

sau ku neebis da Tanamedrove nawilebs, 

rom am mTelis konservacia da `Seuda rebeli 

da Seucvleli atmosferos zemoqmedeba, 

rogorc mTlianoba, sul cota 

iseve saWiroebs dacvis kanons, rogorc 

mxolod antikuri sasaxlis naSTebis 

SenarCunebis wamZRoli mecnieruli 

interesi” 259 . aman xeli ver SeuSala mTeli 

rigi nagebobebis dangrevas, mTavari 

Zeglebis _ sakaTed ro taZris, baptisteriumis 

da sasaxlis dasavleTi karibWis 

gamosanTavi sufleblad. es qmedeba sanitariuli, 

mxatvruli da arqeologiuri 

Tval sa z ri siT iqna gamarT le buli. 

komisiis araerTi rekomendacia praq- 

Bd, wien, 1903, sp. 14-31 

259 ‘Bericht uber den diokletianischen Palast zu spalato’, 

Mitteilungen der k k Zentralkommission, 3, F., 2. 

Bd, wien, 1903, sp. 333-341 (Bacher, 1995:172ff da 

Semd.)

sur. 8.1 diokletianes sasaxle splitSi. 

samrekvlo XX s.-is damdegs aRadgines. 

sa saxlis SigniT Ria sivrce Senobebis 

dangrevisa da restavraciis Sedegad 

war moiqmna 

tikuli xasiaTisa iyo, magaliTad, xelaxali 

SeerTebisas, cementis magivrad, 

nake re bisTvis kiris duRabis gamoyeneba 

urCies 260 . 

rigls kargad esmoda, rom aucilebeli 

iyo mosaxleobis gaTviT cnobiereba, 

raTa xalxs ukeT gaego kulturuli memkvidreobis 

Rirebule ba ni. igi Tvlida, 

rom XIX saukunis istoriuli Rirebuleba 

waagavda `sa t kep ne las,~ romelic 

Seumzadebda gzas ufro daxvewil, xnovanebis 

Rire bu lebas, Rirebulebas XX 

saukunisa. avstriaSi misi saqme gaagr- 

260 rigli, a. moxseneba splitis Sesaxeb, 1902 

wlis 6 noemberi. 


Zela misma mowafema da mimdevarma, maqs 

dvorJakma (1874-1921 ww.), romelic Tavobda 

av striis mxatvruli da arqiteqturuli 

memkvidreobis aRwerilobis 

Sed ge nas, romelic qveyanaSi misi samarTlebrivi 

dacvis safuZveli gaxldaT. 

mi si pirveli tomi 1907 wels gamoqveynda 

261 . dvorJaki gaxda avstriis erTerTi 

wamyvani konservatori, romelic 

xels uwyobda bunebisa da garemos konservacias 

(Heimatschutz). istoriuli Zeglebis 

Sefasebisas is daadga Su a ledur 

gzas riglsa da dehios Soris, miiCnevda 

ra, rom garkveuli pat riotuli Rirebulebac 

dasaSvebi unda iyos. misi `Katechismus 

der Denkmal pflege” (ZeglTa dacvis 

kaTexizmo), centraluri komisiis mier 

1916 wels ga moqveynebuli, farTo 

sazoga doebisTvis Zalze mniSvnelovani 

gamodga. am patara wignSi dvorJakma xazgasmiT 

aRniSna, rom konser vacia unda 

vrcel de bodes ara marto warsulis 

yvela stilze, aramed gansakuTrebuli 

yu radReba unda daeTmos adgilobrivi 

da istoriuli maxasiaTeblebis Sena r- 

Cunebasac, ramdenadac `Cven ar gvaqvs 

ufleba raime cvlileba Sevita noT, 

radgan aseTi Sesworeba, Cveulebriv, anadgurebs 

imas, rac mokrZale bul Zegls 

mis Seucvlad Rirebulebas sZens” 262 . 

igi mkveTrad ilaSqrebda mcdari 

restav raciis winaaRmdeg da mohya v da 

eklesiebis interieris restavtaciis 

mTeli rigi magaliTebisa _ mag., ensis samrevlo 

eklesia _ an stilisturi restavraciisa 

_ mag., iakobs kirxe laibaxSi, 

slatinanis samrevlo eklesia bohemiaSi, 

an klosternoY burgis saabatos eklesia, 

sadac yovelive barokuli moSales 

da neogo Turi formebiT Secvales. man 

Seadgina zogierTi im ZiriTadi safrTxis 

sia, rac emuqreboda istoriul Zeglebsa 

da istoriul teritoriebs, 

261 Dvorak m., 1907, Österreichische Kunsttopographie 

262 Dvorak, 1915:28


ro gorc soflad, ise qalaqebSi da xazi 

gausva, rom erovnuli memkvidreo bis 

dacvaze yvelaa pasuxismgebeli, iqneba 

es xelovnebis calkeuli nimu Si, interieri, 

istoriuli nageboba, qalaquri 

landSaftis konserva ciuli gegmareba 

Tu bunebis dacvao. koncefcia, romlis 

arsi kultu ruli memk vi d re o bis 

yvela sferos konservacia iyo, sxvebmac 

gaiziares, maT ricxv Si adolf loosma 

(1870-1933 ww.), romelic Tavis 1907 wels 

gamoqveynebul werilSi (loos, 1919) arqiteqturaSi 

Tanamedrove mimdinareobas 

gamoeqoma ga. am koncepciis Tanaxmad, 

memkvidreobis cneba gafarTovda da ara 

Tu Ze g li an bunebis mniSvnelovani obieqti 

moicva, aramed istoriuli arealebi 

da mTeli landSaftebi, rac konservaciis 

strategiis safuZve li gax da. 

8.3 “Restauro scientifico” 

(mecnieruli restavracia) 

1910 wels, Associazione artistica fra i cultori 

di architettura-s wevrebis mier mowyobil 

anazomebis gamofenaze, axlad dadgenilma 

pre zidentma gusta vo jovanYonim 

(1873-1947 ww.) yuradReba gaamaxvila 

isto ri ul qalaqebSi `mci re arqiteqturis~ 

mniSvnelobaze urbanuli qsovilis 

xangrZlivad SesanarCuneblad, rac 

mniSvnelovani Tema gaxda, rodesac mas 

romis geg ma rebaze mouwia muSaoba. igi 

1927-1935 wlebSi romis arqi teqturis 

sko lis direqtori iyo, misi mecadineobiT 

Seiqmna arqiteqturis damoukidebeli 

fakulteti, sadac igi 1935-1947 

wlebSi istoriuli Zeglebis restavracias 

aswavlida. pedago giuri moRvaweobisas 

da Tavis nawerebSi jovanYonim 

Ca mo a ya liba Ta na medrove italiuri 

konservaciis principebi, sadac winaa wamoweuli 

kritikuli, mecnieruli midgoma, 

ramac safuZveli Seumzada “restauro 

scientifico”-s (`mecnieruli restavtacia~). 

es strategia mieyeneboda ara mar to `Zeglebs,~ 

aramed, sazogadad, istoriul 

nagebobebsac da, amas Ta nave, istoriuli 

urbanuli arealebisadmi axal midgomasac 

ki misca da sabami. 

iozef herman StYubenis (1845-1936 

ww.) principebma, romlis Der Städte bau- 

Si (1890 w.) naTqvamia, rom Tanamedrove 

qalaqma istoriul qalaqSi un da gaagr- 

Zelos ganviTareba, arsebuli pirobebis 

saTavisod ga mo yenebiT, roms, 1908 

wlis gengegmis mixedviT, damatebiTi 

miWra-moWra da axali gze bis gayvana 

moutana. jovanYoni jer kidev 1913 wels 

kritikulad mi udga am g var winadadebas. 

is xedavda konfliqts or koncefcias, 

cxov re ba sa da istorias Soris, romelnic 

gansxvavebul midgomas saWiroebda. 

erTi gu li s x mobda Tanamedrove ganviTarebis 

da Tanamedrove cxovrebis 

moTxov ne bis dakmayofilebas, meore 

ki istoriuli da mxatvruli Rirebulebebis 

da Zveli qalaqebis garemos pativiscemas. 

igi miiCnevda, rom `mci re 

arqi teq tura~ ukeT gvisaxavs ubralo 

adamianebsa da maT mizanswraf vas, vidre 

mniSvne lovani, brwyinvale sasaxleebi. 

romSi iyo Catarebuli Quartiere del Rinascimento-s 

(renesansis kvartali) istoriisa 

da urbanuli qsovilis ti po logiis 

farTo kvleva da isic gamokveTda, rom 

qalaqi droSi ganviTa r da da sxva dasxva 

stili sxvadasxva periodSia Semotanili. 

msgavsad ka mi lo zi te si (sitte, 1889), 

jovanYonic xazs usvamda vizualursa 

da cxo vel xatul Ri rebulebebs da im 

mraval ucabed moulodnelobas, rasac 

warmoqmnis um didresi sasaxleebis da 

`mcire arqiteqturis~, àrqiteqtu ruli 

pro zis~ dapirispireba, rac guldasmiT 

Seswavlas saWiroebda. 

futurizmisa da funqcionalizmis 

gegmarebiTi ideebis batonobis periodSi, 

jo va nYonis xSirad marto 

uxdeboda istoriuli qalaqebis dac va. 

kompro misis misaRwevad, man SeimuSava

istoriuli teritoriebis mof rT xilebiT 

mo der nizaciis Teoria, romelsac 

“diradamento edilizio” (urbanu li qso vi lis 

”SeTxeleba~) ewoda (Giovannoni, 1913). es 

gulisxmobda trans portis ZiriTadi 

nakadebis am raionebisTvis mocilebas, 

aq axali quCebis gaWrisgan Tavis Sekavebas, 

socialuri da higienis pirobebis 

gaumjobese bas da istoriuli nagebobebis 

konservacias. amis misaRwevad man 

wamoa yena winadadeba daengriaT nakleb 

mniSvnelovani Senobebi, raTa gaenTavisuf 

lebinaT adgili aucilebeli samsaxurebisTvis 

263 . jovanYoni konsul ta- 

263 sainteresoa jovanYonis midgomis Sedareba 

1933 wels aTenSi Catarebu li Ciam-is 

Sexvedris daskvnebTan. es daskvnebi, mogvianebiT 

gamoqveynebu li le korbuzYes mier 

(La Charte d’Athènes, 1941-42, ix. agreTve le 

Corbusier, 1957), aRiarebda, rom warsulis 

arqiteqturul Rirebule bebs unda Cauta rdes 

konservacia, Tu es `saerTo interesebs~ 

Seesabameba da ar gulisx mobs imas, rom iqaurma 

macxovreblebma arajansaR pirobebSi 

unda icxov ron. ngrevis Tavidan asacileblad, 

SemoTavazebu li iyo transportis Ziri 

Tadi moZraobis moSoreba mniSvnelovani 

isto ri u li raionebidan. Tu Zveli Senobebis 

dangreva sanitaruli an janmrTelo- 


sur. 8.2 via del mare romSi 

1930-iani wlebis dasawyisSi 

Sua saukuneebis naSeno bis 

dangrevisa da antikuri 

xanis Zeglebis amorCeviT 

aRdgenis Sedegad Seiqmna, 

ra mac mkafiod gamoxatul 

formas moklebuli 

urbanuli sivrce warmoqmna 

ciebs uwevda romis 1908 wlis gengegmaSi 

cvlilebebis Setanisas, aseve sxva 

qalaqebis _ veneciis, baris da bergamos 

_ gengegmebis damuSavebisa sac, sadac diradamento-s 

koncefcia aisaxa. miuxedavad 

imisa, rom misi idea sakmaod gonivrul 

kompromisad gamoiyureboda, es meTodi 

yovelTvis ad vilad gamosayenebeli 

rodi iyo da saukeTeso SemTxvevebSic ki 

axlad `ga mowmendili~ arealebi arqiteqturulad 

usaxuri iyo. 

faSizmis xanaSi musolini Tavs Zvel 

romael imperatorebTan aigi vebda da 

surda `Sua saukuneebis jurRmulebis~ 

dangreviT gamoeCina klasikuri antikuri 

Zeglebi iseTi, rogoric iyo 

tra ia nes savaWro, impe ri isdroindeli 

fora, via dei fori imperiali (1924 w.), 

Yanusis TaRi, fortuna vi rilis da vestas 

taZrebi, marselusis Teatri, riTac 

warmoiqmna via del mare, sadac wminda 

ritas eklesiac axal adgilze moanacv- 

bis TvalsazrisiT iyo gamarTlebuli, es 

iZleoda gamwvanebuli areebis Seqmnis da 

cal keuli Zeglebis arqiteqturuli Rirebulebis 

gamokveTis SesaZlebobas (Gerosa et 

al., 1977:27).


les (1932 w.). gaTxrebi da restavracia 

mTavari inspeqtoris, antonio munocis 

(1884-1960 ww.) xelmZRvanelobiT Catarda, 

romelic musoli nis mmarTvelobis 

xanaSi antikur Zeglebze warmoebul 

umetes samuSaoebs dadgenili principebis 

Tanaxmad uZRveboda. largo arjentinas 

midamo, respublikis droindeli 

oTxi taZriT, 1928 wels gaTxares, 

xolo teritoria avgusteumis garSemo, 

sadac axlad aRmoCenili àra pacis~ 

(mSvidobis samsxverplo) specialur safars 

qveS iqna moTavsebuli _ 1931-32 

wlebSi. 1936-1950 wlebSi gaiWra axali 

quCebi, mag., via dela konciliacione 

wm. petres win, risTvisac Zve leburi 

borjo da angries. am samuSaoebis Sedegad 

romma Tanamedro ve ieri SeiZina, magram 

marjved moxerxda misi istoriuli 

siluetis SenarCuneba da igi maRlivi 

Senobebis mSeneblobasac gadaurCa. 

gegmarebis sakiTxebze muSaobis 

garda, jovanYoni oc welze meti xani 

Consiglio superiore delle Belle Arti-s (natif 

xelovnebaTa uzenaesi sabWo) da 

sxva dasxva komisiebis wevric iyo. istoriuli 

nagebobebis restavraci- 

sur. 8.3 e.w. vestas taZari 

(marcxniv) restavrirebuli 

iyo valadYe s mier 

XIX s.-is damdegs, 

xolo e.w. fortunas 

taZari a. munocis mier 

daaxlovebiT 1932 wels iyo 

restavrirebuli. orive 

taZari via del mares 

arealSi mdebareobs 

isas igi saxelmwifo uwyebebTan da 

municipaliteteb Tan TanamSromlob da. 

jo va nYo ni Tavs winamorbedi italieli 

Teore ti ko sebisgan midgomiT ganasxva 

vebda _ res tavracia mas Sefasebis 

kulturul problemad miaCnda, xo lo 

istoriuli nagebobebis reabilitaciisas, 

yvela mniS vnelovan peri ods sifrTxiliT 

eki deboda da maTi idealuri 

saxis rekonstruqcias ar lamobda. 

igi Tvlida, rom viole-le-dYukis Teoria 

àntimecnieruli~ da gayalbebis 

da TviTneburi intervenciebis momtani 

iyo, nagebobas erTi ar qi teqtoris mier 

da erT periodSi Seqmnilad miiCnevda, 

arqiteqtor-res tav rators da mSeneblebs 

ki, misi daSvebiT, ZaluZdaT gageba 

raginda ra Znelbedobagamovlili Zeglisac 

da misi stilisac, romelsac isini 

sinamdvileSi ve Rar SeigrZnobdnen 

(Giovannoni, 1945b:28). 

rac Seexeba istoriul nagebobebSi 

Tanamedrove arqiteqturuli formebis 

gamo ye nebas, rac neo-klasicizmam de 

Cveulebrivi ambavi iyo, igi fiqrobda, 

rom TanamedroveobaSi es dadebiT 

Sedegs ver moitanda, radgan arc sa

kuTriv Tanamedrove stili arsebobs da 

misi moSveliebac ugrZnobelad xdebao. 

misi koncefciebi boitos xazs agrZelebs 

da sruli gamoxatuleba hpova `Questioni 

di Architettura nella storia e nella vita”-Si (arqiteqturis 

problemebi wi naT da axla) 

(1929 w.). man upiratesoba mianiWa movlas, 

SekeTebas da kon so li dacias, risTvisac, 

aucileblobisas, Tanamedrove teqnologiebis 

ga mo yenebasac misaRebad Tvlida. 

mTavari mizani iyo Senobis avTenturobis 

SenarCuneba da Zeglis mTeli 

`mxatvruli cxovrebis“ da ara mxolod 

mi si pirveli fazis pativiscema. yoveli 

Tanamedrove danamati unda daTari Rebu 

liyo da ganxi lu liyo rogorc moculobis 

integracia da ara ro gorc ornamenti, 

Tanac absoluturad sarwmuno 

monacemebs unda dafuZne bo da. es principebi 

man 1931 wels aTenis saerTaSoriso 

kongresze warmo ad gina, riTic wvlili 

Seitana kongresis daskvnebis, e.w. 

àTenis qar tiis~ formulirebaSi. romSi 

dabrunebis Semdeg man moamzada italiuri 

qartia, Norme per il restauro dei monumenti 

(ZeglTa restavraciis normebi), rac 

siZ veleebis da saxviTi xelovne bis direqtoratma 

imave wlis dekemberSi da amtkica, 

xolo oficialurad is 1932 wlis 

ianvarSi gamoqveynda. Tu am prin cipebis 

suliskveTebas boitosas SevadarebT, 

romelic Zegls, ZiriTa dad, istoriul 

dokumentad aRiqvamda, is bevrad 

ufro farTo midgomas aC venebs, sadac 

gaTvaliswinebuli iyo arqiteqturuli 

aspeqtebi, istoriu li konteqsti, garemo 

pirobebi da nagebobis gamoyeneba. 

mogvianebiT, qar tiis gaxsenebisas, igi 

fiqrobda, is medicinasa da qirurgiaze 

traqtats hgav da, romelic klinikuri 

SemTxvevebis pirispir daayeneso. 

jovanYonim restavraciis oTxi tipi 

gansazRvra (1936: xxix, 127): 

1. restavracia konsolidaciis gziT; 

2. restavracia axlad awyobis gziT 


(anastilozi); 

3. restavracia gamonTavisuflebis gziT; 

da 

4. restavracia Sevsebis an ganaxlebis 

gziT. 

igi eTanxmeboda boitos, rom umjobesi 

iqneboda, restavracia uxi lavi yofiliyo 

da rom amis miRweva Tanamedrove 

me To debiTa da teqno lo gi e biT, cementis 

duRabis CasxmiT, an miwisZvrebis gan 

dasazRvevad li To nisa Tu rkinabetonis 

uxilavi konstruqciebis ga mo yenebiT 

ganxorcie le bu liyo. amave dros igi 

dabejiTebiT moiTxovda, siaxle ise 

zomaga dasuli ar yofiliyo, rom nagebobisTvis 

sazaralo gamxdariyo. miuxedavad 

imisa, rom igi ar iwoneboda stilistur 

restavracias, mas misaRebad miaCnda 

panTeonisTvis samrekloebis moSoreba, 

parTenonSi gviani CanaSene bis dangreva, 

nimis maison Carrée-s (oTxkuTxa saxli) 

restavracia da romis forumze kurias 

restavracia, radgan gamomzeurebulis 

mniSvnelovaneba dakargulisas aRemateboda. 

igi eTanxmeboda raskinis `sicocxlis 

lam pars~ da Zveli arqiteqturis reproducirebis 

SeuZleblobas, igi (iseve, 

rogorc boito) amtkicebda, rom axali 

nagebobebi, XVI saukunidan moyo le buli, 

iseTi srulyofili teqnologiiT iyo 

agebuli, rom maTi repro du ci reba ufro 

advili iyo. Tumca jovanYonis, zog 

SemTxvevaSi, orWofo bas vatyobT, mas 

misi drois konteqstSi unda SevxedoT. 

profesori kar lo ceSi, meore msoflio 

omis mermindeli restavrator-arqiteqtori 

da pe dagogi Tvlida, rom Tanamedrove 

restavraciis istorias ar Seu- 

Zlia ugulebelyos gustavo jovanYonis 

arseboba (Ceschi, 1970:114). 

jovanYonis periodis kidev erTi 

mniSvnelovani pirovneba, jino kieriCi 

(1877-1961 ww.), neapolSi restavraciis, 

xolo milanSi arqiteq turis istoriis


profesori iyo, toska nasa da kampaniaSi 

ki _ praqtikosi ar qiteqtorrestavratori. 

misi principebi analizis 

mecnierul meTo debs da istoriis zedmiwevniT 

pativiscemas efuZneboda (Carbonara, 

1997:253f). Zvel Zeg lebze mis mier 

warmoebuli samuSaoebis sayuradRebo 

magaliTia san galianos saabatos nangrevebis 

konservacia da gamagreba, 

zustad à la inglese (inglisur yaidaze) 

Ses rule buli (1923 w.). igi muSaobda 

piencas sakaTedro taZris gamagrebaze, 

romelic usworo niadagzea agebuli da 

ar sebobda afsidis danarCeni nagebobisgan 

dacilebis saSiSroeba. es pro b lema 

XV saukuneSi misi agebisTanave gaCnda 

da amis gamo samuSaoebi mog vianebiTac, 

XX saukuneSi CautarebiaT. neapolSi kieriCim 

aRadgina santa maria donareginas 

XIV saukunis eklesia (1928-34 ww.), romelic 

XVII da XIX saukuneebSi Zirfesvianad 

gadaakeTes. restavracia mravalgvari 

gviani naSenis mocilebas, afsidis 

sivrcis rekonstruqciasa da Sua saukuneebis 

mniSvnelovani kedlis mxatvrobis 

aRdgenas moicavda. amJamad, nagebobaSi 

neapolis universitetis restavraciis 

skolaa ganTavsebuli. 

1938 wels saministrom, 1932 wlis 

normebis Sesavsebad, instruqcie bis axali 

wyeba gamoaqveyna. isini specialistTa 

jgufma moamzada, romel Sic Sediodnen 

jovanYoni da guglielmo de anjelis 

d’osati (1907-92 ww.), siZveleebis da 

saxviTi xelovnebis momavali generaluri 

direq tori da romis universitet- 

Tan istoriuli nagebobebis kvlevisa 

da restavraciis sko lis dam fuZnebeli, 

romelic iCCrom-is Treiningis saerTa- 

Soriso ku r sebis dadginebis erT-erTi 

mTavari monawile gaxda. instruq ciebSi 

gan sa kuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeboda 

administraciul aspeqtebs, mudmiv 

movlas da droul SekeTebas, arqeologiuri 

teritoriebis meTodur da saswrafo 

konservacias, in situ konservaciis 

aucileblobas da urbanuli teritoriebis 

istoriuli da mxatvruli Rirebulebis 

konser vacias da pativiscemas. 

ufro metic, SemoTavazebuli iyo kategoriulad 

akrZalu li yo mSenebloba 

ìstoriul stilSi~ iqac ki, sadac ar 

arsebobda raime mniSvnelovani Zegli an 

landSafti. momdevno, 1939 wels italiam 

ìstori uli da mxatvruli mniSvnelobis 

Zeglebis~ konservaciis axali kanoni 

miiRo da kidev erTi kanoni bunebrivad 

lamazi adgilebis dacvis Tao baze. 

8.4 omis Semdgomi ganviTareba 

italiaSi 

italiis Tanamedrove restavraciis ganviTare 

bisTvis didi damsaxu reba benedeto 

kroCes (1866-1952 w.) miuZRvis, 

SesaniSnav filosofoss, mwe rals, pedagogs, 

istorikossa da, amasTanave, politikossac. 

anri bergson Tan erTad, igi 

Tanamedrove filosofiur esTetikaSi 

`konteqstualis turi~ xazis mimdevrad 

aris miCneuli. misma erudiciam, temperamentma 

da saRma azrma xeli Seuwyo 

Tanamedrove italiis xelaxal aSenebas, 

da, garda amisa, igi faSizmis winaaRmdeg 

brZolis simbolodac iqca. misi na azri 

klasikuri roman tiuli filosofiis 

hegelis òrganul~ skolas efu Z neba. gansakuTrebuli 

wvlili Seitana man istoriis 

Tanamedrove kon cefciis Camoyalibebasa 

da Tanamedrove istoriografiis 

ganviTarebaSi, radgan istoria mas esmoda, 

rogorc `Sualeduri~ principi adamianis 

cno bierebis yoveli momentisTvis, 

romelic TavisTavad sruliad spontanuria, 

winaswar gansazRvruli struqturebs 

moklebuli. igi Tvlida, rom saganSi 

mTavaria Tvisobrioba misi mTelisa 

da ara calkeuli detalebi sa. man Seqmna 

esTetikuri Sefasebis meTodi, Tavisufali 

risame praqtiku lis, socialurisa 

Tu ekonomikurisgan. esTetikis erT-erT

mTavar prob lemad igi miiCnevda klasicizmis 

restavracias da dacvas romantizmisgan, 

rac misTvis, arsebiTad, sufTa 

xelovnebis emociebisgan dacvas niSnavda 

(Croce, 1989; Croce, 1990; esTetikam Semdgomi 

ganviTarebac hpova italiaSi, mag., 

l. pareisonis mier, 1954 w.). 

kroCem mniSvnelovani wvlili Seitana 

restavraciis mogviano, meta d re II 

msoflio omis mere italiaSi aRmocenebuli 

Teo ri ebis koncef ciuri safuZvlebis 

SemzadebaSi. Sesabamisi kamaTis 

zogierTma mTavarma monawi lem, j. k. arganma, 

r. longim, r. panem, r. bonelim, 

didi ga v lena iqonies im principebis Camoyalibebaze, 

rac mas Semdeg Tanamed rove 

konservaciis da restavraciis kritikuli 

procesis safuZ veli gax da da 

saerTaSoriso saxelmZRvanelo miTiTebsa 

da rekomenda ciebSic ai sa xa. samuzeumo 

laboratoriebis daarsebis Semdeg 

berlinsa (1888 w.) da londonSi (1919 w.), 

isini Seiqmna qairoSi, parizSi, SeerTebul 

StatebSi, mYunxenSi, brYuselSi da 

romSi. romSi xelovnebis nawarmoebTa 

konserva ci is centraluri erovnuli institutis 

Seqmnis idea 1930-ian wlebSi, 

j. k. arganis da C. brandis Taosnobis 

kvalad momwifda, romlebic italiaSi 

konservacia-restavraciis strategiis 

ganviTa re bis upirvelesi moTaveni 

iyvnen. es strategiebi restavraciis 

Teoriad Camoyalibda da, Tumca, xSi rad 

aRiniSneboda gansxvaveba arqiteqturasa 

da xelovnebis sxva saxeo bebs Soris, 

jovani karbonara xazgasmiT aRniSnavda 

meToduri midgomis er Tianobas, rac 

yvela saxis memkvidreobas miesadageboda 

(Carbonara, 1997:11). igi `res tavraciis 

modeli~ ki ar aris, aramed aRwers 

memkvidre obis mieri Rirebulebis mqone 

yvela obieqtis (arqiteqturis CaTvliT) 

Se s wavlisa da mopyrobis meTodologias 

Tu maTdami kritikul midgomas da 

Tanamedrove konservaciis moZ ra o bis 

logikur Sedegs asaxavs. 


julio karlo argani (1909-94 ww.) 

italiis erT-erTi wamyvani xelovnebis 

istorikosi iyo, Tavdapirvelad 

_ saxviTi xelovnebis gene raluri direqtoratis 

mTavari zedamxedveli, 

Semdgom _ Tanamedrove xelovnebis istoriis 

profesori da bolos _ romis 

meri. man wamoayena wi na dadeba, SeeqmnaT 

xelovnebis nawarmoebTa restavraciis 

centraluri sa xel mwifo instituti da 

skola da es winadadeba 1938 wlis ivlisSi 

superintendant Ta Sexvedraze 

waradgina. miuxedavad imisa, rom, misi 

azriT, restavraciis yoveli calkeuli 

SemTxveva srulebiT gansakuTrebuli 

ramaa, mas SesaZ leblad miaCnda kriteriumebis 

da meTodebis unificire ba. am 

ideebis gan saxorcieleblad da italiis 

kulturuli memkvidreobis simdidris 

da mravalferovnebis gaTvaliswinebiT, 

man Seitana winadadeba, daarsebuliyo 

restavraciis centraluri instituti 

(Istituto Centrale del Restauro). instituts 

faseulobebze pasuxismgebel sxva uwyebebTan 

erTad unda emuSava da yve la 

saxis teqnikuri da mecnieruli saSualebebiT 

unda yofiliyo aR Wur vili, 

rac restavraciis meTodebisa da kriteriumebis 

Tavmoyra-gadarCevi sa da 

savele gamocdilebis gaRrmavebuli kvlevebisTvisaa 

aucilebeli. winadadeba 

miRebul iqna da 1939 wels Seiqmna axali 

instituti, romlis pirveli direqtori 

brandi gaxda. 

1930-ian wlebSi msjeloba arqiteqturis 

restavraciis koncefciebis yvela 

msxvilman-wvrilmanze mimdinareobda, 

Camoyalibda ZiriTa di saxel mZRvanelo 

miTiTebebic, xolo rac Seexeba 

xelovnebis nimuSebisa da kedlis mxatvrobisadmi 

mopyrobas, isini gaTanamedroebas 

saWiroebda, radgan, ZiriTadad, 

kvlavac xelovanTa, mxatvrebisa 

da xelosnebis, sazrunavi iyo. argani 

da brandi bevrs fiqrobdnen imaze, rom 

aucilebe lia Zeglebisa da xelovnebis


nimuSebis restavraciis unificirebul, 

mecnierul safuZvelze damyareba. maT 

surdaT, rom restavraciis mizani mxolod 

dakargulis reintegracia ki 

ar yofiliyo, aramed xelovnebis nawarmoebisTvis 

Tvalmifarebuli Tu 

dakarguli avTenturobis dabrune ba, 

ZiriTadi yuradRebis mis masalaze gamaxvilebiT 

(argan, 1938; argan, 1989; Brandi, 

1985). argani xazgasmiT aRniSnavda, rom, 

upirveles yovlisa, res tavracias Wirdeboda 

ara SemoqmedebiTi niWi, aramed istoriuli 

da teqnikuri kompetenturoba 

da Zlieri mgrZnobiereba. igi amtkicebda, 

rom restavracia unda emyarebodes 

xelovnebis nawarmoebis filologiur 

kvlevas, romlis mizanic unda iyos 

Tavdapirveli `teqstis~ xelaxali aRmoCena 

da gamomzeureba, raTa SesaZlebeli 

gaxdes misi naTeli da is to riuli 

TvalsazrisiT zusti wakiTxva. igi or 

meTods ganasxvavebda: 264 

1. `konservaciuli restavracia~ (restauro 

conservativo), sadac upirate soba 

eniWeba xelovnebis nawarmoebis 

masalis Semtkicebas da da zi a nebis 

prevencias; da 

2. `mxatvruli restavracia~ (restauro 

artistico), e.i. mTeli rigi samuSa oebi 

sa, rac xelovnebis nawarmoebis 

istoriul-kritikul Sefase ba zea 

damyarebuli. 

pirveli ufro zogadad SeiZleba ganisazRvros, 

rogoc `konserva cia.~ igi 

prevenciasac moicavs da istoriuli 

obieqtis status quo-s dasa cavad aucilebel 

samu Saoebsac. meoris, mxatvru li 

restavraciis mizania, aRadginos obieqtis 

esTetikuri Tvisebe bi, Tu igi Selaxulia 

an gadaReb vis, uxarisxo SekeTebis 

an restav ra ciis, Jangis, WuWyis an 

danakargebis (lacunae) gamo ar ixilveba. 

gamosaxulebebis an axali, Tundac 

264 argan, 1938 

`neitralu ri~, tonalobebis damateba ar 

aris nebadar Tuli. kritikuli analizis- 

Tvis erTi saSualebaTagani, saWiroebisamebr, 

SeiZleba mecnieruli labo rato 

riac iyos. swored xelovnebis nawarmoebTa 

restavraciis meore gan sa zRvreba 

gaxda italiaSi Tanamedrove restavraciis 

Teoriis ganviTare bis safuZveli. 

xelovnebis nawarmoebisadmi mopyrobis 

mkacrad konservaciuli mid goma, 

sul martivad, `sarestavracio saqmianobis 

mxatvrulidan kritikis sferoSi~ gadatanas 

niSnavda 265 . rogorc mogvianebiT 

brandi aRniSnavda, swored xelovnebis 

nawarmoebis mowoneba-armowonebisadmi 

kritikuli mid go ma aris is siaxle, rac 

amocanis gansazRvrebaSi Semovida da is 

arapir dapir Tu SeiZleba mivaTvaloT 

`meqanikur xelovnebaT~ _ sinamdvile- 

Si is `Tavisufal xelovnebaTagania~ 

(Brandi, 1985:34). am gansazRvrebebiT arganma 

ga navrco restavraciis Teoriis 

bazisi da Seqmna brandis, institutis 

di reqtorisa da pedagogis, mier am koncepciebis 

Semdgomi ganviTarebi s sa fu- 

Z veli. argans ara mxolod TavisTavad 

xelovnebis nawarmoebebi afiq reb da, mas 

Rrmad esmoda socialuri aspeqtebic 

da xazsac usvamda xelo v ne bis urbanul 

xasiaTs. igi amtkicebda, rom xelovneba 

martooden ofi ci a luri `samefo karis 

xelovneba~ rodia, rom ukanasknels 

avsebs da ci vilizaciis safuZvelsac 

qmnis provinciuli naxelavi (argan, 

1984:19ff). Sem TxveviTi rodia, rom 1977 

wels igi romis merad airCies da mas 

es Tanam deboba sami wlis ganmavlobaSi 

hqonda. amis wyalobiT mas SeeZlo xeli 

Se ew yo mTeli qalaqis konservaciisTvis 

yvela misi aspeqtiTurT da, sa dac jer 

ars, Careuliyo kidec misi istoriuli 

xasiaTis dasacavad (Brandi, 1985; Ferrari, 

1985). 

meore msoflio omiT gamowveulma 

ngrevam italiele bs Tavzari das ca. 

265 argan, 1938

mravalTa pirveli reaqcia imis gancda 

iyo, rom dangreuli istoriuli nagebobebisa 

da istoriuli qalaqebis restavracia 

da xelaxali aSeneba mo x des, gindac 

konservaciis miRebuli saxelmZRvvanelo 

principebis sawi naaRmdegod. yvelasTvis 

gamosayenebeli wesi Znelad misagnebi 

Canda, rad gan yoveli calkeuli SemTxveva 

gansakuTrebulad eCvenebodaT (annoni, 

1946:15). viTareba, de anjelis d’osatim, 

im dros siZveleTa da saxviTi xe lo v nebis 

generalurma direqtorma, 1948 wels 

perujaSi Sexvedraze Sea ja ma da istoriuli 

nagebobebisTvis omiT miyenebuli 

ziani sam kate go riad dayo: 

1. mcire dazianeba, romelsac SeiZleba 

gonivruli ZalisxmeviT eSve los; 

2. arsebiTi dazianeba; 

3. praqtikulad dangreuli. 

problematuri swored meore kategoria 

iyo, romlis mimarT orgva ri mosazrebebi 

gamoiTqmoda: an rekonstruqcia 

da pirvandeli saxiT res tavracia adreuli 

formiT, rogorc, mag., es bolonYis 

lojia di mercan cias SemTxvevaSi 

gakeTda, an kidev rekonstruqcia iseTi 


sur. 8.4 romis san lorenco 

fuori le muras eklesiis 

fasadi da portiki meore 

msoflio omis dros 

dangrevis Semdeg xelaxla 

aages 

sur. 8.5 san lorenco fuori le mura, 

aRdgenili portikis detali, sadac Sua 

sa u kuneebis naSenSi meored gamoyenebuli 

antikuri elementebia CarTuli. axali 

ele men tebi, originalisgan gansasxvaveblad, 

sadadaa datovebuli 

formiT, rac ra s me ki ar gaimeorebda, 

aramed gadarCenils daakonservebda 

da dakarguli na wilebis xelaxali interpretaciis 

saSualebasac datovebda 

(santa kia ra neapolSi, san franCesko 

viterboSi). de anjelisTvis miuRebeli 

iyo mxatvrulad rTuli (mag., barokos 

na gebobis) interie rebis safuZvliani


re konstruqcia; amis nacvlad, man rogorc 

savaraudo gadawyvetileba _ mi si 

SesaZleblobebis farglebSi _ anastilozis 

meTodi miuTiTa. es me Todi iyo 

gamoyenebuli pulas (istria) avgustusis 

taZris SemTx vevaSi, ro me lic xelaxla 

aSenda Tavdapirveli elemente bis 

gamoyenebiT (Ceschi, 1970:180f). 

arganis Teoriis Tanaxmad, restavraciis 

mizans warmoadgenda xe lo v nebis 

nawarmoebis axlad warmoCena misi 

materialuri SedgenilobiT urT. er- 

Ti SexedviT, es ewinaaRmdegeboda imas, 

rasac ganizraxavda arqiteqtu ru li 

restavracia, damyarebuli àucileblobaze 

daecvaT Zeglebi im saxiT, rogorc 

maT Cvenamde moaRwia,~ rogorc 

ityoda piero gacola (1908-79 ww.), veronas 

arqiteqtor-superintendanti 266 . 

sinamdvileSi, orive zedmiwevniT istoriul-kritikulsa 

da masalaTa analizs 

efuZneboda, rac miCneuli iyo ìm 

kulturuli simwifis gamomxatvelad, 

rac nebismieri faseu li mi R wevis Ziri- 

Tad elements qmnis” 267 da saSualebas 

iZleva xelovnebis na war moebebsa 

Tu istori u l Zeglebze konservacia 

mniSvnelo van danamateb sa da elementebs 

Cautardes. gacolam aseve yurad Reba 

gaa maxvila urba nul qso vilSi `xelosnuri 

Senobebis~ mniSvnelobaze da dabejiTebiT 

mo iTxova veronaSi ori istoriuli 

xidis rekon struqcia, romlebic 

omis dasasruls daingra. ponte pietras 

SemTx vevaSi, sagul dagulo arqeo logiuri 

samuSaoebis kvalad, gamoik veTa 

didi odenobiT romauli qvis wyoba, rac 

anasti lozis principis gamoyenebiT iqna 

aRdgenili. danarCeni, Sua sauku neebis 

da aRorZinebis xanis aguris naSeni, arsebuli 

dokumentaciis sa fuZvelze iqna 

rekonstruirebuli (Gazzola, 1963). 

rac Seexeba albertis tempio malat- 

266 Gazzola, 1963:119 

267 Gazzola, 1963:119 

estianos riminiSi, qvis wyobis CamoSlam 

Ria bzarebi gaaCina, xolo goTuri 

sakurTxeveli mTlianad dan greuli iyo. 

xangrZlivi kamaTis Semdeg gadawyda, 

albertis arqiteq tu ris zusti geometriuli 

proporciebi, kvadrebis Tavdapirvel 

adgilze dabrunebiT aRedginaT, 

danarCeni ki Zveli saxiT xelaxla amoeyvanaT. 

ge nuaSi wm. anunciatas eklesia 

Tavdapirveli saxiT, Tavdapirveli 

marmari los gamoyenebiT aages, darCenili 

nawilebi ki stukoTi gaasrules. 

romis san lorenco fuori le muras 

Camongreuli portiki xelaxla aSenda, 

da karguli nawilebi ki aq marmarilos 

sada filebiT Seavses, maTi originalisgan 

gansasxvaveblad. aguris kedlebi 

agurisve sada, ferweriT Seumko beli, 

wyobiT aages. ufro didi urbanuli arealebisTvis, 

romel Tac gan sa kuTrebuli 

ziani miadga _ aseTebi iyo genua, viCenca, 

viterbo, treviso, palermo, ankona, 

bolcano, metadre ki florencia _ de 

anjelisma wamoa ye na winadadeba, rekonstruqcia 

Catarebuli yo dangreuli 

arealisTvis ti piuri modelis mixedviT. 

sxvafriv, Senobebi Tanamedrove 

sanitaruli da funqciuri moTxovnebis 

Sesabamisi unda yofiliyo. amgvarad 

gadawyvi tes florenciaSi, ponte vekios 

mimdebare ganaSenianebis SemTxvevaSi, 

Tumca mogvianebiT miRebuli Sedegebi 

gaakritikes 268 . 

omisSemdgom periodSi ganaxlda 

ka maTi arqiteqturuli restavraciis 

principebis Taobaze, amjerad ukve 

axal safuZvelze, bolodroindeli 

ga manadgurebeli ngrevis gaTvaliswinebiT. 

restavraciis filoligiuri 

da mecnieruli principebi damajere- 

268 Perogalli, 1954:109f; Berenson, 1958:1: berensoni 

mxars uWers SemorCenili Seno bebis 

konservacias da maT rekonstruqcias, sul 

cota, garegnulad, gan sa kuT rebiT imaT winaaRmdeg, 

visac teritoriis modernizacia 

surda.

eli aRar iyo. 1943 wels anioldomeniko 

pikam Seadara restavratori mecniers, 

romelic TavgamodebiT icavs 

mkvdar arsebebs; mas sjeroda, rom 

aucilebeli iyo ara marto dokumentur 

da istoriul mniSvnelovnebaze 

zrunva, aramed saTvalavSi esTetikuri 

da SemoqmedebiTi Rirebulebebicaa 

Casagdebi (Carbonara, 1976:26). omamde argani 

ukve Seexo am sakiTxs, axla ki omiT 

gamowveuli ngrevis mere ka maTisas, yuradReba 

axleburad istoriuli Zeglebis 

da xelovnebis nimu Se bis restavraciis 

esTetikur aspeqtebze gamaxvilda. mxatvruli 

Rirebu le bebis axlidan gamaxvilebis 

erTi umTavres TaosanTagani 

neapolis uni versitetis profesori da 

unEsCo-s eqsperti roberto pane (1897- 

1987 ww.) iyo, romelsac kroCesTanac 

didi xnis urTierToba akavSirebda; igi 

soci o logiiT, istoriuli qalaqebiT da 

garemos dacviTac iyo dainterese buli. 

pane xazs gansakuTrebiT restavraciis 

esTetikur moTxov nebs usvam da, Tumca 

ki ara stilisturi restavraciis saxiT. 

igi ar eTanxmeboda analogiis safuZ- 


sur. 8.6 omis dros 

dangreuli ponte 

vekios mimdebare ubani 

florenciaSi, aRdge ni li 

Tanamedrove formebiT, 

Tumca igive ritmisa da 

masStabis SenarCunebiT 

velze “ripristino”-s (axlad agebas) da, jovanYonis 

princi pebis gaTvaliswinebiT, 

aucileblad miiCnevda mas specifikuri, 

myari sa fuZ ve li hqonoda. principSi, mas 

marTebulad miaCnda istoriuli da mxatvruli 

bunebis yvela elementis konservacia, 

Tumca, raki yoveli Zegli, vi- 

Tarca xelovnebis nawarmoebi, unikaluria, 

aseve saWirod Tvlida kri ti kulad 

SerCeuliyo, Tu ras unda Cautardes konservacia. 

aqedan gamom dinare, restavracias 

unda gamoevlina uintereso danamatebiT 

miCqmaluli esTetikuri Tvisebebi. 

aq marto kritikosoba ar iyo sakmarisi, 

radgan yo veli restavraciisas 

dgeba Jami, rodesac gadawyvetis migneba 

mxolod Se moqmedebiTad SeiZleba. aseT 

dros restavratori sakuTar TavsRa 

unda miendos da ar ecados gezismimcemad 

pirveli arqiteqtoris aCrdili waim 

ZRvanos. 

1944 wels man gamoaqveyna werili 

neapolSi santa kiaras Suasauku no vani 

eklesiis restavraciis Sesaxeb, romlis 

mdidruli barokuli inte rieri TiTqmis 

mTlianad ganadgurda. misi werili


“restauro critico”-s axa li, jerac Camouyalibebeli 

principebis mniSvnelovani 

deklaracia gaxda. kri tikuli Sefasebis 

Sedegad gadawyda, Catarebuliyo 

SemorCenili Sua sa u kuneebis struqturebis 

konservacia, xolo danarCeni 

nawilebi ki Tana medrove formebiT 

gaesrulebinaT. panes mier wamoWrili 

problema teqni ku ri xasiaTisa ki ar 

iyo, aramed ufro imaSi mdgomareobda, 

Tu samuSao ebi ranairad warmarTuliyo, 

raTa eklesiac aRorZinebuliyo da, amas- 

Tan, Tana zomierad gamoCeniliyo misi 

istoriuli da Tanamedrove aspeqtebi. 

igi grZnobda, rom adrindeli saxelmZ- 

Rvanelo principebis Semotanili Se z- 

Rudvebi metismetad xisti iyo, rac Seu- 

Zlebels xdida problemis sa Ta nadod 

gadawyvetas. amis magivrad, restavracia 

axali ganzomilebis, Se moq medebiTi 

elementis gaTvaliswinebiT unda gaazrebuliyo 

da, jerovnad Sesrulebisas, 

SeiZleboda Tavad xelovnebis nawarmoebi 

gamxdariyo (Che il è esso stesso un’opera 

d’arte sui generis . . .). pane imasac aRniSnavs, 

rom dabombvam zi a ni mTel areals miay- 

sur. 8.7 1945 w.-s yumbariT 

dazianebis Semdeg 

restavrirebuli neapolis 

santa kia ras inte rieri; 

Sua saukuneebis naSenis 

reintegracia Tanamedrove 

formebis Semo ta niTaa 

miRweuli 

ena da rom es, qalaqgeg marebiTi terminologiiT, 

iZ leoda `SesaZlebobas, 

Zegli ganTavisuflebuliyo im maxinji 

danamatebis gan, rac mas saukuneebis man- 

Zilze uSlida xels~ (Pane, 1948:35). 

arganis da panes koncefciebs ramdenadme 

gansxvavebuli maxvilebi dausva 

renato bonelim, (daib. 1911 w.), romis 

universitetis arqiteqturis istoriis 

profesorma, romlis gansazRvrebiT, 

restavracia `jer kritiku li procesia, 

Semdgom ki SemoqmedebiTi aqti, 

erTi meoris bunebrivi wina pi robaa.” 269 

misi xedviT, istoriuli Zeglisadmi 

erTi SesaZlo midgoma mi si arsebuli 

mdgomareobis, viTarca adre masSi adamianTagan 

Caqsovili mTe li simdidris 

dokumentis, pativdebaa, meore ki pasuxismgeblobis 

Seg ne biT wamowyebuli 

Taosnoba: a. Zeglis axlandeli formis 

269 Bonelli, R., “Il restauro come forma di cultura” in 

Bonelli, 1959:13). ix. aseve, Bonelli, r., “Principi 

e metodi nel restauro dei monumenti” (1959) da 

“Danni di guerra, riconstruzione dei monumenti e revisione 

della teria del restauro architettonico” (1995); 

Pica, a., ‘attualità del restauro’, Construzioni – Casabella, 

ClXXXii, Feb. 1943

modificirebi sa, misi Rirebulebis asamaRleblad, 

misi `srulad dasaufleblad~ 

da b. mom de v no danaSrevebisgan 

misi gan Ta vi suflebisa, misi `WeSmariti 

formis~ (vera forma) misaRebad. mizani 

iyo Zeglis aRdgena misi `xazobrivi 

erTiano bis~ (unità di linea) udasrulebulesi 

formiT, im `mxatvruli funqciiT,~ 

rac man aRasrula (Bonelli, 1945:30). 

samu Sa oebi imdroindel arqiteqturul 

ide al sac iTvaliswinebda. raTa gamovleniliyo 

sxvagvarad gamTlianebuli 

arqiteqturuli erTianoba, mosaSorebeli 

SeiZleba gamxdariyo stilis turad 

ùcxo~ elementebi, mag., bruneleskis 

aSenebul eklesiaSi renesansu li 

sivrcis Tvisobriobis gamosakveTad _ 

barokulad morTuli trapezi an kidev 

feraras kaTedralis rogorc Suasaukunovani 

Zeglis srulad da safaseblad 

_ masze mibjenili XV saukunis savaWro 

duqnebi. miuxe davad imisa, rom boneli 

mkacrad kicxavda `stilistur restavracias,~ 

gansxva veba mudam rodi iyo SesamCnevi, 

rac panes mxridan misi midgomis 

se riozul kritikas iwvevda (Bonelli, 

1963; Bonelli, 1995:27; Pane, 1987:171ff). da 

mainc, boneli erT-erTi mTavari Teoretikosi 

gaxda “restauro critico”-si, sadac 

xazgasmuli iyo yoveli calkeuli 

obieqtis Tavisebureba da winas war aCemebuli 

wesebis da dogmebis gamoyenebis 

SeuZlebloba. restavracia ama Tu im 

obieqtsRa SeiZleba Cautardes, TviT 

misi raobidan da restav ratoris kritikuli 

mgrZnobelobisa da teqnikuri 

momzadebidan gamomdi nare, rac, Tavis 

mxriv, xelovnebisa da arqiteqturis 

Rrma codnasa da re s tavratoris SemoqmedebiT 

unarianobas unda emyarebodes. 

8.5 Cezare brandis restavraciis 

Teoria 

sienaSi dabadebulma, Cezare brandim 


(1906-1988 ww.) samarTa li da hu manitaruli 

mecnierebebi Seiswavla da moRvaweoba 

1930 wels, Zeglebis da galereebis 

Soprintendenza-s Tanamdebobaze daiwyo, 

Semdgom is siZve leTa da saxviTi 

xelovnebis administraciaSi gadavida, 

xolo 1939-1959 wlebSi ro mis Instituto 

Centrale del Restauro-s (restavraciis centraluri 

instituti) pir veli reqtori 

iyo. mwerlobasa da mxa tvrul kritika- 

Si aqtiurad CarTu li, igi kiTxulobda 

leqciebs restav ra ciis istoriasa, Teoriasa 

da pra q tikaSi, Tanadroulad ki 

palermosa da romis universitetebis 

xelovne bis istoriis profesori iyo. 

1948 wlidan moyolebuli, igi unEsCo-s 

da va lebiT ucxoetSic ramdenjerme iqna 

mivlinebuli. 

`centraluri instituti~ mTlianad 

iyo CarTuli safrTxeSi myofi, 

an dazianebuli xelovnebis nawarmoebebis 

dacvisa da restavraciis saqme- 

Si. amitomac konservatorebs garduvalad 

unda epovnaT praqtikuli gada wyve 

ta iseTi problemebisa, rogoricaa, 

mag., lacunae-s (danakargebi) reinte g racia. 

brandim meore problemac SeniSna 

_ interesTa konfliqti, rom lis winaSe 

xSirad aRmoCenilan restavraciis procesis 

sxvadasxva mona wi le ni, metadre 

sagrZnobi iyo humanitarebsa da bunebismetyvelTa 

Soris. rogorc institutis 

xelmZRvanelma, brandim kvlavac ganavi- 

Tara da ufro daakonk reta xelovnebis 

nawarmoebTa restavraciis Teoria, 

xolo insti tuti ki ga daiqca msoflioSi 

gamorCeul centrad, romelsac 

sakonsulta ciod msoflios yvela kuTxis 

konservatorebi akiTxaven. 

imyofeboda ra arganTan mWidro kav- 

SirSi, brandi, 1930-iani wlebidan moyolebuli, 

ikvlevda xelovnebis da arqiteqturis 

gansa zRvrebasa da restavraciasTan 

dakavSirebul filosofiur sakiTxebs. am 

dros kroCes `dogmebi~ ukve sacilo gamxdariyo 

da yuradReba germa nul filoso-


sur. 8.8 santa maria dela konsolaciones eklesia (1508-1604 ww.) (todi, centralu ri italia) centruli 

nagebobis renesansuli ideis genialuri interpretaciaa. xe lovnebis nawarmoebi SemoqmedebiTi 

procesis Sedegia, ratomac yoveli nawarmo e bi mxatvrulad da istoriulad unikaluria

fiasa da istoriografias mieqca, iseT 

avtorebs, rogorebicaa huserli, fidleri, 

vYolflini, benYamini, haidegeri, panofski 

da riglic. xelovnebis is toriasa 

da kritikasTan erTad, bran dis kvlevis 

mTavari sagani iyo xe lovnebis nawarmoebis 

specifiuro bis gansazRvra, misi 

farTo mniSvnelo biT. es iyo Tema platonuri 

yaidis dialogebisa mxatvrobaze, 

qandake baze, arqiteqturasa da poeziaze 

(1945, 1956, 1957 ww.), romelTac mohyva 

eseebi, Segno e Immagine (grZnoba da warmosaxva) 

(1960 w.), Le due vie (ori gza) (1966 

w.) da Teoria generale della critica (kritikis 

zogadi Teoria) (1974 w.), romelic agvirgvinebs 

bradis naazrs da kritikulad 

udgeba Tanadrouli filosofiis iseT 

mimdinareobebs, rogoricaa magaliTad, 

semiologia da struqturalizmi. am kvlevebis 

Tanmdevia wigni restavraciis 

Teoriaze, `Teoria del restauro”, romelic 

1963 wels gamoqveynda. wigni exeboda 

mxatv rul-esTetikuri da istoriuli 

TvalsazrisiT gansazRvruli obieqtebis 

restavracias _ mxatvrobas, qandakebas, 

istoriul nagebobebs, Tu antiku ri xanis 

Zeglebs. restavraciis am Teorias xSirad 

imowmeben, magram misi filosofiuri 

konteqsti naklebadaa cnobili italiis 

gareT, Tumca igi Zalze mniSvnelovania 

restavraciis am koncepciebis gasagebad. 

8.5.1 SemoqmedebiTi procesi 

winaaRmdeg garkveuli mimdinareobebisa, 

romelTac adamianis Semoq me de biTi unaris 

socialur-ekonomikur konteq stSi 

integrireba lamobs, bran di aRiarebda 

xelovnebis nawarmoebis specifikurobas 

da mas unika luri SemoqmedebiTi procesis 

Sedegad Tvlida. Sesabamisad, misi 

aRqmac saWiro ebs kritikul process 

adamianis cnobierebaSi misi mniSvnelobis 

aRsad gi neb lad, process, rac imdag- 


varivea, rogorsac haidegeris filosofia 

gulisxmobs 270 . aRqmis sawyisi Rrmad 

Cabudebuli ganzraxvaa, rome lic sul 

ufro avlens Tavs da sxvadasxva safexuris 

gavliT, ganTavi suf lebas xa tebad 

hpovebs, rac nabij-nabij iZens saxes xelovanis 

gonSi. Semoqmedebi Ti procesis 

dasawyisi xdomilebaa, rodesac mxatvris 

ìntuicia~ iCens Tavs. dialogSi Carmine 

o della Pittura (karmine anu mxatvrobisTvis) 

brandim aseTi xdomileba peizaJis daxatvasTan 

mimarTebiT aRwera: 

`mismine, karmine, Tu miuaxlovdebi fanjaras 

da daakvirdebi gadasa xeds, sruliad 

moulodnelad, Seni aRqmis meSveobiT, 

Sens cnobiere baSi umal rom 

dalagedeba, moxdeba panoramis intuiciis 

TavCena. Sen Tvis SeuZlebeli iqneba, 

SeaCero am cnobierebis Sinagani Camoyali 

be ba, Tu ara Tvalebis daxuWviT, an 

peizaJTan arsebuli kavSiris gawyvetiT. 

magram, Tu Sen mxatvari xar da panoramis 

erTi danaxviT igrZnob gansakuTrebul 

interess am landSaftis mimarT, SenSi 

mox de ba SeumCneveli, Tumc ki Zireuli 

cvlileba, rac Soreulad miga ni S nebs, 

Tu ra mogelis. rodesac kargad moirgeb 

durbindis lin zebs, landSafti axleburi 

TvalnaTlivobiT dageZgereba _ 

Tumca, Cven SemTxvevaSi, laparakia ara 

optikur sizusteze, aramed, albaT misi 

Sinagani ieris ukeT Camoqnaze. es meore 

xateba, romelsac namd vi lad SeiZleba 

vuwodoT fenomenuri, ar aris pirvelis 

_ egzisten ci u ri xatebis _ identuri, 

romelsac Sen iReb, Tumca arc anadgurebs 

mas. es waagavs momentis Cavlebas da 

mis droSi gangrZobas: Sen raRac moixelTe. 

landSafti SenSi axla TiTqos 

nakleb cocxalia imitom, rom SenTvis 

miuwvdomelia da mainc, mas emateba 

gansazRvru loba, gardauvaloba da 

mdgradoba, rac mas ar gaaCnda, rodesac 

igi pirvelad warmodga Sens win, rogorc 

mxolooden empiriuli mocemuloba~. 271 

270 pol filipo iZleva brandis filosofiis 

kritikul mimoxilvas, Philippot, 1989b-Si. 

271 Brandi, 1992a:8f da Semd.


ègzistencialur realobaSi~ (realtà esistenziale) 

arsebobs sxvadasxva elementi 

_ feri, sivrculi kavSiri, sinaTle, 

Crdili, rasac mxatvari aRiqvams da 

iSveliebs sagnis xatebad nabij-nabij 

Camoqnisas, e.i. mxatvris cno bierebaSi 

sinTezuri aqtisas. amgva rad, es procesi 

obieqtis interio ri za ciis xate bad 

gadasxvaferebaa; am xatebaSi cnobiereba 

realobas empiriuli da uSualo saxiT 

hpovebs. mxatvris gonebaSi Camoyalibebuli 

axali rea lo ba aris realoba 

fizikuri arsebobebis gareSe, amitomac 

igi aris `su f Ta realoba~ (realtà pura). 

aseTi sufTa realoba gansxvavdeba arsebuli 

realobisgan da asa xavs adamianis 

sulierebis qmediT struqturas; igi 

aris xelovnebaze fiqris moucilebeli 

safuZveli da kavSirSi mxolod da mxolod 

xelovnebasTan aqvs. SemoqmedebiTi 

procesis momdevno etapze kavSiri 

arsebul realobasTan wydeba da xateba 

xelovanis gonSi inakv Te ba; xatebis azrismieri 

substancia formirdeba simbolod 

da mJRavndeba rogorc forma. 

amis Semdeg xelovani iwyebs mis materialur 

xorcSesx mas, rac niSnavs imas, rom 

xelovnebis nawarmoebi Sesrulebulia, 

an age bulia rogorc fizikuri realoba. 

amgvarad, rodesac xateba konkretul 

materialur formas iRebs, nawarmoebi 

misi Semoqmedisgan damoukidebel arsebobas 

iwyebs. 

rawams masala gamoyenebulia fizikur 

naSenSi, xdeba misi istorici reba, 

rogorc adamianis garjis Sedegisa. Tu 

avi RebT erTi saxeobis mar ma rilos, 

erTsa da imave qvissamtexlodan, magram 

orjer, sxvadasxva dros, erTs Tavdapirvelad 

Seqmnis dros, xolo meores 

restavraciis dros, gveqneba qimiurad 

igive masala, magram istoriuli TvalsazrisiT 

gan sxvavebuli mniSvnelobis 

mqone, aseve SesrulebiTa da garegnobi- 

Tac sxvadasxva. amgvarad, SeuZlebelia 

daviCemoT, TiTqos rekonstruqcia ima ve 

sur. 8.9 qvismTlelebi aTenis akropolisze 

muSaobisas. mas Semdeg, rac masala mu Sa o bisas 

gamoiyenes, igi, adamianis garjis wyalobiT, 

istoriuli xdeba 

sazrisis mqonea, rac originali; piriqiT, 

Cveulebriv igi istoriulad da es- 

Tetikurad yalbi xdeba. ufro metic, 

masala kavSirSia mis konteqs tualur 

garemosTan da sinaTlesTan, romelic 

Tavisas sZens xatis xasi aTs. imave mizeziT, 

xelovnebis nawarmoebis gadaadgileba 

misi Tavdapir veli adgili dan 

mxolod gamonaklis SemTxvevebSia misaRebi, 

rogorc misi konservacia. patina 

aris daberebis procesis Sedegi da misi 

moSoreba daukargavs masalas siZveles 

da, amasTanave, aman SeiZleba mxatvruli 

sa xec Selaxos. 

brandis Teoriis wamZRoli idea aris 

xelovnebis koncefciis gansa zRv reba 

ara rogorc bunebis imitaciisa, rogorc 

saukuneebis man Zilze iTv leboda, 

aramed rogorc avTenturi, SemoqmedebiTi 

procesis Sedegisa, rac Tavad xelovanTan 

erTad da misi monawileobiT 

xorcieldeba. brandi xazs usvams gansxvavebas 

xelovnebis nawarmoebsa da 

farTo moxmare bis sa qonels Soris, anu, 

xelovnebasTan dakavSirebul SemoqmedebiT 

pro cessa da process Soris, 

romelic konkretul praqtikul miznebs 

isaxavs, maga liTad, iaraRebisa da instrumentebis 

proeqtirebas da warmoebas 

(aseve gana sxvavebda maT haidegeric).

aseTi instrumentis an sagnis, mag., ska mis, 

fardagis warmoebis procesi SeiZleba 

nakarnaxevi iyos ufro funqciona luri 

moTxovnilebiT, vidre warmoadgendes 

damoukidebeli SemoqmedebiTi procesis 

Sedegs. xaliCa an larnaki sagnebia, 

romelTac konkretuli praqtikuli 

daniSnuleba aqvs, xolo maTi figuratiuli 

elementebi ufro dekoratiuli 

an ornamentuli daniSnulebisaa, vidre 

`sufTa~ xelov ne bis nawarmoebis komponentis 

funqciis mqone. meore mxriv, aris 

SemTxve vebi, rodesac sagani, magaliTad, 

sparsuli xaliCa, Tumca praqtikuli miz 

nebisTvis Seqmnili, xelovnebis nawarmoebad 

aRiqmeba. aseT SemTxvevaSi igi 

unda ganixilebodes mxatvrul ganzomilebaSi 

da ara rogorc mxolod praqtikuli 

daniSnulebis mqone. 

SemoqmedebiTi procesis dasawyebad 

arqiteqtura gare obieqts ar ìT xovs~, 

magram Sida obieqts miemarTeba. arqiteqturis 

praqtiku li da ni S nu leba, 

SesaZloa, gaazrebuli iyos rogorc 

funqcionaluri sqe mis sa fuZveli, 

romlis saSualebiT saxes azrismieri 

substancia eniWeba. aqedan gamomdi- 


nare, arqiteqtura SeiZleba ganvixiloT, 

rogorc Semoqme de biTi pro cesis 

Sedegi, romelic xelovnebis nawarmoebad 

iqceva. igi xasiaTdeba funqciurobiT, 

magram aseve SeuZleblobiT, iyos 

ubralod funqciuri uimi sod, Tu arada, 

is ùaryofs Tavs rogorc arqiteqtura 

da pasiur konst ruq tiulobamde 

dadis” 272 . arqiteq tu ri sTvis damaxasiaTebeli 

teqtonika gu lisxmobs praqtikuli, 

konstruqciuli xerxebis ganviTarebas, 

romelTa evolYucia saWiroebebs 

misdevs. rodesac adamianis suliereba 

igrZnobs swrafvas, gascdes praqtikul 

moTxovnilebebs, arqiteqtura formiT 

`de ma te rializebuli~ da `gafiltruli~ 

xdeba: dawyebuli nagebobis saxeo bis 

(mag., ekle sia) sqematuri, funqcionaluri 

ideiT, misi forma nabij-na bij iZens 

sivrculobas. am procesSi ibadeba, rogorc 

brandi uwodebs, òr namentuloba~ 

(ornato), rac miuTiTebs arqiteqturis 

ubralo teqtoniku ri sqemidan mxatvrul 

formad xarisxobriv gadasvlas, 

arqiteqturuli elementebis, 

272 Brandi, 1992b:165 

sur. 8.10 arqiteqtura 

Tvisobriobas sZens 

teqtonikur konstruqcias 

da igi xelo v nebis 

nawarmoebis doneze ahyavs. 

amis magaliTia masjid-ijame 

isfahanSi, sadac sivrceebis 

da zedapirebis 

daxvewili damuSaveba 

arqiteqturuli xelovnebis 

uni ka lur nimuSs qmnis


mag., sve tebis da arqitravebis `xvavriel 

qmnas~. am koncefci eb Si Cven SeiZleba 

aRmovaCinoT garkveuli msgavseba raskinis 

mosazrebeb Tan mSeneblobasa da arqiteqturis 

Sesaxeb. 

8.5.2 restavracia 

mas Semdeg, rac dasruldeba SemoqmedebiTi 

procesi, Sedegad miRe bu li 

xelovnebis nawarmoebi iwyebs arsebobas 

samyaroSi, rogorc adamia nis cnobierebaSi 

arse buli ram. restavraciaze Sei- 

Zleba vifiqroT, mag ram rodesac ki igi 

tardeba, igi unda emyare bodes namuSevris 

unikalurobis aRiarebas, rogorc xelovnebis 

nawarmoe bisa, rogorc kacobriobis 

sagan ge bo naRvawisa. restavracia 

amis aRiarebas unda emyarebodes. 

mas Semdeg, rac 1948 wels restavraciis 

pirveli gansazRvreba mogvca, brandim 

azris orgvari mizanmimarTuleba 

gamokveTa: erTis miswrafebaa adamianTa 

Cveu leb rivi naRvawi kvlav gamosayenebeli 

gaxdes, xolo meore ki gansakuTrebuli 

naRvawis, anu xelovnebis obieqtebis 

restavra cias gulisxmobs. misi gansazRvrebidan 

gamomdinare, xelovnebis 

nawarmoebi SeiZleba restavri re buli 

iyos mxolod Tavad nawarmoebis mimarT 

esTetikuri midgomis sa fuZvelze, rac 

gemovnebis ki ara, xelovnebis specifikis 

sakiTxia. xelov nebis na war moebi 

unda apirobebdes restavracias da ara 

piriqiT. 

xelovnebis /arqiteqturis nawarmoebis 

aRiarebis procesi warmoad gens 

mi si, rogorc aseTis identifikacias, 

rac gaanalizebulia brandis mi er Le due 

vie-Si (Brandi, 1966, 1989). brandi gvTavazobs, 

viTareba mxatv ris/arqiteqtoris, 

an mayureblis TvalsazrisiT ki ar ganvixiloT, 

aramed xelovnebis nawarmoebi 

gavaanalizoT: 

1. Tavis TavSi da per se, misi struqtu- 

riT; da 

2. im Jams, rodesac igi cnobierebis 

mier aRiqmeba. 

magaliTad rom aviRoT istoriuli 

nageboba, gasagebia, rom igi mxolod 

garkveuli raodenobis masaliT Seqmnili 

rodia, rom nagebobis yoveli 

calkeuli elementi da sivrcobrivkonstruqciuli 

sistema arqi teq turul 

koncefciaSi Sedis. amgvarad, nage bo ba 

Tavisi materialuri fo r miT warmoadgens 

fizikur fenomens, Tumca, imave 

dros, nivTierebasac ekisreba funqcia 

mnaxvels arqiteqtu ruli koncefcia 

gadasces. amitom na ge boba, rogorc 

xelovnebis nawarmoebi, ufro metia, 

vidre fizikuri fenomeni; igi mxatvruli 

koncefciis gansxeulebaa, rac 

arafizikuria (feno meno-che-fenomenonon-è). 

miuxedavad imisa, rom droTa 

ganmavlobaSi Se no bis masala Zveldeba, 

misi mxatvruli koncepcia adamianTa 

cnobierebaSi aRibeWdeba, rac mxolod 

awmyoSi SeiZleba xdebodes. aqedan gamomdinare, 

brandi askvnis, rom xelovnebis 

nawarmoebi yovelTvis awmyo- 

Si arsebobs. Se sabamisad, yovel jerze, 

restavraciaze fiqrisas, aucilebelia 

indivi dua lobis aRiareba. 

misi gansakuTrebuli xasiaTis gaTvaliswinebiT, 

xelovnebis nawar mo e bi 

warmoadgens mTlianobas, e.i. igi ar aris 

mxolod misi Semadgeneli nawilebis geometriuli 

jami; misi yoveli elementi 

erTad qmnis mTlia nobas, mxatvris, Tu 

arqiteqtoris koncefciisa da Senebis 

niSandob livi maneris Sesabamisad. calke 

aRebuli mozaikis tessarae (kenWebi) ar 

aris xe lovnebis nimuSi, maTi ucabedi nakrebic 

ki TavisTavad ar iZleva xelovnebas. 

amas garda, xelovnebis nawarmoebi 

an istoriuli nageboba namdvi lad aris 

da mxolod is aris, rogoradac igi 

gamoiyureba. igi ar SeiZ le ba daviyvanoT 

garegnul modelze, stilisturi sqemis

Tanaxmad idea lu ri rekonstruqciis 

Sesasruleblad, rac xSirad xdeboda 

XIX saukune Si. piriqiT, `mTlianoba~ 

vlindeba ganuyofel erTianobaSi, rasac 

poten ci u rad ZaluZs mis calkeul nawilebSi 

ganagrZos arseboba, im SemTxveva- 

Sic ki, rodesac originali damsxvreulia, 

e.i. nangrevebadaa qceuli. restavracia 

originalis mTlianobiT unda 

Semoifarglos da emyarebodes imas, rasac 

xelovnebis nawarmoebis potenciuri 

erTianoba Segvagonebs, mi si istoriuli 

da esTe ti ku ri aspeqtebis moTxovnebis 

gaTvaliswinebiT. 

amgvarad, xelovnebis nawarmoebs ormagi 

polaroba aqvs, rac ori as peqtisa, 

an `garemoebisgan~ (istanza) Sedgeba, es- 

Tetikurisa da isto riu li sgan, agreTve 

potenciuri erTianobis mqone mTlianobis 

Seqmnis Tviseba. misi istoriuloba 

damoukidebelia misi esTetikuri Rirebulebebisa 

da ma Ti droiTi cvalebadobisgan. 

restavraciaze fiqrisas orive 

garemoeba unda iyos gaTvaliswinebuli. 

es mokled aris Camoyalibebuli 

restavra ciis ZiriTad gansazRvrebasa 


sur. 8.11 uelsis sakaTedro 

taZris fasadi Cafiqrebuli 

da agebuli iyo qandakebebTan 

erTad; misi 

potenciuri erTianoba 

gamoxatulia mis yovel 

elementSi. ne bis mieri 

intervencia, iqneba es 

gawmenda, Tu gamagreba, 

am urTierTkavSiris mka - 

fio gaazrebiT unda 

Catardes. qandakebebis 

maTi konteqstidan 

mocileba zians miayenebda 

taZris arqiteqturul da 

istoriul mTlianobas 

da or damatebiT debulebaSi: 

• `restavracia moicavs xelovnebis 

nawarmoebis aRiarebis meTodo logiur 

moments, mis fizikur SenivTulobas 

da ormag esTetikur da istoriul 

polarobas, maT momavlisTvis 

gadasacemad.~ 

• àdamiani asrulebs mxolod xelovnebis 

nawarmoebis masalis restav 

ra cias.~ 

• `restavraciis mizani unda iyos xelovnebis 

nawarmoebis potenciu ri 

erTianobis xelaxali gamyareba imdenad, 

ramdenadac es SesaZle belia 

mxatvruli Tu istoriuli yalbismqnelobis 

gareSe da ise, rom ar 

waiSalos arc erTi kvali, rac drom 

xelovnebis nawarmoeb ze datova.~ 273 

xelovnebis nawarmoebis gansazRvrebidan 

gamomdinareobs, rom dro da sivrce 

mis formisel mdgomareobas ayalibebs 

da sinTezadaa Serwymu li _ erTi meoresTan 

iseTi ritmuli mimarTebiT, rac 

273 Brandi, 1963:34, 35, 36


ayalibebs formas (Brandi, 1963:49). amas- 

Tanave, dro xelovnebis nawarmo eb Tan 

fenomenologiur kavSirSi imyofeba, 

sami specifikuri faziT, rac mis droiT 

xazs (tempo storico) warmoqmnis: 

1. xani, rac esaWiroeba xelovans, xelovnebis 

nawarmoebis Sesaqmne lad; 

2. intervali xelovanis mier Camoqnis 

Semdeg, dRemde; 

3. awmyoSi cnobierebaSi xelovnebis 

nawarmoebis aRiarebis momenti. 

xelovnebis nawarmoebi istoriulobas 

or calkeul etapze iZens: ro desac xelovani 

mas arsebobas mianiWebs (mag., 

rodesac sasaxle aSende ba XVI saukuneSi) 

da rodesac mas amJamad calkeuli 

indivi dis cnobiere ba aRiqvams. ìstoriuli 

garemoeba~ (istanza storica) xelovnebis 

nawarmoebis restavraciis sxvadasxva 

SemTxvevas Tan mimarTebiT SeiZleba ganvixiloT. 

ukidures SemTxvevaSi, rodesac 

saqme Znelad gasarCev nangrevebTan 

gvaqvs, restavracia SeiZleba moiazrebodes, 

rogorc mxolod status quo-s 

konso li da cia da konservacia. siZnele 

imis dadgenaa, Tu rodis wyvets arsebobas 

xelovnebis nawarmoebi da rodis 

iqceva igi nangreve bad. erTaderTi gzaa, 

ganisazRvros, Tu ramdenad SeinarCuna 

obieqtma Tavisi potenciuri erTianoba 

(mag., neapolis santa kiaras Sua saukuneebis 

nagebobis SemTxve vaSi). aqedan 

gamomdinare, ar aris saWiro vecadoT, 

axlad SevqmnaT poten ciuri erTianoba 

im zomaze, rom gavanadguroT misi 

avTenturoba, ris Sedegad SegvrCeba axali, 

yalbi da avTenturobas mok le buli 

istoriuli realoba, rac mTlianad dajabnis 

Zvel namuSevars. 

brandi acxadebs, rom xelovnebis 

istoriis saqmea, gamoikvlios _ dro iTi 

Tanamimdevrobis CarCoebSi _ drois da 

ritmis `droisgareTi,~ Sinagani ganzomileba. 

es ar unda avurioT `droiTi 

drois~ istoriaSi, rac dakavSirebulia 

sur. 8.12 kedlis dekori Sax-i-zindeSi, 

samaryandis didebul sasaflaoze. mozai kis 

tesserae erTad qmnis xelovnebis nawarmoebs 

da ara cal-calke. SekeTeba Catar da 

`neitraluri~ formiT, originalis pativis 

migebiT 

gemovnebisa da modis cvalebadobasTan, 

romlis Sig niT xelovnebis nawarmoebi 

`dasrulebuli da ucvalebelia.~ 

restavracia gamarTlebulia, rodesac 

saqme gvaqvs mesame fazasTan, romelic 

dRevan de lobasac Seicavs da warsulsac 

da arc drois ukumiqcevis daCemeba gviwevs 

da arc istoriis ganadgureba. ufro 

metic, restavracia unda ga nixilebodes, 

rogorc istoriuli movlena, rasac igi 

warmoadgens, ro gorc adamianis moRvaweoba; 

igi xelovnebis nawarmoebis 

momavalSi gada na cv lebis procesis Semadgeneli 

nawilia. restavraciisTvis 

SerCeul ne bis mier sxva moments SeuZlia

ucabedi Sedegebi moitanos. mxatvruli 

Se mo q medebis momentTan restavraciis 

identifikaciam SeiZleba Sedegad fantaziaSi 

gadagviyvanos, rac ewinaaRmde- 


sur. 8.13 ugulisyuro 

gegmarebam SeiZleba 

gaanadguros istoriuli 

nagebobis kav Si ri 

garemosTan. magaliTad 

moyvanilia barbikanis 

areali london Si 

geba xelovnebis nawarmoebis, ro gorc 

dasrulebuli procesis koncefcias, 

iseve rogorc e.w. stilisturi an periodismieri 

restavracia. 

sur. 8.14 XVII s.-is 

dasawyisis palaco 

del’orologios fasadi 

pizaSi, moyvanilia 

brandis mier, rogorc 

magaliTi arasworad 

gaazrebuli restavraciisa. 

rekonst rui rebuli 

goTuri sarkmlis 

naSTebi warmogviCens 

winare, nangrevebad qceuli 

eta pis niSnebs. bevrad 

ufro swori iqneboda 

upiratesoba klasikuri 

fasadis mTli a nobisTvis 

mieniWebinaT


sur. 8.15 Cefalus sakaTedro taZari 

siciliaze. restavraciisas samlocvelos 

neo-klasikuri periodis naZerwoba Camoxsnil 

iqna, ufro ad re u li normanuli Se no bis 

fragmentebis gamosavlenad, ramac droTa 

ganmavlobaSi miRweuli mTliano ba gaanadgura 

amasTan dakavSirebuli meore sakiTxia 

xelovnebis nawar moebis Sina gani 

sivrcobrioba fizikuri konteqstiT 

warmodgenil sivrce s Tan mimar Te biT. 

arqiteqturuli sivrcobrioba ar niSnavs 

mxolod Sesabamisi nage bo bis kedlebs 

SigniT moqceul sivrces, aramed 

masSi aseve igulisxmeba si vr cobrivi 

urTierTkavSiri garemomcveli naSenobis 

sivrcobriobasTan. siZneleebi gansakuTrebiT 

istoriul qalaqebSi iCens 

Tavs, sadac cvli le bebi urba nul qsovilSi 

saxes ucvlis ama Tu im istoriuli 

Zeglis sivrco briv garemos. igive 

SeiZleba iTqvas arqiteqturul naS- 

TebTan da ka v Sire biT. nangrevebi xSirad 

Serwymulia landSaftisa an gadasaxedis 

kon teqsts _ magaliTad, inglisuri 

baRebis landSaftebi Sua saukuneebis saabatoebis 

naSTebiT, romelTa saTanado 

movla am axal mxatvrul mTli a nobasTan 

mimarTebiT Tu SeiZleba. 

rodesac ki gveCveneba, rom ormagi 

polarobis mxareebi, esTeti kuri da istoriuli, 

winaaRmdegobaSi modis erTmaneTTan, 

gada wyve ta kompromi si ki ar 

unda iyos, aramed xelovnebis nawarmoebis 

bunebas dafuZnebuli adaptacia. 

sur. 8.16 selinuntes taZar 

C-s svetebis nawili 1950ian 

ww.-Si ànastiloziT~ 

xe la x la aRmarTes. 

brandi amas ar daeTanxma, 

radgan Tvlida, rom 

potenciuri er Ti a noba ukve 

dakarguliyo, saukuneebis 

ganmavlobaSi, miwaSi 

yofnis gamo, ele men tebis 

deformaciis Sedegad

imis gaTvalis winebiT, rom xelovnebis 

nawarmoebis specifika isaa, rom igi 

xelovnebaa, istoriuli mxare, Cveulebriv, 

meorexarisxovna daa miCneuli. 

rodesac obieqts, romelmac Sei nar Cuna 

potenciuri erTia noba, damatebebi axlavs, 

romlebic Crdilavs an amaxinjebs 

mis mxatvrul saxes, esTetikurma mxarem 

SeiZleba gaamarT los maTi moSoreba 

_ ra Tqma unda, es saTanadod unda 

dafiqsirdes. magram Tu es damatebebi 

ikonogra fias Seezarda, maTi moSoreba 

SesaZloa niSnavdes istoriuli obieqtis 

ex novo rekonstruqcias, rac restavraciis 

sauflo aRaraa. Sesabamisad, yo vel 

calkeul SemTxvevaSi, rodesac risime 

moSoreba ganixileba, gadawy ve ti leba 

unda emyarebodes Rirebulebebs, rac 

esTetikur mxaresac iTva li s wi nebs da 

istoriulsac. 

brandi ar eTanxmeboda àrqeologiuri 

restavraciis~ gavrcelebul 

praqtikas, rodesac naSTebs wminda istoriuli 

TvalTaxed viT ekidebod nen. 

nangrevebic ki xSirad xelovnebis nawarmoebTa 

naSTebia; amitom isi nic, imave 

kritikuli procesis midevnebiT, guldasmiT 

unda iyos Seswav li li. garda 

amisa, nangrevebi SeiZleba ufro gviani 

drois Senobis nawi li Tu xelovnebis 

sxva nawarmoebis nawili iyos. aseT Sem- 

TxvevaSi, saTa na do pativi unda miegos 

am meore Senobis erTianobas. magali- 

Tad, Sua sa u kuneebis mravalsagduliani 

fanjris aRdgena klasikur fasadze nakleb 

gamarTlebuli iqneba (es ki evropis 

mraval qveyanaSi tipiuri tenden ciaa). 

brandi amtkicebda, rom masala, xelovnebis 

nawarmoebis esTetikur aspeqt- 

Tan mimarTebiT, SegviZlia ornairi 

funq ciis mqoned gavigoT: erTi funqcia 

uzrunvelyofs `naSenobas~ (struttura), 

meore ki obieqtis ìerTanaa~ (aspetto) dakavSirebuli. 

aseTi obieqtebis mxatvruli 

mniSvnelobis gaTva lis wi ne biT, upiratesoba, 

zogadad, imas unda mieniWos, 


Tu ra aris yvela ze mniSvne lo vani mxatvruli 

Tvalsazri siT. Tu usafrTxoebis 

uzrunvel yo fa moiT xovs garkveul 

intervencias, rogoricaa gamagreba, is 

masalis im nawiliT unda Semoifarglebodes, 

rac struqturas qmnis da iers 

ar Se e xos. magaliTad, rodesac tardeba 

istoriuli nagebobebis konstruqci uli 

gamagreba, mizani Senobis arqiteqturuli 

ieris SenarCuneba unda iyos. meore 

mxriv, brandis mier Semotanili ganyofa 

ise ar unda gavigoT, TiTqos naSenobas 

ar hqondes raime mniSvneloba. gansakuTrebiT, 

istoriu li nagebobebis Sem- 

TxvevaSi, Tavdapirveli konstruqciuli 

sistema unda ganixilebodes, rogorc 

umTavresi elementi, rasac Tavisi wvlili 

Seaqvs nagebobis mniSvnelovneba- 

Si. zog SemTxvevebSi, naSenoba SeiZleba 

ierze uf ro mniSvnelovanic iyos da, 

amasTanave, igi xSirad arqeologiisTvis 

aucilebel informacias Seicavs. fasadizmi, 

ra Tqma unda, ar aris isto ri u li 

nagebobebis dacvis mizani. 

rac Seexeba xelovnebis nawarmoebis 

esTetikur aspeqts, iqneba es istoriuli 

Senoba, an Tundac naxevrad dangreuli 

Zveli Zegli, nebis mieri reintegracia 

unda eyrdnobodes Gestalt-fsiqologiis 

wyalobiT mo po ve bul gamocdilebas sxvadasxva 

tipis reintegraciis vizualuri 

`wo nis~ Sefasebi sa arsebul originalur 

zedapirTan mimarTebiT. advilad 

Se sa Z lebelia, rom axali, kaSkaSa damatebebis 

gamo naklebi yuradReba mi eqces 

Zvel, patiniT dafarul originals. imis 

gaTvaliswinebiT, rom res tavra ciis 

mizania istoriuli Zeglis konservacia 

da ara ganaxleba, au ci le belia Tanamedrove 

reintegraciis morgeba istoriul 

nawilebTan da ara piruku. brandis 

xelmZRvanelobiT SemuSavda mxatvrobis 

restavracii sas Teoriis praqtikaSi 

gamoyenebis meTodebi, maT Soris, danakargebis 

(lacunae) reintegraciis mkafio 

kriteriumebi. istoriuli nagebobebisa


da nangrevad qceuli SenobebisTvis 

am kriteriumebis Semdgomi misadageba 

aisaxa aseve pol filipos leqciebsa da 

moxsenebebSi iCCrom-Si (Philippot, 1976). 

Tavad brandim sami aseTi principi Camoayaliba 

(Brandi, 1963:45f): 

1. nebismieri reintegracia axlodan 

advilad unda ganirCeodes, mag ram 

amasTanave, man ar unda Selaxos aRsadgeni 

erTianoba. 

2. masalis is nawili, rac uSualod 

saxisSemqmnelia, Seucvlelia im denad, 

ramdenadac iers qmnis da ara 

naSenobas. 

3. nebismieri restavracia ise unda 

Catardes, rom momavalSi saWiro intervenciebs 

dabrkoleba ar Seuqmnas; 

isini ufro unda gaadvil des 

kidec. 

warsulSi restavraciis warmoebis ganxilvisas, 

brandis mohyavs adriane imperatoris 

mier Catarebuli panTeonis 

restavracia, rogorc ma ga liTi ara 

restavraciisa, aramed Zeglis ideis aRdgenisa. 

principebi, romliTac xelmZ- 

Rvanelobdnen aRorZinebis xanaSi antikuri 

qandakebebis `xelaxali dasrulebisas~ 

(mag., belvederis apoloni, 

laokooni), ZiriTa dad, platonis filosofiis 

Tanaxmier silamazis ideas 

emyareboda; res ta v ra torebi sulierad 

akavSirebdnen qandakebebs Tavis drosTan 

ìsto ri ul Tanayof nad~ _ TiTqos 

maT axal enaze Targmnidnen. es Seesabameba 

aRorZinebis brandismier interpretacias, 

ara rogorc antikurobis xelaxa 

li dabadebisa, aramed rogorc axali 

stilisa, romelmac warsulis elementebi 

da koncefciebi axali SemoqmedebiTi 

konteqstis nawilad gamoiyena. ai, TorvaldsenisTvis 

ki klasiku ri antikuroba 

srulyofili da Soreuli iyo da eginis 

qandakebebis kidurebis `xelaxali 

dasruleba~ arsebuli kanonebis mcdar 

Sefasebas emyareboda. man, amgvarad, 

ganadgure bu li nawilebi XIX saukunis 

neo-klasicizmis xelovnuri enis kvalad 

aRadgina. brandis Tanaxmad, XIX saukuneSi 

Zvelisken mibrunebisas, Ziri Ta dad, 

cdilobdnen Zveli sqemebis kopirebas, 

realurad axali arqiteq tu ru li enis 

Seuqmnelad. 

da mainc, istoriuli TvalsazrisiT, 

damateba SeiZleba ganixile bodes, rogorc 

istoriis axali faza, xolo arqiteqturis 

SemTxvevaSi ki, es SeiZleba 

axali funqciebis SemuSavebasa da danergvasac 

ukavSirdebo des. amdenad, damateba 

SeiZleba sruliad kanonzomieri 

iyos da, princip Si, konservacias imsaxurebs. 

zogadadac, yovelTvis aucilebelia 

im axa li erTeule bis pativiscema, 

rac SemoqmedebiTi intervenciis gziT 

miiRwe va _ gansakuTrebiT maSin, Tuki 

isini istorias asaxavs. risame moSoreba 

saTanadod unda iyos dasabuTebuli da 

misi kvali TviT Zeglzec unda SeimCneodes. 

sxvafriv, dangrevis Sedegi istoriis 

ganadgure ba da gayal be ba iqneba. 

rac Seexeba rekonstruqcias, aq mdgomareoba 

gansxvave bu lia, ramdenadac igi 

cdilobs, Caerios SemoqmedebiT procesSi 

da gaaqros dro yofnad moyvanasa 

da restavracias Soris. brandi 

ar eTanxmeboda san markos kampaniles 

rekonstruqcias, radgan, misi azriT, 

erTaderTi, rac unda gakeTebuliyo, 

vertikaluri elementi iyo da ara sruli 

rekonst ruq cia. 

aslebi, replikebi da reproduqciebi 

SeiZleba dokumentirebisTvis moviSvelioT 

da isini misaRebia, Tuki maTi 

damzadebisas originali ar ziandeba 

(mag., TabaSiris yalibis aReba). miuxedavad 

imisa, rom asli da na yalbevi igive 

xerxebis gamoyenebiT iqmneba, gayalbeba 

falsificirebis ganzraxvas gulisxmobs. 

es SeiZleba replikis originalad 

gasasaReblad, an Zveli drois 

stiliT Sesrulebuli sagnis imdroindel 

origina lad ga sayidad gakeTdes

(Brandi, 1992b:368; ix. agreTve Jones, 1990). 

umarTebulo `restavracias~ aseve Seu- 

Zlia gaayalbos namuSevris mxatvruli 

koncef cia proporciebis, zedapiris 

damuSavebis, an masalebis araswori 

inter preta ciiT _ saSiSroeba, rasac 

gansakuTrebiT xSirad arqeolo giu ri 

gaTxre bis adgilebze vawydebiT. 

Tavisi TeoriiT, brandim Seajama 

konservaciis ZiriTadi koncef ciebi 

xelovnebis nawarmoebebis da, maT Soris, 

arqiteqturasTan mimarTe biT; man 

xazi gausva maT specifikurobas da 

istoriul-kritikuli gansa zRv re bis, 

rogorc nebismieri intervenciis safuZvlis, 

mniSvnelovnebas da yuradReba 

gaamaxvila istoriuli da mxatvruli 

avTenturobis konserva ciis auci leblo 

baze. Teoria aTvalsaCinoebs kritikul 

process, yovel jerze aucilebels, 

Tanamedrove restavraciaze fiqrisas da 

masSi Camoya li bebulia ZiriTadi kanonebi, 

romelTa gamoyeneba istoriuli 

cnobie re bis simwifes moiTxovs. brandis 

Teoria SeiZleba ganvixiloT rogorc 

sa erTaSoriso doneze aRiarebuli konservaciis 

strategiis ganviTarebis paradigma. 

is uarsebiTesi saxelmZRvanelo 

principi gaxda wrTvnis prog ra me bisa 

bevr specializebul saswavlebelSi, 

maT ricxvSi iCCrom-is sa er TaSoriso 

kursebisTvis romsa da msoflios sxva 

qveyneb Si. igi iyo amo savali veneciis 

qartiis dawerisa da konservaciis strategiis 

sxva de bulebebisa Tu saxelmZ- 

Rvanelo miTiTebebis damuSavebisas. 

1972 wels bra n di monawileobda Carta 

del Restauro-s, italiis saxelmwifo 

moxeleebis Tvis axali saxelmZRva nelo 

miTiTebebis momzadebaSi. am qar tiis mizani 

memkvidreobis obieqtTa sxvadasxva 

saxeobebi (antikuri xanis siZveleebi, 

ar qiteqtura, mxatvroba, qandakeba, ìstoriuli 

centrebi~) dajgufeba da Ti- 

Toeuli maTganisTvis meTodo lo giuri 

midgomis prin cipebis SeTavazeba iyo 

(monti, 1995:156ff). 


8.6 brandis naazrevis zegavlena 

brandis Teorias kritika ar moklebia: 

esTetikur Rirebulebebze misma 

fokusirebam siZneleebi warmoSva iseT 

Zegleb ze praqtikuli samuSa o e bi sas, 

romelTac mcire an aranairi esTetikuri 

Rirebuleba hqondaT, an kidev 

italiis mxatvruli memkvidreobisadmi 

wayenebuli da msoflios sxva mxareebSi 

miRebuli moTxovnebis SeTanadebisas 

(iamandi, 1993; scaroc chia, 1995:91). 

Teorias abralebdnen ZiriTadi yuradRebis 

`mxatvruli saxis~ konservaciaze 

gamaxvilebas mTlianobaSi struqturis 

gaTvaliswinebis na cvlad, ker Zod, 

arqiteqturasTan mimarTebiT. xSirad es 

Teoria mxatv ro bis konservaciis Teoriadac 

iqna interpretirebuli. mraval 

kiTxvaze pa su xi Tavad brandis teqstSi 

SeiZleba vipoviT, rac naTlad aCvena 

karbo na ram, romelic amtkicebs, rom 

brandi ki ar ewinaaRmdegeboda restauro 

critico-s principebs, aramed sinamdvile- 

Si isini ufro farTo konteqstis na wilad 

aqcia (Carbonara, 1976:46; ix. agreTve 

Carboni, 1992). pol filipom ga n sa kuTrebuli 

yuradReba dauTmo brandis 

Teoriis interpretacias sxva da sxva 

praqtikul magaliTebTan (metadre, mxatvrobas, 

qandakebas da arqi teq turis 

dargSi) mimarTebiT (mag., Philipot, 1976, 

1989a, 1990). 

iCCrom-is pirvel direqtorTagan 

samma kulturuli mem kvidreobis 

konservaciis sxvadasxva aspeqtis Taobaze 

fuZemdebeli saxelmZRvane lo e bi 

gamosca, romelnic Sesabamis sferoSi 

klasikuradaa miCneuli. pirveli maTgani, 

gamoqveynebuli iCCrom-is sapatio 

direqtoris doqtor harold jeimz 

plenderliTis (1898-1997 ww.) mier, iyo 

`siZveleebisa da xelovnebis nawar moe-


bebis konservacia” (meore gamocema a. e. 

a. vernerTan erTad, 1971 w.) da, ZiriTadad, 

masalaTmcodneobas exeba. meore 

exeboda kedlis mxatv robis konservacias 

da dawerilia iCCrom-is sapatio 

direqtoris da brYuselis Tavisufali 

universitetis sapatio profeso ris pol 

filipos mier, profesor paolo moras 

(1921-1998 ww.) da qal baton laura sbordoni-morasTan 

erTad, romlebic romis 

istituto Centrale del restauro-s mTavari restav 

ratorebi iyvnen (mora et al., 1977). 

mesame daiwera ser bernard filde nis mier 

da istoriuli nagebobe bis konservacias 

exeboda (Feilden, 1982). bran dis Teorias- 

Tan dakavSirebiT, gan sa kuTrebiT moras 

(da sxv.) mier gamoq vey ne buli wignia saintereso, 

radgan koncefciebi, romelic 

mas udevs sa fuZvlad, brandisTan, rogorc 

iCr-is direqtorTan, pirdapiri 

TanamSrom lobisas SemuSavda da gamoicada, 

iCom-is saerTaSoriso sakonservacio 

ko mitetis 1959 wlis moxsene bidan 

gamomdinare. naSromis momzadebisas, Semo 

Tavaze buli meTodebis relevantobis 

Sesamowmeblad, rCevas sxvada sxva qveynis 

specialistebs daekiTxnen 274 . moras (da 

sxv.) mier SemuSavebuli koncef ciebi da 

meTodologia gamoyenebulia mari kl. 

berdYukos public ka cia Sic arqeologiuri 

gaTxrebis adgilebis da sxvadasxva 

masalis ga naT xar nivTTa konservaciis 

Sesaxeb (Berducou, 1990). 

moras, sbordoni-moras da filipos 

gamokvlevis dasawyisSive ganc xa - 

debulia, rom konservacia-restavracia, 

vidre operacia obieqtis masa la ze teqnikur 

moqmedebad iqceodes, emyareba 

`kritikul gansjas, romlis mizania obieqtis 

identifikacia misi specifikuri 

274 am specialistebs Soris iyvnen: p. rotondi, 

g. urbani (iCr), j. tauberti (mYunxeni), 

r. sneiersi (brYuseli), o. p. agrauali (nYu 

deli), t. ivasaki (to kio), a. na songla (bangkoki), 

j. tompsoni (londoni), s. bYarnhofi 

(ko pen hageni). 

sur. 8.17 pompeis kedlis mxatvroba rTuli 

sivrcobrivi konstruqciebiT. aseTi dekoris 

Sida sivrcobriobas arqiteqturul 

sivrcesTan mniSvnelovani kavSiri SeiZleba 

hqondes 

maxasiaTeblebiTurT, niSandobliv, 

mis RirebulebaTa gansazRvra da gaTvalsaCinoeba, 

an im mni Svnelovnebis 

gamokveTa, rac ganasxvavebs mas da mis 

dacvas amarTlebs. mi zani aseve amocanis 

da aucilebeli teqnikuri operaciebis 

masStabis gansazRvraSi mdgomareobs~ 

(1977:1). naSromi isea agebuli, rom msjelobis 

kritikuli safuZveli yovelTvis 

win uswrebs teqnikuri problemebis 

gamorkvevas da saamisod konteqstsac 

Seamzadebs. XIX saukunis pozitivisturi 

damokidebulebis sapirispirod, 

rome lic eswrafvoda xelovnebaTa maTi 

Sesrulebis teqnikuri xerxebis mixed

viT dajgufeba-dacalkevebas, aq kedlis 

mxatvroba mTlian arqiteqturul konteqstTan 

organul kavSirSi ganixileba, 

rogorc Gesamtkunstwerk-is (erTobil xelovnebaTa 

nawarmoebis) nawili. es Zalze 

mniSvnelovania ikonografiuli TvalsazrisiT: 

saxebaTa meSveobiT, saxviToba 

gansazRv ravs arqiteqturul sivrces 

da saCinoyofs Zeglis mniSvnelobas da 

liturgiul arss. formis mxriT, kedlis 

mxatv ro ba monawileobas iRebs mxatvruli, 

skulpturuli da arqiteqturuli 

sivrcobriobis danawevreba Si. yovel 

elements Tavisi gansakuTrebuli wi li 

aqvs, xolo mxatvrobas skulpturuli 

da arqiteqturuli efeqtis da ganzomilebaTa 

ganZafrebisa da wabaZvis (mag., 

trompe-l’oeil) unaric Seswevs. arqiteqtura, 

Tavis mxriv, gansazRvravs kedlis 

mxatvrobas sivrcis Tvi se ba Ta, feris 

da ganaTebis ganawilebis saSualebiT. 

restavraciisas yve laze mniSvnelovania 

gaTvaliswinebuli iyos problemis 

kompleqsu roba, rac win wamoswevs 

kedlis mxatvrobis in situ konservaciis 

moTxovnas, misi Camoxsnis da muzeumSi 

gadatanis nacvlad, rac mxolod gamonaklis 

Sem Tx vevebSi Tu aris gamarTlebuli. 

organizaciuli da teqnikuri TvalsazrisiT, 

aucilebelia saTanado aRwerilobaTa, 

aRnusxvisa da dokumentirebis 

sistemebis momzadeba samu Sa o ebis dawyebamde, 

maTi mimdinareobis dros da maT 

Semdeg, monitorin gis sistemis da regularuli 

movlis mogvareba da restavraciaze 

pasu xis mge beli profesiuli gundis 

momzadeba. Semdgom, aucilebelia 

mocemu li kedlis mxatvrobis masalebis, 

gamoyenebuli teqnikis, misi cvlilebebis 

pirobebis da mizezebis Rrma codna 

da specifikuri wvdoma. aseTi kvleva 

da analizi unda vrceldebodes im arqiteqturasa 

da garemozec, ris nawilsac 

warmoadgens mxatvroba, xolo misi 

`mkurnaloba~ ise unda iyos mozomili, 


sur. 8.18 Zveli, gamofituli da gacveTili 

zedapirebis aRdgenisas sifaqizea sa Wiro, 

raTa zedmetad ar gamovaCinoT axali 

nawilebi, originalis damcrobis xarj ze. 

suraTze romis panTeonis aguris kedlis 

reintegracias vxedavT 

rom araTu ziani movutanoT, aramed 

SevqmnaT misi optima luri warmoCenis 

da xangrZlivi konsevaciis safuZveli. 

aucilebelia kon kretuli problemebis 

gaTvaliswineba, mag., fiqsatorebisa, 

maTi webo va no bisa da gaJRenTvis unaris, 

elasturobis, optikuri Tvisebebis, 

bio lo giuri mdgradobis, atmosferuli 

zegavlenisadmi mdgradobis da Seq cevadobis 

CaTvliT. 

specifikuri Teoriuli sakiTxebi 

axlavs kedlis mxatvrobis Cvene bas, gawmendis 

problemebs, danakargebis damuSavebas, 

ganaTebas da Ta v da pirveli


sur. 8.19 aTenis akropolisze 1984 w.-is 

sarestavracio samuSaoebidan: axali marma 

rilo Zvels mosargebad guldasmiTaa 

nakveTi. amave dros, axali nawilebi img va ria, 

rom axlodan daTavliere bisas SecdomaSi ar 

Seiyvanos damkvirvebeli 

adgilidan SesaZlo Camoxsnas. rogorc 

xelov ne bis yvela na wa r moebs, kedlis 

mxatvrobasac ormagi istoriuli xasiaTi 

aqvs. pirvels misi Seqmnis konkretuli 

istoriuli Jami apirobebs, 

meores ki mas Semdeg ganvlili dro. 

drois dinebiT gamowveuli zogierTi 

saxecvlileba, SesaZloa, maTi esTetikuri 

an istoriuli Rirebulebis gamo, 

konservaci is Rirsi iyos; sxvebma Sei- 

Zleba uCinaryos, daamaxinjos an daasaxiCros 

gamosaxuleba. mora, sbordoni-mora 

da filipo Segvaxseneben, rom 

gawmenda, an im nivTierebebis moSoreba, 

rac originaluri nawarmoebis nawi li 

ar yofila, ver dagvibrunebs, an ver 

aRadgens Tavdapirvel mdgomareobas; 

samuSaoebi ubralod saSualebas iZleva, 

Tavdapirveli masalebis dRevan de li 

mdgomareoba gamovavlinoT (1977:325). 

1972 wlis uilYamsburgis saer Ta Soriso 

konferenciaze filipom kidev erTxel 

xazi gausva, rom: ìlYu ziaa gvjerodes, 

TiTqos obieqti yvela gviani danamatis 

CamoSorebiT Se iZ leba Tavdapirvel 

mdgomareobas daubrundes. Tavda pirveli 

mdgomareo ba miTiuri, araistoriuli 

ideaa, romelsac Zala Ses wevs xelovnebis 

na war moebebi abstraqtul koncefcias 

Seswiros da isini iseTi saxiT 

war mo a Cinos, rac arasdros arsebula~ 

(Philippot, 1976:372). patinis warmoSoba, 

romelsac xandaxan `keTilSobil patinasac~ 

uwodeben, masalebis dabere bis 

normaluri procesia da is sibinZured 

ar unda CavTvaloT. Tu ro gor movekidoT 

aseT pa tinas imdemad qimiis 

ki ara, ramdenadac kritikuli gansjis 

problemaa. marTlacda, gawmendis 

prob lema odenobis sakiT xia da mizani 

unda iyos `mTlianobasTan mimar Te biT 

imgvari Tanafardo bis povna, romelsac, 

masa lebis dRevandeli mdgoma reobis 

gaTvaliswi ne biT, ZaluZs, SeZlebisdagvarad 

utyuarad aRudginos gamosaxulebas 

is Ta v dapirveli erTianoba, rac 

masalam droTa manZilze gamoatara~ 

(mora et al., 1977:327). 

gawmenda nabij-nabij da sistematiurad 

unda xdebodes, misi safuZ veli 

TanmimdevrobiT winsvla da kritikuli 

gansja unda iyos imis gaTva liswinebisas, 

rasac mosalodnel Sedegebze 

kritikuli intuicia gveubne ba. gawmendasTan 

mWidro kavSir Sia gamosaxulebis 

Semqmneli masalis lacunae, danakargebis 

Sevsebac (ix. Philippot, 1975). warsulSi 

aseTi danakar ge bis reintegracia xSirad 

`retouché”-s xatvis meTodiT xdeboda, 

rac SeiZ le boda originalzec gada

suliyo. aseTi damuSaveba xelosnuri 

tradi ciis nawilia da Seuwynarebelia 

Tanamedrove restavraciaSi, rome lic 

nacvlad amisa, moiTxovs namuSevris 

kritikul-istoriul inter pretacias 

avTenturobis mofrTxilebisas. meore 

mxriv, mora, sbordoni-mora da filipo 

ar iziareben `sufTa konservaciis~ 

arqeologiuri poziciis sixistes dazianebuli 

xelovnebis nawarmoebebis 

mimarT, uaris Tqmas, gaTvaliswi ne bul 

iqnes xelovnebis nawarmoebis dagemovnebaze 

lakunaTa uaryofiTi zemoqmedeba. 

gindac esec prezentaciis forma 

iyos, igi sruliad ugule bel yofs 

xelovnebis nawarmoebis esTetikur mxares, 

mis ZiriTad raison-d’être (1977:348). 

nacvlad amisa, maT mimarTes brandis da 

Gestalt-fsiqologiis aRmoCenebs, rom danakargebs 

axlavs tendencia mxatvrul 

ansambls zedde buli `figura Seqmnas~ 

da amiT Selaxos formis uwyvetoba. 

mxatvrobis aRdgenis marTlacda mwvave 

problema `dazianebenis Semcirebis 

aucileb lo baa, raTa SesZinos gamosaxulebas 

maqsimumi myofobisa, rac saalbaTod 

mas jerac ZaluZs ganaxorcielos, 

misi SemoqmedebiTi da dokumenturi 

av Tenturobis sruli pativiscemisas~ 

(mora et al., 1977:349). 

amis xorcSesxmis bevri gza arsebobs 

da aSkaraa, rom moxatul ze da pirebTan 

dakavSirebuli problemebi gansxvavdeba 

nagebobebis, arqiteq tu ris naSTTa, 

keramikis da qsovilebis problemebisgan. 

Tumca ki, ZiriTa di principebi 

erTi da igivea. sistematuri saxiT am 

sakiTxebis rkvevas iCr, gansakuTrebiT 

meore msoflio omis Semdgom, Seudga 

rode sac xelov ne bis nawarmoebTa didi 

raodenoba, mxatvrobis CaTvliT, dacvasa 

da res tav ra cias saWiroebda. lakunebi 

maTi bunebis, siRrmis, mdeba reo bis 

da si gr Ze-siganis mixedviT ganisazRvreba. 

yvelaze martivia, mTlianoba daubru 

no mcire monakveTebs, sadac patina 


an feradovani Sre gadasulia, mar Tebuli 

tona lo bis misaRebad akvareliT 

daferviT. Tuki lakunis mocu lo ba 

metia, oRond metismetad didi ara da 

arc mdebareobaa ukiduresad sa gangaSo, 

reintegracia SesaZlebelia tratteggio 

teqnikiT, mcire vertikalu ri xazebis 

dataniT, gamosaxulebas TandaTanobiT 

dakarguli mTlianoba rom mieniWos. ferebi 

da tonaloba Tavdapirvels unda 

Seesatyvisebodes, axlodan ki, Zvelsa 

da axals tratteggio gangvarCevinebs. Tu 

potenciuri er Ti a noba dakargulia, 

an danakargebi imdenad didia, rom reintegracia 

aRar aris gamarTlebuli, 

xolo gamosaxulebis TvisobriobisTvis 

imde nad sa gan gaSo, rom aRar iZleva 

amgvari damuSavebis saSualebas, 

umjobe sia maTi lakunebadve datoveba; 

damuSavebisas ki, rac SeiZleba naklebad 

un da SevexoT SemorCenil fragmentebad 

arsebobul Tavdapirvel gamosa xu le bas. 

rodesac saqme gvaqvs kedlis mxatvrobasTan, 

reintegraciaze kri tikuli msjelobisas 

is arqiteqturuli mTelicaa 

gasaTvaliswinebe li, ris nawilsac igi 

warmoadgens da es igive ar aris, rac mxolod 

mxa tvrobis sakiTxTa mogvareba 275 . 

kedlis mxatvrobis konservaciis da 

restavraciis zemomoyvanili magaliTi 

warmodgenas gviqmnis imaze, Tu rogor 

SeiZleba moviSvelioT brandis Teoriaze 

damyarebuli meTodo logia. mis sxvafriv 

gamoyenebaze uzarmazari literaturac 

arsebobs. amas garda, arqiteqturis 

konservaci i sa da res tav ra ciis mravali 

problema ufro zogad, garemos konteqstSi 

un da ganixilebodes _ es istoriu- 

275 umberto baldinim, florenciis Opificio 

di Pietre Dure-s da romis istituto Centrale del 

restauro-s yofilma direqtorma, xazi gausva 

mxatvrobis fera dovan aspeqts da lakunaTa 

damuSavebis piradi midgoma SemogvTavaza, 

ro m lis drosac igi iyenebs mxatvruli gamosaxulebiT 

STagonebuli fe risa da mimar- 

Tulebis Strixvas (Baldini, 1978-81). Tumca 

ki, meTodi sayo vel Taod ar uRiarebiaT.


li qalaqebis an soflebis konserva cias, 

an arqeologiurad RirsSesaniSnavi adgilebis 

da kulturuli landSaftebis 

konser va ci is menejmentsac moicavs. am 

problemebs gansakuTrebuli yuradReba 

daeTmo 1970-ian da 1980-ian wlebSi, 

rodesac swraf ganviTarebas istoriuli 

qsovilis da garemos ganadgureba 

mohyva, aman ki ekologiuri TviT Segneba, 

e.i. arsebuli resursebis konservaciasa, 

mdgrad ganviTarebasa, far To saerTa- 

Soriso TanamSromlobasa, kvlevasa da 

specialistebis tre i ningze yuradRebis 

gamaxvileba moitana. 

am ganviTarebis zogierTi Sedegi Sejamebulia 

ser bernard m. fil denis mier 

mis istoriuli nagebobebis konservacia-Si, 

romelic 1982 wels gamoqveynda. 

fildeni amodis did britaneTSi miRebuli 

farTo gamocdi le bi dan _ igi akvirdeboda 

qveynis umTavres kaTedralebs 

(Yorkis, norvi Cis, londonis wm. 

pavles), itvirTa pasuxismgebloba mravali 

istoriuli na gebobisa da arealis 

(magaliTebr, norviCi da Cesterfildi) 

konserva ciasa da reabilitaciaze. 

iCCrom-is direqtorad yofnisas, man 

SeZlo es gamocdileba saerTaSoriso 

konteqstSi, italiaSi, axlo aRmosavleTsa 

da aziis qveynebSi Seemowmebina. 

Tavisi wignis winasityvaobaSi fildeni 

xazgasmiT aRniSnavs, rom istoriuli 

nagebobebis konservacia warmoad gens 

`resursebis gonivruli menejmentis, 

saRi msjelobis da zomierebis grZnobis~ 

magaliTs (Feilden, 1982:v). SesavalSi 

igi gvTavazobs vrcel pa no ra mas istoriuli 

nagebobebis gansazRvrebasa da 

ngrevis mizezebisac, ganixilavs konservaciis 

arssac: am ukanasknelis sazrisi 

Semdegnairadaa ganmartebuli: 

konservacia ngrevis Tavidan asacileblad 

ganzraxuli qmedebaa. igi moicavs 

yvela qmedebas, rac sicocxles uxangrZli 

vebs Cven kultu rul da bunebriv memkvidreobas, 

obieqtebs, romelnic nage- 

bobaSi daun je bul mxatvrulsa Tu adamianismier 

saTqmels gadascems maT, vinc 

is to riul nagebo bebs aRfrTovanebiT 

Sehyurebs. minimaluri zegavlenis 

mqone samuSao, yovelTvis saukeTesoa; 

Tu SesaZ lebelia, samuSaoebi Seqcevadi 

unda iyos da xeli ar SeuSalos momaval 

in ter venciebs. istoriuli nagebobebis 

konservaciis safuZveli kanonmdeb 

lo biT dgindeba, nagebobebisa da 

nangrevebis aRnusxvisa da da xa risxebis, 

regularuli Semowmebisa da dokumentaciis 

Sedgenis, ase ve qalaqgegmarebisa da 

sakonservacio samuSaoebis meSveobiT 

(Feilden, 1982:3). 

fildenis wignSi ar aris mcdeloba konservaciis 

Teoriis warmod ge nisa; es aris 

praqtikuli saxelmZRvanelo da cnobari 

arqiteqtorebis, mkvlevarTa da 

mSeneblebisTvis. da mainc, igi sasargebloa, 

raTa warmovi sa xoT, Tu ramdenad 

wavida win konservacia/restav raciis 

Teoria omis Se m d gom periodSi. ZiriTadi 

yuradReba gamaxvilebu lia teqnikur 

proble meb ze, istoriuli nagebobebis 

konstruqciul aspeq teb ze, masalis 

da kon struqciis daSlis mizezebze, 

konserva tor-arqiteqtoris muSaobaze, 

teq ni kur kvlevasa da SekeTebaze. amave 

dros, wigni sistemurad da praqtiku li 

kuTxiT iTvaliswinebs iseT sakiTxebsac, 

romlebSic aisaxeba brandi sa Tu zemoT, 

moxatulobaTa konservaciis magaliTiT 

cxadyofili kriti ku li midgoma da meTodologia. 

fildeni gvirCevs, jer moqmedebis 

praq tikuli gezis alternativa 

davsaxoT, Semdgom ki isini `Teoriis~ 

(masTan es `hipoTezas~ udris) Suqze SevamowmoT, 

raTa `yvelaze naklebad cud~ 

gadawyvetas mivagnoT. aseTi midgoma 

dagvexmareba realisturi gadawyvetile 

bis miRebaSi. amgvarad, istoriuli 

nagebobebis konservacia `warmoad gens 

profesiaTaSoris disciplinas, romlis 

wiaR koordinirebulia mTe li rigi es- 

Tetikuri, istoriuli, mecnieruli da 

teqnikuri meTodebisa. konservacia aris

swrafad ganviTareba di sfero, romelic 

Tavisi bunebiT warmoadgens mravaldisciplinovan 

saqmianobas specialistebisa, 

romle bic pativs cemen erTmane- 

Tis wvlils da efeqtur gundad erTiandebian~ 

(Feilden, 1982:22). es yovelive, 

arsebrivad, SeiZleba gavigoT rogorc 


kon ser va cii sadmi Tanamedrove midgoma 

_ Tanac aq gaTvaliswinebulia amocanis 

ganuzomeli sirTulec, Sesabamisi 

memkvidreobisa da kulturis mrava lgvarobac 

da tradiciuli da Tanamedrove 

sazogadoebis problemebic.

9 

saerTaSoriso zegavlena da TanamSromloba 

9.1 zegavlena sxva qveynebSi 

wina TavebSi aRwerili strategiebi da 

praqtika Semdgom, gansakuT re biT XIX 

sauku nis Sua xanidan moyolebuli, evropis 

sxva kuTxeebsa da sxva kontinentebzec 

ki gavrcelda. amas Sedegad moyva 

kulturuli memk vi d reobis dacvis samarTlebrivi 

da administraciuli Car- 

Coebis dadgena, xolo gavlena SeiZleba 

imiT ganizomebodes, rom 1990-iani 

wlebisTvis unEsCo-s msoflio memkvidreobis 

konvencia msoflios umetes 

qveynebSi (164 qveyana 2001 wlis agvistoSi) 

iyo ratificirebuli. strategiebi, 

rom le bic Tavdapirvelad evropis 

Taviseburebebis gaTvaliswinebiT Se mu- 

Sav da, gamocdil iqna sul ufro met, 

302 

sxvadasxva socialur-kulturul konteqstSi 

da fizikur realobaSi. warmoiSva 

zogierTi saerTo parametris 

gansazRvris aucilebloba; es asaxulia 

saerTaSoriso qartiebSi, reko men da cieb 

sa da saxelmZRvanelo miTiTebebSi, 

iseve rogorc memkvidreobis analizisa 

da dacvis mecnieruli meTodologiis 

SemuSavebaSi. 

TurqeTSi, istoriul ZeglebTan da 

arqeologiur obieqtebTan da kav Si rebuli 

pirveli sakanonmdeblo aqti 1869 

wlis 13 TebervliT TariR deba (Asar-i 

Atika Nizam-namesi, cvlilebebi Setanili 

iyo 1874, 1884 da 1906 ww.-Si), ZeglTa 

dacvis axali kanoni ki 1912 wels (Muhafaza-i 

Abidat) iyo mi Re buli. TurqeTis 

respublika 1923 wels Seiqmna, xolo 

sur. 9.1 maias droindeli 

qalaq uqsmalis 

gaTxrebi YukatanSi 

XIX s.-dan moyole buli 

mimdinareobda, xolo 

misi restavracia XX s.-Si 

Catarda

sur. 9.2 maias droindeli qalaq uqsmalis 

restavrirebuli piramidis detali 

adrindeli kul turebis naSTebi saerTo 

memkvidreobis nawilad iqna aRiarebuli. 

ZeglTa umaRlesi sabWo 1951 wels 

daarsda. TurqeTSi, iseve rogorc sxva 

mahmadi a nur qveynebSi, religiur islamur 

nagebobebze pasuxismgebloba vaqfis 

de partaments ekisreboda. egvipteSi 

arabuli xelovnebis ZeglTa konser vaciis 

komiteti 1881 wlidan arsebobs. 

alJiris SemTxvevaSi, safrangeTis proteqtoratis 

mTavrobam gadawyvita am 

qveyanaSi siZveleTa dacvis 1887 wlis 

franguli kanonmdebloba gamoeyenebina, 

Tumca sanqciebi SedarebiT Serbile bulia 

(Brown, 1905:238ff). 

laTinur amerikaSi, uZvelesi Zeglebis 

dacvis sferoSi yvelaze aR saniSnavi 

magaliTi meqsikaa, sadac maias 

droindeli mdidari memkvidreo ba XVIII 

saerTaSoriso zegavlena da TanamSromloba 303 

saukunidan moyolebuli Seiswavleboda. 

uZvelesi RirsSesaniSna vi adgilebis 

dacviT dainteresebis pirvel niSnebs 

1808 wels Junta de Antigüe dades-is Seqmna, 

xolo 1825 wels ki erovnuli muzeumis 

daarseba warmoad gen da. amas mohyva 1827 

wlis pirveli dadgenileba, romelic 

siZveleTa eqsports krZalavda, erovnuli 

dawesebulebebis, kerZod, erovnuli 

arqi vi sa (1830 w.) da Academia Nacional 

de Historia (1835 w.) (istoriis erovnuli 

aka demia) daarseba da kanonebis miReba, 

romelnic saxelmwifos istoriuli obieqtebis 

konfiskaciis uflebas aniWebda 

(1859 w.). 1885 wlis dadgenile biT ganisazRvra 

Conservador de Monumentos Arqueológicos 

e Históricos-s (arqeolo giuri 

da istoriuli Zeglebis konservaciis) 

principi, xolo istoriuli RirsSesaniSnavi 

adgilebis dacvis ZiriTadi kanoni 

XX saukuneSi, pirve lad 1914 wels, 

meored ki 1916 wels gamoica. kulturuli 

memkvidreobis dacvis dRes arsebuli 

organo, Instituto Nacional de Antropología 

e Historia (inah) (anTropologiisa da istoriis 

erovnuli instituti) 1939 wlis 

kanonis Ta naxmad daarsda (Diaz-berrio, 

1990:79ff). 

9.1.1 dasavleT evropa 

XIX saukunis damdegi espaneTSi Sida 

omebiT, aseve konfliqtebiT da 1804- 

1814 wlebSi safrangeTis mier okupaciiT 

aRiniSna. SedarebiT sta bi luri periodi 

maSin daiwyo, rodesac xelisuflebaSi 

(1844-54 ww.) e.w. moderados movidnen. Tumca 

iezuitebi gandevnili iyvnen (1767 

w.), xolo ek le siis sakuTreba garkveul 

dros CamorTmeul an ganadurebul iqna, 

tra di ciuli kaTolikuri sazogadoeba 

uryevi rCeboda da ganmanaTleblobis 

ideebi eretikulad miiCneoda. romantizmis 

dasawyisi 1830-ian wlebs, samo qalaqo 

mRelvarebis periods daemTxva da


sur. 9.3 leonis sakaTedro taZari, espaneTi, XIX s.-is restavraciamde. parcerisas 

gravYurebidan, 1855 w. (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas)


sur. 9.4 leonis sakaTedro taZari 1895 w.-s, sadac Cans `stilis mixedviT~ res tavracia. axali 

nawilebi SesamCnevia qvis ufro Ria tonalobis meSveobiT (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas)


qvey nis istoriisadmi mzardi interesiT, 

mere da mere ki istoriuli nagebobebis 

SekeTebasa da dacvaze zrunviT xasiaTdeba. 

safrangeTsa da italiaSi am mimarTulebiT 

gadadg muli pirveli nabijebi 

espaneTSic gaxda cnobili da msgavsi 

mosazrebebi pirvelad 1835 wels 

daarsebul Jurnal El Artista-Si gamoiTqva. 

1835 wels san fernandos akademiam 

daiwyo aqtiuri moRvaweoba dedaTa da 

mamaTa upat rono monastrebis dasacavad, 

xolo 1836 wlis aqeT gamoica 

dacvis Taobaze mTeli rigi samTavrobo 

brZanebulebebisa da reestrebisa. 

valen tin karderera (1796-1880 ww.), romaeli 

mecnieri, valiadolidis, burgosis, 

palensiisa da salamankis, aseve 

alkazar de sevilYas kompleqsis Zeglebis 

aRsanusxad miavlines. 

1844 wels mTavrobam daaarsa ZeglTa 

sur. 9.5 alhambra. 

Palacio de los Leones. Patio 

del Harén. dasavleTi 

galereis detali, sa dac 

Cans ra kriteriumebiT 

xelmZRvanelobda l. 

tores balba 1920-ian ww.- 

Si. samu Sao Tavdapirveli 

sivrcisa da zogadad 

dekoris rekonstruqcias 

moicavda. aRd ge ni li 

elementi dekoris gareSea 

datovebuli (Consejo Superior 

de Investigaciones Cientificas) 

dacvis centraluri komisia da ramodenime 

provinciuli komisia (Comisión Central 

and Comisiónes Provinciales de Monumentos) 

(ZeglTa centraluri da provinciuli 

komisiebi), mogviane biT isini Sevida akademiaSi, 

romelsac daekisra aRwerilobebis 

Sedgena da erovnuli kulturuli memkvidreobis 

Sefaseba. aTwleulis bolosken 

sarestavracio samuSaoebi daiwyo. 

gansakuTrebuli yuradReba Sua sauku nee 

bis sakaTedro taZrebs da mahmadianur 

Zeglebs eTmoboda. alhambras kompleqsi 

granadaSi da giralda sevilYaSi im 

pirvel umTavres ZeglTa ga nia, romelTa 

restavracia rafael kontrerasis TaosnobiT 

unda Cata re bu liyo. sxva sarestavracio 

samuSaoebi warmoebda aseve 

leonis, bur gos, sevilYas, kordobas da 

palma de maYorkas sakaTedro taZrebsa 

da san visente de avilas eklesiaze.

leonis sakaTedro taZari ise iyo dangreuli, 

rom igi konstruqciuli kvlevis 

umTavresi obieqti, iseve rogorc 1858- 

1901 wlebSi arqiteqtorebisa da teqnikuri 

muSakebisTvis restavraci is skola 

gaxda. restavracis ganviTareba sam Ziri- 

Tad periodad ganiyofa: `romantikuli~ 

(1835-1864 ww.) ufro istoriis dadgenisa 

da aRwerilobebi sadmi midrekili, `stilisturi~ 

(1865-1915 ww.), rodesac frangul 

mode lebs misdevdnen, `mecnieruli~ 

(1916-1936 ww.) _ is italiisa da inglisis 

gavleniT xasiaTdeba, Tan ki Tavs iCens 

da izrdeba Tavdapirveli masalis mimarT 

pativiscemac (ordieres, 1995). 

franguli Voyages Pittoresques espaneTSic 

iyo cnobili da maT analogs 

perez de vilaamil i eskosuras namuSevrebi 

warmoadgenda; Annales Archéologiques-Si 

gamoqveynda werilebi espanur 

àrqeologiur Zeglebze,~ xolo vi o lele-dYukis 

leqsikoni 1860-ian wlebSi espanur 

enaze iTargmna, ramac biZgi misca 

arqiteqturis skolaSi Sua saukuneebis 

nagebobebis sistema tu ri kvlevis dawyebas. 

frangul principebs iziarebdnen 

mag., elias ro gen ti (1821-97 ww.), arqeolog-filologad 

miCneuli, xose de manjares 

i bo faruli (1816-80 ww.), romelic 

didronis principebs iziarebda da xuan 

bo tista lazaro (1849-1919 ww.), romelic 

1870 wlidan espaneTis upirvelesi 

arqiteqtor-restavratori iyo. Tavis 

naSromebSi, lazaro xazs usvamda 

yo veli calkeuli nagebobis istoriul 

specifikurobas da akritikebda fo rmalizmis 

saSiSroebas restavraciaSi. 

kavSiri inglisTanac hqonda: 1865 wels 

j. e. stritma gamoaqveyna Some Accounts of 

Gothic Architecture in Spain. 1880-ian wlebSi 

icnobdnen boitos naSromebsac, xolo 

raskins da moriss, marTalia, ar ugulebelyofdnen, 

magram maTi zemoqmedeba 

sarestavracio samuSaoebze mxolod XX 

saukunis pirvel meoTxedSi dasturdeba. 

konser va ciis moZraobis yvelaze mniS- 


vnelovani warmomadgeneli leopoldo 

to res balbasi (1888-1960 ww.) iyo. 1923 

wlidan igi xelmZRvanelobda samuSaoebs 

alhambraSi, sadac man manamdeli 

restavraciis nacvlad, konservaciu li 

midgoma Semoitana. 1931 wels, aTenis 

saerTaSoriso Sexvedraze man ase Seajama 

es midgoma: 

Zvelebur naSens, misi arqeologiuri da 

mxatvruli mniSvnelovnebis Tanaxmad, 

sruli pativiscemiT vekidebiT; ZiriTadi 

Zalisxmeva daeT mo konservacias da 

SekeTebas, xolo namdvil restavracias 

mxolod ukidures SemTxvevaSi mivmar- 

TavdiT; miznad gvqonda, uzrunvelgveyo, 

rom axali naxelavi arasdros iqneboda 

gayalbeba da yovelTvis Se sa Z le beli 

iqneboda originalisgan misi garCeva... 

amocanas warmo adgenda ZiriTadi damaxasiaTebeli 

niSan-Tvisebebis da masebis 

aRd ge na, sadac ki saamiso saSualebas 

sando dokumentebi gvaZlevda; da na mati 

xeluxleblad davtoveT. garkveuli 

manZilidan iqmneba STa beW di leba, rom 

nageboba Tavisi Tavdapirveli formiT 

mTliania, magram roca miuaxlovdebiT, 

Zveli da axali nawilebi advilad ga sar 

Cevia. 276 

dasasrul, tores balbasi askvnis, rom 

yovel istoriul nagebobas in di vidualuri 

niSnebi aqvs da amitom restavraciis 

zogadi kanonebis dad genis 

mcdeloba `balRoba~ iqneboda. erTaderTi 

SesaZlebloba zogadi sa xel mZRvanelo 

principebis SemuSaveba iyo, mag., 

Zveli nagebobis xelux leb lad dacva da, 

Tu ara ukidures SemTxvevaSi, raime danamatebis 

Tavis arideba; nebismieri axali 

samuSao ise unda Catardes, rom Sesa- 

Zlebeli iyos misi garCeva Zvelisgan da 

ziani ar miadges Zeglis mxatvrul saxes. 

belgiaSi eklesiebis dacvis uadresi 

brZanebulebebi saTaves holan diasTan 

erTianobis droze modis; pirveli saamiso 

brZanebuleba aRmosav leT flan- 

276 torres Balbás, 1933:69.


driaSi 1823 wels gamovida, xolo Semdeg 

mas sxva regionebmac mi baZes. 1835 

wels daarsda Commission Royale des Monuments 

(ZeglTa samefo komisia), xolo 

1912 wels misi masStabi gafarTovda da 

istoriuli Rirs SesaniSnavi adgilebic 

moicva. stilisturi restavraciis 

pirvel nimuSTa gania lYuvenis (1829- 

40 ww.) da brYuges (1854-71 ww.) municipalitetis 

Se nobebi. belgiaSi goTuri 

aRorZinebis mTavari xelSemwyobi baroni 

de be Tumi (1821-94 ww.) iyo, romelmac 

vitraJi inglisel mxatvrebTan Seiswavla 

da pYujinis axlo megobari iyo. 

1860-ian da 1870-ian wlebSi, sarestavracio 

samuSaoebTan dakavSirebiT, rCevas 

araerTxel daekiTxnen viole-le- dYuks; 

maTgan erTia gentis municipalitetis 

Senobac. stilisturi erTia nobis Teoria 

didi mowonebiT saukunis bolomde 

sargeblobda. 1893 wels lui klokem 

(1849-1920 ww.), inJinerma gentidan, 

romelic emxroboda goTi kas, rogorc 

racionalur konstruqciul sistemas, 

Zeglebi `mkvdar~ Zeg le bad (romelTac, 

umTavresad, dokumenturi Rirebuleba 

hqonda) da `co c xal~ Zeglebad (mag., 

eklesiebi da sxva nagebobebi, romlebic 

axlac ga mo iyeneba) dayo. igi aRiarebda 

konservaciis ìnglisur formulas~ manam, 

sanam saqme `mkvdar~ Zeglebs exeboda, 

xolo `cocxali~ Zeglebis SemTxve vaSi 

ki sruliad miuReblad miiCnevda mas. 

misTvis naTeli iyo, rom Sua sa ukuneebis 

nagebobebs XVIII saukunis mokazmuloba 

unda moSoreboda da isini Tavdapirveli 

formiT unda aRedginaT. klokem Tavisi 

mosazreba ga uziara evropel da amerikel 

arqiteqtorTa 1904 wlis saerTa- 

Soriso kon g ress madridSi. amis Sedegad 

miRebul rekomendaciaSi _ àrqiteqturuli 

Zeglebis dacva da restavracia~ _ 

asaxuli iyo stilisturi restavraci is 

principebi da SemoTavazebuli iyo, rom 

`mkvdari~ Zeglebi, romlebic warsul 

civilizaciebs ekuTvnoda da dromoW- 

mul miznebs emsaxureboda, gamagrebuli 

da daculi yofiliyo, xolo `cocxali~ 

Zeglebi, romlebic kvlavac Tavdapirvel 

miznebs emsaxureboda, ise unda 

aRdgeniliyo, rom SesaZlebeli yofiliyo 

maTi gamoyeneba, radgan arqiteqturaSi 

funqciu ro ba mSvenierebis erT-erT 

safuZvels warmoadgens.” 

1938 wels, dekanozma reimond lemerma 

277 , belgiaSi lYuvenis universi tetis 

profesorma, gamoaqveyna `La Restauration 

des Monuments anciens” (Zvel Ze glTa 

restavracia), sadac man istoriuli 

Zeglebis movlis sxvadasxva mi d goma or 

jgufad dayo, `maqsimalurad~ da `minimalurad.~ 

pirvel jguf Si Sediodnen 

montalamberi, pYujini, tornov-metci 

da merime, romelTa mizani stilis er- 

Tianoba iyo; meoreSi Sediodnen raskini 

da isini, vis mizansac Zeglebis Tavdapirvel 

arqeologiur da dokumentur 

RirebulebaTa kon servacia warmoadgenda. 

Tavis mxriv, lemeri amtkicebda, 

rom istoriul nagebobebs unda hqonoda 

oTxnairi Rirebuleba: gamoyenebiTi, 

mxatvru li, istoriul-arqeologiuri 

da cxovelxatuli, xolo restavraciis 

mi za ni unda iyos, SeZlebisdagvarad, 

daicvas an gazardos TiToeuli maTgani. 

iseT SemTxvevaSi, rodesac RirebulebisTvis 

zianis miyenebis saSiSro e ba 

arsebobda, Sedegebi unda Sefasebuliyo 

im TvalsazrisiT, Tu ra mou tanda sikeTes 

mTlianobas. lemeri eTanxmeboda 

istoriuli nagebobebis da yofas `mkvdar~ 

da `cocxal~ Zeglebad da miiCnevda, 

rom zogierTi Ri re buleba, Tundac, 

cxovelxatuli, nakleb mniSvnelovani 

iyo, rodesac saq me `cocxal~ istoriul 

nagebobebs exeboda. 

niderlandebSi goTuri aRorZinebis 

277 dekanozi reimond lemeri iyo biZa profesor 

baron reimond lemerisa, uka naskneli 

ki 1964 wels veneciis qartiis samuSao jgufis 

momxsenebeli da iComos-is erT-erTi 

damfuZnebeli da yofili prezidentia.

ideebma gamoZaxili XIX sauku nis Sua 

xanebSi hpova. mis mTavar mxardamWerebs 

Soris iyo j. a. alber dink tYimi, Dietsche 

Warande-sa da Spectator-is redaqtori da 

montalamberis da pYujinis mimdevari; 

igi werda Sua saukuneebis xelovnebis 

qristianul aspeqtebze da movlaze. 

gavlena germanulenovani qveynebidanac 

modio da; am zegavlenis warmomadgenlebi 

iyvnen arqiteqtori alfred tepe 

utrex ti dan da Sint Bernulphus gilde (wm. 

bernulfis gildia), goTuri xelovnebis 

sa zogadoeba, romlis Tavmjdomare g. 

j. van heukelomi iyo. doqtori petrus 

Yozefus hubertus kuipersi (1827- 

1921 ww.) roermondidan, goTuri aRor- 

Zinebis warmomadgeneli arqiteqtori da 

restavratori, romelic ams terdamSi 

muSaobda, viole-le-dYukis erT-erTi 

yvelaze principuli mim de va ri iyo. 

`holandiel viole-le-dYukad~ cnobili, 

igi am suliskveTe biT Catarebul 

araerT restavracias xelmZRvanelobda. 

kuipersi, rome lic viole-le-dYuks 1854 

wlidan icnobda, xSirad mimarTavda mas 

rCevis Tvis roermondis munsterkerkis 

eqsterieris restavraciis Taobaze, ramac 

1860-ian wlebSi xangrZlivi kamaTi 

gamoiwvia. Sedegad, eklesia romanul 

formamde iqna `dawmendili~. kuipersma 

aRadgina Sua saukuneebis da n greu li 

cixe-koSki kastel de haari pYerfonis 

stiliT da restav racia Cautara eklesiebs, 

maT ricxvSi sent odilienbergsa 

da susterens. 

1873 wels viqtor f. l. de stuersma 

(dab. 1843 w.), haagelma iuristma da parlamentis 

wevrma, gamoaqveyna Tavisi cride-coeur, 

“Holland op zijn smalst,” (holandiis 

ukiduresi gasaWiri), sadac igi, msgavsad 

viqtor hYugosi saf ran geTSi, Cioda, 

rom istoriul nagebobebs ki ar uvlidnen, 

aramed uyu rad Rebod da ugunurad 

eqceodnen. Sedegad, 1874 wels mTavrobam 

daaarsa istoriuli da mxatvruli 

Zeglebis saTaTbiro sabWo, romlis 


wevrebi ku i persi da de stuersi gaxdnen. 

sabWom gaatara eris istoriisTvis 

mniSvne lovani obieqtebis da Zeglebis 

inventarizaciisa da dacvisTvis saWiro 

zomebi. ufro konservaciuli midgoma 

wamoayena doqtorma Yan kalfma (1873- 

1954 ww.), romelmac 1911 wels gaakritika 

kuipersi da de stuersi, rad gan stilistur 

restavracias gayalbebad miiCnevda 

da xazs usvamda originaluri masalis 

dokumentur Rirebulebas. 1917 wels 

man dawera kon servaciis axali kanonis 

Sesavali, sadac igi restavraciis istoriaSi 

arsebul mravalgvar midgomas 

Seexo. piradad igi istoriuli nagebobebis 

uwyvet gamoyenebas emxroboda da 

acxadebda, rom damatebebi, gayalbebis 

Tavidan asacileblad, Tavisi drois 

stiliT unda ganxorcielebuliyo. 

9.1.2 CrdiloeT evropa 

SvedeTma pirvelma daiwyo siZveleebis 

inventarizacia da dacva XVII saukuneSi, 

magram es, ZiriTadad, akademiur 

samsjelod rCeboda. 1814 wels dacvis 

axlad SemoRebis cdis Semdeg, 1828 wels 

dainiSna axali erovnuli antikvari, j. 

g. liliengreni (1826-37 ww.), romelmac 

germanuli romantizmis sunTqva moitana. 

magaliTad, fridrix fon Slegelis 

mier go Turi nageboebis aRwera da publikaciebi 

kYolnis sakaTedro taZris Se - 

saxeb. 1666 wlis brZanebuleba Sesworebuli 

iyo 1828 wels, rasac moyva 1867, 

1873 da 1886 wlebis dadgenilebebi, ris 

Sedegad daarsda erovnuli siZveleebis 

centraluri sammarTvelo. Sua saukuneebis 

aRorZinebis dasa w yisis erT-erTi 

pirveli gamoxatuleba iyo stokholmis 

ridarholmis ek lesiis Spilis goTur 

yaodaze kvlav aSeneba 1835 wlis xanZris 

Semdeg. arqiteqtori iyo ingliseli p. f. 

robinsoni (1776-1858 ww.), romelic adre 

braitonis samefo pavilionSi muSaobda


da antikvarTa sazogadoebis wev ri iyo. 

Sua saukuneebis aRorZinebis pirveli 

Svedi warmomadgeneli iyo karl georg 

bruniusi (1793-1869 ww.), lundis universitetis 

profesori, Tvi T naswavli arqiteqtori 

da arqeologi, romelic xels 

uwyobda Sua sa u kuneebis Senobebis dacvas 

da 1833-1859 wlebSi xelmZRvanelobda 

lun dis XII saukunis romanuli sakaTedro 

taZris restavracias. interieri 

sur. 9.6 kastel de 

haari (niderlandebi), 

nangrevebi 1887 wels 

(Rijksdienst voor de 

Monumentezorg. zeisti, 

niderlandebi) 

sur. 9.7 kastel de haari, 

p. Yo. h. kuipersis, `holandieliviole-ledYukis~ 

res ta v ra ciis 

Semdgom (Rijksdienst voor de 

Monumentenzorg. zeisti, 

niderlandebi) 

ga moanTavisufles erTiani perspeqtivis 

misaRebad, raTa mTlianoba harmoni ulad 

Serwymoda Tavdapirvel romanul 

iers. bruniusis, rogorc eqsper tis konsultaciebs 

didi mniSvneloba hqonda 

Sua saukuneebis arqiteqtu ris, kerZod, 

veqsYosa da linkYopingis sakaTedro 

taZrebis SekeTebisas. 

bruniusis Semdeg pasuxismgebloba 

lundis sakaTedro taZarze hel go niko

laus zetervals (1831-1907 ww.) daekisra, 

romelmac germaniaSi, safrangeTsa da 

CrdiloeT italiaSi imogzaura da kargad 

icnobda vio le-le-dYukis Teoriebs. 

1860 wels man daiwyo muSaoba siZveleTa 

superin tendantis samsaxurSi, mogvianebiT 

ki misi direqtori gaxda. sakaTedro 

taZari 1862-80 wlebSi, arsebiTad, 

axlad aaSenes, stiluri erTianobis misaRebad, 

xolo interieri moxatul iqna 

vormsis da Spaieris nimuSebis mi xedviT. 

am samuSaos didi winaaRmdegoba Sexvda, 

romelsac saTaveSi bru ni u si edga. 

zetervali arqiteqturis erT-erTi wamyvani 

restavratori gax da skandinaviis 

qveynebSi da SvedeTSi restavracia mTel 

rig mniSvnelo van nagebobebs Cautara, 

maT ricxvSi municipalitetis Seno- 


sur. 9.8 trondhaimis sakaTedro taZris mSenebloba norvegiaSi mxolod XX sauku neSi dasrulda. 

amdenad, fasadi Seicavs skulpturul elementebs Sua saukuneebi dan moyolebuli Cven dromde. 

bas malmYoSi (1865-69 ww.) da kalmaris 

(1879 w.), upsalasa (1885-93 ww.) da skaras 

(1886-94 ww.) sakaTedro taZrebs. saukunis 

bolosken gaisma xmebi radikaluri 

res tavraciis winaaRmdeg (lundis da 

upsalas sakaTedro taZrebis yaidisa). 

erT-erTi pirveli antirestavracionisti 

SvedeTSi verner fon haidens tami iyo, 

romelmac 1894 wels gamoaqveyna wigni 

Tanamedrove vandalizmze da ganacxada: 

“Quod non fecerunt barbari fecerunt – arkitekterna” 

(rac barbarosebs ar gaukeTebiT, 

arqiteqtorebma Caidines), male mas mimdevrebic 

gamouCnda (heidenstam, 1894). 

istoriuli nagebobebisadmi mopyrobis 

principebi xelax la dadginda axal kanonmdeblobaSi, 

administraciuli struqturis 

gana xleba erovnuli siZveleebis


centraluri sammarTvelos dafuZnebiT 

aRi niS na, xolo konservatorTa axali 

Taoba warmodgenili iyo sigurd kurmanis 

mier, romelic erovnul antikvarad 

1923 wels dainiSna da es Tanamdeboba 

1945 wlamde ekava. 

daniaSi Sua saukuneebis memkvidreobis 

kvlevis yvelaze didi xel Sem wyobi 

nils loric hoieni (1798-1870 ww.) 

iyo, romelmac viqtor hYugos Guerre 

aux démoliseurs (SevebrZoloT damangrevelT) 

gadaTargmna da qveynis wa m yvani 

xelovnebis istorikosi gaxda. danieli 

arqiteqtorebi da mxatv re bi aseve aqtiurad 

moRvaweobdnen sazRvargareTac, 

swavlobdnen romSi da Tavisi wvlili 

SehqondaT saberZneTis Zveli Zeglebis 

restavraciaSi. 1830-iani wlebis dasawyisidan 

moyolebuli, hoieni adgenda 

gegmebs vibor gis sakaTedro taZarTan 

dakavSirebiT _ igi miznad isaxavda 1726 

wlis xanZris Semdgom ganxorcielebuli 

damatebebis moxsnas da ZeglisTvis Sua 

saukuneebis garegani saxis dabrunebas, 

romelic germanul romanul tradiciasTan 

iyo gaigivebuli. 1859 wels, 

xanZris Semdeg, miRebul iqna gadawyvetileba, 

Tavdapirveli saxiT aRedginaT 

frederiksborgis cixe-si magre, 

rogorc erovnuli Zegli. 1863-1876 

wlebSi misi safuZvliani res tavracia 

Caatara hoienma, arqiteqtor n. s. nebelongsa 

da daniel `ze ter val~ h. b. 

storkTan (1839-1922 ww.) erTad. storkis 

sarestavracio moRva we o ba kopenha genSi 

heligandskirkenze muSaobiT daiwyo 

(1878-80 ww.), rome lic man XVII saukunis 

dokumentebis safuZvelze aRadgina, rasac 

mTeli ri gi eklesiebis restavracia 

moyva. bYernedes patara mrgvali 

eklesiis mo m xiblavi orferda saxuravi 

man konusis formiT aRadgina, riTac 

radi kalurad Secvala eklesiis garegani 

saxe. misTvis restavracia ”Zeglis 

stilis da xasiaTis SenarCunebas~ niSnavda, 

dakarguli nawilebis rekon st- 

ruqciasTan erTad, xolo Semdgomi danamatebi 

nakleb saintereso iyo (storck, 

1903-04:454). hoienis winadadebis gaTvaliswinebiT, 

`Tavdapirveli sti lis~ 

idea 1861 wlis 19 Tebervlis eklesiaTa 

dacvis daniis kanonSi (Lov om kirkesyn) 

aisaxa. es brZanebuleba sabolood 

1922 wels gauqmda da is to riul Zegl- 

Ta movla safuZvlian samSeneblo-arqeologiur 

kvlevebs da em yara, rac mogens 

klemensenis SromebSi aisaxa. 1861 wlis 

sakanonmdeb lo aqti Seicavda brZanebulebebs 

yovelwliuri inspeqtirebisa 

da eqsper t Ta specialuri sabWos 

daarsebis Sesaxeb; sabWoSi erTi istorikosi 

da ori arqiteqtori Sevidodnen, 

romelTac im SemTxvevaSi moiwvevdnen, 

ro de sac eklesiis restavracia profesionalis 

rCevas moiTxovda. Tavdapirvelad, 

maT kontrols aTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani 

eklesia eqvemdebarebo da, 

romelTa Soris iyo viborgis, aarhus, 

ribes da roskildes sakaTedro taZrebi. 

norvegiis daniisgan gamoyofam da 

1814 wels SvedeTTan misma gaer Ti anebam 

mZlavri patriotuli grZnobebi 

gaaRviva, rac qveynis warsulisa da misi 

istoriuli nagebobebisadmi midgomaSi 

aisaxa. imave wels trond hai mis daum- 

Tavrebel sakaTedro taZars, romelic 

Sua saukuneebs ganekuT v neboda, norvegiis 

mefed kurTxevis eklesia ewoda. 

kYolnis sakaTedro ta Z ris magaliTiT, 

hainrix ernst Sirmerma (1814-87 ww.), 

warmoSobiT ger manelma arqiteqtorma, 

romelic inglissa da normandiaSi 

muSaobda, Sei mu Sava gegmebi mis dasasruleblad. 

kapitulis restavracia kapitan 

oto kreftingma 1872 wels daasrula. 

amis Semdgom, sakaTedro taZris 

samuSao e bi eilert kristian brodtkorb 

kristis (1832-1906 ww.), Semdeg sxva arqiteqtorebs 

daekisraT da Sedegad mivi- 

ReT nageboba, romelic ramdenime sa ukunis 

wvlils asaxavs. imave dros, gamomdinare 

moTxovnilebidan, mrev lis Tvis

meti sivrce Seqm ni li yo, mravali Suasaukunovani 

xis eklesia ra dikalurad 

gadakeTda an maT nacvlad axali Senobebi 

aages. da mainc, sak maod adre Cans 

istoriuli nagebobebis dacvis cdebi; am 

mimarTule biT pirveli nabijebi iohan 

kristian dals (1788-1857 ww.), warmoSobiT 

norve giel mxatvars da kaspar david 

fridrixis axlo megobars, gadaudgams, 

romelic italiaSi swavlobda da 

drezdenis universitetis profesori 

gaxda. man ramdenimejer imogzaura norvegiaSi 

mTiani landSaftebis dasa xatad 

da xis eklesiebze pirveli norvegiuli 

publikacia gamosca (mal man ger, 1989). 

1841 wels man norvegiaSi Zveli nagebobebis 

dacvis sazogado e ba daaarsa. amis 

kvalobaze, 1870-ian wlebSi osloSi Ria 

cis qveS muzeu mi daarsda. igive nabijebi 

idgmeboda SvedeTSi, sadac 1891 wels, 

doqtor artur hazeliusis TaosnobiT, 

Seiqmna skansenis Ria cis qveS muzeumi, 

rac sxva qveynebisTvis sanimuSo gaxda. 

fineTi, XII saukunidan SvedeTis 

nawili iyo da, Sesabamisad, 1666 wlis 

kanonmdebloba maszec vrceldeboda, 


sur. 9.9 norvegiaSi Zveli 

xis eklesiebis dacvisadmi 

interesi XIX s.-is meore 

na xe varSi gaizarda. bevri 

maTgani ganadgurda an 

droTa ganmavlobaSi saxe 

icvala. urnes eklesia, 

msoflio memkvidreobis 

nusxaSi Sesuli tipiuri 

nimuSia 

Tumca mas sakuTari identoba hqonda. 

germaneli moazrovneebis da filosofosebis, 

maT ricxvSi i. g. herderis, zegavleniT, 

ZiriTadi yuradReba xalxur 

poezias eTmoboda, ramac Sedegad XIX 

saukunis damdegs elias lonrotis mier 

`kalevalas~ gamocema moitana (1815 da 

1835 ww.). 1809 wels igi ruseTs gadaeca, 

rogorc didi sahercogo, xolo 

helsinki ki qveynis dedaqalaqad SeirCa. 

aman gamo iwvia aqtiuri mSenebloba axal, 

neo-klasikur dedaqalaqSi, sadac mTavari 

arqiteqtori karl ludvig engeli 

(1778-1840 ww.) iyo, romelic drez denis 

akademiaSi SinkelTan erTad swavlobda. 

1824 wels man sammarTve los ufrosis 

Tanamdebobaze Sarl basi Secvala da 

pasuxs agebda sazo ga doebriv Senobebze 

da zedamxedvelobas uwevda Sua saukuneebis 

eklesi e bis aRdgenas klasikuri 

gemovnebis Sesabamisad, raTa advili yofiliyo 

maTi gamoyenebiTi moTxovnilebebisadmi 

adaptacia. 

XIX saukunis Sua xanebSi aRmocenda 

nacionalizmi, germenelebis da, gansakuTrebiT, 

hegelis mier STagonebuli


Zlieri moZraoba, ramac daRi daasva 

erovnuli memkvidreobis gansazRvrisa 

da dacvisadmi interess 278 . 1870 wels 

daarsda siZveleTa sazogadoeba, raTa 

xeli Seewyo eklesiebis, Sua saukuneebis 

mxatvrobis da sxva mxatvruli, Tu 

istoriuli nawarmoe bebis SeswavlisTvis. 

1872 wels parlaments waredgina 

bili Zveli Zegle bis dacvis Taobaze; 

1883 wels miRebul iqna siZveleTa sab- 

Wos (Muinaistieel li nen toimikunta) Seqmnis 

gadawyvetileba, xolo misi daarseba 

1884 wels mox da. kanonmdebloba iTvaliswinebda 

Zveli cixe-simagreebis 

nangrevebis, ek le siebis da sxva sazogadoebrivi 

nagebobe bis, iseve rogorc 

xma re baSi myof Senobebze arsebuli 

warwere bis, kedlis mxatvrobis an dekoris 

da c vas; au ci lebel moTxovnas warmoadgenda 

Tavdapirveli teqnologiis 

da doku men tu ri Rirebulebis masalis 

278 mogvianebiT, erovnuli romantikuli Jugendstil 

arqiteqtura finuri iden to bis 

gamomxatvelad iqca eliel saarinenis, armas 

lindgrenis (1874-1929 ww.), lars sonkis 

(1870-1956 ww.) da sxvebis SemoqmedebaSi. 

ur. 9.10 varSavis istoriuli 

centri meore msoflio 

omis dros masobrivi ngrevis 

Semdeg iyo aRdgenili. 

1980 wlidan igi unEsCo-s 

msoflio memkvidreo 

bis nus xa Sia Sesuli 

erovnuli indentobis 

“restavraciisTvis” misi 

universaluri Rire bu lebis 

gamo 

SenarCuneba. arc erTi `zetervalsi~ 

fi neT Si ar dabadebula, Tumca eklesiebisa 

da cixe-simagreebis res tav racia 

tardeboda; mniSvnelovani proeqti 

iyo turkus Sua saukuneebis saka Te dro 

taZari, romlisTvisac nimuSs sxva 

Crdilour qveynebSi gan xor cie lebul 

restavraciebSi (mag., lun di, upsala, 

roskide da trondhaimi) da germaniasa 

Tu safrangeTSi eZebdnen (Knapas, 1983). 

konservaciis moZraoba aq Semoitanes 

Tanamedrove arqiteqtorebma, lars 

sonkma, rome lic isto ri u li stratifikaciis 

mniSvnelobas usvavda xazs, 

bertel Áungma, rome lic haidenstamis 

da raskinis konservaciis strategias 

mimar Tavda da ar mas lindgrenma, romelic 

emyareboda 1897 wels brYuselSi 

gamarTul ar qi teqtorTa saerTaSoriso 

Sexvedras, sadac ganxiluli iyo `Secdomebi~ 

istoriul nagebobebSi, Tumca 

raime garkveuli pasuxi am kamaTs ar 

moyo lia (Knapas, 1983). istoriuli nagebobebis 

dacvaze gansakuTrebul zegavle 

nas konservaciis germanuli da avstriuli 

Teoriebi axdenda.

9.1.3 aRmosavleT evropa 

meore msoflio omis Semdgom periodSi 

evropis gayofis Sedegad, aRmosavleT 

nawilSi e.w. socialisturi banaki Seiqmna. 

miuxedavad imisa, rom kulturuli 

memkvidreobis usafrTxoebis istoriuli 

safuZvlebi igive iyo, kontinentis 

axalma politikurma viTarebam am regionis 

qvey nebs gansakuTrebuli pirobebi 

moaxvia Tavs, ramac didi gavlena 

iqonia maT strategiaze. da mainc, maT 

Soris gansxvaveba rCeboda, sxvadasxva 

xa l xis kultura ki axali sistemis pirobebSic 

igrZnoboda. uSualod omis 

Semdeg, politikis generaluri xazi 

rekonstruqcia da ekonomikuri gan vi- 

Tareba iyo, rac, ZiriTadad, samrewvelo 

warmoebas emyareboda. tradiciu li 

teq nologia nakleb prioritetuli iyo 

da mas, ZiriTadad, soflis raionebSi 

da istoriuli Zeglebis SekeTebisas Tu 

dauSvebdnen. 

socialisturi qveynebidan poloneTi 

gansakuTrebiT amayobda Tavisi 

kulturuli memkvidreobis mofrTxilebiT, 

rac dangreuli istoriuli qala 

qebis centrebis (mag., varSava, gdanski) 

rekonstruqciisa da aRdgenis Tvis 

saswrafod miRe bul zomebSi gamoixateboda. 

aRsaniSnavia, rom es ero v nuli 

Zalisxmeva saTanadod iqna dafasebuli 

1980 wels varSavis, ro gorc poloneli 

xalxis erovnuli identobis gamoxatulebis 

universal ri Rirebulebis gamo, 

unEsCo-s msoflio memkvidreobis 

nusxaSi SetaniT. poloneli specialistebi 

aqtiurad moRvaweobdnen saer- 

TaSoriso asparez zec _ stanislav lorenci 

iComos-is erT-erTi damaarsebeli 

iyo; garda amisa, poloneTi is qveyanaa, 

sadac iComos-i 1965 wels dafuZnda. 

aseTi mo R vaweobis Sedegad poloneTma 

eqspertis sa xe li daimkvidra restavraciis 

teqnologiaSi, rasac sxva socialistur 

qveynebSi da sxva kontinen teb zec 


ki saeqsportod iyenebdnen. menejmentis 

erovnuli struqtura cen t ralizacias 

emyareboda, im modelis mixedviT, rac 

am regionSi yvelgan gamoiyeneboda. 

ZiriTadi sazrunavi aRricxuli Zeglebi 

iyo, mag., eklesie bi, sasaxleebi da 

cixe-simagreebi. dacvis strategiis umniSvnelovanes 

na wils istoriuli nagebobebisTvis 

socialurad Sesaferisi 

gamoyenebis ga mo Zebna Seadgenda; Sedegad, 

eklesiebi sakoncerto darbazebad 

an muzeume bad, xolo cixe-simagreebi 

ki muSaTaTvis dasasvenebel saxlebad 

gadakeT de boda. amave dros, Cveulebrivi 

sacxovrebeli saxlebi mouvleli da 

Se u keTebeli iyo, nawilobriv finansuri 

saxsrebis naklebobis, nawilobriv ki industriuli 

warmoebisTvis miniWebuli 

upiratesobisa da tradiciu li masalebis 

uqonlobis gamo. 

meore msoflio omis Semdeg mTeli 

germania qalaqebis aRdgenis prob lemis 

winaSe dadga (Beyme et al., 1992). germaniis 

demokratiuli respub li kis SemTxvevaSi, 

marto aRdgenis problema rodi 

idga, igi ìdealuri sazogado e bis~ Seqmnis 

`sacdel proeqtad~ iyo miCneuli. 

am sqemis nawils warsu lis fesvebis 

mokveTis mcdeloba warmoadgenda; erTerTi 

Sedegi amisa po li tikurad mniSvnelovani 

istoriuli arealebis (mag., 

berlinis samefo ci xe-simagre da laipcigis 

centri) ganadgureba iyo. miuxedavad 

amisa, mo saxleoba spontanurad 

lamobda, ezruna istoriul nagebobebze, 

ris maga liTs warmoadgens naumburgis 

sakaTedro taZris taqtiani SekeTe ba 

taZ ris ve arqiteqtor ernst Subertis 

xelmZRvanelobiT, Tumca, sac xov re be li 

saxlebi jer kidev nangrevebad idga. hans 

nadleri, saqso niis regio nis Denkmalpfleger 

(istoriuli Zeglebis mcveli), aseve 

ibrZoda, raTa daec va meore msoflio 

omis bolos yumbarebiT ganadgu rebuli 

drezdenis is toriuli centris ZiriTadi 

Taviseburebani. es gulisxmobda yo-


sur. 9.11 naumburgis sakaTedro taZari 

seriozulad dazianda meore msoflio omis 

dros. kamarebi aRadgines sakaTedro taZris 

arqiteqtoris, e. Su be r tis xelmZRvanelo biT. 

feradovani gamisTvis monacrisfro tonebi 

SeirCa (`Su be r tis nacrisferi~) 

fil Zvel sagamyidvloSi frauenkirxes 

nangrevebis `gayinvas~ rekonstruqciis 

molo din Si, romelsac mxolod 50 wlis 

Semdeg Seudgnen. mogvianebiT, Tavdapir 

veli akrZalva istoriuli Senobebis 

Taobaze aRar ganxorcielebula da 

Seda re biT mcire Institut für Denkmalpfleges 

(ZeglTa dacvis instituts), lYudvig 

daitersis xelmZRvanelobiT, daekisra 

pasuxismgebloba qveynis mniSvne lo van 

monumentur memkvidreobaze. 

ruseTi evropidan aziamdea gadaWimuli 

da aRmosavlur da dasav lur 

zegavlenaTa erTobliobas warmoqmnis. 

misi kultura yovelTvis xa si aT deboda 

dRevandlamde moRweul tradiciebsa da 

miTebTan Serwymuli Rrma sulierebiT. 

reliqviebis Tayvaniscema yovelTvis 

iyo am tradicie bis nawili, rac xSirad 

xdeboda wminda adgilebze axali taZris 

agebis mi zezi. msgavsi interesis gamovlena 

iyo 1820 wels, kievis pirveli 

saka Tedro taZris, dimes adgilze arqeologiuri 

gaTxrebis Catarebis pirve li 

cdebi. gansakuTrebuli Zalisxmeva das- 

Wirda imas, rom pativiscemiT ara marto 

X saukunis eklesiis simbolurobas, 

aramed mis formasac moh kidebodnen. am 

sur. 9.12 1980-ian wlebSi 

drezdenis zemper opera 

aRadgines. misi foie 

fera do v nebis sruli 

rekonstruqciis nimuSia, 

romelic gulda gul 

saarqivo da save le kvlevas 

emyareba, iseve rogorc 

es ramdenjerme momxdara 

restavraciisas germaniis 

yofil demokratiul 

respublikaSi

sur. 9.13 omis dros dazianebuli kroYckirxes 

restavracia drezdenis centrSi mi ni maluri 

intervenciis nimuSia; rekonstruqciis 

nacvlad, dazianebul adgilebs xeSeSi cementi 

daades, romelic, amasTanave, karg akustikas 

qmnida 

istoriuli Senobebis interpretirebas 

ganapirobebda uf ro maTi rogorc 

mniSvnelovani su lieri, Tu ideologiuri 

xsovnis mata rebe li saarqivo dokumentebis 

Rirebuleba da ara maTi 

arqiteqturu li an is t oriuli Rirebuleba 

(Chtekov, 1992). 1859 wels dafuZnda 

saimperato ro arqeologiuri komisia; 

saimperatoro samxatvro akademiasTan 


erTad, istoriuli Zeglebi am komisias 

moekiTxe bo da (Brown, 1905:200ff). 

konservaciis zogadi ganviTareba 

ruseTSi igive xazs mihyveboda, rac danarCen 

evropaSi _ romantizmidan vidre 

istoricizmamde. boiar ro manovebis 

saxlis (1858 w., f. rixteris mier) da 

vladimirSi Sobis monist ris restavracia 

mecnieruli principebis gamoyenebis 

pirveli nimuSebia. XIX saukunis meore 

naxevarSi, rodesac qveyanaSi viole-ledYukis 

Teori ebi gaicnes 279 , upiratesoba 

restavraciasa da stilisturi 

erTianobis re ko n struqcias mieniWa. 

saukunis bolosken moxda seriozuli 

Zvrebi konse r vaciis mimarTulebiT, rac 

manamde 1892 wlis rus arqiteqtorTa 

kongres ze aisaxa, ris SesaniSnav nimuSs 

warmoadgens 1902-1908 wlebSi novgorodis 

neredicas mac xov ris eklesiis 

restavracia, Catarebuli p. pokriSki nis 

mier (Dushkina, 1995:88). 

bolSevikuri revoluciis (1917 w.) 

momdevno wlebi eklesiis devniT aRin- 

279 viole-le-dYukis erT-erTi bolo wigni, 

L’Art russe, 1877 w., saswrafod iqna naTargmni 

da gavlena iqonia arqiteqturis Teoriasa 

da praqtikaze. 

sur. 9.14 drezdenis 

frauenkirxe 1945 w.is 

dabombvis Sedegad 

daingra, xolo es ad gili 

naxevari saukunis manZilze 

daculi iyo rogorc 

omis memoriali. ekle siis 

rekonstruqcia 1994 w.-s 

daiwyo, riTac man axali 

Sinaarsi SeiZina.


iSna, magram sakmaod male gaCnda Sesa- 

Zlebloba Zvel eklesia-monas trebSi 

ar qe ologiuri kvlevis warmoebisa. mdgomareoba 

1930-ian wlebSi Se i cvala, 

rodesac xelisuflebam gadawyvita, moespo 

yvela kulturuli tradicia, religiis 

CaTvliT. daingra aTasobiT religiuri 

nageboba, saxe icvala tradiciulma 

soflebma, daixura saxelosnoebi, 

restavratorebi devnilTa siebSi aRmoCnden 

(Podiapolsky 1992). Znelia am periodSi 

kultu rul faseulobaTa mTliani 

danakargis Sefaseba, isic Tqmula, rom 

àrc erTi qveyana evropaSi ar mopyrobia 

Tavis kulturul memkvidreobas ise 

barbarosulad, rogorc es moxda ssrk- 

Si~ (miltchik, 1992:105). axali samya ros 

politikurma utopiam da Tanamedrove 

arqiteqturis moZraobam saer To sura- 

Ti daas ru la (Dushkina, 1995:91). 

meore msoflio omis Semdeg ukve 

SeimCneoda axali tendenciebis ni S nebi, 

magram Zveli Taobis restavratorebidan 

TiTqmis aravin iyo dar Cenili. ssrk-Si 

veneciis qartia oficialur dokumentad 

iyo aRiarebuli _ magram aman xeli ar Se- 

sur. 9.15 boiar romanovebis 

saxli moskovi. ruseTSi 

adrindeli restavraciis 

ni mu Si, Sesrulebuli 

f. rixteris proeqtis 

mixedviT 1858 wels 

(natalia duSkina) 

uSala gansxvavebul midgomebs. garkveul 

zomaze, samuSaoebi seriozul mecnierul 

kvlevas emyareboda, magram mizani, umetes 

SemTxvevaSi, mTavari istoriuli 

sasaxleebis da Zeglebis (mag., sasax leebi 

leningradsa da moskovSi) srul rekonstruqciaSi 

an stilistur restavraciaSi 

mdgomareobda. rekonstruqciisas 

mniSvnelovani kriteriumi am nagebobebis 

ise gadakeTeba iyo, rom SesaZlebeli 

yofiliyo maTi gamo ye neba. zogi maTgani 

muzeumad aqcies, zogs ki turistuli, an 

sxva socia lu ri funqcia daekisra. amis 

magaliTia suzdalis istoriuli qalaqidan 

turistul kompleqsad gadaqceva. 

saamisod xdeboda mniSvnelovani eklesi 

e bis (Sobis taZari) muzeumebis saxiT 

aRdgena, Zveli monastrebis tu ristul 

sastumroebad gadakeTeba da tradiciul 

stiliT xis saxlebis mSenebloba, maT- 

Si stumrebis gansaTavseblad (raninsky, 

1992). istoriuli qa laqebis, maT ricxvSi 

Tavad moskovis, ngreva da Tanamedrove 

rekon struq cia aTwleulebis manZilze 

grZeldeboda da aTaswleulis mijnas miaRwia 

(Dushkina, 1995:95).


sur. 9.16 yazanis RmrTismSoblis sakaTedro taZari wiTel moedanze moskovSi, re konstrui rebu li 

o. Jurinis mier 1990-ian wlebSi (natalia duSkina)


rumineTi, Zveli dakia, Tanamedrove 

saxelmwifod XIX saukunis Sua 

xanebSi (1859 w.), ori samTavros gaer- 

Tianebis Sedegad Camoyalibda, xolo 

misi damoukidebloba hoencolernis 

zeobisas, 1878 wels aRiares. es peri o di 

mZlavri nacionalisturi moZraobiT da 

Zveli ruminuli enis aRorZi nebiT aRiniSna. 

saukunis meore naxevarSi daiwyo 

istoriuli Zeglebis aR werilobis Sedgena, 

romelic 1894-1909 wlebSi gamoqveynda. 

istoriuli na ge bo bebis konservaciis 

da restavraciis pirveli, franguli 

nimuSiT STa gonebuli kanonmdebloba 

1892 wliT TariRdeba. imave dros 

kultTa da ga naTlebis saministrosTan 

istoriul ZeglTa dacvis saTaTbiro 

komisia daarsda. monarqiam 1947 wlamde 

gastana, rodesac ssrk-m mTeli Zalaufle 

bis xelSi Cagdeba moiTxova. 

meore msoflio omis Semdgomi okupaciis 

mZime wlebs (1944-58 ww.) xe li ar 

SeuSlia inventarizaciis gagrZelebisTvis 

da 1955 wels kulturis Zegl- 

Ta dacvisa da gamoyenebis normebSi 

garkveuli cvlilebebi iqna Se ta nili. 

sur. 9.17 qristes 

aRdgomis karibWe wiTel 

moedanze, moskovSi, 

rekonstruirebuli o. 

Jurinis proeqtis mixedviT 

1992-5 ww.-Si (natalia 

duSkina) 

sur. 9.18 moldavuri humoris eklesia erTia 

monastrebis mTeli rigidan, romle bic gare 

moxatulobiTaa dafaruli da aRmosavleT 

rumineTSi mdebareobs. 1970-ian wlebSi aq 

warmoebuli saerTa Soriso sarestavracio 

kampaniebis Semdeg, 1993 wels eklesiebi 

msoflio memkvidreobis nusxaSi iqna Setanili

1960-iani wlebis Sua xanidan 1970-ianis 

dasawyisamde sasikeTo gan vi Tareba SeiniSneba: 

1969 wels rumineTi iCCrom-is 

wevri gaxda, xolo 1971 wels iComosis 

erovnuli komiteti dafuZnda, rasac 

moyva saerTaSo riso TanamSromlobis aqtiuri 

periodi, kvleviTi samuSaoebi da 

treinin gi vasile drakutis xelmZRvanelobiT. 

yuradReba gamaxvilebul iqna 

XV saukunis uxvad moxatul eklesiebze 

moldaveTSi, gamagrebul monast reb sa, 

transilvaniaSi qalaqebis istoriul 

centrebze da soflebSi Se mor Cenil SesaniSnav 

xis nagebobebze. 1970-iani wlebi 

muzeumebis da kul turuli dawesebulebebis 

raodenobis mniSvnelovani zrdiT 

aRiniSna, xo lo 1974 wels SemoRebul 

iqna kulturuli memkvidreobis dacvis 

axali kanoni (Paléologue, 1990.). 

rumineTis ekonomikuri programis 

nawili soflis meurneobis aRor Zi ne bis 

ambiciuri programa gaxda, ramac istoriuli 

soflebis da qalaqe bis centrebis 

sistematuri ganadgureba gamoiwvia, 

gansakuTrebiT moldo va Si. 1977 wlis 


sur. 9.19 buqarestis 

centri qalaqis istoriuli 

centris dangrevis 

Semdeg da po li tikuri 

reprezentatiulobis 

mizniT am teritoriis 

mSenebloba 

martSi buqarestSi Zlieri miwisZvra 

moxda, ris Sedegad 1500 adamiani daiRupa 

da mravali istoriuli nageboba 

daingra da dazian da. imave wels, arsebuli 

kanonmdeblobis sruli darRveviT, 

mTavrobam is to riuli Zeglebis generaluri 

sammarTvelo gaauqma. mcireodeni 

sakon ser vacio samuSaoebi ganaTlebis 

uwyebebisa da rumineTis akademiis mxarda 

WeriT xorcieldeboda. 1984 wlidan, 

prezident CauSeskus piradi zedam xe dve 

lobiT, daiwyo axali msxvili politikuri 

da administraciuli cen tris mSenebloba. 

amas didi farTobi sWirdeboda 

da amitom qalaqis is toriuli centris 

uzarmazari teritoria TiTqmis mTlianad 

daangries; SemorCa mxolod ramodenime 

izolirebuli Zegli da Zveli 

sacxovrebeli ubnebi, romlebic axlebis 

SigniT moeqca. proeqti mxolod naxevrad 

iyo dasrulebuli, rodesac 1989 

wels Zveli reJimi daeca. 

1990-ian wlebSi qveyana zogadi ekonomikuri 

ganviTarebisa da obieq te bisa da 

dawesebulebebis privatizaciis mravali


problemis winaSe dad ga. am viTarebaSi 

rumineTma aRadgina kulturuli memkvidreobis 

dacvis uwyeba da kanonmdebloba, 

ganaaxla saerTaSoriso TanamSromloba 

da spe ci a lis te bisTvis treiningis programebi 

SeimuSava. istoriuli nagebobebis 

movlasTan da SekeTebasTan dakavSirebuli 

problemebi kidev ufro gaarTula 

germanuli warmoSobis mosaxleobis emigraciam, 

ramac istori u li eklesiebis 

mitoveba da mawanwalebis mier carieli 

sur. 9.20 budapeStis Zveli 

buda, aRdgenili meore 

msoflio omis dros miyenebu 

li dazianebis Semdgom. 

strategia restavrirebul 

nagebobaSi, warsulis 

mowmo bad, Tavdapirveli 

fragmentebis gamovlenaSi 

mdgomareobda 

sur. 9.21 hiltonis 

sastumros SedarebiT 

didi zomis Tanamedrove 

kompleqsi Zve li budas 

istoriul struqturaSi 

iyo integrirebuli 

saxlebis dakave ba gamoiwvia. 

ungreTSi mdidari memkvidreobis 

dacviT daintereseba 1846 wliT TariRdeba, 

rodesac mecnierebaTa akademiam, 

cnobili ganaTlebuli piris, imre 

henclmanis zegavleniT, Zveli Zeglebis 

dacvisken mouwoda. 1872 wels mTavrobam 

kulturuli memkvidreobis dacvis droebiTi 

komiteti da a arsa, romlis momxsenebeli 

imre henclmani gaxda. es qveyanaSi 

iuridi u li uflebamosilebis mqone

pirveli organo iyo. pirveli kanoni 1881 

wels gamoica (horler, 1996:10ff). 1956 wlis 

revoluciis Semdgom, 1957 wels istoriul 

ZeglTa dacvis erovnuli sammarTvelo 

Seiqmna, xolo sarekon s truqcio 

samuSaoebis erT-erT mTavar obieqtad 

iqca didi erovnuli mni Svnelobis mqone 

budas cixe-simagre budapeStSi, misi mimdebare 

terito ri iTurT. es RirsSesaniSnavi 

adgili seriozulad dazianda meore 

msof lio omis dros, amitomac rekonstruqciisas 

gansakuTrebuli yuradReba 

yvela Tavdapirveli fragmentis, rogorc 

warsulis utyuari sabuTisa da mowmobis, 

gamovlenas mieqca. es restavracia 

ungruli strategiis erT-er Ti yvelaze 

cnobili nimuSi gaxda da wardgenili iyo 

1972 wels budape St Si Catarebul iComos-is 

generalur asambleaze. 

1989 wlis revolYuciis Semdgom, 

1990 wels istoriul nagebobaTa dac va 

garemos dacvis da teritoriuli menejmentis 

saministros daekis ra, xolo 

dacvis axali kriteriumebi 1991 wlis 

kanonmdeblobiT ganisa zRvra. Tu 10 

500 daculi Zeglidan daaxlovebiT 60% 

(daaxl. 6000) adre sa xelmwifo mflobelobaSi 

Sedioda, axal pirobebSi, rodesac 

ZiriTadi yu radReba privatizaciazea 

gamaxvilebuli, mosalodnelia, 

es cifri 2%-s (200-dan 250-mde) miuaxlovdes. 

es niSnavs, rom radikalurad 

icvleba is to riuli adgilebis movlaSi 

saxelmwifos wvlili. Tu warsulSi yvela 

sa xis intervencia uSualod saxelmwifos 

zrunvis sagani iyo, axla igi ufro 

reabilitaciis da saTanado gamoyenebis 

procesebis xelmZRvanelia. am procesma 

`kargi patronis~ cneba Semoitana, rac 

daculi Zeglebis mo di fi cirebuli statusis 

sakvanZo koncefcias warmoadgens. 

erT-erTi mTa vari problema materialuri 

saxsrebis naklebobaa, rac 

saSualebas iZle va mxolod SezRuduli 

raodenobis samuSaoebi Sesruldes da 

gadaudebe li SekeTebisa da hidroizo- 


laciis prioritetulobas apirobebs. 

turizmi ganixileba, rogorc finansebis 

Semodinebis erT-erTi SesaZlo wyaro; 

am Tvalsaz ri siT mniSvnelovan potencials 

iseTi RirsSesaniSnavi adgilebi 

qmnis, rogoricaa godolo, budapeStis 

maxloblad mdebare Zveli sofe li, 

aseve Setanili msoflio memkvidreobis 

nusxaSi da qveynis mravali SesaniSnavi 

cixe-simagre da sasaxle. erovnuli sammarTvelos 

direqtorma TamaS fejerdim 

aRniSna, rom SesaZlebelia materialuri 

wyaroebis gam ra val ferovneba, Tu 

istoriuli adgilebis axal statuss da 

maTi dacvis, movlis da sworad gamoyenebis 

axlebur problemebs saTanadod 

mivudge biT. gansakuTrebuli yuradReba 

ucxouri turizmis poten ci als da saer- 

Ta So riso TanamSromlobis SesaZleblobebs 

unda daeTmos (Fejérdy, 1995). 

9.1.4 ZeglTa dacvis moZraoba amerikis 

SeerTebul StatebSi 

amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi pirveli 

kolonistebis romantizmiT moculi istoriebi 

uoSington irvingis da jeims 

fenimor kuperis nawar moebebSia asaxuli. 

XIX saukunis damdegs zogjer xmas imaRlebdnen 

xol me istoriuli adgilebis 

gadasarCenad, Tumca mcdelobaTa umetesoba 

uSe degod dasrulda. ZeglTa dacvis 

moZraobisTvis Semobrunebis momenti 

gaxda kampania prezident jorj uoSingtonis 

rezidenciis, maunt vernonis gadasarCenad. 

1840-ian wlebSi am adgilTan 

dakavSirebiT mravali gansxva ve bu li gegma 

arsebobda, romelTa ricxvSi iyo windadeba, 

igi xeibar ja riskacTa TavSesafrad 

eqciaT (1851 w.). 1853 wlis dekemberSi 

qalbatonma ana pamela kaningemma 

mouwoda samxreTel qalebs, daecvaT es 

saxli, xo lo imave TveSi Statis gubernatorma 

werilobiT mimarTa sakanonmdeblo 

xe lisuflebas mis gadasarCenad. am


(a) 

(b)

(g) 

sur. 9.22 (a) arqeologiuri teritoria kasa 

grandes nangrevebis irgvliv samxreT arizonaSi, 

federalur nakrZalad 1889 w.-s 

gamocxadda. saxlis nangrevebi safars 

qve Saa daculi (foto: jon p. o’neili, 

haBs/haEr koleqcia, kongresis biblioTe kis 

beWdvis da fotografiis ganyofileba). 

(b) TeTri saxlis nangrevebi kanion de 

Se lis erovnul parkSi, arizonaSi (haBs/haEr 

koleqcia. kongresis biblioTekis beWdvis da 

fotografiis ganyofile ba). (g) totem baitis 

saTemo saxli, keCikani, alYa s ka (haBs/haEr 

koleqcia, kongresis biblioTekis beWdvis da 

fotografiis gan yo fileba) 

movlenebis Sedegad, 1856 wlis 17 marts 

Seiqmna aSS-s maunt vernonis qalbatonTa 

asociacia, romelmac fo n de bis mozidvisa 

da sazogadoebis mier qonebis SeZenis 

uflebis mopove bis kampania wamoiwyo. 

qalbaton kaningemis asociaciis 

magaliTi `Cogbur Tis fexsacmelebSi 

gamowyobilma, cisferTmianma, patara 

moxucma qalba to nebma~ aitaces, romlebic 

cdilobdnen, erovnuli masStabisTvis 

mieRwi aT, Tu arada Tundac erTi istoriuli 

nageboba gadaerCnaT. ubralo 

Ze lis qoxi, sadac TiTqosda abraham 

linkolni daibada, 1897 wels neSvi lis 


sur. 9.23 stratford holi virjiniaSi 

aRdgenil iqna arqiteqtorebis fisk kimbalis 

da erling pedersenis mier, robert i. 

lis fondis dafinansebiT (foto: jek buCeri. 

haBs/haEr koleqcia, kongresis biblioTekis 

beWdvis da fotografiis gan yo fi leba) 

gamofenaze aCvenes, xolo mogvianebiT 

is daculi iqna rogorc reli q via, misi 

memorialuri Zeglis SigniT _ Tumca, 

misi avTenturobis Tao baze bevri eWvi 

gamoTqmula. xangrZlivi samarTlebrivi 

dava gaimarTa ero v nul sakuTrebaSi 

prezident jefersonis (montiCelo, Sarlotsvilis 

maxloblad, virjinia), saxlis 

SeZenis gamo, rac mxolod 1923 wels 

das rulda. 

Tuki Tavidan ZeglTa dacvis moZraoba, 

ZiriTadad, kerZo moqala qeebis 

xelSi iyo, ara erTi erovnuli mniSvnelobis 

sazogadoeba, Tu or ga nizacia 

daarsda, romlebmac memkvidreobis 

Tao ba ze sazogadoebis gana T le bisa da 

gaTviTcnobierebis saqmeSi didi wvlili 

Seitana 280 . amas gar da, federalur 

doneze, dacvis ganviTarebisTvis mniS- 

280 1879 wels aq Sedioda amerikis arqeologiis 

instituti da amerikuli eT nologiis sammarTvelo, 

1880-ian wlebSi amerikis istoriuli 

asociacia da erovnuli geografiuli 

sazogadoeba, xolo 1895 wels amerikis 

Tval warm taci da istoriuli Zeglebis 

dacvis sazogadoeba.


vnelovani iyo smitso nis instituti 

da Sinagan saqmeTa saministrosTan arsebuli 

miwis garige ba Ta registraciis 

mTavari sammarTvelo. 1889 wels 

amerikis SeerTebuli Sta tebis senatma 

gadadga pirveli nabiji federaluri 

arqeologiuri na kr Za lis Sesaqmnelad; 

es samxreT arizonaSi winaistoriuli 

nangrevebis, e.w. kasa grandes mimdebare 

teritoriis dasacavad moxda. arqeologiiT 

dainteresebis Sedegad, 1906 

wlis 8 ivniss gamovida kanoni siZvele- 

Ta Se sa xeb, romelic uflebas aniWebda 

aSS-s prezidents gamoeca federaluri 

xelisufle bis kuTvnil teritoriebze 

erovnul Zeglebad gamocxadebis Sesaxeb 

brZanebu le bebi, raTa daecva istoriuli 

Rirs SesaniSnaobani, isto riuli, 

an winaistoriuli nagebobebi, an sxva 

mecnie ruli mniSvnelobis mqone obieqtebi 

eris sakeTildReoT 281 . 1860-iani 

wlebis samoqalaqo omis veteranebis 

Zalisxmevis Sedegad, brZolis velebis 

didi raodenoba erovnul samxedro 

parkebad gamocxadda, rac damtkicebul 

iq na kongresis 1890 wlis brZanebulebiT; 

maT sxva parkebic moyva. Tu 

Tavda pir velad yuradReba, ZiriTadad, 

koloniursa an wina-koloniur nagebobeb 

sa da RirsSesaniSnav adgilebze iyo 

gamaxvilebuli, henri rasel hiC koki 

pirveli iyo, vinc gaaRviva interesi XIX 

saukunis arqiteqturi sadmi, romelic im 

dros axali ganviTarebis kvalad Zalze 

swrafad uCinardebo da. mis 1928 wlis 

mowodebas sxvebic gamoexmaurnen da 

sul ufro meti pub likacia avrcelebda 

informacias ZeglTa dacvis Sesaxeb: 

erT-erTi wamyva ni am kampaniaSi Architectural 

Record gaxda, Semdgom ki mas mxari 

arqiteqtu ris istorikosTa amerikulma 

sazogadoebam misca. 

transportis ganviTarebam da mnaxvelTa 

raodenobis zrdam kultu ru li 

281 lee, 1951:12f. siZveleTa aqti 65f gverdzea 

warmodgenili. 

obieqtebis sistematuri menejmentis da 

administrirebis aucileb loba gamoiwvia. 

1916 wels kongresma daadgina, Seqmniliyo 

erovnuli par ke bis samsaxuri, 

rogorc Sinagan saqmeTa saministros 

qvedanayofi da mis pirvel direqtorad 

stefen materi dainiSna 282 . 1935 wels 

gamoica istoriu li adgilebis kanoni, 

romelmac kidev ufro gamokveTa 

erovnuli politi ka da dacvis valdebulebebi 

da romlis Tanaxmad Seiqmna 

erovnuli par ke bis, istoriuli adgilebis, 

nagebobebis da Zeglebis Taobaze 

mrCevelTa komisia. erovnuli parkebis 

samsaxuri aqtiurad CaerTo amerikis 

SeerTe bu li Statebis istoriuli obieqtebis 

dacvis xelmZRvanelobaSi, Tumca 

mas naklebad hqonda uSualo Carevis 

SesaZlebloba da materialuri sax s rebi. 

amerikis istoriuli nagebobebis kvleva 

(haBs) 1933 wels, parkebis samsaxuris, 

arqiteqtorTa amerikuli institutis 

da kongresis biblioTe kis erToblivi 

dafinansebiT daiwyo. 

mas Semdeg, rac 1901 wels ingliselma 

mxatvarma Carlz r. eSbim Se er Tebul 

StatebSi imogzaura, daibada iseTi 

erovnuli organizaciis da arsebis idea, 

romelsac daevaleboda kerZo sakuTrebis 

dacva da rome lic inglisis erovnuli 

fondis moqmedebis kur sis mixedviT 

imoqmedebda (hosmer, 1965:94, 255, 302). 

sabolood, 1947 wels Seiqmna istoriuli 

adgile bis da nagebobebis erovnuli 

sabWo. axali organizaciis movaleoba 

mosa x leobis ganwyobilebis da azris 

dadgena, Ze gl Ta dacvis aucileblobis 

da meTodebis Taobaze informaciis miwodeba, 

specifikuri proeqte bis gan- 

282 “brZanebuleba parkebis erovnuli samsaxuris 

daarsebis da sxva miznebis gamo,” 1916 

wlis 25 agvisto. am organizaciis mizania 

`xedebis, bunebrivi da istoriuli obieqtebis 

da maT wiaR veluri bunebis kon servacia 

da ma Ti gamoyenebis uzrunvelyofa iseTi 

saSualebebiT da meTodebiT, rac ar SebRalavs 

maT momaval TaobaTa gasaxareblad.”

xilva da maTi mxardaWera da kvleviTi 

samuSaoebis xelmZRvanelo ba iyo. male 

sabWo istoriuli Zeglebis dacvis 

erovnul fondad gadaiqca, ro melmac 

uflebamosileba kongresis 1949 wlis 

brZanebulebiT miiRo. 1953 wels sabWo 

da fondi istoriul ZeglTa dacvis 

erovnul fondad gaer Ti anda. 

amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi konservaciis 

da restavraciis evro pu li 

gamocdileba vrceldeboda leqciebisa 

da literaturis meSveobiT, aseve 

amerikeli mogzaurebis pirdapiri urTierTobiT 

inglisis, safrange Tis, germaniisa 

da skandinaviis sazogadoebebTan, 

muzeumebTan da saxe los no eb Tan. adreul 

etapze mniSvnelovan warmatebebs 

miaRwia uilYam samner epltonma (1874- 

1947 ww.), axali inglisis siZveleTa 

dacvis sazoga doe bis damaarsebelma da 

pasuxismgebelma mdivanma. igi mogzaurobda 

ev ro paSi da dakavSirebuli iyo 

sPaB-Tan, inglisis erovnul fondTan, 

saf ra n geTis Monuments historique-Tan da 

skansenis Ria cis qveS muzeumTan stokholmSi. 

epltoni raskinis da morisis 

koncefciebs emxroboda da pirveli iyo, 

vinc xels uwyobda zedmiwevniT aRnusxvasa 

da kvlevaze damyarebul restavracias, 

miuxedavad imisa, rom misi saku- 

Tari restavraciebi zogjer savaraudo 

elementebsac Seicavda (hosmer, 1965:236; 

hosmer, 1981:998ff). 

1930-ian wlebSi erovnuli parkebis 

samsaxuris, rogorc sarestavra cio 

proeqtebSi mTavari damsaqmeblis, roli 

Zalze gaizarda; man aseve mni Sv nelovani 

wvlili Seitana amerikis SeerTebul 

StatebSi dacvis stra tegiis gansazRvra- 

Si. Carlz u. porter III, romelic mxars 

uWerda kvleva-Ziebis da restavraciis 

startegias da roland f. li, Semdgom 

par kebis samsaxuris mTavari istorikosi, 

konservaciis inglisur meTo debs 

swavlobdnen da kargad icnobdnen iseT 

saerTaSoriso iniciativebs, rogoricaa 


aTenis 1931 wlis deklaracia. parkebis 

samsaxuris xelmZRva nelobiT warmoebuli 

sarestavracio samuSaoebi 1933 wels 

daiwyo da maT ricxvSi Sedioda stratford 

holi, robert i. lis fondis dafinansebiT, 

fisk kimbalis da erling 

pedersenis mier restavrirebuli. 1930iani 

wle bis sxva mniSvnelovan restavraciaTagania 

umanko Casaxebis misionis 

nang revebi lompokSi, kalifornia, aseve 

arqiteqturuli naSTebis nangrevebis 

sa xiTve gamagreba da muzeumis Seqmna 

tumakoris erovnul ZeglTan arizo naSi. 

yoveli obieqti axal-axal problemebs 

avlenda, rac adgilze gan xil vasa da 

gadaWras saWiroebda, magram am samuSaoebisas 

xdeboda gamoc di lebis dagroveba, 

rac SesaZlebels xdida sakiTxebis 

ufro sistemati ze bul safuZvelze 

mogvarebas. 

1928-29 wlebSi wamowyebuli koloniuri 

uilYamsburgis proeqti Se er- 

Tebul StatebSi pirveli mniSvnelovani 

proeqti da restavraciis pir ve li WeSmariti 

skola iyo, rodesac praqtikuli 

samuSaoebisas restavra ciis raobis 

gansazRvrac mouxdaT. 1699-1780 wleb- 

Si uilYamsburgi kolo ni u ri virjiniis 

dedaqalaqi iyo da qveynis ganviTarebis 

gadamwyvet etap ze aq metad mniSvnelovani 

ambebi moxda. esaa adgili, 

sadac 1776 wels vir jiniis konventma 

iseTi gadawyvetileba miiRo, ramac 

damoukideblobis deklaracia moitana. 

qalaqis XVIII saukunis koloniuri saxis 

aRdgenis mxardamWeri mRvdeli uiliam 

arCer ratenford gudvini (_1939 w.) iyo. 

1924 wels is jon d. rokfeler umcrossa 

da henri fordis ojaxis wevrebs Sexvda. 

1926 wels àmerikis koloniurma qalbatonebma~ 

Tavisi wvlili Se i tanes TeTri 

saxlis restavraciaSi; mogvianebiT, imave 

wels gudvinma, miaRwia SeTanxmebas 

rokfelerTan da moipova saWiro saxsrebi, 

arqiteq tor uiliam g. perisTan er- 

Tad, restavraciis programis SesamuSa-


veb lad da zogierTi obieqtis SesaZenad. 

gudvini ocnebobda, aRedgina qa la qi, 

ro gorc koloniuri virjiniis `waubilwavi~ 

dedaqalaqi, radgan mis saganmanaTleblo 

potencials xedavda da 

surda is reprezentaciuli yofi liyo. 

samuSaoebi momdevno, 1928 wels daiwyo 

(hosmer, 1976). 

male naTeli gaxda, rom kvleviTi 

samuSaoebis Catareba sruliad au cilebeli 

iyo, raTa Sedegad `kino dekoracia~ 

ar gamosuliyo. kvlevi sas kidev 

ufro naTeli gaxda problemis mecnieruli 

buneba. yvela mixv da, rom 

mniSvnelovani iyo Tavdapirveli elementebis 

SenarCuneba, Tundac isini 

ar Seesabamebodes silamazeze windawin 

Camoyalibebul Sexedule bebs da upiratesobis 

miniWeba avTenturobisTvis 

da ara im `samkaulis Tvis~, ro melic, mavanTa 

rwmeniT, ama Tu im nagebobas unda 

hqonoda (Perry, 1935). Sesabamisad, axlomdebare 

samosaxloebidan Zveli saxlebis 

gadmota na, an `tipiuri~ replikebis 

daproeqteba dauSvebeli aRmoCnda. 

restavra cia da rekonstruqcia àvTentur~ 

sabuTebs _ saarqivo ma salas (naxazebi, 

aRwerebi, Canaxatebi, fotoebi) _ 

da Tavad adgilze, ar qeologiuri gaTxre 

bis Sedegad gamovlenil masalas unda 

damyareboda. rokfelers Zalze ainteresebda 

restavraciis arqiteqturuli 

aspeqtebi da maT arqeologiu ri kvlevis 

drosac ki wamoswevda win. proeqtis 

konsultant arqiteqto rebi iyvnen fisk 

kimbeli da lourens koheri, Architectural 

Record-is redaq tori. 

kimbeli dabejiTebiT moiTxovda 

mniSvnelovani mogviano nagebobebis SenarCunebasac, 

amitomac samuSaoebis 

masStabi imis iqiT ganivrco, rac `cnobili 

iyo, an iTvleboda, rom arsebobda~ 

uilYamsburgSi 1699 da 1840 wlebs 

Soris; es saSualebas miscemda qalaqis 

stumrebs, naTlad daena xaT samosaxlos 

arqiteqturuli ganviTareba (hosmer, 

1981:963). `berZnuli aRorZinebis~ Semdgomdroindeli 

nagebobebi koloniuri 

qalaqis idea lu ri iersaxis Sesaqmnelad 

Seufereblad miiCnies. orive, kimbelic 

da ko heric dabejiTebiT moiTxovdnen 

axali masalebis gamoyenebisas, maT na Tlad 

aRniSvnas, rogorc es inglisSi xdeboda. 

upiratesoba mieniWa Tav dapirveli 

masalis SenarCunebas, miuxedavad imisa, 

rom igi ufro Zviri jdeboda, vidre axliT 

aSeneba, magram droTa ganmavlobaSi 

moxerxda Zve li teqnologiebis xelaxla 

Seswavla, ris magaliTs warmoadgens XVIII 

saukunis aguris damzadeba da dawyoba. 

istoriuli sizustis sakiTxi 1732 wlis 

renis Senobis Sesasvlel pavilYonTan 

dakavSirebiT warmoiSva, ro me lic ar 

akmayofilebda zog arqiteqtors, romlebsac 

misi esTetikuri Tva l sazrisiT 

gaumjobeseba surdaT. arqeologiuri 

da istoriuli sabu Te bis safuZvelze, 

gadawyda misi SenarCuneba, radgan CaTvales, 

rom Care va mTel restavracias 

gaanadgurebda. 

interierebis restavraciisas upiratesoba 

mieniWa Tavdapirveli, an Tavdapirvelis 

tipis paneliT mopirkeTebas 

da ara sxva nagebobebidan wa mo Rebuli 

elementebis gamoyenebas. samuSaoebis xelmZRvanelebma 

Sida mo w yo bi lobisTvis 

aRwerilobebi da sxva dokumentebi gamoiyenes, 

magram Tu sabuTebis mopoveba 

SeuZlebeli iyo, samuSaoebi imave periodis 

msgavs Se no bebs emyareboda. istoriuli 

`sizustis~ problema maSin warmoiSva, 

ro de sac sasamarTlos Senobis 

restavraciisas ver moxerxda sarwmuno 

sabu Te bis mopoveba imis dasamtkiceblad, 

rom XVIII saukuneSi frontoni 

namd vi lad svetebze iyo dayrdnobili; 

sabolood gadawyda gviani danamatebis 

moSoreba. 1933 wlisTvis restavraciis 

pirveli faza dasrulebuli iyo da 

dadga dro Catarebuli samuSaoebis Sefasebisa; 

aseve aucilebeli gax da mnaxvelebisTvis 

saTanado pirobebis Seqmna.

uilYamsburgis magaliTma mniSvnelovani 

gavlena iqonia restavraciis praqtikaze 

da `periodis res tavraciaze,~ rogorc 

amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi, ise saz- 

RvargareT. gudvins da arqiteqtorTa 

da eqspertTa mis gunds mudmivad mimar- 

Tavdnen rCevisTvis msgavsi proeqtebis 

ganxorcielebisas. gazeTebi da Jurnalebi, 

Tundac Architectural Record, House and 

Garden da National Geographic aqveynebda 

informacias restavrirebuli Senobebis 

Sesaxeb, avrcelebda XVIII sau kunis interierebis 

modas da ùilYamsburgul 

feradovnebas~, miuxedavad imisa, rom 

`sizustes~ da istoriis idealizebul 

suraTs xSirad akriti kebdnen kidec 283 . 

erovnuli parkebis samsaxuris saqmianobis 

winsvlasTan erTad gan sa - 

kuTrebuli yuradReba daeTmo gana- 

Tlebis politikas da programebs, 

xo lo koloniuri uilYamsburgi am 

saqmianobis klasikuri magaliTi gax da. 

mniSvnevlovnad iyo miCneuli gamocdili 

profesiuli kadrebis mo zidva, 

283 mogvianebiT dadginda, rom feradovneba 

zedmetad mkrTali iyo origi nalTan SedarebiT. 

amis mizezi, SesaZloa, is iyo, rom 

winaswari kvleviTi samuSaoebi droisgan 

dazianebul nimuSebs efuZneboda. 


sur. 9.24 renis Senoba 

uilYamsburgSi istoriuli 

sizustis problemis 

magaliTia. restavraciisas 

warmoiSva dapirispireba 

istoriul da es Te tikur 

Rirebulebebs Soris 

(foto: jek buCeri, haBs/ 

haEr koleqcia, kongresis 

biblioTekis beWdvis da 

fotografiis ganyofileba) 

romlebic xelmZRvanelobas gauwevdnen 

ganaTlebis programebs, awa r moebdnen 

sando faqtebis kvlevas, gamoiyenebdnen 

eqskursiebs, leq ciebs, gamofenebs da 

literaturas imisTvis, rom mosaxleobisTvis 

naTe li gamxdariyo RirsSesani- 

Snavi adgilebis mniSvneloba, xolo 

stumrebs agulianebdnen WeSmariti (da 

ara yalbi) monacemebi SeeswavlaT. amas- 

Tan erTad, arsebobda saSiSroeba, rom 

interpretaciaze maxvilis gadatanas 

calmxrivoba SeiZleboda moetana. 1963 

wels ada luis haqsteblma SeniSna tendencia, 

romelic SeiZleboda SemaSfo- 

Tebeli da unayofo yofiliyo (huxtable, 

1963): termini ìstoriuli raioni~ 

uilYamsburgisnair damoki de bu lebas 

gauigivda, riTic iqmneboda samuzeumo 

teritoriebi `disneile n dis sindromiT~ 

(G. mcCue in timmons, 1976:357). ase- 

Ti raionebi advilad iqce o da komerciuli 

turizmis samizned, ris Sedegadac 

iqmneboda sacxovre be li ubnebisTvis 

Seuferebeli garemo. droTa ganmavlobaSi 

es tendencia ganeitralebuli 

iyo, xolo arqiteqturuli memkvidreobis 

koncefcia ga far Tovda da sacxovrebeli 

istoriuli ubnebic moicva.


1972 wels uilYam j. mertagma ìstoriuli 

raionebi~, gansazRvra rogorc 

`terito ria, romelic drois da adgilis 

SegrZnebis gziT axdens zegavlenas 

ada mianis cnobierebaze~ (timmons, 

1976:388). 

1930-ian da 1940-ian wlebSi istoriiT 

dainteresebul pirTa jgufebma 

daiwyes Zalebis gaerTianeba mTliani 

raionebis gadasarCenad da Zalian male, 

ZeglTa dacvis es axali wamowyeba istoriul 

samosaxloebSi mTels qveyanaSi 

aitaces. pirvel magaliTTagania Carlstoni, 

sadac 1931 wels pir velad gamovida 

zonebad dayofis brZanebuleba 

(hosmer, 1981:232). amave dros, zogierTi 

Statis xelmZRvanelobas samuSao programaSi 

ZeglTa dacvis amocanebi Sehqonda, 

Tumca amas jer kidev sistematuri 

xasiaTi ar hqonda. pensilvaniaSi istoriuli 

komisia jer kidev 1913 wels Seqmnes. 

ufro organizebuli muSaoba meore 

msoflio omis Semdgom daiwyo da gaizarda 

istoriuli raionebis raodenoba _ 

maT Soris iyo filadelfia, anapolisi, 

savana da providensi. istoriul ZeglTa 

dacvisTvis niSansve tad iqca 1966 wlis, 

federalur doneze miRebuli, erovnul 

istoriul ZeglTa dacvis kanoni. am 

kanoniT kongresi avalebda federalur 

mTav robas saagentoebisa da kerZo pirTa 

maqsimalur xelSewyobas, iseve ro gorc 

saxelmwifo da adgilobrivi xelisuflebis 

da istoriuli Zegle bis erovnuli 

fondis daxmarebas, raTa maT gaefar- 

TovebinaT da daeC qarebinaT istoriul 

ZeglTa dacvis programebi da daearsebinaT 

isto riul ZeglTa dacvis saprezidento 

sakonsultacio sabWo. Sinagan 

saqme Ta ministrs daevala, SeemuSavebina 

grantebisa da Semweobebis programa 

Statebisa da erovnuli fondisTvis. 

saxelmZRvanelo miTiTebebis dadgena 

kvlav federalur saagentoebs daekisra. 

Tavisi saqmianobis pirvel aTwleulebSi, 

parkebis samsaxuris uSualo zegavlena 

sxva dawesebulebebis saqmianobaze an 

sarestavracio samuSaoebze umniSvnelo 

iyo. miuxedavad amisa, 1933 wlis Semdgom, 

rode sac parkebis samsaxuri didi 

raodenobis istoriul Zeglebze uSua lo 

pa suxismgebeli gaxda, naTeli Seiqmna, 

rom aseTi amocanis Sesasru leb lad mas 

saxelmZRvanelo miTiTebebis SemuSaveba 

sWirdeboda. 1938 wels eqs pert Ta komisiam 

saprogramo gancxadeba gaakeTa, 

rac miRebuli iyo pa r ke bis samsaxuris 

mier. am dokumentSi gaTvaliswinebuli 

iyo kulturu li memkvidreobis sxvadasxva 

aspeqti da Sexedulebebis Sesa- 

Zlo konfliq ti imis gamo, raze gamaxvilebuliyo 

yuradReba _ esTetikur, 

arqeolo giur, samecniero Tu saganmanaTleblo 

aspeqtze. saganmanaTleblo 

mxaris metismetad aqcentireba xSirad 

xdeboda obieqtis axalad agebis mizezi, 

Tumca, samecniero moTxovnebis zedmiwevniT 

Sesrulebisas, sazogadoe bis Tvis 

obieqtis ZiriTadi istoriuli aspeqtebi 

SeiZleba arasakmarisad gan martebuliyo; 

xolo esTetikur mTlianobaze an Tavdapirvel 

daniSnule ba ze zedmeti yuradRebis 

gamaxvilebas is moyveboda, rom 

miRebuli Sede gi ver uwevda metoqeobas 

obieqtis axlandel, JamTa svliT daRdasmul 

cxovelxatulobis Rirebulebas 

(lee, 1951:34). 

raTa yovel calkeul SemTxvevaSi 

swori gadawyvetileba yofiliyo miRebuli, 

rekomendebuli iyo ìm pirovnebis 

saboloo mosazrebis gaTva liswineba, 

romelic pasuxs agebda obieqtze.~ gadawyvetileba 

unda damya reboda utyuar 

monacemebs, xolo upiratesoba unda 

miniWeboda sxvadasxva periodis Zveli, 

avTenturi naxelavis SenarCunebas da 

dacvas da ara ro melime erTi periodis 

formiT Zeglis restavracias an rekonstruqcias. 

aRniSnuli iyo, rom dacva 

da restavracia, Cveulebriv, muSaobis 

ufro nel temps moiTxovda, vidre ax-

lis Seqmna 284 . es saxelmZRvanelo miTiTebebi 

asaxavda suliskveTebas, romelic 

ar gansxvavdeboda 1931 wlis aTenis 

284 1938 wels erovnuli parkebis samsaxuris 

mier miRebuli strategia gvir Cevda: `moTxovnebis 

da motivebis SeTanxmebis mcdelobisas, 

upiratesi war mmarTveli pasuxismgebeli 

adamianebis taqti da sibrZne unda iyos. 

amas Tanave, maT albaT, daxmarebas gauwevs 

garkveuli dakvirvebebi: 1. sa mu Sa oebis 

dawyebis saboloo gadawyvetileba ar unda 

iyos miRebuli manam, sanam amowuruli ar 

iqneba yvela arqeologiuri da dokumenturi 

sarwmu no wyaro, dakavSirebuli Zeglis formasTan 

da mis Semdgom saxecvlile bebTan. 2. 

am wyaroebis sruli mimoxilva CanaxazebiT, 

SeniSvnebiTa da ga d monaxatebiTurT daculi 

unda iyos da araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar unda 

mo ispos an daifaros damamtkicebeli sabuTi, 

rasac Tavad Zegli gvTava zobs manam, sanam 

igi mTlianad ar iqneba fiqsirebuli. 3. sasurvelia, 

gvax sovdes, rom `jobs mouaro da 

daicva, vidre SeakeTo, jobs SeakeTo, vidre 

restavracia Caataro da jobs restavracia 

Caataro, vidre aaSeno.~ 4. Cveulebriv, jobs 

SevinarCunoT sxvadasxva periodis WeSmariti 

Zveli naxelavi, vidre TviTneburad àRvadginoT~ 

mTlianoba axali xelobiT, misi romelime 

erTi periodis saxiT. 5. es exeba ufro 

gviani periodis Zeglebsac, Tuki isinic WeSmariti 

SemoqmedebiTi procesis nayofia. 6. 

da uSvebelia Cveni sakuTari gemovnebis da 

Sexedulebebis Tanaxmad esTeti kur safuZvelze 

SevcvaloT sxvagvari mxatvruli gemovnebis 

amsax veli Zeg lebi. WeSmariteba ara 

mxolod ufro sakvirvelia, vidre fantazia, 

ara med ufro nairgvarovani da sainteresocaa 

da, amasTanave, ufro patio sa nic. 7. 

rodesac gviwevs ganadgurebuli nawilebis 

aRdgena sarwmuno wya roebis ararsebobisas, 

jerovani yuradReba gvmarTebs epoqisa da 

regi onismieri faqtorebis mimarT, rac aRbe- 

Wdilia imaave droisa da midamos Se morCenil 

nimuSebSi. 8. yvela saxis gonivruli damatebiTi 

zrunva da danaxarjebi gamarTlebulia, 

raTa masala, meTodebi da xarisxi maqsimalu 

rad mivuaxlovoT Zvel naSens, magram 

axali namuSevari ar unda iyos xelovnurad, 

Teatraluri xerxebiT `daZvelebuli~. 9. 

Zveli nagebobebis dacvis da restavraciis 

samuSaoebi ufro nela unda mimdinareobdes, 

vidre es axlis mSeneblobisas aris mosalodneli 

(lee, 1951:34f). 


Sex vedris rekomendaciebisgan, an 1938 

wlis italiuri direqtivebisgan. 1963 

wels erovnulma fondma SeerTebul 

StatebSi istoriuli Zeglebis dacvis 

strategiis gansazRvrisTvis koloniur 

uilYamsburgSi seminari daafinansa 285 . 

Semdeg wels, fondis ori wevri, doqtori 

Carlz u. porter III da Carlz e. 

petersoni daeswrnen saerTaSoriso kongress, 

romelzedac miRebuli iyo veneciis 

qartia da principebi mis Sesabamisad 

iqna Seswo re buli. 1967 wels koloniuri 

uilYamsburgi maspinZlobda kidev 

erT Sexvedras strategiebis Taobaze, 

romlis Sedegad miRebuli iyo mTeli 

rigi principebisa da saxelmZRvanelo 

miTiTebebisa, romelic erovnulma 

fondma imave wels gamoaqveyna (williamsburg, 

1967). 1972 wels iCCrom-is mo nawileobiT 

uilYamsburgSi Catarda saer- 

TaSoriso Sexvedra, sadac gani xi le boda 

dacvis da konservaciis principebi da 

praqtikuli samuSaoebi da sadac gansakuTrebuli 

yuradReba interdisciplinarul 

TanamSromlo bas daeTmo (timmons, 

1976w.). 

istoriul ZeglTa dacvis eqspertTa 

komisia agrZelebda dacvis stra tegiis 

damuSavebas, ris Sedegad Sinagan saqmeTa 

saministrom gamosca Standards for Historic 

Preservation Projects (istoriuli dacvis 

proeqtis standar tebi), sadac Sedioda 

Standards for Rehabilitating (reabilitaciis 

standartebi) da the Guidelines for Rehabilitating 

Historic Buildings (istoriuli Senobebis 

reabi litaciis saxelmZRvanelo 

principebi) 286 , ris kvaladac interesis 

285 dokumenti `moxseneba amerikis SeerTebul 

StatebSi istoriuli Zegle bis dacvis 

principebis da saxelmZRvanelo miTiTebebis 

Taobaze~ gamoq vey ne bu li iyo seminaris 

aqtebTan erTad, Historic Preservation Today, 

1966. 

286 `reabilitacis standartebSi~, mag., dabejiTebiTaa 

naTqvami: `1. aucile be lia 

mcdeloba im obieqtis iseTi Tavsebadi 

gamoyenebis uzrunvelsayo fad, romelic


sagani ara mxolod umTavresi RirsSesaniSnaobani 

da Zeglebi gaxda, aramed 

is to riuli Senobebi da istoriuli 

raionebic. axali koncefciebi moicavda 

nagebobis, naSenis, RirsSesaniSnavi adgilis 

da misi Semo ga renis minimalur cvlilebebs 

saWiroebs, an Zeglis da misi Semogarenis 

Tavdapirveli daniSnulebis Sesabamisad 

gamosayeneblad. 2. ar unda dazi an des 

nagebobis, RirsSesaniSnavi adgilis da misi 

Semogarenis Tavdapir ve li damaxasiaTebeli 

Tvisebebi da xasiaTi. SeZlebisgvarad Tavi 

unda avaridoT nebismieri istoriuli masalis, 

an TvalsaCino arqiteqturuli niSnebis 

moSorebas an saxecvlilebas...~ 

sur. 9.25 (a) wm. iakobis eklesiis interieri 

filadelfiaSi, pensilvania (foto: jek 

buCeri. haBs/haEr, erovnuli parkebis 

samsaxuri). (b) eklesiis xedi samxreTi dan. 

naxati, Sesrulebuli amerikis istoriuli 

nagebobebis kvlevis mier dadgenili 

standartebis mixedviT (haBs/haEr, 

erovnuli parkebis samsaxuri)

`reabilitaciis~ koncefcias, romelic 

xazs usvavda istoriuli Senobe bis 

Tavsebadi gamoyenebiT uzrunvelyofis 

aucileblobas da, amave dros, sarestavracio 

samuSaoebis saWiroebis 

aRiarebas: `reabilitacia gulisx mobs 

process, rodesac SekeTebisa da cvlilebebis 

Setanis Sedegad Zegli kvlav sasargeblod 

gamoyenebadi xdeba, rac Sesa- 

Zlebels xdis mis saTanado Tanamedrove 

gamoyenebas da, imave dros, Zeglis im 

na wi lebis da damaxasiaTebeli niSnebis 

dacvas, rac mniSvnelovania isto riu li, 

arqi teqturuli da kulturuli Rirebulebebis 

TvalsazrisiT.~ aq SeiZleba 

warsulSi Catarebuli restavraciebis 

garkveuli kritikac Sev ni S noT, saxeldobr, 

mcdelobaa ufro metad iyos 

gaTvaliswinebuli is toriuli fazebi 

da miznad `Tavdapirveli~ mdgomareobis 

aRdgena ar iqnes dasaxu li, rac sakmaod 

xSirad xdeboda. saxelmZRvanelo 

miTiTebebi kulturu li obieqtebis 

kerZo mflobelebs gadaeca, rac unda 

daxmare boda maT is to riuli Senobebis 

reabilitaciasa da dacvaSi. rac Se- 


sur. 9.26 Sesarevis 

nangrevebi ensliSi 

(birminhemi, alabama), 

aSS-Si daculi samrew 

velo memkvidreobis 

nimuSs warmoadgens. 

es RirsSesaniSnavi 

adgili ekuTvnoda tene 

sis naxSiris da rkinis 

mopovebis kompanias 

da 1899-1980 wlebSi 

moqmedebda (foto: 

jet lou, haBs/haEr 

koleqcia, kongresis 

biblioTekis beWdvisa da 

foto gra fiis ganyofileba) 

exeba samSeneblo normebis moTxovnebs, 

rekomendebuli iyo isini ise gamoeyenebi 

naT, rom xeluxleblad darCeniliyo 

nagebobis xasiaTi, xolo usafrT xoe bis 

zomebis miRebisas, alternatiulTagan 

iseTi unda SerCeuliyo, rac ar daazianebda 

nagebobas. 

naSeni garemos ukeTesad aRqmisTvis 

mniSvnelovani gamodga jein jekobsis 

`didi amerikuli qalaqebis cxovreba 

da sikvdili~, romelmac bevr adamians 

ubiZga, axali TvaliT Seexeda Tavisi 

garemosTvis. garda amisa, evropaSi mogzaurobis 

SesaZlebloba da imis naxva, 

Tu rogor cdi lobdnen iq istoriuli 

qalaqebis da Zeglebis gadarCenas, daexmara 

axal gazrda arqiteqtorebs naTlad 

daenaxaT, Tu ramdenad iyvnen daSorebuli 

sakuTar fesvebs da dafiqrebuliyvnen, 

ra iyo gasakeTebeli amerikaSi. 

erT-erTi mogzaurTagani jeims marston 

fiCi iyo (Fitch, 1981), romelsac kargad 

esmoda, rom ZeglTa dacvis moZraoba, 

misi Camoyalibebis mTels sigrZeze, 

diletantebis xelSi imyofeboda; misi 

azriT, maT TiTqmis ar hqoniaT raime


kavSiri profesional arqiteqtorebsa 

da qalaqmgegmareb lebTan. ufro metic, 

profesionali arqiteqtorebi moxiblulni 

iyvnen Ta namedrove arqiteqturuli 

moZraobiT da xSir SemTxvevaSi, 

TviTon anadgurebdnen istoriul memkvidreobas. 

1960-iani wlebis Sua xanebSi 

igi CaerTo kolumbiis universitetSi 

istoriul ZeglTa dacvis programis 

Se mu SavebaSi, romelic iyo SeerTebul 

StatebSi pirveli da msoflioSi er Ti 

upirvelesTagani iyo. mis amocanas sxvadasxva 

specialobis student Ta urTierTkavSirisa 

da TanamSromlobis xelis 

Sewyoba warmoadgenda. er Ti mizanTagani 

monawileTa kavSiris damyarebac iyo xelosnebTan 

da mim dinare mSeneblobebTanac, 

raTa, saWiroebisamebr, samuSaoeb- 

Sic Careu liyvnen. 

9.1.5 irani 

kirosis, dariusis da qserqses (Zv. w. VI- 

IV ss.) aqemenidebis dinas tiam àrielebis 

miwa-wyals~ regionSi wamyvani roli 

SesZina, xolo per se po lisi ki sparseTis 

didebis simbolod iqca. misi sasaxleebi 

Zv.w. 330 wels aleqsandre didis br- 

ZanebiT gadawves, romelsac sparselTa 

iden to bis ganadgureba surda, Tumca, 

imave dros, man gamoxata Tavisi mowiweba 

kirosis saflavisadmi, moiTxova 

ra misi SekeTeba. Cv. w. 640 wels isla 

mis miRebam Zireuli cvlilebebi 

moitana, magram warsulisadmi intere si 

ar gamqrala. abasidebis xalifatis periodSi 

(750-821 ww.), firdousim (935- 

1020/6 ww.) raindul tradiciebsa da 

rostamis sagmiro saqmeebs Tavi mouyara 

`Sah-name~-Si (mefeTa wignSi), romelic 

sparsul erovnul eposad iqca. IX da X 

saukuneebSi buidebi iranis aRorZinebas 

Seudgnen; sparsuli islamis meore ena 

gaxda da gansakuTrebul daxvewilobas 

literaturasa da poeziaSi miaRwia; is- 

torikosebi da geografebi aRwerdnen 

qalaqebsa da nagebobebs da did yuradRebas 

aqcevdnen warwerebis aRnusxvas. 

SenobaTa stili sasanuri da parTuli 

arqiteqturis aRorZinebis adreul nimuSebs 

misdevda (Pirnia, 1971). persepolisi 

da sparseTis kldeSi nakveTi uZvelesi 

ga mosaxulebebi saritualo momlocvelobis 

adgilebad iqca 287 . pirveli 

ev ropeli, romelic persepolisis Sesaxeb 

saubrobs, beri odorikus di po rdenonea, 

romelmac es adgili 1325 wels 

moinaxula. xangrZlivi gaCana gebis Semdgom, 

XVI saukuneSi, sefevidebis mmarTvelobis 

dros, daiwyo axali era, rodesac 

agebul iqna zRapruli sasaxleebi, 

meCeTebi da qala qebi, Tundac, isfahani, 

Sah abasis (1589-1627 ww.) dedaqalaqi. evropelebis 

in teresi aRmosavleTisadmi 

da iseTi Zveli Zeglebisadmi, rogoricaa 

per sepolisi, babiloni da baalbeki, 

XVII saukuneSi gaizarda, ramac xeli Seuwyo 

orientalistikis ganviTarebas 288 . 

aRwerebi arasistematizebuli iyo vidre 

j. b. freizerma gamoikvlia aRmosavleT 

sparseTis geologia da is la muri nagebobebis 

Sesaxeb angariSi dawera. mogvianebiT 

sparseTs lor di kerzoni estumra, 

romelmac 1889 wels vrclad aRwera 

es qveyana, misi kultura, persepolisi 

da aqamenidebis da sasanidebis periodis 

nang revebi. 

arqeologiuri samuSaoebi, gaTxrebi 

da aRnusxva XIX saukuneSi, Zi riTadad, evropelebma 

wamoiwyes: britanelebi 1811- 

18 wlebSi muSaobdnen nakS-i rustamSi, 

287 persepolisi identificirebuli iyo yuranis 

da bibliur winaswarmety velTa `solomonis 

taxtTan~. 1339 wels, magaliTad, Sirazis 

mmarTvelma, misi monaxulebis Semdgom, 

CainiSna, rom moswonebia es arqiteqtura 

(rogers, 1976:10f). 

288 herrmann, 1977. uadres mogzaurTagania pietro 

dela vale 1616-23 ww., ser to mas herberti 

1627-28 ww., danielebi svend orhamer 

anderseni 1630-ian wlebSi da ion struiusi 

1671-72 ww.

1836-41 wlebSi bisotunSi da 1851-53 

wlebSi suzaSi; fran gebi iranSi 1840-iani 

wlebidan muSaobdnen, sxvebi ki mogvianebiT 

Camovid nen. Zalze mniSvnelovania 

artur ufam poupis (1881-1969 ww.) da 

roman gir S manis (dab. 1895 w.) naSromebi 

sparsuli xelovnebisa da arqiteqturis 

Se sa xeb. iranuli arqiteqturis erT-er- 


sur. 9.27 irani, 

persepolisis 

arqeologiuri gaTxrebis 

teritoria, sadac 1980ian 

da 1990-ian wlebSi 

mudmivad mimdinareobda 

sakonservacio da 

sarestavracio samu Sao 

ebi, romelTa mizani 

SemorCenili Sesasvlelebis 

da svetebis xelaxali 

aRmar T va iyo 

Ti gamoCenili istorikosi profeso ri 

m. k. pirnia (1920-97 ww.) iyo, romelic 

tradiciul samSeneblo formebs da arqiteqturul 

stilebs swavlobda. adreuli 

periodisTvis niSneulia mniSvnelovan 

arqeologiur monapovarTa sazRvargareT 

gadakargva. 1920-ian wlebSi fehlevis 

dinastiis aRzevebisas, qveyanaSi 

sur. 9.28 isfahanis 

uzarmazari moedani, 

meidan-i naqsh-i Jahân, 

Sah abasis (1589-1627 

ww.) dros Cafiqrebuli, 

rogorc Zveli qalaqis, 

axali nawilis gegmarebas- 

Tan da ma kav Sirebeli 

kvanZi. savaWroTa 

fasadebi aRdgenili iyo 

arqeologiuri mo nacemebis 

safuZvelze, xolo 

1990-ian wlebSi moedani 

fexmavalTaTvis ga dakeTda. 

es RirsSesaniSnavi adgili 

msoflio memkvidreobis 

nusxaSia Sesuli


midgoma istoriuli RirsSesaniSnaobebis 

dacvisa da Seswavlisadmi ufro organizebuli 

gax da. 1925 wels ucxoeli mkvlevarebi 

wminda adgilebSi dauSves, xolo 

1928 wels daarsda iranis arqeologiuri 

kvlevis instituti (archaeological survey 

of iran), frangi arqiteqtoris andre 

godaris xelmZRvanelobiT, ro melmac 

aseve iran bastanis axali muzeumi (1937 

w.) daaproeqta. 1930 wels gamovida kano- 

sur. 9.29 madar-i Sahis 

meCeTis gumbaTi isfahanSi 

tradiciul yaidaze 

Sesrulebu li restavraciis 

nimuSia. gatexili 

Sorenkecebi ganaxlebuli 

da Casmulia ise mo- 

Zebnili intervalebiT, rom 

arqiteqturuli ieri ar 

Seilaxos 

ni, romelic exeboda dacvas erovnuli 

siZveleebisa vidre zendis dinastiis 

dasasrulamde (1794 w.), xolo 1932 wels 

SeTanxmebul iq na am kanonis gamoyenebis 

wesebi 289 . saxelmwifos mihqonda aRmo- 

289 inglisuri Targmani: The Protection of Movable 

Cultural Property, Collection of legislative texts, Iran, 

UNESCO, 1988. 1936 wels arqeologiuri kvlevis 

insti tutma daiwyo iranul Zeglebze 

perioduli gamocemebis publikacia, Athar-e 

Iran.

sur. 9.30 Sorenkecebis tradiciuli meTodiT 

aRdgena isfahanis masjid-i Sahis, dRe vandel 

masjid-i imamis SesasvlelSi 

Cenebis 50 procenti, xolo danarCeni ki 

SeiZleba darCeniliyo im institutSi, 

rome lic gaTxrebs awarmoebda (es kanoni 

mxolod 1971 wels gauqmda). yvela saxis 

sarestavracio samuSaoebi da Zeglsa, 

an uSualod mis garemoSi Se tanili 

cvlilebebi unda damtkicebuliyo ganaTlebis 

saministros mier (smith, 1939; 

iran-unEsCo, 1969; Paone, 1977). 

adreul sarestavracio samuSaoTagania 

intervenciebi isfahanis pa ra s kevis 


meCeTsa (1935 w.) da isfahanis, yazvinis, 

qaSanis da iazdis sxva sa zogadoebriv 

Zeglebze. persepolisis sasaxleebis 

SekeTebis tradiciuli meTodi dazianebuli 

adgilebis amokveTasa da imave saxis 

qvis masaliT maT SecvlaSi mdgomareobda. 

bzarebis SekeTeba tyviaSi Camagrebuli 

rki nis kauWebis CasmiT xdeboda. 

gacveTil xis nawilebs, Cveulebriv, 

axliT cvlidnen; xdeboda kedlebis da 

iatakebis drodadro ganaxleba, riTic 

Zveli naSeni axali safaris qveS eqceoda 

(tilia, 1972:3). pirveli Tanamedrove 

restavracia persepolisSi Cikagos 

universitetis aRmosavleTmcodneo bis 

institutis mier, professor ernst hercfeldis 

xelmZRvanelobiT, 1931 wels 

daiwyo da mogvianebiT profesor erik 

Smidtis xelmZRvanelo biT gagrZelda. 

samuSaoebi miznad sasaxlis zogierTi 

nawilis SenarCune bas isaxavda, 

restavracia iatakis SekeTebas da qvis 

skulpturuli deta le bis gamocvlas 

moicavda. dazianebuli da daxeTqili 

adgilebi cemen tiT iqna SekeTebuli. 

keramikuli filebiT dafaruli kedlebi 

Tixis da Calis fenebiT da kideebis mowviT 

gaamagres. 

sur. 9.31 mTis tradiciuli 

sofeli masule (CrdiloeT 

irani) komerciuli marSrutebis 

miRma darCa, 

amJamad is dacvis qveS mis 

kulturul RirebulebaTa 

gamo imyofeba


1964 wlis reorganizaciisas, arqeologiuri 

kvleva kulturisa da xelovnebaTa 

saministros iurisdiqciaSi 

gadavida da arqeologiis mTa vari sammarTvelos 

saxe miiRo. qveynis sxvadasxva 

mxareSi monacemebs kulturisa da xelovnebis 

adgilobrivi sammarTveloebi 

agrovebda. 1965 wels saministrom istoriuli 

Zeglebis konservaciis erovnuli 

organiza cia daaarsa, romelic 

qveynis sxvadasxva nawilSi regionaluri 

sammarTve loebis meSveobiT qmedebda 290 . 

1973 wels moixsna istoriuli Zeglebis 

dacvisTvis Ta riRobrivi mijna, ris 

Semdeg istoriisa Tu kulturis TvalsazrisiT 

mniSvnelovnad miCneuli yvela 

istoriuli Senoba kanonis ZaliT unda 

yo fili yo daculi. 1964-1972 wlebSi 

persepolisis samuSaoebi axlo da Soreuli 

aRmosavleTis italiis instituts 

(ismEo) daekisra, profesor juze 

pe tucis da italiis sagareo saqmeTa 

saministros xelmZRvanelobiT 291 . imave 

dros mimdinareobda arqeologiuri 

gaTxrebi da sarestavracio sa mu Saoebi 

nakS-i rustamis, fasargadis da doru- 

Zanis Zeglebze. proeqti organizebuli 

iyo iranis kulturisa da xelovnebis 

saministrosa da ar qeologiis departamentTan 

TanamSromlobiT da mis erTerT 

mizans res tav raciis specialistebis 

da xelosnebis gundis wrTvna warmoadgenda. 

sa restavracio samuSaoebis 

saxelmZRvanelo miTiTe bebi SemuSavebuli 

iyo profesor juzepe Zanderis mier, 

romelic ZiriTad yuradRebas guldasmiT 

arqeologiur kvlevaze, mdgomare- 

290 1975 wels organizaciam, sarestavracio 

samuSaoebis angariSebis gamoq veyne bis mizniT, 

daiwyo perioduli gamocemis Farbang 

Memari-ye Iran-is pub likacia. 

291 tardeboda sxvadasxva mimarTulebis samuSaoebi 

da maT ismEo-s prezi den ti, profesori 

juzepe tuci, profesori g. de anjelis 

d’osati, juze pe Zanderi, domeniko facena 

da eujinio galdieri xelmZRvanelo bdnen. 

obis Semdgomi gauaresebis prevenci a sa 

da restavraciis sarwmuno monacemebiT 

Semtki cebaze amaxvilebda, rac sruliad 

Seesabameboda italiur saxelmZRva nelo 

miTiTebs. yvela masala da sarestavracio 

samuSao dokumentirebu li da gamoqveynebuli 

iyo (Zander, 1968). 

islamuri revolYuciis Semdgom, 

1985 wels iranis parlamentma da amtkica 

kulturuli memkvidreobis konservaciis 

axali kanoni da iranis kulturuli 

memkvidreobis organizacia (iCho, 

Săzmân-e Mirâs-e Farhanghi-e Keshvar), romelsac 

Tavdapirvelad misi prezidenti 

mehdi hodjaTi da vice prezidenti baqer 

Sirazi xelmZRvanelobdnen. iCho-m erTi 

organizaciis SigniT memkvidreobasTan 

dakavSirebuli yvela saxis saqmianobis 

(kvlevi Ti samuSaoebi, inventarizacia, 

aseve dagegmva da konservaciis da restav 

ra ciis ganxorcieleba) koordinaciis 

safuZveli Seqmna. iCho-s mTavari sa mmarTveloebi 

da specializebuli dawesebulebebi 

(muzeumebi, Zeglebi, sasaxleebi, 

tradiciuli SemoqmedebiTi saxelosnoebi 

da sxv.) ganTavsebu lia TeiranSi, 

xolo yovel provincias, memkvidreobis 

yvela aspeqtis misaxedad, sakuTari regionaluri 

sammarTvelo aqvs (soheil, 

1995). axali or ganizaciis wya lobiT SesaZlebeli 

gaxda arsebu li resursebis da 

pra q tikuli gamocdilebis ukeT gamoyeneba. 

aq unda vaxsenoT keramikuli saxe 

losnoebi isfahanSi da qvis damamuSavebeli 

saxelosnoebi persepolis- 

Si. iCho-s aseve SeuZlia monawileoba 

miiRos damgegmavi komisiebis muSa o baSi 

rogorc mTels qve yanSi, ise provinciebSic, 

istori ul teritorieb ze vetos 

uflebiT. cen traluri kvleviTi 

laboratoria Teiran Si daars da. gansakuTrebuli 

yuradReba saTanado swavlebis 

meTodikis ganviTare bas mieqca. 

akademiuri swav leba konservaciis sferoSi 

1976 wels farabis uni versitetSi, 

isfahanSi iRebs saTaves. amgvari, adre

arsebuli erTeule bis reorganizacia 

yvela struqturas Seexo, maT Soris 

specializebul kursebs teqnikuri mu- 

SakebisTvis, sauniversiteto da doqtoris 

xarisxe bis mopovebis programebs 

konservaciaSi momuSave specialistebisTvis 

(isfahani da Teirani) da aseve 

specializebul swavlebas arqiteqturis 

studentebisTvis (vatandoust, 1994). 

9.1.6 indoeTi 

indoeTis subkontinenti msoflio- 

Si erT-erTi uZvelesi da umniSvnelo 

va nesi civilizaciebis samSobloa, 

romelsac mdidari, Tavisi siZve liT da 

uzarmazari mravalferovnebiT gamor- 

Ceuli kulturuli memkvid re oba aqvs 292 . 

1526-1761 wlebSi CrdiloeT indoeTSi 

mahalTa imperiis daar se bas Zalian didi 

erovnuli da saerTaSoriso mniSvneloba 

hqonda. mesame imperatorma, akbar didma 

(1556-1605 ww.) yvela religias Tanabari 

uflebe bi mianiWa da iseTi socialuri da 

politikuri cvlilebebi Caatara, ra mac 

SesaZleboba misca qveyanas uprecedento 

erTianobisa da progresis Tvis mieRwia. 

qveyanaSi arsebobda Zvel xelnawerebSi 

daculi, qalaqgegma re biTi miTiTebebis 

xangrZlivi tradiciebi, aseve sxvadasxva 

dargSi _ gegmarebiT dawyebuli, ganxorcielebis 

CaTvliT _ sagangebo unar- 

Cveve bic (venkataramana, 1956). magram am 

wesebisa da normebis umetesoba hunTa 

Se mo sevis, islamis miRebisa da indoeTSi 

evropelebis mosvlis kvalobaze gaqarwylebuliyo. 

britaneTis umaRlesi 

xelisufleba indoeTSi 1818 wels gamocxadda. 

meore msoflio omis Semdeg 

subkontinenti or damoukidebel qveyanad, 

indoeTad da pakistanad gaiyo. 

mravalricxovanma brZolam da omma 

seriozuli ziani miayena indo eTis ar- 

292 venkataramana, 1956; Desai, 1970; Carrol, 1972; 

Cascoigne, 1976; Grover, 1980; Fletcher, 1987. 


qiteqturul memkvidreobas. da mainc, 

jer kidev SemorCa Zveli taZ rebi, salocavebi 

da qalaqebi, Tundac konarakis 

mzis taZari, ajantas da elefantas gamoqvabulebi, 

fatehpur sikri da Taj mahali. 

zogierTi am adgilTagani mravalma 

evropelma moinaxula da aRtacebuli 

darCa mahal Ta arqiteqturis miRwevebiT. 

ingliselma peizaJistma uilYam 

hojisma (1744-97 ww.) 1789 wels Semdegnairad 

aRwera Taj mahali: `mTlianobaSi 

is la J vardovan fonze usrulyofiles 

margalitad gamosCans. igi iseT STa beWdi 

lebas axdens, rogorc, unda vaRiaro, 

xelovnebis arc erT nawarmo ebs Cemze ar 

mouxdenia” 293 . zog SemTxvevaSi taZrebs 

SeiZleba axali datvi r Tva SeeZina; ase 

moxda elefentas gamoqvabulebis SemTxvevaSi, 

sadac 1804 wels lord valentias 

yuradReba iman miipyro, rom figurebi 

taZarSi ara Cveulebrivad iyo Semonaxuli 

imis gamo, rom portugalielebma igi 

ek lesiad aqcies da figurebi wiTlad 

SeRebes. maduraSi rajas sasaxlis yofili 

misaRebi darbazi imdenad iyo dangreuli, 

rom XVIII saukunis bo los Tvis 

saqonlis sadgomad Tu gamodgeboda; 

miuxedavad amisa, mogviane biT igi SeakeTes 

da britanelebma am sasaxleSi sam- 

Tavrobo dawesebule bebi da sasamarTlo 

ganaTavses. XVIII saukunis bolo 

meoTxedSi evropaSi siZveleTa mimarT 

mzardi interesis da gansakuTrebiT, 

inglisSi cxovel xa tuli mimdinareobis 

dawinaurebis gamo, indoeTs bevrma xelovanma 

mia Sura. yvelaze didi zegavlena 

moaxdines Tomas denielma (1749-1840 

ww.) da misma ZmisSvilma uilYamma (1769- 

1837 ww.), romlebmac indoeTSi 1786-1794 

wleb Si imogzaures. inglisSi dabrunebisas 

maT gamoaqveynes peizaJebis, istoriuli 

adgilebis da arqiteqturuli 

xedebis ramdenime seria da an tikvarTa 

293 archer, mildred, Early Views of India. The Picturesque 

Journeys of Thomas and William Daniell 1786- 

1794, thames and hudson, london, 1980, ill. 29.


sazogadoebisadmi miZRvnili indoeTis 

siZveleebis Tormeti xe dis seriac. 

indoeTis siZveleebs erTma pirvelTaganma 

sityva doqtorma semuel jonsonma 

Seawia, romelmac 1774 wels waaqeza 

fort uilYamis general-gu bernatori, 

daewyo aRmosavleTis tradiciebisa da 

istoriis kvleva da aRnusxva. am survilis 

konkretuli gamoxatuleba iyo 1784 

wels bengalis saazio sazogadoebis 

daarseba ser uilYam jonsis (1746-1794 

ww.), britane li iuristis da orientalistis, 

mier, romelic 1783 wels bengalis 

umaR lesi sasamarTlos mosamarTle 

iyo. sazogadoebis mizani iyo aziis 

isto riis, siZveleebis, xelovnebis, mecnierebis 

da literaturis Seswavlis 

xel Sewyoba. sazogadoebam aseve gamosca 

Jurnali Àsiatic Researches” (saazio 

gamokvlevani), riTic sistematur kvlevas 

Cauyara safuZveli. garda amisa, 

man wamoiwyo sakonservacio samuSaoebi, 

ramac xeli Seuwyo induri kul tu ris 

ufro da ufro naTlad aRqmas, Zveli 

Zeglebis aRmoCenas da gamoq veynebas da 

induri arqiteqturis Seswavlas (rau, 

1981; thakur, 1986). 

maharajebs da taZrebs ar hqoniaT 

koleqciebi Tanamedrove azriT, es Rv- 

Taebebisadmi miZRvnili nivTebi iyo. 

bengalis sazogadoeba iyo pir veli iniciatori 

uZvelesi Zeglebis teritoriaze 

siZveleTa Segrove bisa, sadac arqiteqturuli 

fragmentebi, warwerebi 

da sxva siZveleebi adgil ze sagangebod 

iqneboda daculi. 1814 wels sazogadoebam 

uboZa Tavisi ko leqcia pirvel 

muzeums indoeTSi, romelic daarsda 

kalkutaSi da ewoda indoeTis muzeumi; 

sakuTari Senoba man mxolod 1875 wels 

moipova. Semde gi muzeumi 1851 wels madrasSi 

daarsda. masSi gansakuTrebul 

yuradRebas imsaxurebs dekoratiuli 

qandakebebi amaravatis stupadan da sxva 

budis tu ri Zeglebi, romlebic dambebis 

da gzebis mSeneblo bi sas iyo gamoyene- 

bu li da britanelebis mier ki, aRmoCenili 

da Segrovili. dasavleT indoeTis 

uelsis princis muzeumi, daarsda bombeiSi, 

1905 wels princis stumrobis Semdeg. 

ufro mcire muzeumebi mTel rig 

qalaqebsa da arqeo lo giuri gaTxrebis 

teritoriebze Seiqmna, romlebic Tanda- 

Tan tradiciu li mahaluri baRebiT da 

landSaftebiT gamarTul Ria cis qveS 

muzeume bad gadaiqca. 

Zeglebis dacvisadmi gaCenili interesis 

nimuSs konarakis mzis ta Zari 

warmoadgens; 1806 wels sazRvao 

komitetma moiTxova zomebis miReba, ra- 

Ta aRar gaeZarcvaT qvebisgan `Savi pagodas~ 

saxelwodebiT cnobili ta Zari; 

iTxova man nagebobis dacvisTvis saWiro 

xarjebis dadgenac. es Taosnoba, Ziri- 

Tadad, imiT iyo gamarTlebuli, rom 

taZari warmoadgenda mTavar orientirs 

gemebisTvis wyalmcire sanapiroze. Tumca 

general gu bernatori ar daTanxmda 

finansebis gamoyofas Zeglis dasacavad, 

mainc miRebuli iyo zomebi, rom qvebi 

aRar moeparaT (mitra, 1986:15). 1838 wlidan 

bengalis saazio sazogadoebam, arc- 

Tu warmatebulad, gaaaqtiura mcde loba 

taZris dasacavad, taZris zogierTi 

fragmenti kalkutas muzeumSi moaTavses. 

1900 wels taZris teritoriaze 

gaTxrebi moewyo, romlis dro sac aRmo- 

Cenil iqna adre ucnobi nagebobebi. amis 

kvalad, Zegls Cautarda restavracia, 

xolo 1905 wels, Camongrevis Tavidan 

asacileblad, porti kis interieri miwiT 

amoavses 294 . 

1800 wels semuel baCenenma aRmosavleT 

indoeTis topografiuli agegmva 

Caatara; 1810 wels ki bengalis mTavrobam 

gamosca ZeglTa dacvis pir veli 

brZanebuleba, romelsac mohyva meore 

brZanebuleba madrasSi, 1817 wels. 

uZvelesi Zeglebis saxelmwifo doneze 

294 1989 wels gadawyda moeSorebinaT es amovseba 

da konstruqciis gasamag reblad 

Tanamedrove teqnologiebi gamoeyenebinaT.

dacvisa da restavraci is pirveli nabijebi 

mas Semdeg gadaidga, rac indoeTi 

britanetis saxel m wifo mmarTvelobis 

qveS moeqca. 1860 wels daarsda indoeTis 

arqeolo giuri kvlevis centri da misi 

muSaoba jer subkontinentis CrdiloeT 

na wils, xolo aT weliwadSi centralur 

nawilebzec vrceldeboda. arqeo logiuri 

kvlevis centris pirveli direqtori 

aleqsandre kaningemi iyo, “samefo 

inJineri~, romelmac ganaTleba saazio 

sazogadoebaSi miiRo. man saTave misca 

kvlevisa da dokumentaciis nayofier periods 

_ qveynis irgv liv mogzaurobis 

kvaldakval, man Àrchaeological Survey of 

India Reports”-is (in doeTis arqeologiuri 

mimoxilvis angariSebi) 23 tomi gamosca. 

da mainc, Zeglebis konservacia 

adgilobrivi xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebs 

eva le bo da, romlebsac am saqmis 

didi araferi esmodaT; 1884 wels Zegl- 

Ta dac va provinciul mTavrobebs daevala. 

maiorma h. h. qoulma, romelic ad re 

muSaobda lahorSi, deliSi da agraSi da 

uZvelesi Zeg lebis zedamxed ve lad sami 

wlis vadiT iyo daniSnuli, gamoaqveyna 

winaswari angariSebis seria yvela mniSvnelovani 

Zeglis Sesaxeb. 1873 wels 

samefo saazio sazo ga doeba Semovida 

winadadebiT, SeedginaT Zeglebis saTanado 

klasifika cia da maTi konservaciisTvis 

gamocdili muSakebi moewviaT. 

keldsTonis pirvel markiz kerzonis 

(1859-1925 ww.) mefisnacvlobaSi, misi SemarTebiT 

daiwyo indoeTis uZvelesi Zeglebis 

dacvis axali epoqa. oqsfordis 

universitetis kursdamTavrebuli, 1891 

wels igi indoeTis sa xe l m wifo mdivnis 

moadgiled dainiSna, xolo 1898-1905 

wlebSi indoeTis me fisnacvali iyo. kerzons 

piradad ainteresebda Zveli Zeglebi, 

xSirad miemgzavreboda maT sanaxavad 

da iZleoda instruqciebs maTi SekeTebisa 

da konservaciis Taobaze. igi aRtacebuli 

iyo Taj mahaliT da gansakuTrebuli 

wvlili Seitana mis restavra- 


ciaSi. mTel rig xelosnebs aswav les 

marmariloze muSaoeba da dazianebebis 

SekeTeba, rac iman gamoiwvia, rom mnaxvelebs 

qvis fragmentebi suvenirebad 

mihqondaT. miwisZvrebiT gamowveuli 

napralebi Seavses da gaamagres, xolo 

marmarilos zedapiri ki moapriales. 

gamovlenil iqna Zveli baRis gegmareba 

da yvavilebi da xe ebi ZeglTan ukeTesi 

misasvlelis gaTvaliswinebiT darges. 

kerzoni ama yobda Tavisi saqmianobiT 

Taj mahalSi, ris Sesaxeb mogvianebiT 

werda: `me ti rom araferi gavakeTo indoeTSi, 

aq Cemi saxeli ukve Camiweria 

da es asoebi mudmiv sixaruls maniWebs~ 

(Carrol, 1972:134). 

1902 wels man gadawyvita arqeologiis 

kvlevis centris reorganiza cia; mis 

generalur direqtorad dasaxelda doqtori 

jon marSali, rome l mac wamoiwyo 

gaTxrebis, kvleviTi samuSaoebis, 

Zeglebis konservaciis da sxva saxis 

mecnieruli moRvaweobis aqtiuri periodi. 

arqeologiuri kvle vis centris 

upirveles valdebulebaTagani Zveli 

Zeglebis konserva cia gaxda da am mizniT 

Seiqmna Sesabamisi TanamSromlebiT 

dakompleqte bu li konservaciis ori departamenti 

_ `sasazRvro wre~ da `CrdiloeTi 

wre~. warmoebuli samuSaoebis 

angariSi regularulad qveyndeboda Annual 

Reports-Si. 295 1904 wels mTavrobam 

gamosca uZvelesi Zeglebis dacvis kanoni, 

indoeTisTvis pirveli. 296 ZiriTadi 

295 nabi Khan, 1979:11ff. mogvianebiT jon marSals 

raindis wodeba uboZes, xo lo 1928 wels igi 

pensiaze gavida. 

296 1904 wlis Zvel ZeglTa dacvis brZanebulebaSi 

`Zvel ZeglTa~ cneba Sem degnairadaa 

ganmartebuli: `nebismieri nageboba, Senoba 

Tu Zegli, an ne bismieri yorRani da mniSvnelovani 

adgili, nebismieri gamoqvabuli, 

klde Si nakveTi qandakeba, warwera, an monoliTi, 

romelsac istoriuli, ar qeologiuri 

an mxatvruli mniSvneloba gaaCnia, an raime 

naSTi, sadac Sedis (a) Zveli drois RirsSesaniSnaoba; 

(b) Zveli Zeglis mimdebare mi-


reformebi 1919 da 1935 wlebSi Ca tarda, 

ramac ganamtkica uZvelesi Zeglebis 

statusi da maTi dacva. ser jon marSalma 

sakanonmdeblo struqturis jansaRi 

da erTgvarovani safu Z ve li Seqmna. 

inglisSi dabrunebis Semdeg, kerzoni 

kvlav did yuradRebas iCenda indoe- 

Tis memkvidreobis mimarT da mimowera 

hqonda Tekerei ternerTan, sPaB-is 

mdivanTan, romelTanac restavraciis 

jerovan principebs ganixi lav da. sabolood 

sPaB-ma aRiara, rom ìnduri 

nagebobebis mdgomareoba sxvaa, vidre 

evropis Sua saukuneebis nagebobebisa, 

radgan Tu evropaSi Sua saukuneebis 

yvela tradicia miviwyebas mieca, indoeTSi 

mSeneblobis Zve li tradiciebi 

garkveuli odenobiT dResac cocxalia~ 

(terneris we ri li marSalisadmi 

1910 wels, linstrumSi. 1995:7). sPaB-i 

kvlav garkveul gavlenas axdenda konservaciis 

miznebis gansazRvraze, rac 

asaxulia ser jon marSalis mier, arqeologiuri 

kvlevis centris muSakebis 

yovel d Riur saqmianobaSi dasaxmare- 

wis iseTi nakveTi, romelic SeiZleba gamoyenebuli 

iyos Zeglis mosazRudad, misi 

safarisa anda mis sxvafriv dasacavad; da 

(g) inspeqtirebis mizniT Zveli Zeglebis advilad 

midgomis saSualebebi.~ 

sur. 9.32 Taj mahalis 

mavzoleumi da misi 

garemomcveli baRi, 

aRdgenili lord kerzonis 

marTvelobisas, XX 

saukunis dasawyisSi 

sur. 9.33 Taj mahalis fragmenti, marmarilos 

xeliT faqizad damuSavebis magali Ti 

blad, gamoqveynebul Conservation Manual-Si 

(ko n ser vaciis saxelmZRvanelo) 

(1923 w.). konservaciis principebTan 

dakavSi re biT marSali werda: 

`miuxedavad imisa, rom arsebobs bevri 

Zveli nageboba, romlis mZime mdgomareoba, 

erTi SexedviT, mis aRdgenas 

mogvasurvebs, arasdros un da daviviwyoT, 

rom maTi istoriuli Rirebuleba 

gaqreba maSinve, ro gorc ki SevexebiT 

da gavanadgurebT maT avTenturobas. 

Cveni upi r velesi valdebuleba ara maTi 

ganaxleba, aramed maTi da c va da Senar 

Cuneba unda iyos. rodesac SekeTe

a mainc tardeba, Zala da ener gia ar 

unda daviSuroT, rom gadavarCinoT 

imdeni Tavdapirveli na wi li, ramdenic 

SesaZlebelia, radgan swored Zveli 

nawilebis avTe n turobaa, rac axliskenac 

izidavs yuradRebas. damtvreuli 

da lpo baSeparuli originaluri namuSevari 

ganuzomlad ufro Rirebulia, vidre 

yvelaze daxvewili da srulyofili 

axali namuSevari (marshall, 1923:9f). 


sur. 9.34 fatahpur sikri 

(indoeTi), brwyinvale Zegli, 

romelic XVI saukuneSi 

age bisTanave miatoves. 

axla Sesulia msoflio 

memkvidreobis nusxaSi 

sur. 9.35 dagegmvis 

kontrolisa da dacvis 

problemebi istoriul 

qalaq haidera badSi 1979 

wels 

Zveli Zeglebis SeZlebisdagvarad `xeluxleblad~ 

dacvas didi yu ra d Reba 

eTmoboda; axal elementebs, maTi ganrCevis 

nacvlad, gulmodgi ned malavdnen. 

gamoqvabul taZrebSi qvis axali 

wyobis nakerebi, rac SeiZ leba `Seum- 

Cneveli~ unda yofiliyo, axlad Seqmnili 

nawilebi ki SeiZleba xe lovnurad 

daesvaraT, Tu es Zeglis xasiaTs Seesabameboda. 

Camovardni li figurebi, an 

gamosaxulebebi xelaxla ar unda aRe


marTaT, sanam ut yua rad gairkveoda, 

sad iyo gamosaxuleba Tavdapirvelad; 

ar SeiZleboda adamianis gamosaxulebebis 

SekeTeba, yvavilovani dekorisa ki _ 

mxolod ga monaklis SemTxvevebSi. istoriuli 

faqtebi arasdros unda daiCrdilos. 

SesaZlebeli iyo istoriuli baRebis 

aRdgena maTi Tavdapirveli xa sia Tis 

SenarCunebiT, magram zedmeti pedanturobis 

gareSe. `cocxal Zeg lebSi,~ 

anu istoriul nagebobebSi, romlebic 

jerac Tavdapirveli daniS nu lebiT gamoiyeneboda, 

ufro meti sarestavracio 

samuSaoebis Catareba iyo dasaSvebi, vidre 

nangrevebze. da mainc, rekomendebuli 

iyo, rom nebis mieri aseTi samuSao 

pasuxismgebel muSaks Annual Reports-Si 

naTlad aReniS na. rac Seexeba religiur 

nagebobebs, Zveli Zeglebis dacvis 

kano nis Za liT maTi movla-patronobis 

xelSekruleba SeiZleboda Sewyvetiliyo 

mflo belis saTanado ganacxadis 

safuZvelze. amitom maT movla-pat ronobasa 

Tu SekeTebaze Tanxebis gamosayofad 

garkveuli SezRudvebi da wes da. 

`saxel mZRva neloSi~ aris kidec rekomendacia, 

SeTanxmebaSi sagange bo muxli 

iyos Setanili, romlis Tanaxmad dacvis 

xelSekrulebis Sewy ve tis SemTxvevaSi, 

mflo belma unda daab runos saxelmwifos 

mier daxarjuli nebismi e ri Tanxa 

(marshall, 1923:10). 

1947 wels indoeTis damoukideblobis 

gamocxadebis Semdeg, ZeglTa 

dacvis kanonSi Setanili iyo Sesworebebi 

axali konstituciuri moTxovnebis 

Sesabamisad; 1958 wlis uZvelesi 

Zeglebis da arqeologiuri gaTxre bis 

kanoni 1904 wlis kanonis msgavsi iyo, 

magram igi met uflebebs aniWeb da indoeTis 

arqeologiuri kvlevis centrs. 

pakistanSic, aseve, uZvelesi Zeglebis 

dacvaSi Setanili Sesworebebis brZanebuleba 

1962 wels, xolo axali kanonebi 

ki 1968 da 1975 wlebSi gamoica. daculi 

Zeglebis siiT xelmZRvanelobs yvela 

arqeologiuri superintendanti, romelic 

pasuxis mge belia Zeglebis movlasa 

da maTi mdgomareobis Taobaze wli ur 

angariSze. Zeglebi sul cota, weliwad- 

Si erTxel mainc unda Se mo w me bu liyo. 

saxelmwifo saxsrebis gamoyenebisas upiratesoba 

eniWeboda rac SeiZleba meti 

Zeglebis dacvas; nebismieri SekeTeba 

unda Catarebu li yo im SemTxvevaSi, Tu 

namdvilad arsebobda amis aucilebloba 

da Tu saamisod specialuri saxsrebic 

moipoveboda. ise ki, didi intervenciis 

Tavidan asacileblad, wlis ganmavloba- 

Si movla moiTxoveboda. 1970-ian wleb- 

Si, luknouSi o. p. agraualis xelmZRvanelobiT 

konservaciis erov nu li labo 

ratoriis daarseba da ganviTareba, 

samecniro kvlevebis meti avtono miisa 

da SesaZlebobebaTa zrdis mimarTulebiT 

gadadgmuli mniSv ne lo vani nabiji 

iyo. industrializaciis TandaTanobiTma 

ganviTarebam da mo saxleobis zrdam 

urbanul centrebSi istoriuli qalaqebis 

rogorc ho ri nzontalurad, ise 

vertikalurad gafarToveba gamoiwvia. 

meore msof lio omis Semdgom es um- 

Tavres problemad iqca. 1980-ian wlebSi 

qalaqgeg marebis zogierTi samsaxuri, 

mag., haiderabadi da xelovnebisa da 

kul tu ruli memkvidreobis indoeTis 

erovnuli fondis (intaCh) dafuZneba 

am problemis ganxilvis erTgvar forumad 

iqca, ramac xeli Seuwyo profesional 

damgegmareblebs Rrmad Cawvdomodnen 

problemas, SeeswavlaT esa Tu 

is istoriuli raioni da SemoeTavazebinaT 

problemis gadaWris gzebi rogorc 

sazogadod qalaqis kontrolis, ise, 

saxeldobr, istoriuli raionebis konservaciis 

TvalsazrisiTac. 

9.1.7 iaponia 

XIX saukunemde iaponuri Senobebi TiTqmis 

mTlianad xisa iyo. ha visa, Tu daZvelebis

sxva mizezebis gamo, Senobebi, maT kvlav 

gamosayeneb lad, regularul movlas da 

SekeTebas saWiroebda. droTa ganmavlobaSi 

samSeneblo teqnologiebi daixvewa 

da ganviTarda, raTa gaadvilebu liyo 

dazianebuli adgilebis Camoxsna, Secvla 

an SekeTeba. sxvebTan er Tad, XII sau- 


sur. 9.36 kasugas salocavi 

naras maxloblad, 

(iaponia) naras periodSi, 

VIII sauku neSi daaarses, 

dRevandeli saxe ki sintos 

am salocavisa 1863 wlis 

rekonstruq ciis Sedegia 

(kasugas salocavis 

menejmenti) 

sur. 9.37 kasugas salocavis 

aRdgena bolodroindeli 

rekonstruqciisas (daax. 

1994 w.) (kasugas salocavis 

menejmenti) 

kunidan ganicdida ganviTarebas kiku-s 

(karnizebis Camoqna da nivnive bis dawyoba) 

da kivari-s (proporciuli sistema) 

teqnikebi, romel nic ni San dobliv iaponuria 

da maTi saSualebiT Tavdapirvelad 

Cafiqre bu li kon cefciis zustad 

gansazRvrac SeiZleba (larsen, 1994:109).


Senobis Sesake Teb lad sakmaod advili 

iyo misi nawilobriv, an mTlianad daSla; 

maga li Tad, hoki-jis samsarTuliani 

pagoda, romelic VII saukunis bolos an 

VIII saukunis damdegsaa agebuli, nawilobriv 

XII, XIV, XVIII da XIX sa u kuneebSi 

SeakeTes, XIII, XVII da XX saukuneebSi ki 

mTlianad daSales. amg vari tradiciebis 

kvalad, SesaZlebeli iyo nagebobis xangrZlivad 

gamo ye neba, Tumca unda iTqvas, 

rom SekeTebisas TandaTan xdeboda 

Tavdapirve li, gansakuTrebiT gare da 

zeda nawilebis masalis ganadgureba (am 

pago dis SemTxvevaSi danakargi 50 procents 

Seadgenda). nawilobriv, aseTi dana 

kargebis mizezi sxvadasxva periodSi 

Setanili cvlilebebic SeiZleba iyos 

(larsen, 1994:11f). sxva sakiTxia sintos 

salocavis ritualuri rekon st ruqcia, 

praqtika, romelic savaraudod, saTaves 

VII saukunis bolodan iRebs. am saxis 

bolo rekonstruqcia ise jingus salocavze 

1993 wels Catarda _ is ocwliani 

SualediT 61-jer ganaaxles. garda 

samoqalaqo omebis periodebisa, XV da 

XVI saukuneebSi, aseTi rekonstruqciebi 

saxe lo van monastrebSi sakmaod xSiri 

sur. 9.38 naraSi budisturi 

taZris horiu-jis saboloo 

restavracia dazianebuli 

da gacveTili elementebis 

Secvlis princips emyareba 

sur. 9.39 budisturi taZris kiojujis Zvelad 

SekeTebuli detali. axali elemen tis SigniT 

SekeTebis TariRi da xelrTvaa datanili

iyo. amis erTi axsna agrarul sazogadoebaSi 

sicocxlis ciklis asaxvaa, 

meore ki dakavSirebulia sintos tradiciebis 

sawyisebTan, rodesac mudmivi 

taZrebi ar hqoniaT da RvTae baTa droebiT 

salocavebs gansakuTrebuli SemTxvevebis 

gamo agebdnen. 

SedarebiT xangrZlivi izolaciis 

Semdeg, iaponiam kari ucxoelebs XIX 

saukunis Sua xanebSi gauRo. 1868 wels 

daiwyo socialuri da poli tikuri cvlilebebis 

periodi, romelmac imperatorTa 

taxts dakarguli Zalaufleba 

daubruna. am e.w. meijis xanis restavraciis 

devizi iyo _ ukan warsulisken, Tumca 

am periodisTvis siaxleebis Semotanacaa 

arsebi Ti, maT Soris dasavluri arqiteqturis 

da qalaqgegmarebis koncefciebisa. 

amgvari sakiTxebis Semotana Ser- 

CeviT xdeboda, maTi sargeblianobis 

da iaponuri sazogadoebisTvis maTi 

Sesaferisobis gaTvaliswinebiT (Jinnai, 

1995). sxvebTan erTad, gaCnda axleburi 

midgoma kulturuli memkvi d reobis mimarTac. 

mrewvelobisa da ganviTarebisadmi 

gazrdilma interes ma tradiciuli 

budisturi da sintos institutebis 


sur. 9.40 istoriuli qalaqi 

imai-ko, naras maxloblad, 

iaponiis kanonmdeblobis 

Ta naxmad Senobebis 

urbanuli jgufis dacvis 

nimuSia 

gaRaribeba, taZrebis mdgomarebis gauareseba 

da Zvirfasi sagnebis eqsporti 

ga mo iwvia (larsen, 1994:31). 1871 wels 

mTavrobam gamosca dekreti siZvele- 

Ta dacvis Sesaxeb da brZanebuleba, 

daewyoT ZeglTa inventarizacia, rasac 

mohyva maTi movlis dafinanseba (1880 

w.). 1897 wels mTavrobam gamosca Zveli 

salocavebis da taZrebis dacvis kanoni, 

romlis Tanaxmad istoriuli salocavebi 

da taZ rebi unda Setaniliyo daculi 

Zeglebis siaSi da saxelmwifo gaiRebda 

ga r kveul xarjebs maTi movlisTvis. 

Zveli salocavebis da taZrebis dacvis 

komisiam siis Sedgenisas Sinagan saqmeTa 

(mogvianebiT _ ganaTle bis) mi nistri 

rCevas Zveli salocavebisa da taZrebis 

komisiisgan Rebu lob da, xo lo siaSi 

Sesuli Zeglebis raodenobam 1929 wlisTvis 

1116 er Te uls mi aR wia. siaSi Setanis 

mTavar kriteriumebs warmoadgenda 

`mxatv ruli uaR re soba~ da `Rireuleba, 

viTarca istoriuli mowmobisa da is toriuli 

aso ciaciebis uxvad matareblisa.~ 

amasTanave, gansakuTrebuli roli 

eni We boda xnovanebas (sekino, 1929:7f). 

1919 wels gamoica kanoni isto riuli


mni Svnelobis adgilebis, Tvalwarmtaci 

adgilebis da bunebis Zeg lebis Taobaze. 

1929 wels erovnuli simdidris dacvis 

dadgenilebam Sec vala 1897 wlis dadgenileba 

da cixe-simagreebi, sasaxleebi 

da kerZo sac xovre beli saxlebi moicva. 

mas Semdeg, rac 1949 wels xanZris Sedegad 

naras ho riu-jis taZris oqros darbazi 

ganadgurda, 297 kulturuli obieqtebis 

dacvis kanonma (1950 w.) Semdgomi 

ganmartebebiTurT, gaafarTova kanonis 

ZaliT dacvis masStabi da moicva 

aramaterialuri kulturuli fa seulobani 

(saSemsruleblo an gamoyenebiTi 

xelovneba), xalxuri Semoq medebis memkvidreoba 

(rogorc materialuri, ise 

aramaterialuri), materi a luri kulturuli 

obieqtebi (nagebobebi, sxv.), istoriuli 

mniSvnelobis ad gi le bi, Tvalwarmtaci 

adgilebi da bunebis Zeglebi. 

1975 wels daculi Zeg lebis sias Seemata 

raionebi, sadac istoriuli Senobebis 

jgufebi mde ba reobda. 298 

zrunva rogorc fizikur, ise aramaterialur 

faseulobebze iapo niis konservaciis 

strategiis damaxasiaTebeli 

niSania. imis gaTvaliswi nebiT, rom Sesabamisi 

obieqtebi da Senobebi, ZiriTadad, 

xisaa, strategia gulisxmobs, rom 

SeuZlebelia maTi dacva im Cvevebis 

SeunarCuneblad, rac maTi mudmivi movlisa 

da SekeTebisTvisaa aucilebeli. 

knut-ainar la r sens naTqvami aqvs, rom 

297 taZris amobuguli nangrevebi dacul iqna 

sagangebo safaris qveS Tavda pi r veli adgilis 

gverdiT, sadac taZari xelaxla aages 

(larsen, 1994:26). 

298 1994 wlis ivlisisTvis mniSvnelovan kulturul 

obieqtad miCneuli na gebobebis 

raodenobam 3488 erTeuls miaRwia, 136 er- 

Teuli dasavluri sti lis Senobis CaTvliT. 

ufro metic, sia Seicavda mniSvnelovan 

aramate rialur faseulobebsac: 76 pirs, 

romlebic 52 xelobas (mag., moWiqva, an laqiT 

dafarva, xis an bambukis damuSaveba) warmoadgendnen 

da 23 jgufs, romlebic imave 

raodenobis xelobas warmoadgendnen. 

iaponiam evropuli RirebulebiTi koncefcia 

da dacvis Teoriebi XIX saukunis 

bolos miiRo, imxanad, rodesac 

upira te soba jer kidev stilisturi 

restavraciis koncefciebs eniWeboda; 

miu xedavad amisa, es mosazrebebi àra 

marto importirebul da imitirebul 

iqna, aramed iaponelebma isini TandaTan 

imgvarad Secvales, rom iaponiis bunebriv 

da kulturul pirobebs morgeboda~ 

(larsen, 1994:155). ufro metic, 

larsenis azriT, axlandeli strategia 

ori fenomenis Senazavia: xelos no bis 

saukunovani tradiciebis da teqnikuri 

codnis da mecnieruli kvle vis meTodebis 

gamoyenebisa. amas isic emateba, 

rom iaponuri midgoma srulyofilebisadmi 

miswrafebiT xasiaTdeba. amas asaxavs 

cnobieri arCe vani _ dokumentirebuli 

codnis farglebSi _ miznad istoriuli 

nagebo bis esTetikurad yvelaze 

srulyofili formis miReba iqnas dasaxuli. 

es arCevani ganxorcielebadia, vinaidan 

SekeTebisas aucilebeli Semadgeneli 

_ daSlaa. amave dros, amocanad 

dgas istoriuli masalis maqsimaluri 

ra o denobis SenarCuneba da Tanamedrove 

teqnologiebis mxolod aucileb lo bis 

kvalad gamoyeneba. 

iaponia iseTi SemTxvevaa, romelic 

Tavisi unikalurobisas warmog viCens, 

raoden seriozulad eZieben kulturuli 

memkvidreobis Tanamedro ve midgomis 

damkvidrebas konkretul kulturul 

konteqstSi. erT-erTi sakvanZo problema 

am Ziebisa àvTenturobis~ sakiTxia, 

rac imiTac Cans, rom 1994 wlis dekemberSi 


konvenciis konteqstSi avTenturobis 

sakiTxze specialistTa saerTa- 

Soriso Sexved ras iaponia maspinZlobda 

(inaba, 1995; larsen, 1995). tradiciebis 

gangrZobi sad mi iaponuri midgoma 

mkafiod gamoixata saboloo dokumentSi, 

sadac naTqvamia: `yvela kultura 

da sazogadoeba emyareba konkretul

formebs da gamoxatvis xilul, Tu uxilav 

saSualebebs, rac Seadgens maT memkvidreobas 

da amas pativi unda vceT~ 

(parag. 7). am midgomaSi naTlad Cans kulturuli 

memkvidreobis _ ufarToesi 

gagebiT _ dacvis axali mimar Tulebebi. 

igi SeiZleba dagvexmaros, davamyaroT 

kavSiri tradiciul sam ya rosTan, arsebul 

samSeneblo tradiciebTan da garemosTan 

axleburi da mdgradi urTier- 

Tobis gziT. 

9.2 saerTaSoriso TanamSromloba 

universaluri memkvidreobis koncefcia 

TandaTanobiT, XVIII da XIX saukuneebis 

ganmavlobaSi viTardeboda, xolo formaluri 

gamoxatuleba saerTaSoriso 

xelSekrulebebsa da konvenciebSi hpova. 

jer kidev XVIII saukuneSi, emerih de 

vateli (1714-67 ww.), Sveicareli iuristi, 

`Le droit des gens”-Si (erovnebaTa samar- 

Tali, 1758 w.) Seexo xelovnebis nawarmoebTa, 

ro gorc kacobriobis saerTo 

memkvidreobis sakiTxs da imas, Tu ra 

das kvnebi unda gakeTdes am koncefciidan 

omis warmoebasTan dakavSire biT. igi 

amtkicebda, rom `ra mizezis gamoc un da 

iyos iavarqmnili qve yana, Cven unda davindoT 

is nagebobebi, romelic didebas 

aniWebs adami anTa sazogadoebas da ar uwyobs 

xels mtris gaZ lierebas _ taZrebi, 

akldame bi, sazogadoebrivi Senobebi da 

yvela saxis, Tavisi silamaziT SesaniSnavi 

nawarmoebi~ (de vattel, 1844:367ff; 

williams, 1978:6). es sakiTxi marTlac 

wa mo iWra, rodesac napoleonma sxva dasxva 

xelSekrulebis safuZvelze, okupi 

rebuli qveynebidan, gansakuTre biT ki 

italiidan da germanulenovani saxelmwifoebidan, 

safrangeTSi xe lovnebis 

uamravi nawarmoebi Camoitana. rodesac 

igi damarcxda, es qvey nebi daJinebiT 

moiTxovdnen maTi ganZis ukan dabrunebas, 

radgan, maTi mtki cebiT, isini mop- 


ovebuli iyo omis yve la nairi kanonebis 

darRveviT. igive sakiTxi daisva, Tumca 

uSedegod, ber Z nul marmarilos qandakebebTan 

dakavSirebiT, romelnic lordma 

eljin ma aTenidan wamoiRo da romelnic 

parlamentis brZanebulebis Tanaxmad, 

bri taneTis sakuTrebad gamocxadda 

(williams, 1978:8). 

vatelis mier gamoTqmulma principebma 

gamoxmaureba pova amerikis SeerTebul 

StatebSi, sadac fransis liberma 

(1800-72 ww.), germanuli warmoSobis 

iuristma, omis SemTxvevaSi dacvis 

kodificirebisTvis, zoga dad moniSna 

Code for the Government of Armies (kanonTa 

krebuli SeiaraRebuli Za lebis xelmZ- 

RvanelobisTvis), romelic 1863 wels 

gamovida. 11 wliT gvi an, franko-prusiis 

omis (1870-71 ww.) dasrulebis Semdeg, 

ruseTis impera torma aleqsandre II-m, 

am sakiTxis ganxilvis mizniT, brYusel- 

Si saerTa So riso konferencia moiwvia. 

omis kanonebsa da wesebTan dakavSirebuli 

saerTaSoriso deklaraciis proeqti 

konferenciam 1874 wlis 27 agvistos 

miiRo (williams, 1978:16). am dokumentSi 

kultura mTeli kacobriobis saer To 

memkvidreobad gamocxadda, ganadgurebuli 

xelovnebis saunje Seucv le lad 

iqna miCneuli da misi kulturuli faseuloba 

yvela adamianis Tvis da ara 

marto im erisTvis Rirebulad, romlis 

miwa-wyal zec igi mdebareobda. Semo- 

Tavazebuli iyo agreTve dacul nagebobebze 

advilad SesamCnevi niSnis damagreba. 

es deklaracia qaRaldze dar- 

Ca, Tumca 1899 da 1907 wlebSi haagaSi 

Catarda konferenciebi saerTaSoriso 

konvenciis mo samzadeblad. rekomendebuli 

iyo dampyrobeli qveyana dapyrobili 

qvey nis nagebobebisa da uZravi 

qonebis mxolod àdministratorad da 

sargeb lobis uf lebis mqoned~ yofiliyo 

miCneuli. Sesabamisad, `mas unda 

uz run velyo am sakuTrebis kapitalis 

usafrTxoeba da emarTa igi mosargeb-


le o bis kanonebis Sesabamisad, droebiTi 

mflobelobis da gamoyenebis uf lebiT.~ 

Semdgomi rekomendacia iTvaliswinebda 

alyaSi moqcevis da dabo m b vis SemTxvevebs, 

ris drosac ùnda gadadgmuliyo 

yvela saWiro nabiji religiuri nagebobebis, 

xelovnebis, mecnierebis... istoriuli 

Zeglebis, SeZlebisdagvarad, 

gadasarCenad (the hague Convention, 1907 

w., muxli 55). 

9.2.1 pirveli msoflio omi 

samwuxarod, es dokumenti ar aRmoCnda 

sakmarisi pirveli msoflio omis dros 

(1914-18 ww.) imgvari kulturuli 

katastrofebis Tavidan asaci leb lad, 

rogoric iyo belgiaSi, 1914 wlis agvistoSi, 

lYuvenis Tavisufa li universitetis 

SesaniSnavi biblioTekis dawva, 

safrangeTSi reimsis sa ka Tedro taZris 

dabombva da centralur evropaSi bevri 

sxva istoriu li nagebobis da qalaqis 

dangreva. saerTo aRSfoTebis pasuxad, 

es kata st ro febi oficialur donezec 

aRiares da 1914 wels germanulma Seiara- 

Rebulma Zalebma samxedro SenaerTebs 

`xelovnebis specialuri eqsperte bi~ miamagra, 

raTa maT gamoevlinaT da daecvaT 

kulturuli memkvidreoba. erT-erTi 

maTgani p. klemeni, `rainlandis konservatori~ 

iyo, romelmac Se moitana winadadeba, 

miyenebuli zianis aRnusxva daewyoT 

299 . belgia swra fad iyo okupirebuli 

da saomari moqmedebebis Teatrad iqca. 

bevr isto riul qalaqs, rogoric iyo dinani, 

vize, meheleni, lieri da antverpeni, 

se riozuli ziani miadga. ipri mTlianad 

daingra, xolo lYuvenisgan mxo lod 

erTi mervedi gadarCa. Zalian male belgiis 

ltolvilma xelisuf lebam wamoiwyo 

RonisZiebani dazianebuli Senobebisa da 

qalaqebis resta v ra ciisa da rekonstruq- 

299 Garner, 1915:101; Posner, 1944:49; williams, 

1978:20; De naeyer, 1960:167ff. 

ciis dasafinanseblad. 1919 wlis brZanebulebis 

Tanaxmad, yvela, vinc ziani ganicada, 

kompensacias miiRebda. dangreuli 

sa zogadoebrivi nagebobebis nacvlad 

unda aSenebuliyo tolfasi Senobe bi, 

xolo istoriuli Zeglebi maTi omis winandeli 

garegani saxiT unda aRdgeniliyo 

(1919 wlis 10 maisis brZanebuleba). 

debatebi ipris rekonst ruqciis Taobaze 

sami mimarTulebiT mimdinareobda: zogierTs 

surda, See narCunebina nangrevebi, 

rogorc ngrevis memoriali, sxvebs surdaT, 

qalaq gegmarebis bolodroindeli 

ganviTarebis sikeTiT esargeblaT da 

qa laqi-baRis gegmarebiTi winadadebebiT 

Semovidnen da, bolos, mesameT guli 

Sua saukuneebis qalaqis simbolur Rirebulebaze 

SestkiodaT da daJinebiT 

mo iTxovdnen is zustad ise aRedgenaT, 

rogoric is dangrevamde iyo. ip ris- 

Tvis swored es bolo gadawyvetileba 

iyo miRebuli. msgavsadve, lYu venis Tavisufali 

universitetis biblioTekac 

misi omiswinandeli saxiT iqna aRdgenili. 

qalaqis Senobebi maTma mflobelebma 

aRadgines _ umetes wi lad aslebis, 

zogjerac gadarCenili elementebis Tavisufali 

kompozi ciis saxiT 300 . 

safrangeTSi, sadac 1914 wels dazianeba 

da ngreva reimsis da sua sonis 

sakaTedro taZrebsac, XVI saukunis 

otel de vils, aras brwyinva le 

renesansul moednebs da Tavad parizis 

RvTismSoblis taZarsac ki Se exo, maTi 

restavraciisa da rekonstruqciisTvis 

qveynis mTeli Zalebis mo bilizacia gaxda 

saWiro. sabednierod, bevr SemTxveva- 

Si faseulobaTa gadarCena usafrTxo 

adgilebSi maTi evakuaciiTac iyo Sesa- 

Zlebeli. 1917 wels ruanis da Sartris 

sakaTedro taZrebis mniSvnelovani vit- 

300 De naeyer, 1980:172ff. lYuvenis kamaTis Sesaxeb: 

Canon r. lemaire, La reconstruct tion de Louvain, 

rapport présenté au nom de la Commission des 

Alignements, louvain, 1915. da mowmebuli iyo 

kamilo zitec.

aJebis dacvaSi Tavdacvis saministroc 

iRebda monawileobas. omis bolos, Commis 

sion des monuments historiques-is pasuxismgeblobiT, 

siaSi Sesul nagebobaTa 

odenoba gaizarda da moicva ara marto 

Zeglebi, aramed istoriuli raio nebi, 

mag., vezeles borcvi magdalinas eklesiiT. 

1932 wels safrangeTSi 8 100 daculi 

istoriuli nageboba iyo, aqedan 3 000 _ 

eklesia. damatebiTi sia swrafad gaiz- 


sur. 9.41 lYuvenis 


belgiaSi. mniSvnelovnad 

dangreuli pirveli 

msoflio omis 

dros, xolo omis mere 

didwilad aRdgenili. 

municipalitetis Senoba 

(suraTze) nawilobriv 

gadarCa da mogvianebiT 

aRadgenil iqna 

arda da ukve 1934 wels igi 12 000 er- 

Teuls Seicavda. omis Semdgom periodSi 

mxolod konservacia aRar ivargebda, 

saWiro gax da dazianebuli nagebobebis 

dangreuli nawilebis rekonstruqciis 

daS veba. es, Tavis mxriv, aucilebels 

xdida am saxis samuSaoebisTvis saWiro 

principebis da teqnologiebis axlidan 

gadaxedvas. farTod gamoiyenebo da 

axali teqnologiebi da, gansakuTrebiT,


rkina-betoni. 10 weliwadSi, 700-ze meti 

nageboba aRdgenili an SekeTebuli iyo 

(verdier, 1934:195ff). 

9.2.2 aTenis sxdomebi 

pirveli msoflio omis bolos, 1919 wels 

parizis samSvidobo kon ferenciis dros 

Seiqmna erovnebaTa liga, saerTaSoriso 

TanamSrom lo bis organizacia, Stab-biniT 

JenevaSi. axali organizaciis farglebSi 

daars da inteleqtualuri TanamSromlobis 

saerTaSoriso komiteti, romelic 

pi r velad 1922 wels JenevaSi, anri 

bergsonis (1859-1941 ww.) TavmjdomareobiT 

Seikriba. kulturuli memkvidreobis 

saWiroebebis gaTvaliswinebiT, 1926 wels 

komitetma gadawyvita, Seeqmna muzeumebis 

saerTaSoriso ofisi parizSi. misi saqmianoba 

moicavda Jurnal Mouseion gamocemas 

(1927 w.-dan), sa muzeumo saqmianobis 

da xelovnebis nawarmoebTa konservaciis 

xelSew yo bas, amasTan ki saerTaSoriso 

Sexvedrebis organizebas. 1930 wlis 

oqto m berSi, romSi moewyo xelovnebis 

nawarmoebebis gamokvlevisa da dacvis 

mec nieruli meTodebis Seswavlisadmi 

miZRvnili saerTaSoriso konferen cia 

(Mouseion, xiii, 1931:162ff). momdevno sxdoma, 

sadac ganixileboda arqiteq tu ruli 

Zeglebis konservaciasTan dakavSirebuli 

problemebi, aTenSi, 1931 wlis 21-30 

oqtombers Catarda. 

aTenis sxdomas Tavmjdomareobda 

Jiul destre, muzeumebis saerTaSoriso 

ofisis prezidenti da mas eswreboda 23 

qveynis daaxloe biT 120 warmomadgeneli, 

ZiriTadad evropidan, maT Soris pol 

leoni saf rangeTidan, gustavo jovan- 

Yoni italiidan, leopoldo tores balbasi 

es pa ne Tidan, a. r. pouisi da ser sesil 

harkot-smiti inglisidan. sxdomebi 

Svid ZiriTad Temaze iyo orientirebuli: 

Teoriuli Sexedulebebi da pri ncipebi, 

administraciuli da sakanonmde- 

blo RonisZiebebi, esTetikuri mxaris 

gaumjobeseba, sarestavracio masalebi, 

cveTa, konservaciis teqno lo giebi da 

saerTaSoriso TanamSromloba. gansakuTrebuli 

rekomenda ciebi gakeT da akropolisis 

Zeglebis restavraciis Taobaze. 

saerTo ten dencia sti li s turi 

restavraciis uaryofasa da Zeglebis 

yvela periodis stilis Se narCunebiT 

konservaciisa da dacvisTvis upiratesobis 

miniWe baSi mdgo ma reobda. konferenciis 

daskvnaSi naTqvamia: 

raoden mravalferovani unda iyos 

calkeuli SemTxvevebi, romelTa gan Ti- 

Toeuli gansxvavebul midgomas moiTxovs, 

konferencia aRniS navs, rom warmodgenil 

sxvadasxva qveynaSi pirvelobs 

mTlianobiTi restavraciis uaryofis 

da misi mosalodneli xifaTebis Tavidan 

asa cileblad da nagebobaTa SenarCunebis 

uzrunvelsayofad siste mis SemoRebis 

tendencia. rodesac cveTis an ngrevis 

Sedegad resta v racia aucileblad miiCneva, 

misi rekomendaciaa, pativi miegos 

war su lis, uk le b liv yvela periodis da 

stilis, istoriuli da mxatv ru li Rirebulebis 

nawarmoebebs. konferencia 

gvirCevs nagebobebis ga moyenebas, rac 

uzrunvelyofs maTi sicocxlis gaxangr- 

Zlivebas, mag ram isini maTi istoriuli 

da mxatvruli xasiaTis gaTvaliswine biT 

unda funqcionirebdes (punqti 1). 

gansakuTrebuli yuradReba daeTmo istoriuli 

Zeglebis usafrT xoe bis dacva- 

Si samosaxloebis wvlilsa da saTanado 

RonisZiebebis TviT kerZo mflobelobaSi 

myof obieqtebsa da sagangebo viTarebebze 

gavrce le bis sakiTxs. aucileblad iyo 

miCneuli Zalisxmeva Zeglebis maT Tavdapir 

vel adgilas dasatoveblada da maTi 

cxovelxatuli ieris dasacavad. mowonebuli 

iyo Tanamedrove teqnologiebis, mag., 

rkinabetonis, gamoyene ba da gamoTqmuli 

iyo azri, rom ukeTesi iqneboda Tanamedrove 

gamamag rebeli konstruqciebis 

dafarva, raTa ar Secvliliyo Zeglis 

garegnuli saxe. nangrevebis SemTxvevaSi,

Tavdapirveli fragmentebi TavTavianT 

adgi lebze anastilozis meTodis gamoyenebiT 

unda daebrunebinaT; nebismieri 

axali masala unda SesamCnevi yofiliyo. 

gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba mi eniWa 

saerTaSoriso TanamSromlobas, raTa ga- 

Zlierebuliyo xelovnebis is toriuli 

nawarmoebebis dacva, Seqmniliyo dokumentaciis 

saerTaSori so centri da xeli 

Sewyoboda sazogadoebis informirebas. 

es daskvnebi daegzavna inteleqtualuri 

TanamSromlobis saerTaSoriso komitets 

da erovnebaTa ligis wevr saxelmwifoebs, 

mogvianebiT maT àTenis qartia~ ewoda 

da man mniSvnelovnad Secvala damokidebuleba 

istoriuli obieq te bis mimarT 

da warmoadgenda pirvel saerTaSoriso 

dokuments, romelic konservaciis axal 

strategias emxroboda. aTenis qartiam 

Seqmna modeli, romelic mokle xanSi jovanYonim 

restavraciis italiuri normebis 

doku mentis Sesadgenad moiSvelia. 

istoriuli qalaqebis ngrevam pirveli 

msoflio omis dros xeli Tanamedrove 

arqiteqturisa da qalaqgegmarebisadmi 

interesis zrdasac Se uwyo. 

es gaxda aTenSi, 1933 wels meoTxe kongresis 

(Congrés internationaux d’Architecture 

moderne (Ciam) – Tanamedrove arqiteqturis 

saerTaSoriso kon gresebi _ 

erT-erTis) mowvevis mizezi. kongresis 

wevrebi marselidan ge miT aTenSi 1933 

wlis 27 ivliss gaemgzavrnen, iq erTi 

kvira (2-9 agvis to) dayves, Semdeg ki marselSi 

14 agvistos dabrundnen. mis msvlelobaSi 

sa ni muSod 33 qalaqis masala 

iqna wardgenili. kongresis aqtebi 1933 

wlis no emberSi, aTenSi, Anals Technics-Si 

gamoqveynda da maT Soris iyo kongre sis 

rekomendaciebi, saxelwodebiT “La letter 

d’Athènes” (werili aTenidan). mo gvianebiT, 

1941 wels, es rekomendaciebi redaqtirebul 

da gamocemul iqna le korbYuzYes 

mier, La Charte d’Athènes-is (aTenis qartia) 

saxeliT da misive komentarebiT. 

rekomendaciebi Seicavda aseve ganakveTs 


qalaqebis is toriuli raionebis dacvis 

Taobaze. maTi mofrTxileba rekomendebuli 

iyo, Tu istoriuli Zeglebi 

(calkeuli Zegli, Tu urbanuli ansambli), 

warsulis kulturis sayovelTaod 

sagulisxmo gamoxatuleba iqneboda da 

Tu adgilobriv mosaxleobas cxovreba 

arajansaR pirobebSi ar mouwevda. maT 

dacvas SeiZleba gamoewvia transportis 

mimarTulebis Secvla da sa zogadoebrivi 

dawesebulebebis qalaqis centridan gadatana. 

amasTan, axa li arqiteqturis istoriul 

nagebobebTan raimegvari esTetikuri 

asimila cia kategoriulad iyo 

uaryofili (La letter d’Athènes, 1933 wlis 

noemberi, iuar-Si 1976:95). 

9.2.3 meore msoflio omi 

meore msoflio omi (1939-1945 ww.) 

pirvelze ufro damangreveli ga modga; 

mxolod safrangeTSi daaxlovebiT 460 

000 Senoba daingra da da cu li nagebobebis 

daaxlovebiT 15 procenti dazianda 

_ aqedan naxevari mniSvnelovnad. bevrma 

istoriulma qalaqma _ maT ricxvSi 

londonma, be r linma, drezdenma, hildeshaimma, 

varSavam, san-malom da florenciam 

_ di dad izarala. 1944 wlis dekemberSi 

miRebuli iyo varSavis istoriuli 

centris aRdgenis gadawyvetileba, xolo 

1945 wlis TebervalSi qalaqi kvlav 

poloneTis dedaqalaqad gamocxadda. 

rekonstruqcia poloneli xa l xis identobisTvis 

misi erovnuli mniSvnelobiT 

iqna gamarTlebuli, misi ganxorcieleba 

ki anazomebis, gravYurebis, sura Te bis 

(mag. bernardo beloto) da sxva omamdeli 

dokumentaciis arsebobis wyalobiT 

gaxda SesaZlebeli. da mainc, axali 

varSava Zvel qalaqs ufro garegnulad 

See sabameba; interierebSi, Tanamedrove 

keTilmowyobis uzrunvelsayofad, mravalgvari 

cvlileba iyo Setanili. Zalisxmeva, 

aRedginaT varSava, ro gorc


erovnuli Zegli, gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobis 

mqone movlenad iq na aRiarebuli. 

1949 wlis moxsenebaSi stanislav 

lorencma, muzeumebis da istoriul 

ZeglTa dacvis generalurma direqtorma, 

ganacxada, ìstoriu li nagebobebis 

aRdgeniT, Cven Tavdapirveli Senobebis 

avTentur naSTebs vinarCunebT” 301 . 1978 

wels varSavis aRdgenili centri unEs- 

Co-s msoflio memkvidreobis nusxaSi 

iqna Setanili misi ùniversaluri Rirebulebis~ 

ga mo. 

Casatarebel uzarmazar sarekonstruqcio 

samuSaoebs Tan sdevda ka ma- 

Ti gansxvavebul viTarebaSi sxvadasxva 

midgomis Taobaze. msgavsi prob lemebi 

ganixileboda pirveli msoflio omis 

Semdgom belgiaSic, sadac ga dawyda, rom 

SeuZlebeli iyo qveynis sasaflaod datoveba 

da rom reko n struqcia aucilebeli 

iyo. umetes SemTxvevaSi es Tanamedrove 

formiT ganxorcielda; gamonakliss 

warmoadgenda lYuveni, sadac 

winandeli for me bis keTilsindisieri 

kopireba moxda 302 . mraval alternativas 

Soris dan g reuli istoriuli Senobebis 

zusti gameorebac iyo, rogorc varSavis 

da san-malos (safrangeTi) SemTxvevaSi 

da Tanamedrove arqiteqturuli 

formebiT rekonstruqciac. ukanaskneli 

alternativa arCies londonSi, wm. pavles 

midamoSi, romelic Tanamedrove 

saofise masivebis saxiT aR d genili, rac 

1990-ian wlebSi mkacrad iqna gakritikebuli. 

qoventris Zveli sakaTedro taZris 

nangrevebi mowiwebiT iqna daculi, 

xolo axali taZrisTvis Tanamedrove 

proeqtze SeCerdnen. igive SeiZleba 

iTqvas ro ter damze, sadac mTlianad 

dangreuli qalaqis rekonstruqciisTvis 

Tana medrove gadawyveta SeirCa; mas 

Semdeg es Tanamedrove qalaqgegmarebis 

kla sikur nimuSad iqca. 

301 s. lorencis moxseneba in Pane, 1950:49ff. 

302 lemaire, 1915; De angelis, 1952; Perogalli, 1954; 

De naeyer, 1980:167ff 

am or ukiduresobas Soris omis Semdgom 

periodSi restavraciisa da nawilobrivi 

rekonstruqciis dros problemis 

mravali sxva gada wyvetac iyo nacadi, rac 

mudam omiT motanili ngreviT rodi iyo 

gamo wveuli. 1950-ian wlebSi, dekanoz lemeris 

Zmiswuli, profesori reimond lemeri 

(1921-97 ww.), iComos-is momavali generaluri 

mdivani da preziden ti, lYuvenSi mraval 

sarestavracio proeqtSi iyo CarTuli. 

miuxedavad originaluri ma salis xazgasmuli 

pativiscemisa, xSirad gadauwyvetiaT 

moeSorebinaT mopirkeTebis zeda fena da 

gaeSiSvlebinaT aguris an qvis wyoba, raTa 

ufro naT lad gamoevlinaT nagebobebis 

Tavdapirveli `plas tika~. ase moxda, magaliTad, 

lYuvenis istoriul centrSi mde bare, 

Grand Beguinage-Si (beginebis monasteri), 

romelic 1960-ian wlebSi kaTolikuri 

sur. 9.42 albaneTis qalaq beratis istoriuli 

centri qalaq-muzeumad 1961 wlis 2 ivniss iqca

uni versitetisTvis gadasacemad iqna reabilitirebuli. 

proeqti miCneul iqna 

pirvel SemTxvevad, sadac `moisinja Zeglis 

dacvis da Tanamedrove pra q tikuli 

gamoyenebis SesaZlo Serwyma~ (De naeyer, 

1980:155; linstrum, 1983:91ff). strasburgSi, 

kompromisis ZiebaSi, restavracia Tanamedrove 

Se no bebTan iqna integrirebuli, 

mimdebare urbanuli masStabis gaTvaliswine 

biT. 

bevr SemTxvevaSi, msgavsad orleanisa, 

gaaganieres Zveli quCebi da axlad 

aages zogierTi istoriuli fasadi. xandaxan 

isec xdeboda, rom Se morCenili 

Zveli Senobebi axal adgilebze gadahqondaT, 

rogorc es qa laqis axali gegmarebisTvis 

iyo xelsayreli. hildeshaim- 

Si mniSvnelovani romanuli eklesiebi gamartivebuli 

formebiT, omis winandeli 

restavra ci is kriteriumebiT aRadgines. 

istoriuli qalaqis dangreuli nawilebi 

Tanamedrove formebiT iqna aRdgenili, 

Tumca ki quCebis Zveli qselis SenarCunebiT. 

1980-ian wlebSi ki, axali Senobebisadmi 

kritikulma da moki de bu lebam gza 

misca centraluri moednis xelmeore 

rekonstruqcias, rom lis drosac 1950- 


sur. 9.43 frederiksburgi, 

virjinia, SenarCunebul 

iqna rogorc daculi 

ubani. aseT midgomas gansakuTrebiT 

xels uwyobs 

ZeglTa dacvis adgilobrivi 

sazoga doe bebi 

iani wlebis arqiteqtura Zveli nagebobebis 

aslebiT Secvales. axla igi imgvari 

politikuri gzavnilis matarebel istoriul 

Zeglad aRviqvaT, romelic scdeba 

rigiTi res tavraciis sazRvrebs. igive 

SeiZleba iTqvas drezdenis RmrTismSoblis 

eklesiaze (Frauenkirche), rome lic 

omis Semdeg nangrevebis saxiT iyo mitovebuli; 

misi rekonstruqcia Zveli 

formiT, rogorc germaniis gaerTianebis 

kidev erTi erovnuli Zeglisa, 1990-iani 

wlebis dam degs daiwyo. 

nYurembergSi eklesiebi da safortifikacio 

nagebobebi restavrire bul iqna 

rogorc istoriuli Zeglebi, maSin rodesac 

qalaqis centri Tanamedrove formebiT 

gaSenda, Tumca ki Zveli dangreuli 

qalaqis masStabis, quCebis qselis da 

samSeneblo masalebis gaTvaliswinebiT. 

drez denSi, magdeburgSi, na um burgSi da 

mYunxenSi magaliTebis far To speqtri 

gvaqvs, neitraluri reintegraciiT dawyebuli, 

srul rekonstruqciamde. 303 saintereso 

nimuSs warmoadgens fridrih fon 

303 ramdenime qveyanam gamoaqveyna masalebi 

dangreul nagebobebsa da sares tavracio 

samuSaoebze.


gertneris siegestor (satrium fo TaRi), sadac 

cali mxare darCenili elementebiT 

iqna aRdgenili, meo re ki fragmentuli 

saxiT datoves da masze warweriT moaTavses 

misi axali mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb 304 (ix. 

sur. 10.3). ngrevam italiaSic mosaxleobaSi 

Soki gamoiwvia. pirveli reaqcia iyo 

aRdgena da restavracia im Sem T xvevaSic 

ki, Tu es ewinaaRmdegeboda dadgenil saxelmZRvanelo 

miTiTe bebs. rogorc wina 

TavSi iyo aRniSnuli, swored aq moxda 

“restauro critic”-s principebis dadginebisas 

misi Semowmeba da daxvewa. 

9.2.4 saerTaSoriso organizaciebi 

kulturuli memkvidreobis konservaciasTan 

dakavSirebul adrin del saerTa- 

Soriso dokumentebs, haagis konvenciis 

(1907 w.) CaTvliT, ar ganusazRvravT 

saerTaSoriso sazogadoebis koleqtiuri 

pasuxismgebloba. es sakiTxi pirve- 

304 “Dem Sieg geweiht, vom Krieg zerstört, zum Friede 

mahnend” (gamarjvebisadmi mi ZRvnili, omisgan 

dangreuli, mSvidobisken momwodebeli). 

sur. 9.44 meore msoflio 

omiT gamowveuli ngrevis 

Semdeg, hildeshaimis 

istoriu li centri 

pirvelad Tanamedrove 

formebiT 1950-ian wlebSi 

aRadgines, xolo 1980-ian 

wlebSi isini istoriuli 

nagebobebis aslebiT 

Seicvala 

lad `sruliad-amerikis saxelmwifoebis 

kavSiris~ wevreb ma ganixiles, romlebmac 

uoSingtonSi, 1935 wlis 15 aprils miiRes 

samxa tv ro da samecniero dawesebulebebis 

da istoriuli Zeglebis dacvis uo- 

Singtonis paqti (rerixis paqti) (the Washington 

Pact for the Protection of Artistic and Scientific 

Institutions and Historic Monuments (Roerich 

Pact). paqtis preambulis mi xedviT, 

uZravi Zeglebi SenarCunebuli da daculi 

unda iyos imitom, rom isini adamianTa 

kulturis memkvidreobas Seadgens. 

maTi dacva mSvidobia no bisasac savaldebuloa 

da omis drosac. mogvianebiT, 

paqtis principebi unEsCo-s STamagonebelic 

gaxda da meore msoflio omis 

Semdeg saerTa So riso xelSekrulebebis 

safuZvelic (Clément, 1993). aseTi saerTo 

pasu xis mge b loba, ra Tqma unda, calkeul 

saxelmwifoebs sakuTari pasuxismge blobisgan 

ar aTavisuflebda. sinamdvileSi 

TiToeuli saxelmwifos ero v nuli suverenitetis 

pativiscema `kacobriobis 

saerTo memkvidreobis~ dacvisa da 

mdgomareobis monitoringis konteqstSi 

kvlavac fuZemdebeli sakiTxia.

adamianTa sicocxlis da qonebis 

didma danakargebma xeli Seuwyo saer- 

TaSoriso pilitikis axal Zalisxmevas, 

Seqmniliyo sibrtye, sadac Se saZlo 

uTanxmoebebi manam gadawydeboda, vidre 

isini Ria konfliqtebSi gadaizrdeboda. 

aseT garemoebebSi, 1945 wels, winandeli 

erTa liga xela x la, gaerTianebuli erebis 

organizaciis saxiT daarsda, gaer- 

Tianebul erTa ganaTlebis, mecnierebis 

da kulturis organizaciam (unEsCo) 

ki inteleqtualuri TanamSromlobis 

saerTaSoriso komiteti Secvala, xolo 

muzeumebis saerTaSoriso ofisi 

muzeumebis saerTaSoriso sabWod (iCom) 

gadakeTda (1946 w.). 1956 wels, mravali 

Taosnobis kvalad, unEsCo-s generalurma 

konferenciam nYu deliSi miiRo 

winadadeba, daarsebuliyo kulturuli 

obieqtebis dacvisa da restavraciis kvlevis 

saerTaSoriso centri (iCCrom), 

romelic romSi moTavsda. sabolood, 

1965 wels, varSa vasa da krakovSi mowveul 

iqna Zeglebisa da RirsSesaniSnavi adgilebis 

dacvis saerTaSoriso sabWos, 

iComos-is damfuZnebeli kreba, sadac 

dad ginda saerTaSoriso organizaciebis 

ZiriTadi gundis pasuxismgebloba mTeli 

msoflios kulturul memkvidreobaze 

(Jokilehto, 1996). amas unda daematos 

regionaluri organizaciebi, rogoricaa 

1949 wels dafuZnebuli evropis sabWo 

da sxvebi msoflios sxvadasxva kuTxeSi, 

samTavroboc da ara-samTavroboc (Council 

of Europe, CC-Pat 96 58). 

misi moRvaweobis dasawyisSi unEs- 

Co-s interesebi konservaciis sferoSi 

muzeumebze iyo fokusirebuli, 

1949 wels ki, ZeglTa dacvis saerTa- 

Soriso komitetis daarsebis mizniT, 

man saerTaSo ri so eqspertTa kreba moiwvia. 

komitetis wesdeba ori wlis Semdeg 

damtkicda, xolo pirveli Sexvedrebi 

parizsa da stambulSi gaimarTa. 

komitetma gamoxata daintere seba, ezruna 

sakanonmdeblo da administraciu- 


li sakiTxebis mowesrigeba ze da Semoitana 

winadadeba, gamocemuliyo istoriuli 

Zeglebis restav ra ciis saxelmZRvanelo. 

305 1951 wels gadawyda peruSi gagzavniliyo 

unEsCo-s mier organizebuli 

pirveli misia miwisZvrisagan seriozulad 

da Savebuli qalaq kuskos aRdgeniTi 

samuSaoebisas daxmarebis gasawevad. 

kidev erTi misia, organizebuli Cezare 

brandim moawyo oxridSi (Yugos lavia) 

freskebis restavraciisas konsultaciis 

gasawevad. im droidan moyolebuli, 

unEsCo-s misiebi msoflios sxvadasxva 

kuTxeSi sul ufro xSiri gaxda da TandaTan 

saerTaSoriso kampaniebSi gadaizarda 

_ maga liTad SeiZleba moviyvanoT 

misiebi nilosis xeobaSi asuanis kaSxlis 

mSe neblobisas, veneciaSi, florenciaSi, 

indoeTSi, Sri lankaSi, kambo jaSi da sxv. 

(Bekri, 1991; valderrama, 1995). 

unEsCo-s mniSvnelovani funqciaa 

konvenciebisa da rekomendaciebis 

momzadeba, rogorc erovnul doneze 

konservaciis kanonmdeblobis da pra qtikis 

saerTaSoriso amosavlisa. Seiara- 

Rebuli konfliqtebis prob le ma saer- 

TaSoriso xelSekrebulebebSi unEsCos 

daarsebamde iyo gaTva lis winebuli, 

gansakuTrebiT haagis konvenciis 1899 

da 1907 wlebis pir vel versiebSi (1930ian 

wlebSi mimdinareobda maTi ganaxlebuli 

versiis Seswavla saerTaSoriso 

muzeumebis ofisis mier). 1954 wels 

unEsCo-s moRvaweobis pirveli nabiji 

haagis konvenciis ganaxlebuli versiis 

mom zadeba Seiqna, ramac gza sxvebsac 

gaukvala, maT Soris or sxva konven cias 

_ 1. kulturuli faseulobebis ukanono 

importis, eqsportis da sakuT rebis gadacemis 

akrZalvisa da Tavidan acilebis 

(1970 w.) 2. msof lio kulturuli da 

bunebrivi memkvidreobis dacvis Sesaxeb 

(`msoflio me m kvidreobis konvencia~) 

(1972 w.). ufro metic, unEsCo-m miiRi 

305 saxelmZRvanelo 1950 wels gamoqveynda Museum, 

iii-Si, r. panes redaqto ro biT.


TerTmeti saerTaSoriso rekomendacia, 

romelnic exeboda, mag., arqeologiur 

gaTx rebs (1956 w.), Zeglebs, romelTac 

safrTxes uqmnis farTo masStabis samu- 

Saoebi, rogoricaa, mag., maRlivi kaSxali 

nilosze (1968 w.), istoriuli arealebis 

dacvas (1976 w.) da tradiciuli 

kulturisa da folkloris dacvas (1989 

w.) (unEsCo, 1982; Cleere, 1996; Jokilehto, 

1996). naTelia, rom aseTi saerTaSoriso 

rekomendaciebi mxolod zogad principebs 

gvTava zobs da saWiroebs saTanado 

interpretacias erovnuli normebis da 

stan dartebis Sesabamisad. XX saukunis 

bolos, mis mraval wamowyebasTan er- 

Tad, kulturuli umciresobebis da 

kulturuli mravalferovnebis ga mo 

mometebuli zrunvis kvalad, unEsCom, 

gaerTianebuli erebis organi za cias 

Tan TanamSromlobiT, Seqmna kulturis 

da ganviTarebis msoflio komisia, 

romelmac saangariSo moxseneba 1995 

wels gaakeTa (iunesko, 1995). 

9.2.5 veneciis qartia 

1957 wels safrangeTis mTavrobasTan 

unEsCo-s TanamSromlobiT moewyo istoriul 

Zeglebze pasuxismgebel arqiteqtorTa 

da teqnikur mu SakTa saer- 

TaSoriso Sexvedra. Sexvedras daaxloebiT 

25 qveyana eswrebo da, xolo Ziri- 

Tadi yuradReba multidisciplinaruli 

TanamSromlobis da specialistTa 

momzadebis aucileblobaze gamaxvilda. 

gamoiTqva, gan sakuTrebiT frangebis 

mier, kritikuli SeniSvnebic, zedmetad 

gamartive buli Tanamedrove elementebis 

Taobaze, romelnic metismetad 

mkveTrad gan sxvavdeboda Tavdapirveli 

dekoratiuli saxeebisgan. am Sexvedris 

gagrZelebad, italiis mTavrobam 1964 

wlis 25-31 maiss konservaciis arqi teqtorebi 

da teqnikuri muSakebi Sexvedraze 

veneciaSi miiwvia. mas 61 qveynis 

600 warmomadgeneli da saerTaSoriso 

organozacie bis, unEsCo, iCCrom, iCom 

da evropis sabWos warmomadgenlebi eswrebodnen. 

Sexved ris mniSvnelovani 

Sedegi gaxda ZeglTa da RirsSesaniSnav 

adgilTa konserva ci is da restavraciis 

saerTaSoriso qartia. `veneciis qartia~ 

Cafiqrebu li iyo, rogorc 1931 wlis 

aTenis qartiis revizia da, ZiriTadad, 

itali ur normebs, jovanYonis qartias 

emyareboda. masSi aisaxa mimdinare kama- 

Ti _ konservaciis restavraciisadmi dapirispirebis 

Taobaze da gaTvaliswi nebu 

lia erTi wliT adre gamoqveynebuli 

Cezare brandis Teoria. 

Tumca ZiriTadi yuradReba isev 

nagebobebze iyo gamaxvilebuli, ìs toriuli 

Zeglis~ koncefcia gafarTovda 

da istoriuli urbanuli da qa laqgare 

teritoriebi moicva. `mkvdar~ da `cocxal~ 

Zeglebad winandeli ganrCeva mniSvnelovnad 

aRar miiCneoda. kongresma 

erTmniSvnelovnad gaa max vila yuradReba 

arqiteqturul simrTeleze, Tumca 

aseve aRniSna isto riuli avTenturobis 

da mTlianobis didi mniSvneloba, mxedvelobaSi 

hqonda ra omisSemdgom periodSi 

stilisturi rekonstruqciiT zedmeti 

gataceba. ramdenime gamomsvlelma 

xazi gausva kulturuli memkvidreo bis 

yoveli RirsSesaniSnavi adgilis specifikurobas, 

imas, rom nebismieri qar tia 

gezis mimcemiRaa da ara ukritikod aRsasrulebeli 

kanoni. mom dev no wels dafuZnebulma 

iComos-ma qartia ZiriTad, 

doqtrinarul doku mentad miiRo. qartia 

mraval enaze iTargmna da dasabami misca 

mTel rig qartiebs, rekomendaciebs da 

saxelmZRvanelo miTiTebebs, romlebic 

kul tu ruli memkvidreobis dacvis sxvadasxva 

aspeqts exeba. igi gaxda, agreTve, 


nusxaSi Sesatani obieqtebis Sefase bis 

amosavalic. veneciis qartiiT STagonebuli 

erT-erTi yvelaze cnobi li dokumentia 

e.w. buras qartia, Sedgenili avs-

traliis iComos-is mier 1979 wels da 

1981, 1988 da 1999 wlebSi redaqtirebuli. 

veneciis qartiis ZiriTad strategiaze 

damyarebul buras qartias Semoaqvs 

`sayofelis~ (place) koncefcia, `Zeglis an 

RirsSesaniSnavi adgilis~ nacvlad; masSi 

xaz gasmulia kulturuli mniSvnelovnebis 

nakleb xelSesaxebi aspeqtebi, asociaciebi 

da Sinaarsi, rac adamianebisTvis 

maT `sayofels~ aqvs da, gar da amisa, gadawyvetilebis 

miRebis procesSi mosaxleobis 

CarTvis auci lebloba. Zalze 

arsebiTia, amasTanave, gavicnobieroT, 

rom amgvar sa erTaSoriso qartiebs mizanmimarTulebis 

mxriv unda CavwvdeT da 

ar veca doT, gavamarTloT maTi gamoyenebis 

yvela mcdeloba (Cleere, 1996; Jokilehto, 

1996). 

9.2.6 wvrTna da swavleba 

swavlebis da wvrTnis, Treiningis sakiTxi 

TiTqmis yvela qartiaSi, rekomendaciaSi 

da konvenciaSi, msoflio memkvidreobis 

konvenciis CaTv liT, prioritetuladaa 

miCneuli. veneciis qartia konservaciis 

principe bis TvalsazrisiT erT-erTi 

umniSvnelovanes amosavalTagania. raTa 

Tre i ningis dawesebulebebs saerTa- 

Soriso aRiareba hqono daT, iComosis 

Tre i ningis saerTaSoriso komitetma 

moamzada saxelmZRvanelo miTiTebebi 

Tre i ningis da swavlebis Sesaxeb (miRebulia 

1993 wels), sadac xazgasmu lia 

konservaciis da specializebuli Treiningis 

multidisciplinaruli xasiaTi 

da CamoTvlilia is kompetenciebi, rac 

unda hqondes sxvadasxva sferos konservaciis 

specialistebs. iComos-is 

es saxelmZRvanelo miTi Te bebi mravalwliani 

gamocdilebis da saerTaSoriso 

TanamSromlobis Se degia. saerTaSoriso 

doneze, pirvel yovlisa, iCCrom-is 

moTaveobiT, miiwevs win es saqmianoba, 

romelmac arqiteqturis konservaciis 


pirveli kursebi 1962 wels, romis universitetTan 

TanamSromlobiT, moawyo, 

rasac moyva memkvidreobis obieqtebis 

sxvadasxva tipis konservaciis kursebi, 

rogoricaa kedlis mxatvrobis (1968 

w.), qvis, xis, Tixis arqiteqturis ko nservacia, 

teritoriuli da urbanuli 

konservacia (1997 w.) da samuzeumo da 

saarqivo masalebis konservacia. Treiningis 

aseTi programebis mizania wevr 

qveynebTan TanamSromloba, raTa maTi 

sakonservacio samsaxurebi sa Ta nado 

profesiuli da teqnikuri saSualebebiT 

iyos uzrunvelyofili amasTanave 

ki xeli Seewyos kvleviTi samuSaoebis 

gaSlas da qveynebisa da regionebis 

Treiningis kursebis Seqmnas. 

Tumca Treiningi konservaciisTvis 

arsebiTad aris miCneuli, igi ma inc igvianebs 

restavraciis praqtikasTan mimarTebiT. 

safrangeTSi am pro b lemas 

yuradReba XIX saukunis Sua xanebSi miaqcies, 

mas moyvnen ing lisi, germanulenovani 

qveynebi da italia. da mainc, 

Treiningebis umetesoba, Zi riTadad, 

meore msoflio omis Semdeg ikidebs 

fexs. am TvalsazrisiT pir veli àxali~ 

qveynebi iyo dania 1950-ian wlebSi, amerikis 

SeerTebuli Statebi da TurqeTi 

1960-ian wlebSi, xolo 1970-ian da 1980ian 

wlebSi maT sul ufro meti qveyana 

moyva, gansakuTrebiT evropaSi. unEs- 

Co-s da iCCrom-is daxmarebiT Treiningi 

TandaTanobiT sxva qveynebSic iqna 

èqs portirebuli~. iCCrom-is monacem- 

Ta bazis (GCi-iCCrom,1994) Tanaxmad, 

1978-1994 wlebSi moxda specializebuli 

kursebis odenobis 41%-iani zrda. 

Tumca, miuxedavad amisa, 1995 wels programebis 

umetesoba isev evropaSi iyo 

organizebuli (57%) da mxolod ramdenime 

afrikaSi (2%). Treiningis saerTa- 

Soriso programebis umetesoba inicirebuli 

iyo iCCrom-is mier, an iCCromsa 

da unEsCo-sTan TanamSromlobiT 

organizebuli. program mebi, romlebic


xels uwyobs informaciis gavrcelebas 

memkvidreobis Ta o baze, asevea gadanawilebuli. 

9.2.7 zrunva garemoze 

XX saukunis meore naxevari saerTaSoriso 

TanamSromlobis matebis periodi iyo, 

rac unEsCo-sa da sxva saerTaSoriso 

organizaciebis saqmi a noba Si aisaxa. es 

periodi aRiniSneba naSeni da bunebrivi 

garemos, buneb ri vi resursebis bolovadobis, 

mosaxleobis feTqebadi zrdis da 

simdid ris, sakvebis, wylis da energiis 

gadanawilebaSi uzarmazari gansxvavebis 

ukeT gacnobierebiT. Tu wina periodSi 

usazRvro progresis rwmena teqno logiur 

zrdas emyareboda, moxmarebam 

aSkara gaxada misi aramdgradoba. 1960ian 

wlebSi dasavluri yaidis qveynebSi 

e.w. ìndustriuli revolYu ciis~ epoqis 

`dasrulebam~ yuradReba informaciis 

marTvaze gadaanacvla, romelic saukunis 

bolos jerac ganviTarebis proces- 

Si imyofeboda. ufro metic, 1989 wels 

evropaSi `rkinis fardis~ gaqarwylebis 

Semdeg, daCqarda politikuri, ekonomi- 

kuri da socialuri cvlilebebi, aman ki 

msoflios sxvadasxva regionze imoqmeda 

da isini axali mravalgvari Tav sa texebis 

pirispir daayena. 

erT-erTi axlad warmoqmnili problema 

mTavrobis da adgilobrivi TviTmarTvelobis 

organoebis rolis axlebur 

gansazRvraSi mdgomareobs, viTarebaSi, 

rodesac kerZo seqtori sul 

ufro metad aris CarTuli samosaxlos 

gegmarebis da gadawyvetilebis miRebis 

procesSi da dafinan se baSi. memkvidreobisadmi 

mzardi globaluri midgoma 

niSnavs, rom saqme mxolod saxelmwifos 

kuTvnili faseulobani araa, aq 

mTeli eris memk vidreobazea laparaki. 

iComos-is damfuZnebelma prezidentma, 

piero ga colam bevri imogzaura da 

Seajama Sesabamisi tendenciebi veneciis 

qar tiis miRebamde da mis Semdeg. misi 

azriT, 1960-iani wlebi xasiaTdeba mniSvnelovani 

cvlilebebiT, imis gaTvaliswinebiT, 

rom: 

òbieqtTa erToblioba, romelic kulturis 

istorias ekuTvnis, eris kulturul 

memkvidreobas Seadgens. es 

niSnavda gadasvlas Ri r s Se sa niSnavi 

obi eqtebis dacvis (1931 w. aTenis qar- 

sur. 9.45 resifis 


braziliaSi, romlis 

gamococxleba 1990-ian 

wlebSi scades, xangrZlivad 

ugulvebelyofis Semdgom. 

investorTa mosazidad Seno 

bebi kaSkaSa ferebiTaa 

SeRebili

sur. 9.46 spontanurad gaSenebuli 

`jurRmulebi~ resifis istoriuli centris 

ga reT, sadac cxovrebis pirobebi SeiZleba 

ukeTesic iyos, vidre romelime dageg mare bul 

raionSi. municipaliteti aq infrastruqturis 

Seqmnis sakiTxs ganixi lavs 

tia) kriteriume bi dan, kriteriumebze, 

romlebic dakavSirebulia saganTa 

erToblio bis konservaciasTan, sadac 

Sedis cal keuli Zeglebi, urbanuli gare 

mo da lan d Safti, romelnic erTad 

qmnis kulturis, mniSvne lo vani ganvi- 

Tarebis, movlenis saxsovars. es yovelive 

miemarTeba TviT mokrZalebul Zeglebsac, 

romelTac droTa ganmavlobaSi 

kul tu ruli mniSvneloba SeiZina~ (Gazzolla, 

1978:242). 


amgvarad, konservaciis koncefcia gafarTovda 

da Tu 1931 wels igi mxolod 

`warsulis istoriul da mxatvrul 

nawarmoebebs~ exeboda, 1964 wels man 

moicva `SedarebiT mokrZalebuli Zeglebi, 

romelTac droTa gan mavlobaSi 

kulturuli mniSvneloba SeiZina.~ evropis 

sabWos 1975 wlis amsterdamis deklaraciiT 

aseve moxda evropis unikaluri 

arqiteqturuli memkvidreobis 

`mTeli mosaxleobis saerTo memkvidreobad~ 

aRiareba. sxva g varad rom vTqvaT, 

RirebulebaTa fardobiTobis koncefcia 

axla ukve ama Tu im qveynis xelisuflebam 

moiSvelia, raTa obieqtebi 

ara mxolod ma Ti sakuTari Rirsebebis 

Tanaxmad Sefasebuliyo, aramed rogorc 

mTlia nobaSi erovnuli memkvidreobis 

gansxeuleba. aRiniSna, rom memkvidreobis 

konservacia CarTuli unda iyos 

adamianTa ama Tu im erTobis cxovrebaSi, 

rogorc misi saqmianobis arsebiTi 

nawili. strategiis igive koncefcia 

naTlad iyo gamoTqmuli unEsCo-s 1976 

wlis rekomendaciis zogad prin cipebSi, 

romelic istoriuli teritoriebis 

dacvasa da axlandel rols exeboda: 

sur. 9.47 boloniis 

istoriuli centri 1970-ian 

wlebSi misi konservaciis 

gegmiT iyo cnobili. 

istoriuli qsovilis 

dacva da reabilitacia 

misi mosaxleobisTvis 

`socialur momsaxurebad~ 

interpretaciiT iqna 

gamarTlebuli


`yoveli istoriuli areali da misi garemo 

unda ganixilebodes maT ganuyoflobaSi, 

rogorc ganuwvalebeli er- 

Tianoba, romlis wonas wo roba da specifikuri 

buneba damokidebulia misi im 

nawilebis Se r wymaze, risganac igi Sedgeba 

da romelic adamianTa saqmianobas 

ise ve moicavs, rogorc nagebobebs, 

sivrciT organizacias da Semoga rens. 

amgvarad, yvela faseuli elementi, adamianTa 

saqmianobis CaTv liT, rac unda 

mokrZalebuli iyos igi, mniSvnelovania 

mTlianobas Tan mimarTebiT da misi ugulebelyofa 

dauSvebelia~ (parag. 3). 

Semdgom `rekomendacia~ acxadebs, rom 

aseTi arealebi da maTi Semo gareni 

`Seucvlel universalur memkvidreobad 

unda iyos miCneuli~ (pa rag. 2). memkvidreobis 

am farTo gansazRvrebis ganxilvisas, 

gacolam aR niSna, rom ekonomikis 

da gamoyenebis sakiTxebi memkvidreobis 

obieq tebTan dakavSirebuli 

gadawyvetilebebis miRebisas mTavari 

faqtorebi ga x da. ma g ram maTi aseTi winwamoweva 

SeiZleba memkvidreobis kulturuli 

ganzo milebis da im `plus-Rirebulebis~ 

ignorirebad iqces, rasac 

Se iZleba am na iri kulturuli obieqtebi 

Seswvdes. aqedan gamomdinare, SeniSnavs 

ga co la, arsebiTia, rom arealebi, aRiarebuli 

maTi memkvidreobiTi Rirebule 

bis gamo, unda imarTebodes konservaciis 

principebis Tanaxmad da ara mxolod 

gegmarebis da ganaxlebis TvalsazrisiT, 

rogorc es 1960-ian da 1970ian 

wlebSi iyo miRebuli. 

1970-iani wlebidan moyolebuli 

zrdis sazRvruloba ukeT iqna gacnobierebuli, 

rac 1970-ian wlebSi romis 

klubma ganacxada kidec, iseve rogorc 

SeSfoTeba dedamiwaze ekologiuri 

mdgomareobis ga mo, aRiare buli 1972 

wels stokholmis konferenciis, 1976 

wels vankuverSi Catarebu li sacxovrisis 

konferenciis da garemos dacvis 

sakiTxebisadmi miZRv nili rio de Janeiros 

1994 wlis konferenciis mier. 

mdgradi ganviTare bisTvis aucilebeli 

wanamZRvrebi da principebi Camowerilia 

gaerTi a nebul erTa organizaciis 

garemos dacvis da ganviTarebis msoflio 

ko mi siis brandtlendis moxseneba- 

Si (united nations, 1987). am moxsenebaSi 

niSan dobliv kulturuli memkvidreobis 

konservaciaze araferia, magram man 

moamzada misi safuZveli da mTeli rigi 

qveynebis garemoebriv mdgradi ganvi- 

Tarebis gegmebSi gaTvaliswinebul iqna 

naSeni istoriuli garemoc, rogorc arsebiTi 

erovnuli resursi da ZiriTadi 

kapitaldaban deba, ro me lic frTxil 

sakonservacio menejments saWiroebs. 

am midgomis mxarda Wera gamoxatulia 

sacxovrisis II konferenciis, stambulis, 

1996 wlis iv ni sis deklaraciaSi (habitat, 

1996). 

amgvarad, XX saukunis bolosken, 

memkvidreobis obieqtebis marTvas- 

Tan dakavSirebuli msoflio scenari 

radikalurad Seicvala, meore mso f lio 

omis Semdgom periodTan SedarebiT. amgvari 

ganviTarebis damatebiT faqtorebs 

turizmis da komunikaciebis swrafi 

zrda warmoadgenda. kul turuli memkvidreobis 

konservaciis sakiTxi miesadaga 

obieqtTa sul uf ro farTo speqtrs da, 

amave dros, garemoebrivi mdgradobis 

politika naSeni garemos ganviTarebisas 

arsebiTic gaxda, rogorc dedamiwis 

gadar Cenis strategiis nawili. am or 

strategias bevri aqvs saerTo. orive 

SemTxvevaSi sakiTxi exeba arsebuli 

resursebis marTvas; mdgradobis Se nar 

Cunebis mizani unda Seesabamebodes im 

moTxovnebs, romelsac garemos adamianebi 

da komerciuli, Tu sxva funqciebi 

wauyeneben, ise, rom ar dak nindes garemos 

warmadoba TviT masTan da momaval 

TaobebTan mimarTebiT (hyde Peyton, 1996; 

united nations, 1987). 

konservaciis strategiis vrcel 

teritoriebze gamoyeneba memkvid reo bis 

RirebulebaTa dagegmvis procesSi inte-

gracias niSnavs; es ki mo i T xovs mosaxleobis 

mzaobas, aRiaros es Rireulebebi 

da am process da de biTad moekidos 

(Fielden and Jokilehto, 1993). es procesi 

interesTa dapiris pirebisgan Tavisufali 

rodia, rac gansxvavebuli RirebulebiTi 

Sefasebe bi dan gamomdinareobs 

_ xSirad urbanuli qsovilis istoriuli 

Tavisebu re bebis an adamianTa erTobis 

tradiciuli funqciebis sazianod. 

magram rogorc unda iyos, Rirebulebebi 

adamianTa erTobazea damokidebuli 


da swavlis procesSi CarTviT, mudmiv 

ganaxlebas saWiroebs. saganTa Tu garemosadmi 

TvisobriobaTa fardobiTi 

atribucia aniWebs maT, Cvens Tval Si, 

Rirebulebas (Zancheti and Jokilehto, 1997). 

es niSnavs, rom momavalSi kul turuli 

memkvidreobis konservacia sul ufro 

metad iqneba damokidebu li sazogadoebis 

mier garantirebul ganaTlebis 

procesze da adamianTa er Tobis SigniT 

RirebulebaTa mudmiv urTierTSeziarebasa 

da ganaxle baze.

10 

definiciebi da tendenciebi 

Tanamedrive konservacia, ZiriTadad, 

Tanamedrove sazoga doebaSi RirebulebaTa 

fundamenturi cvlilebebiT 

xasiaTdeba; axla isini fardo bi Tobasa 

da istoriulobis axal koncefciaze 

damyarebul paradigmas war mo ad gens. aqedan 

gamomdinare, istoriuli obieqtebis 

da Senobebis kultu rul memkvidreobad 

identifikaciam axali amocanebi dagvisaxa, 

romlebic `tradiciuli SekeTebisgan~ 

gansxvavdeboda. alois riglis 

terminology as Tu moviSveliebT, Tanamedrove 

nawar moebi axal “Kunstwollen”-s 

asaxavs. ar sebiTad, rogorc zemoT davinaxeT, 

rigli pirveli iyo, vinc Caatara 

im Rirebulebebis mkafio analizi, 

rac tradiciul da axal midgomebs 

ga nasxvavebs, e.i. ganasxvavebs Zegls, 

rogorc ganzrax, garkveuli gzavnilis 

Semcvelad Seqmnil memorials da istoriul 

Zegls, romelic Zeglad droTa 

ganmavlobaSi aRiares da garkveuli 

Rirebulebebic daukavSires. memorialis 

SekeTebis tradiciuli mizani misi 

gzavnilis xeluxleblad SenarCuneba 

iyo; istoriuli Zeglis Tanamedrove 

mniSvneloba ki, riglis mier siZvelis 

Rirebulebis Semcvelad kvalificirebuli, 

istoriulobis axal koncefcias 

da Rirebulebebs garkveul kulturasTan 

mimarTebiT asaxavs. amgvarad, 

kultu rul obieqtebTan dakavSirebuli 

Tanamedrove Rirebulebani ar SeiZleba 

mTlian ierarqiad warmovidginoT, 

rogorc es `Tanamedroves-wina~ sazoga- 

364 

doebaSi iyo, sadac SemoqmedebiTi moRvaweoba 

miiCneoda idealur an universalur 

modelebs miemarTeboda, romelic 

adamianis saqmianobas da SemoqmedebiT 

produqtiulobas warmarTavs. 

10.1 memkvidreobis da konservaciis 

Tanamedrove aspeqtebi 

10.1.1 universaluri Rirebuleba 

Tanamedrove viTarebaSi saWiroa davufiqrdeT 

im cvlilebas, rac ùniversaluris~ 

sazrisma ganicada. tradiciulad 

universaluri gulisx mobs 

`RvTaebriv~ nimuSebs an ideebs, rasac 

unda mibaZon (mimesis) SeZle bis dagvarad 

mas misamsgavseblad da romlis zemoqmedebis 

areSi martoo den adamianis 

naxelavi ki ara, aramed buneba, Tavad 

adamianic da sazoga doebacaa. RirebulebaTa 

TandaTanobiTi cvlilebis kvalad, 

romantizmis xanasa da mas Semdeg, 

universalur-sayovelTao modelebis 

sakiTxs yavli gauvida. miuxedavad amisa, 

univer saluri Rirebulebis Taobaze 

xmas dRe van del sazogadoebaSic aRimaRleben 

xolme; mas emyareba saerTaSoriso 

TanamSromloba da igia unEsCo-s 

msoflio memkvidreobis konvenciis safuZ 

veli. Tana med rove sazogadoebam, 

romelmac memkvidreobiTi obieqtebis 

specifikuroba kulturul da fizi-

kur konteqstTan maTi mimarTebiT, av- 

Ten turobis arsi ki misi SemoqmedebiTi 

mravalferovnebiT gaacnobiera, universa 

luri Rirebulebis problemac sxva 

kuTxiT warmoaCina. nicSes, haidege ris 

da brandis ganmartebebis Tanaxmad, universaloba 

imaSi unda veZioT, rac konkretuli 

kulturebis WeSmarit (avTentur) 

gamovlinebebs aqvs sa er To. mar- 

Tlac, aseTi saerTo faqtorebi TviT 

SemoqmedebiT procesSi Se iZleba aRmovaCinoT, 

romlis Sedegic qmnili ram, 

xelovnebis nimuSia. 

Sesabamisad, kulturuli memkvidreobis 

universaluri mniSvnelovne bis 

Tanamedrove sazrisi is ki ar aris, rom 

yvela naqmni ama Tu im idea lis an modelis 

msgavsia, aramed koncefcia, rom 

yoveli maTgani konkre tuli Semoqmedis 

an adamianTa erTobis SemoqmedebiTi 

da unikaluri gamo v linebaa da, amave 

dros, Sesabamis kulturul konteq stsac 

asaxavs. kul turuli memkvidreobis 

obieqts universaluri Rirebuleba 

aqvso, TavisTa vad ar niSnavs, rom igi 

`saukeTesoa~; es ufro imas gulisxmobs, 

rom igi atarebs garkveul SemoqmedebiT 

Tvisebebs, aqvs `WeSmaritebis~ Tviseba, 

aris unikaluri da avTenturi, rogorc 

kacobriobis saerTo, universalu ri memkvidreobis 

Semadgeneli nawili. amgvar 

konteqstSi SesaZlebelia ga mov yoT msgavsi 

maxasiaTeblebis mqone nawarmoebTa 

jgufebi an saxeoba ni, saidanac SeiZleba 

gadairCes yvelaze tipiuri an gamorCeuli 

nimuSebi. arsobrivad, universaluri 

Rirebuleba gulisxmobs, rom calkeuli 

nawa r moebi unda ganixilebodes ara mxolod 

misi individualuri Rirsebebis 

TvalsazrisiT, aramed aseve mudam 

rogorc kacobriobis saerTo memkvidreobis 

nimuSi. am konteqstSi romelime 

calkeuli kulturis memkvidreo ba misi 

gansakuTrebulobiT SeiZleba daxasiaTdes. 

10.1.2 avTenturoba 

definiciebi da tendenciebi 365 

avTenturobis Sesaxeb naras dokumentSi 

(1994 w.) gacxadebulia, rom Cveni unari 

gavigoT memkvidreobismieri Rirebulebani 

damokidebulia im doneze, ra 

donezec Sesatyvisi sainformacio wyaroebi 

SeiZleba sarwmu nod da marTlad, 

Sesabamisad ki, avTenturad miviCnioT. 

Sua saukuneebSi avTenturoba teqstebis 

samarTlebriv avTentizaciasTan iyo 

dakavSirebu li; Tanda Tan es obieqtTa, 

mag., wmindanTa reliqviebis avTentizaciazec 

gavrcelda. sityva àvTenturi~ 

ukavSirdeba berZnul authentikòs (autòs, me 

TviTon, igive) da laTinur auctor (Semqmneli, 

avtoriteti) da Sesabamisad, originalurs, 

aslis sapirispirod, namdvils, 

daCemebulis sapiris pirod da utyuars, 

yalbis sapirispirod. àvTenturis~ Sedareba 

ìdenturTan,~ igivea rac specifikuris 

Se da reba zogadTan. iyo avTenturi 

niSnavs, imoq medo damoukideblad, 

gqon des avtoriteti, iyo originaluri, 

unikaluri, gulwrfeli, marTali da 

utyuari. iyo ìdenturi~ gulisxmobs iyo 

gar kveuli saxeobis tipiuri warmomadgeneli, 

imave damaxasiaTebeli niSnebiT, 

mag., identuri reproduqcia, piri, asli, 

rekonstruqcia. SemoqmedebiT pro cessa 

da drosTan kavSirSi, xelovnebis nawarmoebis 

avTenturoba aris SemoqmedebiTi 

procesis, namuSevris fizikuri realizaciis 

da gav li li istoriuli drois 

masze zemoqmedebis utyuarobis sazomi. 

306 

es ganmarteba miesadageba mxatvrul 

Tu SemoqmedebiT maxasiaTeb lebs da 

saWiroebs gansjas, romelic xelovnebis 

nawarmo e bis arsis da sa erTo konteqst- 

Tan misi kavSiris kritikul Sesafebas 

efuZneba. igi mis utyuarobasa da WeS- 

306 gansazRvreba iCCrom-is sapatio direqtorTan, 

profesor pol filipos Tan er- 

Tadaa SemuSavebuli (ix. Jokilehto, 1995, 

1995a).


sur. 10.1 markus avreliusis brinjaos antikuri qandakeba kapitoliumis borcvze XVI s.-Si 

aitanes. haeris dabinZurebiT gamowveuli dazianebis gamo, 1997 w.-s igi as liT Secvales, xolo 

aRdgenili originali kapitoliumis muzeumSi moaTavses

maritobas gamokveTs. am TvalsazrisiT 

SeiZleba ar sebobdes mxolod erTi 

originali. valter benYaminma (1892-1940 

ww.) aR niSna, rom Tanamedroves-winare xanaSi 

fasi sakulto Rirebulebas hqonda, 

xolo xelovnebis Rirebuleba koleqcionirebisa 

da gamofenebis gamarT vis 

dawyebasTan Tanadroulad warmoiSva. 

xelovnebis nawarmoebebis kopi reba 

yovelTvis iyo SesaZlebeli, magram, 

amave dros, avTenturobis kon cef ciis 

winapiro ba originalis arsebobaa _ 

avTenturobis kopireba ki Se uZlebeli 

iyo. imdenad, ramdenadac istoriuli 

danabarebi avTenturo bas emyareba, Tu 

replicirebis Sedegad fasi ekargeba 

droSi gangrZobad myofobas safrTxe- 

Si swored originaluri naqmnis avTenturoba, 

misi àura~ aris Cavardnili 

(Benjamin, 1979:223). benYaminma yuradReba 

meqanikuri kopirebis epoqaSi, fotografirebisas 

da filmebis gadaRebisas, 

origina lis da aslis sazriszec gaamaxvila. 

man aRniSna, rom reproduqciis 

teqnologia `swyvets reproducirebul 

obieqts tradiciis sauflos. mra vali 

reproduqciis damzadebisas, aslTa simravle 

unikalur myofobas Ca e na cvleba. 

da Tuki mnaxvelsa Tu msmenels, mis ker- 

Zo garemoebebSi repro duqcia Seegebeba, 

is reproducirebul obieqts SesZens aqtivobas~ 

(Benja min, 1979:223). 

avTenturobisa da aslis dilema 

problemad konser vaciis moZraobis dawyebisas 

ganixileboda. fuZemdebelia igi 

veneciis qartiisTvis, rome lic mouwodebda 

momavali TaobebisTvis gadagve ca 

memkvidreobiT miRebuli kulturuli 

faseulobani `misi avTenturobis sruli 

sisavsiT~ (Venice Charter, winasityvaoba). 

haeris dabinZurebisa da gamoqarvis 

gaZlie re biT warmoqmnili saSiSroebis 

Sedegad, mas aqeT sul ufro miRebuli 

gax da originalebis aslebiT Secvla, 

rac originalebis WerqveS ganTav sebis 

SesaZleblobas iZleva. am sakiTxma xan- 


grZlivi kamaTi gamoiwvia mso f lio memkvidreobis 

RirsSesaniSnav adgilebTan 

da xelovnebis iseT mniSvnelovan nawarmoebebTan 

dakavSirebiT, rogoricaa 

aTenis akropoli sis qandakebebi, cxenis 

qandakebebi veneciis san markos Sesasvlelis 

Tav ze (1994 w.) da markus avreliusis 

qandakeba romis kapitoliumis 

borcvze (1997 w.). kidev erTi sakiTxia 

aqsumis stela; italiasa da eTiopias So- 

ris ormxrivi SeTanxmeba iTvaliswinebs 

romidan Tavdapirvel adgilze, aqsum Si, 

mis gadatanas. stelis rogorc cirkus 

maqsimusis bolos mdgomis mxatvrulma 

da kulturulma miniSnebam warmoiSva 

idea, rom urbanuli da kulturuli 

`lakunis~ Sesavsebad erTi SesaZlo gza- 

Tagani misi aslis damzadebacaa. 

1970-ian da 1980-ian wlebSi mecnierebis 

ganviTarebam avTenturobis 

sakiTxi TandaTan CrdilSi moaqcia; es 

problema xelaxla mxolod vene ciis 

qartiis ocdaaTi wlisTavis moaxlovebasTan 

dakavSirebiT wamoiWra. ganzraxuli 

iyo memkvidreobis koncefciebis 

sazrisis ufro farTo, saer Ta Soriso 

konteqstSi, kerZod ki, dasav luri samyarosa 

da tradiciuli sa zogadoebebis 

makavSireblebis naTelyofa. amis kvalad, 

avTenturobis Sesaxeb naras dokumentSi 

gamaxvilebulia wyaroebis sandoo bisa 

da utyuarobis problema da, amasTanave, 

kulturuli mravalferov neba, rogorc 

avTenturobis gansazRvris safuZveli: 

`kulturuli memkvid reo bis mravalferovneba 

drosa da sivrceSi arsebobs da 

sxva kulture bis da maT rwmena-warmodgenaTa 

sistemis yvela aspeqtis mimarT 

pativis cemas moiTxovs~ (Nara Document, 

parag. 6). es miTiTeba gakeTda, radgan gansa 

kuTrebiT sazrunavi gaxda is arealebi, 

sadac ganagrZobs arsebobas tra diciuli 

kulturebi, romelTa kulturuli arsi 

SeiZleba industria li ze bu li dasavle- 

Tis zegavleniT daikargos. 

XX saukunis bolos avTentur-


obis problema kulturuli identobis 

koncefciasTan mWidro kavSirSi, 

multi-kulturul samosaxloebSi gaxda 

mniSvnelovani. Tu tradiciu lad urbanuli 

garemo ganmacxovelebeli Semo 

q medebiTi azrovnebisa da komunikaciaTa 

mniSvnelovan wyaros warmoadgen 

da, demografiulma afeTqebam did 

metropoliebSi sawinaaRmdego Sede gi 

gamoiRo. kanadelma filosofosma Carlz 

Teilorma Tanamed ro ve sazo gadoebis 

sazrunavad gazviadebuli individualizmi, 

tradiciul faseu lo bebze gulis 

ayra da maT nacvlad warmadobisadmi 

miswrafeba, meqa nizebul garemoSi ar- 

Cevanis masobrivi warmoebis sasikeTod 

SezRudva gan sazRvra (taylor, 1991). adamianebis 

aseTma gaucxovebam maTi tradiciuli 

Rirebulebebisgan SemoqmedebiTi 

unaris mniSvnelovani daqveiTeba 

gamoiw via da sazogadoebis danawevreba 

da socialuri konfliqtebi moitana. da 

mainc, ganaTlebis da sensibilizaciis 

gziT SesaZebelia moxdes Semoq medebi Ti 

kavSirebis aRdgena da socialuri simrTelis 

gaumjobeseba. am proces Si mniSvnelovani 

wvlilis Setana kulturul 

obieqtebs SeuZlia, ro gorc koleqtiuri 

mexsierebis da kulturuli identobis 

aRdginebis fi zi kur mosaWids. 

Tumca, aqve unda iTqvas, rom procesi 

Zalze faqizia da SeiZleba calkeuli 

jgufebis politikuri dominireba, an 

nacionalis tu ri grZnobebis gamwvaveba 

moitanos. da marTlac, 1990-iani wlebis 

dasa w yisis SeiaraRebul konfliqtebSi 

mtris kulturuli identobis gasanadgu 

reblad, samizne kulturuli memkvidreoba 

xdeboda xolme. 


nusxaSi RirsSesaniSnavi adgile bis nominirebisisas, 

avTenturobis kriteriumi 

Sesabamisi avtoriseul Zeglis mxatvrul 

gadawyvetas, masalas, xelo bas 

da garemos mieyeneba (Operational Guidelines, 

1996). es yovelive Zeglis esTe- 

tikur da istoriul aspeq tebs faravs, 

aseve mis fizikur, socialur da istoriul 

kon teqstsac, misi gamoyeneba-daniSnulebiTurT. 

maxasiaTeblebis aseTi 

simra v le tovebs Tavisufal si vrces 

gansxvavebuli interpretaciisa da TviT 

gaugebrobisTvisac ki. av Tenturobis 

sakiTxi wamoiWra, magaliTad, sidneis 

operis SenobasTan da kav SirebiT, 

romelic pir ve lad Yorn ut conma 

daaproeqta, xolo sxva ar qiteqtorebma 

daasrules. interieris àRd ge nis~ SesaZleboba 

utconis Ca na fiqris Sesabamisad, 

mTeli Semoqme de biTi procesis 

istoriulobidan ga momdinare, SeiZleba 

saTuoc gaxdes. amave dros, operis Senobis 

mxatvru li mniSvneloba sidneis 

navsadguris zRvis peizaJis mTlian kulturul-istoriul 

konteqstSia dasanaxi 

da is aris kidec misi proeq tis STagonebis 

ZiriTadi wyaro (sydney, 1996). 

avTenturobis ufro SezRudul interpretacias 

iZleva konserva ciis fine- 

Tis uwyebebi: àvTenturoba yvelaze 

kargad SeigrZnoba ro gorc at mos fero, 

nagebobis imTaviTve Tanmdevi, Senobis 

garkveuli ucv leli maxa sia Tebeli~ (mattinen, 

1997:20). pirdapiri azriT, es debuleba 

imas gulisx mobs, rom àvTenturi~ 

igivea, rac ìdenturi~ (an `Sesabamisi~), 

xazs usvams Tavdapirveli nagebobis dadasturebul 

faqtobriobas, ugulebel yofs 

drois zegavlenas da nakleb mniSvnelobas 

aniWebs Semd gomi perio dis cvlilebebs 

da danamatebs. 307 sinamdvileSi, avTentur- 

307 finuri dokumenti aRiarebs istoriuli 

fenebis mniSvnelobas da resta v racias kidev 

erT aseT fenad miiC nevs. daculi adgili 

SeiZleba gark veul dros, regions an mis 

momxmarebels gvixasiaTebdes; mas SeiZleba 

hqo n des specifikuri arqiteqturul-istoriuli 

Rirebuleba, an istoriu li Rirebuleba, 

rasac masTan asocirebuli movlenebi 

Seapirobebs. gansa kuTrebiT sayuradReboa 

nagebobis masalis, teqnologiis da Sesrulebis 

ostatobis àvTenturoba~ (mattinen, 

1997:18ff).

obis gan sazRvreba memkvidreobis obieqtis 

istoriulobas unda ukavSirdebodes; 

mxolod maSin iZens igi WeSmarit mniSvnelobas 

Tanamedrove konser vaciisTvis. 

is to riuli nagebobis an obieqtis avTenturobis 

dadgenis procesi SeiZleba 

saZnelo saqmec gamodges. iolad amosacnobi 

xelovne bis nawarmoebis Sem TxvevaSi, 

ufro advilad dadgindeba aris Tu ara 

igi avTenturi da namd vili, vidre maSin, 

rodesac saqme rTul Senobebs exeba. maTi 

namdvilobis gansazRvra sxvadasxva periodTan 

anda mTlian istori u lobasTan 

mimar TebiT unda gaiSalos. 

10.1.3 simrTele 

zogadi gansazRvrebiT `simrTele~ 

daunawevrebel an dauzinebel mdgomareobas, 

masalis sisavses da sisrules gulisxmobs. 

es asaxulia `ve neciis qartiis~ 

me-8 paragrafSi, romelic gvirCevs, 

rom `qandakebis, mo xatulobis an dekoris 

elementebi, romelnic Zeglis 

ganuyofel na wils Seadgens, SeiZleba 

moxsnili iyos mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, 

Tu es ma Ti SenarCunebis erTaderTi sa- 

Sualebaa.~ miuxedavad amisa, ameri kis 

Seer Te bul StatebSi igi aseve gamoiyeneba 

memkvidreobis obieqtis mniSvnelovne 

bis kvalifikaciis mizniT, simrTelis 

aRiarebuli Svidi aspeqtiT: adgi lmdebareoba, 

avtoriseuli mxatvruli 

gadawyveta, garemo, masalebi, xeloba, 

grZnobebi da asociaciebi. 308 bunebrivi 

memkvidreo bis msoflio memkvidreobis 

nusxaSi nominirebisas, mowmdeba aseTi 

RirsSesaniSnavi ad gi lebis simrTe le 

sxva da sxva cnebasTan mimarTebiT, ro goricaa 

struqtu ruli simrTele ekosiste 

mis SigniT, funqciuri simrTele da 

vizualuri simrTele. 309 Tuki kul tu- 

308 amerikis erovnuli reestris gansazRvrebebi. 

309 unEsCo-s angariSi, whC-96/ConF.201/inF.8. 


ruli memkvidreoba misi avTenturobis 

Tvalsazri siT mowmde ba, simrTe lis 

sakiTxi, gansakuTrebiT, istoriul qalaqebsa 

da kulturul land Saf teb Tan 

dakavSirebiT ganixileba. 

simrTelis koncefciis Sinagani 

prob lemuroba `masalis mTlianoba s- 

Tan~ misi mimar Tebaa, ramac SeiZleba 

Za la Sematos reintegra ciis, sti li sturi 

restavraciis, an rekonstruqciis 

tendencias. miuxedavad amisa, am koncefcias 

memkvidreobis RirsSesaniSnav 

adgilebs Tu mivuyenebT, igi SeiZleba 

gamoviyenoT rogorc xerxi im elementebis 

identi fikaciisTvis, rac erT òrganul~ 

mTlianobas Seadgens, rogorc 

mag., istoriuli dasa x lebis qsovilis 

da infrastruqturis Seqmnili rTuli 

mTlianoba da am elementebis mTeli SigniT 

da garemosTan urTierTkavSiri. igi 

SeiZleba gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani 

aseTi arealebis konservaciis gegmis 

Semu Sa ve bisa da marTvisTvis iyos; aseve 

mas SeuZlia dagvexmaros, ganvsazRv roT 

calkeuli istoriuli Senobebis mniSvnelovneba 

erTian konteqstSi da mcire 

elementebsac ki movuZebnoT gamarTleba, 

radgan isini mxolod mTlianobas- 

Tan mimarTebiT iZens mniSvnelobas. 

10.1.4 Tanamedrove mecniereba da 

teqnologia 

ganmanaTleblobis xanidan moyolebuli, 

mecnierebam 310 adamianis saqmi a nobaSi gansakuTrebuli 

adgili daikava. imis gaT- 

310 viwro gagebiT, `zusti mecniereba~ SeiZleba 

ganisazRvros, rogorc: `kvle vis sfero, 

romelic exeba an warmoCenili WeSmaritebis 

urTierTSe kavSire bul erTianobas, an 

sistematurad klasificirebulsa da zogad 

ka no nebs daqvemdebarebiT met-naklebad 

ganzogadebul dadasturebul faq tebs, romelsac 

moepoveba Tavis SigniT axali WeSmaritebis 

mignebis sa n do me To debi~ (Oxford 

English Dictionary, 2 nd ed.).


valiswinebiT, rom zus ti mecnierebebi, 

upiratesad maTematikasTanaa kavSirSi, 

isini codnis SeZe nis yvelaze zedmiwevniT 

da obieqtur gzad iqna miCneuli. 

memkvidreobisa da misi konservaciis 

mimarT Tanamedrove interesi yovelTvis 

mWidro kav SirSi iyo mecnierebasTan da 

mecnierul midgomasTan. XVIII saukuneSi, 

la viT damarxuli qalaqebis _ herkulanumis 

da pompeis _ aRmoCena arqeologiuri 

kvlevis ganviTarebasa da ucnobis 

SeswavlasTan iyo dakavSirebu li. am aRmoCenebma 

napovni masalis _ nivTebisa 

da kedlis mxatvrobis _ ko n servaciis 

meTodebis ganviTareba gaacxovla; papirusis 

gragnilebis aR moCenam maTi gaxsnisa 

da amokiTxvis survili gaaRviva; 

antikurma warwe rebma, Tundac ieroglifebma, 

xeli Seuwyo maTi gaSifvris 

meTodebis Zie bas STabera suli. XIX saukuneSi, 

mecnieruli codnis matebasTan 

erTad izr deboda survili, gamoecadaT 

kedlis mxatvrobis, qvis da arqiteqturu 

li zedapirebis konservaciis meTodebi; 

kamaTi gamoiwvia istoriuli nagebobebis 

gawmendis da konsolidaciis 

sakiTxma. pozi ti vizmis periodSi arqeologia 

da restavracia zust mecnierebaTa 

Soris moeqca da, magali Tad, lasYu 

da viole-le-dYuki amayobd nen imiT, 

maTi kvleva-Zieba da mu Saoba zusti mecnierebis 

rigisa rom iyo. 

XX saukuneSi, konservaciaSi Tanamedrove 

mecnieruli meTodebis da teqnologiebis 

ganviTareba da potenciuri 

gamoyeneba konservatorTa So ris srulad 

iqna aRiarebuli. 1931 wlis aTenis dadgenilebani 

urCevda: `yve la xelT arsebuli 

Tanamedrove teqnologiis, kerZod 

ki rkinabetonis go nivrul gamoyeneba~-s 

(parag. 4). 1932 wels jovanYonis mier 

italiisTvis Ca moyalibe bu li normebi 

gvTavazobda: `kvlevis Sedegebi unda 

gamoyenebu li iyos daSavebuli Senobis 

sakonservaciod rTuli, detalizebuli 

sa mu Saoebis Sesrulebisas, saxeldaxelo 

empiriuli gadawyvetilebebi gver d ze 

unda ga davdoT da upiratesoba mkacr 

mecnierul midgomas mivaniWoT~ (parag. 

9). veneciis qartia acxadebs: `Zeglebis 

konservaciam da restavra ciam unda mimarTos 

yvela mecnierebas da teqnologias, 

romelTac SeuZ lia Tavisi wvlili 

Seitanos arqiteqturuli memkvidreobis 

Seswavlasa da dacvaSi~ (parag. 2). sainteresoa 

gavixsenoT, rom jovanYonis 

mier war modgenil midgomaTa italiur 

klasifikacias ewoda `mecnieruli 

restav ra cia~, saxelwodeba, romelic 

konservaciis mravali specialistis mier 

ma Ti muSaobis aRsawerad ufro gvianac 

ki gamoiyeneboda. 

mecnierebis sxvadasxva dargis sakonservacio 

samuSaoebis safuZv lad 

gamoyeneba pirvelad muzeumebTan arsebul 

laboratorieb Si dainer ga. pirveli 

aseTi laboratoria berlinis saxelmwifo 

muzeumTan (staatliche museen) 1888 

wels daarsda. 1919 wels mas mohyva 

laboratoriebi britane Tis muzeumSi, 

1925 wels qairoSi, luvrSi, harvardSi 

da sxvebic, metadre 1930-iani wlebidan 

moyolebuli. laboratoriebs sxvadasxva 

specialize cia hqonda, mag., kedlis mxatvroba, 

keramika, liToni da qaRaldi. 

romis, nYu delis da tokios laboratoriebi 

1938 wlidan arsebobs (Philippot, 

1963:352). mniSvnelovani winsvla konservaciis 

kvlevas gansakuTrebiT 1970-ian 

da 1980-ian wlebSi daetyo, rodesac sxvadasxva 

qveynis mecnierTa da eqspertTa 

Soris, kvlevis meTodebis da Sedegebis 

Sedarebis mizniT, kav Si rebi damyarda. 

qvedargebad gamoiyo arqeologiur monapovarTa, 

koleq ci e bis, sxvadasxva arqiteqturuli 

masalis (mag., qvis, xisa da 

liTonis), aseve arqiteqturuli zedapirebis, 

kedlis mxatvrobis da mozaikis 

kon ser vacia. 

Tanamedrove teqnologiis upiratesobaTagania 

konkretuli Senobebi sa da 

masalebis `qcevisa~ da pirobebis Sesax-

eb, maTi kon servaciisTvis sa Wiro zusti 

cnobebis miRebis mxriv meti Sedegianobaa. 

SesaZlebelia iseTi meTodebis 

da produq ciis Seqmna, rac konsolidaciis, 

Senax vis, zogjer ki seriozulad 

dazia nebuli artefaqtebis da Senobebis 

`ga n kur nebis~ saSualebas iZleva. Tanamed 

rove mecniereba da teqnologia 

fasdau debeli iaraRi gaxda konservaciis 

specialistTa xelSi, romelTac 

in ter disciplinaruli TanamSromlobis 

safuZvelze muSaoba moeTxovebaT. 

unda aRiniSnos, rom ramdenadme 

saeWvo Sedegs vi RebT maSin, ro desac 

Tanamedrove teqnologiebisTvis upiratesobis 

miniWeba portlendis cementis 

an sinTeturi masalebis xSir SemTxvevaSi 

uzomo gamoyenebaSi ga moixateba. 

garkveul zomaze, konservaciis Tanamedrove 

filosofiis wya lobiT naklebad 

surT sakonservacio samuSaos nawilad 

tradiciuli samSeneblo meTodebis mo- 

Svelieba _ gamonaklisi is qveynebia, sadac 

amg vari meTodebi kvlavac yoveldRiurad 

moixmareba. aqedan gamomdinare, 

istoriuli nagebobebi sarestavra- 


sur. 10.2 eraklea minoas 

antikuri xanis Teatri 

siciliaze 1960-ian ww.- 

Si iqna aR d genili; aq 

`mecnierulad~ dagegmili 

damcavi RonisZiebad 

gamWvirvale plastmasis 

safari gamoiyenes. 

Tumca, plastmasis qveS 

Seqmnilma mikroklimatma 

se riozuli safrTxe Seuqmna 

Tavdapirveli qvis masalis 

daculobas. 1996 w.-s specialistebma 

gadawyvites 

plastmasis safari 

moeSorebinaT da dacvis 

ufro Sesa fe risi forma 

SeemuSavebinaT 

cio samuSa oe bis Sedegad xSirad Taname 

d rove konstruqciul sistemebad 

ga daiqceva xolme. Tumca, maT, iqneb, es - 

Tetikuri mxare SeinarCunes, maTi Tavdapirveli 

avTenturobis nawili SeiZleba 

daikargos. 

kiTxvas, aris Tu ara konservacia 

mecniereba, pasuxi 1938 wels ar ganma 

gasca, rodesac aRiara sxvadasxva teqnikur 

da humanitarul unar-CvevaTa 

aucilebloba konservaciisa da restavraciisTvis 

da xelovnebis na warmoebebis 

dafasebisas kritikuli midgoma wamoswia 

win. aqedan daskv na, rom mecnierebis 

sxvadasxva dargi ìaraRad~ unda gamoiyenebodes 

kon ser vaciis gansxvavebuli 

amocanebis moTxovnebaTamebr. Tavad 

konservacia ar unda miviCnioT zust 

mecnierebad; igi _ rogorc brandi 

gvarwmunebs (ix. Tavi 8) _ e.w. `Tavisufal 

xelovnebaTa~ (e.i. humanitaruli 

mecnierebis – mTarg.) sagangebo Tanamedrove 

disciplinaa. man aseve dabejiTebiT 

aR niSna, rom xelovnebis nawarmoebi 

Tavis Tavad araa gzavnili, Sesabamisad, 

igi ki ar gvamcnobs, warmogvidgens


(Brandi, 1966:31). amave dros, igi arc 

mxolod fizikuri fenomenia, misi masaliT 

warmodgenili; is adamianTa cnobierebaSi 

myofobs, rogorc riglma 

ganWvrita, romelic xelovnebis Rirebulebas 

Tanamed rove Rirebulebad moixseniebda. 

Cven Se gviZlia moviSvelioT 

brandi, romelic xelovnebis nawarmoebs 

gansazRv ravs, rogorc `fenomens, romelic 

ar aris fenomeni~ (fenomeno-chefenomeno-non-è, 

Brandi, 1966:16); anu, miuxedavad 

imisa, rom xelovnebis nawarmoebi 

ma terialurad arsebobs, e.i. fenomenia, 

misi ZiriTadi koncefcia adamianTa gonebaSi 

rCeba, romelic fizikuri fenomeni 

ar aris. rodesac kritiku lad mivudgebiT 

xelovnebis arsebul nawarmoebs, 

mnaxveli pirvelad xedavs materialur 

fenomens da mxolod Semdeg igi aRiqvavs 

nawarmoebis arafizikur koncepcias, mis 

`samyaros~, misive `niadagis~ saSualebiT, 

rogorc ityoda haidegeri. zusti 

mecnierebis valia, dagvexmaros, gavaanalizoT 

amgvari nawarmoebis utyuari, 

istoriuli masala da amiT Seewios kritikoss, 

romelmac adamianis cnobierebaSi 

myofi mxatvruli koncefcia unda 

Seicnos. 

es Tvalsazrisi SeiZleba Sevu- 

TanadoT zusti mecnierebis adgilis 

gansa zRv ras istoriasTan mimarTebiT, 

rogorc es naCvenebi aqvs Tomas kuns Tavis 

1962 wels pirvelad gamoqveynebul 

“mecnieruli revolYucie bis struqturaSi” 

(Kuhn, 1970). Tavad es wigni 

mcire revolYucia gaxda da sulac ar 

iyo erTsulovnad mowonebuli. kuni 

aRniSnavda, rom yovel jerze, rodesac 

xdeboda mecnierebis radikaluri winsvla, 

es moiTxovda sazogadoebisgan manmade 

miRebuli mecnieruli Teoriebis 

uaryofas da, aqedan gamomdinare, sakvlevi 

mecnieruli problemebis saxecvlilebasac. 

tipiur magaliTs warmoadgenda 

Jangbadis aRmoCena, ramac bunebis 

da masa laTa Taviseburebebis sruliad 

axleburi xedva gamoiwvia. kuni SeniSnavda, 

rom axali Teoria Tavis TavSive gulisxmobda 

winandeli mecnieruli saqmianobis 

warmmarTveli wesebis Secvlas, 

es ki adre gaweuli Sromis di di nawilis 

interpretaciaze aisaxa. `misi aTviseba 

saWiroebs wina Teo riis rekonstruqcias 

da wina faqtis gadafasebas, rac 

arsobrivad revo lYuciur process warmoadgens, 

romelic iSviaTad xorcieldeba 

erTi adamianis mier da arasodes 

erT wuTSi~ (Kuhn, 1970:7). 

myar samecniero amocanebsa an WeSmaritebebis 

Se sa Z leblobaze msje lobisas, 

kuni askvnida, rom mecnieruli 

kvlevis mTliani procesi SeiZ leba mimdinareobdes 

`dasaxuli miznis, mudmivad 

dafiqsirebuli mecnie ru li WeSmaritebis 

sikeTis gareSe, risi saukeTeso 

magaliTi mecnieruli codnis ganviTarebis 

yoveli safexuria~ (Kuhn, 1970:172f). 

konservaciis da restavraciis TavianT 

Teoriebis gansazRvrisas, orives, 

riglsac da bra n disac kargad esmodaT, 

raoden mniSvnelovania Tanamedrove 

restavra ciis adamianuri da kulturuli 

aspeqtebis gamokveTa, teqnologiis 

da mecnie re bis sapirispirod, romelnic 

SeiZleba saWiro daxmare saSualeba 

iyos da ara mizani. kunis debuleba mniSvnelovania 

imiT, rom igi aCvenebs, rom 

ara marto humanitaruli, aramed zusti 

mecnierebac RirebulebiT Sefase bazea 

damokidebuli da rom `mecniereba~ ar 

warmoadgens àbsolutur WeSmaritebas,~ 

rogorc bolo ori saukunis ganmavlobaSi 

fiqrobdnen. kunma dauaxlova 

erTmaneTs didixnis gaTiSuli humanitaruli 

da zusti mecnierebani. es gansakuTrebiT 

mniSvnelovania Tanamedrove 

konservacias Tan mimarTebiT, rac Tavisi 

arsiT damyarebulia Rirebule baTa 

gansazRv raze da TanxmobaSia debulebasTan, 

rom kulturuli mem kvid reobis 

kon ser vacia, ZiriTadad, kulturul 

problemas warmoadgens.

10.2 ganxorcielebuli zegavlena 

saerTo memkvidreobis mniSvnelovnebis 

gacnobiereba xangrZlivi ganviTarebis 

Sedegia da mravalgvari gansxvavebuli 

zegavlenis nayofic. es zegavlenebi 

oTx ZiriTad dasaxelebad SeiZleba dajgufdes, 

rogori caa: 

1. Zeglebi, rogorc memoriali 

2. stilisturi restavracia 

3. Tanamedrove konservacia 

4. tradiciis uwyvetoba 

Tumc am qronologiuri TanamimdevrobiT 

dalagebuli, oTxive es ze gavlena 

XVIII saukunis aqeT, praqtikulad erTdroulad 

warmoiqmna da Tanamedrove 

dacviTi politikis farTo samoqme do 

gegmis Semadgeneli na wili gaxda. CamoTvlili 

oTxi zegavlenidan yoveli gagebuli 

unda iyos, rogorc mosazrebaTa 

da strategiebis rTuli erToblioba, 

xolo praq tikuli saqmianoba ki SeiZleba 

ramdenime maTganis gaerTianebis Sedegi 

iyos. Semdgomi msjeloba TiToeuli 

kategoriis ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblis Sejamebis 

cda gaxlavT. 

10.2.1 Zeglebi, rogorc memoriali 

aRorZinebis xanaSi ZeglTa dacva 

pirvelad yuradRebas laTinur zedawerilebis 

mqone antikur Zeglebze 

amaxvilebda, radgan maT dokumen turi 

Rirebuleba hqonda; Semdgom aseTi dokumenturi 

Rirebuleba uwar we ro sagnebsa 

da nagebobebzec gaavr cel es, 

maT dokumenturobad ki maTi Semadgeneli 

masala CaiTvala. romSi `daculi 

Zeglebis pirveli sia~ war we raTa 

teqstebis gamoq vey ne biT Sedga. aseTi 

Zeglebis umTavres mniSvne lobad memoriuloba 

esaxebodaT, isini Seaxsenebda 

antikur xanas, romli s ganac swavla 

mouwevdaT kacobriobisa da Tanadroul 


saxviT xelovneba Ta sasikeTod. ufro 

metic, Zeglebi qristian mowameebTan 

da eklesiis is to riasTan poli tikurpatriotul 

kavSirSi da, aseve, `statusis 

simbolo dac~ (Tu Tanamedrove gamoTqmas 

moviSveliebT) aRiqmeboda. amave 

dros, warmoCnda Zveli skulpturuli 

da arqiteqturuli Zeglebis mxatvruli 

mniSvneloba da xelovnebis nawarmoebis 

esTetikuri simrTelis, misi ìdeis~ 

aRdgenis Sesabamisi tendencia _ isini 

sazogadoebis TavSeyris adgilebSi an 

sakuTari sacxovrebeli saxlebis mosar- 

Tavad iqneboda ga mo yenebuli. 

Zveli Zeglebis politikuri da mxatvruli 

mniSvnelobis dialeqti kas axleburi 

mniSvnelovneba XVIII saukunis istoriulma 

cnobierebam Sea Zenina Zegl- 

Ta dacvis strategiazec is batonobda. 

mogvianebiT gzavnilis wakiTxva da misi 

ganmar teba filologiis da lingvistikis 

sferosTan aso cirdeboda (boito). 

Tanamedrove saqmianobaSi aman imgvari 

gadawyveta moitana, rogoricaa Tundac 

titusis TaRis restavracia, sadac 

reinteg ri rebul iqna Zeglis mxatvruli 

erTianoba, raTa SesaZlebeli gamxdariyo 

Zeglis mxa tv ru li mTlianobis aRqma, 

Tan ki Tavdapirveli dokumentis istoriulobis 

xazgasasmelad, axali masala 

Zvelisgan mkveTrad ganir Ceoda. 

kvlav `memorialis~ farglebSi 

Zevs iseTi SemTxvevebi, rodesac Ta namedrove 

`mkurnalobis~ mizani Tavdapirveli 

gzavnilis SenarCuneba ki ara, 

aramed arsebuli Zeglis an nagebobis 

xe la xali gaazreba da axal po litikur, 

Tu patriotul RirebulebebTan misi 

dakavSirebaa. bevr SemT x vevaSi amgvar 

ganzraxvas calkeuli istoriuli nagebobebis 

erovnul Zeglebad gamocxadeba 

da erovnuli istoriis mniSvnelovani 

Jamis gansa xov nebad maTi restavracia 

asaxavs _ aseTebia uinzoris cixe-simagre, 

kYo l nis sakaTedro taZari, pYerfonis 

cixe-simagre. amas iqiT, erovnuli


Zeg lis idea SeiZleba ganadgurebuli 

da axlad agebuli istoriuli nagebobis 

saxes ukavSirdebodes. amis Sedegia 

sruli rekonstruqcia iseTi Zeg le bisa, 

rogoricaa san markos kampanile veneciaSi 

da meore msoflio omis dros dangreuli 

araerTi RirsSesaniSnavi Zegli, 

maT Soris varSa vis centri, magram aseve 

hildeshaimis centri (1980-iani ww.) da 

drezdenis Frauenkirche (1990-iani ww.). 

amave rigisaa babilonis nangrevebi eray- 

Si, ro melnic ex-novo, ZiriTadad, 1980ian 

wlebSia aRdgenili. 

10.2.2 stilisturi restavracia 

kulturul konteqstSi RirebulebaTa 

axleburi fardobiToba, Crdi lo eTis 

qveynebSi Sua saukuneebis nagebobebis 

erovnuli memkvidreo bis Semadgenel 

nawilad identifikacia da romantizmis 

warmoSoba sawyi sebia sarestavracio moZraobisa, 

romelic XVIII saukunis bolos 

idgams fexs da Semdgom, gansakuTrebiT 

XIX saukunis meore naxevarSi, istoriz mis 

da ekleqtizmis Tanmdevad viTardeboda. 

Tu Tavdapirveli amocana ìs toriis, 

sur. 10.3 fridrih fon 

gertneris mYunxenis 

satriumfo TaRi Siegestor, 

sadac erTi mxare 

datovebuli iyo fragmentis 

saxiT, warweriT axali 

mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb. 

mecnierebis da xelovnebis erovnuli 

Zeglebis dacva~ iyo (sa fran geTis 

revolYuciis dros), Semdgom politika 

TandaTanobiT dakar guli stilisturi 

erTianobis aRdgena xdeba. saamiso dasabuTeba 

inglis Si eklesiologTa religiur-moraluri 

motivebi iyo, germaniaSi 

_ erov nul-romantikuli Rirebulebebi 

da safrangeTSi _ racionalur-mecnierul 

midgoma. absoluturi mSvenierebis 

klasicisturi ìdea~ axla sti lis cnebas, 

e.i. adamianismier koncefcias daukavSirda, 

magram isic kvlav obieqtisTvis 

garegnuli ram iyo, `stilisturi 

restavraciisas~ mosamarj vebeli idealuri 

sqema. 

sistematizirebuli saxiT stilisturi 

erTianobis restavracia XIX 

saukunis Sua xanebSi merimes da violele-dYukis 

mier ganisa zRvra. es mimdinareoba 

kidev ufro gaaZliera arqiteqtorTa 

pragmatulma da po zivisturma 

damokidebulebam, romelTaTvis upiratesi 

is to riuli nagebo bebis gamoyenebis 

aucilebloba iyo da ara maTi mxolod 

dokumentebis sa xiT SenarCu neba _ da 

gadawyvetilebis mimReb pirTa politi

kuri swraf va, romelTaTvis restavracia 

erovnuli prestiJis sakiTxi gaxda. 

centra luri evropis istorizmSi igi 

`gaerTgvarovnebidan~ `dawmendad~ iqca, 

ita lia Si _ “restauro storico”-d, xolo 

aSS-Si `periodul restavraciad~ (koloniu 

ri uilYamsburgi). istoriaze 

codnis matebam da turizmis, rogorc 

mniSvnelovani `mogebis momtanis~ aRmavlobam, 

xeli Seuwyo stilisturi 

restavraciis mTeli XX saukunis man- 

Zilze gagrZelebas, man gavlena msoflios 

TiTqmis yvela regionze iqonia 

da praqtikaSi kvlavacaa gabato nebuli. 

10.2.3 Tanamedrove konservacia 

XVIII saukunis meore naxevarSi aRmocenebuli 

axali istoriuli cnobiereba 

fuZemdebeli aRmoCnda istoriuli nagebobebis 

Sefase bisadmi axleburi midgomisTvis 

da Tanamedrove konservaciis 

dasawyisic moniSna. axalma istoriulobam 

stilisturi restavraciis mimarT 

mzardi kritiku lo biT da WeSmaritis da 

ori gi naluris, sxvadasxva fenis da istoriuli 

sa xecvlilebebis, aseve drois 


sur. 10.4 sofeli Sirakava 

iaponiaSi tradiciuli 

miwaTsargeblobis ga nuyofeli 

na wilia. movlisa 

da SekeTebisas saTanado 

masalebi gamoiyeneba. 

aseTi kulturu li 

memkvidreobis gadarCena 

miwaTsargeblobis 

marTebuli sistemis 

uwyvetobazea damokidebuli 

patinis SenarCunebis aucileblobis 

xaz gas miT gamoixata. amgvarad, àvTenturobam~ 

axali sazrisi SeiZina, ro gorc 

kacobriobis ùniversaluri Rirebu lebis~ 

gansaxierebam, ramac sa xe li gautexa 

yvelaze `marTal~ restavraciasac ki, 

romelic Zveli for me bis kopirebiT 

kmayofildeboda. Tanamedrove konservaciis 

principebi wi naswar-ganWvretili 

beloris da vinkel manis mier, kritikis 

gziT Tan daTanobiT konservaciis 

pirvelma specia listebma _ qarterma, 

raskinma, morisma da boitom _ ganavi- 

Tares, xolo sabolood Tanamedrove 

sakon ser vacio Teoriad riglma, jovan- 

Yonim da brandim Camoayalibes. 

praqtikul saqmianobaSi konservacia 

xels uwyobda kvlevisTvis sa Wi ro 

axali mecnieruli meTodebis da teqnologiebis 

ganviTarebas, rac emsaxureboda 

Zeglebisa da nagebobebis arsebuli 

mdgomareobis analizs da dokumentaciis 

Sedgenas, ngrevis mizezebis 

dadgenas, Tavdapirveli masalebis 

konsolidacias, movlisa da konservaciuli 

SekeTebis strate giebs. amgvarma 

midgomam restavracia da konservacia 

mxatvruli dan kri ti kis sferoSi gadai


tana da misabaZi modelebis SemoTavazebis 

nacvlad, daamkvidra kritikuli 

procesi imis dasadgenad, Tu ras unda 

Catareboda konservacia da rogor. am 

Zalisxmevis Sedegebi pirvelad ga mo vlinda 

xelovnebis nawarmoebebis, arqeologiuri 

masalis da Zveli Zeglebisadmi 

mopyrobas daetyo; Semdgom am 

midgomam gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba 

istoriul Zeglebze zrunvisas SeiZina 

da istoriuli urbanuli da sof lis 

midamos menejmentzec gavrcelda. kulturuli 

memkvidreobis konser va cia 

saerTaSoriso qartiebis da rekomendaciebis 

ZiriTad amosavalsa da samoqmedo 

gezs warmoadgens. 

10.2.4 tradiciis uwyvetoba 

sxva tendenciebis paralelurad, RirebulebaTa 

gansazRvra da rege neracia 

sul ufro farTo perspeqtiviT 

danaxul kulturuli memkvidre obis 

konserva cias Tan dakavSirebul umTavres 

problemad warmoCinda. XVIII saukunidan 

moyo le bu li, sul ufro mets zrunavdnen 

xalxuri xe lo v nebis da Semoqmedebis, 

rogorc kulturuli identobis 

gamoxatu lebis avTenturi wyaroebis 

fiqsaciis gamo. mere da mere, amas moyva 

tra diciuli arealebisa da adamianTa 

erTobebis dacvis, XX saukunis bolos 

ki cocxal kulturaTa mravalferovnebis 

da gangrZobadobis uzrunvel yo fis 

mcdeloba. es strategia globaluri 

ekologiiT dainteresebis da mdgradi 

ganviTarebis sakiTxis paralelurad 

muSavdeboda; es ori XX sa u kunis bolo 

aTwleulebSi saerTaSoriso politikis 

prioritetuli sa kiT xi gaxda. 

adre, kul turul memkvidreobasTan, 

upiratesad, kulturuli da mecnieruli 

Rirebulebebi asocireboda; globalizaciis 

axal tendency eb Tan erTad, maT 

daupirispirda socialuri da ekono- 

mikuri sinamdvile da garemosdacviTi 

mdgradi ganviTarebis politika. Tu 

kulturul obieq tebze zrunva, ZiriTadad, 

status quo-s kvlavdadginebas emsaxureboda, 

gada svla tra di ciuli SromiTi 

Cvevebis da cocxali kulturebis 

dacvaze cvlilebebis, procesis arsebiT 

parametrad aRiarebasac moiTxovs. mizani 

mosafrTxileblis arsis da cvlilebaTa 

marTvis kriteriumebis gansazRv ra gaxlavT 

istoriul baRebTan, qalaqebTan, 

soflis garemosa an kultu rul land- 

SaftebTan mimarTebiT; es xom uwyveti, 

TandaTanobiTi Tu peri oduli, cvlilebebis 

obieqtia. Tumca uarsayofi araa, 

rom zogierTi pre ceden ti XIX saukunesa 

da XX-s damdegsac arsebobda, istoriuli 

areale bis konservaciis meTodologia, 

ZiriTadad, 1950-iani wlebidan 

moyolebu li ganviTarda. potenciuri 

qmedebebis Sedegi gaxda saxelmZRvanelo 

mi Ti Te bebi da rekomenda ciebi, romlebic, 

wesiT, rogorc ad gi lobriv, ise 

mTeli qveynis gegmarebis strategiaSi 

unda aisaxos. 

10.3 praqtikaSi asaxuli 

tendenciebi 

Teoriul ganazraxsa da praqtikul 

ganxor cielebas Soris dacile ba metad 

xSiri ramaa, xolo zemoT moxsenebuli 

gansxvavebuli gavlenebi kidev ufro 

arTulebs konservaciis strategiebis 

praqtikul interpreti re bas. avTenturoba 

Tanamedrove konservaciis 

ZiriTadi koncefciaa, mag ram is, Cveulebriv, 

pirvandel masalas miemarTeba, 

rac ama Tu im nagebo bi sa Tu adgilis 

gansxvavebul istoriul fazebs gviTvalsaCinovebs. 

imave sityvis sxva konteqstSi 

xmarebam SeiZleba gaugeb roba 

gamoiwvios. maga liTad, nacvlad gamoTqmisa 

àvTenturi rekons truqcia~, 

rac axal, Zveli nagebobis for mis

mqone da sarwmuno dokumentacias damyarebul 

Senobas niSnavs, ufro swori 

iqneba vixma roT gamoTqma `marTebuli 

rekonst ruq cia.~ sityva àvTenturis~ 

xmareba, moduri, arsebiTad, XX saukunis 

bo los gaxda, rac, SesaZloa, ganpiro 

bebuli iyo surviliT sando ram mosaWidis 

arsebobisa, sxvafriv sul ufro 

metad danakuwebul qveyniereba Si. magram, 

rodesac sityva zedmetad xSirad 

ixmareba, igi ufasurdeba; da marTlac, 

konservaciaSi momuSave zogierTi specialisti 

ukve cdilobs àvTenturis~ 

nacvlad ipovos sxva sityvebi, iseTebi 

rogoricaa ìdento ba~ an `simrTele~, 

Tumca aSkaraa, rom maT sxvadasxva sazrisi 

aqvs. 

brandi im Sexedulebisa iyo, rom 

war sulisadmi Tanamedrove midgo ma 

zo gadad unda ganisazRvrebodes rogorc 

“restauro,” msgavsad 1972 wlis italiu 

ri Carta del Restauro (Tumca es sityva 

aucileblad rodi Seesatyvi se ba 

`restavraci is~ inglisur mniSvnelobas). 

de anjelis d’osati ki, pi ri qiT, miiCnevda, 

rom ZiriTadi terminebi specifikuri 

unda iyos, gansa kuT rebiT mofarglul 

da SeTanxmebul iqnas maTi moculoba; 

is ganasxva vebda saqmianobis or 

tips: `restavracia~ da ìnovacia;~ igi 

arc axal Se moqmedebiT CanarTebs iwunebda 

da maT marTebulad miiCnevda (De 

angelis d’ossat, 1983). es eTanxmeba veneciis 

qartiis debulebas, rom “restavraciis 

procesi zedmiwevniT specializebuli 

samuSaoa” (parag. 9) da rom sityva 

`restavracia~ Sesabamisad unda 

ixmarebodes. didi Zalisxmeva dasWirda 

sa er TaSoriso qartiebsa da rekomendaciebSi 

(mag. unEsCo, iComos, evro pis 

sabWo) terminebis gansazRvras, Tumca 

varirebis farglebi mainc vrce lia. 

rac Seexeba praqtikul samuSaoebs, xSiria 

gaugebroba, rodesac kon cefciebi 

niSandobliv maTTvis miCenil sazRvrebs 

miRma gamoiyeneba, Tum ca probleme bi 


zogjer enebs (mag., romanuli da germanikuli) 

da sxvada sxva disciplinebs 

Soris sxvaobiTacaa ganpirobebuli da 

aseve kulturu li memkvidreobis sferos 

zrdiT, menejmentis saWiroebaTa 

sirTuliTa da mravalferovnebiTac. 

problema naTlad Cndeba sxvadasxva 

Tvalsazrisis mqone konservaciis specialistebs 

Soris _ xSirad cxare _ kamaTisasac. 

311 

Tavdapirvelad, aseve XIX saukunis 

meti nawilis sigrZezec konser va ciis 

moZraoba TiTqmis ar gascdenia mimdinare 

praqtikuli samuSaoebis kritikas. 

Tumca, TandaTanobiT, XX saukunis 

damdegidan, konservaciis stra tegiis 

gavlenam xeli Seuwyo istoriuli masalebis 

dacvaze sul uf ro met zrunvas, 

kvlevis da mecnieruli Seswavlis Sesabamisi 

meTode bis, praqtikuli saxelmZ- 

Rvanelo miTiTebebis da strategiis 

standarte bis SemuSavebas da movlis, 

dasufTavebis, gamagrebisa da konservaciuli 

SekeTebisTvis saWiro teqnologiebis 

ganviTrebas. 

istoriuli qalaqi spliti istoriuli 

urbanuli ansamblis konser va ciisa 

da restavraciis Tanmimdevruli meTodologiis 

Tanamedrove gan viTarebis 

nimuSia. qalaqis birTvi diokletianes 

antikuri xanis saimpera to ro sasaxlis 

SigniT iqna agebuli, dRes ki igi iSvia- 

Tad mdidari isto riuli stratigrafiis 

mqone cocxali ansamblis nimuSia. ufro 

adre, XIX saukuneSi, restavracia klasicisturi 

purifikaciis suliskveTebiT 

Catar da, diokletianes sasaxlis mniSvnelovnebis 

gamosakveTad, ramac mogviano 

Senobebis dangreva ganapiroba. sau- 

311 Cvens naSromSi terminebi `restavracia~ 

da `konservacia~, avtorTa mi zan da sa xulobidan 

an romelime konkretuli SemTxvevidan 

gamomdinare, sxva dasxva az ri Taa 

naxmari; mag., sityva `restavracias~ gansxvavebuli 

az ri aqvs viole-le dYukisTvis, 

raskinisTvis, riglisTvis da brandisTvis.


sur. 10.6 XVIII saukunis eklesia sodankilaSi (fineTi), 1990-iani ww.-is restavraci is Semdeg, xis 

SeficvriT da saxuravis xis yavariT, Sesrulebuli tradiciul ri g ze (National Board of Antiquities, 

Lauri Yli-Tepsa) 

kunis bolos, rodesac imZlavra `romantikulma 

ganwyobilebam,~ samreklos 

ganaxlebi sas misi goTur-renesan suli 

zeda nawili romanuli aRorZinebis 

stiliT aRadgines (1882-1908 ww). sasaxlis 

SenobaTa sistematuri gaTxrebi 

1946 wels daiwyo. 1955 wels dalmaciis 

qalaqgegmarebis institutTan daarsda 

naSeni memkvidreobis ganyofileba, 

xolo 1961 wels splitis kulturul 

faseulobaTa dacvis instituti Seiqmna. 

am ori institutis muSaobis mizans 

warmoadgenda unEsCo-s msoflio memkvidreobis 

nusxaSi 1979 wels Setanili 

istoriu li qalaqis reabilitaciisas kvlevis 

integracia. muSaobisas sagangebo 

yuradReba mieqca arqiteqturul Semowmebas 

da gaRrmavebul kvlevasac, raTa 

dadgeniliyo istoriuli ansamblis 

Tavdapirveli saxe da sivrciTi ganviTareba, 

amasTan ki, dacva-reabilitaciis 

safuZvlad axlad gamovle ni li miCqmaluli 

Rirebulebani dasdeboda. splitis 

istoriuli birTvi mTlianad 1967- 

1978 wlebSi aRinusxa, xolo Semdgomi 

kvleva adgilze ana lizis CatarebiT, 

istoriuli dokumentebis SeswavliT da 

im faqtorebis gamokvleviT warimarTa, 

romelTac gavlena iqonia qalaqis urbanul 

da ar qiteqturul ganviTarebaze. 

aseTi kvleva sasaxlisa da qala qis 

gansxva ve buli etapebis _ maTi gaCenidan 

mokidebuli _ sistematuri warmo- 

Cenis sa Sualebas iZleoda (marasovic and 

Jokilehto, 1994:II; marasovic, 1997) 

savele proeqtebis ganxorcielebi

IV saukune 

XVI saukune 

restavraciamde 


XIV saukune 

XVII saukune 

restavraciis Semdeg 

sur. 10.5 splitis diokletianes sasaxlis peristili, kipkis saxlis saxecvlile bis istoriuli 

fazebi. bolo faza saxlis 1980-iani ww.-is restavracias aCvenebs (j. marasoviCis mixedviT)


sas naTeli gaxda, rom aucilebeli iyo 

sistematuri Treiningi, rac saWiro unar-Cvevebs 

uzrunvelyofda da sak marisi 

saxsrebic imisTvis, rom muSaoebac da 

dasaqmebac uwyveti yo filiyo. mTliani 

istoriuli stratigrafiis mofrTxilebisas, 

proeqtebi garkveul adgilebze 

intervenciasac iTvaliswinebs, rogoricaa 

miwisqveSa farTebis reabilitacia 

kulturuli da komerciuli saqmianobisTvis, 

pe ristilisa da zRvispira 

nawilis xelaxali dakavSireba, qalaqis 

centrSi antikuri nangrevebis saCinoyofa 

da sagangebod SerCeuli istoriuli 

na gebobebis restavracia. istoriuli 

stratigrafiis tipiuri saxe SeiZleba 

inaxos grizogonos da kipkis ojaxebis 

sasax leSi, splitis municipali tetis 

pirvel SenobaSi, peristilSi, sadac 

naSenoba romauli da Suasau ku novania, 

zeda sarTuli ki _ Semdgom, meti sivrcis 

mosapoveblad, ati kad gadakeTebuli 

_ adre-renesansuli. jerko marasoviCis 

xelmZRvanelo biT Catarebuli restavracia 

zeda sarTulisTvis renesan su li 

ieris kvlav miniWebaSi mdgomareobda, 

adgilze aRmoCenili Tavdapirveli fragmen 

tebis anastilozis da axali masaliT 

maTi nawilobrivi reintegra ciis gziT. 

istoriul avTenturobasa da tradiciul 

uwyvetobasTan dakavSire bu li 

kamaTis zogierTi sakiTxis magaliTad

fineTis laplandiis sodan ki las Zveli 

xis eklesiis restavracia gamogvadgeba. 

1689 wels mar ti v Ze lur Senobad (13.5 X 

8.5 m.) agebuli, igi garedan XVIII saukuneSi 

Seificra, maSinve saxuravi axlad, 

xis yavriT moawyves. 1859 wlidan eklesia 

mitove buli iyo, xolo XX saukunis 

damdegs ki mas dacva dauwesda. 1926 da 

1950 wlebis restavraciisas eqsterieri 

xelaxla xiT, Tanamedrove samrewve lo 

teqnologiebis gamoyenebiT aSenda, magram 

Sedegi damakmayofile beli ar aRmoCnda. 

Tu konstruqcia da interieri 

jer kidev SedarebiT karg mdgo mareobaSi 

iyo, eklesiis eqsteriers 1993-5 wlebSi 

kidev erTi inter vencia dasWirda. ramdenadac 

is Sua saukuneebis aqeT mudmiv 

gamoyenebuli samSeneblo teqnikis uZvelesi 

da yvelaze kargad Semonaxuli nimuSia, 

mi Rebul iqna gadawyvetileba gare 

piri xelaxla imnairive tradiciuli teq 

nologiis gamoyenebiT amoeyvanaT. es 

tradiciebi XIX saukunis bolos ga wyda, 

xolo restavraciisTvis isini àxlidan 

Seiswavles~ da gaacocx les: kedlebis 

axali, xeliT dapobili xis lartyebi 

da saxuravis xelna keTi xis yavari XVIII 

saukunis nimuSebs iTvaliswinebs. sax- 


sur. 10.7 samaryandis 

gur-i amiris meCeTis 

mTavari portali da 

daRaruli gumba Ti (1404 

w.) 1996 wels Temurlengis 

YubilesTan dakavSirebiT 

aRadgines. Temurle n gis 

gansasvenebeli am meCe Tis 

msgavsad, garemomcveli 

urbanuli qsovili sgan 

sa mar yandis mravali 

istoriuli Zegli iqna 

izolirebuli 

sur. 10.8 bibi xanumis meCeTis rekonstruqcia 

samaryandSi 1997 wels, konstruqcie bisTvis 

rkina-betonis, xolo zedapirebisTvis 

tradiciuli aguris da Sorenkece bis 

gamoyenebiT. axali Wiquri Zvelisgan xarisxiT 

gansxvavdeba da odnav ufro ba cia


uravze, doku menturi mowmobebis moxmobiT, 

kvlav aRmarTes dakarguli sami 

sadroSe Wo ki. XX saukunis restavraciisas 

damatebuli nawilebi moaSores, 

manam del cvlilebebs sagangebod 

gaufrTxildnen. sarestavracio samuSaoebis 

dasrulebisas wamoiWra Zeglis 

avTenturobis sakiTxi da maija kairamos 

si tyvisamebr: `sodankilas eklesia 

SeiZleba veneciis qartiis principebis 

sur. 10.9 atalosis stoa 

aTenSi _ farTomasStabiani 

rekonstruqciis gamo is 

amo va r d nilia nangrevebiT 

mofenili midamos saerTo 

konsteqstidan 

sur. 10.10 babilonis 

arqiteqturuli 

nangrevebis 

rekonstruqcia eraySi, 

gadaRebu li 1978 wels. mas 

Semdeg adgilze samuSaoebi 

kidev ufro gafarTovda 

Tanamedrove interpretaciad warmovidginoT. 

daZvelebis procesi tradici 

u li gziT gagrZeldeba. es aris, Cemi 

azriT, àvTenturoba~ (Kairamo, 1996:51). 

sakiTxavi am, marTlacda kargad gamar- 

Tul sarestavracio proeqt Si isaa, Tu 

rogor ganvasxvavoT istoriulobidan 

gamomdinare `namdvilo ba~ da sicocxledabrunebuli 

tradiciebisa Tu tradiciis 

uwyvetobis sa zrisi Tanamedrove

sur. 10.11 efesoSi (TurqeTi) adgilze 

gamofenili arqiteqturuli fragmentebi, 

ro m lebic, h. Smidtis sityvisamebr, 

ìnteleqtualur nangrevebs~ qmnis 

restavraciasTan mimarTebiT. 

miuxedavad saerTaSoriso rekomendaciebisa 

da oficialuri poli ti - 

ku ri gancxadebebisa, dargis zogadi 

tendencia, gansakuTrebiT rac sa zo ga - 

doebriv nagebobebs Seexeba, stilisturi 

restavraci is kenaa midreki li. nawilobriv 

mas asuldgmulebs xelovnebisa da 

arqiteqturis istori is Ses wavliT motanili 

Tavdajerebuloba da tradiciuli 

wesebisa da unar-Cvevebis moxelTeba. 

amas garda, gamqrali nawilebis xelaxal 

agebas aad vi lebs, Tu nagebobis Tavdapirveli 

konstruqciuli sistemebi da 

sam Se neblo meTodebi damkvidrebul 

modulebsaa dafuZnebuli; aseTi ram 


sur. 10.12 celsusis biblioTekis detali _ 

axali nawilebi baT qaSiTaa Sesrule buli, 

originalis vizualuri efeqtis wabaZviT, 

Tumca detalebis gameorebis ga re Se 

kla si kur nagebobebsa da aRmosavlur 

taZrebsa Tu salocavebSi gvaqvs. 

èrovnuli Zeglebi~ xSirad politikuri 

RirebulebebiT itvirTeba da 

erovnuli siamayis sakiTxad moiazreba. 

aseT Rirebulebebs SeuZlia Zeg lis sasurveli 

Taviseburebebis rekonstruqciis 

da stilisturi res tav ra ciis da im 

damaxasiaTebe li niSnebis ganadgurebisa 

da dangrevis pro vo cireba, rac politikur 

miznebs ewinaaRmdegeba. magali- 

Tad, uzbekeTis mTavrobam, 1992 wels 

mopovebuli damoukideblo bis kvalad 

dama tebiTi Rirebuleba Semata Temuridebis 

xanis Zeglebs da gaza rda maTi 

po litikuri mniSvneloba. sabWoTa pe


riodSi, garemomcveli urbanuli qsovilis 

ganadgurebis gamo, Zeglebi ukve 

izolirebul iqna, magram sares tavracio 

samuSaoebi umeteswilad didi 

gaqanebisa ar yofila da zoga dad 

veneciis qartiis principebs asaxavda: 

axali nawilebi, ZiriTa dad, gamartivebuli 

formiT, Tavdapirveli feradovnebis 

gameorebis mcdelo bis gareSe 

sruldeboda (ix. il. 8.12). axla, damoukideblobisas, 

miRebul iqna gadawyvetileba, 

aRedginaT samaryandis XIV- 

XVII saukuneebis ramdeni me meCeTi da 

samlocvelo, romlebic XIX saukunis 

aqeT nangrevebad idga. samuSaoebis 

safuZveli rkina-betonis, tradiciuli 

aguriT da Sorenkece biT dafaruli 

konstruqciebi gaxda. 

igive sakiTxi daismis evropisa da 

xmelTaSuazRvispireTis Tu msof lios 

sxva regionis zogierTi mniSvne lo vani 

arqeologiuri adgilis mi ma r TebiTac; 

magaliTad SeiZleba moviyvanoT rekonstruqcia 

eraySi babi lonis nangrevebisa 

da uZveles qalaq Can Canis naSTebisa 

peruSi. rekon struqciis aseTi tendencia 

advilad SeiZleba davukavSiroT 

turizms da xSirad `didaqtikuri~ RirebulebebiTa 

Tu `stumrisTvis risame 

Cvenebis~ surviliT aris xolme gamar- 

Tlebuli. Tu ZeglTa rekonstruqcias 

gul dagul kontrols ar gavuwevT, ma- 

Sin veneciis qartiis miznebis Sesabamisad, 

ZvelTaZveli samosaxlos istoriulobis 

konservaciis nacvlad, vaY Tu 

Sedegad kitCi miviRoT. arqeologiuri 

Zeglebis farTo rekonstruq ciis 

kidev erTi sirTule isaa, rom, rogorc 

es aTenis atalosis stoas Sem TxvevaSi 

moxda, mas nangrevebis konsteqstidan 

àmovardnis~ tendencia aqvs; nacvlad 

imisa, rom daexmaros adgilis erTian 

interpretacias, axa li naSeni calke 

mdgomi Zeglis istoriul konteqstTan 

kavSirs arRvevs. 

naras yofili saimperatoro sa- 

saxlis arqeologiuri gaTxrebis Sem- 

TxvevaSi, wamZRolebma gonivrulad 

Seadgines gaTxrebis grZelvadiani programa, 

riTic SesaZebloba misces momaval 

Taobebs èstumron~ xelux lebel 

adgils mis Sesaswavlad da, SeZlebisamebr, 

kvlevisa da diagnos ti kis ufro 

ganviTarebuli teqnologiebic gamoiyenon. 

an SegiZliaT pre zen tirebis sxvadasxva 

sistemis magaliTebic naxoT 

_ mag., origina luri fragmentebis 

miwis qveS Senaxva da mnaxvelebisTvis 

saCveneblad sinTe tu ri nimuSebis 

momzadeba, anda Tavdapirveli Senobis 

safar qveS wardgena. amave dros, zogierTi 

istoriuli Senoba SerCeviT aRdgenil 

iqna, maT ricxvSi sasaxleebis, 

saxlebis, samlocveloe bis da karibWeebis 

nimuSebi da es, upiratesad, turizmis 

saWiroebebisTvis gakeTda, raTa 

naCvenebi yo filiyo amgvar nagebobaTa 

odindeli ieri da miwis zeviT, am, sxvafriv 

SedarebiT ùsaxo~, garemoSi meti 

nageboba gaCeniliyo. amgvari rekonstruqciis 

SemTxvevaSi saTuo ara, isev da 

isev, mxolod ama Tu im Senobis marTebulobaa, 

aramed RirsSesaniSnavi adgilis 

warmoCenisas saerTo wo na s worobis 

SenarCunebacaa _ adgils xom misi istoriuli 

simrTele unda SerCes. 

nangrevebisadmi mopyrobis moucilebel 

problemebze imsjela hart vig 

Smidtma, romelmac Semdegi viTarebebi 

gaiTvaliswina: fragmentirebu li naS- 

Tebis konservacia, mdgomi nangrevebis 

restavracia da dangreuli, an ganaTxari 

Senobebis reko n struqcia. man es 

SemTxvevebi dahyo: inteleq tualuri 

nangrevebi, bunebrivi nangrevebi da 

obieqturi nangrevebi. pir vel, “inteleqtualuri 

nangrevebis” SemTxvevaSi, 

Cvenebis strategia emya reba 

mnaxvelis unars, aRiqvas RirsSesaniSnavi 

adgilis mniSvnelovneba da istoria 

da eswrafvis, gaxados igi gasagebi, 

saamisod aucilebeli mi nimumiRa gaake-

Tos. arsebuli fragmen tebis wardgena 

moxdeba Tanamedrove konstruqciebis 

daxmarebiT, realuri rekonstruqciis 

dauCemeblad. ganz ra x vaTagan er- 

Tia dokumentireba ngrevis rogorc 

procesisa, romelic fra g mentulobiT 

aRZruli erT-erTi safiqralia (mag., 

fragmentebis Tavi su fa li kompozicia 

efesoSi). “bunebrivi nangrevebis” 

koncefcia risime na n g revis inglisuri 

tipis landSafturi baRebis elementad 

gamoyenebas exmianeba. xandaxan, maTi 

Cvenebis mizani cxovelxatul garemoSi 

damajere be li ieris mqone `nangrevebis~ 

daproqteba da agebaa. aseTi 

samuSao, Cveu le b riv, Tavdapirveli 

fragmente bis gamoyenebiT sruldeba, 

Tanamedrove kon struqciebis waSvele- 


sur. 10.13 celsusis biblioTekis fasadi efesoSi 1980-ian ww.-Si aRdgenili mTavari 

gzis bolos arqiteqturuli sivrcis Sesaqmnelad. msgavsi òbieqturi nangre ve bi~ 

arqeologiur kvlevas emyareba 

biTa da SeTanaxmierebiT _ aseTia eginas 

taZari baseSi, an centraluri evropis 

baRebis, mag., Svetcingenis, gegmarebaSi 

Ca r Tuli Senobebi. òbieqturi 

nangrevebis~ prezentireba mecnierebis 

da anastilozis obieqturobisadmi 

ndobas emyareba, risi Sedegic xSirad 

na wilobriv rekonstruirebuli nangrevebis 

garemoSi axali sivrcobrivi 

ko m poziciaa. Tavad nangre vebi ukve 

aRar aris `nangrevebi,~ aramed es uf ro 

axali, Tanamedrove esTetikuri aRqmis 

amsaxveli Senobebia, risi maga liTebicaa 

Tundac celsusis biblioTeka efeso- 

Si, gimnasionis marmari los Sida ezo 

sardesSi (magaliTe bi sTvis ix. schmidt, 

1993:43-57; segarra, 1997). 

arqeologiuri adgilebis prezen


sur. 10.14 fauntenis saabato (inglisi): es `bunebrivi nangrevebi~ XVIII s.-is land Safturi baRis 

ganuyofel nawilia 

tirebis britanuli praqtikis saTa ve 

cxovelxatuli nangrevebis mimarT adre 

gaCenili interesi da konser vaciis moZraobis 

strategiaa. moazrebul iqna, 

rom gansxvavebuli tipis Senobebis 

prezentirebisas _ problemebic gansxvavebuli 

hqondaT: magali Tad, rkinis 

da romis xanis naSTebian RirsSesaniSnav 

adgilebs, Sua sau kuneebis ZeglebTan 

SedarebiT. miwis nagebobebis, mag., miwayrilebis 

mimarT gadawyda, maTTvis xeli 

ar daekarebinaT, xolo Sua saukuneebis 

sa a batoebSi mdgomi naSTebi azrianad 

prezentirebisTvis mniSvnelovan samuSaoebs 

saWiroebda. yvela SemTxvevaSi, 

aucilebeli sistematuri midgo ma, adgilis 

SeswavliTa da gaTxrebiT, misi istoriuli 

strati grafiis da axlandeli 

mdgomareobis garkveviT dawyebuli, rasac 

mosdevs konser vacia, konsolidacia 

da interpretacia. zogadad strategiis 

arsia isto riis yvela fenis Semonaxva 

da mnaxvelisTvis daxmarebis aRmoCena, 

Cawv des TiToe u li elementis sazriss 

mTlianobasTan mimarTebiT. principulia 

rekonstruqciisTvis Tavis aride

a da teqnikuri Carevis ise Camal va, 

rom man araferi daaklos nangrevTa 

cxovelxatulobas. Tu saWiro xdebo da 

axali Senobebi, mag., mnaxvelTa misayvanad, 

an maTi usafrTxoebisa da momsaxurebisTvis, 

isini mokrZalebuli da 

Tanamedrove ieris mqone iyo. britanuli 

praqtikisTvis tipiuria Tanabrad 

gakreWili, SreTa ganadgu re bu li doneebis 

mimaniSnebeli kordebi, Tumca es, 

albaT, yvela SemTxve vaSi gamosadegi ar 

iqneba. originaluri nangrevebis maTive 

adgilze rep rezentacias ganasrulebda 

samuzeumo eqspozicia mimsvlelTa misaReb 

si vr ceSi (thompson, 1981). 

albaT, am midgomaTagan romelime 

ver iqneba absoluturad priori tetuli, 

radgan gadawyvetilebis miReba 

yoveli calkeu li SemTxvevis RirebulebaTa 

aRqmasTan mimarTebiT 

kri tikul Sefasebazea damokidebuli. 

isic unda gvaxsovdes, rom brandis rwmeniT, 

xelovnebis nawarmoebis naS T Ta, 

magaliTebr, dangreuli Zve li taZaris 

restavacia, iseTive kritikul process 

moiTxovs, rogorc nebismieri xe lov 

nebis nawarmoebis restavra cia. yov- 


sur. 10.15 torontos 

navsadguris fasadi; 

yofili samrewvelo raionis 

komerciu li da kulturuli 

saqmianobisTvis 

reabilitaciis nimuSi 

el calkeul SemTxvevaSi gadamwyvetia 

nawarmoebis sakuTari Rir sebebi da ara 

principi. amitomac ar eTanxmeboda igi 

e.w. àrqeologiuri re s tavraciis~ principebis 

ganurCevel gamoyenebas, maSin 

rodesac sinamd vi leSi mizani ubralod 

arsebuli fragmentebis mnaxvelTaTvis 

Cveneba un da iyos. Tu xelovnebis 

nawarmoebis potenciuri erTobidan 

raime jerac saWiroebda dacvas, es unda 

gakeTebuliyo. meore mxriv, igi icavda 

seli nu n tes nangrevebs siciliaSi, maTi 

istoriuli da emociuri Rirebulebisa 

da am SemTxvevaSi zedmi wevniTi anastilozis 

SeuZleblobis gamo. mniSvne lovania 

isic, rom `konservaciis principebi,~ 

an `konsevaciis eTika~ ver Secvlis 

kritikul midgomas, rac aucilebelia 

Tanamedrove konservacia Si; am konteqstSi 

konservaciis Teoria unda gvesmodes, 

rogorc savalde bulo kritikuli 

procesis sistematuri aRwera da 

ara rogorc `samuSao hipoTeza.” 

Cveulebriv, igulisxmeba, rom arqiteqtorma 

Tavis Sesrulebul Senobas 

sakuTari Semoqmedebis kvali unda 

daatyos, Tumca istoriul SenobebT


an Sexebisas, piriqiT, umjobesia igi 

moridebul-mokrZalebuli iyos. es midgoma 

sulac ar yofila erTxmad aRiarebuli 

da amJamad mim dinare kamaTic 

naTlad aCens am mxriv SeuTavsebeli 

Tvalsazrisebis ar se bobas. magaliTad 

zogierTi italieli Teoretikosis mosazrebebi 

SeiZ le ba moviyvanoT: renato 

boneli gansazRvravda restavracias, 

rogorc `kri tikul process da, Semdgom 

amisa, SemoqmedebiT aqts;~ brandi 

`res tav raciad~ warsulisadmi yovelnair 

Cven midgomas miiCnevda, Tumca mis- 

Tvis xarisxiani SemoqmedebiTi danamatebic 

misaRebi iyo; de anjelis d’o sa ti 

ar gamoric xavda istoriul konteqstSi 

ìnovacias~, Tu igi `restav ra ciaSi~ ar 

iqneboda aRreuli; marko dezi bardeSi 

aucileblad miiC nevda yvela istoriuli 

masalis da maTi `daZvelebuli~ ieris 

erTianad dacvas; paolo markoni ki, 

piriqiT, istoriuli Senobebis dakarguli 

na wi lebis Sevsebisa da reintegraciisas, 

samSeneblo tradiciebis guldasmiT 

Seswavlasa da gaazrebaze damyarebul, 

Tavad nagebobebSi dadasture buli 

da Sesabamis samSeneblo saxelmZRvaneloebTan 

Sejerebuli tradi ciuli 

formebis da teqnologiis gamoyenebas 

emxroboda (marconni, 1992). 

politikis ganviTarebis gezi, 

ZiriTadad, ori mimarTulebiT warimar 

Ta, romelTac, Cveulebriv, rogorc 

`sufTa konservaciad~ da `restav raciad~ 

axasiaTeben; italiaSi pirvelis 

warmomadgenili dezi bardeSia, meorisa 

ki markoni. msgav si kamaTi qveynebis 

umetesobaSi, maT ricxvSi did britaneTSic, 

mimdinareobda. amasTan, sxvadasxva 

qveyanaSi win sxvadasxva ram 

modis; mag., italielebi ufro `konservaciisken~ 

ixrebodnen, maSin ro desac 

fran gebi upiratesobas `restavracias~ 

aniWebdnen. amas mraval gva ri publikacia 

gvidasturebs, maT Soris istoriuli 

nagebobebis axle buri gamo ye ne- 

bisTvis mwyobrSi Cayenebis, reabilitaciis 

da gadakeTebis magaliTebi. bevr 

SemTxvevaSi, miuxedavad imisa, rom saqme 

istoriul ansamblebs exeba, gadakeTebis 

mizani yovelTvis restavracia rodia. 

saWo W mano arc ram iqneboda, amgvari 

arsebuli Senobebi istoriulad rom ar 

aRiqmebodes da, Sesabamisad, maTi mniSvnelobis 

dadgenasa da savaldebu lo 

kritikul processac ar moiTxovdes. 

proeq tebSi Sedioda Zveli saw yobebis 

aRdgena sacxovrebel saxlebad, yavaxanebad, 

ofisebad, an sagamo feno darbazebad, 

Zveli cixe-simagreebis turistul 

centrebad an sastum roebad, yofili 

navsadgurebis raionebis aRdgena 

komerciul da kultu rul centrebad 

(mag. nYu-Yorki, toronto), gauqmebuli 

eklesiebis sakon cer to darbazebad, 

sacxovrebel binebad an ofisebad reabilitacia. 

civ qveynebSi 1980-ian wleb- 

Si Tavi iCina arsebuli qalaqis quCebis 

an ezoebis gadaxu rul pasaJebad, an istoriuli 

qalaqebis Tu soflis centris 

fe xiT mosiaruleTa savaWro adgilebad 

gadakeTebis tendenciam (Fitch, 1982; 

strike, 1994). 

XX saukunis meore naxevris erT-erTi 

yvelaze damabneveli da gavr ce lebuli 

movlena gamosavalad `fasadizmis~ sul 

ufro xSiri arCeva iyo. mis viTomcda 

gasamarTleblad xSirad arqiteqturul 

sa Tu cxovel xa tul Rirebulebebs 

ekonomikas upirispireben; xSirad rogorc 

yvelaze nakleb borotebas Seiwynareben 

xolme; xandaxan fasadisa da 

interieris sxvadasxva driondelobiTac 

amarTleben. praqtikaSi `fasadizmi~ 

Zviri saqmea da, zogadad, istoriuli 

qsovilis mTlian ganadgurebas gulisxmobs, 

warsulis arqiteqturis mxolod 

garegani saxis Semonaxva-kvlavaRd genisas. 

Tu erT Senobas gancalkevebiT ar 

SevxedavT, davinaxavT, rom ase Ti praqtika 

did gavlenas axdens istoriuli 

qalaqebis da soflebis simrTeleze da

Zirs uTxris qalaquri kvartalebisa da 

kulturuli lan d Saftebis doneze integrirebuli 

sakonservacio dagegmvis 

Semotanas. 

kulturul faseulobebs mudam 

safrTxe emuqreba, magaliTad, xanZa ri, 

wyaldido ba, miwisZvra an SeiaraRebuli 

konfliqtebi; msgavsi saSiS ro ebebis Semcirebis 

umTavresi Semadgeneli nawilia 

riskisTvis mzadyof na da saTanado 

dokumentaciis Sedgena. garda amisa, 

istoriuli areale bis gegmarebis da 

ganviTarebis ZiriTadi instrumentad 

saTa na do mona cemTa bazebi unda gamoiyenebodes, 

sadac gaTva lis winebuli iqneba 

memk vidreobismieri Rirebulebani 

da Sesabamisi socialur-ekonomikuri 

konte q s tic. qvemoT moyvanilia restavraciisadmi 

sxvadasxva midgomis ramdenime 

nimuSi, ZiriTadad, italiis sinamdvilidan. 

1980-ian da 1990-ian wlebSi italiis 

kulturul memkvidreobas didi ziani 

miadga, risi mizezic sxvadasxva stiqiuri 

ubedureba, maT Soris mi wisZvrebi, 

wyaldidobebi da mewyerebi gaxda. 1997 

wlis Semodgomis miwi s Zvrebi gansakuTrebiT 

xangrZlivi gamodga, ramac 

yvelaze metad centra lu ri italiis 

umbria da marka daaziana; mravalma 

mniSvnelovanma isto ri ulma qalaqma da 

sofelma, magaliTebr, asizim da folin- 

Yom seriozu li danaklisi ganicada. dazianebul 

nagebobebs Soris iyo asizis wm. 

fra n Ceskos bazilika, sadac Camoingra 

kamarebis nawili da mZimed dazianda 

an ganadgurda jotos da Cimabues SesaniSnavi 

freskebi. garda amisa, mox da 

sxva ubedurebebic, mag., pavias koSkis 

Camongreva 1989 wels, xanZari ba ris petrucelis 

TeatrSi 1991 wels, florenciis 

(uficis samxatvro ga lerea) da romis 

(san jorjo al velabro) yumbariT 

daSaveba 1993 wels, notos sakaTedro 

taZris gumbaTis Camoqceva 1996 wels, 

xanZari veneciis la feniCeSi 1996 wels 


sur. 10.16 imis magivrad, rom Camoengria Sua 

saukuneebis zRude, romelic farav da Zvel, 

romaul samosaxlos taragonaSi (espaneTi) 

arqiteqtorma a. brunom res tav ri re bul 

romaul naSTebs advili misadgomi kedlis 

vertikalurad CakveTiT Seqmna – TiTqos 

mimsvlels istoriis wigni gadauSalao (a. 

bruno, 1987-94 ww.) 

da xanZari turinis sakaTedro taZris 

guarinis samlocveloSi (Capella della sindone) 

1997 wels. 

umetes SemTxvevaSi, mizanSewonilad 

dan g reuli Senobebis aRdgena iq na 

miCneuli, Tumca, imave dros, mravalni 

prevenciuli RonisZiebebis gaZ lierebis 

Taobazec dafiqrdnen. amas garda, am 

movlenebs mohyva kamaTi da gamoiTqva 

SemorCenilisa Tu aRdgenilis mniS


vnelovnebisa da avTentu ro bis filosofiur 

sakiTxebTan dakavSirebuli 

sagulisxmo argumentebi sapirispiro 

midgomebis sasargeblod. san jorjo al 

velabros Camo ng reuli portikis SemTxvevaSi, 

italiis mTavrobam upiratesoba 

rekonstru q cias da anastilozs mianiWa 

yvela SemorCenili fragmentis gamoyene 

bisas, Tumca amasac mohyva konservaciis 

specialistTa kritika, rom le bic 

Tvlidnen, rom am arCevanis Taobaze sa- 

Tanado msjeloba ar gamarTula, xolo 

Sedegi metismet srulyofilebas Cemulobs 

(Αναγκε, V). la feniCes Se m Txve vaSi 

gare kedelebi myarad idga, interieri 

ki mTlianad ganadgur da. ganxilvisas 

konservaciis specialistebi zogadad 

mtkiced uWerdnen mxars iseT gadawyvetas, 

rac adgilsac moekrZaleboda da 

`Cveni drois~ ga moxatulebac iqneboda. 

veneciis mTavroba da zogadad sazogadoeba 

ki, ise Canda, ufro aslis Seqmnas 

iwonebda (come’era e dov’era ) (Αναγκε, XIII, 

1997) 312 . msgavsi movlebebi sxva qveyneb- 

312 SesaZlo damproeqtebelTa Soris ganixileboda 

(1997 w.) gae aulentis kan didaturac, 

romelsac ukve ganxorcielebuli hqonda 

axali muzeumi pa rizSi, gar d’orses, yofili 

rkinigzis sadguris SigniT da aRdgenili 

hqonda palaco grasi veneciaSi. miuxe- 

sur. 10.17 nimSi a. brunos 

mier vobanis fortis 

(cixe-simagre) universitetad 

reabilitacia, 

TiTqmis Seuvali nagebobis 

garemomcvel urbanul 

midamosTan dakavSirebiT. 

reabilita ciis mizani 

warsulis xsovnis 

SenarCuneba da ZeglisTvis 

axali sicocxlis STaberva 

iyo (a. bruno, 1991) 

Sic xdeboda. venaSi, manfred veedor nis 

xelmZRvanelobiT, SYonbrunis sasaxlis 

nawili 1990-ian wlebSi winan deli formiT, 

dakarguli dekoratiuli ele mente 

bis Tanamedrove inter pre taciiT, 

aRdga. imav xanebSi inglisSi aRdgenil 

iqna uin zo ris cixe-darbazis damwvari 

nawili, xolo SvedeTSi ove hidemarkma 

stok holmSi, tradi ciuli teqnologiis 

gamoyenebiT, daasrula xanZris Sedegad 

dazianebuli katarinas eklesiis re konst 

ruqcia. 

karlo skarpas msgavs xelovans See- 

Zlo isto riuli nageboba Tana medrove 

arqiteqturis sasikeTod gamoeyenebina; 

es istoriuli identobis ugulvebelyofa 

ki ar yofila, aramed ufro 

Tanamedrove SenobaSi, kompo nentebad, 

istoriuli Sreebis integrirebis 

mcdeloba iyo, axalsa da Zvels Soris 

`meti daZabulobis~ Sesaqmnelad. 

amis magaliTia veronas kas tel vekios 

muzeumis misi proeqti (1953-65 ww.). aq 

mas asuldgmulebs su r vili, Camoqnas 

samuzeumo fuqcia da axleburi monumenturi 

Rirebuleba ga uCinos ansam- 

davad amisa, bYurokratiulma apa ratma da 

misma politikam la feniCes rekonstruqcia 

yovelgvari mosalo d neli vadebis iqiT gadaitana.

ls, romelSic istoriuli komponentebicaa 

Sewonasworebu li `polifoniuri~ 

kompoziciis, xelovnebisa da arqiteqturis 

axali na war moebis Sesaqmnelad 

(rab, 1997:139). 

kidev erTi Tanamedrove arqiteqtori, 

turineli andrea bruno, ro melsac 

xmelTaSuazRvispireTSi, ZiriTadad, 

italiaSi, safrangeTSi, espa ne T sa da 

kviprosze, aseve avRaneTSic umuSavia, 

gamokveTda, rom istori ul nagebobebs 

ZaluZs `momaval Taobebsac gadasces 

xsovna Cvenamde nac xo v rebi adamianebis 

racionaluri Tu xatovani nafiqrisa, 

mTeli misi avTenturobiT~ (mastropietro, 

1996:15). Tavis moRvaweobaSi bruno eWvs 

qveS aye nebs yovelive Cveuls, acxovlebs 

da acocxlebs fiqrs istoriuli Sre ebis 

sazrissa da ama Tu im adgilis `sulsa~ Tu 

maT uwyvet myofo baSi Cveni Carevis Sesaxeb; 

swored es iyo misTvis arsi kviprosze 

maa-s adgilobrivi muzeumisa (1987 

w.). misi midgoma istoriuli Senobebisadmi 

gu lisxmobs SemorCenili qsovilis 

mniSvnelovnebis gaTvaliswinebas, xo lo 

danamatebis Tanamedrove formebiTa da 

masalebiT gadawyvetas, ro gorc mag., 

rivolis cixe-darbazis Tanamedrove xelovnebis 

muzeumis Sem Tx vevaSi turinis 

maxloblad (1967-84 ww.). amgvarma 

krZalvam sxvadasxva gvari forma miiRo, 

Tanac xSirad, Tanamedrove gamoyenebis 

moTxovnilebe bi dan gamomdinare, istoriul 

nagebobebs axali mniSvnelovneba 

eniWeba. es pa neTSi, taragonaSi, nacvlad 

imisa, rom daengria Sua saukuneebis 

kede li (rogorc iyo kidec SemoTavazebuli), 

brunom masSi viwro vertikalu ri 

Wrili CakveTa, TiTqosda iSlebao wigni, 

romelSic vkiTxulobT mis ukan myofi 

romauli xanis fenis Sesaxeb, rac (1987- 

94 ww.). nimSi vobanis cixe-simagreSi man 

daxuruli samxedro Tav da cviTi nageboba 

universite tad gadaaqcia, romelic 

Riaa studentTa da farTo sazogadoebisTvis 

(1991-6 ww). avRaneTSi ki, heraTis 


istoriuli Senobebis SekeTebisas man 

upi ratesoba gabatonebuli tradiciuli 

teqnologiis gamoyenebas mianiWa (1974- 

80 ww.) (mastropietro, 1996). 

10.4 daskvniTi SeniSvnebi 

zemomoyvanili magaliTebi aCvenebs im 

zogierT tendencias, rac bevr qveyanaSi 

Sei niSneba da problemaTa mravalferovnebasac 

avlens, rac meore msoflio 

omidan moyo lebuli, kulturuli memkvidreobis 

Taobaze (mas ki ganzomilebebic 

ganuwyvetliv emateba) Cvens fiqrsa 

da zrunvas ax lavs. Tanamedrove konservacia, 

ZiriTadad, axal istoriul 

cnobierebas Tanaa dakavSirebuli, Tumca, 

imave dros, igi mWidro kavSirSia ganvi- 

Ta re bad zust mecnierebasTan da warsulis 

Sesacnobad sistematur kvlevas Tan. 

am sazrunavis Sedegebs mudmivi gavlena 

aqvs e.w. dasavlur kultura ze, magram 

igi danarCen msoflioSic SeigrZnoba, 

iqac ki, sadac amas win tradiciebis uwyvetoba 

xvdeba. isec, konservaciis Tanamedrove 

moZraobas arc Tavis SigniT 

RirebulebaTa konfliqti aklda, rac 

ama Tu im konce f ciis gansxvavebul warmomavlobas 

da maT Sesabamis saqmianobas 

ukavSir deba. 

ZiriTad problemebs sazogadoebis 

ganviTarebis siswrafe war mo Sobs, 

Tumca dRes warsulSi dadasturebul 

safrTxeebsa da xifaTebze wi na ndelze 

metad dazustebuli monacemebi 

moipoveba. marTlac, ise Cans, rom XX 

saukunis meore naxevarma memkvidreobis, 

warsulSi umagaliTo, ma sobrivi 

ganadgureba moitana. nawilobriv, ase- 

Ti viTareba mZime stiqiurma da garemosmierma 

ubedurebebma ganapiroba da 

mniSvnelovania isic, rom aTaswleulis 

bolosTvis saerTaSoriso strategiis 

prioritetuli Tema riskebisTvis mzadyofna 

gaxda. kulturuli memkvidreo


sur. 10.18 tradiciuli teqnologiis gamoyeneba Zveli TaRis restavraciisas hera T Si (avRaneTi) 

svams kiTxvas restavraciis Tanamedrove koncefciebis interpreta ciisa mis tradiciul 

konteqstSi. unEsCo-s proeqti 1974-80 ww.-Si (a. bruno) 

bis dacvas, para lelurad, Tan sdevs 

bunebisa da garemos dacvis moZraoba, 

zrdis dasa zRv rulobisa da, garemos 

mdgrado bis gaTvaliswinebiT, msoflio 

resu rse bis marTvis aucileblobis sul 

ufro srulad gacnobiereba. amgva rad, 

kulturuli da bunebrivi memkvidreobis 

konservaciis moZraobebs be v ri saerTo 

aRmoaCnda, rac xels uwyobs maT erTian 

saqmianobad Serwymas da es, magaliTad, 

unEsCo-s msoflio memkvidreobis konvenciaSia 

asaxu li. 

Tu warsulSi Zveli Zeglebis, istoriuli 

nagebobebis da xelovne bis 

nawarmoebTa dacvis uzrunvelyofa, 

ZiriTadad, saxelmwifo dawesebu le

ebs ekisreboda, axla aseTi viTareba 

sazogadoebaSi momxdarma safu Zv lianma 

cvlilebebma saTuo gaxada. nawilobriv 

amis mizezi SeiZleba ku l turuli memkvidreobis 

ufro farTo gansazRvrebac 

iyos _ saxel dobr, dasacav obieqtebs 

Soris sakuTari sacxovrebeli saxlebis 

da ur ba nu li da soflis garemos CarTva, 

kulturul landSaftebze rom aRaraferi 

vTqvaT. ra Tqma unda, cvlilebebis 


sur. 10.19 samaryandis 

tradiciuli urbanuli 

qsovili reabilitaciis 

molodinSi. aga xanis 

fondma wamoiwyo wvrTnisa 

da informirebis programa, 

Tavidan, 1996-8 ww.- 

Si iCCrom-Tan erTad 

SemuSavebuli 

sur. 10.20 desaus bauhauzi, 

1976 w.-s germaniis 

yofili demokratiuli 

respublikis specialistebis 

mier aRdgenili. e.w. 

`Tanamedrove arqiteqturis 

mimdinareobis” na gebobebma 

mTels msoflioSi 

yuradReba Docomomo-s _ 

Tanamedrove moZraobis nage 

bobaTa, Rir s Se sa niSnav 

adgilTa da samezobloebis 

dokumentaciisa da konservaciis 

1988 w.-s daarsebuli 

saerTaSoriso samuSao 

partiis – ZalisxmeviT 

miipyro 

gamomwvevTagani politikuri da administraciuli 

sistemebis Secvlacaa, rac 

gansakuTrebiT 1970-iani wle bidan da _ 

revolYuciis msgavsad _ 1989 wels, centralur 

da aRmosav leT evropaSi komunisturi 

reJimis damxobis Semdgom, ramac 

msoflios yvela kuTxeze imoqmeda. 

amgvarad, memkvidreobis marTvis sakiTxi 

konser va ciis erT-erTi sakvanZo problema 

gaxda. Seicvala prioritetebic da


`restavraciis~ nacvlad win Zeglebis 

movlis da prevenciuli zomebis upiratesobaze 

fiqri wamovida, isini ki 

sistematur kvlevas da monacemTa bazebs, 

amasTanave, uzomo biurokratiis Sez- 

Rudvas unda emyarebodes. es yovelive 

advili ar aris da saWiroebs adgilobrivi 

xelisuflebis Tu me sakuTreTa mudmiv 

sensitivizacias _ amasTan erTad ki 

codnis da kul tu ruli Rirebulebebis 

(ekono mikur da finansur aspeqtebTan 

maTi Sepi ri s pirebisas) kritikuli gansjis 

unaris zrdasac (es, metadre urbanuli 

da soflis dagegmarebaSi CabmulT 

exeba). 

miuxedavad imisa, rom Tanamedrove 

konservacia zogierT specifiku rad 

axal koncefcias da Rirebulebas efuZneba, 

gansakuTrebiT, istoriu lobis cnebas 

da Sesabamisi meTodologiebis ganviTarebas, 

zogi ram kvlav tradiciul 

samyarosTanaa dakavSirebuli. erT-erTi 

maTgani reli gi u ri Rirebulebebia. Zveli 

eklesiebi, taZrebi da samlocveloebi 

jerac dacvisa da konservaciis mTavari 

mizania, iseve rogorc religiuri 

da sakulto adgilebi tradiciuli 

sazogadoebis zrunvis sagani iyo. religia 

gansakuTrebiT mZafrad romantizmis 

xanaSi ganicdeboda, rodesac ya- 

libdeboda konservaciis koncefciebi, 

magram igi kvlavac mniSvnelovania 

meore aTaswleulis bolos, rodesac 

Tanamedrove sazogadoebis strate giebs 

eWvs qveS ayenebs, teqnologizebuli samyaros 

swrafi cvalebadobi sa da ganvrcobis 

pirispir, RirebulebaTa winandelze 

meti daknineba. 

arsebuli tradiciuli kulturebis 

SenarCuneba da kulturul ide n tobasTan 

dakavSirebuli Rirebulebebis 

aRorZineba sakmaod bevri qvey nis mTavari 

sazrunavia. kulturaTa Semoq medebiTi 

mravalferovneba unEsCo-m da 

mTelma saerTaSoriso Tanamegobrobam 

erT-erT umTavres pri oritetad aRiares 

(unEsCo, 1995). am prioritetis dasaxvis 

SedegTaga nia, rom sul ufro didia gana- 

Tlebis da komunikaciebis moTxovnileba, 

rogorc Tanamed ro ve viTarebaSi TviTcnobierebis 

amaRlebisa Tu saWiro gawafulobisa 

da unarianobis mopovebis 

aucilebeli pirobisa. Tanamed ro ve konservacia 

warsulisken mibruneba rodia; 

Tu maincdamainc is uf ro, arsebuli realobisa 

da kulturuli, fizikuri Tu 

garemosmieri re su r sebis potencialis 

farglebSi, sazogadoebis mdgradi ganviTarebis 

pa suxismgeblobis sakuTar 

Tavze aRebis gambedaobas moiTxovs.

Ceuli bibliografia 

kulturuli memkvidreobis konservaciisa da restavraciis bibliografia 

mudmivad izrdeba 1960-iani wlebidan moyolebuli. rCeuli bibliografia Seicavs 

teqstSi miTiTebul wignebs da werilebs, iseve rogorc gamocemebs, romlebic 

miCneulia sasargeblo damatebiT literaturad. garda amisa aqvea konservaciis 

periodikis mokle sia. 

erTerTi yvelaze adreuli cnobebi restavraciis istoriis Taobaze (romSi) 

ekuTvnis k. feas (1832w.). a. rigli (1903w.) ki Tavis mxriv Seexo ideaTa evolucias. 

araerTi naSromia gamoqveynebuli konservaciis istoriis da Teoriis Sesaxeb, 

magaliTad, albaneTSi, avstriaSi, inglisSi, safrangeTSi, germaniis federaciul 

respublikaSi, germaniis yofili demokratiuli respublikis zogierT nawilSi, 

saberZneTSi, ungreTSi, italiaSi, meqsikaSi, niderlandebSi, poloneTSi, espaneTSi, 

amerikis SeerTebul Statebsa da iugoslaviaSi. sxvadasxva midgomis zogadi 

panorama warmodgenilia k. ceSis (1970w.), d. louentalis (1985w.), s. erderis 

(1986w.) f. qoeis (1992w.), u. denslagenis (1994w.), m. p. setis (1996w.) da g. karbonaras 

(1997w.) mier. mxatvrobis restavraciis istoria dawerilia a. kontis (1988w.) mier, 

xolo arqeologiuri masalisa ki a. Snapis (1993w.) mier. konservaciis Teoriis 

rCeuli literatura italiaSi gamocemulia g. la monikas (1974w.) mier, germaniaSi 

n. hiuzes (1984w.) mier da inglisSi n. stenli praisis da sxvebis (1996w.) mier. 

ufro dawvrilebiTi miTiTebebisaTvis mkiTxvels vurCevT miakiTxos ikkrom-is 

biblioTekas (www.iccrom.org), an sxva specializebul biblioTekas. 

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saZiebeli 

aarhu, kaTedrali (Aarhus, cathedral) _ 312 

aaxeni (AAhen) _ 31 

abati greguari anri, bluas episkoposi 

(Abbe Grègoire, Henri, bishop, of Blois) _ 97, 

98, 146 

abati de sen-non Jan-klod riSar (Abbè de 

Saint-Non, Jean-Claude Richard) _ 77, 79 

abati le blani (Abbè Le Blanc) _ 82 

abu-simbeli (Abu Simbel) _ 18, 238 

agra (Agra) _ 341 

agra, Taj mahali (Agra, Taj mahal) _ 339, 341, 342 

agrauli o.p. (Agrawal, O.P.) _ 296, 344 

agrigento (Agrigento) _ 72, 74, 85, 238 

agripa, imperatori (Agrippa, emperor) _ 19, 46 

adamebi, Zmebi (Adam, brothers) _ 134, 141 

adami robert ( Adam, Robert) _ 71, 131 

adisoni jozef (Addison, Joseph) _ 80 

adriane, imperatori (Hadrian, emperor) _ 18, 19 

avgust Zlieri saqsoneli (Augustus the 

Strong of Saxony) _ 86 

avgustine wm. ( St. Augustine) _ 26, 27, 32 

avgustusi, imperatori (Augustus, emperor) _ 

25, 27, 40, 41, 44, 42, 190 

averlino antonio (il filareti) ( Averlino, 

Antonio (Il Filarete)) _ 46 

avinYoni (Avignon) _ 32 

avinYoni, galavani (Avignon, ramparts) _ 179 

avstralia (Australia) _ 12, 23, 198, 358-359 

avstria (Austria) _ 154, 197, 207, 209, 210, 

238, 265, 266, 268, 269, 270, 271 

avstro-ungreTis imperia (avstriis imperia) 

(Austro-Hungarian Empire (Austrian Empire)) 

_ 265, 268 

avRaneTi (Afganistan) _ 391, 391 

azia (Asia) _ 15, 25, 30, 146, 273, 300, 340 

aTeni (Athens) _ 24, 26, 71, 72, 121, 122, 124, 

125, 126, 162, 234, 273, 327, 352, 353, 358, 

360, 370 

aTeni, agora (Athens, Agora) _ 123, 235 

aTeni, adrianes karibWe (Athens, gate of Hadrian) 

_ 123 

aTeni, aeropagi (Athens, Areiospagos) _ 126 

aTeni, aTena nikes (apterosi (ufrTo)) taZari 

(Athens, Athena Nike (Apteros) temple)) _ 

72, 127, 128, 129, 233, 235, 236, 237 

aTeni, akiajuolis koSki (Athens, Tower of Acciajuoli) 

_ 126, 129 

aTeni, akropolisi (Athens, Acropolis) _ 17, 

18, 71, 72, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 

126, 128, 129, 233, 234, 286, 298, 352, 367 

aTeni, atalosis stoa (Athens, stoa of Attalos) 

_ 382, 384 

aTeni, bYoles karibWe (Athens, Beulè-Gate) _ 

125, 235 

aTeni, erexTeioni (Athens Erechtheum (Erechtheion)) 

_ 17, 122, 124, 125, 126, 128, 129, 

162, 233, 234, 235, 237 

aTeni, veneciuri bastioni (Athens, Venetian 

bastion) _ 126 

aTeni, zevsis taZari (Athens, temple of Zeus) _ 123 

aTeni, Tezeioni (Athens, Thesion) _ 123, 126 

aTeni, opostodomosi (Athens, Opistodomos) 

_ 233 

aTeni, parTenoni (Athens, Partenon) _ 71, 72, 

104, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 129, 221, 

233, 234, 235, 275 

aTeni, plaka (Athens, Plaka) _ 126 

aTeni, propileebi (Athens, Propylaea) _ 71, 

72, 125, 126, 128, 233, 234, 235 

aTeni, frankebis koSki (Athens, Frankish Tower) 

_ 125

ainzidelis fon, grafi (von Einsidel, Graf) _ 

147 

aixendorfi iozef fon (von Eichendorff, Joseph) 

_ 147, 148 

akademia valdarnina (Accademia Valdarnina) _ 

38 

akademia, wm. lukas (Accademia di San Luca) 

_ 12, 70, 73, 77, 103, 104, 110, 111, 113, 

118, 119, 259 

akbar didi, imperatori (Akbar the Great, emperor) 

– 339 

alabama (Alabama) _ 333 

alavueni Jan-antuan (Alavoine, Jean-Antoine)– 

167 

alariki (Alaric) _ 26, 32 

albaneTi (Albania) _ 354 

albani, kardinali (Cardinal Albani) _ 86 

albani, koleqcia (Albani, collection) _ 86 

albardink tYimi j. a. (Alberdingk Thijm, J.A.) 

_ 309 

alberti leon batista (Alberti, Leon Battista) 

_ 44, 45, 46, 48, 50, 51, 52, 63, 78, 130, 

221, 280 

albi, kaTedrali (Albi, cathedral) _ 98 

algardi alesandro (Algardi, Alessandro) _ 

41, 88, 89 

algartoti franCesko (Algarotti, Francesco) 

_ 80 

alesandri a. (Alessandri, A.) _ 249 

alesi galeaco (Alessi, Galeazzo) _ 254 

aleqsandre, bairYoitis markgrafi (Alexander, 

Margrave of Beyreuth) _ 145 

aleqsandre II, ruseTis imperatori (Alexander 

II, Emperor of Russia) _ 349 

aleqsandre VII Cigi, papi (Alexander VII Chigi, 

pope) _ 54, 59, 61 

aleqsandre didi (Alexander the Great) _ 17, 

19, 25, 26, 334 

alYaska (Alaska) _ 325 

saZiebeli 429 

aloizio, arqiteqtori (Aloisio, architect) _ 20 

alJiri (Algeria) _ 85, 231, 303 

altmYusteri, eklesia (Altmüster, church) 

_ 270 

alhambra (Alhambra) _ 155, 306, 307 

amaravatis stupa (Stupa of Amaravati) _ 340 

ambrosi episkoposi (milaneli) (Ambrose, 

Bishop) _ 26 

amerika (America) _ 15, 52, 62 

amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi, aSS (United 

States of America, USA) _ 12, 22, 95, 197, 

198, 277, 323, 325, 326, 327, 329, 331, 333, 

334, 349, 359, 369, 375 

amperi (Ampère) _ 176 

amsterdami (Amsterdam) _ 309, 361 

anapolisi (Annapolis) _ 330 

anderseni svend orhamer (Andersen, Svend 

Orhammer) _ 334 

andreoli j. (Andreoli, J.) _ 129 

andrihi vinsenc (andriCi viko) (Andrich, Vincenz 

(Andric, Vicko) _ 209 

anibaldi paolo (Annibaldi, Paolo) _ 26, 38 

ankona (Ancona) _ 280 

antverpeni (Antwerp (Antverpen)) _ 350 

antinori jovani (Antinori, Giovanni) _ 93 

antoninus piusi, imperatori (Antonius Pius, 

emperor) _ 93 

antonis kunZuli (Anthony Island) _ 22 

aosta, tore de paileroni (Aosta, Torre di 

Pailleron) _ 256 

apelesi (Apelles) _ 88 

apeli h. (Apel, H.) _ 162 

ara, otel de vili (Arras, Hotel de Ville) _ 350 

ara, renesansuli moednebi (Arras, Renaissance 

squares) _ 350


arabeTi (Arabia, (Arabs)) _ 27, 45 

arandeli, lordi (Arundel, Lord) _ 64, 70 

arandelis marmariloebi (Arundel marbels) _ 71 

argani julio karlo (Argan, Giulio Carlo) _ 6, 

262, 277, 278, 280, 281, 282, 283, 371 

argosi (Argos) _ 122 

areco, kaTedrali (Aresso, cathedral) _ 212 

ariane (Arrian) _ 19 

aristotele (Aristoteles) _ 26, 31, 45 

aristotele, inJineri (Aristotele, engineer) _ 59 

arizona (Arizona) _ 325, 326, 327 

arli, amfiTeatri (Arles, amphiteatre) _ 171 

asizi (Assisi) _ 389 

asizi, wm. frabCeskos bazilika (Assisi, st. 

Francis Basilica) _ 389 

asklepiosis hieroni (Hieron of Asklepios) _ 

182 

asuanis kaSxali (Aswan dam) _ 357 

atila (Attila) _ 152 

atkinsoni uilYam (Atkinson, William) _ 141, 202 

augsburgi, kaTedrali (Augsburg, cathedral) _ 244 

aulenti gae (Aulent, Gae) _ 390 

afrika (Africa) _ 26, 35, 62, 231 

aqemenidi mefeni (Achaemenid Kings) _ 17, 18 

aqsumis stela (Stele of Axum) _ 367 

aRmosavleT flandria (East-Flanders) _ 307- 

308 

ajanta, gamoqvabuli (Ajanta, coves) _ 339 

ahuramazda (Ahuramazda) _ 17, 26 

baalbeki (Baalbek) _ 72, 334 

babiloni (Babylon) _ 334, 374, 382, 384 

badeni (Baden) _ 165 

bavaria (Bavaria) _ 147, 154, 165 

baTi, samonastro eklesia (Bath, abbey 

church) _ 138 

baironi, lordi (Lord Byron) _ 121 

balanosi nikolas (Balanos, Nicholas) _ 233, 

234, 235, 236, 237 

baldini umberto (Baldini, Umberto) _ 299 

balu T. (Ballu, Th.) _ 125 

bambergi (Bamberg) _ 243 

bambergi, kaTedrali (Bamberg, cathedral) _ 

154 

bardineli baCo (Bandinelli, Baccio) _ 43 

bankoki (Bangkok) _ 296 

barbaro daniele (Barbaro, Daniele) _ 48 

barberini, warCinebuli ojaxi (Barberini, famili) 

_ 41 

barbo pieto (papi pavle II) (Barbo, Pietro 

(Pope Paul II)) _ 40, 51 

barde pietro (Bardet, Pietro) _ 83 

bari (Bari) _ 273 

bari, petrucelis Teatri (Bari, Petruzzelli 

theatre) _ 389 

bari ser Carlz (Barry, Sir Charles) _ 143, 199 

barki edmund (Burke, Edmund) _ 75, 141 

baron StoSi (Baron Stosch) _ 88 

baroCi federiko (Barocci, Federico) _ 79 

bartoli pietro santi (Bartoli, Pietro Santi) 

_ 67, 77-78 

barfordi, samrevlo eklesia (Barford, parish 

church) _ 228 

basa (Bassae) _ 122, 385 

basi Sarl (Bassi, Charles) _ 313 

batermiri (Buttermere) _ 218 

baterfildi uilYam (Butterfield, William) _ 

198, 201 

batonebi moreli da sedoni (Messrs Morel 

and Seddon) _ 142 

batoni urbano, redaqtori (Mr, Urban, editor) 

_ 137

aumgarteni aleqsander gotlib (Baumgarten, 

Alexander Gottlieb) _ 69 

baCeli guido (Baccelli, Guido) _ 260 

baCeli juzepe (Bacchelli, Giuseppe) _ 255, 256 

baCenini semuel (Buchanan, Samuel) _ 340 

bahenani jorj (Buchanan, Geogre) _ 33 

begeri _ lorenc (Beger, Lorenz) _ 69 

begiYemi e. (Beguillet, E.) _ 77 

bedi, Rirsi (Venerable Bede) _ 105 

beverlis kunZuli (Beverley Minster) _ 66, 67 

bekeTi ser edmund (lord grimTorpi) 

(Bechett, Sir Edmund (Lord Grimthorpe)) _ 227 

bekoni frensis (Bacon, Francis) _ 74 

bekfordi uilYam (Beckford, William) _ 134 

belgia (Belgium) _ 12 179, 197, 228, 307, 308, 

350, 351, 354 

belvederis apoloni, qandakeba (Apollo of 

Belvedere, statue) _ 87, 101, 294 

belvederis torsi, qandakeba (Torso of Belvedere, 

statue) _ 42, 87, 88, 101 

beli paskuale (Belli, Pasquale) _ 210 

belori jovan batista (Bellori, Giovan Battista) 

_ 26, 53, 67, 69, 77, 78, 79, 86, 214, 375 

beloto berdardo (Belloto, Bernardo) _ 73, 353 

beltrami luka (Beltrami, Luca) _ 249, 254, 

255, 257, 258, 259, 260 

bengali (Bengal) _ 340 

benediqte XIV (Benedict XIV) _ 60 

benediqtelebi (Benedictines) _ 63, 69 

benTli riCard (Bently, Richard) _ 131 

benYamini valter (Benjamin, Walter) _ 285, 367 

berati (Berat) _ 354 

berberebi (Berbers) _ 28 

bergamo (Bergamo) _ 273 

bergeri h. (Berger, H.) _ 162 

saZiebeli 431 

bergsoni anri (Bergson, Henri) _ 262, 263, 

265, 276, 352 

berdYuko mari kl. (Berducou, Marie Cl.) _ 296 

berensoni b. (Berenson, B.) _ 280 

beringis srute (Bering Strait) _ 15 

beringtoni SYut, selisberis episkoposi 

(Barrington, Shute, bishop of Salisbury) _ 135, 

143 

berlini (Berlin) _ 12, 121, 122, 146, 148, 155, 

156. 158, 159, 208, 237, 277, 353, 370 

berlini, marienkinxe (Berlin, Marienkirche) _ 

146 

berlini, pergamonis muzeumi (Berlin, Pergamon 

Museum) _ 237 

berlini, samefo cixe-simagre (Berlin, Royal 

Castle) _ 315 

berlini, Sarlotenburgi (Berlin, Charlottenburg) 

_ 156 

bernar klervoeli (Bernard of Cleirvaux) _ 180 

bern-jonsi edvard (Burne-Jones, Edward) _ 228 

bernini jan lorenco (Bernini, Gian Lorenzo) 

_ 52, 59, 60, 61, 88, 93, 111 

berse fransuaz (Berće, Francoise) _ 12 

berto lui-marten (Bertualt, Louis-Martin) _ 

109, 111, 114 

berCete f. (Berchet, F.) _ 248 

biankoni (Bianconi) _ 89 

biondo flavio (Biondo, Flavio) _ 32, 38, 39 

birminhemi (Birmingham) _ 333 

bisotuni (Bisotun) _ 335 

biSof oklendi (Bishop Auckland) _ 135 

blenhemi, vudstok menori (Blenheim, Woodstock 

Manor) _ 75 

blori eduard (Blore, Edward) _ 141, 202 

bYarnofi s. (Bjarnhof, S.) _ 296 

bYernede, eklesia (Bjernede, church) _ 312 

bYole m. (Beulé, M.) _ 125, 235


bYoni, notr-dami (Beaune, Notre-dame) _ 171, 179 

bYosvilavaldi emil (Boeswillwald, Emile) _ 171 

bYosvilavaldi pol (Boeswillwald, Paul) _ 188 

boduen fransua (Baudion, Francois) _ 33 

moito kamilo (Boito, Camillo) _ 211, 245, 251, 

252, 253, 254, 255, 256, 257, 258, 259, 260, 

261, 275, 307, 373, 375 

bolonYa (Bologna) _ 59, 254, 255, 259, 361 

bolonYa, mercanicias lojia (Bologna, Loggia 

di Mercanzia) _ 255, 279 

bolonYa, palaco dei notai (Bologna, Palazzo 

dei Notai) _ 255 

bolonYa, palaco renco (Bologna, Palazzo Re 

Enzo) _ 255 

bolonYa, ratuSa (Bologna, town hall) _ 255 

bolonYa, san petronio (Bologna, S. Petronio) 

_ 210 

bolonYa, san franCesko (Bologna, S. Francesco) 

_ 255 

bolonYa, santa maria del tempio (Bologna, 

S. Maria del Tempio) _ 59 

bolonYa, qalaqis galavani (Bologna, city 

walls) _ 255 

bolcano (Bolzano) _ 280 

bombei (Bombay) _ 340 

boneli renato (Bonelli, Renato) _ 277, 282, 

283, 388 

boni jakomo (Boni, Giacomo) _ 249, 260 

bonomo ignacius (Bonomo, Ignatius) _ 141, 

142, 201 

bonomo jozef (Bonomo, Joseph) _ 141 

boYlo riCard, barlingtonis mesame grafi 

(Boyle, Richard, the third Earl of Burlington) _ 71 

borgeze, warCinebuli ojaxi ((Borghese, 

Family) _ 41 

boromini karlo (Borromini, Carlo) _ 61 

boseli orfeo (Boselli, Orfeo) _ 88 

bosuel jeimz (Boswell, James) _ 60 

botiCeli sandro (Botticelli, Sandro) _ 39 

bohemia (Bohemia) _ 81, 207, 265, 271 

brazilia (Brazil) _ 360 

braitoni, samefo pavilioni (Brighton, Royal 

Pavillon) _ 309 

bramante donato (Bramante, Donato) _ 40, 41, 

43, 47, 48, 52, 53, 59 

brandi Cezare (Brandi, Cesare) _ 264, 277, 

278, 283, 285, 286, 287, 288, 289, 290, 291, 

292, 293, 294, 295, 296, 299, 300, 357, 358, 

365, 371, 372, 375, 377, 387, 388 

brauni lanseloT (xelmarjve) (Brown, 

Lancelot (Capability)) _ 74 

braunSvaigi (Braunsweig) _ 243 

braColini pojo jan franCesko (Bracciolini, 

Poggio Gian Francesco) _ 38, 44 

breslau (Breslau) _ 121, 241 

brigita (wmindani) (Brigitta (Saint)) _ 67 

britaneTi (Britain) _ 7, 35, 76, 225, 226, 300, 

339, 341, 349, 386, 387, 388 

britoni jon (Britton, John) _ 71, 142, 198, 225 

brijuoteri, grafi (Bridgewater, earl of) _ 134 

brYuge, municipalitetis Senoba (Bruges, 

town hall) _ 308 

brYuli fon, grafi (von Brühl, Count) _ 86 

brYuseli (Brussels) _ 12, 277, 296, 314, 349 

brYuseli jeims (Bryce, James) _ 228 

bruneleski filipo (Brunelleschi, Filippo) _ 

38, 47, 283 

bruni leonardo (Bruni, Leonardo) _ 32 

breniusi karl georg (Brunius, Carl Georg) _ 

310, 311 

bruno andrea (Bruno, Andrea) _ 12, 389, 390, 

391, 392 

bualo n. (Boileau, N.) _ 74 

buanaroti miqelanjelo (Buonarotti, Michel-

angelo) _ 42, 43, 49, 52, 55, 56, 57, 86, 87, 

88, 90, 92, 196, 220, 233, 258 

buare iv. (Boiret, Yves) _ 193, 194 

buasere iohan sulpic melqior domenikus 

(Boisserée, Johann Sulpiz Melchior Dominicus) 

_ 148, 151, 152 

buasere melqior herman jozef (Boisserée, 

Melchior Hermann Joseph) _ 148 

buda, cixe-simagre (Buda, castle) _ 323 

buda, Zveli qalaqi (Buda, old town) _ 322 

budapeSti (Budapest) _ 322, 323 

buidebi (Buyids) _ 334 

buonapardo lui napoleon (napoleon III) 

(Bonaparte, Louis Napoleon (Napoleon III)) _ 

190, 195, 243 

buras qartia (Burra charter) _ 358 

burase J-J. (Bourassé, J-J.) _ 188, 189, 190 

burgosi (Burgos) _ 306 

burgosi, kaTedrali (Burgos, cathedral) _ 306 

burgundia (Burgundy) _ 179 

burJi (Bourges) _ 257 

buqaresti (Bucharest) _ 321 

gaiseli iohanes fon, arqiepiskoposi (von 

Geissel, Johannes, archbishop) _ 154 

galdiero eujinio (Galdieri, Euganio) _ 338 

galicia (Galicia) _ 207 

gacola piero (Gazzola, Piero) _ 12, 280, 360 

geertci kliford (Geertz, Clifford) _ 21 

genepeni a.J.m. (Guēnēpin, A.J.M.) _ 120 

genti (Ghent) _ 308 

genti, municipalitetis Senoba (Ghent, town 

hall) _ 308 

genua (Genoa) _ 280 

genua, porta soprano (Genoa, Porta Soprana) 

_ 257 

genua, wm. anunciata (Genoa, SS. Annunziata) _ 280 

gereni s-v. (Guérin, C-V.) _ 189 

saZiebeli 433 

germania (Germany) _ 7 062, 69, 73, 130, 145, 

148, 151, 154, 156, 157, 165, 191, 199, 202, 

211, 214, 241, 243, 246, 247, 268, 269, 309, 

311, 314, 315, 327, 349, 359, 374 

germaniis demokratiuli respublika (German 

Democratic Republic) _ 12, 315, 316, 393 

gernrode, kolegiis eklesia (Gernrode, collegiate 

church) _ 189 

gertneri fridrix fon (von Gästner, Friedrich) 

_ 122, 154, 355-356, 374 

getari J.-e. (Guéttard, J.-E.) _ 77 

gibo edvard (Gibbon, Edward) _ 60, 66 

gizo fransua-pYer giYom (Guizot, Fracois- 

Pierre Guillaume) _ 168, 170, 172 

girSmani roman (Ghirshman, Roman) _ 335 

gladstoni (Gladstone) _ 256 

glazgo, kaTedrali (Glasgow, cathedral) _ 141 

gYoresi iohan iozef (Görres, Johann Joseph) _ 151 

gYuliermo jek (Guillermo, Jacques) _ 73 

gYulioni a. (Guillon, A.) _ 232 

gYunTeri hors (Günter, Horst) _ 32 

godari andre (Godard, André) _ 336 

gode etYen-ipolit (Godde, Etienne-Hippolyte) 

_ 174, 175, 185 

godvini jorj (Godwin, George) _ 225 

godolo, sofeli (Gödöllö, village) _ 323 

goeTe iohan volfgang fon (von Goethe, Johann 

Wolfgang) _ 35, 73, 84, 86, 116, 120, 

145, 146, 148, 149, 151, 166, 241 

goTebi (Goths) _ 67, 106 

gonzaga, warCinebuli ojaxi (Gonzaga, family) 

_ 40 

granada, alhambra (Granada, Alhambra) _ 306 

greguari abati anri, bluas episkoposi 

(Grégoire, Abbé Henri, bishop of Blois) _ 97, 

98, 146


greviusi iohan georg (Graevius, Johann 

Georg) _ 69 

grenobli, sen-loranis eklesia (Grenoble, 

Saint-Laurent church) _ 175 

grigol XIII, papi (Gregory XIII, pope) _ 44, 57 

gronoviusi iakob (Gronovius, Jacob) _ 69 

gugi riCard (Gaugh, Richard) _ 71, 136, 138 

gudvini uilYam arCer ratenford (Goodwin, 

William Archer Rutherford) _ 327, 328, 329 

gurliti kornelius (Gurlitt, Cornelius) _ 238, 

239, 243, 245 

gustav adolfi, SvedeTis mefe (Gustavus 

Adolphus, King, Sweden) _ 67 

dàlamberi (dÀlembert) _ 69 

dàndrande alfredo (DÀndrade, Alfredo) _ 

255, 256, 257, 259 

dànkona kiriakus (Ciriako) (dÀncona, Cyriac 

(Ciriaco)) _ 39, 71 

dàrJani buaYe (dÀrgens, Boyze) _ 73 

dèlbYofi, Tavadi (Prince dÈlboeuf) – 82, 83 

dèste, warCinebuli ojaxi (dÈste, Family) _ 

39, 40, 104 

dònekuri viYar (de Honnecours, Viilard) _ 176 

davidi lui (David, Louis) _ 95, 99, 101, 122 

daitersi lYudvig (Deiters, Ludwig) _12, 316 

dakia (Dacia) _ 320 

dal poco kasiano (dal Pozzo, Cassiano) _ 72 

dalauei jeims (Dallaway, James) _ 71 

dali iohan kristian (Dahl, Johan Chriastian) 

_ 313 

dali sezar deni (Daly, César Denis) _ 185, 186 

dalmacia (Dalmatia) _ 31, 71, 207, 265, 379 

dania (Denmark) _ 12, 63, 312, 359 

dante aligieri (Dante Alighieri) _ 32 

dancigi (gdanski) (Danzig (Gdansk)) _ 145, 

155, 241, 243, 315 

darvini Carlz (Darwin, Charles) _ 263 

darius didi (Darius The Great) _ 17, 334 

darmStati (Darmstandt) _ 151 

daru martial (Daru, Martial) _ 111, 112 

darhemi (Durham) _ 141, 200 

darhemi, kaTedrali (Durham, cathedral) _ 12, 

30, 31, 64, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 

137, 138, 140, 141, 200, 202, 203, 205 

darhemi, monasteri (Durham, monastery) _ 64 

darhemi, cixe-darbazi (Durham, castle) _ 135 

de alkubieri roko joCino (de Alcubierres, 

Rocco Giochino) _ 83, 85, 86 

de anjelis dòsati guglielmo (De Angelis 

dÒssat, Guglielmo) _ 8, 276, 279, 280, 338, 

377, 388 

de beTumi, baoni (de Bethume, Baron) _ 308 

de gizori gi (de Gisors, Guy) _ 111, 112, 115, 

118 

de vilaamil i eskosura perez (de Villaamil y 

Escosura, Perez) _ 307 

de kaYlYusi, grafi (de Caylus, Comte) _ 73 

de kaYo a. (De Cailleux, A.) _ 77 

de lòrmi filiber (de lÒrme Philibert) _ 63 

de la bordi b. (de la Borde, B.) _ 77 

de la vale Jan (de la Vallée, Jean) – 67 

de la sizerani robert (de la Sizéranne, Robert) 

_ 232 

de labordi aleqsandr (de Laborde, Alexander) 

_ 167 

de lanoa fransua-joze (de Lannoy, Francois- 

Joseph) _ 96 

de lasterYe, grafi r. (de Lasteyrie, Comte 

R.) _ 232 

de manjares i bofaruli xose (de Manjarress 

y Bofarull, José) _ 307 

de marinYi, markizi (de Marigny, Marquis) _ 82 

de montalive, grafi (de Mantalivet, Comte)

_ 108, 110, 111, 112, 120 (kamil baSaso 

da misi mama jan-pYeri) (Camille Bachasson 

and his father Jean-Pierre)) _ 170 

de monfoko bernar (de Montfaucon, Bernard) 

_ 69, 77, 89, 99 

de noanteli olie (de Nointel, Olier) _ 71 

de pompaduri madam (de Pompadour, Madame) 

_ 82 

de Jirardeni rYone-lui (de Girardin, René- 

Louis) _ 77, 176 

de stali madam (de Staël, Madame) _ 166 

de stuersi viqtor f. l. (de Stuers, Victor 

F.L.) _ 309 

de tYubieri an-klod, graf de kaYlYusi 

(de Tubiéres, Anne-Claude, Comte de Caylus) 

_ 72-73 

de tomazi karlo (de Tomasi, Carlo) _ 60 

de turno baron kamil (de Tournon, baron Camille) 

_ 108 

de fabrisi emilio (de Fabris, Emilio) _ 211, 212 

de Suazel-gufie m.J.f.a (de Choisel-Gouffier, 

M.G.F.A.) _ 77 

debYuisoni f. (Desbuisson, P.) _ 125 

debre fransua (Debret, Francois) _ 173, 174 

degode a. (Desgodetz, A.) – 70 

dezi bardeSi marko (Dezzi Bardeschi, Marco) 

_ 388 

dekarti (Descartes) _ 34, 262 

del duka antonio (Del Duca, Antonio) _ 55 

del kosa franCesko (del Cossa, Francesco) _ 39 

dela vale andrea, kardinali (Della Valle, 

Andrea, cardinal) _ 41 

dela vale pietro (Della Valle, Pietro) _ 334 

dela vale, warCinebuli ojaxi (Della Valle, 

family) _ 40 

deleklYuzi eJeni (Delécluze, Eugénie) _ 176 

deleklYuzi etYen J. (Delécluze, Etienne J.) _ 

177 

deli (Delhi) _ 29, 341 

delosi (Delos) _ 122 

delfosi Delphi) _ 122 

saZiebeli 435 

delfosi, aTenelTa saganZuri (Delphi, Athenian 

treasury) – 237 

delfosi, Tolosi (Delphi, Tholos) _ 237 

denieli Tomas (Daniell, Thomas) _ 339 

denieli uilYam (Daniell, William) _ 339 

densi jorj umcrosi (Dance, George Junior) 

_ 131 

desau (Dessau) _ 146, 393 

desau, bauhauzi (Dessau, Bauhaus) _ 231, 393 

destre Jiul (Destreé, Jules) _ 352 

dehio georg gotfrid (Dehio, Georg Gottfried) 

_ 165 245, 246, 268, 269, 271 

dvorJaki maqs (Dvorak, Max) _ 271 

didro deni (Diderot, Denis) _ 69, 76, 77, 79, 86 

didroni adolf napoleon (Didron, Adolphe 

Napoleon) _ 174, 175, 176, 185, 196, 199, 

208, 307 

diletantebis sazogadoeba (Society of Dilettanti) 

_ 71, 72 

dilTi vilhelm (Dilthey, Wilhelm) _ 36, 262 

dinani (Dinant) _ 350 

dinkelsbYuli (Dinkelsbühl) _ 154 

diJoni (Dijon) _ 257 

dismori uilYam bel (Dinsmoor, William Bell) 

_ 234 

disneilendi (Disneyland) _ 329 

dYepi (Dieppe) _ 169 

dYorpfeldi (Dörpfeld) _ 234, 235 

dYu bele JoaSim (Du Bellay, Joachim) _ 39 

dYu meJe aleqsandre (Du Mége, Alexander) _ 102 

dYuba Jak (Duban, Jacques) _ 171 

dYuge gaspar (Dughet, Gaspard (Poussin)) _ 74, 

78, 80


dYukeznua fransis (Duquesnoy, Francis) _ 78, 88 

dYuperak etYn (Dupérec, Etienne) _ 39 

dYureri albrext (Dürer, Albrecht) _ 147 

dYuseldorfi (Düsseldorf) _ 243 

domiciani, imperatori (Domatian, emperor) 

_ 114 

donatelo (Donatello) _ 33, 38, 41 

doruZani (Dorudzan) _ 338 

dosio jovani antonio (Dosio, Giovanni, Antonio) 

_ 39 

draideni jon (Dryden, John) _ 78, 80 

draideni henri (Dryden, Henry) _ 223 

drakuti vasile (Dracut, Vasile) _ 321 

drezdeni (Drezden) _ 12, 74, 83, 85, 86, 238, 

243, 244, 245, 313, 315, 316 

drezdeni, zemper opera (Dresden, Semper 

Opera) _ 316 

drezdeni, kroYckirxe (Drezden, Kreuzkirche) 

_ 317 

drezdeni, fraunkirxe (Dresden, Frauenkirche) 

_ 316, 317, 355, 374 

drezdeni, cvingeri _ (Drezden, Zwinger) _ 

238, 239 

drezdeni, Zveli sagamyidvlo (Dresden, Old 

Market) ) _ 316 

dubrovkini (Dubrovnik) _ 207 

druSkina natalia (Dushkina, Natalia) _ 12, 

318, 319, 320 

egvipte (Egypt) _ 15, 18, 24, 59, 69, 93, 217, 

250, 303 

egvipte, abu simbeli (Egypt, Abu Simbel) _ 18 

egvipte, piramidebi (Egypt, pyramids) _ 18 

egina (Aegina) _ 122, 294, 386 

egina, marmariloebi (Aegina, marbles) _118, 

120, 294 

egYu-morti (Aigues-Mortes) _ 242 

edvardsi pietro (Edwards, Pietro) _ 80, 81, 82 

eduard IV, inglisis mefe (Edward IV, King of 

England) _ 136 

evansi ser arTur (Evans, Sir Arthur) _ 238 

evgeni, princi (Prince Eugéne) _ 82 

evgeni IV, papi (Eugenius IV, pope) _ 49 

evelini jon (Evelyn. John) _ 74 

evropis sabWo (Council of Europe) _ 357, 377 

evsebi, kesarias episkoposi (Eusebus, Bishop 

of Caesarea) _ 26 

eTiopia (Ethiopia) _ 367 

eitelvaini, ober-bau-direqtor (Eytelwein, 

Ober-Bau-Direktor) _ 149 

elefenta, gamoqvabuli (Elephanta, caves) _ 

339 

elTam palasi (Eltham Palace) _ 142 

eli, kaTedrali (Ely, cathedral) _ 132, 143, 202 

elisabed I, inglisis dedofali (Elizabeth I, 

Queen of England) _ 64 

elnviki, cixe-darbazi (Alnwick, castle) _ 200 

eljini, lordi (Lord Elgin (earl of)) _ 120, 

129, 349 

eljinis marmariloebi (Elgin Marbles) _ 101, 

104, 118, 127, 227. 349 

engeli karl ludvig (Engel, Carl Ludwig) _ 313 

englfildi ser henri (Englefield, Sir Henry) 

_ 137 

engri (Ingres) _ 99 

eneida (Aeneid) _ 196 

ensi,samrevlo eklesia (Enns, parish church) 

_ 271 

ensli, Sesarevis nangrevebi (Ensley, Mixer 

Ruins) _ 333 

epidavrosi (Epidaurus) _ 122, 238 

epltoni uilYam samner (Appleton, William 

Sumner) _ 327 

eraklea minoa, Teatri (Eraclea Minoa, theatre) 

_ 371

erayi (Iraq) _ 374, 382, 384 

erdmadsdorfi fridrih vilhelm fon (von 

Erdmannsdorff, friedrich Wilhelm) _ 146 

erfurti (Erfurt) _ 243 

eseqsi jeims (Essex, James) _ 313, 132, 200, 

202 

espaneTi (Spain) _ 28, 30, 32, 34, 78, 191, 303, 

304, 306, 307, 352, 389, 391 

etkesi gilad (Etkes, Gilad) _ 24 

efeso (Ephesus) _ 383, 385 

efeso, celsusis biblioTeka (Ephesus, Celsus 

Library) _ 238, 383, 385 

eqseteri, kaTedrali (Exeter, cathedral) _ 138 

eqseteri, wm. pankrasi (Exeter, St. Pancras) _ 

201 

eqstoni (Exton) _ 201 

eSbi Carlz r. (Ashbee, Charles R.) _ 326 

eSrij parki (Ashridge Park) _ 134 

vaza gustav, SvedeTis mefe (Vasa, Gustav, 

king of Sweden) _ 67 

vazari jorjo (Vasari, Georgio) _ 20, 32-33, 

40, 41, 47, 49, 51, 52, 57, 62, 63 

vazi juzepe (Vasi, Guiseppe) _ 73 

vaimari (Weimar) _ 146 

vakenroderi vilhelm heinrix (Wackenroder, 

Wilhelm Heinrich) _ 147 

valadYe juzepe (Valasier, Giuseppe) _ 103, 108, 

110, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 210, 274 

valensi, imperatori (Valens, emperor) _ 20 

valenti antonio (Valenti, Antonio) _ 106 

valentiniane, imperatori (Valentinian, emperor) 

_ 20 

valiadolidi (Valladolid) _ 306 

valhala (Walhalla) _ 122, 147 

van der velde henri (van de Velde, Henry) _ 

231 

van viteli kaspar (van Wittel, Gaspar) _ 73 

saZiebeli 437 

van heemskeki marten (van Heemskerck, Marten) 

_ 39 

van heukelomi g.j. (van Heukelom, G.W.) _ 309 

vanbru jon (Vanbrugh, John) _ 74, 75 

vanviteli luiji (Vanvitelli, Luigi) _ 56, 57, 79 

vankuveri (Vancouver) _ 362 

vantu, mTa (Ventoux, mountain) _ 32 

varburgi, cixe-darbazi (Warburg, castle) _ 

62, 145, 147 

varSava (Warsaw) _ 74, 314, 315, 353, 354, 

357, 374 

vateli emerih de (Vattel, Emmerich de) _ 349 

vatikani (Vatican) _ 33, 40, 50, 55, 86, 107 

vatikani, belvederi (Vatican, Belvedere) _ 40, 43 

vatikani, vila belvederi (Vatican, Villa Belvedere) 

_ 40, 43 

vatikani, kazina pia (Vatican, Casina Pia) _ 41 

vatikani, klementinas galerea (Vatican, Galleria 

Clementina) _ 107 

vatikani, muzeumi (Vatican, museums) _ 113 

vatikani, obeliski (Vatican, Obelisk) _ 54, 59 

vatikani, pinYa baRi (Vatican, garden of Pigna) 

_ 93 

vatikani, siqstes kapela (Vatican, Sistine Chapel) 

_ 42 

vatikani, stancebi (Vatican, Stanze) _ 79 

veberi karlo, Sveicarieli arqiteqtori 

(Weber, Carlo, Swiss architect) _ 83 

veberi s., profesori (Weber, C., professor) _ 

244 

veedorni manfred (Wehdorn, Manfred) _ 390 

vezele, wm. magdalina (Vézelay, La Madeleine) 

_ 171, 178, 179, 180, 181, 182, 183, 193, 

195, 196, 257, 351 

vezuvi (Vesuvius) _ 82 

vena (Vienna) _ 83, 85, 146, 149, 151, 208, 209, 

238, 241, 251, 390


vena, avgustinerkirhe (Vienna, 

Augustinerkirche) _ 146 

vena, monoritTa eklesia (Vienna, Minoritenkirche) 

_ 146 

vena, SYonbruni (Vienna, Schönbrunn) _ 390 

vena, wm. stefanes eklesia (Vienna, St. 

Stephan`s Cathedral) _ 146, 154, 209, 210 

venecia (Venice) _ 9, 59, 71, 73, 80, 81, 82, 

104, 155, 202, 207, 210, 211, 213, 222, 232, 

248, 249, 253, 258, 259, 273, 280, 357, 358 

venecia, doJebis sasaxle (Venice, Ducal Palace) 

_ 213, 249, 253 

venecia, ka`doro (Venice, Ca`dÒro) _ 222, 249 

venecia, la feniCe, Teatri (Venice, La Fenice 

theatre) _ 213, 389, 390, 391 

venecia, lagunebi (Venice, Lagoon) _ 249 

venecia, palaco grasi (Venice, Palazzo Grassi) 

_ 390 

venecia, piaceta (Venice, Piazzetta) _ 248 

venecia, san anjelo (Venice, S. Angelo) _ 59 

venecia, san marko (Venice, San Marco) _ 47, 

213, 231, 248, 249 

venecia, san markos kampanile (Venice, Campanile 

of San Marco) _ 249, 258, 294, 374 

venecia, san jakomo (Venice, S. Giacomo) _ 210 

venecia, sansovinos lojia (Venice, Loggia, of 

Sansovino) _ 259 

venecia, fondako dei turki (Venice, Fondaco 

dei Turchi) _ 248 

venecia, Zenos kapela (Venice, Zeno chapel) _ 

213, 248 

veneciis qartia (Venice Charter) _ 9, 295, 308, 

324, 331, 358, 359, 360, 367, 369, 370, 377, 

382, 384 

vere, cixe-darbazi (Verres Castle) _ 256 

verona (Verona) _ 221-222, 280 

verona, kastelvekio (Verona, Castelvecchio) 

_ 390 

verona, ponte pietra (Verona, Ponte Pietra) 

_ 280 

versali, sasaxle (Versailles, palace) _ 78 

vespasiane, imperatori (Vespasian, emperor) 

_ 105 

veqsYo, kaTedrali (Växsjö, cathedral) _ 310 

via apia (Via Appia) _ 110 

viborgi, kaTedrali (Viborg, cathedral) _ 312 

vigandi T. (Weigand, Th.) _ 237 

vieri, mdinare (Wear river) _ 132 

vize (Vise) _ 350 

vizigoTebi (Visigoths) _ 26 

viko jovani batista (Vico, Giovan Battista) _ 

35, 69, 262 

vilemi, niderlandebis mefe (Villem, king of 

the Netherland) _ 154 

vinkelmani iohan ioaxim (Winckelmann, Johann 

Joachim) _ 26, 43, 53, 69, 72, 73, 78, 

85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 98, 

101, 104, 118, 120, 147, 149, 166, 214, 249, 

262, 375 

vinYola jakopo baroco de (Vignola, Jacopo 

Barozzi da) _ 48, 69 

viole-le-dYuki emanuel (Viollet-le-Duc, Emmanuel) 

_ 176 

vile-le dYuki eJen emanuel (Viollet-le-duc, 

Eugéne Emmanuel) _ 169, 170, 171, 172, 

174, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179, 180, 181, 182, 

183, 184, 185, 186, 187, 188, 190, 191, 192, 

193, 194, 195, 196, 197, 199, 202, 207, 210, 

212, 213, 226, 231, 232, 240, 242, 246, 248, 

250, 251, 252, 256, 260, 274, 307, 308, 309, 

31, 311, 317, 370, 374, 377 

virgiliusi (Virgil) _ 27 

virjinia (Virginia) _ 325, 327, 28, 355 

viskonti enio kirino (Visconti, Ennio Quirino) 

_ 941 

viskonti filipo aurelio (Visconti, Filippo 

Aurelio) _ 115, 118

vitale jiovan franCesko (Vitale, Giovan 

Francesco) _ 39 

vite lui (Vitet, Ludovic) _ 168, 169, 170, 181, 

196 

vitenbergi (Wittenberg) _ 62, 150, 156 

vitenbergi, Sloskirxe (Wittenberg, 

Scholsskirche) _ 150 

viterbo (Viterbo) _ 280 

viterbo, san franCesko (Viterbo, S. Francesco) 

_ 279 

vitkoveri rudolf (Wittkower, Rudolf) _ 262 

vitruviusi markus polio (Vitruvius, Marcus 

Pollio) _ 16, 17, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49 

viqtoria, inglisis dedofali (Victoria, 

queen of England) _ 154 

viRi r. (Vighi, R.) _ 238 

viCenca (Vicenza) _ 280 

viCenca, san jakomo majore (Vicenza, S. Giacomo 

Maggiore) _ 210 

vladimiri, Sobis monasteri (Vladimir, monastery 

of rhe Nativity) _ 317 

vYolflini hainrix (Wölfflin, Henrich) _ 285 

vYorlici (Wörlitz) _ 145, 146 

vYorlici, goTuri saxli (Wörlitz, Gothic 

House) _ 145 

vYurtembergi (Würtenberg) _ 165 

volteri arue mari fransua de (de Voltaire, 

François Marie Arouet) _ 24 

vormsi, kaTedrali (Worms, cathedral) _ 311 

vudi robert (Wood, Robert) _ 7 

vuleri jon (Wooler, John) _ 132 133, 136 

zagrebi, kaTedrali (Zagreb, cathedral) _ 210 

zaneti antonio (Zanetti, Antonio) _ 81 

zaratuStra _ (zoroastro) (Zarathustra (Zoroaster)) 

_ 26 

zaheni eduard fon (von Sachen, Eduard) _ 

209 

saZiebeli 439 

zemperi gotfrid (Semper, Gottfried) _ 129, 

238, 265 

zetervali helgo nikolaus (Zettervall, Helge 

Nikolaus) _ 310-311 

zibenki, kaTedrali (Sibenik, cathedral) _ 209 

zite kamilo (Sitte, Camillo) _ 272, 350 

zorci alvis piero (Zozzi, Alvisa Piero) _ 248, 

253 

Tabari (Tabari) _ 27 

TeTri saxli (Wythe House) _ 327 

Teilori Carlz (Taylor, Charles) _ 368 

Teirani (Tehran) _ 338, 339 

Teirani, iran bastanis muzeumi (Tehran, Iran 

Bastan museum) _ 336 

Temurlengi (Timur) _ 381 

Teodorix didi (Theodoric the Great) _ 20, 67 

Tviqenhemi (Twichenham) _ 131 

TYuksberi, kaTedrali (Tewkesbury Minster) 

_ 228 

Torvaldesi albert (Thorwaldsen, Albert) _ 

118, 294 

Tukidide (Thucydides) _ 24, 28, 45 

Tuni matias graf (Thun, Matthias Graf) _ 209 

TurqeTi (Turkey) _ 237, 302, 303, 359, 383 

iazdi (Yazd) _ 337 

iaponia (Japan) _ 12, 241, 344, 345, 347, 348, 375 

iaxkaba (Yaxcabá) _ 23 

ibn xalduni (Ibn Khaldun) _ 28 

ierusalimi (Jarusalem) _ 24, 25, 30, 114 

iehoa, mefe (Jehoash, king) _ 25 

ivasaki t. (Iwasaki, T.) _ 296 

ivliane mekerpe, imperatori (Juliam the 

Apostate, emperor) _ 19 

ikomo (ICOM) _ 9, 11, 37, 296, 357, 358 

ikomosi (ICOMOS) _ 8, 9, 11, 37, 308, 315, 

321, 323, 354, 357, 358, 359, 360, 377


ikromi (ICCROM) _ 8, 9, 11, 12, 37, 89, 276, 

294, 295, 296, 300, 321, 331, 357, 358, 359, 

365, 393 

imai-ko (Imai-cho) _ 347 

imhofi e. (Imhoff, E.) _ 129 

inaba nobuko (Inaba, Nobuko) _ 12 

inglisi (England) _ 12, 21, 31, 34, 35, 36, 62, 

63, 64, 65, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 74, 75, 76, 

79, 101, 121, 130, 131, 134, 139, 140, 141, 

143, 144, 148, 159, 163, 166, 173, 175, 190, 

191, 197, 198, 199, 200, 201, 202, 207, 211, 

214, 129, 223, 229, 231, 239, 241, 242, 246, 

247, 248, 249, 270, 307, 312, 326, 327, 328, 

339, 342, 352, 359, 374, 386, 390 

indis xeoba (Indus Valley) _ 15 

indoeTi (India) _ 29, 35, 198, 214, 339, 340, 

341, 342, 343, 344, 357 

invudi h.v. (Inwood, H.W.) _ 162 

inokenti VIII, papi (Innocent VIII, pope) _ 60 

inokenti X, papi (Innocent X, pope) _ 59 

iosia, mefe (Josiah, king) _ 25 

ipri (Ypres) _ 350 

ipsilianti, princi (Prince, Ypsilanti) _ 121 

irani (Iran) _ 26, 28, 334, 335, 336, 337, 338 

irvingi uoSingTon (Irving, Washington) _ 323 

irlandia (Ireland) _ 22 

ise jingu, salocavi (Ise Jingû shrine) _ 346 

isere (Isére) _ 175 

isida (Isis) _ 25 

islandia (Iceland) _ 228 

israeli (Israel) _ 25 

istria (Istria) _ 280 

isfahani (Isfahan) _ 334, 335, 337, 338, 339 

isfahani, madar-i Sahi (Isfahan, Mâdar-i Shah) 

_ 336 

isfahani, masjid-i Sahi (masjid-i imami) (Isfahan, 

Masjid-i Shah (Masjid-i Imam)) _ 337 

isfahani, masjid-i-jame (Isfahan, Mashid-i 

Jame) _ 287 

isfahani, meidan-i naqSi-s jahan (Isfahan, 

Meidan-i Naqsh-i Jahân) _ 335 

isfahani, paraskevis meCeTi (Isfahan, Friday 

Mosque) _ 337 

italia (Italy) _ 6, 7, 12, 31, 33, 34, 45, 46, 47, 

52, 53, 54, 52, 53, 64, 67, 68, 9, 70, 71, 74, 

78, 79, 82, 85, 101, 102, 103, 111, 113, 148, 

154, 177, 191, 202, 207, 210, 211, 214, 215, 

219, 222, 231, 238, 241, 246, 248, 249, 250, 

251, 252, 253, 256, 257, 259, 260, 268, 277, 

278, 284, 285, 295, 300, 306, 307, 311, 313, 

338, 349, 352, 356, 359, 367, 370, 375, 388, 

389, 390, 391 

itoni (Eton) _ 231 

iunesko (UNESCO, United National Educational, 

Seintific and Cultural Organization) _ 8, 9, 14, 

23, 37, 179, 281, 283, 302, 314, 315, 336, 

356, 357, 359, 360, 361, 369, 377, 392, 394 

iunesko (Unesco, World Heritage) _ 23, 24, 75, 

179, 302, 314, 315, 348, 354, 358, 364, 368, 

379, 392 

kaduCi jios (Carducci, Giosué) _ 255 

kavadiasi (Cavvadias) _ 235 

kavalkasele g.b. (Cavalcaselle, G.B.) _ 247 

kavasepi bartolomeo (Cavaceppi, Bartolomeo) 

_ 89, 90, 91, 92 

kaverau georg (Kawerau, Georg) _ 237 

kaiblingeri ignac (Kaiblinger, Ignaz) _ 209 

kairamo maYja (Kairamo, Maija) _ 12, 382 

kakadu, erovnuli parki (Kakadu National 

Park) _ 23 

kalvo mario fabio (Calvo, Mario Fabio) _ 52, 54 

kalifornia (California) _ 327 

kalkuta (Calcutta) _ 340 

kalmari, kaTedrali (Kalmar, cathedral) _ 311 

kalfi Yan (Kalf, Jan) _ 309 

kamboja (Cambodia) _ 357

kampania (Campania) _ 276 

kamporezi juzepe (Camporesi, Giuseppe) _ 

103, 105, 106, 110, 115 

kanada (Canada) _ 12, 22 

kanalei jovani antonio (kanaleto) (Canal, 

Giovanni Antonio (Canaletto)) _ 73 

kanbera (Canberra) _ 23 

kandleri peter (Kandler, Peter) _ 209 

kanina luiji (Canina, Luigi) _ 116, 117, 118 

kaningemi aleqsandre (Cunningham, Alexander) 

_ 341 

kaningemi ana pamela (Cunningham, Ann Pamela) 

_ 323, 325 

kanion de Seli, Teatri saxlis nangrevebi 

(Canyon de Chelly, White House Ruin) _ 325 

kanova antonio (Canova, Antonio) _ 53, 93, 

101, 103, 104, 105, 110, 111, 113, 118 

kanti imanuil (Kant, Immanuel) _ 34, 69, 262 

kapodistriasi, grafi (Kapodistrias, Count) _ 

121, 122, 125 

kaponi aleqsandro (Capponi, Alessandro) _ 62 

karaCi anibale (Carracci, Annibale) _ 78, 79 

karbonara jovani (Carbonara, Giovanni) _ 266, 

277, 295 

karderea valentin (Carderera, Valentin) _ 306 

kardinali doria pamfili (Cardinal Doria, 

Pamphili) _ 103 

kardinali konsalvi (Cardinal Consalvi) - 115 

kardinali paCa (Cardinal Pacca) _ 103, 113, 

115, 116 

kareY Jak (Carrey, Jacques) _ 71 

kari Yan (Curry, Ian) _ 12 

karistYe a.-n. (Caristie, A.-N.) _ 119, 120, 171 

karkasoni, narbonis bWe (Carcassonne, Porte 

Narbonnaise) _ 187 

karkasoni, san-nazari (Carcassonne, Saint- 

Nazaire) _ 186 

saZiebeli 441 

karkasoni, site (Carcassonne, Cité) _ 167, 

179, 186, 187, 188, 242, 251 

karlaili Tomas (Carlyle, Thomas) – 215, 

227, 228, 229 

karlos V, imperatori (Charles V, emperor) _ 55 

karlos XI, SvedeTis mefe (Charles XI, king of 

Sweden) ) _ 67 

karlos didi, imperatori (Charlemagne, emperor) 

_ 31 

karlStainis cixe-darbazi (Karlstein, castle) 

_ 210 

karnaki, amonis didi taZari (Karnak Great 

Temple of Ammon) _ 16 

kasa grande, nangrvebi (Casa Grande, ruins of) 

_ 324, 325, 326 

kasanari (Castagnary) _ 197 

kaseli (Kassel) _ 146 

kastel de haari (Kasteel de Haar) _ 309, 310 

kastilYone baldasare (Castiglione, Baldassare) 

_ 52, 78 

kasugas salocavi (Kasuga Shrine) _ 345 

kataneo karlo (Cattaneo, Carlo) _ 247 

katania (Catania) _ 85 

katoni (Cato) _ 24 

katremer de kensi antuan-qristom (Qutrémer 

de Quincy, Antoine-Chrysostome) _ 45, 

99, 101, 102, 119, 126, 171 

keisari, imperatori (Caesar, emperor) _ 46 

kembriji (Cambridge) _ 132, 198, 202, 226 

kemriji, samefo kolejis kapela (Cambridge, 

King`s College Chapel) _ 132 

kemriji wm. saflavi (wriuli taZari) (Cambridge, 

the Holy Sepulchre (the round church) _ 

200 

kemdeni uilYam (Camden, William) _ 33 

kempbeli kolen (Campbell, Colen) _ 71 

kenti uilYam (Kent, William) _ 71, 74


kenzoni, lordi, keldsTonis pirveli 

markizi (Carzon, Lord, 1st Marquis of 

Kadleston) _ 334, 341, 342 

kernarvoni, cixe-darbazi (Caernarvon, castle) 

_ 200 

keski karlo (Ceschi, Carlo) _ 12 

kefermarktis sakurTxeveli (Kefermarkt, altar) 

_ 208 

keCikani, totem baitis saTemo saxli (Ketchikan, 

Totem Bright Community House) _ 325 

kvasti ferdinand (von Quast, Ferdinand) _ 

162, 163, 164, 165, 240 

kventini Teodor (Quentin, Theodor) _ 239 

kviprosi (Cyprus) _ 3891 

kviprosi, maa (Cyprus, Máa) _ 391 

kievi, dimi (Kiev, Dime) _ 316 

kieriCi jino (Chierici, Gino) _ 275, 276 

kili (Kiel) _ 123 

kimbali fisk (Kimball, Fiske) _ 325, 327, 328 

kini henri (Keene, Henry) _ 134 

kioujis taZari (Cyojuji Temple) _ 346 

kiros didi (Cyrus the Great) _ 17, 19, 334 

kirxeri _ anastasio (Kircher, Anastasio) _ 59 

klarki ser keneT (Clark, Sir Kenneth) _ 199 

klarki jorj (Clarke, George) _ 66 

kleanTe stamacios (Kleanthes, Stamatios) _ 

121, 124, 126 

klevitci a. v. fon (von Klewitz, A.W.) _ 157, 160 

klemeni paul (Clemen, Paul) _ 242, 243, 260, 350 

klemenseni mogens (Clemmensen, Mogens) _ 312 

klemensi Y. a. (Clemens, J.A.) _ 157, 160 

klenci leo fon (von Klenze, Leo) _ 121, 122. 

123, 125, 126, 128, 147 

kleopatra (Cleopatra) _ 40 

kleriso Sarl-lui (Clérisseau, Charles-Luois) 

_ 71 

klermon-ferani, kaTedrali (Clermont-Ferrand, 

cathedral) _ 179 

kliveri ben (Cliver, Blaine) _ 12 

kliment VII, papi (Clement VII, pope) _ 40 

kliment XII, papi (Clement XII, pope) _ 62 

klYuni, monasteri (Cluny, monastery) _ 98, 99 

klovio julio (Clovio, Giulio) _ 39 

kloke lui (Cloquet, Loius) _ 308 

klosternoYburgi (Klosterneuburg) _ 210 

klosternoYburgi, saabato (Klosterneuburg, 

abbey) _ 271 

knososi, minosis sasaxle (Knossos, Minoan 

Palace) _ 238 

kYolni (Cologne) _ 148, 151 

kYolni, kaTedrali (Cologne, cathedral) _ 126, 

130, 146, 150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 210, 239, 

241, 242, 244, 269, 309, 312, 373 

kYusi, cixe-darbazi (Coucy, castle) _ 169, 

171, 179, 196 

kola di renco (Cola di Rienzo) _ 38 

kolber Jan-batist (Colbertt, Jean-Baptiste) _ 70 

kolingvudi r.j. (Collingwood, R.G.) _ 24, 36 

kolona vitoria (Colonna, Vittoria) _ 57 

koloniuri uilYamsburgi (Colonial, Williamsburg) 

_ 298, 327, 328, 329, 331, 375 

koloniuri uilYamsburgi, renis Senoba 

(Colonial Williamsburg, Wren Building) _ 328, 

329 

koloniuri uilYamsburgi, sasamarTlos 

Senoba (Colonial Williamsburg, Courthouse) _ 

328 

komoni arkis de (Caumont, Arcisse de) _ 166 

kompienis baRi (Compiégne, garden) _ 111 

komti august (Comte, August) _ 262 

konaraki, mzis taZari (Konarak, Sun Temple) 

_ 339, 340 

konstantine, imperatori (Constantine, em-

peror) _ 18, 19, 43 

konstantinopoli (Constantinople) _ 49 

konstantinopoli, wm. sofia (Constantinople, 

St. Sophia) _ 47 

kontrerasi rafael (Contreras, Rafael) _ 306 

kopenhageni (Copenhagen) _ 296 

kopenhageni, heligandskirkeni (Copenhagen, 

Helligandskirken) _ 312 

kordoba, kaTedari (Cordoba, cathedral) _ 306 

koresi manlios (Korres, Manlios) _ 15, 16, 17, 18 

korejo (Corregio) _ 101 

korinTo (Corinth) _ 122 

kostenoble iohan konrad (Costenoble, Johann 

Conrad) _ 156, 157 

kotori (Kotor) _ 207 

kotori, kaTedrali (Kotor, cathedral) _ 31 

koSeni Sal-nikola (Cochin, Charles-Nicholas) 

_ 82 

koheri lourens (Kocher, Lawrence) _ 328 

krakovi (Cracow) _ 357 

kremona, ratuSi (Cremona, town hall) _ 211 

krespi luiji (Crespi, Luigi) _ 80, 81 

kreftingi oto (Krefting, Otto) _ 312 

kristi gabriela (Krist, Gabriela) _ 12 

kristi eilert kristian borodtkorb 

(Christie, Eilert Christian Brodtkorb) _ 312 

kroziki fon, dekanozi (von Krosigk, Dean) _ 157 

kroCe benedeto (Croce, Benedetto) _ 36, 276, 

277, 281, 283 

kubiCeki vilhelm (Kubitschek, Wilhelm) _ 265 

kugleri franc (Kugler, Franz) _ 162 

kuipersi petrus Yozefus huberus (Cuypers, 

Petrus Josephus Hubertus) _ 309, 310 

kuni Tomas (Kuhn, Thomas) _ 372 

kuperi jeims fenimor (Cooper, James Fenimore) 

_ 323 

saZiebeli 443 

kurmani sigurd (Curman, Sigurd) _ 312 

kusko (Cuzco) _ 357 

la vega franCesko (La Vega, Francesco) _ 83, 85 

laboki ser jon (Lubbock, Sir John) _ 198, 228 

lazaro xuan botista (Lázaro, Juan Bautista) 

_ 307 

laTinuri amerika (Latin America) _ 303 

laibazi, iakobskirxe (Laibach, Jakobskirche) 

_ 271 

laibnici g.v. (Leibniz, G.W.) _ 34 

laipcigi (Leibzig) _ 123, 315 

laipcigi, Tomaskirxe (Leibzig, Thomaskirche) 

_ 239 

lakanali Jozef (Lakanal, Joseph) _ 96 

lange konrad (Lange, Konrad) _ 242 

langhasi karl gotard (Langhans, Carl Gottard) 

_ 146 

landino kristoforo (Landino, Cristoforo) _ 39 

lani (Laon) _ 167 

lansiloti kasteli gabriel, prinCipe 

toremuca (Principe di Torremuzza, Gabriele 

Lancilotto Castelli) _ 85 

lanCiani rodolfo amedeo (Lanciani, Rodolfo 

Amadeo) _ 260 

laokooni, qandakeba (Laocoön, statue) _ 40, 

42, 43, 88, 101, 111, 294 

laplandia (Lepland) _ 23, 381 

larseni knut-ainar (Larsen, Knut Einar) _ 348 

lasYu Jan-batist (Lassus, Jean-Baptiste) _ 

171, 175, 176, 185, 186, 192, 370 

laudi j. (Laudi, G.) _ 249 

lafonteni Jan de (La Fonteine, Jean de) _ 99 

lahori (Lahore) _ 341 

le ba m. filip (Le Bas, M. Philippe) _ 236 

le korbuzYe (Le Corbusier) _ 273, 353 

levanta (Levant) _ 71


leTebi uilYam riCard (Lathabe, William Richard) 

_ 231, 241 

leideni (Leiden) _ 69 

lembaTis sasaxle (Lambeth Palace) _ 141 

lemeri reimond, baroni (Lemaire, Baron Raymond) 

_ 308, 354 

lemuri reimond, dekanozi (Lemaire, Canon 

Raymond) _ 308, 354 

lengli baTi (Langley, Batty) _ 75 

leningradi (Leningrad) _ 318 

lenormani m. (Lenorman, M.) _ 181 

lenormani Sarl (Lenorman, Charles) _ 171 

lenuari aleqsandre (Lenoir, Alexander) _ 99, 

100, 101, 102 

leo X, papi (Leo X, pope) _ 52, 53, 62, 40 

leo XII, papi (Leo XII, pope) _ 210 

leon pol (Lēon, Paul) _ 180, 352 

leonardo da vinCi (da Vinci, Leonardo) _ 47, 

48, 78 

leoni, imperatori (Leo, emperor) _ 20 

leoni, kaTedrali (Lēon, cathedral) _ 304, 

305, 306, 307 

leprevo ogYust (Leprēvost, Auguste) _ 171 

lesingi g.e. (Lessing, G.E.) _ 69 

lesteri (Leicester) _ 223 

li roland f. (Lee, Ronald F.) _ 327 

liberi fransis (Lieber, Francis) _ 349 

ligorio piro (Ligorio, Pirro) _ 349 

liguria (Liguria) _ 256 

lidsi (Leeds) _ 231 

lidsi, kirkstalis saabato (Leeds, Kirkstall 

Abbey) _ 186 

lieri (Lier) _ 350 

liviusi (Livy) _ 24 

liliengreni j.g. (Lilijengren, J.G.) _ 309 

lingreni armas (Lindgren, Armas) _ 314 

linkYopingi, kaTedrali (Linköping, cathedral) 

_ 310 

linkolni abraham (Linkoln, Abraham) _ 325 

linkolni, kaTedrali (Lincoln, cathedral) _ 

132, 201 

linkhi ((Linkh) _ 120 

linstrumi derek (Linstrum, Derek) _ 8, 12, 

66, 100 

lioni otavio kavaliere (Lioni, Ottavio cavaliere) 

_ 79 

lipari (Lipari) _ 77 

lipi anibale (Lippi, Annibale) _ 41 

lisipe (Lysippus) _ 88 

listi franc (Liszt, Franz) _ 148 

liCfildi, kaTedrali (Lichfield, cathedral) _ 

134, 135, 140, 202, 228 

lYo roY jYulYen david (Le Roy, Julien David) 

_ 72, 120 

lYubeki (Lübeck) _ 243 

lYubke vilhelm (Lübke, Wilhelm) _ 240, 241 

lYudvig I bavarieli (Ludwig I of Bavaria) _ 

118, 120, 121, 148, 154 

lYudvig II, bavariis mefe, lYudvigi, bavariis 

kronprinci (Ludwig II, King of Bavaria, 

Ludwig, crown prince of Bavaria) _ 147 

lYudovizi, warCinebuli ojaxi (Ludovisi, 

femily) _ 41 

lYuveni (Louvain) _ 308, 350, 351, 354 

lYuveni, beginebis monasteri (Louvain, 

Grand Begiunage) _ 354 

lYuveni, municipalitetis Senoba (Louvain, 

town hall) _ 308, 351 

lYuveni, universitetis biblioTeka (Louvain, 

University Library) _ 350 

lYuTeri martin ((Luthen, Martin) _ 62, 63, 

150, 156

lYqsemburgi (Luxembourg) _ 12 

lobkovici, Tavadi (Labkovitz, principe) _ 81 

lombardia (Lombardy) _ 207, 210 

lompoki, umanko Casaxebis misionis nangrevebi 

(Lompoc, Mission La Purissima Conception) 

_ 327 

longi roberto (Longhi, Roberto) _ 277 

longine dionise kasius (Longinus, Dionysius 

Cassius) _ 74 

londoni (London) _ 12, 64, 65, 73, 120, 142, 

148, 190, 198, 241, 277, 296, 353, 354 

londoni, albertis memoriali ( London, Albert 

Memorial) _ 202 

londoni, barbikani (London, Barbican) _ 291 

londoni, britaneTis muzeumi (London, British 

Museum) _ 101, 127, 129, 236, 237, 370 

londoni, Taueri (London, Tower of) _ 200 

londoni, karlton hausi (London, Carlton 

House) _ 142 

londoni, kristal palasi (London, Crystal 

Palace) _ 222 

londoni, panTeoni (London, Pantheon) _ 137 

londoni, parlamenti (London, Houses of 

Parliement) _ 143 

londoni, sagareo saqmeTa saministro 

(London, Foreign Office) _ 202 

londoni, uestminsteris saabato (London, 

Westminster Abbey) _ 65, 66, 131, 134, 138, 

139, 143, 155, 201, 202, 231 

londoni, ueston holi (London, Weston Hall) _ 231 

londoni, wm. mariami, borcvze (London, St. 

Mary at Hill) _ 231 

londoni, wm. mariami, strendze (London, St. 

Mary-le-Strand) _ 231 

londoni, wm. pavle (London, St. Paul`s) _ 64, 

65, 300, 354 

londoni, wm. pankrasis oteli (London, St. 

Pancras Hotel) _ 202 

saZiebeli 445 

londoni, wm. stefanes kapela (London, St. 

Stephen`s chapel) _ 138 

londonis antikvarTa sazogadoeba (Society 

of Antiquaries of London) _ 12, 70, 73, 132, 

136, 137, 138, 140, 198, 200, 223, 310, 339- 

340 

lonroti elias (Lönnrot, Elias) _ 313 

loosi adolf (Loos, Adolf) _ 231, 272 

lord valentia (Lord Valentia) _ 339 

loreni klod (Lorrain, Claude) _ 74, 80 

lorenci stanislav (Lorentz, Stanislav) _ 315, 

354 

lorencoto (lorenco di ludoviko) 

(Lorenzetto (Lorenzo di Ludovico) _ 41 

loreto (Loreto) _ 79 

loto lorenco (Lotto, Lorenzo) _ 79 

lofti, Rirsi, v. J. (Loftie, Rev, W.J.) _ 226 

lui X, hesen-darmStadtis didi hercogi 

(Louis X, Grand Duke of Hesse-Darmstadt) _ 

121, 165 

lui XIV, safrangeTis mefe (Louis XIV, king of 

France) _ 78 

lui XVI, safrangeTis mefe (Louis XVI, king of 

France) _ 99 

lui filip I, orleanis hercogi (Louis 

Philippe I, Duke of Orleans) _ 129 

luknou (Lucknow) _ 344 

lundi (Lund) _ 310 

lundi, kaTedrali (Lund, cathedral) _ 310, 

311, 314 

magdeburgi (Magdeburg) _ 12, 31, 156, 157, 

158, 159, 355 

magdeburgi, kaTedrali (Magdeburg, cathedral) 

_ 130, 150, 151, 156, 157, 158, 159, 

161, 162, 239 

maderno karlo (Maderno, Carlo) _ 41, 61 

madrasi (Madras) _ 340 

madridi (Madrid) _ 244, 308


madura, rajas sasaxle (Madura, Rajah Palace) 

_ 339 

mazaCo (Masaccio) _ 38 

maia, tomi (Mayas) _ 23, 302, 303 

maiano juliano da (Maiano, Giuliano de) _ 52 

maineke (Mainecke) _ 36 

mainci (Mainz) _ 241, 243 

mainci, kaTedrali (Mainz, cathedral) _ 146 

maiseni, alberxtsburgi (Meissen, Albrechtsburg) 

_ 239, 240 

maiseni, kaTedrali (Meissen, cathedral) _ 239, 

240 

maiuri amadeo (Maiuri, Amadeo) _ 260 

makedonia (Macedonia) _ 121 

makintoSi Carlz rene (Mackintosh, Charles 

Rennie) _ 241 

makfersoni jeims (Macpherson, James) _ 35 

malatesta sigizmo di (Malatesta, Sagismondo 

di) _ 51 

malmezonis baRi (Malmasion, garden) _ 111 

malmYo, municipalitetis Senoba (Malmö, 

town hall) _ 311 

malta (Malta) _ 77 

maluSu-tufano fani (Mallouchou-Tufano 

Fani) _ 234 

maneti latino jovenale (Manetti, Latino Giovenale) 

_ 55 

maneti janoco (Manetti, Gioanozzo) _ 50 

mani (Mans) _ 171 

mantenYa andrea (Mantegna, Andrea) _ 39, 40 

manti, san maSonis koSki (Mantes, Saint-Machon, 

tower) _ 96 

mantua (Mantua) _ 40, 41 

manhaimi (Mannheim) _ 243 

manhaimi, filosofosi (Mannheim, philosopher) 

_ 36 

maYorane, imperatori (Majorain, emperor) _ 20 

maori (Maori) _ 22 

marasoviCi jerko (Marasovic, Jerko) _ 378, 

380 

marata karlo (Maratta, Carlo) _ 78-79 

maria amalia saqsoneli (Maria Amalia of Saxony) 

_ 83 

maria-terezia, dedofali (Maria Theresia, 

Empress) _ 81, 207 

maria terezia dei gracia (Maria Theresia dei 

Gratia) _ 81 

marienburgi, cixe-darbazi (Marienburg, castle) 

_ 130, 145, 150-151, 155, 156, 163, 246 

marka (Marche) _ 389 

markiz erkolani (Marquis Ercolani) _ 113 

markoni, paolo (Marconi, Paolo) _ 388 

markus avreliusi, imperatori (Marcus Aurelius, 

emperor) _ 19, 57 

maroko (Morocco) _ 12, 28, 231 

marseli (Marseille) _ 353 

marseli f. (Marsili, F.) _ 249 

martiaJi, xelovani (Martillage, artist) _ 173 

martin V, papi (Martin V, Pope) _ 49 

martini simone (Martini, Simone) _ 31 

martini franCesko di jorjo (Martini, Francesco 

di Giorgio) _ 47, 48, 51 

marqsi karl (Marx, Karl) _ 37, 262 

marSali ser jon (Marshall, Sir John) _ 341, 

342 

masule, sofeli (Massule, village) _ 337 

mata nikolo (Matas, Nicolo) _ 165 

matei, warCinebli ojaxi (Mattei, family) _ 41 

materi stefen (Mether, Stephen) _ 326 

maunt vernoni, prezident jorj uaSingtonis 

rezidencia (Mount Vernon, residence 

of President George Washington) _ 323

maqsime, filosofosi (Maximus, Philosopher) 

_ 19 

maZoxius iakopus (Mazochius, Iacopus) _ 54 

medina (Medina) _ 27 

mediCebi, warCinebuli ojaxi (Medichi, family) 

_ 40, 41 

mediCi kozimo (Medici, Cosimo) _ 41 

meduna jiovani batista (Meduna, Giovan Battista) 

_ 213, 248 

meli eduard (Melly, Eduard) _ 208 

melini f. a. j. (Mellin, F.A.J.) _ 157 

mengardi jovan batista (Mengardi, Giovan 

Battista) _ 81 

mengsi rafael (Mengs, Raphael) _ 89, 101 

meYisoni uilYam (Mason, William) _ 76 

merzeburgi (Merseburg) _ 12 

merime prosper (Mérimée, Prosper) _ 168, 170, 

171, 172, 173, 175, 177, 178, 180, 181, 183, 

186, 187, 190, 191, 194, 199, 225, 259, 308 

mertagi uilYam j. (Murtagh, Wiliam J.) _ 330 

mesina (Messene) _ 122 

meqa (Mecca) _ 27 

meqsika (Mexico) _ 12, 23, 197, 303 

meheleni (Mechelen) _ 350 

miTra (Mithra) _ 25 

mikeni (Mycenae) _ 122 

milani (Milan) _ 26, 40, 46, 47, 81, 197, 210, 

247, 250, 251, 254, 257, 258, 259, 275 

milani, brera (Milan, Brera) _ 250 

milani, kaTedrali (Milan, cathedral) _ 47, 63, 

154, 210, 247, 256 

milani, ospedale majore (Milan, Ospedale 

Maggioere) _ 46 

milani, palaco marini (Milan, Palazzo Marini) 

_ 254 

milani, piaca dela skala(Milan, Piazza della 

Scala) _ 254 

saZiebeli 447 

milani, sforcas sasaxle (Milan, Sforza Castle) 

_ 258 

milani, tore di filarete (Milan, Torre di 

Filarete) _ 258 

milani, wm. ambrojio (Milan, S. Ambrogio) _ 

210 

mileTi (Miletus) _ 16, 237 

mileni oben-lui (Millin, Aubin-Louis) _ 96 

milToni jon (Milton, John) _ 74, 131 

milicia franCesko (Milizia, Francesco) _ 45, 

89 

milneri jon, mRveli (Milner, John, Rev) _ 71, 

137 

milsandi j. (Milsand, J.) _ 232 

misirini (Missirini) _ 104 

miqelanjelo, ix. buanaroti miqelanjelo 

(Michelangelo, see Bounarroti) 

miSeli andre (Michel, Andrē) _ 232 

mYoleri georg (Möller, Georg) _ 151, 152 

mYunxeni (Munich) _ 118, 120, 126, 148, 240, 

241, 277, 296, 355 

mYunxeni, satriumfo TaRi (Munich, Siegestor) 

_ 356, 374 

munxeni, fravenkirxe (Munich, Frauenkirche) _ 

240, 244 

moldaveTi (Moldavia) _ 320, 321 

molieri (Moliére) _ 99 

mongeri k. (Mongeri, C.) _ 250, 251 

montalamberi Sarl grafi de (Montalambert, 

Charles Comte de) _ 165, 175, 186, 199, 308, 

309 

montalto kardinali (Montalto, cardinal) _ 54 

montekasino, wignTsacavi (Montecessino, library) 

_ 44 

montiCelo, prezident jefersonis saxli 

(Monticello, home of President Jefferson) _ 325 

montorsoli fra jovani angYolo (Montorsoli, 

Fra Giovanni Angiolo) _ 43


mora paolo (Mora, Paolo) _ 296, 298, 299 

moreri lYudvig (Maurer, Ludwig) _ 121 

morikoni stefano (Moriconi, Stefano) _ 85 

moris saqsoneli (Maurice of Saxony) _ 157 

morisi, marSali, folkneri da kompania 

(Morris,, Marshall, Faulkner & co.) _ 228 

morisi uilYam (Morris, William) _ 197, 201, 

222, 227, 228, 229, 230, 231, 232, 241, 242, 

245, 248, 249, 250, 255, 260, 307, 327, 375 

morosini franCesko (Morosini, Francesco) _ 71 

morpeTi uilYm (Morpeth, William) _ 136 

mose (Moses) _ 24 

moskovi (Moscow) _ 318, 320 

moskovi, boiar romanovebis saxli (Moscow, 

Boyars Romanov House) _ 317, 318 

moskovi, qristes aRdgomis karibWe (Moscow, 

Gates of Resurrection) _ 320 

moskovi, yazanis RmrTismSoblis sakaTedro 

taZari (Moscow, cathedral of our Lade 

of Kazan) _ 319 

moskovi, wiTeli moedani (Moscow, Red 

Square) _ 319, 320 

mofati uilYam boniTon (Moffat, Willliam Bonython) 

_ 202 

muTeziusi herman (Muthesius, Hermann) _ 231, 241 

muleri b. (Muler, B.) _ 212 

munoco antonio (Munoz, Antonio) _ 274 

murano san donato (Murano, S. Donato) _ 210 

musolini benito (Mussolini, Benito) _ 273, 274 

muhamedi (Muhammad) _ 27 

na songla a. (Na Songla, A.) _ 244 

nadleri hans (Nadler, Hans) _ 12, 315 

nakS-i rustami (Naqsh-i Rustam) _ 17, 18, 334, 338 

naplia (Nauplia) _ 121, 123 

napoleoni buanaparti (Napoleon Bonaparte) 

_ 94, 95, 99, 101, 104, 108, 112, 113, 152, 

157, 349 

nara (Nara) _ 345, 347, 365, 367, 384 

nara, oqros darbazi (Nara, Golden Hall) _ 348 

nara, horiu-jis taZari (Nara, Hôryû-Ji temple) 

_ 346, 348 

narboni, sen-JYusti (Narbonne, Saint-Just) _ 

177, 179 

natif xelovnebaTa akademia (Beaux-Arts, 

Academy) _ 167, 171 

naumburgi (Naumburg) _ 355 

naumburgi, kaTedrali (Naumburg, cathedral) 

_ 31, 315, 316 

neapoli (Naples) _ 31, 63, 72, 77, 83, 259, 

275, 276, 281 

neapoli, monte olivietos monasteri (Naples, 

monastery of Monte Oliveto) _ 63 

neapoli, santa kiara (Naples, S. Chiara) _ 

279, 281, 282, 290 

neapoli, santa maria donaregina (Naples, S. 

Maria Donnaregina) _ 276 

nebelongi n.s. (Nebelong, N.S.) _ 312 

neli jon meison (Neale, John Mason) _ 198 

nenceis kultura (Nenec culture) _ 23 

neredica (Nereditsa) _ 317 

neSvili (Nashville) _ 325 

neSi jon (Nesh, John) _ 131, 142 

niderlandebi (Netherlands) _ 12, 62, 148, 

179, 197, 308, 310 

nikoloz V, papi (Nicholas V, pope) _ 50, 51, 59 

nikolsoni jorj (Nicholson, Gorge) _ 132, 

134, 136 

nilosis xeoba (Nile Valley) _ 357, 358 

nimi (Nîmes) _ 175, 390 

nimi, amfiTeatri (Nîmes, ampitheatre) _ 120, 

171, 175 

nimi, vobanis forti - (cixe-simagre) (Nîmes, 

Vauban Fort) _ 390, 391 

nimi, oTxkuTxa saxli (Nîmes, Maison Carrée) _ 275

ninevia (Ninevite) _ 217 

nicSe fridrix vilhelm (Nietzsche, Friedrich 

Wilhelm) _ 262, 263, 264, 265, 365 

nYordlingeni (Nördlingen) _ 154 

nYu deli (New Dehli) _ 296, 357, 370 

nYu Yorki (New York) _ 9, 388 

nYukasli, wm. nikolozi (Newcastle, St. Nicholas) 

_ 202 

nYurembergi (Nuremberg) _ 147, 243, 355 

noani (Noyon) _ 169 

nodYe S. (Nodier, Ch.) _ 77, 167 

novalisi (Novalis) _ 73 

novgorodi, macxovris eklesia (Novgorod, 

church of the Saviour) _ 317 

noli j.b. (Nolli, G.B.) _ 73 

noYmani balTazar (Neumann, Balthasar) _ 146 

noYmani franc ignac miqael (Neumann, Franz 

Ignar Michael) _ 146 

norvegia (Norway) _ 12, 311, 312, 313 

norviCi (Norwich) _ 300 

norviCi, kaTedrali (Norwich, cathedral) _ 

144, 200, 300 

norTi, polkovniki j.t. (North, Colonel J.T.) 

_ 231 

normandia (Normandy) _ 142, 166, 169, 312 

noto, kaTedrali (Noto, cathedral) _ 389 

numidia (Numidia) _ 26 

Yena (Jena) _ 86 

Yeni jon (Yann, John) _ 66 

Yokileto Yuka (Jokilehto, Jukka) _ 6, 7, 8 

Yongi Sarlot (Yonge, Charlotte) _ 228 

Yorki (York) _ 8, 12, 140, 231 

Yorki, monasteri (York, Minster) _ 67, 131, 

133, 225, 300 

Yorki, sent meri (York, Saint Mary`s) _ 64 

YorkSiri (Yorkshire) _ 67, 75, 76 

saZiebeli 449 

YorkSiri, rivo (Yorkshire, Rievaulx) _ 64 

YorkSiri, roSi (Yorkshire, Roche) _ 64 

YorkSiri, faunteni (Yourkshire, Fauntains) _ 64 

YorkSiri, qasl houardi (Yourkshire, Castle 

Howard) _ 75 

Yugoslavia (Yugoslavia) _ 12, 357 

Yukatani (Yucatan) _ 302 

Yulius II, papi (Julius II, pope) _ 40, 49, 51 

Yulius III, papi (Julius II, pope) _ 40 

Yungi maikl, mRvdeli (Young, Michael, Rev) 

_ 71 

Yuniusi franciskus (Iunius, Franciscus) _ 70 

Yustiniane, imperatori (Justinian, emperor) _ 

19, 26 

odorikus do pordenone, beri, (Friaz Odorius 

di Pordenone) _ 334 

overbeki fridrih (Overbeck, Friedrich) _ 147 

olaus magnusi, episkoposi (Olaus Magnus, 

bishop) _ 33, 67 

olimpia (Olimpia) _ 18, 122, 237 

olimpia, enoameas saxli (Olimpia, House of 

Oenomaüs) _ 18 

olimpia, heras taZari (Olimpia, Hera Temple) 

_ 237 

onori hYug (Honour, Hugh) _ 36 

oranJi (Orange) _ 120 

oranJi, satriumfo TaRi (Orange, triumhpal 

arch) _ 119, 120, 175 

ori siciliis samefo (Two Sicilies Kingdom) _ 83 

orlandosi anastasios (Orlandos, Anastasios) 

_ 235, 236, 237 

orleani (Orleans) _ 355 

orleani, kaTedrali (wminda jvris saxelobis) 

(Orleans, cathedral of Sante-Croix) _ 63 

ortega i gaseti xoan (Ortega y Gasset, Jose) 

_ 36


oslo (Oslo) _ 313 

osmani baron JorJ-eJen (Haussmann, Baron 

Georges-Eugéne) _ 190, 259 

ostia antika (Ostia Antica) _ 82, 104, 110 

ostini jorj (Austin, george) _ 141 

oto I, saberZneTis mefe (Otto I. king of Greece) 

_ 121 

otomanTa imperia (Ottoman Empire) _ 71, 120, 

151 

oton I didi, imperatori (Otto I the Great, 

emperor) _ 31, 156, 160, 161 

oqsfordi (Oxford) _ 65, 71, 134, 198, 200, 

228, 341 

oqsfordi, kaTedrali (Oxford, cathedral) _ 

230 

oqsfordi, merton kolejis kapela (Oxford, 

Merton College Chapel) _ 141 

oqsfordi, yovelTa sulTa koleji (Oxford, 

All Souls College) _ 66 

oqsfordSiri (Oxfordshire) _ 75 

oSatci, eigidenkirhe (Oschatz, Agidienkirche) 

_ 239 

oSatci, ratuSa (Oschatz, town hall) – 239 

oxridi (Ochrid) _ 357 

paderni kamilo (Paderni, Camillo) _ 83 

padua, overatis kapela (Padua, Chapel of the 

Ovetari) _ 39 

pavia, kaTedrali (Pavia, cathedral) _ 47 

pava, koSki (Pavia, tower) _ 689 

pavle II, papi (Paul II, pope) _ 4, 49, 51, 59 

pavle III, papi (Paul III, pope) _ 40, 43, 55 

pavle mociquli wm. (St. Paul) _ 57 

pavones sasaxle (Pavone Castello) _ 257 

pavsania (Pausanias) _ 18, 88 

pakardi aleqsis (Paccard, Alexis) _ 125, 129 

pakistani (Pakistan) _ 339, 344 

paladio andrea (Palladio, Andrea) _ 48, 69, 

114 

palaci, arqiteqtori (Palazzi, architect) _ 106 

palensia (Palencia) _ 306 

palermo (Palermo) _ 280, 283 

palestina (Palestine) _ 26 

palma de maYorka, kaTedrali (Palma de Mallorca, 


palmira (Palmira) _ 70, 72, 77 

pane roberto (Pane, Roberto) _ 277, 281, 282, 

283, 357 

panini jovani paolo (Panini, Giovanni Paolo) 

_ 73, 74 

panofski ervin (Panofsky, Erwin) _ 262, 285 

papis sauflo (Papal states) _ 210 

paraviCini tito vespasiano (Paravicini, Tito 

Vespasiano) _ 250, 251, 252, 253 

pareisoni luiji (Pareyson, Luigi) _ 277 

pareto rafaeli (Pareto Raffaele) _ 247 

parizi (Paris) _ 12, 95, 96, 99, 101, 102, 108, 

110, 113, 115, 148, 151, 166, 171, 174, 179, 

180, 1901, 196, 227, 257, 259, 277, 352, 357 

parizi, bastilia (Paris, Bastille) _ 95 

parizi, gar dòrse (Paris, Gare dÒrsay) _ 390 

parizi, elises baRi (Paris, Elysēe garden) _ 99 

parizi, il de (Paris, Ile de) _ 190 

parizi, luvri (Paris, Louvre) _ 91, 98, 174, 370 

parizi, notr-dami (RmrTismSoblis taZari) 

(Paris, Notre-Dame) _ 95, 165, 169, 

174, 175, 176, 183, 184, 193, 196, 197, 185, 

186, 212, 242, 350 

parizi, petit-avgustinis monasteri (Paris, 

Petits-Augustins convent) _ 99 

parizi, sen-deni (Paris, Saint-Denis) _ 96, 99, 

173, 174, 177, 179 

parizi, sen-martin-de-Sami (Paris, Saint-Martin-des-Champs) 

_ 195

parizi, sen-Jermen-de-preze (Paris, Saint- 

Germain des Prēs) _ 174 

parizi, sen-Jermen lòqserua (Paris, Saint 

Germain LÀuxerrois) _ 174 

parizi, sen-Sapeli (Paris, Sainte-Chapelle) _ 

171, 175, 176, 196, 227 

parizi, sorbona (Paris, Sorbonne) _ 168 

parizi, tuilri (Paris, Tuileries) _ 176 

partini juzepe domeniko (Partini, Giuseppe 

Domenico) _ 211, 212, 259, 260 

paulincelas saabato (Paulinzella Abbey) _ 146 

paterno kastelo ignacio, biskaris prin- 

Cipe (Principe di Biscari, Ignazio Paterno Castello) 

_ 85 

paderseni erling (Pedersen, Erling) _ 325, 

327 

peireki nikola klod fabri de (de Peiresc, 

Nicolas Claude Fabri) _ 70, 89 

pensilvania (Pennsylvania) _ 267, 32 

peYn naiTi riCard (Payne Knight, Richard) _ 75 

pergamoni, traianeumi (Pergamon, Traianeum) 

_ 238 

pergamonis sakurTxeveli (Pergamon Altar) _ 

71, 237 

peri uiliam g. (Perry, William G.) _ 327 

persepolisi (Persepolis) _ 17, 334, 335, 337, 

338 

persiYe Sarl (Percier, Charles) _ 96, 111 

peru (Peru) _ 357, 384 

peruci baldasare (Peruzzi, Baldassare) _ 39, 

48 

pestrumi (Paestrum) _ 72, 74, 82, 89 

petersoni Carlz e. (Petreson, Charles E.) _ 

331 

petrarka franCesko (Petrarch, Francesco) _ 

32, 33, 38, 39-40, 49 

petre mociquli wm. (St Peter) _ 57, 102 

piemonti (Piedmont) _ 255, 256 

saZiebeli 451 

pienca, kaTedrali (Pienza, cathedral) _ 276 

piza (Pisa) _ 221 

piza, kaTedrali (Pisa, cathedral) - 212 

piza, palaco del orologio (Pisa, Palazzo 

dellÒrologio) _ 291 

pizano andrea (Pisano, Andrea) _ 63 

pizano jovani (Pisano, Giovanni) _ 212 

pika anioldomeniko (Pica, Agnoldomenico) _ 281 

pikeringi jorj (Pickering, George) _ 200 

pikoki Tomas lav (Peacock, Thomas Love) _ 

116 

pikolomini enea silvio (Piccolomini, Enea, 

Silvio) _ 39 

piranezi jambatista (Piranesi, Giambattista) _ 

61, 73, 74, 112 

pireneebi (Pyrēnēes) _ 102 

pirna (Pirna) _ 239 

pirnia m.k. (Pirnia, M.K.) _ 335 

pirsoni jon louboro (Pearson, John Loughborough) 

_ 201 

pitakisi kiriakos (Pittakis, Kiriakos) _ 124, 

125, 129,. 235 

piterboro (Peterborough) _ 141, 144 

piterboro, kaTedrali (Peterborough, cathedral) 

_ 202 

pius II, papi (Pius II, pope) _ 39, 49 

pius IV, papi (Pius IV, pope) _ 55 

pius V, papi (Pius V, pope) _ 57 

pius VI, papi (Pius VI, pope) _ 92, 101 

pius VII, papi (Pius VII, pope) _ 95, 102, 104, 

107, 108, 112 

platea (Platae) _ 18 

platoni (Plato) _ 26, 45, 68, 264, 285, 294 

plenderliTi harold jeimz (Plenderleith, 

Horald James0 _ 295


pliniusi (Pliny) _ 45, 89 

plotine (Plotinus) _ 26, 34 

plutarqe (Plutarch) _ 19 

pYerfoni, cixe-darbazi (Pierrefonds, castle) 

_ 169, 179, 195, 196, 232, 242-243, 251, 

309, 373 

pYujini ogastas eulbi norTmor (Pugin, 

Augustus Welby Northmore) _ 140, 142, 143, 

144, 199, 202, 204, 308, 309 

pYujini ogastas Carlz (Pugin, Augustus 

Charled) _ 142 

pokriSkini p. (Pokryshkin, P.) _ 317 

polaki l. (Pollak, L.) _ 43 

poleti luiji (Poletti, Luigi) _ 210 

polikleti (Polyclitus) _ 89 

poloneTi (Poland) _ 12, 315, 353 

pompei (Pompeii) _ 82, 83, 84, 85, 104, 238, 

260, 296, 370 

pompei, gladiatorebis yazarma (Pompeii, 

Caserma dei Gladiatori) _ 85 

pompei, nimfeumi (Pompeii, nymphaeum) _ 82 

pompei, qirurgis saxli (Pompeii, Casa del 

Chirurgo) _ 85 

poperi karl (Popper, Karl) _ 36 

porteri Carlz u. III (Porter, Charles W. III) _ 

327, 331 

portiCi (Portici) _ 82, 83, 85, 86 

portugalia (Portugal) _ 197 

posano (Possagno) _ 104 

poseidonia (Poseidonia) _ 72 

postdami (Potsdam) _ 146, 156 

pouisini albert reinald (Powys, Albert 

Reginald) _ 230, 233, 352 

poupi artur ufam (Pope, Arthur Upham) _ 335 

praisi uvideil (Price, Uvedale) _ 75, 76 

praqsiteli (Praxiteles) _ 88 

praRa, wm. vitis kaTedrali (Prague, St. Veit 


providensi (Providence) _ 330 

prokeS-ostani fon, baroni (von Prokesch- 

Osten, Freiherr) _ 208 

prokopo kesarieli (Procopius) _ 19 

prusia (Prussia) _ 36, 69, 86, 139, 148, 149, 

150, 155, 162, 163, 165, 173, 207, 208, 238, 

240 

prusti marsel (Proust, Marcel) _ 232 

pti jon lui (Petit, Rev, John Louis) _ 203, 204 

pula, avgustusis taZari (Pula, Temple of Augustus) 

_ 280 

puseni (dYuge gaspar) (Poussin (Dughet, Gaspard) 

_ 74, 78, 80 

pfori franc (Pforr, Franz) _ 147 

Jeneva (Geneva) _ 352 

Jili david (Gilly, David) _ 148, 155 

Jili fridrix (Gilly, Friedrich) - 147, 155 

JumeJi, saabato (Jumiéges, Abbey) _ 167 

Jurini o. (Zhurin, O.) _ 319, 320 

rabi samia (Rab, Samia) _ 194 

ravilini juzepe (Ravaglini, Giuseppe) _ 115 

ravena (Ravenna) _ 156 

rainis xeoba (Rhine Valley) _ 148, 150 

rainispireTi (Rhineland) _ 36, 148, 149, 242, 

350 

raiti edvard (Wright, Edward) _ 70 

raiti Tomas (Wright, Thomas) _ 133, 136 

raiti frenk loid (Wright, Frank Llyd) _ 231 

raihenSpergeri avgust (Reichensperger, August) 

_ 199, 240 

ramzes II (Ramses II) _ 18 

ramnusi (Rhamnus) _ 122 

raskini jon (Ruskin, John) _ 98, 174, 197, 202, 

204, 210, 214, 215, 216, 217, 218, 219, 220,

221, 222, 223, 224, 225, 226, 228, 229, 232, 

234, 241, 242, 246, 247, 248, 249, 250, 252, 

253, 256, 260, 270, 275, 288, 307, 308, 314, 

327, 375, 377 

rafaeli (santi rafaelo) (Raphael (Santi, 

Raffaello)) _ 26, 33, 39, 41, 43, 52, 53, 854, 

59, 73, 78, 79, 80, 88, 101, 102, 196, 220 

rafaeli betina (Raphael, Bettina) _ 82 

regensburgi (Regensburg) _ 147 

regensburgi, kaTedrali (Regensburg, cathedral) 

_ 154 

reveti nikolas (Revett, Nicholas) _ 72, 120, 

123 

reimsi, kaTedrali (Reims, cathedral) _ 31, 

165, 169, 179, 186, 196, 350 

remsi, sen-remis taZari (Reims, Saint-Remi 

church) _ 169 

rembrandti (Rembrandt) _ 57 

reni gvido (Reni Guido) _ 78, 101 

reni kristofer (Wren, Cristopher) _ 65, 130, 

131, 228 

reYnoldsi ser joSua (Reynolds, Sir Joshua) 

_ 78 

resina (Resina) _ 83, 84 

resifi (Recife) _ 360, 361 

riba (RIBA) _ 12, 197, 200, 201, 204, 207, 224, 

225, 226, 227 

ribe, kaTedrali (Ribe, cathedral) _ 312 

rigli alois (Riegl, Alois) _ 239, 262, 264, 

265, 266, 267, 268, 269, 270, 271, 285, 364, 

372, 375, 377 

rivo, saabato (Rievaulx Abbey) _ 64 

rivoli, cixe-darbazi (Rivoli castle) _ 391 

rimini (Rimini) _ 44, 50, 51 

rimini, san franCesko (Rimini, S. Francesco) _ 51 

rimini, tempio malatestiano (Rimini, Tempio 

Malatestiano) _ 50, 51, 63, 280 

rio de janeiro (Rio de Janeiro) _ 362 

riponi (Ripon) _ 141 

saZiebeli 453 

riqmeni Tomas (Rickman, Thomas) _ 71 

riCard lomguli, inglisis mefe (Richard 

the Lionhart of England) _ 180 

riCardsoni jonaTan (Richardson, Jonathan) 

_ 89 

riCi korado (Ricci, Corrado) _ 255 

rixteri f. (Richter, F.) _ 317, 318 

roberi Yuber (Robert, Hubert) _ 74, 77, 99 

robinsoni p.f. (Robinson, P.F.) _ 309 

robinsoni uilYm (Robinson, William) _ 131 

rogenti elias (Rogent, Elias) _ 307 

rodeni ogYust (Rodin, Auguste) _ 234 

roemondi, minsterkerki (Roermond, Munsterkerk) 

_ 309 

roza salvator (Rosa, Salvator) _ 74 

rozenTali k.a. (Rosenthal, C.A.) _ 157 

roTenburgi (Rothenburg) _ 154 

rokfeleri jon d. umcrosi (Rockefeller, 

John D.Jr.) _ 327, 328 

roladsbogeni (Rlandsbogen) _ 148 

romi (Rome) _ 7, 8, 9, 16, 19, 20, 26, 27, 32, 

33, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 48, 

49, 50, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 

61, 62, 67, 68, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 77, 82, 

86, 91, 92, 93, 94, 101, 102, 104, 105, 108, 

110, 112, 119, 124, 126, 147, 152, 156, 234, 

249, 251, 252, 253, 254, 256, 259, 260, 265, 

266, 272, 273, 274, 275, 276, 277, 278, 280, 

282, 283, 295, 296, 299, 312, 352, 357, 359, 

367, 370, 373 

romi, adrianes mavzoleumi (Rome, Hadrian`s 

mausoleum) _ 49, 73 

romi, avgusteumi (Rome, Augusteum) _ 274 

romi, akvedukebi (Rome, aqueducts) _ 20, 30, 

50, 54, 55 

romi, ara paci (mSvidobis sakurTxeveli) 

(Rome, Ara Pacis)) _ 40, 41, 274


romi, aurelianes zRude (Rome, Aurelian 

Walls) _ 20 

romi, bazilika aemilia (Rome, Basilica Aemilia) 

_ 52 

romi, borjo (Rome, Borgo) _ 274 

romi, borjo vatikano (Rome, Borgo Vaticano) 

_ 50 

romi, didi keisris baRi (Rome, Garden of the 

Great Caesar) _ 108, 110 

romi, diokletianes Termebi (Rome, 

Diocletian`s Baths (thermae)) _ 33, 43, 52, 55, 

56, 92, 260 

romi, domus aurea (Rome, Domus Aurea) _ 

104, 260 

romi, espanuri kibe (Rome, Spanish Steps) _ 

92 

romi, vespasianes taZari (Rome, temple of 

Vespasian) _ 110, 113 

romi, vestas taZari (Rome, temple of Vesta) _ 

110, 273, 274 

romi, vestas taZari (herkules viqtorisadmi 

miZRvnili) (Rome, Vesta Temple (Hercules 

Victor)) _ 110 

romi, via apia (Rome, Via Appia) _ 55, 260 

romi via aurelia (Rome, Via Aurelia) _ 41 

romi, via dei fori imperiali (Rome, Via dei 

Fori Imperiali) _ 273 

romi, via dei funari (Rome, Via dei Funari) 

_ 41 

romi, via del mare (Rome, Via del Mare) _ 

273, 274 

romi, via dela koncilacione (Rome, Via 

della Conciliazione) _ 274 

romi, via ripeto (Rome, Via Ripetto) _ 92 

romi, via sakra (Rome, Via Sacra) _ 52 

romi, via cirkus (Rome, Via Circus) _ 60 

romi, vila di montalo (Rome, Villa di Montalto) 

_ 57 

romi, vila doria-pamfili (Rome, Villa Doria 

Pamphili) _ 41 

romi, vila mediCi (Rome, Villa Medichi) _ 40, 

41 

romi, vila farnezina (Rome, Villa Farnesina) 

_ 79 

romi, viqtor emanuel II-is Zegli (Rome, 

monument of Vittorio Emanuele II) _ 254, 256 

romi, imperiisdroindeli fora (Rome, Imperial 

Fora) _ 273 

romi, kaligulas cirki (Rome, Circus Caligula) 

_ 59 

romi, kapitoline (Rome, Capitoline) _ 40, 43 

romi, kapitoliumi (Rome, Capitol) _ 38, 43, 

45, 51, 55, 59, 111, 254, 260, 366, 367 

romi, kapitoliumis baRi (Rome, Garden of 

the Capitol) _ 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 114 

romi, karakalas Termebi (Rome, thermae of 

Caracalla) _ 260 

romi, kvirinalis borcvi (Rome, Quirinal Hill) 

_ 44, 92, 105 

romi, kloaka maqsima (Rome, Cloaca Maxima) 

_ 73 

romi, koelis borcvi (Rome, Coelian Hill) _ 51 

romi, kolizeumi (Rome, Colosseum) _ 20, 49, 

55, 60, 104, 105, 106, 107, 110, 111, 112, 

116, 117, 118, 120, 253 

romi, konstantines TaRi (Rome, Arch of Constantine) 

_ 18, 19, 39, 55, 62, 67, 105 

romi, kuria (Rome, Curia) _ 275 

romi, kuria lulia (Rome, Curia Lulia) _ 260 

romi, largo arjentina (Rome, Largo Argentina) 

_ 274 

romi, laterani (Rome, Lateran) _ 43 

romi, lateranis bazilika (Rome, Lateran 

basilica) _ 62 

romi, lateranis obeliski (Rome, Lateran 

obelisk) _ 59

omi, markus avreliusis sveti (Rome, Column 

of Marcus Aurelius statue) _ 55, 57, 58, 

77 

romi, markus avreliusis qandakeba (Rome, 

Column of Marcus Aurelius statue) _ 43, 367 

romi, marselusis Teatri (Rome, theatre of 

Marcellus) _ 273 

romi, mateis sasaxle (Rome, Mattei palace) _ 

41, 89 

romi, mgrgvinavi Yupiteris taZari (Rome, 

temple of Jupiter Tonans)– 110 

romi, meta sudante (Rome, Meta Sudante) _ 

52, 60 

romi, montesitorios obeliski (Rome, 

Montecitorio obelisk) _ 92, 93 

romi, Yanusis TaRi (Rome, Arc of Janus) _ 111, 

273 

romi, oTxi mdinaris Sadrevani (Rome, 

Founten of Four Rivers) _ 38, 59 

romi, palatino (Rome, Palatine) _ 111, 249, 

250, 260 

romi, palaco dei konservatori (Rome, 

Palazzo dei Conservatori) _ 40 

romi, palaco venecia (Rome, Palazzo Venezia) 

_ 40, 52 

romi, palaco farneze (Rome, Palazzo Fernese) 

_ 79 

romi, panTeoni (Rome, Pantheon) _ 19, 46, 

54, 60, 61, 62, 105, 108, 110, 111, 249, 260, 

275, 294, 297 

romi, piaca del popolo (Rome Piazza del 

Popolo) _ 55, 59, 110 

romi, piaca montesitorio (Rome, Piazza di 

Montecitorio) _ 92, 93 

romi, piaca navona (Rome, Piazza Navona) _ 

59, 93 

romi, pinCio (Rome, Pincio) _ 108, 110, 111, 

113 

romi, pompeusis Teatri (Rome theatre of 

Pompeo) _ 43 

saZiebeli 455 

romi, porta salaria (Rome, Porta Salaria) _ 92 

romi, porto di ripeta (Rome, Porto di Ripetta) 

_ 60 

romi, regia (Rome, Regia) _ 250 

romi, san adriano (Rome, S. Adriano) _ 260 

romi, san bartolomeo alìzola (Rome, S. 

Bartolomeo allìsola) _ 260 

romi, san eustaxio (Rome, St. Eustachio) _ 41, 

108 

romi, san klemente (Rome, S. Clemente) _ 260 

romi, san lorenco fuori le mura (Rome, 

S. Lorenzo fuori le mura) _ 279, 280 

romi, san luiji dei franCezi (Rome, S. Luigi 

dei Francesi) _ 62 

romi, san marko (Rome, S. Marco) _ 50, 51, 52 

romi, san pantaleo (Rome, S. Pantaleo) _ 210 

romi, san paolo fuori le mura (Rome, S. 

Paolo fuori le mura) _ 210 

romi, san saba (Rome, S. Saba) _ 260 

romi, san stefano rotondo (Rome, S. Stefano 

Rotondo) _ 50, 51 

romi, san jorjo al velabro (Rome, S. 

Giorgio al velabro) _ 389, 390 

romi, sant ignacio (Rome, S. Ignazio) _ 108 

romi, santa maria ad martires (panTeoni) 

(Rome, S. Maria ad Martyres (Pantheon) _ 60 

romi, santa maria del popolo (Rome, S. 

Maria del Popolo) _ 41 

romi, santa maria deli anjeli (Rome, S. 

Maria degli Angeli) _ 55, 56, 57, 60, 79, 260 

romi, santa maria in kosmedini (Rome, S. 

Maria in Cosmedin) _ 111, 260, 261 

romi, santa maria majore (Rome, S. Maria 

Maggiore) _ 59 

romi, santa maria sopra minerva (Rome,S. 

Maria sepra Minerva) _ 59 

romi, santa trinita del monti (Rome, SS. 

Trinita dei Monti) _ 92


romi, septizoniumi (Rome, Seprizonium) _ 

54, 57, 59 

romi, septimius severusis TaRi (Rome, 

Arch of Seprimius Severus) _ 49, 104-105, 113 

romi, siqstes kapela (Rome, Sistine Chapel) 

_ 39, 42 

romi, siqstes xidi (Rome, Ponto Sisto) _ 49 

romi, tibri (Rome, Tiber) _ 101, 108, 110 

romi, titusis abanoebi (Rome, thermae of Titus) 

_ 105 

romi, titusis TaRi (Rome, Arch of Titus) _ 

49, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 118, 119, 120, 

237, 250, 252, 260, 373 

romi, tore deli anguilara (Rome, Torre 

degli Anguilara) _ 260 

romi, traianes TaRi (arko dela pieta) 

(Rome, Arch of Trajan (Arco della Pietta)) _ 62 

romi, traianes savaWro (Rome, Trajan`s Market) 

_ 273 

romi, traianes sveti (Rome, Trajan`s column) 

_ 55, 57, 77 

romi, traianes forumi (Rome, Rofum of Trajan) 

_ 19, 108, 110, 250 

romi, trastevere (Rome, Trastevere) _ 260 

romi, trevis Sadrevani (Rome, Fountain of 

Trevi) _ 108 

romi, forum boariumi (Rome, Forum Boarium) 

_ 110 

romi, forum romanumi (Rome, Forum Romanum) 

_ 55, 103, 108, 109, 110, 111, 113, 

118, 249, 250, 260, 275 

romi, fortuna virili (Rome, Fortuna Virilis) _ 221 

romi, fortunas taZari (Rome, temple of Fortune) 

_ 274 

romi, forum transitoriumi (Rome, Forum 

Transitorium) _ 52 

romi, Cigis kapela (Rome,Chigi chapel) _ 41 

romi, cestiusis piramida (Rome, pyramid of 

Castius) _ 54, 55 

romi, cecilius metelas akldama (Rome, 

Cecilia Metella tomb) _ 54 

romi, cirkus maqsenciusi (Rome Circus of 

Maxentius) _ 59 

romi, cirkus maqsimusi (Rome, Circus Maximus) 

_ 59, 111, 260, 367 

romi, wm. angelozis cixe-koSki (Rome, Castel 

S. Angelo) _ 20, 52, 54, 108, 256 

romi, wm. mociqulTa eklesia (Rome, SS. 

Apostoli) _ 210 

romi, wm. mowameTa taZari (kolizeumi) 

(Rome, temple of Martyrs (Colosseum) _ 60 

romi, wm. petre (Rome, St. Peter`s) _ 50, 52, 

53, 57, 59, 61, 79, 108, 257, 274 

romi, wm. rita (Rome, S. Rita) _ 273 

romi Sarl (Rome, Charles) _ 96 

roro franCesko (Rorro, Francesco) _ 83 

roselino bernardo (Rossellino, Bernardo) _ 

50, 51 

roseti dante gabriel (Rosetti, Dante Gabriel) 

_ 228 

rosi ludvig (Ross, Ludwig) _ 123, 124, 127, 

128, 129, 235, 236, 237 

roskilde, kaTedrali (Roskilde, cathedral) _ 

312, 314 

rostami (Rostam) _ 334 

rota s.j. (Rotta, S.G.) _ 249 

roterdami (Rotterdam) _ 354 

rotondi p. (Rotondi, P.) _ 296 

roSari s.t. (Rochard, S.T.) _ 170 

roSi saabato (Roche Abbey) _ 64 

roCesteri (Rochester) _ 141 

ruani (Rouen) _ 223 

ruani, kaTedrali (Rouen, cathedral) _ 167, 

350 

rubensi piter pauel (Rubens, Peter Paul) _ 

70, 78

ubiani alfonso (Rubbiani, Alfonso) _ 254, 

255, 256 

rumineTi (Romania) _ 12, 320, 321, 322 

ruseTi (Russia) _ 12, 121, 313, 316, 317 

ruso J.J (Rousseau, J.J.) _ 130 

rutlandi (Rutland) _ 201 

saami, xalxi (Saame people) _ 23 

saarineni eliel (Saarinen, Eliel) _ 314 

saberZneTi (Greece) _ 7, 24, 69, 70, 71, 72, 

73, 77, 86, 87, 88, 89, 94, 95, 120, 121, 122, 

123, 125, 147, 214, 217, 234, 266, 312 

savana (Savnnah) _ 330 

sakardo (Saccardo) _ 248 

saki andrea (Sacchi, Andrea) _ 78 

sakoni juzepe (Sacconi, Giuseppe) _ 249, 254 

sakra di san mikele (Sacra di San Michele) _ 

205 

salamanka (Salamanca) _ 306 

salviati franCesko (Salviati, Francesco) _ 39 

salvini enToni (Salvin, Anthony) _ 198, 200, 

201, 203 

samaryardi (Samarkand) _ 381, 384, 393 

samaryandi, bibi xanumis meCeTi (Samarkand, 

Bibi Khanum mosque) _ 381 

samaryandi, gur-i amiris meCeTi (Samarkand, 

Gur-i Amir mosque) – 381 

samaryandi, Temuridebis xanis Zeglebi 

(Samarkand, Timurid monuments) _ 383 

samaryandi, Sax-i zide (Samarkand, Shah-i- 

Zindech) _ 290 

samboni arTur (Sambon, Arthur) _ 233 

san-berteni, saabato (Saint-Bertin, abbey) _ 

169 

san galioano, saabato (S. Galgano, abbey) _ 

276 

san visente de avila, eklesia (S. Vicente de 

Avila, church) _ 306 

san-malo (Saint-Malo) _ 353, 354 

saZiebeli 457 

san fernandos akademia (Academia de San 

Fernando) _ 306 

sanaZaro jakopo (Sannazaro, Jacopo) _ 39 

sangalo antonio da, umcrosi (Sangalloo, 

Antonio da, the yanger) _ 52, 59 

sangalo juliano da (Sangallo, Guiliano da) 

_ 42, 52 

sanli, taZari (Senlis, cathedral) _ 169 

sansi, sinodaluri darbazi (Sens, Synodal 

Hall) _ 178, 179, 196, 243 

sansovino iakopo tati (Sansovino, Iacopo 

Tatti) _ 41, 43 

sardesi, gimnasioni (Sardes, Gymnasium) _ 385 

sardi juzepe (Sardi, Giuseppe) _ 260, 261 

safrangeTi (France) _ 31, 34, 35, 36, 62, 63, 

70, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 82, 94, 95, 96, 99, 100, 

101, 102, 108, 119, 120, 121, 130, 144, 146, 

147, 148, 160, 163, 165, 166, 167, 168, 169, 

171, 173, 174, 175, 176, 179, 180, 191, 192, 

194, 197, 199, 202, 204, 207, 214, 219, 221, 

222, 223, 225, 228, 231, 232, 233, 247, 255, 

257, 266, 303, 306, 309, 311, 314, 327, 349, 

350, 351, 352, 353, 354, 358, 359, 374, 391 

saqsonia (Saxony) _ 62, 147, 165, 238, 239, 

315 

sbordoni-mora laura (Sbordoni Mora, Laura) 

_ 296, 298, 299 

segesta (Segesta) _ 74, 85 

seviliYa, alkazari (Sevilla, Alcázar) _ 306 

seviliYa, giralda (Sevilla, Giralda) _ 306 

seviliYa, kaTedrali (Sevilla, cathedral) _ 306 

selvatiko estense pietro (Selvatico Estense, 

Pietro) _ 211, 212, 213, 251 

selinunti (Selinunte) _ 74, 85, 238, 292, 387 

selisbero (Selisbury) _ 65 

selisberi, kaTedrali (Salisbury, cathedral) _ 

65, 131, 134, 136, 137, 139, 143, 202, 219, 

220


sen-deni, saabatos eklesia (Saint-denis, abbey 

church) _ 173, 174, 179 

sen meqsani, saabato (Abbey of Saint-Maixent) 

_ 63 

sent albano, saabato (St. Albans`s Abbey) _ 

141, 227 

sent-bYovi (Sainte-beuve) _ 176, 177, 178 

sent odilienbergi, eklesia (St. Odilienberg, 

church) _ 309 

sent-omeri (Saint-Omer) _ 169 

serlio sebastiano (Serlio, Sebastiano) _ 48 

svetoniusi (Suetonius) _ 24 

sidnei, navsadguri (Sydney, Harbour) _ 368 

sidnei, opera (Sydney, Opera House) _ 368 

siena (Siena) _ 30, 31, 212, 215, 283 

siena, kaTedrali (Siena, cathedral) _ 211, 212 

siena, palaco publiko (Siena, Palazzo Publico) 

_ 30 

siena, piaco del kampo (Siena, Palazzo del 

Campo) _ 30, 31 

sietli, duvaniSTa gvaris indieli beladi 

(Seattle, Indian Chief, Duwanish family) _ 22 

simaxusi, imperatori (Symmachus, emperor) 

_ 19 

siria (Syria) _ 70 

siqste IV, papi (Sixtus IV, pope) _ 40, 49 

siqste V, papi (Sixtus V, pope) _ 44, 54, 57, 

58, 59, 92 

sicilia (Sicily) _ 30, 46, 72, 77, 85, 122, 292, 

371, 387 

skamoci (Scamozzi) _ 69 

skandinavia (Scandinavia) _ 7, 67, 311, 327 

skanseni, muzeumi (Scansen, museum) _ 313, 327 

skara, kaTedrali (Skara, cathedral) _ 311 

skarpa karlo (Scarpa, Carlo) _ 390 

skoti ser uolter (Scott, Sir Walter) _ 166, 

228 

skoti ser jorj julbert (Scott, Sir George 

Gilbert) _ 175, 197, 198, 199, 200, 201, 202, 

203, 204, 205, 206, 207, 210, 215, 224, 225, 

226, 227, 228, 230, 260 

slatinani, samrevlo eklesia (Slatinan, Parish 

church) _ 271 

sloani ser hans (Sloane, Sir Hans) _ 104 

smirki robert (Smirke, Robert) _ 131 

sneiersi r. (Sneyers, R.) _ 296 

sodankila, eklesia (Sodankylä, church) _ 380, 

381, 382 

solomoni, mefe (Solomon, king) _ 25 

sonki lars (Sonck, Lars) _ 314 

spanYoli jiovan batista (Spagnoli, Giovan 

Battista) _ 39 

sparseTi (Persia) _ 17, 18, 19, 70, 334 

sparta (Sparta) _ 24 

spenseri edmund (Spenser, Edmund) _ 39 

spilos Zvlis sanapiro (Côte-dÒr) _ 197 

spliti (Split) _ 71, 209, 270, 271, 377, 379, 

380 

spliti, grizogonos da kipkis ojaxebis 

sasaxle (Split, palace of Grisogono and Cipci 

families) _ 378, 380 

spliti, dioklitianes sasaxle (Split, 

Diocletian`s palace) _ 70, 209, 270, 271, 377, 

378 

spon Jak (Spon, Jacques) _ 71 

ssrk (USSR) _ 318, 320 

stabia (Stabiae) _ 82, 83 

stambuli (Istambul) _ 357 

stendali (Stendal) _ 86 

stendali (mari anri beili) (Stendhal (Marie 

henri Beyle)) _ 86, 115, 176 

stivensi g. f. (Stevens, G. Ph.) _ 237 

stivensoni jon jeims (Stevenson, John 

James) _ 227, 248

stYuarti jeimz (Stuart, James) _ 72, 120, 123 

stoveli heob (Stovel, Herb) _ 22, 64, 70 

stokholmi (Stokholm) _ 327, 362, 390 

stokholmi, katarinas eklesia (Stokholm, 

Katarina church) _ 309 

stokholmi, ridarhormis eklesia (Stokholm, 

Riddarholm church) _ 309 

stolpeni (Stolpen) _ 239 

storki h.b. (Storck, H.B.) _ 312 

stounhenji (Stonehenge) _ 21, 64, 70, 198, 

224 

strasburgi (Strasbourg) _ 145, 219, 243, 243, 

246, 268, 355 

strasburgi, kaTedrali (Strasbourg, cathedral) 

_ 98, 126, 145, 244 

stratford holi (Stratford Hall) _ 325, 327 

striti jorj edmund (Street, George Edmund) 

_ 198, 225, 226, 228, 247, 248, 307 

strouberi hili (Strawberry Hill) _ 131, 134 

struiusi ion (Struyus, John) _ 334 

suasoni, kaTedrali (Soissons, cathedral) _ 

350 

suza, veli (Susa, valley of) _ 256 

suza, naqalaqari (Susa, archeological site) _ 

350 

suzdali (Souzdal) _ 318 

suzdali, Sobis taZari (Souzdal, church of 

Nativity) _ 318 

sulTan mahmudi (Sultan Mahmud) _ 121 

sunioni (Sunion) _ 122 

sustereni, eklesia (Susteren, church) _ 309 

suflo Jak-Jermen (Soufflot, Jacques-Germain) 

_ 82, 186 

sforca, warCinebuli ojaxi (Sforza, family) 

_ 40, 46 

sforcinda, idealuri qalaqi (Sforzinda, 

Ideal town) _ 46 

tanka karlo (Tenca, Carlo) _ 247 

taragona (Tarragona) _ 389, 391 

tauberti j. (Taubert, J.) _ 296 

tacitusi (Tacitus) _ 24 

tbaTa mxare (Lake District) _ 75, 218 

saZiebeli 459 

teilori baron JYusten (Taylor, Baron Justin) 

_ 77, 167, 171 

tepe alfred (Tepe, Alfred) _ 309 

terneri Tekerei (Turnet, Thackeray) _ 342 

terneri j.m.u. (Turner, J.M.W.) _ 148 

tieri adolf (Tiers, adolphe) _ 168 

tivoli (Tivoli) _ 82, 110 

tivoli, adrianes vila (Tivoli, hadrian`s Villa) 

_ 238 

tivoli, vila dèste (Tovili, Villa dÈste) _ 39 

tili, generali (Tilly, general) _ 157, 161 

tinterni, saabato (Tintern Abbey) _ 64, 230 

tirinTi (Tiryne) _ 122 

tiroli (Tyrol) _ 265 

tito e. (Tito, E.) _ 249 

titusi, imperatori (Titus, emperor) _ 105, 

114 

tYuringia (Thüringen) _ 238 

todi, santa maria dela konsolacione 

(Todi, S. maria della Consolazione) _ 284 

tokio (Tokyo) _ 238, 296, 370 

tompsoni j. (Thompson, G.) _ 296 

tongariro, saRvTo mTa (Tongariro, sacred 

mountain) – 22 

tores balbasi leopoldo (Torres Balbās, 

Leopoldo) _ 306, 307, 352 

tornov-metci paul (Torniw-metz, Paul) _ 

244, 308 

toronto (Toronto) _ 387, 388 

toskana (Tuscany) _ 210, 276


transilvania (Transylvania) _ 207, 321 

treviso (Treviso) _ 280 

trento, san pietro (Trento, S. Pietro) _ 211 

trienti (Trient) _ 209 

triesti (Triest) _ 209 

tripi gertruda (Tripp, Gertrude) _ 265 

triri (Trier) _ 243, 244, 245 

troa (Troy) _ 46 

trondhaimi, kaTedrali (Trondhaim, cathedral) 

_ 311, 312, 314 

trua, kaTedrali (Troyes, cathedral) _ 193 

tuduzi JorJ (Toudouze, Georges) _ 233, 234, 

tuluza (Toulous) _ 102 

tuluza, sent-serneni (Toulouse, Saint-Sernin) 

_ 179, 193, 194, 196 

tumakoris erovnuli Zegli (Tumacori National 

Monument) _ 327 

tunisi (Tunis) _ 28, 85, 231 

turi (Tours) _ 188 

turi, kaTedrali (Tours, cathedral) _ 189, 193 

turini (Turin) _ 252, 255, 256, 257, 391 

turini, guarinis samlocvelo (Turin, Cappella 

della Sinodone) _ 389 

turini, kaTedrali (Turin, cathedral) _ 389 

turini, palaco madama (Turin, Palazzo Madama) 

_ 257 

turku, kaTedrali (Turku, cathedral) _ 314 

tuci juzepe (Tucci, Giuseppe) _ 338 

uaietvili ser jefri (Wyatville, Sir Jeffry) _ 

142 

uaieti jeims (Wyatt, James) _ 131, 134, 135, 

136, 137, 138, 141, 142, 143 

uebi benjamen (Webb, Benjamin) _ 198 

uebi filip (Webb, Philip) _ 228, 231 

ueleri jorj (Wheler, George) _ 71 

ueli Jan (Houel, Jean) _ 77 

uelsi (Wales) _ 200, 202 

uelsi, kaTedrali (Wells, cathedral) _ 200, 

289 

uelsi, tinterni (Wales, Tintern) _ 64 

uesti riCard (West, Richard) _ 73, 82 

uzbekeTi (Uzbekistan) _ 383 

uiTingtoni g. d. (Whitington, G.D.) _ 71 

uilisi, profesori (Willis, Professor) _ 207 

uindzori, elTam palasi (Windsor, Eltam palace) 

_ 142 

uindzori, cixe-darbazi (Windsor, castle _ 

139, 142, 143, 200, 373, 390 

umberto, italiis kronprinci (Umberto, 

Crouwn Prince of Italy) _ 154 

umbria (Umbria) _ 389 

ungi bertel (Jung, Bertel) _ 314 

ungreTi (Hungary) _ 81, 207, 322 

uoToni henri (Wotton, Henry) _ 74 

uolpoli ser horas (Walpole, Sir Horace) _ 

72, 73, 82, 131, 134 

uolsi Tomas, kardinali (Wolsey, Thomas 

cardinal) _ 63 

uordsuorTi uilYam (Wordsworth, William) _ 

218 

uoSingtoni (Washington) _ 356 

upsala, kaTedrali (Uppsala, cathedral) _ 311, 

314 

urban VIII barberini, papi (Urban VIII Barberini, 

pope) _ 60-61 

urbani bartolomeo (Urbani, Bartolomeo) _ 79 

urbani g. (Urbani, G.) _ 296 

urbino (Urbino) _ 52 

urne, eklesia (Urnes, church) _ 313 

utrexti (Utrecht) _ 309 

utconi Yorn (Utzon, Jörn) _ 368

uqsmali (Uxmal) _ 302, 303 

favreto j. kav (Favretto, Cav. G.) _ 249 

fazolo v. (Fasolo, V.) _ 238 

fanCeli paolo (Fancelli, paolo) _ 37 

farneze, warCinebuli ojaxi (Farnese, family) 

_ 40 

fasargadi (Pasargadae) _ 338 

fasargadi, kirosis akldama (Pasargadae, 

temb of Cyrcus) _ 17, 19, 334 

fatehpur sikri (Fatehpur Sikri) _ 339, 343 

faunteni, saabato (Fountains Abbey) _ 64, 75, 

386 

facena domeniko (Faccenna, Domenico) _ 338 

fea karlo (Fea Carlo) _ 93, 103, 104, 105, 

110, 115, 116, 118 

feni, cixe-darbazi (Fenis Castle) _ 256 

ferara (Ferrara) _ 39, 40, 44 

ferara, kaTedrali (Ferrara, cathedral) _ 283 

feri benjamen (Ferrey, Benjamin) _ 142 

feruci e. (Ferruzzi, E.) _ 249 

fejerdi TamaS (Fejérdi, Tamās) - 12, 323 

fidiasi (Phidias) _ 88 

fidleri (Fiedler) _ 285 

filadelfia (Philadelphia) _ 330 

filadelfia, wm. iakobi (Philadelphia, St. 

James-the-Less) _ 332 

filaret il (antonio averlini) (Filaret Il 

(Antonio, Averlino) _ 46 

fildeni ser bernard m. (Feilden, Sir Bernard 

M.) _ 8, 296, 300 

filiber de lòrm (Philibert de lÒrme) _ 63 

filip-avgustusi, safrangeTis mefe 

(Pilippe-August of France) _ 180 

filipo pol (Philippot, Paul) _ 12, 285, 294, 

295, 296, 298, 299, 365 

fineTi (Finland) _ 12, 313, 314, 380, 381 

saZiebeli 461 

fiorovante di ridolfo aristotele di 

(Fiorovante di Ridolfo, Aristotele di) _ 59 

fioreli juzepe (Fiorelli, Giuseppe) _ 251, 

260 

firdousi (Firdowsi) _ 334 

fiSer fon erlax iohan bernhard (Fischer 

von Erlach, Johann Bernhard) _ 69 

fiSeri Teodor (Fischer, Theodor) _ 242 

fiCi jeims marston (Fitch, James Marston) _ 

333 

florencia (Florence) _ 31, 32, 40, 41, 44, 68, 

88, 212, 247, 259, 280, 281, 299, 353, 357 

florencia, kaTedrali (santa maria dei 

fiore) (Florence, cathedral (S. Maria, del Fiore) 

_ 210, 211, 212 

florencia, ponte vekio (Florence, Ponte 

Vecchio) _ 280, 281 

florencia, santa kroCe (Florence, S. Croce) 

_ 63, 210, 211 

florencia, santa maria novela (Florence, 

S. Maria Novella) _ 45, 63 

florencia, ufici (Florence, Uffizi) _ 389 

florencia, jotos kampanile (samreklo) 

(Florence, Giotto`s Campanile) _ 220, 222 

folinYo (Foligno) _ 389 

fontana domeniko (Fontana, Domenico) _ 43, 

44, 57, 58, 59, 60, 82 

fontana karlo (Fonatana, carlo) _ 60, 260 

fonthili, saabato (Fonthill Abbey) _ 134 

fordi henri da misi ojaxi (Ford, Henry, family) 

_ 327 

forsteri georg (Forster, Georg) _ 146 

fort uilYami (Fort William) _ 340 

fra jokondo (Fra Giocondo) _ 44, 52 

fraiburgi (Freiberg) _ 243 

fraiburgi, kaTedrali (Freiberg, cathedral) _ 

239


frangul ZeglTa muzeumi (Musée des monuments 

francais) _ 99, 100, 168 

fransi anatol (France, Anatole) _ 232 

fransiade, eklesia (Franciade, church) _ 96 

franCesko asizeli (Francis of Assisi) _ 23 

franc-iozefi, avstriis imperatori (Franz 

Joseph, emperor of Austria) _ 154 

fraskati (Frascati) _ 110 

frederiksburgi (Fredericksburg) _ 355 

frederikburgi, cixe-simagre (Fredericksburg 

Castle) _ 312 

freizeri j. b. (Frazer, J.B.) _ 334 

fridenhaimi baron fon (von Fredenheim, Baron) 

_ 104 

fridrix vilhelm I, prusiis mefe (Friedrich 

Wilhelm I, king of Prussia) _ 86 

fridrix II, imperatori (Frederick II, emperor) 

_ 31 

fridrixi kaspar david (Friedrich, Caspar David) 

_ 147, 313 

fridrih didi (Frederick the Great) _ 145, 147 

fridrih vilhelm, prusiis kronprinci 

(Friederich Wilhelm, crown prince of Prussia) _ 

151 

fridrih vilhelm IV, prusiis mefe (Friedrich 

Wilhelm IV, king of Prussia) _ 152, 154, 162 

fridrih II, hessenis langrafi (Friedrich II, 

Langrave of Hessen) _ 145 

friki fridrix (Frick, Friedrich) _ 155 

frimeni edvard ogastas (Freeman, Edward 

Augustus) _ 202 

fuga ferdinando (Fuga, Ferdinando) _ 93 

fuko miSel (Foucault, Michel) _ 34, 36 

fulvio andrea (Fulvio, Andrea) _ 52, 54 

qairo (Cairo) _ 277, 370 

qarteri jon (Carter, John) _ 71, 137, 138, 

139, 140, 143, 375 

qasl houard (Castle Howard) _ 75 

qaSani (Kashan) _ 28, 337 

qentrberi, kaTedrali (Canterbury, cathedral) 

_ 141, 144 

qerou uilYam duglas (Caroe, William Douglas) 

_ 249 

qoventri, kaTedrali (Coventry, cathedral) _ 

135, 354 

qokereli (Cockerell) _ 120, 198 

qolvini sidnei (Colvin, Sidney) _ 207, 226, 

227, 228 

qornvalisi jeims, grafi (Cornwallis, James 

Earl) _ 135 

qotinhemi lYuis nokals (Cottingham, Lewis 

Nockalls) _ 141 

qouli h.h. (Cole, H.H.) _ 341 

qromveli Tomas (Cromwell, Thomas) _ 63 

qserqse, sparseTis mefe (Xerxes, king of Persia) 

_ 334 

yazvini (Gazvin) _ 337 

SantiliYe, cixe-darbazi (Chantilly Castle) _ 

96 

Sarl III burboni (Charles III of Borbons) _ 83 

Sarlotsvili (Charlottesville) _ 325 

Sartri, kaTedrali (Chartres, cathedral) _ 21, 

31, 171, 186, 193, 350 

satobriani fransua rene vikont de (Chateaubriand, 

Francois Renē Vicomte de) _ 121, 

165, 246 

Sah abasi (Shah Abbas) _ 334, 335 

Seiferi karl (Schäfer, Karl) _ 239, 240, 245 

Seli Hh.b. (Shelly, P.B.) _ 116 

Senkendorfi ferdinand maqvs fon (von 

Schenkendorf, Ferdinand Max) _ 155 

SefTsbari, lordi (Shaftesbury, Lord) _ 76, 78 

Seqspiri uilYam (Shakespeare, William) _ 20- 

21, 35, 168

SvedeTi (Sweden) _ 23, 34, 63, 67, 68, 309, 

311, 312, 313, 390 

Sveicaria (Switzerland) _ 148, 154, 179, 219 

Svetcingeni (Schwetzingen) _ 385 

Soleri iohan kristof fridrix fon (von 

Schiller, J.C.F.) _ 166 

Sinkeli karl fridrix (Schinkel, Karl Friedrich) 

_ 121, 122, 147, 148, 149, 150, 152, 

156, 160, 161, 162, 313 

Sirazi baqer (Shirazi, Baqer) _ 338 

Sirakava (Shirakawa) _ 375 

Sirmeri hainrix ernst (Schirmer, Heinrich 

Ernst) _ 312 

Slegeli fridrix fon (von Shlegel, Friedrich) 

_ 86, 148, 309 

Slimani hainrix (Schliemann, Heinrich) _ 129 

Smidti erik (Schmidt, Erich) _ 337 

Smidti fridrix fon (von Schmidt, Friedrich) 

_ 154, 209, 210, 260 

Smidti hartvig (Schmidt, Hartwing) _ 237, 

238, 383, 384 

SYoni Teodor fon (von Schön, Theodor) _ 

155, 156 

SYuTi jon (Chute, John) _ 131 

Soberti gustav eduard (Schaubert, Gustav 

Eduard) _ 121, 123, 124, 127, 129, 235, 236 

Sotlandia (Scotland) _ 198, 227 

Sou riCard norman (Shaw, Richard Norman) _ 213 

Spaieri, kaTedrali (Speyer, cathedral) _ 146, 

154, 311 

Spengleri osvald (Spengler, Oswald) _ 262 

Sri lanka (Sri Lanka) _ 23, 357 

Sroteri fon, baroni (von Schrotter, Minister 

Freiherr) _ 155 

Stainbaxi ervin fon (von Steinbach, Erwin) _ 145 

Stainbrexti konrad (Steinbrecht, Conrad) _ 

156, 246 

saZiebeli 463 

Staineri jorj (Steiner, George) _ 264 

Stakelbergi (Stackelberg) _ 120 

Stelceri helmut (Stelzer, Helmut) _ 12 

Sterni rafael (Stern, Raffaele) _ 103, 106, 

107, 108, 113, 114, 115, 118 

Stifteri adalbert (Stift, Adalbert) _ 209 

StYubeni iozef herman (Stübben, Joseph Hermann) 

_ 272 

StYuleri august (Stüler, August) _ 156 

Stolcenfelzi, cixe-darbazi (Stolzenfels, 

castle) _ 150 

SuamdinareTi (Mesopotamia) _ 15 

Suberti ernst (Schubert, Ernst) _ 315, 316 

Suberti franc (Schubert, Franz) _ 148 

Sumani robert (Schumann, Robert) _ 148 

Sumerebi (Sumerians) _ 24 

Cembersi uilYam ser (Chambers, Sir William) 

_ 76 

Carlz II, inglisis mefe (Charles II, king of 


CauSesku, prezidenti (Ceaucescu, president) 

_ 312 

Cesteri, kaTedrali (Chester, cathedral) _ 202 

Cesterfildi (Chesterfield) _ 300 

Cefalu, kaTedrali (Cefalu, cathedral) _ 292 

Cigi, koleqcia (Chigi, collection) _ 86 

Cigi, warCinebuli ojaxi (Chigi, family) _ 61, 62 

Cikago, universiteti (Chigaco, University) _ 

337 

Cimabue (Cimabue) _ 389 

CineTi China) _ 15 

CiCeTeri (Chichester) _ 65 

CiCeTeri, kaTedrali (Chichester, cathedral) _ 

205 

CYonhauzeni karl fon, baroni (von Czernhausen, 

Karl Freiherr Czoernig) _ 208


cerera (Ceres) _ 46 

ceSi karlo (Cesschi, Carlo) _ 275 

cvikau, marienkirxe (Zwichau, Marienkirche) _ 

238, 239 

cvirneri ernst fridrix (Zwirner, Ernst 

Friedrich) _ 151, 152 

ciceroni (Cicero) _ 24 

cYurixi (Zürich) _ 63 

Zanderi juzepe (Zander, Giuseppe) _ 338 

Zapati tomazo (Zappati, Tommaso) _ 105 

Zveli Senobebis dacvis sazogadoeba (spabi) 

(Society for the protection of Ancient Buildings 

(SPAB)) _ 141, 197, 214, 227, 228, 230, 

231, 232, 247, 248, 250, 259, 327, 384, 391 

xmelTaSuazRvispireTi (Mediterranean) _ 15, 

25, 30, 34, 35, 39, 69, 219, 237, 384, 342 

xorini, monasteri (Chorin, convent) _ 150 

xristina, SvedeTis dedofali (Christina, 

queen of Sweden) _ 67, 77 

jekobsi jein (Jacobs, Jane) _ 333 

jili fridrix (Gilly, Fridrich) _ 122 

jilpini uilYam (Gilpin, William) _ 75 

jovanYoni gustavo (Giovannoni, Gustavo) _ 

272, 273, 274, 275, 276, 281, 352, 353, 358, 

370, 375 

jovenale jovani batista (Giovenale, Giovanni 

Battista) _ 260, 261 

jonsi ser uilYam (Johens, Sir William) _ 340 

jonsoni semuel (Johnson, Samuel) _ 340 

jorj IV, inglisis mefe (Geogre IV, king of 


joto di bondone (Giotto di Bondone) _ 38, 

63, 221, 389 

jonzi inigo (Jones, Inigo) _ 64, 70 

juvara filipo (Juvarra, Filippo) _ 257 

justiniani, warCinebuli ojaxi (Giustiniani, 

family) _ 41 

haaga (The Hague) _ 349 

hazeliusi artur (Hazelius, Artur) _ 313 

hazenflugi g.g.a. (Hasenpflug, G.G.A.) _ 157 

haida, sofeli (Haida villige) _ 22 

haidegeri martin (Heidegger, Martin) _ 36, 

262, 263, 264, 285, 286, 365, 372 

haidelbergi (Heidelberg) _ 246 

haidelbergi, oteinrihCsbau (Heidelberg, Otteinrichsbau) 

– 245 

haidelbergi, cixe-darbazi (Heidelberg, castle) 

_ 241, 242, 2244, 245 

haidelYofi karl aleqsander fon (von 

Heidelöff, carl Alexander) _ 154 

haidenstami verner fon (von Heidenstam, 

Verner) _ 311, 314 

haiderabadi (Hyderabad) _ 343, 344 

hainze vilhelm (Heinse, Wilhelm) _ 146 

hakerti filip (Hackert, Philipp) _ 74 

halberStadi (Halberstadt) _ 243 

hale (Halle) _ 86, 145 

hale, moricburgis cixe-darbazi (Halle, 

castle of Moritzburg) _ 150 

haleri (Haller) _ 120 

hamburgi (Hamburg) _ 148, 159 

hanseni hans xristian (Hansen, Hans Christian) 

_ 124, 127, 129, 236 

harvardi (Harvard) _ 9, 370 

harkot-smiti sesil (Harcort-Smith, Cecil) _ 

352 

hatCinsoni v. (Hutchinson, W.) _ 134, 138 

haqstebli ada luis (Huxtable, Ada Louise) _ 

329 

hegeli georg vilhelm fridrix (Hegel, 

Georg Wilhelm Friedrich) _ 69, 86, 262, 276, 

313 

hedvig eleonora (Hedewig Eleonora) _ 67 

hekaTeos mileTeli (Hecataeus of Milesia) _ 24

helsinki (Helsinki) _ 12, 313 

helberti iozef aleqsandr fon (von Helfert, 

Josef Alexander) _ 208 

henri VII, inglisis mefe (Henry VII, king of 


henri VIII, inglisis mefe (Henry VIII, king of 

England) _ 63, 64, 139 

henclmani imre (Henszlmann, Imre) _ 322 

heraTi (Herat) _ 391, 392 

herberti ser tomas (Herbert, Sir Thomas) _ 334 

herderi iohan gotfrid (Herder Johann Gottfied) 

_ 35, 69, 86, 145, 262, 313 

herkulanumi (Herculaneum) _ 79, 82, 83, 84, 

85, 86, 104, 238, 260, 370 

herode atikosi (Herodes Atticos) _ 123 

herodote (Herodotus) _ 24, 28 

herforfi, kaTedrali (Hereford, cathedral) _ 

134, 143, 202 

hercfeldi ernst (Herzfeld, Ernst) _ 337 

hessen-darmStadti (Hesse-Darmstadt) _ 121, 165 

hidemarki ove (Hidemark, Ove) _ 390 

hiTrofi iakob ignac (Hittroff, Jakob Ignas) _ 129 

hildeshaimi (Hildesheim) _ 353, 355, 356, 374 

hipodame (Hippodamus) _ 16 

hirTi alois (Hirt, Aloys) _ 122 

hirSfeldi qristian kai lorenc (Hirschfeld, 

Christian Cay Laurenz) _ 145 

saZiebeli 465 

hiCkoki henri rasel (Hitchkock, Henry Russel) _ 326 

hYoderlini iohan qristian fridrix (Hölderlin, 

Johann Christian Friedrich) _ 120, 121, 147 

hYugo viqtor (Hugo, Victor) _ 166, 167, 169, 

174, 175, 206, 232, 309, 312 

hYumi jozef (Hume, Joseph) _ 198 

hogarTi uilYam (Hogarth, William) _ 48, 80 

hodjaTi mehdi (Hodjat, Mehdi) _ 27, 338 

hoencolerni (Hohenzollern) _ 320 

hoieni nils loric (Hoyen, Niels Lauritz) _ 312 

hoki-ji, pagoda (Hokki-ji, pagoda) _ 346 

holandia (Holland) _ 307, 309 

holstaini (Holstein) _ 123 

houardi Tomas, arandelis meore grafi 

(Howard, Thomas, second Earl of Arundel) _ 71 

houksmuri nikolas (Hawksmoor, Nicholas) _ 

65, 66, 67, 131 

houtoni, lordi (Hougthon, Lord) _ 228 

hojisi uilYam (Hodges, William) _ 339 

hugenotebi (Huguenots) _ 62, 63 

humori, eklesia (Humor, church) _ 320 

hunebi (Huns) _ 30, 339 

huserli edmund (Husserl, Edmund) _ 262, 

263, 285

arqiteqturis konservaciis istoria Yuka Yokileto - Ancient Georgia

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