marina gariSvili, mariam xoferia romis samarTlis safuZvlebi ...
marina gariSvili, mariam xoferia romis samarTlis safuZvlebi ...
marina gariSvili, mariam xoferia romis samarTlis safuZvlebi ...
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wevrebi iyvnen: beriTidan, profesori doroTeusi (Dorotheus) da konstantinopolidan, profesorebi<br />
anatoliusi (Anatolius), Teofilusi (Theophilus) da kratinusi (Cratinus). TanaSemweebad maT 11 iuristi<br />
daeniSnaT. sami wlis ganmavlobaSi komisiam waikiTxa da Seiswavla 1535 wigni, iuridiul TxzulebaTa<br />
teqstebiT, romelTa safuZvelzec Seadgina 50 wignis anTologia, romelic 432 Tematur Tavad daiyo.<br />
digestebSi mocemulia amonaridebi 38 iuristis 275 Txzulebidan, romelTaganac, TiToeul<br />
amonaridSi, miTiTebulia Txzulebebis avtorTa saxelebi.<br />
VI. <strong>romis</strong> samarTali da misi recefcia evropaSi<br />
ramdenime saukunis manZilze evropa gansakuTrebul geografiul da politikur realobad yalibdeboda.<br />
mTlianobaSi, esaa romauli, qristianuli da germanuli kulturis elementebis erTianoba,<br />
rac qmnis im fenomens, romelic evropad iwodeba. cnebis TvalsazrisiT, esaa istoriisa da kulturul-politikur<br />
ideaTa erTiani qmnileba, romelic Sua saukuneebSi Caisaxa. 800 wels <strong>romis</strong> papma<br />
leon III-m, Sobis dResaswaulze, frankTa mefe Sarl didi imperatorad akurTxa. erTgvarad, politikuri<br />
da iuridiuli TvalsazrisiT, es faqti evropis imperiuli ideebis realizebas niSnavda.<br />
Sua saukuneebis axali politikuri wyobis mkvidri sayrdeni Zala iyo imperatoris (monarqis) xelisufleba<br />
(regalis potestas) da <strong>romis</strong> papis saRvTo Zalaufleba (sacrata auctoritas). dasavleT imperiis<br />
aRdgenis Semdeg, msoflioSi Tanaarsebobda sami civilizacia: dasavlur-qristianuli, bizantiuri da<br />
islamuri. berZnul filosofiasa da qristianul sarwmunoebasTan erTad, erT-erTi faqtori <strong>romis</strong><br />
samarTali iyo, romelic evropis kulturis erTian ideas qmnida. evropis aRmosavleT nawilSi romanistuli<br />
tradiciis aRdgena ukavSirdeboda imperator iustinianes Corpus luris Civilis-s. XII saukunidan,<br />
kodeqsis gavrcelebiT, ase vTqvaT, <strong>romis</strong> samarTali meored daibada. evropis dasavleTSi <strong>romis</strong><br />
<strong>samarTlis</strong> SenarCuneba vesTguTebis samarTalma (Lex Romana Wisigothorum) anu alarixis kodeqsma<br />
(Breviarum Alaricanum) (506 w.) da vesTgoTurma kanonmdeblobam ganapiroba. evropaSi, XII saukuneSi,<br />
<strong>romis</strong> <strong>samarTlis</strong> recefcia mniSvnelovanwilad boloniel glosatorTa saqmianobam da maT mier<br />
<strong>samarTlis</strong>, rogorc imperiuli <strong>samarTlis</strong>, gaidealebam ganapiroba. maTi azriT, saRvTo <strong>romis</strong> imperia<br />
<strong>romis</strong> uSualo memkvidre da uflebamonacvle iyo. evropisaTvis <strong>romis</strong> <strong>samarTlis</strong> gacnobisa da regionSi<br />
misi gavrcelebis mizniT, garkveuli saqmianoba kanonistebma (kanonikuri <strong>samarTlis</strong> avtorebma)<br />
ganaxorcieles, komentatorebma ki _ zogad-evropuli samarTli SeimuSaves.<br />
$1. glosatorTa saqmianoba<br />
glosatorebi iyvnen Tavisufali xelovnebis skolis maswavleblebi, sadac gramatikasa da ritorikasTan<br />
erTad, isini iurisprudenciasac aswavlidnen. am saxeldebas dasabami mieca terminidan<br />
`glosa~, rac iustinianes Corpus Iuris Civilis teqstTa velebze gakeTebul SeniSvnebsa da axsna-ganmartebebs<br />
niSnavda.<br />
iuridiuli codnis Seswavlas safuZveli `xelovnebis magistrma~ (magister artium) irneriusma (daax.<br />
1055-1130 ww.) Cauyara. digestebis aRmoCenis Semdeg, <strong>samarTlis</strong> Seswavla man codnis damoukidebel sferod<br />
aqcia, xolo sqolastikuri logikisa da gramatikis wesebis gamoyenebiT, mas samecniero xasiaTi<br />
SesZina. ubralo xelovnebis skolaSi dasabami mieca cnobil kerZo saswavlebels _ boloniis universitets,<br />
sadac evropis sxvadasxva qveynis studentebi iuridiul ganaTlebas iRebdnen. boloniis<br />
universitetSi romauli kulturis idea da <strong>romis</strong> <strong>samarTlis</strong> imperiuli koncefcia aRorZinda. <strong>romis</strong><br />
imperiis uSualo memkvidresa da uflebamonacvles _ dasavleTis imperias _ unda exelmZRvanela<br />
ideiT: samarTali erTia, radgan erTia imperia _ unum esse ius, cum unum sit imperium.<br />
irneriusis memkvidreebad oTxi doqtoria miCneuli: bulgarusi, martinusi, hugo da iakobi. Glossa<br />
Magna/Ordinaria anu `didi (Cveulebrivi) glosa~ ki akursiusma Seadgena.<br />
rogorc Zvel romSi, ise Sua saukuneebSi iuristi rigiTi moqalaqe, kerZo piri, iyo. Tumca, am ori<br />
periodis iuristebi erTmaneTisgan socialuri warmomavlobiTa da maT mier gamoyenebuli meTodebiT<br />
gansxvavdebodnen. mcodne romaeli iuristi rCevebs aZlevda romael moqalaqeebs, konsultacias<br />
uwevda pretorebsa da sxva magistratebs da ase qmnida samarTals; amis Semdeg, mas iwvevdnen princefsis<br />
samsaxurSi, riTac igi oficialuri piri xdeboda. glosatori iyo maswavlebeli, romelic<br />
ganviTarebuli iuridiuli sistemis ararsebobisa da adgilobrivi statusebis usistemo gamoyenebis<br />
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