marina gariSvili, mariam xoferia romis samarTlis safuZvlebi ...
marina gariSvili, mariam xoferia romis samarTlis safuZvlebi ...
marina gariSvili, mariam xoferia romis samarTlis safuZvlebi ...
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omanistikuli wyaroebi unda gamoviyenoT, iseve, rogorc es axali saerToevropuli <strong>samarTlis</strong><br />
Seqmnisas xdeba. Tanamedrove <strong>samarTlis</strong>agan gansxvavebiT, sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebis safuZvelze<br />
Seqmnili romauli iurisprudencia, konsultaciebis formiT ganxorcielebul Tavisufal saqmianobas<br />
warmoadgenda; igive iTqmis saerTo <strong>samarTlis</strong> ganmmartebelTa da komentatorTa (consiliatores) naSromebzec.<br />
samarTalmcodneobis SemoqmedebiTi Tu sainterpretacio bunebis mixedviT, ganasxvaveben<br />
Tanamedrove iuridiul sistemaTa daxurul da Ria formebs, anu erTmaneTisagan unda gaimijnos erTi<br />
ram: ra principiTaa Seqmnili samarTali _ cocxali (precedentuli), Tu werilobiTi formiT (erT<br />
krebulSi sistemurad Camoyalibebul normaTa wesiT). <strong>samarTlis</strong> Ria tipis nimuSia anglo-saqsonuri<br />
precendentuli <strong>samarTlis</strong> sistema, xolo samoqalaqo kodeqsebSi asaxuli samarTali _ daxurul<br />
models ganekuTvneba. aRniSnuli gansxvaveba am ori sistemis erTmaneTisagan mkveTrad gasamijnad ar<br />
gamodgeba, vinaidan, dResdReobiT, sakanonmdeblo samarTali orive sistemas iyenebs; garda amisa, es<br />
ori sistema yovelTvis verc warsulis mkacrad istoriul kriteriumebs daeyrdnoba.<br />
romauli iurisprudencia gamudmebiT uwyobda xels <strong>samarTlis</strong> SemoqmedebiT ganviTarebas da<br />
sxvadasxva iuridiul sistemaze udavo gavlenas axdenda. Sesabamisad, ufro mizanSewonilia samoqalaqo<br />
kodeqsebisa da anglo-saqsonuri `saerTo <strong>samarTlis</strong>~ mimarTeba <strong>romis</strong> samarTalTan, cal-calke<br />
ganvixiloT.<br />
$1. samoqalaqo kodeqsebi<br />
kanonis winaSe moqalaqeTa Tanasworobis Sesaxeb bunebiTi <strong>samarTlis</strong> Teoriis mimdevarTa doqtrina<br />
da maTi postulatebi, samoqalaqo kodeqsebis Seqmnasa da gamocemas uwyobda xels. 1804 wels napoleonis<br />
samoqalaqo kodeqsis SeqmniT sakodifikacio saqmianobam safrangeTSi umaRles dones miaRwia<br />
(Tumca, msgavsi samoqalaqo kodeqsebi manamde bavariasa da prusiaSic arsebobda). safrangeTis revluciis<br />
periodSi, samoqalaqo kodeqsis avtorebma uari ganacxades oTx, maTi azriT, Zalzed kazuisturad,<br />
an piriqiT, abstraqtulad Sedgenil proeqtze. or ukiduresobas Soris miRweuli komp<strong>romis</strong>is<br />
Sedegad, franguli samoqalaqo kodeqsi sakanonmdeblo teqnikis nimuSadaaa miCneuli, romelic,<br />
mogvianebiT, sxva qveynebis samoqalaqo kodeqsTa misabaZ magaliTad iqca. frangulma kodeqsma zegavlena<br />
moaxdina aramxolod evropis, aramed amerikis kodifikaciebzec. napoleonis kodeqsi mTlianad<br />
<strong>romis</strong> <strong>samarTlis</strong> principebs efuZneboda, ramac misi warmateba ganapiroba. XIX saukunis didma frangma<br />
iuristebma obrim da rom, iurisprudenciisa da doqtrinis urTierTzemoqmedebis dadgeniT, axali<br />
kanonmdebloba Zalze gonivrulad da gabedulad ganmartes.<br />
1900 wlamde germaniis samoqalaqo sjuldeba ZalaSi ver Sedioda istoriuli skolis winaaRmdegobis<br />
gamo. germanuli samoqalaqo sjuldeba pandeqtistikis yvelaze srulyofili da damaxasiaTebeli qmnilebaa,<br />
romelic Seiqmna <strong>samarTlis</strong> istoriuli skolis saqmianobis miwuruls da <strong>romis</strong> <strong>samarTlis</strong><br />
dasasrulze miuTiTebs. kodeqsis zogadma nawilma da iuridiuli garigebis doqtrinam mniSvelovani<br />
zegavlena moaxdina Tanamedrove civilistikaze.<br />
$2. inglisuri samarTali. saerTo samarTali da samarTlianobis samarTali (common law and equity)<br />
<strong>samarTlis</strong> am sistemisaTvis niSandoblivia gansakuTrebuli da specifikuri Taviseburebebi, riTac<br />
igi arsebiTad gansxvavdeba kontinenturi samarTlebrivi sistemebis romanistuli tradiciebisgan.<br />
aRniSnuli sistemiT, erTmaneTisagan ganaszvaveben sakanonmdeblo samarTalsa (Statute law) da precedentul<br />
samarTals (Common law).<br />
XI saukuneSi normanTa Semosevis Semdeg, roca inglisis dampyrobelma _ uiliamma qveyanaSi batonymuri<br />
sistema da centralizebuli administracia SemoiRo, dasabami mieca saerTo <strong>samarTlis</strong><br />
(Common law) istorias. samarTlebrivi reformebis gansaxorcieleblad, arsebuli <strong>samarTlis</strong>a da<br />
marTlmsajulebis dacvis uflebamosilebani mefem sakuTar Tavze aiRo. sasamarTlo xelisuflebis<br />
centrs warmoadgenda samefo karis sasamarTlo (Curia regis), sadac xdeboda adgilobriv sasamarTloebSi<br />
ganxiluli saqmeebis gadasinjva. mefis sasamarTlo xelisufleba xorcieldeboda Serifis,<br />
anu im moxelis mier, romelic sasamarTlo-administraciuli funqciebiTa da gamsvleli sasamarTlo<br />
sxdomebis (Justice in Eyre) warmarTvis uflebiT iyo aRWurvili. samarTalwarmoeba sasamarTlo<br />
brZanebebis (writs an brevia) sistemiT xelmZRvanelobda. brZaneba iyo pergamentze, tipuri da mkacrad<br />
gansazRvruli formulebis gamoyenebiT, lakonurad Sedgenili gansakuTrebuli werilobiTi sabuTi,<br />
romelic miiReboda samefo kancelariaSi. formulaTa Sesadgenad gansazRvruli krebulebiT xel-<br />
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