ITavi - Ganatleba

Tavi 

8 

msoflios regionebi I 

1. 1. regioni da misi gamoyofis principebi 

msoflios qveynebi Tu sxvadasxva teritoria SeiZleba sxvadasxva mniSvnelovani 

maxasiaTeblis – fizikur-geografiuli, ekonomikur-geografiuli, politikuradministraciuli, 

kulturul-istoriuli an sxva faqtorebis mixedviT dajgufdes. 

magaliTad, fizikur-geografiuli regionis magaliTia kavkasiis, balkaneTis, 

andebis an sxva bunebrivi olqebi. 

geografiuli regioni erTiani, mTliani teritoriaa, romelic msgavsi bunebrivi 

da socialur-ekonomikuri pirobebiTa da procesebiT xasiaTdeba. 

geografiuli daraioneba SeiZleba iyos martivic da kompleqsuric. martivi 

daraionebisas regionis gamoyofa erTi romelime kriteriumis (magaliTad, 

fizikur-geografiuli) mixedviT xdeba, kompleqsuri daraionebisas ki ramdenime 

kriteriumiT. 

dedamiwa regionebad sxvadasxvanairad SeiZleba daiyos. nebismieri aseTi dayofa 

pirobiTia. magaliTad, arc Tu ise Soreul warsulSi mTeli msoflio or nawilad 

– Zvel da axal samyarod iyofoda. 

Zvel samyaros im droisTvis cnobili qveynis sami nawili – evropa, azia da afrika 

miekuTvneboda, termini àxali samyaro~ ki XVI saukuneSi qveynis meoTxe nawilis – 

amerikis aRmoCenis Semdeg damkvidrda. 

aseTive zogadi iqneba Cveni planetis mTeli teritoriis regionebad dayofa, 

Tu mxedvelobaSi miviRebT, erTi mxriv, adamianis mier aTvisebul da dasaxlebul 

regionebs meore mxriv ki – auTvisebel teritoriebs. 

aTvisebuli teritoriebi 

auTvisebeli an mcired aTvisebuli teritoriebi 

nax. 1.1.1 adamianis mier aTvisebuli da auTvisebeli teritoriebi 

1. msofilios istoriul-geografiuli kuTxiT regionebad dayofisas romel 

kriteriumebs airCevdi da romel regionebs gamoyofdi? 

davaleba 

2. CamoTvale da aCvene rukaze: xmelTaSuazRvispireTis, balkaneTis, karibis zRvis 

auzis, sparseTis yuris, gvineis yuris qveynebi. Seni azriT, ra niSnis mixedviT 

gaaerTianes es qveynebi erT regionSi? 

fizikur-geografiuli TvalsazrisiT, yvelaze martivia dedamiwis dayofa 

kontinentebad dayofa. SedarebiT rTulia misi dayofa istoriuli, socialurekonomikuri, 

kulturuli, enobrivi da sxva niSnebis mixedviT. 

msoflios qveynebs pirobiTad CrdiloeTisa da samxreTis qveynebad yofen. 

aseTi dayofis safuZveli qveynebis socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis done, 

meurneobis struqtura da sayofacxovrebo pirobebia. 

nax. 1.1.2 msoflios dayofa CrdiloeTisa da samxreTis qveynebad 

davaleba 

3. Seadare erTmaneTs nax.1.1.2-isa da msoflios politikuri rukebi da imsjele, 

Seni azriT, amgvari dayofisas ratom ar miiRes mxedvelobaSi ekvatori, romelic 

dedamiwas CrdiloeT da samxreT naxevarsferoebad yofs? 

regionebi farTobis mixedviTac gansxvavdeba. magaliTad, kontinentebi dedamiwis 

umsxvilesi regionebi anu makroregionebia. TiToeuli kontinentis buneba, 

mosaxleobis saqmianoba Tu kulturuli tradiciebi sxvadasxva nawilSi gansxvavebulia. 

amitom Tavis mxriv kontinenti kidev ufro mcire regionebad – qveregionebad, 

anu subregionebad iyofa. 

9

Tavi 

10 


msoflios dayofa regionebad da subregionebad metad mniSvnelovania am regionSi 

Semavali qveynebis statistikuri aRricxvisaTvis, aseve, sxvadasxva saxis 

saerTaSoriso RonisZiebebis dagegmvisa da CatarebisaTvis. 

afrikis kontinenti erT-erTi udidesi regionia Cvens planetaze. amitomac bunebrivia, 

igi calkeul msxvil subregionebad iyofa. yvelaze metad gavrcelebulia 

misi dayofa CrdiloeT da tropikul (saharis samxreTi afrika) afrikad. am or 

subregions Soris mniSvnelovani bunebrivi, istoriuli, eTnikuri da socialurekonomikuri 

gansxvavebebia. 

meore midgomiT, afrikis qveynebi SeiZleba ganviTarebad da ganviTarebul qveynebad 

daiyos. aq metad araTanabar suraTs 

miviRebT, radgan afrikis mxolod 

erTi saxelmwifo – samxreT afrikis respublikaa 

ganviTarebuli, danarCeni ki – 

ganviTarebad qveynebs ekuTvnis. 

mesame midgomiT, afrikaSi fizikur-geografiuli 

Taviseburebis gaTvaliswinebiT 

xuTi subregioni gamoiyofa: CrdiloeTi, 

dasavleTi, centraluri, aRmosavleTi da 

samxreTi afrika. 

nax. 1.1.3 afrikis dayofa subregionebad 

dasavleT afrika tropikuli udabnoebis, savanebisa da 

teniani tropikuli tyeebis zonas moicavs, romelic saharasa 

da gvineis yures Soris mdebareobs. misi bunebrivi pirobebi 

iseTive mravalferovania, rogorc mosaxleobis eTnikuri 

Semadgenloba. warsulSi igi monebiT vaWrobis udidesi 

regioni iyo. amJamad subregionSi soflis meurneoba da 

samTomopovebiTi mrewvelobaa ganviTarebuli. 

samxreT afrikas kontinentis samxreTi nawili ukavia 

da is evropidan, amerikidan da aziidan sakmaodaa 

daSorebuli, Tumca masze msoflio mniSvnelobis sazRvao 

gza gadis. subregioni samxreT naxevarsferos tropikul 

da subtropikul sartyelSi mdebareobs. samxreT afrikis 

ZiriTadi „birTvia“ samxreT afrikis respublika – 

kontinentze erTaderTi ganviTarebuli qveyana. 

afrikis aseT daraionebas emxrobian saerTaSoriso organizaciebic, upirvelesad 

ki gaeros ekonomikuri komisia afrikaSi. calkeuli subregionebis ganvi- 

Tarebis xelSewyobisTvis komisias xuTi subregionaluri centri aqvs: marokoSi 

(CrdiloeT afrika), nigeriaSi (dasavleTi afrika), kamerunSi (centraluri afrika), 

zambiasa (samxreTi afrika) da sudanSi (aRmosavleTi afrika). 

CrdiloeT afrikis subregions atlantis okeaneSi, xmelTaSua da wiTeli 

zRvebze aqvs gasasvleli, rac xels uwyobs evropasa da wina aziasTan mis 

kavSirs. teritoriis didi nawili subtropikul sartyelSia moqceuli, rac 

aqauri mosaxleobis saqmianobis specifikas ganapirobebs. isini ZiriTadad 

soflis meurneobaSi arian dasaqmebulni da subtropikuli mcenareebi – 

bamba, zeTisxili, citrusebi, yurZeni mohyavT. mrewvelobis dargebidan 

ganviTarebulia mineraluri resursebis mopoveba da gadamuSaveba. CrdiloeT 

afrikis mosaxleobas saerTo aqvs ena, religia, kultura da tradiciebi. 

aRmosavleTi afrika subekvatorul da tropikul 

zonebSi mdebareobs. mas gasasvleli aqvs indoeTis 

okeaneSi da uZvelesi droidan hqonda savaWro 

urTierTobebi indoeTTan da arabul qveynebTan. 

subregioni mineraluri resursebiT mdidari araa, 

magram maTi mravalferovnebiT gamoirCeva, rac 

garkveulwilad am resursebis mravalmxriv sameurneo 

gamoyenebas ganapirobebs. subregionis mosaxleobis 

eTnikuri Sedgenilobac sakmaod Wrelia. 

centralur afrikas kontinentis centraluri 

(ekvatoruli) nawili ukavia. igi notio 

tropikuli tyeebisa da savanebis zonaSi 

mdebareobs. subregioni Tavisi mdidari da 

mravalferovani mineraluri resursebiT 

ara marto afrikaSi, aramed msoflioSic 

gamoirCeva. aq mosaxleobis eTnikuri 

Semadgenloba SedarebiT erTgvarovania, 

romlis 9/10 -s bantus ojaxis xalxi Seadgens. 

davaleba 

4. amoirCie afrikis romelime subregioni da 

rukis gamoyenebiT Camowere am subregionSi 

Semavali qveynebi. 

5. aziis politikuri rukis gamo ye nebiT 

daadgine samxreT-dasavleT aziis 

subregionSi Semavali qveynebi da gamoTqvi 

Seni azri, ra niSnebis mixedviT moxda maTi 

erT subregionSi gaerTianeba? 

11

Tavi 

42 


es 

sainteresoa 

CrdiloeTi amerikis Tanamedrove politikuri rukis formirebas 1776 wels 

aSS-is Seqmnam misca dasabami. mogvianebiT damoukidebloba moipoves kanadam da 

centraluri da karibis zRvis auzis qveynebma. kontinentze farTobis mixedviT 

udidesi qveyanaa kanada, mosaxleobis ricxovnobiT, aseve ekonomikuri da samxedro 

potencialiT ki – aSS. 

kontinentis mosaxleoba Zalze araTanabradaa ganlagebuli. simWidroviT gamoirCeva 

atlantisa da wynari okeanis sanapiro zoli, didi tbebis raioni, antiliis 

kunZulebi, meqsikis mTianeTis centraluri nawili. meCxrad dasaxlebulia kanadis 

arqtikuli arqipelagi, grenlandia, alaska, kordilierebis mTaTa sistemis zogi 

regioni. 

nax. 1.5. 12 caTambjenebiT ganTqmuli niuiorki 

md. huZonis SesarTavSi kunZulebzea 

gaSenebuli. warsulSi niu-iorkis adgilas 

holandielebis dasaxleba iyo da axali 

amsterdami erqva. 1664 wels ingliselebma 

hercog iorkis meTaurobiT qalaqi daipyres 

da mas niu-iorki uwodes. niu-iorkSi 

mdebareobs gaeros 30 sarTuliani Stab-binaa. 

nax. 1.5. 13 kaliforniaSi mdebare silikonis veli 

msoflioSi erT-erTi pirveli teqnoparkia. aq 

erTadaa Tavmoyrilia mrewvelobis uaxlesi dargebis 

samecniero da samrewvelo centrebi. 

CrdiloeT amerikis mkvidri mosaxleoba – indielebi da eskimosebi amJamad 

kontinentis mTeli mosaxleobis mxolod 1%-s Seadgens. 

davaleba 

11. CrdiloeT amerikis fizikuri rukis gamoyenebiT axseni, ratomaa kontinentis 

zogierTi regioni mWidrod, zogi ki meCxerad dasax lebuli? 

12. CrdiloeT amerikis politikuri rukis mixedviT CamoTvale centra luri da 

karibis zRvis auzis qveynebi. 

CrdiloeT amerikis kontinentze 23 suverenuli saxelmwifoa, Tumca kontinentis 

TiTqmis mTeli tetritoria sam saxelmwifos – aSS-s, kanadasa da meqsikas ukavia. 

kontinentis samxreTiT da mimdebare kunZulebze ki patar-patara saxelmwifoebi 

mdebareobs. 

f 

farTobi – 17,8 mln km 2 

mosaxleoba – 387 mln kaci, 2008 w. 

1. 6. samxreTi amerika 

umaRlesi mwvervali – akon-kagua (argentina), 6959 m 

yvelaze dabali adgili – valdesi (argentina), 40 m 

yvelaze grZeli mdinare – amazoni, 6992 km 

yvelaze didi tba – marakaibo (venesuela), 13312 km 2 

yvelaze maRali CanCqeri – anxeli, md. Curunze (venesuela), 979 m 

yvelaze didi udabno – patagoniis (argentina), 673 000 km 2 

yvelaze didi kunZuli – cecxlovani miwa, 46360 km 2 

yvelaze didi qveyana – brazilia, 8,5 mln km 2 (farTobis sididisa da 

mosaxleobis ricxovnobis mixedviT) 

yvelaze patara qveyana – surinami, 163270 km 2 (farTobis sididisa da 

mosaxleobis ricxovnobis mixedviT) 

yvelaze didi qalaqi – san-paulo (brazilia), 11 mln kaci (2009 w.) 

43

Tavi 

44 


samxreTi amerika sididiT meoTxe kontinentia da mTlianad dasavleT naxevarsferoSi 

mdebareobs. igi moxazulobiT uzarmazar samkuTxeds waagavs. kontinents 

dasavleTiT da aRmosavleTiT msoflio okeane akravs. CrdiloeT amerikisgan igi 

viwro panamis yeliT da masze gayvanili panamis arxiTaa gamoyofili, xolo antarqtidisagan 

– dreikis srutiT. samxreT amerikis napirebi sustadaa danawevrebuli 

da naklebad gamosadegia navsadgurebis mosawyobad. 

karibis zRva 

a n d e b i 

wynari 

okeane 

tba 

marakaibo 

a n d e b i 

orinoko 

iurua 

iurua 

negro 

amazonis 

dablobi 

p a t a g o n i a 

gvianis zegani 

madeira 

tba titikaka 

gran- 

Cako 

pampa 

kolorado 

parana 

san-xoses 

yure 

tapaiosi 

amazoni 

matu grosus 

plato 

paragvai 

parana 

tba patusi 

braziliis 

zegani 

baia-grandes 

yure folklendis k-ebi 

k. cecxlovani miwa 

tokantinisi 

atlantis 

okeane 

ekvatori 

plato 

borborema 

sanfransisku 

atlantis 

okeane 

4000 2000 1000 500 200 0 

0 1000 2000 km 

nax. 1.6. 1 samxreT amerikis 

fizikuri ruka 

davaleba 

1. samxreT amerikis fizikuri rukis daxmarebiT: 

a) aRwere samxreT amerikis geografiuli mdebareoba; 

b) gansazRvre samxreT amerikis kontinentis ukiduresi wertilebis 

koordinatebi: CrdiloeTiT – galinasis, samxreTiT – frouordis (hornis); 

dasavleTiT – pariniasis da aRmosavleTiT – kabu-brankus koncxebi; 

g) daadgine, romeli geografiuli obieqtebia warmodgenili kontinentis 

samxreT da aRmosavleT raionebSi? 

f 

reliefis xasiaTis mixedviT samxreT amerikas or 

nawilad yofen: mTian dasavleTad, sadac msoflioSi 

ugrZesi andebis axalgazrda naoWa mTebis meridianuli 

sartyelia gadaWimuli da vake aRmosavleTad. 

kontinenti mdidaria sasargeblo wiaRiseuliT. navTobisa 

da gazis sabadoebi samxreT amerikis CrdiloeTiT 

da samxreT-aRmosavleTiT Selfis zonaSia 

Tavmoyrili. moipoveba Savi da feradi liTonebi (rkina, 

manganumi, nikeli da sxv.). andebSi mdebareobs msoflioSi 

udidesi spilenZis sabado. 

spilenZis madani 

kalis madani 

qedebis mimarTuleba 

vulkanebi 

mwvervalis simaRle 4058 

nax. 1.6.2 andebis mTebis saxelwodeba warmodgeba 

sityvisgan „anda“, rac inkebis enaze „spilenZs“ 

niSnavs. andebi wynari okeanis sanapiros gaswvriv 

daaxloebiT 9 aTas km-zea gadaWimuli. es sistema 

rogorc geologiuri, aseve bunebrivi TvisebebiT 

Zalze mravalferovania. aq bevri vulkania da xSiria 

miwisZvrebi. mwvervali akon-kagua simaRliT ara 

marto andebisa da samxreT amerikis, aramed mTeli 

dasavleT naxevarsferos umaRlesi mwvervalia. 

andebis vulkanebi uzarmazari wynarokeanuri 

vulkanuri sartylis nawilia. 

davaleba 

2. nax. 1.6.2-is mixedviT aRwere andebis mTaTa 

sistema Semdegi gegmis mixedviT: 

a) Semadgeneli qedebi; 

b) ZiriTadi mwvervalebi da vulkanebi; 

g) sasargeblo wiaRiseuli; 

3. samxreT amerikis fizikuri da politikuri 

rukebis daxmarebiT daadgine, romeli qveynebis 

teritoriaze gadis andebis mTebi. 

a n d e b i 

wynari 

okeane 

tba 

marakaibo 

samxreT amerikaSi mdebareobs msoflioSi yvelaze maRali momqmedi vulkani liulia 

iliako (6723 m) da aseve Camqral vulkanebs Soris umaRlesi – Cimboraso (6267 m.). 

amazonis dablobi farTobiT udidesia planetaze. misi farTobi 5,1 mln km 2 -ia. 

dablobze msoflios erT-erTi ugrZesi da yvelaze wyaluxvi mdinare amazoni 

miedineba. dablobis teritoria notio ekvatoruli tyeebiTaa dafaruli. 

5897 

5400 

amazonis 

dablobi 

6520 

4058 

a n d e b i 

orinoko 

iurua 

negro 

tba titikaka 

kolorado 

p a t a g o n i a 

2469 

madeira 

m. akon-kagua 

6960 

es 

sainteresoa 

45

Tavi 

46 


samxreT amerika dedamiwaze yvelaze teniani kontinentia da arc iseTi cxelia, 

rogorc afrika da avstralia. kontinentze naleqebis ganawilebaSi didi kontrastebi 

aRiniSneba: yvelaze meti naleqi ekvatoruli da zomieri sartylis andebis 

qarpira kalTebsa da amazonis dablobze modis, xolo atakamis udabno, sadac wlebis 

ganmavlobaSi ar modis naleqi, yvelaze mSrali raionia msoflioSi. 

samxreT amerika ekvatorul, subekvatorul, tropikul, subtropikul da zomier 

sartylebSi mdebareobs. mTebSi kargadaa gamoxatuli vertikaluri sartyluroba: 

andebis hava ganedis, simaRlisa da ferdobTa eqspoziciis mixedviT icvleba. 

samxreT amerikis klimaturi zonebi 

t 

30 

0 

20 

10 

0 

-10 

2573 

-20 

i T m a m i i a s o n d 0 

t 

30 

0 

20 

10 

0 

-10 

m m. 

500 

400 

300 

200 

100 

0 

t m m. 

30 

500 

20 

10 

0 

-10 

10 

400 

300 

200 

100 

-20 


samxr. tropiki 

3063 

m m. 

500 

400 

300 

200 

100 

-20 


!. bogota 

!. lima 

!. 

karakasi 

ikitosi 

!. 

!. 

t 

20 

0 

10 

0 

-10 

144 

t 

30 

0 

20 

10 

-10 

m m. 

400 

300 

200 

100 

-20 


0 

2042 

m m. 

500 

400 

300 

200 

100 

-20 


santiago 

!. 

!. monte-video 

!. 

buenos-airesi 

salvadori 

!. 

!. brazilia 

rio-de-Janeiro 

antofagasa 

!. !. 

!. 

san-paulo 

!. 

asunsioni 

sarmento 

!. 

!. 

puerto-aiseni 

!. 

ekvatori 

t 

30 

0 

20 

10 

0 

-10 

t 

30 

0 

20 

10 

0 

-10 

ekvatoruli 

2760 

m m. 

500 

400 

300 

200 

100 

-20 


1325 

m m. 

500 

400 

300 

200 

100 

-20 


subekvatoruli 

tropikuli 

subtropikuli 

zomieri 

maRali mTis klimati 

nax. 1.6.3 samxreT amerikis 

klimaturi ruka 

4. CamoTvale, romeli faqtorebi axdens gavlenas samxreT amerikis havis 

formirebaze? 

5. axseni, ra faqtorebi ganapirobebs amazonis dablobis tenianobas? 

6. samxreT amerikisa da msoflio klimaturi sartylebis rukebis gamoyenebiT: 

a) daadgine, samxreT amerikis romel klimatur sartylebSi gamoiyofa havis 

olqebi; 

b) daakvirdi, rogor icvleba klimaturi pirobebi dasavleTidan 

aRmosavleTisken samxreT tropikisa da s.g. 450-is gaswvriv da gamoitane 

daskvna maTi gansxvavebulobis mizezebze; 

g) axseni, ra rols asrulebs andebi kontinentze atmosferuli naleqebis 

ganawilebis procesSi? 

davaleba 

samxreT amerika yvelaze wyaluxvi kontinentia. kontinentis udidesi mdinarea 

amazoni, romelic amave dros msoflios yvelaze nyaluxvi mdinarecaa. amazonis 

auzis farTobi 7 mln km 2 -ze metia. Sesabamisad, is auzis farTobiTac lideria 

msoflioSi: mas 500-ze meti Senakadi uerTdeba. Sua dinebaze amazonis kalapotis 

sigane 5-7 km-ia, deltasTan ki – 80-150 km. 

samxreT amerikis didi mdinareebidan aRsaniSnavia orinoko, parana, paragvai, 

madeira da sxv. samxreT amerikis kontinentze dedamiwis yvelaze maRali CanCqeri 

anxeli (979 m) da ulamazesi iguasu mdebareobs. 

kontinentze cota tbaa. maT Soris yvelaze didia marakaibo, yvelaze maRla 

mdebare ki – titikakas tba, romelic zRvis donidan 3800 m simaRleze mdebareobs. 

7. samxreT amerikis fizikuri rukis mixedviT daadgine, romeli mTebia kontinentis 

mTavari wyalgamyofi qedi? 

8. riT SeiZleba aixsnas samxreT amerikis mdinareTa gansakuTrebuli wyaluxvoba? 

9. aRniSne konturul rukaze samxreT amerikis mdinareebi da tbebi. 

viqtoria-regia 

pirania 

nax. 1.6.5 titikakas tbaSi wylis temperatura 

+11-120C-s arasodes aRemateba. wvimebTan 

erTad tbaSi wylis done imatebs da 

mimdebare teritoriebs tboravs. Zlieri 

qaris gamo tbaSi xSiria Stormebi. 

davaleba 

nax. 1.6.4 mdinare amazonis qvemo welSi 

wylis done dReSi orjer icvleba, rac 

okeanis miqceva-moqceviTaa gamowveuli. 

moqcevis talRa, romlis simaRle 2-dan 

5 metramde aRwevs, didi siCqariTa 

da xmauriT mdinaris sawinaaRmdego 

mimarTulebiT miedineba. adgilobrivma 

indielebma am talRas àmazun~ uwodes, rac 

„mquxare wyals~ niSnavs. 

amazoni mdidaria organuli samyaroTi. aq 

nairgvari formis, Seferilobisa, sididis 

Tevzs SexvdebiT. yvelaze saSiSi piraniaa, 

romelsac zvigenic ki erideba. wylis 

zedapirze 4 m sigrZis pirarukas danaxvacaa 

SesaZlebeli. mdinaris wynar yureebSi 

wyalmcenare viqtoria-regia izrdeba, 

romlis foTlebis diametri 2 m-ia da 50 kg 

tvirTis dakaveba SeuZlia. 

47

Tavi 

48 


es 

sainteresoa 

samxreT amerikas msoflioSi pirveli adgili ukavia tyeebis farTobisa da mcenareTa 

saxeobebis simravliT. 

kontinentze ekvatoruli tyeebis zonas amazonis dablobis Sua da dasavleTi 

nawili ukavia. maT aq „selvas“ uwodeben. am tyeebSi 4000-mde saxeobis marto xemcenare 

xarobs. tyeebSi mcenareebi iarusebad izrdeba da erTmaneTSi lianebiTaa 

gadaxlarTuli. tropikuli tyeebi aseve frinvelTa da mwerebis mravalferovnebiT 

gamoirCeva. 

savanas samxreT amerikelebi „kamposs“ uwodeben. CrdiloeT naxevarsferos 

savanebSi balaxebs Soris palma da akacia izrdeba, samxreT naxevarsfero ki xemcenareebiT 

Raribia. 

savanebis samxreTiT stepebis zonaa, romelsac pampa hqvia. kontinentis samxreT- 

Si, patagoniaSi naxevarudabnoebis zonaa. aq unayofo niadagebia da, Sesabamisad, 

mcenareulobac mwiria. andebSi kargadaa gamoxatuli simaRlebrivi sartyluroba. 

notio 

ekvatoruli tye 

1000 m 

udabno 

naxevarudabno 

2000 m 

4000 m 

10. nax. 1.6.6-is mixedviT: 

5000 m 

mSrali 

plato 

tropikuli mTis 

tye 

1000 m 

notio 


5000 m 

mTis tye 

notio 


nax. 1.6.6 

simaRlebrivi 

sartyluroba 

andebSi 

a) aRwere ekvatoruli andebi da gansazRvre, rogor icvleba simaR lebrivi 

sar t ylebi mis aRmosavleT da dasavleT kalTebze; 

b) ax seni, am gans xvavebis mizezebi; 

g) aRwere centraluri andebi da daadgine, rog or icvleba aq simaR lebrivi 

sartylebi. 

davaleba 

samxreT amerikaSi mravladaa iseTi mcenareebi, romlebic sxvagan arsada xarobs. 

magaliTad: kauCukis xe – hevea, qinaqinis xe, nesvis xe da sxv. 

samxreT amerika mravali kulturuli mcenaris samSobloa. maT Soris pamidvris, 

kartofilis, Tambaqosi, simindis, wiwakis da sxv. 

f 

kontinentze adamianis sameurneo saqmianobis Sedegad yvelaze metad saxe- 

Secvlili da aTvisebuli stepebisa da savanebis zonaa. bolo periodSi aseve safr- 

Txe daemuqra amazonis tyeebs. 5000 km-ianma transamazonis saavtomobilo gzam 

selva gadakveTa da tyis didi masivebi Seiwira. amJamad kontinentze swrafi tempiT 

iqmneba daculi teritoriebi. 

nax. 1.6.7 kolibri yvelaze patara 

frinvelia dedamiwaze. samxreT amerikaSi 

kolibris 500-mde saxeoba binadrobs. 

nax. 1.6.9 galapagosis kunZulebis 

binadarTa Soris aRsaniSnavia 

galapagosis giganturi ku, 1,5 m sigrZis 

xvliki iguana da selapi. swored maT 

gamo kunZulebze vrceli parki Seiqmna. 

nax. 1.6.8 anakonda msoflioSi 

yvelaze didi gvelia da mTel 

tropikul samxreT amerikaSi did 

mdinareebsa da WaobebSi binadrobs. 

zrdasruli ana kon das saSualo 

zoma 5-6 m-ia. yvelaze grZeli 

anakonda, romelic aRm. kolum biaSi 

daiWires, 11 m-sa da 43 sm-s aRwevda. 

samxreT amerikaSi Semdegi fizikur-geografiuli regionebi gamoiyofa: amazoneTi, 

braziliis mTianeTi, pampa, gvineis mTianeTi, patagonia da andebi. 

samxreT amerikis mkvidr mosaxleobas indielebi Seadgenen. evropelTa gamoCenamde 

isini araTanabrad iyvnen gansaxlebulni. kontinentis kolonizaciis Sedegad 

ki adgilobrivi mosaxleoba Zlier Semcirda. 

mosaxleoba ZiriTadad kontinentis sanapiro raionebSia Tavmyrili. qalaqebSi 

mosaxleobis 80% cxovrobs. 

samxreT amerikis Tanamedrove politikuri ruka XIX saukuneSi Camoyalibda. 

dRes kontinentze 12 damoukidebeli saxelmwifoa. 

49

Tavi 

50 


es 

sainteresoa 

davaleba 

nax. 1.6.11 evropul saxelmwifoTa 

koloniebi samxreT amerikaSi 

XVIII saukunis bolos 

11. nax. 1.6.11-is mixedviT daadgine, romel 

evropul qveynebs hqonda samxreT 

amerikaSi yvelaze didi koloniebi. 

Seadare isini yofili metropoliebis 

farTobebs. 

12. romel enebze saubroben amJamad samxreT 

amerikis qveynebSi? rogor fiqrob, 

ratom? 

13. samxreT amerikis politikuri rukis 

mixedviT daadgine: 

a) farTobis mixedviT sami udidesi 

qveyana; 

b) wynari okeanispira qveynebi; 

g) atlantis okeanispira qveynebi; 

d) karibis zRvis auzis qveynebi; 

e) kontinentaluri qveynebi. 

nax. 1.6.10 q. rio-de-Janeiro 1502 wlis 

1 ianvars portugalielebma daaarses. 

isini guanabaras ubeSi gadmosxdnen 

da ubeSi Sesasvleli didi mdinaris 

SesarTavad miiCnies. amitom momaval 

qalaqs rio-de-Janero, anu „ianvris 

mdinare“ daarqves. 

espaneTis 

teritoria 

koloniuri 

samflobeloebi 

espaneTi 

portugalia 

14. amJamad braziliis dedaqalaqia brazilia, romlis mSenebloba XX saukunis 50ian 

wlebSi daiwyo. igi sanapirodan sakmaod Soris, qveynis geografiul centrTan 

axlos mdebareobs. rogor fiqrob, ratom gadaitanes dedaqalaqi q. braziliaSi? 

15. amoirCie samxreT amerikis romelime qveyana, sadac gamgzavrebas isurvebdi. 

warmoadgine mogzaurobis gegma, romelSic gaiTvaliswineb: mizans, marSruts, 

dros, gadaadgilebis saSualebas, arCeuli marSrutis upiratesobas, wasaRebi 

nivTebis sias da a.S. 

samxreT amerikaSi samive ZiriTadi rasis STamomavalni cxovroben. mosuli 

mosaxleobis adgilobriv mosaxleobasTan SereviT ki gardamavali rasebis 

warmomadgenlebi gaCndnen. magaliTad, evropelTa da indielTa Sereuli qorwinebis 

STamomavlebi arian metisebi, evropelebisa da zangebis – mulatebi, xolo 

indielebisa da zangebis – sambo. 

samxreT amerikis kontinentze urbanizacia yvelaze maRali urugvaisa (88,2%) da 

CileSia (87,7%). 

portugaliis 

teritoria 

f 

1. 

farTobi – 30,3 mln km 2 (kunZulebTan erTad) 

mosaxleoba – 967 mln. kaci, 2008 w. 

7. afrika 

umaRlesi mwvervali – kilimanjaro (tanzania_, 5895 m 

yvelaze grZeli mdinare – nilosi, 6671 km 

yvelaze didi tba – viqtoria, 69215 km 2 

yvelaze maRali CanCqeri – tugela (samxreT afrikis respublika), 610 m 

yvelaze didi udabno – sahara, 9,1 mln km 2 

yvelaze didi kunZuli – madagaskari, 587 040 km 2 

yvelaze didi srute – mozambikis, 1760 km 

yvelaze didi yure – gvineis, 753 aTasi km 2 

yvelaze didi qveyana – sudani, 2,5 mln km 2 (farTobis sididis mixedviT) 

nigeria, 129 mln kaci (mosaxleobis ricxovnobis mixedviT) 

yvelaze patara qveyana – seiSelis kunZulebi, 455 km 2 

yvelaze didi qalaqi – kairo (egvipte), 7,7 mln kaci 

51

Tavi 

86 

kavkasia da balkaneTi II 

es 

sainteresoa 

2. 

1. kavkasiis mdebareoba 

da teritoria 

kavkasia Sav, azovisa da kaspiis zRvebs Soris mdebareobs. misi CrdiloeTi sazRvari 

kuma-maniCis Rrmulze gadis. samxreTi sazRvari ki pirobiTia da saqarTvelos, 

azerbaijansa da somxeTis saxelmwifo sazRvars emTxveva TurqeTTan da iranTan. 

kavkasiis farTobi 440 aTasi km 2 -ia, aqedan CrdiloeT kavkasiaze 250 aTasi km 2 modis, 

xolo samxreT kavkasiaze – 190 aTsi km 2 . 

1. msofliosa da evropis rukebis 

gamoyenebiT daaxasiaTe 

kavkasiis geografiuli 

mdebareoba msoflios, evropisa 

da yofili sabWoTa kavSiris 

mimarT. 

2. SearCie kavkasiis msgavsi 

romelime regioni da Seadare 

misi da kavkasiis geografiuli 

mdebareoba. 

2.1.1 kavkasia da msoflio 

davaleba 

saxelwodeba „kavkasia“ pirvelad Zv. w. VI s-Si moixsenies Zvelma berZnebma. 

kavkasiis regionSi adamianma dasaxleba paleoliTis droidan daiwyo, rasac mowmobs 

pirveli adamianis namosaxlarebis arseboba mTel samxreT kavkasiaSi. afrikidan 

wamosuli hominidebis sadgomebi saqarTveloSi, dmanisis naqalaqarzea aRmoCenili. 

f 

kavkasia evropisa da aziis sasazRvro zolSi mdebareobs. evropasa da azias Soris 

sazRvari uralis mTebis aRmosavleT mTis Zirebs da mdinare embas (sxva mosazrebiT 

md. urals) miuyveba, Semdeg ki kaspiis zRvas kveTs. kaspiis zRvidan sazRvris 

gatarebis sxvadasxva varianti arsebobs: 

1. sazRvari miuyveba kuma-maniCis Rrmuls, romelic geologiur warsulSi Sav da 

kaspiis zRvebs aerTianebda; 2. sazRvari miuyveba kavkasionis mTavari wyalgamyofi 

qedis Txems; 3. sazRvari miuyveba saqarTvelos, azerbaijanisa da somxeTis saxelmwifo 

sazRvars TurqeTTan da iranTan; 4. sazRvari miuyveba javaxeT-somxeTis 

vulkanuri mTianeTis CrdiloeT ferdobs. 

arsebobs sazRvris gatarebis sxva mosazrebebic. 

samsuni 

!( 

a z o v i s 

qerCi 

!( 

Sivasi 

!( 

z R v a 

!( 

novorosiiski 

qelqiTi 

S a v i 

ordu 

!( giresuni 

!( 

!( 

tuafse 

z R v a 

y u b a n i s p i r a 

krasnodari 

!( 

!( 

soWi 

trapizoni rize 

!( !( 

!( 

erzinjani 

2.1.2 kavkasiis fizikuri ruka 

maikopi 

!( 

bingoli 

!( 

!( 

soxumi 

T u r q e T i 

armaviri 

!( 

k a v k 

baTumi 

!( 

erzerumi 

!( 

muSi 

!( 

zugdidi 

!( 

stavropoli 

!( 

kislovodski !( 

piatigorski 

!( 

a s i o n i 

giumri 

y a r s i s 

!( 

yarsi 

!( z e g a n i 

Tbilisi 

!( rusTavi 

Tbilisi !( 

vanaZori 

!( 

3. rogor fiqrob, ratom aris sadavo da problemuri evropa-azias Soris sazRvris 

gatareba? 

4. ganixile evropa-azias Soris sazRvris gatarebis alternatiuli variantebi, 

amoarCie SenTvis misaRebi, daasabuTe misi marTebuloba da aRniSne igi 

konturul rukaze. 

agri 

!( 

vanis tba 

davaleba 

5. ganixile evropa-azias Soris sazRvris gatarebis variantebi da gansazRvre, 

TiToeul SemTxvevaSi sad xvdeba kavkasia da saqarTvelo – evropaSi Tu aziaSi? 

vani 

!( 

nalCiki 

!( 

!( 

elista 

r u s e T i s f e d e r a c i a 

a R m o s a v l e T p o n t o s m T 

yarasu 

d a b l o b i 

xatSiti 

S 

e b i 

s t a v r o p o l i s 

m a R l o b i 

C r d i l o e T i t a v r i 

i d a t 

laba 

yubani 

m. karCxali 

3937 

grozno 

nazrani 

!( 

!( 

!( vladikavkazi 

s m T a 

kolxeTis quTaisi 

s 

dablobi 

!( a q a r T v e l o 

Woroxi 

enguri 

a r s i a n i 

a v r i 

q e d i 

m. ialbuzi 

5642 

m. lahili 

4010 

baqsani 

m. Sxara 

5023 

rioni 

samxreT saqarTvelos mTianeTi 

mtkvari 

Cereki 

uruxi 

m. myinvarwveri 

5033 

s o m x e T i 

m. aragaci 

4090 

ardoni 

TrialeTis qedi 

Tergi 

Sida qarTlis vake 

!( 

idgiri 

!( 

m. ararati 

5165 

aragvi 

erevani 

sevanis tba 

naxWevani 

!( 

m. diklosmTa 

4285 

v a 

i v r i s z e g a n i 

S ah d a R i s q e d i 

zangezuris qedi 

k a s p i i s p i r a d a b l o b i 

Tergi 

andisyoisu 

avarisyoisu 

ganja 

!( 

!( 

asrtaxani 

maxaCkala 

!( 

r i q e d i 

alazani 

m. bazardiuzu 

4466 

i r a n i 

derbendi 

!( 

a z e r b a i j a n i 

araqsi 

mtkvar-araqsis 

dablobi 

TaliSis mTebi 

k a s p i i s z R v a 

mtkvari 

yazaxeTi 

sumgaiTi 

!( 

afSeronis n-k. 

!( 

baqo 

87

Tavi 

98 

kavkasia da balkaneTi II 

leqsikoni 

2. 5. Savi zRva 

koncentracia – Tavmoyra, dajgufeba 

bora – zamTris Zlieri da civi qari, romelic zRvispira kalTebidan qris. 

Savi zRva evropasa da azias Soris mdebareobs. igi atlantis okeanis auzs miekuTvneba 

da dedamiwaze xmeleTSi erT-erTi yvelaze Rrmad SeWrili zRvaa. 

nax. 2.5.1 Savi zRvis parametrebia : far 

Tobi – 422 aTasi km2 ; wylis moculoba 

– 547 aTasi km2 ; maqsimaluri sigrZe 1150 

km; udidesi sigane – 580 km; udidesi siR rme 

– (2210) 2258 m; saSualo siRrme – 1240 m. 

Savi zRvis sanapiro xazs elifsis forma aqvs, misi sigrZe 3400 km-ia, romlis 9%ze 

meti saqarTveloze modis. mniSvnelovani sididis naxevarkunZulebia yirimis, 

qerCis da tamanis. yureebidan aRsaniSnavia odesis, karkinitis, kalimatis, burgasis, 

sinopis, samsunis. Sav zRvaSi kunZulebi cotaa, maT Soris yvelaze didia zmeini. 

Savi zRvis wylis marilianoba saSualo okeanurze dabalia. zedapirze 18%o-ia, 

mdinareTa SesarTavebSi – 2-3%o. 150 m siRrmeze marilianoba 22-23%o-mde izrdeba. 

Savi zRvis Rrma nawilebSi momwamvleli gazis, gogirdwyalbadis uzarmazari 

raodenobaa. fskerTan gogirdwyalbadis koncentracia 11-14 mg/l Seadgens, rac 

mniSvnelovnad aRemateba sxva zRvebis maCveneblebs. gogirdwyalbadi aq ZiriTadad 

baqteriebis sasicocxlo qmedebis Sedegad Cndeba da imitom grovdeba, rom 

wyalcvla zRvis Rrma da zedapirul fenebs Soris TiTqmis ar xdeba. Sesabamisad, 

Sav zRvaSi 150-200 m siRrmis qvemoT sicocxle ar aris. 

konstanca !( 

varna !( 

stamboli 

!( 

azovis 

zRva 

yirimis nk 

Savi zRva 

odesa 

!( 

sevastopoli 

!( !( 

ialta 

! 2258 

!( 

sinopi 

qerCi!( 

!( 

samsuni 

kavkasioni 

nax. 2.5.2 Savi zRvis Taviseburebas wylis fenobrivi xasiaTi warmoadgens. 100150 m siRrmis 

zedapiruli fena naklebad mariliania da Sesabamisad msubuqi. amitom wylis cvla zedapirul da 

fskerul fenebs Soris TiTqmis ar mimdinareobs. 

anapa 

!( novorosiiski 

!( 

!( 

gelenjiki 

!( tuafse 

!( soWi 

!( 

trapizoni 

0 200 1000 2000 

!( soxumi 

!( baTumi 

davaleba 

1. nax.2.5.1-is gamoyenebiT daad gine: 

a) rogor ukavSirdeba Savi zRva 

atlantis okeanes da azovis zRvas? 

b) romeli mdinareebi erTvis Sav zRvas? 

davaleba 

2. nax.2.5.2-is mixedviT daadgine: 

a) rogor icvleba Savi zRvis 

siRrmeebi? 

b) rogor moZraobs wyali Sav 

zRvaSi? 

Sav zRvaSi wyalmcenareebis 350-mde saxeobaa 

gavrcelebuli. fauna warmodgenilia 2000-mde 

saxeobiT, romlis 12% endemuria. Tevzis saxeobaTa 

ricxvi 160-s aRemateba, romelTagan aRsaniSnavia 

Savi zRvis oraguli, TarTi (kolxuri 

zuTxi), kefali, stavrida, skumbria, qaSayi da 

sxva. ZuZumwovrebidan gvxvdeba selapi da delfinis 

sami saxeoba. 

Sav zRvas udidesi sameurneo da satransporto 

mniSvneloba aqvs mis irgvliv arsebuli qveynebisTvis. 

misi navsadgurebidan TiTqmis yvela 

saxis nedleuli da samrewvelo produqcia gaaqvT, 

gadahyavT mgzavrebi. 

rumineTi 

varna konstanca 

bulgareTi 

egeosis 

zRva 

burgasi 

stamboli 

marmarilos 

zRva 

odesa 

ukraina 

sevastopoli 

zonguldaki 

ialta 

Savi zRva 

TurqeTi 

azovis 

zRva 

qerCi 

samsuni 

Savi zRvis Crdilo-dasavleT nawilSi navTobisa 

da bunebrivi airis wyalqveSa sabadoebia aRmoCenili. 

misi mTeli sanapiro zoli ki maRalxarisxovani 

saSeni masalebiTaa agebuli. 

nax. 2.5.5 Sav zRvas udidesi turistulrekreaciuli 

mniSvneloba aqvs. misi komfortuli 

plaJebi, xangrZlivi sabanao sezoni da Tbili hava 

mraval turistsa da damsvenebels izidavs. 

nax. 2.5.3 mtacebeli moluski rapana 

Sav zRvaSi 1947 wels moxvda da dRemde 

TiTqmis yvela xamanwka gaanadgura. 

misi aseTi gamravleba iman gamoiwvia, 

rom Sav zRvaSi ar binadrobs rapanas 

bunebrivi mteri zRvisvarskvlava. 

rostovi 

ruseTi 

novorosiiski 

soWi 

soxumi 

baTumi 

trapizoni 

saqarTvelo 

nax. 2.5.4 

SavizRvispira 

qveynebi 

davaleba 

3. nax. 2.5.4-is gamoyenebiT CamoTvale: 

a) Savi zRvis auzis qveynebi da maTi dedaqalaqebi; 

b) SavizRvispira kurortebi da navsadgurebi da daajgufe isini qveynebis mixedviT; 

g) aRniSne isini konturul rukaze. 

99

I I I Tavi 

mosaxleoba 

144 

leqsikoni 

3. 4. adamianTa rasebi 

anTropologia – mecniereba, romelic swavlobs adamianis biologiur bunebas, 

adamianis warmoSobas, rasebs. 

integracia – nawilebis erT mTlianobad gaerTianeba 

diskriminacia – calkeuli pirovnebis, adamianTa jgufis, saxelmwifos da a.S. 

uflebebis SezRudva, Tanasworuflebianobis mospoba 

msoflio mosaxleobis rasobrivi niSniT Camoyalibeba ramdenime aTasi wlis 

ganmavlobaSi grZeldeboda. axali samosaxlo teritoriebis aTvisebasTan erTad 

adamiani axal garemopirobebs egueboda, rac droTa ganmavlobaSi maTi garegnuli 

iersaxis Secvlas iwvevda. 

rasa saerTo warmoSobis mqone admianTa istoriulad Camoyalibebuli jgufia, 

romelsac memkvidreobiT gadacemuli saerTo garegnuli niSnebi (mag. kanis, Tmis, 

Tvalebis feri, Tvalis Wrili, cxvirisa da Tavis forma da a.S.) axasiaTebs. 

pirveli rasobrivi dayofa afrikaSi moxda. kontinentis CrdiloeT nawilSi 

adamians e.w. evropeiduli niSnebis, xolo samxreTSi – negroiduli niSnebis Camoyalibeba 

daewyo. centraluri aziis mTiani sistemebi ki is gamyofi barieri aRmoCnda, 

romlis Crdilo-aRmosavleTiTac monRoloiduri rasis formireba daiwyo. maTi 

amerikaSi gadasaxlebis Sedegad adgilobrivi indieli mosaxleoba warmoiSva , 

romlebic anTropologiurad Zalian axlos arian monRolebTan. 

Cikago 

! 

los-anjelesi 

! 

mexiko 

! 

! ! niu-iorki 

filadelfia 

san-paulo 

! ! 


buenos-airesi 

! 

negroiduli 

evropeiduli 

sankt-peterburgi 

! 

! 

londoni ! 

! 

berlini 

moskovi 

! 

parizi 

pekini (beijingi) 

! 

! 

stamboli 

! 

kairo 

! 

! 

! tokio 

Teirani deli 

Sanxai ! osaka 

! 

! 

kalkuta ! taibei 

karaCi 

! 

! 

! 

hon-kongi 

mumbai 

! 

bankoki 

! 

manila 

mongoloiduri 

avstraloiduri 

! 

jakarta 

nax. 3.4.1 rasebis pirveladi gavrceleba 

Cikago 

neu-iorki 

! 

! ! filadelfia 

los-anjelesi 

! 

mexiko 

sanqt-peterburgi 

! 

moskovi 

! 

londoni 

berlini 

! 

! parizi 

! 

stambuli 

! 

Teirani 

! 

kairo 

deli 

! 

karaCi ! 

! 

kalkuta 

bombei! 

pekini (beijini) 

! 

osaka 

! 

! 

Sanxai tokio 

! 

taipei 

hon-kongi 

! 

! 

! 

! 

bankoki manila 

! 

! 

san-paulo 

! ! 


buenos-airesi 

! 

nax. 3.4.2 Tanamedrove rasebi 

evropeiduli 

avstraloiduri 

mongoloiduri 

negroiduli 

gardamavali 

1. nax. 3.4.1 da 3.4.2 Seadare erTmaneTs da daadgine adamianis rasebis pirveladi da 

Tanamedrove gavrcelebis arealebi. gamoitane daskvna. 

2. Seni azriT, romelma geografiulma Taviseburebebma ganapiroba adreul 

periodSi kacobriobis rasebad dayofa? 

3. nax. 3.4.2-is mixedviT daadgine, sad cxovroben ZiriTadad evropeiduli, 

negroiduli, monRoloiduri da gardamavali rasebis warmomadgenlebi? 

davaleba 

jakarta 

! 

19% 

monRoloiduri 

43% 

evropeiduli 

(kavkasiuri) 

ZiriTadi rasebis garda, gardamavali anu Sereuli rasebic arsebobs. rasTaSorisi 

integracia yvelaze intensiurad amerikaSi mimdinareobda. XX saukunis bolos 

msoflio mosaxleobis TiTqmis 1/3 swored Sereul rasebs Seadgenda. gardamavali 

rasebis warmomadgenlebi arian mulatebi, metisebi, sambo, eTiopielebi da sxv. 

evropeidi negrodi 

avstraloidi mulati – evropelTa da 

negroidTa STamomavali 

nax. 3.4.4 sxvadasxva rasis warmomadgenlebi 

sxva 

(mikrorasebi) 

negroiduli 

31% 

7% 

nax. 3.4.3 kacobrioba sam 

ZiriTad rasad iyofa. 

monRoloidi 

metisi – evropelTa da 

indielTa STamomavali 

davaleba 

� nax. 3.4.4-is mixedviT aRwere 

TiToeuli rasis warmomadgeneli 

da imsjele, ra ZiriTad garegnul 

gansxvavebas amCnev maT Soris? 

145

I I I Tavi 

mosaxleoba 

es 

sainteresoa 

146 

rasobrivad qarTvelebi evropeiduli rasis samxreTul Stos miekuTvnebian da 

garegnulad samxreT evropisa da axlo aRmosavleTis xalxebs hgvanan. 

wya ro 1 

rasizmi rasobrivi niSnis mixedviT mosaxleobis nawilis uflebaTa Selaxva da 

diskriminaciaa. sityva „rasizmi“ pirvelad 1932 wels larusis mier Sedgenil 

frangul leqsikonSi dafiqsirda. rasizmis fuZemdeblad Jozef de gobino 

iTvleba. rasizmis gamovlinebis forma iyo monoba aSS-Si, romelic 1863 wels abraam 

linkolnma gaauqma. rasobrivi diskriminaciis formaa aseve aparteidi, romelsac 

xSirad ama Tu im qveynis adgilobrivi mosaxleobis mimarT atarebdnen. 

amJamad rasizmis yvela formis likvidaciis Sesaxeb saerTaSoriso konvencia 

moqmedebs, romelic gaeros generalurma asambleam 1965 wlis 21 dekembers miiRo. 

nax. 3.4.5 nelson mandela antiaparteidis 

moZraobis aqtivisti, afrikis nacionaluri 

kongresis lideri iyo, SemdgomSi ki samxreT 

afrikis respublikis prezidenti gaxda. man 

cixeSi 27 weli gaatara. mandela, rogorc 

rasobrivi Tanasworobis simbolo, ara 

marto afrikaSi, aramed mTel msoflioSia 

cnobili. mas 100-ze meti sxvadasxva jildo 

aqvs miRebuli, maT Soris 1993 wels nobelis 

premia mSvidobis dargSi. 

bunebrivi garemo da gansakuTrebiT hava adamianis ara mxolod kanis fersa 

da siTbos SenarCunebis xasiaTze moqmedebs, aramed adamianis saxis formasac 

gansazRvravs. garda mkveTri garegnuli niSnebisa, adamianTa rasebi sxva 

TvisebebiTac gansxvavdebian, magaliTad, Tavis qalis formiT da filtvebiT. 

negroidebi da avstraloidebi wagrZelebuli Tavis qaliT gamoirCevian. 

centralur da aRmosavleT evropelebs da monRoloidebis udides nawils ki farTo 

Tavis qala aqvT. dasavleT evropelebis umravlesobaSi Tavis qalis orive formaa 

gavrcelebuli. aRsaniSnavia, rom Tavis tvinis sidide inteleqtTan dakavSirebuli 

ar aris. gonebriv sazrianobas rasobrivi gansxvavebebi ar gansazRvravs. 

maRalmTiani teritoriis mkvidrni adaptirebulni arian haerSi Jangbadis 

ukmarisobasTan. maTi guli, rogorc wesi, Cveulebrivze ufro didia da filtvebSic 

met sisxls gadatumbavs. filtvebic, Tavis mxriv ufro farToa da didi moculobis 

haers CaisunTqavs. 

f 

3. 5. eTnosebi da ena 

eTnosi garkveul teritoriaze mcxovrebi xalxi, sazogadoebaa, romelTa wevrebic 

erTmaneTTan istoriulad arian dakavSirebulebi da saerTo ena, teritoria, 

saqmianoba, kultura, tradiciebi da eTnikuri TviTSegneba aqvT. 

Cveni planetis mosaxleobis eTnikuri struqtura metad Wrelia. dReisaTvis 

dedamiwaze daaxloebiT 3-4 aTas eTnoss iTvlian, Tumca maTi udidesi nawili mcirericxovania. 

zogierTi eTnosi erad, sxvebi ki – tomad da xalxad Camoyalibda. 

eTnosi 

ricxovnoba, 

mln. kaci 

Cinelebi 1270 CineTi 

hindustanelebi 265 indoeTi 

ZiriTadi 

sacxovrebeli 

qveyana 

bengalielebi 225 bangladeSi, 

indoeTi 

brazilielebi 175 brazilia 

iaponelebi 125 iaponia 

rusebi 120 ruseTi 

penjabelebi 115 pakistani 

biharelebi 115 indoeTi 

meqsikelebi 105 meqsika 

iavelebi 105 indonezia 

nax. 3.5.1 msoflios 

umsxvilesi eTnosebi 

davaleba 

1. rogor fiqrob, 

ram ganapiroba 

cxrilSi 

CamoTvlili 

eTnosebis 

aseTi mravalricxovneba? 

zogjer saxelmwifo da eTnikuri sazRvrebi erTmaneTs ar emTxveva, amitom xalxi 

sxvadasxva qveynis teritoriaze cxovrobs. magaliTad, qurTebi TurqeTSi, iranSi, 

eraysa da siriaSi cxovroben. 

adamianTa jgufebs erTmaneTisgan ori ZiriTadi elementi ganasxvavebs. esenia: 

ena da religia. 

msofloSi 4000-mde gansxvavebuli ena arsebobs. bevri maTgani gaerTianebulia 

e.w. enobriv ojaxebSi. yvelaze didi enobrivi ojaxi indo-evropuli ojaxia da masSi 

gaerTianebul enebze msoflio mosaxleobis 48 % laparakobs. masSi Sedis yvela 

evropuli ena (garda finuris, ungrulis, Turqulisa da baskurisa), iranuli da 

indoeTis udidesi nawilis enebi. 

aseve didi enobrivi ojaxebia sinotibeturi (moicavs birmuls, Cinurs, tais da 

tibeturs) da altauri (Turquli, monRoluri, koreuli da sxv.) am ojaxebis enebze 

molaparakeTa ricxvi msoflio mosaxleobis mniSvnelovan nawils Seadgens. 

SedarebiT patara enobriv ojaxebs warmoadgenen draviduli (moicavs 26 enas), 

afro-aziuri (moicavs 375 enas, maT Soris arabulsa da ebrauls) da niger-kongo 

(moicavs 1000 enas). 

147

I I I Tavi 

mosaxleoba 

176 

leqsikoni 

3. 14. qalaqis funqciebi da iersaxe 

Sromis saerTaSoriso danawileba – gamoixateba calkeuli qveynebis 

specializaciaSi gansazRvruli saxeobis produqciis warmoebasa da maT gacvlaSi. 

termini „qalaqis funqcia“ cnobilma germanelma geografma f. ratcelma 1891 

wels daamkvidra. es termini qalaqis „saqmianobaze“ migviTiTebs. qalaqis funqciebi 

misi mosaxleobis saqmianobis mTavar sferoebs warmoadgens da qalaqis arsebobasa 

da ganviTarebas gansazRvravs. qalaqebs mravali funqcia aqvT, magram yvela maTganis 

ramdenime ZiriTadamde dayvana SeiZleba. esenia: administraciul-politikuri, 

savaWro, religiuri, samrewvelo, samxedro, kulturul-saganmanaTleblo, satransporto, 

rekreaciuli da sxv. 

zogierT qalaqs mxolod erTi wamyvani funqcia akisria. aseTebi ZiriTadad mcire 

da saSualo qalaqebia, romelTac monofunqciuri qalaqebi hqviaT. zogierTi 

qalaqi ki ramdenime funqcias asrulebs. am mxriv didi qalaqebi, gansakuTrebiT ki 

dedaqalaqebi gamoirCeva. isini polifunqciuri qalaqebia. 

polifunqciuri 

mag. niu-iorki, 

parizi, londoni, 

moskovi, Tbilisi 

da sxv. 

qalaqebi 

administraciulpolitikuri: 

haaga, 

strasburgi da sxv. 

monofunqciuri 

samrewvelo: 

detroiti WiaTura, 

sumgaiTi, da sxv. 

nax. 3.14.1 qalaqebis klasifikacia funqciebis mixedviT 

satransporto: 

mag. roterdami, 

xaSuri da sxv. 

kulturulsaganmanaTleblo: 

kembriji, oqsfordi, 

haidelbergi da sxv. 

sakurorto: 

borjomi, soWi, 

nica da sxv. 

saqalaqo funqciebi SeiZleba aseve qalaqwarmomqmneli (sabazo) da qalaqmosmsaxure 

(arasabazo) funqciebad daiyos. qalaqwarmomqmneli funqciebi qalaqis 

mniSvnelobas da regionSi (raionSi), qveynis meurneobaSi, Sromis saerTaSoriso 

danawilebis sistemaSi mis adgils gansazRvravs. swored es funqciebi uzrunvelyofs 

qalaqis Semosavals. amasTanave, maT mier warmoebuli produqcia moixmareba 

ara marto imave qalaqSi, aramed mis farglebs gareTac. qalaqmomsaxure funqciebi 

ki is funqciebia, romelTa produqcia mocemuli qalaqis farglebSi moixmareba – 

isini sakuTriv qalaqis mosaxleobis moTxovnilebaTa dasakmayofileblad Seiqmna 

da ganviTarda. aseTia, magaliTad, sayofacxovrebo momsaxureba da sxv. 

Tanamedrove qalaqebis umravlesobaSi mrewveloba wamyvan an erT-erT wamyvan 

funqcias asrulebs. bevri qalaqis aRmoceneba an Semdgomi ganviTareba mopovebiT 

an gadamamuSavebeli mrewvelobis sxvadasxva dargis zegavleniT moxda. dedamiwaze 

asobiT qalaqia, romlebic qvanaxSiris, navTobis an sxv. mineraluri nedleulis 

aRmoCena-mopovebis bazaze ganviTarda. 

wya ro 1 

q. kimberli samxreT afrikaSi mas Semdeg aSenda, 

roca am adgilebSi almasis sabado aRmoaCines. 

manamde, aq aranairi dasaxleba ar arsebobda. ase 

rom, kimberli almasis industriam warmoSva. 

kimberlis mTavari RirSesaniSnaobaa e.w.`didi 

xvreli~. igi adaminis mier praqtikulad xeliT 

amoTxrili msoflioSi yvelaze didi Saxtakarieria. 

man samxreT afrikaSi dasabami misca 

àlmasis cieb-cxelebas~. misi arsebobis 

ganmavlobaSi Saxtadan 28 mln tona qva da grunti 

amoiRes, romelTagan 14,5 mln karati anu 30 tona 

almasi iyo. 

wya ro 2 

q. Cikago aSS-Si XIX saukunis Sua xanebSi gaizarda 

da gafarTovda, rac misi xelsayreli geografiuli 

mdebareobiT aixsneba. igi satransporto, samrewvelo 

da momsaxurebis centrs warmoadgenda. qalaqis 

statusi Cikagom 1837 wels miiRo. amJamad aSS-Si 

mosaxleobis ricxovnobis mixedviT Cikago meore 

qalaqia da qveynis umniSvnelovanesi finansuri 

centri da satransporto kvanZia. 

davaleba 

1. msoflios politikuri rukis gamoyenebiT daadgine q. Cikagos geografiuli 

mdebareoba da gansazRvre, ra faqtorebma ganapiroba qalaqis satransporto da 

safinanso kvanZad gadaqceva? 

yvela saxelmwifos Tavisi dedaqalaqi aqvs, romelic qveynis administraciuli 

da kulturuli centria. zogierT qveyanaSi Zveli dedaqalaqebi axlad aSenebul 

qalaqebSi gadaitanes, romlebic ise iyo daproeqtebuli, rom farTo da moxerxebuli 

yofiliyo. kanbera avstraliaSi, islamabadi pakistanSi, brazilia braziliaSi, 

astana yazaxeTSi – axali dedaqalaqebia. 

177

I I I Tavi 

mosaxleoba 

178 

wya ro 3 

Tu q. brazilias zemodan gadmoxedavT, mas 

TviTmfrinavis forma aqvs. aseTi forma 

xelsayrel pirobebs qmnis farTo gzebis 

mSeneblobisa da transportis intensiuri 

moZraobisTvis. saxelmwifo dawesebulebebi 

Tavmoyrilia erT adgilas, rac saxelmwifo 

moxeleebs drois dazogvaSi exmareba. q. brazilia 

iuneskos msoflio memkvidreobis siaSia Setanili. 

wya ro 4 

q. karlovi vari (mosaxleoba 52 aTasi kaci, 2003 

w.) sakurorto qalaqia CexeTSi. igi istoriuli 

bohemiis dasavleTiT mdebareobs. 

qalaqis warmoqmna mis teritoriaze arsebul 

samkurnalo cxel mineralur wyalTanaa 

dakavSirebuli. amJamad kurortze 12 Termuli 

wyaroa, romelTa temperatura 40-dan 72 0 C–mde 

icvleba. kurorts yovelwliurad mravali 

damsvenebeli stumrobs. 

qalaqebs, soflebTan SedarebiT, gamokveTili garegani saxe aqvT. amavdroulad, 

TiToeul qalaqs, yvelasTvis saerTo niSnebisa Tu Tvisebebis miuxedavad, mxolod 

misTvis damaxasiaTebeli, sakuTari iersaxec aqvs. rac ufro Zvelia an didia qalaqi, 

rac urfo mravalferovania misi cxovreba, miT ufro mimzidvelia igi. miuxedavad 

TiToeuli qalaqis TviTmyofadobisa, yvela qalaqis iersaxe erTi da imave elementebisgan 

Sedgeba. 

gzebi: quCebi, 

trotuarebi, 

avtomagistralebi, 

rkinigzebi, xidebi 

qalaqis iersaxis 

ganmsazRvreli elementebi 

sazRvrebi: 

mdinare, napirebi, 

kedlebi, samosaxlo 

raionebis mijnebi 

nax. 3.14.2 qalaqis iersaxis ganmsazRvreli elementebi 

kvanZebi: centri, 

gzebis gadakveTebi 

orientirebi: 

satelevizio 

an radioanZa, 

kulturuli 

Zeglebi, Senobebi 

da sxv. 

nebismieri qalaqis teritoria, misi ganaSenianeba da, ra Tqma unda, iersaxe dro- 

Ta ganmavlobaSi icvleba. xSirad qalaqis mcxovreblebi da meria arCevanis winaSe 

dganan: daangrion, SeinarCunon, Tu iersaxe Seucvalon ama Tu im Senobas, kvartals 

da a.S. am dros gansakuTrebuli pasuxismgebloba ekisreba im pirebs, romelTac 

unda gadawyviton es sakiTxi. ekrZod, qalaqis mgegmav qalaqmSenebels, xuroTmo- 

ZRvars, arqiteqtors da sxv. 

f 

nax. 3.14.3 Zveli da axali Tbilisi 

nax. 3.14.4 Zveli da axali parizi 

nax. 3.14.5 Zveli da axali dubai 

1990 2003 

2. Seni azriT, ra kavSiria qalaqis funqcias, mis iersaxesa da ganaSenianebas Soris? 

3. rogor fiqrob, ra SeiZleba CaiTvalos q. Tbilisis da Seni dasaxlebuli punqtis 

orientirad? 

4. nax. 3.14-3-3.14.5-is gamoyenebiT Seadare erTmaneTs Zveli da axali Tbilisi, 

parizi da dubai da imsjele, rogor Seicvala maTi iersaxe? qalaqis romelma 

orientirebma SeinarCuna mniSvneloba? 

davaleba 

bevri qalaqis saxelwodeba mrewvelobis ama Tu im dargis sinonimad iqca. magaliTad, 

safeiqro mrewveloba – manCesteri, lioni; savtomobilo mrewveloba – detroiti; 

optikis – iena; saaTebis – lokli; Savi metalurgiis – pitsburgi da sxv. 

es 

sainteresoa 

179

I V Tavi 

mogzauroba 

afrika 

218 

keTili imedis 

koncxi 

1640 wels holandieli mogzaurebisTvis ukve cnobili iyo avstraliis sanapiroebi. 

1642-1644 wlebSi eqspediciam abel tasmanis xelmZRvanelobiT k. tasmania, 

Semdeg ki axali zelandia aRmoaCina. 

XVIII saukuneSi samxreTis zRvebis SeswavliT aqtiurad dainteresdnen ingliselebi. 

1770 wels jeims kuki ekipaJis wevrebTan erTad avstraliis sanapiroze 

gadavida da igi didi britaneTis samflobelod gamoacxada. manve gamoikvlia avstraliis 

aRmosavleT sanapiro da didi barieruli rifi aRmoaCina. 

malindi 

k. madagaskari 

batavia 

(jakarta) 

k. borneo 

k. iava 

k. papua 

axali gvinea 

axali holandia 

(avstralia) 

k. tasmania 

axali zelandia 

a. tasmanis mogzaurobamde aRmoCenili kunZulebi 

portugalieli mogzaurebi XVI-XVII s 

holandieli mogzaurebi XVI-XVII s 

a. tasmanis I mogzauroba 1642-1643 w 

a. tasmanis II mogzauroba1644 w 

nax. 4.4.6 holandielebma 

avstralia geografiulad 

aRmoaCines, xolo 

ingliselma jeims kukma 

kontinentis evropul 

kolonizacias daudo 

safuZveli. 

9. nax. 4.4.6-is mixedviT daadgine: 

a) sad gadioda portugalieli da holandieli zRvaosnebis gzebi? 

b) ra mimarTulebiT miemarTebodnen holandiuri eqspediciebi axali miwebis 

saZebnelad? 

g) romeli kunZulebi aRmoaCines holandielebma? 

d) Seadare rukaze aRniSnuli geografiuli saxelebi Tanamedroves. 

10. XVII-XVIII saukuneebSi avstralias axal holandias uwodebdnen. rogor fiqrob, 

ratom? 

11. amoirCie romelime mogzauri, rukis mixedviT aRwere misi mogzaurobis 

marSruti da Seavse cxrili: 

mogzauri mizezi mogzaurobis marSruti Sedegi 

12. gamoTqvi Seni mosazreba didi geografiuli aRmoCenebis mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb. 

Seni azriT, rogori iqneboda dRevandeloba am aRmoCenebis gareSe? 

13. moiZie damatebiTi informacia romelime mogzauris Sesaxeb da gaacani igi 

Tanaklaselebs. 

14. aRniSne konturul rukaze kolumbis, magelanis, diasisa da vasko da gamas 

mogzaurobis marSrutebi. 

davaleba 

f 

4. 5. mogzauroba dRes 

turizmi mogzaurobisa da dasvenebis erT-erTi ZiriTadi formaa. Tanamedrove 

gagebiT, turizmi sxvadasxva satransporto saSualebiT an fexiT mogzaurobaa, 

romlis mizania dasveneba, sporti, janmrTelobis aRdgena da mkurnaloba, Semecneba 

da sxv. mogzaurTa da turistTa ricxvi msoflioSi yovelwliurad izrdeba. 

wya ro 1 

dRemde sayovelTaod ar aris 

dadgenili, vin SeiZleba CaiTvalos 

turistad. maTi aRricxvis 

universaluri satatistikuri 

meTodic ar arsebobs. Tumca, 

gaeros 1963 wlis ganmartebiT, cneba 

„turisti“ niSnavs pirs, romelic 

droebiT – 24 sT-dan 6 Tvemde 

icvlis Tavis mudmiv sacxovrebel 

adgils da romlis mizania garToba, 

Semecneba da sxv. magram araviTar 

SemTxvevaSi SromiT anazRaurebasTan 

dakavSirebuli saqmianoba. 

turizmi momsaxurebis sferos yvelaze wamyvani da momgebiani dargia. amJamad 

TiTqmis yvela adamiani met-naklebad Cabmulia turistul saqmianobaSi. isini 

muSaoben sastumroebSi, kvebisa da savaWro obieqtebSi da a.S. xSirad turistebs 

turistuli firmebi emsaxureba. 

XX saukunis 70-iani wlebidan metad swrafad ganviTarda saerTaSoriso turizmi, 

rasac xeli Seuwyo mSvidobam, sxvadasxva qveynis ekonomikurma aRmavlobam da 

mosaxleobis keTildReobis donis zrdam, mecnierul-teqnikurma revoluciam da 

sxva fatorebma. 

nax. 4.5.2 msoflios 

qveynebi turistTa 

raodenobis mixedviT 


! 

moskovi 

londoni 

! 

berlini 

! 

! 

! parizi 

Cikago 

! 

los-anjelesi 

! 

mexiko 

! 

! niu-iorki 

filadelfia 

stamboli 

pekini (beijingi) 

! 

! 

Teirani 

! 

! 

! 

tokio 

kairo 

Sanxai osaka 

! 

deli 

! 

! 

taibei 

! karaCi kalkuta hon-kongi ! 

mumbai ! 

! 

! 

bangkoki manila 

! 

! 

san-paulo 

! ! rio-de-Janeiro 

buenos-airesi 

! 

nax. 4.5.1 mosaxleobis im SeZlebuli fenebis 

warmomadgenlebs, vinc cnobismoyvareobis gamo 

ucxo qveyanaSi mogzaurobda, XVII s-is bolos 

turistebs uwodebdnen. turists espaneTis 

qalaq oveidoSi Zeglic ki daudges. 

qveyanaSi turistebis raodenoba 

70 mln. 

35-50 mln. 

25-30 mln. 

15-20 mln. 

10-15. mln. 

5-10 mln. 

msoflio turistuli organizaciebis monacemebiT, 2009 wels mTel msoflioSi 880 

mln turisti mogzaurobda, xolo turizmidan miRebulma Semosavalma 946 mlrd 

dolari Seadgina. 

3-5 mln. 

< 3 mln. 

jakarta 

! 

es 

sainteresoa 

219

I V Tavi 

mogzauroba 

220 


! 

moskovi 

londoni 

! 

! 

! 

! berlini 

los-anjelesi 

! 

mexiko 

! 

Cikago niu-iorki 

! 

! filadelfia 

parizi 

! 

stamboli 

kairo 

! 

pekini (beijini) 

! 

Teirani 

tokio 

! 

! 

! 

osaka 

deli 

! Sanxai 

karaCi ! 

taibei 

! 

kalkuta hon-kongi ! 

mumbai ! 

! 

! 

bangkoki manila 

! 

! 

san-paulo 

! ! rio-de-Janeiro 

buenos-airesi 

! 

Semosavlebi turizmidan 

> 70 mlrd. 

20-30 mlrd. 

10-20 mlrd. 

7-10 mlrd. 

5-7 mlrd. 

2.4-5 mlrd. 

< 2.4 mlrd. 

nax. 4 5 3 msoflios qveynebi turiz midan miRebuli Semosavlebis mixedviT 

nax. 4.5.4 saerTaSoriso turizmi 

jakarta 

! 

1. nax. 4.5.2-isa da 4.5.3-is mixedviT daadgine: 

a) msoflios udidesi qveynebi tu ristTa raodenobisa da turizmidan miRebuli 

Semosavlebis mixedviT; 

b) ramdeni turisti ewvia saqarTvelos da ras udrida turizmidan miRebuli 

Semosavali? 

2. rogor fiqrob, ram gamoiwvia am qveynebis didi popularuloba ucxoel 

turistTa Soris? 

davaleba 

3. nax. 4.5.4-is mixedviT daadgine saerTaSoriso turizmis ZiriTadi sazRvao, samTosaTxilamuro 

da sakruizo centrebi. 

los-anjelesi 

! 

sakruizo raionebi 

sazRvao raionebi 

samTo-saTxilamuro 

raionebi 

Cikago ! niu-iorki 

! 

filadelfia 

mexiko 

! 

san-paulo 

! ! 


! buenos-airesi 


! moskovi 

! 

londoni ! ! 

! 

pekini 

parizi 

(beijingi) 

! 

stamboli 

! 

osaka 

! 

Teirani 

deli 

! ! 

tokio 

! 

kairo 

Sanxai! 

! 

karaCi ! 

! taibei 

! 

! 

! hon-kongi 

mumbai 

! manila 

! 

bankoki 

jakarta 

! 

f 

f 

turizmis ganviTarebam dasabami misca mTeli rigi saerTaSoriso organizaciebis 

Seqmnas. maT Sorisaa „msoflio turistuli organizacia“, „turistuli saagento 

asociaciebis msoflio federacia“, „arabTa turizmis kavSiri“, „afrikuli 

turizmis ganviTarebis organizacia“ da sxv. amis Sesaxeb met informacias Seityob 

internetgverdidan: www.worldtourizmorganization.com 

turizmi ZiriTadad ori saxisaa: rekreaciuli (gajansaReba, SemecnebiTi, sportuli 

da sxv.) da saqmiani (biznes-turizmi, kongres-turizmi, Soping-turizmi da 

sxv.). TiToeuli es saxe specializebul qvesaxeebad iyofa. 

wya ro 2 

wylis Txilamurebi pirvelad 1922 wels gamoCnda, roca amerikelma ralf samuelsonma 

Cveulebrivi zamTris TxilamurebiT leik-sitis tbaze gaseirneba gadawyvita. 

wylis TxilamurebiT sriali dasvenebis erT-erTi aqtiuri da metad popularuli 

formaa. 

raftingi (jomardoba), daivingi (wyalqveSa yvinTva), serfingi, veikbordingi (wylis 

Txila mure bis, snoubordis, skuterisa da serfingis kombinacia, romelic XX 

saukunis 90-iani wlebidan ganviTarda) da sxv. wylis turizmis saxeebia. 

daivingi 

raftingi 

4. turizmis ganviTarebas aqvs rogorc dadebiTi, ise uaryofiTi mxareebi. 

CamoTvale isini da moawyveT klasSi diskusia: „turizmis plus-minusebi“. 

davaleba 

turizms, rogorc organizebul da komerciul saqmianobas, safuZveli 1841 wels 

Caeyara. ingliselma komersantma tomas kukma pirvelad gauwia jgufis gamgzavrebas 

komerciuli momsaxureba. man matareblis bileTebi Seisyida da Semdeg igi mgzavrobis 

msurvelebs mihyida, amasTan, gzaSi eqskursiamZRolis funqciac Tavadve 

ikisra. britaneTSi es turistuli firma dResac arsebobs saxelwodebiT „tomas kuk 

end san“. 

gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis mier 1967 weli turizmis wlad iyo gamocxa debuli 

deviziT: „turizmi – gza mSvidobisaken“. 

es 

sainteresoa 

es 

sainteresoa 

221

I V Tavi 

mogzauroba 

222 

wya ro 3 

momlocveloba da wminda adgilebis 

monaxuleba religiuri turizmis erT-erTi 

saxea. israelis dedaqalaq ierusalimSi, 

„maradiul qalaqSi“, sami msoflio religia 

– qristianoba, iudaizmi da mahmadianoba 

iyris Tavs, ris gamoc aq mudmivad ikveTeba 

mTeli msoflios morwmune adamianebis 

interesebi. qalaqSi mravali istoriuli da 

religiuri siwmindea, romlebic masobrivi 

momlocvelobis obieqtebs warmoadgenen. 

magaliTad, Zveli, dangreuli sinagogas gadar Cenili 

15-metriani simaRlis godebis kedeli ebraelTaTvis 

ierusalimis dabru nebis simbolo iyo. saukuneebis 

ganmavlobaSi istoriul miwa-wylidan gandevnil ebraelebs 

weliwadSi mxolod erTxel SeeZloT aq Camosvla da locva. 

uflis saflavi ierusalimSi yvelaze wminda adgilia 

mTeli msoflios qristianebisTvis. Tumca igi aseve udides 

STabeWdilebas tovebs nebismier mnaxvelze, ra religiuri 

mrwamsisac ar unda iyos igi. 

wya ro 4 

ukanasknel wlebSi turizmis axali saxeoba – kosmosuri 

turizmi gaCnda. igi turizmis yvelaze Zviri da amave dros 

yvelaze egzotikuri saxeobaa. jerjerobiT kosmosur 

turistTa ricxvi didi araa da sul 10 kacs iTvlis. denis 

tito – amerikeli milioneri pirveli adamiania, romelic 

2001 wels kosmosSi turistad gafrinda. 

wya ro 5 

agroturizmi (sasoflo turizmi) evropaSi 

XX s-is 70-ian wlebSi gaCnda. am periodSi 

evropis bevr qveyanaSi metad mwvave ekologiuri 

situacia Seiqmna, ris gamoc didi qalaqebisa da 

samrewvelo centrebis mcxovreblebs bunebaSi, 

sufTa haerze dasveneba da jansaRi, naturaluri 

produqtebiT kveba surdaT. turizmis es 

saxeoba dResac popularulia. agroturizmis 

erT-erTi saxeobaa Rvinis turizmi, romelic 

venaxebis monaxulebas da yurZnis krefas, Rvinis 

maranSive degustacias da yidvas, Rvinis festivalebis Catarebas moicavs. 

wya ro 6 

„mwvane“ anu ekoturizmi bunebaSi dasvenebas da amave 

dros masze zurnvas gulisxmobs. ekoturizmis mizania 

garemos ekologiuri mdgradobis Senar Cu neba 

da mosaxleobis ekologiuri ganaT lebis amaRleba. 

ekoturizmis ganviTarebaSi udides rols asrulebs 

erovnuli parkebi, nakrZalebi, aRkveTilebi da 

sxva. saxis daculi teritoriebi. magaliTad, 

CineTSi ekoturizmis mravali obieqtia. am qveyanaSi 

msoflioSi yvelaze meti satyeo nakrZali (1658) da 

tyeparkia (1757). aqedan 6 tyeparki iuneskos msoflio memkvidreobis obieqtebis 

siaSia Seyvanili. ekoturizmi aseve kargadaa ganviTarebuli keniaSi, tanzaniaSi, 

ekvadorSi, nepalSi, kosta-rikaSi, avstraliaSi, axal zelandiasa da samxreT afrikis 

respublikaSi. ekoturizmi saqarTveloSi sul ufro popularuli xdeba. 

wya ro 7 

zogierT adamians did siamovnebas aniWebs mogzaurobis dros dabkolebebis 

gadalaxva da moulodnelobebiT savse dReebi. aseTi avanturistuli da 

eqstremaluri mogzauroba survilTan erTad fizikur amtanobasa da simamaces 

moiTxovs. eqstremaluri 

mogzaurobis magaliTia tur 

heierdalis (msoflio okeaneSi 

tiviT), jumber leJavas da 

sxvaTa mogzaurobebi. qarTvelma 

mogzaurma j. leJavam 1993-2000 

wlebSi velosipediT martom 

imogzaura dedamiwis yvela 

kontinentze da TiTqmis yvela 

qveyanaSi. man 264 000 km gaiara da 

ekvatori 9-jer gadakveTa. 

5. CamoTvale, ra mizniT mogzaurobdnen adamianebi warsulSi da mogzauroben dRes. 

Seavse cxrili: 

mogzaurobis 

miznebi 

mogzaurTa droebiT 

gasaCerebeli adgilebi 

mogzaurTa 

satransporto saSualebebi 

davaleba 

6. rogor fiqrob, SeiZleba Tu ara CaiTvalos mogzaurobad mivlineba, gastrolebi, 

dazverva, yaCaRoba-mekobreoba, samecniero kongresSi monawileoba, alpinizmi, 

paraSutizmi, sahaero buStebiT frena? pasuxi daasabuTe. 

7. arsebobs turizmis iseTi saxeebi, rogorebicaa samrewvelo turizmi, 

eTnoturizmi, saTavgadasavlo turizmi, invaliduri turizmi, speleoturizmi. 

Seni azriT, ras gulisxmobs TiToeuli maTgani? 

8. gamoTqvi mosazreba, turizmis romeli saxeoba SeiZleba ganviTardes Sens mxareSi 

– saqarTveloSi da ratom? 

223

VTavi 

transporti da vaWroba 

226 

5. 1. transporti 

Zvelad raime sagnebis an produqtis transportireba neli procesi iyo, radgan 

mas ZiriTadad, cxovelebi da adamianebi gadazidavdnen. 

nax. 5.1.1 4000 wlis win adamianma 

cxeni moiSinaura, romelic 

qveiTze aTjer ufro swrafad 

moZraobs. msoflios zog 

qveyanaSi tvirTis gadasazidad 

da mgzavrTa gadasayvanad 

cxovelebi jer kidev gamoiyeneba. 

gadaadgilebis 

saSualebebi: 

avtomobili, gemi, 

TviTmfrinavi, 

matarebeli da sxv. 

mimosvlis gzebi: 

avtobani, 

rkinigza, xidi, 

gvirabi da sxv. 

nax. 5.1.2 pirveli borbali, 

savaraudod, Sumerebma 

5000 wlis win gamoigones. 

maT xisborbliani urmebiT 

marcvleuli sxva soflebSi 

mihqondaT gasayidad. 

damatebiTi 

mowyobilobebi: 

aeroporti, 

avtosadguri, 

rkinigzis sadguri, 

navsadguri da sxv. 

nax. 5.1.3 etli pirveli 

sazogadoebrivi 

transporti iyo, romelic 

yovel 20 kilometrSi unda 

SeCerebuliyo fundukSi 

cxenebis Sesacvlelad. 

Tanamedrove civilizacia warmoudgenelia transportis gareSe. marTalia, 

transporti Tavad arafers ar awarmoebs, magram mis gareSe ar iarsebebs aranairi 

warmoeba, qalaqebi, soflebi, fabrika-qarxnebi, fermebi da saxelmwifoc ki. 

nax. 5.1.4 satransporto kompleqsis Semadgeneli nawilebi 

satransporto 

kompleqsi 

momsaxure 

personali: 

mZRoli, mfrinavi, 

memanqane, 

dispeCeri da sxv. 

davaleba 

1. CamoTvale SenTvis cnobili transportis saxeebi, daajgufe isini „Zvel“ da 

„axal“ satransporto saSualebebad da ganalage maTi warmoSobis mixedviT drois 

xazze. 

f 

nax. 5.1.5 transportis saxeebi 

sarkinigzo 

saxmeleTo 

transporti 

saavtomobilo 

transportis saxeebi 

wylis 

transporti 

samdinaro sazRvao 

sahaero 

transporti 

milsadeni 

transporti 

metad rTuli da Taviseburia Tanamedrove transportis geografia. evropaSi, 

CrdiloeT amerikasa da aziis aRmosavleTSi mTeli rigi regionebi mimosvlis gzebiT, 

SeiZleba iTqvas, ablabudas qseliviT aris daserili. Tumca, dedamiwaze aris 

adgilebi – ZiriTadad, polarul da mTian mxareebSi – sadac TiTqmis warmoudgenelia 

Tanamedrove transportis gamoyeneba. yvela saxis transportma ori mTavari 

moTxovna unda daakmayofilos: man unda SeZlos garkveuli moculobis tvirTis 

gadazidva (gansazRvruli woniT, Tu adamianTa raodenobiT) da dafaros saWiro 

manZili. 

transportis muSaobis Sesafasebeli ZiriTadi maCvenebelia gadaziduli tvir- 

Tebis sidide da gadayvanili mgzavrebis raodenoba, romelTa manZilze gadamravlebiT 

tvirTbrunvas (izomeba t/km) da mgzavrTbrunvas (mgzavri/km) miviRebT. 

2. transports xSirad saxelmwifos „sisxlis mimoqcevis sistemas“ uwodeben. axseni, 

rogor gesmis es gamoTqma. 

3. Seni azriT, ra kavSiria qveynis ekonomikuri ganviTarebis donesa da mis 

satransporto sistemas Soris? moiyvane am kavSiris gamovlenis magaliTebi. 

4. ra roli akisria transports qveynis sameurneo sistemaSi? 

davaleba 

5. rogor fiqrob, mTian regionebSi transportis romeli saxeobis ganviTarebas 

eniWeba upiratesoba da ratom? 

6. transportis ganviTarebaze mravali faqtori moqmedebs. maT Soris qveynisa da 

mosaxleobis socialur-ekonomikuri mdgomareoba, kulturuli, rekreaciuli da 

demografiuli aqtivoba, politikuri situacia da sxv. Seni azriT, transportis 

ganviTarebaze ra konkretul gavlenas axdens CamoTvlili faqtorebi? 

amazoneTis junglebSi, afrikasa da zondis kunZulebze dResac cxovroben 

tomebi, romelTac dRemde ar ician, ra aris transporti. 

es 

sainteresoa 

227

VTavi 

transporti da vaWroba 

228 

msoflio erTiani satransporto sistema XX saukuneSi Camoyalibda. ganviTarebul 

qveynebze msoflio satransporto qselis saerTo sigrZis 78% da tvirTbrunvis 

74% modis. 

nax. 5.1.6 msoflios tvirT- da mgzavrTbrunva (2005 w.) 

100 

90 

80 

70 

60 

50 

40 

30 

20 

10 

0 

tvirT- da mgzavrTbrunva (%) 

61 

1 

transportis 

saxeoba 

tvirTbrunva 

mgzavrTbrunva 

14 

10 10 

80 

sazRvao sarkinigzo saavtomobilo milsadeni sahaero samdinaro 

12 

9 

3 

davaleba 

7. nax. 5.1.6-is gamoyenebiT daadgine: 

a) romeli satransporto saSualeba liderobs tvirTbrunvisa da 

mgzavrTbrunvis mixedviT? 

b) imsjele transportis calkeuli saxeobis rolze tvirT- da mgzavrTbrunvaSi; 

g) rogor fiqrob, ram gamoiwvia transportis sxvadasxva saxeobis aseTi 

ganawileba? 

5. 2. transportis saxeebi 

wylis transporti yvelaze Zveli satransporto saxeobaa. yvelaze primitiuli 

afriani xomaldic ki dRe-Ramis ganmavlobaSi 4-5-jer met manZils gadioda, vidre 

qaravani. XX saukunis 50-ian wlebamde grZel manZilze gadasaadgileblad sazRvao 

transporti mTavari saSualeba iyo. sazRvao transportma dRemde SeinarCuna mniSvnelovani 

funqcia da roli. igi yvelaze iafi satransporto saxeobaa, amitomac 

msoflio tvirTbrunvis 60-67% wylis transportze modis. sazRvao transporti 

did manZilze mZime tvirTebis (naxSiri, madani, samSeneblo masalebi) gadatanis 

saukeTeso saSualebaa. 

uZvelesi droidan gadaadgilebis yvelaze martiv saSualebas mdinareebi warmoadgenda, 

romlebzec adamianebi xis navebiT, kanoeebiT gadaadgildebodnen. 

dedamiwaze Siga wylebis saerTo sigrZe 550 aTasi km-ia. samdinaro sanaosno gzebis 

didi ganfenilobiT gamoirCeva CineTi (110 aTasi km), ruseTi (80 aTasi km), aSS (41 

aTasi km), brazilia (31 aTasi km). Tumca aris qveynebi, sadac samdinaro transporti 

TiTqmis ar aris an sustadaa ganviTarebuli. 

nax. 5.2.1 mdinareebze da mcire sazRvao 

gadasasvlelebze tvirTis gadasatanad 

da mgzavrTa gadasayvanad bornebi 

gamoiyeneba. Tanamedrove bornebi 

gemebs waagavs da didi popularobiT 

sargeblobs turistebs Soris. 

nax. 5.2.2 yvelaze didi gemebi navTobis 

tanke rebia. zogi tankeri sigrZeSi naxevar 

kilometrs aRweven da gaCerebisaTvis 

ramdenime kilometri sWirdeba. tankeri 

500000 tona navTobs itevs. 

nax. 5.2.3 yvelaze didi samgzavro gemis titulis 

mopovebas ori laineri cdilobs: 1998 wels agebuli 

285 -metriani “Grand Princess”, romelic da 311 metriani 

– “Navigator of tne Seas”. marTalia es ukanaskneli sigrZiT 

ufro metia, magram `princesa“ ufro met adamianzea 

gaTvlili. masze 2600 kaci eteva. gemi umaRles donezea 

aRWurvili: aq 1300 kaiuta, 3 restorani, 4 auzi, 3 

sakoncerto darbazi da15 gembania; aqvea kazino, Ramis 

klubi, diskoTeka, silamazis saloni, biblioTeka, 

golfis, CogburTisa da kalaTburTis moednebi da 

mravali sxv. mgzavrebs 1200 adamiani emsaxureba. 

1. msoflios fizikuri da politikuri rukebis gamoyenebiT, daadgine: 

a) ratom aris CineTSi, ruseTSi, aSS-sa da braziliaSi samdinaro transporti 

kargad ganviTarebuli? 

b) romel qveynebSi ar arsebobs samdinaro transporti da ratom? 

davaleba 

229

V I I 

Tavi 

saerTaSoriso organizaciebi 

es 

sainteresoa 

290 

7. 5. olimpiuri komiteti 

saerTaSoriso organizacia `saerTaSoriso olimpiuri komiteti~ 1894 wlis 23 

ivniss baron pier de kubertenis mier olimpiuri TamaSebis aRorZinebis mizniT 

Seiqmna. amJamad komiteti yvelaze gavleniani sportuli organizaciaa msoflio- 

Si. komiteti yovel oTx weliwadSi organizebas ukeTebs Tanamedrove olimpiur 

TamaSebs zafxulsa da zamTarSi. komitetis mier organizuli pirveli zafxulis 

olimpiada 1896 wels aTenSi (saberZneTi) gaimarTa; pirveli zamTris olimpiada ki – 

1924 wels CamoniqsSi (safrangeTi). 1992 wlamde zafxulisa da zamTris olimpiadebi 

erTsa da imave wels imarTeboda. 1994 wlidan ki komitetma maT Soris orwliani dro 

gamoyo RonisZiebaTa organizebis dagegmvis gamartivebis mizniT. 

nax .7.5.2 zafxulis olimpiadebis Catarebis adgilebi 

nax. 7.5.1 olimpiuri komitetis Stab-bina 

lozanaSi (Sveicaria) mdebareobs. 

erTxel 

orjer da metad 

qalaqebi, erTxel 

qalaqebi, 2-jer 

(los-anjelesi, parizi, 

londoni da aTeni) 

zafxulis bolo, XXIX olimpiada pekinSi (beijingi, CineTi) Catarda. Semdgomi 

olimpiadebi 2012 wels londonSi (gaerTianebuli samefo) da 2016 wels rio-de- 

JaneiroSi (brazilia) gaimarTeba. 

davaleba 

1. Seni azriT, ras gamoxatavs 

olimpiuri komitetis 

emblema? 

f 

f 

nax. 7.5.3 zamTris olimpiadebis Catarebis adgilebi 

qveynebi –erTxel 

qveynebi – orjer da 

metad 

qalaqebi – erTxel 

qalaqebi – orjer 

(leiq-plesidi (aSS), sentmorici 

(Sveicaria), instburki 

(avstria) 

zamTris bolo XXI olimpiada 2010 wels vankuverSi (kanada) gaimarT. momdevno ki 

2014 wels soWSi (ruseTi) Catardeba. 

saerTaSoriso olimpiur komitets ori organo aqvs: aRmasrulebeli komiteti 

da antidopingis komiteti. 

saerTaSoriso olimpiur komitetSi 205 erovnuli komitetia gaerTianebuli. 

TiToeuli maTgani Tavis kontinentalur erovnul olimpiur asociaciebs eqvemdebareba. 

2001 wlidan organizaciis prezidentia Jak roge. pirveli prezidenti ki 

vikelas demetriusi iyo 1894-1896 wlebSi. Tavad damaarsebeli pier de kuberteni 

komitets 1896-1925 wlebSi xelmZRvanelobda. 

komitetis samuSao enebia: franguli da inglisuri. yoveli wlis 23 ivniss saer- 

TaSoriso olimpiuri dRe aRiniSneba. 

olimpiuri komitetis internet-misamarTia: www.olympic.org 

saqarTvelos erovnuli olimpiuri komiteti 1989 wels Seiqmna da 1993 wels ukve 

saerTaSoriso olimpiur komitetSi gaerTianda. 

saqarTvelos sportsmenebma olimpiadaze sul 18 medali moipovs, maT Soris 5 

oqrosi, 2 vercxlis da 11 brinjaosi. Cvens sportsmenebs yvela medali zafxulis 

olimpiadebze aqvT miRebuli. 

2. nax. 7.5.2-7.4.3-is gamoyenebiT daadgine: 

a) emTxveva Tu ara zamTrisa da zafxulis olimpiadebis Catarebis adgilebi 

erTmaneTs? 

b) romel qveynebSi Catarebula erTsa da imave wels zamTrisa da zafxulis 

olimpiadebi? 

davaleba 

3. moiZie informacia qarTvel olimpiel sportsmenTa Sesaxeb da gaacani megobrebs. 

es 

sainteresoa 

291

V I I 

Tavi 


292 

leqsikoni 

7. 

6. garemos dacvis saerTaSoriso 

organizaciebi 

konservacia – risame dacva, SenarCuneba specialuri pirobebis SeqmniT 

grinpisi 1971 wels vankuverSi (kanada) Seqmnili bunebis damcvelTa saerTaSoriso 

organizaciaa. grinpisi miznad isaxavs globalur ekologiur problemebze 

zrunvas da problemebisadmi msoflios xalxebisa da saxelmwifo mTavrobebis 

yuradRebis mipyrobas. organizaciis mizania Cveni planetis bunebrivi simdidreebis 

mimarT adamianTa damokidebulebis Secvlac. mis yvela saqmianobas ZiriTadad 

saqvelmoqmedo fondebi da momxreebi afinanseben. 

grinpisSi 2,5 milionze meti adamiania gaerTianebuli. organizaciis samuSao 

ofisebi msoflios ara erT qveyanaSi moqmedebs, maT Soris aSS-Si, avstraliaSi, 

britaneTSi, indoeTSi, CineTSi da sxv. organizaciis saTao ofisi mdebareobs amsterdamSi 

(niderlandebi). 

misi internet-misamarTia: www.greenpeace.irg 

nax. 7.6.1 grinpisis wevri qveynebi 

nax. 7.6.2 jer kidev gasuli saukunis 

70-iani wlebSi grinpisma seriozuli 

saerTaSoriso aqcia Caatara veSapebis 

komerciuli miznebisTvis daWeris 

winaaRmdeg. 

davaleba 

1. nax. 7.6.1-isa da msoflio politikuri rukis gamoyenebiT CamoTvale grinpisis 

wevri sami qveyana kontinentebis mixedviT. 

bunebis dacvis msoflio fondi (World Wide Fund for Nature – WWF) – saerTaSoriso 

sazogadoebrivi organizaciaa, romelic bunebis dacvas, kvlevasa da aRdgenas 

emsaxureba. igi msoflioSi erT-erTi udidesi damoukidebeli bunebisdacviTi 

organizaciaa, romelic msoflios 40-ze met qveyanaSi muSaobs da 5 mln-ze meti 

mxardamWeri hyavs. organizacia 1961 wlis 11 seqtembers q. morgesSi (Sveicaria) 

daarsda da dRemde daaxloebiT 1300-mde bunebisdacviTi proeqti ganaxorciela. 

organizaciis mTavari mizani dedamiwis biomravalferovnebis SenarCunebaa. am 

kuTxiT man dedamiwaze 200-ze meti ekoregioni gansazRvra. 

organizaciis Stab-bina mdebareobs glandSi (Sveicaria). 

WWF-is internet-misamarTia: www.padna.org 

nax. 7.6.4 WWF-is logoze pandaa 

gamosaxuli. 

bunebis dacvis msoflio fondis kavkasiis warmomadgenloba dReisaTvis erTerTi 

wamyvani garemosdacviTi organizaciaa kavkasiaSi. 

fondis pirveli iniciativebi moicavda saqarTveloSi axali daculi teritoriebis 

Seqmnas da maTi racionalurad marTvis meqanizmebis SemuSavebas, biologiuri 

resursebis mdgrad gamoyenebas, mdgradi metyeveobis ganviTarebis xelSewyobas, 

msxvili mtaceblebis konservacias da sxva. amave dros, fondma seriozuli muSaoba 

gaswia ukve arsebuli daculi teritoriebis marTvis gaumjobesebis saqmeSi. fondis 

uSualo xelSewyobiT daarsda kavkasiaSi saerTaSoriso standartebis mixedviT 

pirveli borjom-xaragaulis erovnuli parki. 

2002 wlis ivnisidan bunebis dacvis msoflio fondis saqarTvelos warmomadgenloba 

funqcionirebas kavkasiis saprogramo ofisis saxelwodebiT (WWF Caucasus 

Programme Office) ganagrZobs, rac imas gulisxmobs, rom fondis saqmianoba mTlian 

kavkasiis ekoregions moicavs. 

dReisaTvis bunebis dacvis msoflio fondis kavkasiis warmomadgenloba mu- 

Saobs mTel rig proeqtebze, romelTa Soris aRsaniSnavia kavkasiuri leopardis 

konservacia, borjom-xaragaulis erovnuli parki, transsasazRvro (saqarTveloazerbaijani) 

proeqti Walis tyeebis gadasarCenad, samkurnalo mcenareebis mdgradi 

mopovebisa da gamoyenebis danergva, Tbilisisa da mtiralas mTis erovnuli 

parkebis daarseba da sxva. 

bunebis dacvis msoflio fondis strategiis Sesabamisad, fondis kavkasiis warmomadgenloba 

aqtiurad TanamSromlobs saxelmwifo struqturebTan, adgilobriv 

da saerTaSoriso arasamTavrobo organizaciebTan, saerTaSoriso saagentoebTan, 

donor organizaciebTan da adgilobriv mosaxleobasTan. 

293

V I I 

Tavi 


294 

nax. 7.6.5 WWF-is devizia: cocxali planetisaTvis. 

davaleba 

� daakvirdi WWF-is propagandistul plakatebs da aRwere, ras unda niSnavdes 

TiToeuli maTgani. 

� moifiqre raime plakati an slogani, romelic garemosdacviT problemebs exeba. 

moawyveT klasSi gamofena. 

I ipove marTebuli msjeloba: 

1. ibn-batuta 

2. amerigo vespuCi 

3. finikielebi 

4. marko polo 

5. f. magelani 

Semajamebeli samuSao IV 

1) mogzauroba adamianebis gadaadgilebaa sxvadasxva teritoriaze savaWro 

mizniT; 

2) turizmi sxvadasxva satransporto saSualebiT an fexiT mogzaurobaa, romlis 

mizania dasveneba, sporti, janmrTelobis aRdgena, mkurnaloba, Semecneba da sxv. 

3) milsadeni transporti transportis yvelaze Zveli da gavrcelebuli saxeobaa. 

4) transportis muSaobis Sesafasebeli ZiriTadi maCvenebelia tvirTbrunva da 

mgzavrTbrunva. 

5) msoflio satransporto qselSi swrafi tempiT izrdeba sakonteinero gadazidvebi. 

6) pirveli sarkinigzo magistrali gaerTianebuli samefoSi amoqmedda; 

7) msoflioSi yvelaze grZeli pa-de-kales srutis qveS gayvanili gvirabia; 

8) interneti komunikaciis uaxlesi saSualebaa; 

9) didma geografiulma aRmoCenebma TiTqmis mTlianad Secvala msoflio vaWrobis 

geografia; 

10) sacalo vaWrobis formebia birJa, bazroba da supermarketi; 

11) eqsportisa da importis erTobliobas saqonelbrunva hqvia; 

12) iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti 1918 wels 

gaixsna da pirveli da erTaderTi universiteti iyo im dros mTel kavkasiaSi. 

13) sportis saTamaSo saxeobebia fexburTi, kalaTburTi, xelburTi, Widaoba 

da tanvarjiSi; 

14) amJamad, natoSi 28 saxelmwifo, evrokavSirSi ki – 27 qveyanaa gaerTianebuli; 

15) Sengenis xelSekruleba ZalaSi 1995 wels Sevida da xelmomwer qveyanaTa 

Soris evros oficialur mimoqcevaSi Semosvlas exeboda. 

II CamoTvili mogzaurebi ganalage drois xazze qronologiuri 

principiT (maTi mogzaurobis drois mixedviT): 

6. qr. kolumbi 

7. j. kuki 

8. a. tasmani 

9. r. amunseni 

10. vasko da gama 

295

d 

III ipove Sesabamisoba: 

1. mogzaurebsa da maTi mogzaurobis marSrutebs Soris: 

a) qr. kolumbi 

b) marko poli 

g) r. amundseni 

d) f. magelani 

e) j. kuki 

a 

b 

g 

d 

e 

1. pirvelma miaRwia CrdiloeT poluss; 

2. pirvelma aRmoaCina axali kontinenti – amerika; 

3. pirvelma miaRwia samxreT poluss; 

4. pirvelma gamoikvlia avstraliis aRmosavleT sanapiro da 

aRmoaCina didi barieruli rifi; 

5. pirvelad miaRwia afrikis ukidures samxreTs; 

6. pirveli mogzauria, romelmac TiTqmis mTeli azia moiara; 

7. pirvelad Semouara dedamiwas garSemo. 

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 

2. emblemebsa da saerTaSoriso organizaciebs Soris: 

a 

b 

e 

v 

g 

z 

1. evrokavSiri 

2. gaero (gaerTianebuli erebis organizacia) 

3. biseki (Savi zRvis qveynebis ekonomikuri TanamSromlobis organizacia) 

4. suami; 

5. dsT (damoukidebel saxelmwifoTa Tanamegobroba) 

6. nato (Crdilo-atlantikuri xelSekrulebis organizacia) 

7. bunebis dacvis msoflio fondi 

8. wiTeli jvris saerTaSoriso komiteti 

9. sok (saerTaSoriso olimpiuri komiteti) 

10. evrosabWo 

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 

296 297 

a 

b 

g 

d 

e 

v 

a 

b 

g 

d 

e 

v 

z 

3. saerTaSoriso organizaciebsa da maT Stab-binebs Soris: 

a) gaero 

b) evrokavSiri 

g) nato 

d) suami 

e) olimpiuri komiteti 

v) grinpisi 

1. kievi 

2. Jeneva 

3. londoni 

4. strasburgi 

5. lozana 

6. briuseli 

7. niu-iorki 

8. parizi 

9. amsterdami 

10. vena 

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

ITavi - Ganatleba

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?