ITavi - Ganatleba
ITavi - Ganatleba
ITavi - Ganatleba
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Tavi<br />
8<br />
msoflios regionebi I<br />
1. 1. regioni da misi gamoyofis principebi<br />
msoflios qveynebi Tu sxvadasxva teritoria SeiZleba sxvadasxva mniSvnelovani<br />
maxasiaTeblis – fizikur-geografiuli, ekonomikur-geografiuli, politikuradministraciuli,<br />
kulturul-istoriuli an sxva faqtorebis mixedviT dajgufdes.<br />
magaliTad, fizikur-geografiuli regionis magaliTia kavkasiis, balkaneTis,<br />
andebis an sxva bunebrivi olqebi.<br />
geografiuli regioni erTiani, mTliani teritoriaa, romelic msgavsi bunebrivi<br />
da socialur-ekonomikuri pirobebiTa da procesebiT xasiaTdeba.<br />
geografiuli daraioneba SeiZleba iyos martivic da kompleqsuric. martivi<br />
daraionebisas regionis gamoyofa erTi romelime kriteriumis (magaliTad,<br />
fizikur-geografiuli) mixedviT xdeba, kompleqsuri daraionebisas ki ramdenime<br />
kriteriumiT.<br />
dedamiwa regionebad sxvadasxvanairad SeiZleba daiyos. nebismieri aseTi dayofa<br />
pirobiTia. magaliTad, arc Tu ise Soreul warsulSi mTeli msoflio or nawilad<br />
– Zvel da axal samyarod iyofoda.<br />
Zvel samyaros im droisTvis cnobili qveynis sami nawili – evropa, azia da afrika<br />
miekuTvneboda, termini `axali samyaro~ ki XVI saukuneSi qveynis meoTxe nawilis –<br />
amerikis aRmoCenis Semdeg damkvidrda.<br />
aseTive zogadi iqneba Cveni planetis mTeli teritoriis regionebad dayofa,<br />
Tu mxedvelobaSi miviRebT, erTi mxriv, adamianis mier aTvisebul da dasaxlebul<br />
regionebs meore mxriv ki – auTvisebel teritoriebs.<br />
aTvisebuli teritoriebi<br />
auTvisebeli an mcired aTvisebuli teritoriebi<br />
nax. 1.1.1 adamianis mier aTvisebuli da auTvisebeli teritoriebi<br />
1. msofilios istoriul-geografiuli kuTxiT regionebad dayofisas romel<br />
kriteriumebs airCevdi da romel regionebs gamoyofdi?<br />
davaleba<br />
2. CamoTvale da aCvene rukaze: xmelTaSuazRvispireTis, balkaneTis, karibis zRvis<br />
auzis, sparseTis yuris, gvineis yuris qveynebi. Seni azriT, ra niSnis mixedviT<br />
gaaerTianes es qveynebi erT regionSi?<br />
fizikur-geografiuli TvalsazrisiT, yvelaze martivia dedamiwis dayofa<br />
kontinentebad dayofa. SedarebiT rTulia misi dayofa istoriuli, socialurekonomikuri,<br />
kulturuli, enobrivi da sxva niSnebis mixedviT.<br />
msoflios qveynebs pirobiTad CrdiloeTisa da samxreTis qveynebad yofen.<br />
aseTi dayofis safuZveli qveynebis socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis done,<br />
meurneobis struqtura da sayofacxovrebo pirobebia.<br />
nax. 1.1.2 msoflios dayofa CrdiloeTisa da samxreTis qveynebad<br />
davaleba<br />
3. Seadare erTmaneTs nax.1.1.2-isa da msoflios politikuri rukebi da imsjele,<br />
Seni azriT, amgvari dayofisas ratom ar miiRes mxedvelobaSi ekvatori, romelic<br />
dedamiwas CrdiloeT da samxreT naxevarsferoebad yofs?<br />
regionebi farTobis mixedviTac gansxvavdeba. magaliTad, kontinentebi dedamiwis<br />
umsxvilesi regionebi anu makroregionebia. TiToeuli kontinentis buneba,<br />
mosaxleobis saqmianoba Tu kulturuli tradiciebi sxvadasxva nawilSi gansxvavebulia.<br />
amitom Tavis mxriv kontinenti kidev ufro mcire regionebad – qveregionebad,<br />
anu subregionebad iyofa.<br />
9
Tavi<br />
10<br />
msoflios regionebi I<br />
msoflios dayofa regionebad da subregionebad metad mniSvnelovania am regionSi<br />
Semavali qveynebis statistikuri aRricxvisaTvis, aseve, sxvadasxva saxis<br />
saerTaSoriso RonisZiebebis dagegmvisa da CatarebisaTvis.<br />
afrikis kontinenti erT-erTi udidesi regionia Cvens planetaze. amitomac bunebrivia,<br />
igi calkeul msxvil subregionebad iyofa. yvelaze metad gavrcelebulia<br />
misi dayofa CrdiloeT da tropikul (saharis samxreTi afrika) afrikad. am or<br />
subregions Soris mniSvnelovani bunebrivi, istoriuli, eTnikuri da socialurekonomikuri<br />
gansxvavebebia.<br />
meore midgomiT, afrikis qveynebi SeiZleba ganviTarebad da ganviTarebul qveynebad<br />
daiyos. aq metad araTanabar suraTs<br />
miviRebT, radgan afrikis mxolod<br />
erTi saxelmwifo – samxreT afrikis respublikaa<br />
ganviTarebuli, danarCeni ki –<br />
ganviTarebad qveynebs ekuTvnis.<br />
mesame midgomiT, afrikaSi fizikur-geografiuli<br />
Taviseburebis gaTvaliswinebiT<br />
xuTi subregioni gamoiyofa: CrdiloeTi,<br />
dasavleTi, centraluri, aRmosavleTi da<br />
samxreTi afrika.<br />
nax. 1.1.3 afrikis dayofa subregionebad<br />
dasavleT afrika tropikuli udabnoebis, savanebisa da<br />
teniani tropikuli tyeebis zonas moicavs, romelic saharasa<br />
da gvineis yures Soris mdebareobs. misi bunebrivi pirobebi<br />
iseTive mravalferovania, rogorc mosaxleobis eTnikuri<br />
Semadgenloba. warsulSi igi monebiT vaWrobis udidesi<br />
regioni iyo. amJamad subregionSi soflis meurneoba da<br />
samTomopovebiTi mrewvelobaa ganviTarebuli.<br />
samxreT afrikas kontinentis samxreTi nawili ukavia<br />
da is evropidan, amerikidan da aziidan sakmaodaa<br />
daSorebuli, Tumca masze msoflio mniSvnelobis sazRvao<br />
gza gadis. subregioni samxreT naxevarsferos tropikul<br />
da subtropikul sartyelSi mdebareobs. samxreT afrikis<br />
ZiriTadi „birTvia“ samxreT afrikis respublika –<br />
kontinentze erTaderTi ganviTarebuli qveyana.<br />
afrikis aseT daraionebas emxrobian saerTaSoriso organizaciebic, upirvelesad<br />
ki gaeros ekonomikuri komisia afrikaSi. calkeuli subregionebis ganvi-<br />
Tarebis xelSewyobisTvis komisias xuTi subregionaluri centri aqvs: marokoSi<br />
(CrdiloeT afrika), nigeriaSi (dasavleTi afrika), kamerunSi (centraluri afrika),<br />
zambiasa (samxreTi afrika) da sudanSi (aRmosavleTi afrika).<br />
CrdiloeT afrikis subregions atlantis okeaneSi, xmelTaSua da wiTeli<br />
zRvebze aqvs gasasvleli, rac xels uwyobs evropasa da wina aziasTan mis<br />
kavSirs. teritoriis didi nawili subtropikul sartyelSia moqceuli, rac<br />
aqauri mosaxleobis saqmianobis specifikas ganapirobebs. isini ZiriTadad<br />
soflis meurneobaSi arian dasaqmebulni da subtropikuli mcenareebi –<br />
bamba, zeTisxili, citrusebi, yurZeni mohyavT. mrewvelobis dargebidan<br />
ganviTarebulia mineraluri resursebis mopoveba da gadamuSaveba. CrdiloeT<br />
afrikis mosaxleobas saerTo aqvs ena, religia, kultura da tradiciebi.<br />
aRmosavleTi afrika subekvatorul da tropikul<br />
zonebSi mdebareobs. mas gasasvleli aqvs indoeTis<br />
okeaneSi da uZvelesi droidan hqonda savaWro<br />
urTierTobebi indoeTTan da arabul qveynebTan.<br />
subregioni mineraluri resursebiT mdidari araa,<br />
magram maTi mravalferovnebiT gamoirCeva, rac<br />
garkveulwilad am resursebis mravalmxriv sameurneo<br />
gamoyenebas ganapirobebs. subregionis mosaxleobis<br />
eTnikuri Sedgenilobac sakmaod Wrelia.<br />
centralur afrikas kontinentis centraluri<br />
(ekvatoruli) nawili ukavia. igi notio<br />
tropikuli tyeebisa da savanebis zonaSi<br />
mdebareobs. subregioni Tavisi mdidari da<br />
mravalferovani mineraluri resursebiT<br />
ara marto afrikaSi, aramed msoflioSic<br />
gamoirCeva. aq mosaxleobis eTnikuri<br />
Semadgenloba SedarebiT erTgvarovania,<br />
romlis 9/10 -s bantus ojaxis xalxi Seadgens.<br />
davaleba<br />
4. amoirCie afrikis romelime subregioni da<br />
rukis gamoyenebiT Camowere am subregionSi<br />
Semavali qveynebi.<br />
5. aziis politikuri rukis gamo ye nebiT<br />
daadgine samxreT-dasavleT aziis<br />
subregionSi Semavali qveynebi da gamoTqvi<br />
Seni azri, ra niSnebis mixedviT moxda maTi<br />
erT subregionSi gaerTianeba?<br />
11
Tavi<br />
42<br />
msoflios regionebi I<br />
es<br />
sainteresoa<br />
CrdiloeTi amerikis Tanamedrove politikuri rukis formirebas 1776 wels<br />
aSS-is Seqmnam misca dasabami. mogvianebiT damoukidebloba moipoves kanadam da<br />
centraluri da karibis zRvis auzis qveynebma. kontinentze farTobis mixedviT<br />
udidesi qveyanaa kanada, mosaxleobis ricxovnobiT, aseve ekonomikuri da samxedro<br />
potencialiT ki – aSS.<br />
kontinentis mosaxleoba Zalze araTanabradaa ganlagebuli. simWidroviT gamoirCeva<br />
atlantisa da wynari okeanis sanapiro zoli, didi tbebis raioni, antiliis<br />
kunZulebi, meqsikis mTianeTis centraluri nawili. meCxrad dasaxlebulia kanadis<br />
arqtikuli arqipelagi, grenlandia, alaska, kordilierebis mTaTa sistemis zogi<br />
regioni.<br />
nax. 1.5. 12 caTambjenebiT ganTqmuli niuiorki<br />
md. huZonis SesarTavSi kunZulebzea<br />
gaSenebuli. warsulSi niu-iorkis adgilas<br />
holandielebis dasaxleba iyo da axali<br />
amsterdami erqva. 1664 wels ingliselebma<br />
hercog iorkis meTaurobiT qalaqi daipyres<br />
da mas niu-iorki uwodes. niu-iorkSi<br />
mdebareobs gaeros 30 sarTuliani Stab-binaa.<br />
nax. 1.5. 13 kaliforniaSi mdebare silikonis veli<br />
msoflioSi erT-erTi pirveli teqnoparkia. aq<br />
erTadaa Tavmoyrilia mrewvelobis uaxlesi dargebis<br />
samecniero da samrewvelo centrebi.<br />
CrdiloeT amerikis mkvidri mosaxleoba – indielebi da eskimosebi amJamad<br />
kontinentis mTeli mosaxleobis mxolod 1%-s Seadgens.<br />
davaleba<br />
11. CrdiloeT amerikis fizikuri rukis gamoyenebiT axseni, ratomaa kontinentis<br />
zogierTi regioni mWidrod, zogi ki meCxerad dasax lebuli?<br />
12. CrdiloeT amerikis politikuri rukis mixedviT CamoTvale centra luri da<br />
karibis zRvis auzis qveynebi.<br />
CrdiloeT amerikis kontinentze 23 suverenuli saxelmwifoa, Tumca kontinentis<br />
TiTqmis mTeli tetritoria sam saxelmwifos – aSS-s, kanadasa da meqsikas ukavia.<br />
kontinentis samxreTiT da mimdebare kunZulebze ki patar-patara saxelmwifoebi<br />
mdebareobs.<br />
f<br />
farTobi – 17,8 mln km 2<br />
mosaxleoba – 387 mln kaci, 2008 w.<br />
1. 6. samxreTi amerika<br />
umaRlesi mwvervali – akon-kagua (argentina), 6959 m<br />
yvelaze dabali adgili – valdesi (argentina), 40 m<br />
yvelaze grZeli mdinare – amazoni, 6992 km<br />
yvelaze didi tba – marakaibo (venesuela), 13312 km 2<br />
yvelaze maRali CanCqeri – anxeli, md. Curunze (venesuela), 979 m<br />
yvelaze didi udabno – patagoniis (argentina), 673 000 km 2<br />
yvelaze didi kunZuli – cecxlovani miwa, 46360 km 2<br />
yvelaze didi qveyana – brazilia, 8,5 mln km 2 (farTobis sididisa da<br />
mosaxleobis ricxovnobis mixedviT)<br />
yvelaze patara qveyana – surinami, 163270 km 2 (farTobis sididisa da<br />
mosaxleobis ricxovnobis mixedviT)<br />
yvelaze didi qalaqi – san-paulo (brazilia), 11 mln kaci (2009 w.)<br />
43
Tavi<br />
44<br />
msoflios regionebi I<br />
samxreTi amerika sididiT meoTxe kontinentia da mTlianad dasavleT naxevarsferoSi<br />
mdebareobs. igi moxazulobiT uzarmazar samkuTxeds waagavs. kontinents<br />
dasavleTiT da aRmosavleTiT msoflio okeane akravs. CrdiloeT amerikisgan igi<br />
viwro panamis yeliT da masze gayvanili panamis arxiTaa gamoyofili, xolo antarqtidisagan<br />
– dreikis srutiT. samxreT amerikis napirebi sustadaa danawevrebuli<br />
da naklebad gamosadegia navsadgurebis mosawyobad.<br />
karibis zRva<br />
a n d e b i<br />
wynari<br />
okeane<br />
tba<br />
marakaibo<br />
a n d e b i<br />
orinoko<br />
iurua<br />
iurua<br />
negro<br />
amazonis<br />
dablobi<br />
p a t a g o n i a<br />
gvianis zegani<br />
madeira<br />
tba titikaka<br />
gran-<br />
Cako<br />
pampa<br />
kolorado<br />
parana<br />
san-xoses<br />
yure<br />
tapaiosi<br />
amazoni<br />
matu grosus<br />
plato<br />
paragvai<br />
parana<br />
tba patusi<br />
braziliis<br />
zegani<br />
baia-grandes<br />
yure folklendis k-ebi<br />
k. cecxlovani miwa<br />
tokantinisi<br />
atlantis<br />
okeane<br />
ekvatori<br />
plato<br />
borborema<br />
sanfransisku<br />
atlantis<br />
okeane<br />
4000 2000 1000 500 200 0<br />
0 1000 2000 km<br />
nax. 1.6. 1 samxreT amerikis<br />
fizikuri ruka<br />
davaleba<br />
1. samxreT amerikis fizikuri rukis daxmarebiT:<br />
a) aRwere samxreT amerikis geografiuli mdebareoba;<br />
b) gansazRvre samxreT amerikis kontinentis ukiduresi wertilebis<br />
koordinatebi: CrdiloeTiT – galinasis, samxreTiT – frouordis (hornis);<br />
dasavleTiT – pariniasis da aRmosavleTiT – kabu-brankus koncxebi;<br />
g) daadgine, romeli geografiuli obieqtebia warmodgenili kontinentis<br />
samxreT da aRmosavleT raionebSi?<br />
f<br />
reliefis xasiaTis mixedviT samxreT amerikas or<br />
nawilad yofen: mTian dasavleTad, sadac msoflioSi<br />
ugrZesi andebis axalgazrda naoWa mTebis meridianuli<br />
sartyelia gadaWimuli da vake aRmosavleTad.<br />
kontinenti mdidaria sasargeblo wiaRiseuliT. navTobisa<br />
da gazis sabadoebi samxreT amerikis CrdiloeTiT<br />
da samxreT-aRmosavleTiT Selfis zonaSia<br />
Tavmoyrili. moipoveba Savi da feradi liTonebi (rkina,<br />
manganumi, nikeli da sxv.). andebSi mdebareobs msoflioSi<br />
udidesi spilenZis sabado.<br />
spilenZis madani<br />
kalis madani<br />
qedebis mimarTuleba<br />
vulkanebi<br />
mwvervalis simaRle 4058<br />
nax. 1.6.2 andebis mTebis saxelwodeba warmodgeba<br />
sityvisgan „anda“, rac inkebis enaze „spilenZs“<br />
niSnavs. andebi wynari okeanis sanapiros gaswvriv<br />
daaxloebiT 9 aTas km-zea gadaWimuli. es sistema<br />
rogorc geologiuri, aseve bunebrivi TvisebebiT<br />
Zalze mravalferovania. aq bevri vulkania da xSiria<br />
miwisZvrebi. mwvervali akon-kagua simaRliT ara<br />
marto andebisa da samxreT amerikis, aramed mTeli<br />
dasavleT naxevarsferos umaRlesi mwvervalia.<br />
andebis vulkanebi uzarmazari wynarokeanuri<br />
vulkanuri sartylis nawilia.<br />
davaleba<br />
2. nax. 1.6.2-is mixedviT aRwere andebis mTaTa<br />
sistema Semdegi gegmis mixedviT:<br />
a) Semadgeneli qedebi;<br />
b) ZiriTadi mwvervalebi da vulkanebi;<br />
g) sasargeblo wiaRiseuli;<br />
3. samxreT amerikis fizikuri da politikuri<br />
rukebis daxmarebiT daadgine, romeli qveynebis<br />
teritoriaze gadis andebis mTebi.<br />
a n d e b i<br />
wynari<br />
okeane<br />
tba<br />
marakaibo<br />
samxreT amerikaSi mdebareobs msoflioSi yvelaze maRali momqmedi vulkani liulia<br />
iliako (6723 m) da aseve Camqral vulkanebs Soris umaRlesi – Cimboraso (6267 m.).<br />
amazonis dablobi farTobiT udidesia planetaze. misi farTobi 5,1 mln km 2 -ia.<br />
dablobze msoflios erT-erTi ugrZesi da yvelaze wyaluxvi mdinare amazoni<br />
miedineba. dablobis teritoria notio ekvatoruli tyeebiTaa dafaruli.<br />
5897<br />
5400<br />
amazonis<br />
dablobi<br />
6520<br />
4058<br />
a n d e b i<br />
orinoko<br />
iurua<br />
negro<br />
tba titikaka<br />
kolorado<br />
p a t a g o n i a<br />
2469<br />
madeira<br />
m. akon-kagua<br />
6960<br />
es<br />
sainteresoa<br />
45
Tavi<br />
46<br />
msoflios regionebi I<br />
samxreT amerika dedamiwaze yvelaze teniani kontinentia da arc iseTi cxelia,<br />
rogorc afrika da avstralia. kontinentze naleqebis ganawilebaSi didi kontrastebi<br />
aRiniSneba: yvelaze meti naleqi ekvatoruli da zomieri sartylis andebis<br />
qarpira kalTebsa da amazonis dablobze modis, xolo atakamis udabno, sadac wlebis<br />
ganmavlobaSi ar modis naleqi, yvelaze mSrali raionia msoflioSi.<br />
samxreT amerika ekvatorul, subekvatorul, tropikul, subtropikul da zomier<br />
sartylebSi mdebareobs. mTebSi kargadaa gamoxatuli vertikaluri sartyluroba:<br />
andebis hava ganedis, simaRlisa da ferdobTa eqspoziciis mixedviT icvleba.<br />
samxreT amerikis klimaturi zonebi<br />
t<br />
30<br />
0<br />
20<br />
10<br />
0<br />
-10<br />
2573<br />
-20<br />
i T m a m i i a s o n d 0<br />
t<br />
30<br />
0<br />
20<br />
10<br />
0<br />
-10<br />
m m.<br />
500<br />
400<br />
300<br />
200<br />
100<br />
0<br />
t m m.<br />
30<br />
500<br />
20<br />
10<br />
0<br />
-10<br />
10<br />
400<br />
300<br />
200<br />
100<br />
-20<br />
i T m a m i i a s o n d 0<br />
samxr. tropiki<br />
3063<br />
m m.<br />
500<br />
400<br />
300<br />
200<br />
100<br />
-20<br />
i T m a m i i a s o n d 0<br />
!. bogota<br />
!. lima<br />
!.<br />
karakasi<br />
ikitosi<br />
!.<br />
!.<br />
t<br />
20<br />
0<br />
10<br />
0<br />
-10<br />
144<br />
t<br />
30<br />
0<br />
20<br />
10<br />
-10<br />
m m.<br />
400<br />
300<br />
200<br />
100<br />
-20<br />
i T m a m i i a s o n d 0<br />
0<br />
2042<br />
m m.<br />
500<br />
400<br />
300<br />
200<br />
100<br />
-20<br />
i T m a m i i a s o n d 0<br />
santiago<br />
!.<br />
!. monte-video<br />
!.<br />
buenos-airesi<br />
salvadori<br />
!.<br />
!. brazilia<br />
rio-de-Janeiro<br />
antofagasa<br />
!. !.<br />
!.<br />
san-paulo<br />
!.<br />
asunsioni<br />
sarmento<br />
!.<br />
!.<br />
puerto-aiseni<br />
!.<br />
ekvatori<br />
t<br />
30<br />
0<br />
20<br />
10<br />
0<br />
-10<br />
t<br />
30<br />
0<br />
20<br />
10<br />
0<br />
-10<br />
ekvatoruli<br />
2760<br />
m m.<br />
500<br />
400<br />
300<br />
200<br />
100<br />
-20<br />
i T m a m i i a s o n d 0<br />
1325<br />
m m.<br />
500<br />
400<br />
300<br />
200<br />
100<br />
-20<br />
i T m a m i i a s o n d 0<br />
subekvatoruli<br />
tropikuli<br />
subtropikuli<br />
zomieri<br />
maRali mTis klimati<br />
nax. 1.6.3 samxreT amerikis<br />
klimaturi ruka<br />
4. CamoTvale, romeli faqtorebi axdens gavlenas samxreT amerikis havis<br />
formirebaze?<br />
5. axseni, ra faqtorebi ganapirobebs amazonis dablobis tenianobas?<br />
6. samxreT amerikisa da msoflio klimaturi sartylebis rukebis gamoyenebiT:<br />
a) daadgine, samxreT amerikis romel klimatur sartylebSi gamoiyofa havis<br />
olqebi;<br />
b) daakvirdi, rogor icvleba klimaturi pirobebi dasavleTidan<br />
aRmosavleTisken samxreT tropikisa da s.g. 450-is gaswvriv da gamoitane<br />
daskvna maTi gansxvavebulobis mizezebze;<br />
g) axseni, ra rols asrulebs andebi kontinentze atmosferuli naleqebis<br />
ganawilebis procesSi?<br />
davaleba<br />
samxreT amerika yvelaze wyaluxvi kontinentia. kontinentis udidesi mdinarea<br />
amazoni, romelic amave dros msoflios yvelaze nyaluxvi mdinarecaa. amazonis<br />
auzis farTobi 7 mln km 2 -ze metia. Sesabamisad, is auzis farTobiTac lideria<br />
msoflioSi: mas 500-ze meti Senakadi uerTdeba. Sua dinebaze amazonis kalapotis<br />
sigane 5-7 km-ia, deltasTan ki – 80-150 km.<br />
samxreT amerikis didi mdinareebidan aRsaniSnavia orinoko, parana, paragvai,<br />
madeira da sxv. samxreT amerikis kontinentze dedamiwis yvelaze maRali CanCqeri<br />
anxeli (979 m) da ulamazesi iguasu mdebareobs.<br />
kontinentze cota tbaa. maT Soris yvelaze didia marakaibo, yvelaze maRla<br />
mdebare ki – titikakas tba, romelic zRvis donidan 3800 m simaRleze mdebareobs.<br />
7. samxreT amerikis fizikuri rukis mixedviT daadgine, romeli mTebia kontinentis<br />
mTavari wyalgamyofi qedi?<br />
8. riT SeiZleba aixsnas samxreT amerikis mdinareTa gansakuTrebuli wyaluxvoba?<br />
9. aRniSne konturul rukaze samxreT amerikis mdinareebi da tbebi.<br />
viqtoria-regia<br />
pirania<br />
nax. 1.6.5 titikakas tbaSi wylis temperatura<br />
+11-120C-s arasodes aRemateba. wvimebTan<br />
erTad tbaSi wylis done imatebs da<br />
mimdebare teritoriebs tboravs. Zlieri<br />
qaris gamo tbaSi xSiria Stormebi.<br />
davaleba<br />
nax. 1.6.4 mdinare amazonis qvemo welSi<br />
wylis done dReSi orjer icvleba, rac<br />
okeanis miqceva-moqceviTaa gamowveuli.<br />
moqcevis talRa, romlis simaRle 2-dan<br />
5 metramde aRwevs, didi siCqariTa<br />
da xmauriT mdinaris sawinaaRmdego<br />
mimarTulebiT miedineba. adgilobrivma<br />
indielebma am talRas `amazun~ uwodes, rac<br />
„mquxare wyals~ niSnavs.<br />
amazoni mdidaria organuli samyaroTi. aq<br />
nairgvari formis, Seferilobisa, sididis<br />
Tevzs SexvdebiT. yvelaze saSiSi piraniaa,<br />
romelsac zvigenic ki erideba. wylis<br />
zedapirze 4 m sigrZis pirarukas danaxvacaa<br />
SesaZlebeli. mdinaris wynar yureebSi<br />
wyalmcenare viqtoria-regia izrdeba,<br />
romlis foTlebis diametri 2 m-ia da 50 kg<br />
tvirTis dakaveba SeuZlia.<br />
47
Tavi<br />
48<br />
msoflios regionebi I<br />
es<br />
sainteresoa<br />
samxreT amerikas msoflioSi pirveli adgili ukavia tyeebis farTobisa da mcenareTa<br />
saxeobebis simravliT.<br />
kontinentze ekvatoruli tyeebis zonas amazonis dablobis Sua da dasavleTi<br />
nawili ukavia. maT aq „selvas“ uwodeben. am tyeebSi 4000-mde saxeobis marto xemcenare<br />
xarobs. tyeebSi mcenareebi iarusebad izrdeba da erTmaneTSi lianebiTaa<br />
gadaxlarTuli. tropikuli tyeebi aseve frinvelTa da mwerebis mravalferovnebiT<br />
gamoirCeva.<br />
savanas samxreT amerikelebi „kamposs“ uwodeben. CrdiloeT naxevarsferos<br />
savanebSi balaxebs Soris palma da akacia izrdeba, samxreT naxevarsfero ki xemcenareebiT<br />
Raribia.<br />
savanebis samxreTiT stepebis zonaa, romelsac pampa hqvia. kontinentis samxreT-<br />
Si, patagoniaSi naxevarudabnoebis zonaa. aq unayofo niadagebia da, Sesabamisad,<br />
mcenareulobac mwiria. andebSi kargadaa gamoxatuli simaRlebrivi sartyluroba.<br />
notio<br />
ekvatoruli tye<br />
1000 m<br />
udabno<br />
naxevarudabno<br />
2000 m<br />
4000 m<br />
10. nax. 1.6.6-is mixedviT:<br />
5000 m<br />
mSrali<br />
plato<br />
tropikuli mTis<br />
tye<br />
1000 m<br />
notio<br />
ekvatoruli tye<br />
5000 m<br />
mTis tye<br />
notio<br />
ekvatoruli tye<br />
nax. 1.6.6<br />
simaRlebrivi<br />
sartyluroba<br />
andebSi<br />
a) aRwere ekvatoruli andebi da gansazRvre, rogor icvleba simaR lebrivi<br />
sar t ylebi mis aRmosavleT da dasavleT kalTebze;<br />
b) ax seni, am gans xvavebis mizezebi;<br />
g) aRwere centraluri andebi da daadgine, rog or icvleba aq simaR lebrivi<br />
sartylebi.<br />
davaleba<br />
samxreT amerikaSi mravladaa iseTi mcenareebi, romlebic sxvagan arsada xarobs.<br />
magaliTad: kauCukis xe – hevea, qinaqinis xe, nesvis xe da sxv.<br />
samxreT amerika mravali kulturuli mcenaris samSobloa. maT Soris pamidvris,<br />
kartofilis, Tambaqosi, simindis, wiwakis da sxv.<br />
f<br />
kontinentze adamianis sameurneo saqmianobis Sedegad yvelaze metad saxe-<br />
Secvlili da aTvisebuli stepebisa da savanebis zonaa. bolo periodSi aseve safr-<br />
Txe daemuqra amazonis tyeebs. 5000 km-ianma transamazonis saavtomobilo gzam<br />
selva gadakveTa da tyis didi masivebi Seiwira. amJamad kontinentze swrafi tempiT<br />
iqmneba daculi teritoriebi.<br />
nax. 1.6.7 kolibri yvelaze patara<br />
frinvelia dedamiwaze. samxreT amerikaSi<br />
kolibris 500-mde saxeoba binadrobs.<br />
nax. 1.6.9 galapagosis kunZulebis<br />
binadarTa Soris aRsaniSnavia<br />
galapagosis giganturi ku, 1,5 m sigrZis<br />
xvliki iguana da selapi. swored maT<br />
gamo kunZulebze vrceli parki Seiqmna.<br />
nax. 1.6.8 anakonda msoflioSi<br />
yvelaze didi gvelia da mTel<br />
tropikul samxreT amerikaSi did<br />
mdinareebsa da WaobebSi binadrobs.<br />
zrdasruli ana kon das saSualo<br />
zoma 5-6 m-ia. yvelaze grZeli<br />
anakonda, romelic aRm. kolum biaSi<br />
daiWires, 11 m-sa da 43 sm-s aRwevda.<br />
samxreT amerikaSi Semdegi fizikur-geografiuli regionebi gamoiyofa: amazoneTi,<br />
braziliis mTianeTi, pampa, gvineis mTianeTi, patagonia da andebi.<br />
samxreT amerikis mkvidr mosaxleobas indielebi Seadgenen. evropelTa gamoCenamde<br />
isini araTanabrad iyvnen gansaxlebulni. kontinentis kolonizaciis Sedegad<br />
ki adgilobrivi mosaxleoba Zlier Semcirda.<br />
mosaxleoba ZiriTadad kontinentis sanapiro raionebSia Tavmyrili. qalaqebSi<br />
mosaxleobis 80% cxovrobs.<br />
samxreT amerikis Tanamedrove politikuri ruka XIX saukuneSi Camoyalibda.<br />
dRes kontinentze 12 damoukidebeli saxelmwifoa.<br />
49
Tavi<br />
50<br />
msoflios regionebi I<br />
es<br />
sainteresoa<br />
davaleba<br />
nax. 1.6.11 evropul saxelmwifoTa<br />
koloniebi samxreT amerikaSi<br />
XVIII saukunis bolos<br />
11. nax. 1.6.11-is mixedviT daadgine, romel<br />
evropul qveynebs hqonda samxreT<br />
amerikaSi yvelaze didi koloniebi.<br />
Seadare isini yofili metropoliebis<br />
farTobebs.<br />
12. romel enebze saubroben amJamad samxreT<br />
amerikis qveynebSi? rogor fiqrob,<br />
ratom?<br />
13. samxreT amerikis politikuri rukis<br />
mixedviT daadgine:<br />
a) farTobis mixedviT sami udidesi<br />
qveyana;<br />
b) wynari okeanispira qveynebi;<br />
g) atlantis okeanispira qveynebi;<br />
d) karibis zRvis auzis qveynebi;<br />
e) kontinentaluri qveynebi.<br />
nax. 1.6.10 q. rio-de-Janeiro 1502 wlis<br />
1 ianvars portugalielebma daaarses.<br />
isini guanabaras ubeSi gadmosxdnen<br />
da ubeSi Sesasvleli didi mdinaris<br />
SesarTavad miiCnies. amitom momaval<br />
qalaqs rio-de-Janero, anu „ianvris<br />
mdinare“ daarqves.<br />
espaneTis<br />
teritoria<br />
koloniuri<br />
samflobeloebi<br />
espaneTi<br />
portugalia<br />
14. amJamad braziliis dedaqalaqia brazilia, romlis mSenebloba XX saukunis 50ian<br />
wlebSi daiwyo. igi sanapirodan sakmaod Soris, qveynis geografiul centrTan<br />
axlos mdebareobs. rogor fiqrob, ratom gadaitanes dedaqalaqi q. braziliaSi?<br />
15. amoirCie samxreT amerikis romelime qveyana, sadac gamgzavrebas isurvebdi.<br />
warmoadgine mogzaurobis gegma, romelSic gaiTvaliswineb: mizans, marSruts,<br />
dros, gadaadgilebis saSualebas, arCeuli marSrutis upiratesobas, wasaRebi<br />
nivTebis sias da a.S.<br />
samxreT amerikaSi samive ZiriTadi rasis STamomavalni cxovroben. mosuli<br />
mosaxleobis adgilobriv mosaxleobasTan SereviT ki gardamavali rasebis<br />
warmomadgenlebi gaCndnen. magaliTad, evropelTa da indielTa Sereuli qorwinebis<br />
STamomavlebi arian metisebi, evropelebisa da zangebis – mulatebi, xolo<br />
indielebisa da zangebis – sambo.<br />
samxreT amerikis kontinentze urbanizacia yvelaze maRali urugvaisa (88,2%) da<br />
CileSia (87,7%).<br />
portugaliis<br />
teritoria<br />
f<br />
1.<br />
farTobi – 30,3 mln km 2 (kunZulebTan erTad)<br />
mosaxleoba – 967 mln. kaci, 2008 w.<br />
7. afrika<br />
umaRlesi mwvervali – kilimanjaro (tanzania_, 5895 m<br />
yvelaze grZeli mdinare – nilosi, 6671 km<br />
yvelaze didi tba – viqtoria, 69215 km 2<br />
yvelaze maRali CanCqeri – tugela (samxreT afrikis respublika), 610 m<br />
yvelaze didi udabno – sahara, 9,1 mln km 2<br />
yvelaze didi kunZuli – madagaskari, 587 040 km 2<br />
yvelaze didi srute – mozambikis, 1760 km<br />
yvelaze didi yure – gvineis, 753 aTasi km 2<br />
yvelaze didi qveyana – sudani, 2,5 mln km 2 (farTobis sididis mixedviT)<br />
nigeria, 129 mln kaci (mosaxleobis ricxovnobis mixedviT)<br />
yvelaze patara qveyana – seiSelis kunZulebi, 455 km 2<br />
yvelaze didi qalaqi – kairo (egvipte), 7,7 mln kaci<br />
51
Tavi<br />
86<br />
kavkasia da balkaneTi II<br />
es<br />
sainteresoa<br />
2.<br />
1. kavkasiis mdebareoba<br />
da teritoria<br />
kavkasia Sav, azovisa da kaspiis zRvebs Soris mdebareobs. misi CrdiloeTi sazRvari<br />
kuma-maniCis Rrmulze gadis. samxreTi sazRvari ki pirobiTia da saqarTvelos,<br />
azerbaijansa da somxeTis saxelmwifo sazRvars emTxveva TurqeTTan da iranTan.<br />
kavkasiis farTobi 440 aTasi km 2 -ia, aqedan CrdiloeT kavkasiaze 250 aTasi km 2 modis,<br />
xolo samxreT kavkasiaze – 190 aTsi km 2 .<br />
1. msofliosa da evropis rukebis<br />
gamoyenebiT daaxasiaTe<br />
kavkasiis geografiuli<br />
mdebareoba msoflios, evropisa<br />
da yofili sabWoTa kavSiris<br />
mimarT.<br />
2. SearCie kavkasiis msgavsi<br />
romelime regioni da Seadare<br />
misi da kavkasiis geografiuli<br />
mdebareoba.<br />
2.1.1 kavkasia da msoflio<br />
davaleba<br />
saxelwodeba „kavkasia“ pirvelad Zv. w. VI s-Si moixsenies Zvelma berZnebma.<br />
kavkasiis regionSi adamianma dasaxleba paleoliTis droidan daiwyo, rasac mowmobs<br />
pirveli adamianis namosaxlarebis arseboba mTel samxreT kavkasiaSi. afrikidan<br />
wamosuli hominidebis sadgomebi saqarTveloSi, dmanisis naqalaqarzea aRmoCenili.<br />
f<br />
kavkasia evropisa da aziis sasazRvro zolSi mdebareobs. evropasa da azias Soris<br />
sazRvari uralis mTebis aRmosavleT mTis Zirebs da mdinare embas (sxva mosazrebiT<br />
md. urals) miuyveba, Semdeg ki kaspiis zRvas kveTs. kaspiis zRvidan sazRvris<br />
gatarebis sxvadasxva varianti arsebobs:<br />
1. sazRvari miuyveba kuma-maniCis Rrmuls, romelic geologiur warsulSi Sav da<br />
kaspiis zRvebs aerTianebda; 2. sazRvari miuyveba kavkasionis mTavari wyalgamyofi<br />
qedis Txems; 3. sazRvari miuyveba saqarTvelos, azerbaijanisa da somxeTis saxelmwifo<br />
sazRvars TurqeTTan da iranTan; 4. sazRvari miuyveba javaxeT-somxeTis<br />
vulkanuri mTianeTis CrdiloeT ferdobs.<br />
arsebobs sazRvris gatarebis sxva mosazrebebic.<br />
samsuni<br />
!(<br />
a z o v i s<br />
qerCi<br />
!(<br />
Sivasi<br />
!(<br />
z R v a<br />
!(<br />
novorosiiski<br />
qelqiTi<br />
S a v i<br />
ordu<br />
!( giresuni<br />
!(<br />
!(<br />
tuafse<br />
z R v a<br />
y u b a n i s p i r a<br />
krasnodari<br />
!(<br />
!(<br />
soWi<br />
trapizoni rize<br />
!( !(<br />
!(<br />
erzinjani<br />
2.1.2 kavkasiis fizikuri ruka<br />
maikopi<br />
!(<br />
bingoli<br />
!(<br />
!(<br />
soxumi<br />
T u r q e T i<br />
armaviri<br />
!(<br />
k a v k<br />
baTumi<br />
!(<br />
erzerumi<br />
!(<br />
muSi<br />
!(<br />
zugdidi<br />
!(<br />
stavropoli<br />
!(<br />
kislovodski !(<br />
piatigorski<br />
!(<br />
a s i o n i<br />
giumri<br />
y a r s i s<br />
!(<br />
yarsi<br />
!( z e g a n i<br />
Tbilisi<br />
!( rusTavi<br />
Tbilisi !(<br />
vanaZori<br />
!(<br />
3. rogor fiqrob, ratom aris sadavo da problemuri evropa-azias Soris sazRvris<br />
gatareba?<br />
4. ganixile evropa-azias Soris sazRvris gatarebis alternatiuli variantebi,<br />
amoarCie SenTvis misaRebi, daasabuTe misi marTebuloba da aRniSne igi<br />
konturul rukaze.<br />
agri<br />
!(<br />
vanis tba<br />
davaleba<br />
5. ganixile evropa-azias Soris sazRvris gatarebis variantebi da gansazRvre,<br />
TiToeul SemTxvevaSi sad xvdeba kavkasia da saqarTvelo – evropaSi Tu aziaSi?<br />
vani<br />
!(<br />
nalCiki<br />
!(<br />
!(<br />
elista<br />
r u s e T i s f e d e r a c i a<br />
a R m o s a v l e T p o n t o s m T<br />
yarasu<br />
d a b l o b i<br />
xatSiti<br />
S<br />
e b i<br />
s t a v r o p o l i s<br />
m a R l o b i<br />
C r d i l o e T i t a v r i<br />
i d a t<br />
laba<br />
yubani<br />
m. karCxali<br />
3937<br />
grozno<br />
nazrani<br />
!(<br />
!(<br />
!( vladikavkazi<br />
s m T a<br />
kolxeTis quTaisi<br />
s<br />
dablobi<br />
!( a q a r T v e l o<br />
Woroxi<br />
enguri<br />
a r s i a n i<br />
a v r i<br />
q e d i<br />
m. ialbuzi<br />
5642<br />
m. lahili<br />
4010<br />
baqsani<br />
m. Sxara<br />
5023<br />
rioni<br />
samxreT saqarTvelos mTianeTi<br />
mtkvari<br />
Cereki<br />
uruxi<br />
m. myinvarwveri<br />
5033<br />
s o m x e T i<br />
m. aragaci<br />
4090<br />
ardoni<br />
TrialeTis qedi<br />
Tergi<br />
Sida qarTlis vake<br />
!(<br />
idgiri<br />
!(<br />
m. ararati<br />
5165<br />
aragvi<br />
erevani<br />
sevanis tba<br />
naxWevani<br />
!(<br />
m. diklosmTa<br />
4285<br />
v a<br />
i v r i s z e g a n i<br />
S ah d a R i s q e d i<br />
zangezuris qedi<br />
k a s p i i s p i r a d a b l o b i<br />
Tergi<br />
andisyoisu<br />
avarisyoisu<br />
ganja<br />
!(<br />
!(<br />
asrtaxani<br />
maxaCkala<br />
!(<br />
r i q e d i<br />
alazani<br />
m. bazardiuzu<br />
4466<br />
i r a n i<br />
derbendi<br />
!(<br />
a z e r b a i j a n i<br />
araqsi<br />
mtkvar-araqsis<br />
dablobi<br />
TaliSis mTebi<br />
k a s p i i s z R v a<br />
mtkvari<br />
yazaxeTi<br />
sumgaiTi<br />
!(<br />
afSeronis n-k.<br />
!(<br />
baqo<br />
87
Tavi<br />
98<br />
kavkasia da balkaneTi II<br />
leqsikoni<br />
2. 5. Savi zRva<br />
koncentracia – Tavmoyra, dajgufeba<br />
bora – zamTris Zlieri da civi qari, romelic zRvispira kalTebidan qris.<br />
Savi zRva evropasa da azias Soris mdebareobs. igi atlantis okeanis auzs miekuTvneba<br />
da dedamiwaze xmeleTSi erT-erTi yvelaze Rrmad SeWrili zRvaa.<br />
nax. 2.5.1 Savi zRvis parametrebia : far<br />
Tobi – 422 aTasi km2 ; wylis moculoba<br />
– 547 aTasi km2 ; maqsimaluri sigrZe 1150<br />
km; udidesi sigane – 580 km; udidesi siR rme<br />
– (2210) 2258 m; saSualo siRrme – 1240 m.<br />
Savi zRvis sanapiro xazs elifsis forma aqvs, misi sigrZe 3400 km-ia, romlis 9%ze<br />
meti saqarTveloze modis. mniSvnelovani sididis naxevarkunZulebia yirimis,<br />
qerCis da tamanis. yureebidan aRsaniSnavia odesis, karkinitis, kalimatis, burgasis,<br />
sinopis, samsunis. Sav zRvaSi kunZulebi cotaa, maT Soris yvelaze didia zmeini.<br />
Savi zRvis wylis marilianoba saSualo okeanurze dabalia. zedapirze 18%o-ia,<br />
mdinareTa SesarTavebSi – 2-3%o. 150 m siRrmeze marilianoba 22-23%o-mde izrdeba.<br />
Savi zRvis Rrma nawilebSi momwamvleli gazis, gogirdwyalbadis uzarmazari<br />
raodenobaa. fskerTan gogirdwyalbadis koncentracia 11-14 mg/l Seadgens, rac<br />
mniSvnelovnad aRemateba sxva zRvebis maCveneblebs. gogirdwyalbadi aq ZiriTadad<br />
baqteriebis sasicocxlo qmedebis Sedegad Cndeba da imitom grovdeba, rom<br />
wyalcvla zRvis Rrma da zedapirul fenebs Soris TiTqmis ar xdeba. Sesabamisad,<br />
Sav zRvaSi 150-200 m siRrmis qvemoT sicocxle ar aris.<br />
konstanca !(<br />
varna !(<br />
stamboli<br />
!(<br />
azovis<br />
zRva<br />
yirimis nk<br />
Savi zRva<br />
odesa<br />
!(<br />
sevastopoli<br />
!( !(<br />
ialta<br />
! 2258<br />
!(<br />
sinopi<br />
qerCi!(<br />
!(<br />
samsuni<br />
kavkasioni<br />
nax. 2.5.2 Savi zRvis Taviseburebas wylis fenobrivi xasiaTi warmoadgens. 100150 m siRrmis<br />
zedapiruli fena naklebad mariliania da Sesabamisad msubuqi. amitom wylis cvla zedapirul da<br />
fskerul fenebs Soris TiTqmis ar mimdinareobs.<br />
anapa<br />
!( novorosiiski<br />
!(<br />
!(<br />
gelenjiki<br />
!( tuafse<br />
!( soWi<br />
!(<br />
trapizoni<br />
0 200 1000 2000<br />
!( soxumi<br />
!( baTumi<br />
davaleba<br />
1. nax.2.5.1-is gamoyenebiT daad gine:<br />
a) rogor ukavSirdeba Savi zRva<br />
atlantis okeanes da azovis zRvas?<br />
b) romeli mdinareebi erTvis Sav zRvas?<br />
davaleba<br />
2. nax.2.5.2-is mixedviT daadgine:<br />
a) rogor icvleba Savi zRvis<br />
siRrmeebi?<br />
b) rogor moZraobs wyali Sav<br />
zRvaSi?<br />
Sav zRvaSi wyalmcenareebis 350-mde saxeobaa<br />
gavrcelebuli. fauna warmodgenilia 2000-mde<br />
saxeobiT, romlis 12% endemuria. Tevzis saxeobaTa<br />
ricxvi 160-s aRemateba, romelTagan aRsaniSnavia<br />
Savi zRvis oraguli, TarTi (kolxuri<br />
zuTxi), kefali, stavrida, skumbria, qaSayi da<br />
sxva. ZuZumwovrebidan gvxvdeba selapi da delfinis<br />
sami saxeoba.<br />
Sav zRvas udidesi sameurneo da satransporto<br />
mniSvneloba aqvs mis irgvliv arsebuli qveynebisTvis.<br />
misi navsadgurebidan TiTqmis yvela<br />
saxis nedleuli da samrewvelo produqcia gaaqvT,<br />
gadahyavT mgzavrebi.<br />
rumineTi<br />
varna konstanca<br />
bulgareTi<br />
egeosis<br />
zRva<br />
burgasi<br />
stamboli<br />
marmarilos<br />
zRva<br />
odesa<br />
ukraina<br />
sevastopoli<br />
zonguldaki<br />
ialta<br />
Savi zRva<br />
TurqeTi<br />
azovis<br />
zRva<br />
qerCi<br />
samsuni<br />
Savi zRvis Crdilo-dasavleT nawilSi navTobisa<br />
da bunebrivi airis wyalqveSa sabadoebia aRmoCenili.<br />
misi mTeli sanapiro zoli ki maRalxarisxovani<br />
saSeni masalebiTaa agebuli.<br />
nax. 2.5.5 Sav zRvas udidesi turistulrekreaciuli<br />
mniSvneloba aqvs. misi komfortuli<br />
plaJebi, xangrZlivi sabanao sezoni da Tbili hava<br />
mraval turistsa da damsvenebels izidavs.<br />
nax. 2.5.3 mtacebeli moluski rapana<br />
Sav zRvaSi 1947 wels moxvda da dRemde<br />
TiTqmis yvela xamanwka gaanadgura.<br />
misi aseTi gamravleba iman gamoiwvia,<br />
rom Sav zRvaSi ar binadrobs rapanas<br />
bunebrivi mteri zRvisvarskvlava.<br />
rostovi<br />
ruseTi<br />
novorosiiski<br />
soWi<br />
soxumi<br />
baTumi<br />
trapizoni<br />
saqarTvelo<br />
nax. 2.5.4<br />
SavizRvispira<br />
qveynebi<br />
davaleba<br />
3. nax. 2.5.4-is gamoyenebiT CamoTvale:<br />
a) Savi zRvis auzis qveynebi da maTi dedaqalaqebi;<br />
b) SavizRvispira kurortebi da navsadgurebi da daajgufe isini qveynebis mixedviT;<br />
g) aRniSne isini konturul rukaze.<br />
99
I I I Tavi<br />
mosaxleoba<br />
144<br />
leqsikoni<br />
3. 4. adamianTa rasebi<br />
anTropologia – mecniereba, romelic swavlobs adamianis biologiur bunebas,<br />
adamianis warmoSobas, rasebs.<br />
integracia – nawilebis erT mTlianobad gaerTianeba<br />
diskriminacia – calkeuli pirovnebis, adamianTa jgufis, saxelmwifos da a.S.<br />
uflebebis SezRudva, Tanasworuflebianobis mospoba<br />
msoflio mosaxleobis rasobrivi niSniT Camoyalibeba ramdenime aTasi wlis<br />
ganmavlobaSi grZeldeboda. axali samosaxlo teritoriebis aTvisebasTan erTad<br />
adamiani axal garemopirobebs egueboda, rac droTa ganmavlobaSi maTi garegnuli<br />
iersaxis Secvlas iwvevda.<br />
rasa saerTo warmoSobis mqone admianTa istoriulad Camoyalibebuli jgufia,<br />
romelsac memkvidreobiT gadacemuli saerTo garegnuli niSnebi (mag. kanis, Tmis,<br />
Tvalebis feri, Tvalis Wrili, cxvirisa da Tavis forma da a.S.) axasiaTebs.<br />
pirveli rasobrivi dayofa afrikaSi moxda. kontinentis CrdiloeT nawilSi<br />
adamians e.w. evropeiduli niSnebis, xolo samxreTSi – negroiduli niSnebis Camoyalibeba<br />
daewyo. centraluri aziis mTiani sistemebi ki is gamyofi barieri aRmoCnda,<br />
romlis Crdilo-aRmosavleTiTac monRoloiduri rasis formireba daiwyo. maTi<br />
amerikaSi gadasaxlebis Sedegad adgilobrivi indieli mosaxleoba warmoiSva ,<br />
romlebic anTropologiurad Zalian axlos arian monRolebTan.<br />
Cikago<br />
!<br />
los-anjelesi<br />
!<br />
mexiko<br />
!<br />
! ! niu-iorki<br />
filadelfia<br />
san-paulo<br />
! !<br />
rio-de-Janeiro<br />
buenos-airesi<br />
!<br />
negroiduli<br />
evropeiduli<br />
sankt-peterburgi<br />
!<br />
!<br />
londoni !<br />
!<br />
berlini<br />
moskovi<br />
!<br />
parizi<br />
pekini (beijingi)<br />
!<br />
!<br />
stamboli<br />
!<br />
kairo<br />
!<br />
!<br />
! tokio<br />
Teirani deli<br />
Sanxai ! osaka<br />
!<br />
!<br />
kalkuta ! taibei<br />
karaCi<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
hon-kongi<br />
mumbai<br />
!<br />
bankoki<br />
!<br />
manila<br />
mongoloiduri<br />
avstraloiduri<br />
!<br />
jakarta<br />
nax. 3.4.1 rasebis pirveladi gavrceleba<br />
Cikago<br />
neu-iorki<br />
!<br />
! ! filadelfia<br />
los-anjelesi<br />
!<br />
mexiko<br />
sanqt-peterburgi<br />
!<br />
moskovi<br />
!<br />
londoni<br />
berlini<br />
!<br />
! parizi<br />
!<br />
stambuli<br />
!<br />
Teirani<br />
!<br />
kairo<br />
deli<br />
!<br />
karaCi !<br />
!<br />
kalkuta<br />
bombei!<br />
pekini (beijini)<br />
!<br />
osaka<br />
!<br />
!<br />
Sanxai tokio<br />
!<br />
taipei<br />
hon-kongi<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
bankoki manila<br />
!<br />
!<br />
san-paulo<br />
! !<br />
rio-de-Janeiro<br />
buenos-airesi<br />
!<br />
nax. 3.4.2 Tanamedrove rasebi<br />
evropeiduli<br />
avstraloiduri<br />
mongoloiduri<br />
negroiduli<br />
gardamavali<br />
1. nax. 3.4.1 da 3.4.2 Seadare erTmaneTs da daadgine adamianis rasebis pirveladi da<br />
Tanamedrove gavrcelebis arealebi. gamoitane daskvna.<br />
2. Seni azriT, romelma geografiulma Taviseburebebma ganapiroba adreul<br />
periodSi kacobriobis rasebad dayofa?<br />
3. nax. 3.4.2-is mixedviT daadgine, sad cxovroben ZiriTadad evropeiduli,<br />
negroiduli, monRoloiduri da gardamavali rasebis warmomadgenlebi?<br />
davaleba<br />
jakarta<br />
!<br />
19%<br />
monRoloiduri<br />
43%<br />
evropeiduli<br />
(kavkasiuri)<br />
ZiriTadi rasebis garda, gardamavali anu Sereuli rasebic arsebobs. rasTaSorisi<br />
integracia yvelaze intensiurad amerikaSi mimdinareobda. XX saukunis bolos<br />
msoflio mosaxleobis TiTqmis 1/3 swored Sereul rasebs Seadgenda. gardamavali<br />
rasebis warmomadgenlebi arian mulatebi, metisebi, sambo, eTiopielebi da sxv.<br />
evropeidi negrodi<br />
avstraloidi mulati – evropelTa da<br />
negroidTa STamomavali<br />
nax. 3.4.4 sxvadasxva rasis warmomadgenlebi<br />
sxva<br />
(mikrorasebi)<br />
negroiduli<br />
31%<br />
7%<br />
nax. 3.4.3 kacobrioba sam<br />
ZiriTad rasad iyofa.<br />
monRoloidi<br />
metisi – evropelTa da<br />
indielTa STamomavali<br />
davaleba<br />
� nax. 3.4.4-is mixedviT aRwere<br />
TiToeuli rasis warmomadgeneli<br />
da imsjele, ra ZiriTad garegnul<br />
gansxvavebas amCnev maT Soris?<br />
145
I I I Tavi<br />
mosaxleoba<br />
es<br />
sainteresoa<br />
146<br />
rasobrivad qarTvelebi evropeiduli rasis samxreTul Stos miekuTvnebian da<br />
garegnulad samxreT evropisa da axlo aRmosavleTis xalxebs hgvanan.<br />
wya ro 1<br />
rasizmi rasobrivi niSnis mixedviT mosaxleobis nawilis uflebaTa Selaxva da<br />
diskriminaciaa. sityva „rasizmi“ pirvelad 1932 wels larusis mier Sedgenil<br />
frangul leqsikonSi dafiqsirda. rasizmis fuZemdeblad Jozef de gobino<br />
iTvleba. rasizmis gamovlinebis forma iyo monoba aSS-Si, romelic 1863 wels abraam<br />
linkolnma gaauqma. rasobrivi diskriminaciis formaa aseve aparteidi, romelsac<br />
xSirad ama Tu im qveynis adgilobrivi mosaxleobis mimarT atarebdnen.<br />
amJamad rasizmis yvela formis likvidaciis Sesaxeb saerTaSoriso konvencia<br />
moqmedebs, romelic gaeros generalurma asambleam 1965 wlis 21 dekembers miiRo.<br />
nax. 3.4.5 nelson mandela antiaparteidis<br />
moZraobis aqtivisti, afrikis nacionaluri<br />
kongresis lideri iyo, SemdgomSi ki samxreT<br />
afrikis respublikis prezidenti gaxda. man<br />
cixeSi 27 weli gaatara. mandela, rogorc<br />
rasobrivi Tanasworobis simbolo, ara<br />
marto afrikaSi, aramed mTel msoflioSia<br />
cnobili. mas 100-ze meti sxvadasxva jildo<br />
aqvs miRebuli, maT Soris 1993 wels nobelis<br />
premia mSvidobis dargSi.<br />
bunebrivi garemo da gansakuTrebiT hava adamianis ara mxolod kanis fersa<br />
da siTbos SenarCunebis xasiaTze moqmedebs, aramed adamianis saxis formasac<br />
gansazRvravs. garda mkveTri garegnuli niSnebisa, adamianTa rasebi sxva<br />
TvisebebiTac gansxvavdebian, magaliTad, Tavis qalis formiT da filtvebiT.<br />
negroidebi da avstraloidebi wagrZelebuli Tavis qaliT gamoirCevian.<br />
centralur da aRmosavleT evropelebs da monRoloidebis udides nawils ki farTo<br />
Tavis qala aqvT. dasavleT evropelebis umravlesobaSi Tavis qalis orive formaa<br />
gavrcelebuli. aRsaniSnavia, rom Tavis tvinis sidide inteleqtTan dakavSirebuli<br />
ar aris. gonebriv sazrianobas rasobrivi gansxvavebebi ar gansazRvravs.<br />
maRalmTiani teritoriis mkvidrni adaptirebulni arian haerSi Jangbadis<br />
ukmarisobasTan. maTi guli, rogorc wesi, Cveulebrivze ufro didia da filtvebSic<br />
met sisxls gadatumbavs. filtvebic, Tavis mxriv ufro farToa da didi moculobis<br />
haers CaisunTqavs.<br />
f<br />
3. 5. eTnosebi da ena<br />
eTnosi garkveul teritoriaze mcxovrebi xalxi, sazogadoebaa, romelTa wevrebic<br />
erTmaneTTan istoriulad arian dakavSirebulebi da saerTo ena, teritoria,<br />
saqmianoba, kultura, tradiciebi da eTnikuri TviTSegneba aqvT.<br />
Cveni planetis mosaxleobis eTnikuri struqtura metad Wrelia. dReisaTvis<br />
dedamiwaze daaxloebiT 3-4 aTas eTnoss iTvlian, Tumca maTi udidesi nawili mcirericxovania.<br />
zogierTi eTnosi erad, sxvebi ki – tomad da xalxad Camoyalibda.<br />
eTnosi<br />
ricxovnoba,<br />
mln. kaci<br />
Cinelebi 1270 CineTi<br />
hindustanelebi 265 indoeTi<br />
ZiriTadi<br />
sacxovrebeli<br />
qveyana<br />
bengalielebi 225 bangladeSi,<br />
indoeTi<br />
brazilielebi 175 brazilia<br />
iaponelebi 125 iaponia<br />
rusebi 120 ruseTi<br />
penjabelebi 115 pakistani<br />
biharelebi 115 indoeTi<br />
meqsikelebi 105 meqsika<br />
iavelebi 105 indonezia<br />
nax. 3.5.1 msoflios<br />
umsxvilesi eTnosebi<br />
davaleba<br />
1. rogor fiqrob,<br />
ram ganapiroba<br />
cxrilSi<br />
CamoTvlili<br />
eTnosebis<br />
aseTi mravalricxovneba?<br />
zogjer saxelmwifo da eTnikuri sazRvrebi erTmaneTs ar emTxveva, amitom xalxi<br />
sxvadasxva qveynis teritoriaze cxovrobs. magaliTad, qurTebi TurqeTSi, iranSi,<br />
eraysa da siriaSi cxovroben.<br />
adamianTa jgufebs erTmaneTisgan ori ZiriTadi elementi ganasxvavebs. esenia:<br />
ena da religia.<br />
msofloSi 4000-mde gansxvavebuli ena arsebobs. bevri maTgani gaerTianebulia<br />
e.w. enobriv ojaxebSi. yvelaze didi enobrivi ojaxi indo-evropuli ojaxia da masSi<br />
gaerTianebul enebze msoflio mosaxleobis 48 % laparakobs. masSi Sedis yvela<br />
evropuli ena (garda finuris, ungrulis, Turqulisa da baskurisa), iranuli da<br />
indoeTis udidesi nawilis enebi.<br />
aseve didi enobrivi ojaxebia sinotibeturi (moicavs birmuls, Cinurs, tais da<br />
tibeturs) da altauri (Turquli, monRoluri, koreuli da sxv.) am ojaxebis enebze<br />
molaparakeTa ricxvi msoflio mosaxleobis mniSvnelovan nawils Seadgens.<br />
SedarebiT patara enobriv ojaxebs warmoadgenen draviduli (moicavs 26 enas),<br />
afro-aziuri (moicavs 375 enas, maT Soris arabulsa da ebrauls) da niger-kongo<br />
(moicavs 1000 enas).<br />
147
I I I Tavi<br />
mosaxleoba<br />
176<br />
leqsikoni<br />
3. 14. qalaqis funqciebi da iersaxe<br />
Sromis saerTaSoriso danawileba – gamoixateba calkeuli qveynebis<br />
specializaciaSi gansazRvruli saxeobis produqciis warmoebasa da maT gacvlaSi.<br />
termini „qalaqis funqcia“ cnobilma germanelma geografma f. ratcelma 1891<br />
wels daamkvidra. es termini qalaqis „saqmianobaze“ migviTiTebs. qalaqis funqciebi<br />
misi mosaxleobis saqmianobis mTavar sferoebs warmoadgens da qalaqis arsebobasa<br />
da ganviTarebas gansazRvravs. qalaqebs mravali funqcia aqvT, magram yvela maTganis<br />
ramdenime ZiriTadamde dayvana SeiZleba. esenia: administraciul-politikuri,<br />
savaWro, religiuri, samrewvelo, samxedro, kulturul-saganmanaTleblo, satransporto,<br />
rekreaciuli da sxv.<br />
zogierT qalaqs mxolod erTi wamyvani funqcia akisria. aseTebi ZiriTadad mcire<br />
da saSualo qalaqebia, romelTac monofunqciuri qalaqebi hqviaT. zogierTi<br />
qalaqi ki ramdenime funqcias asrulebs. am mxriv didi qalaqebi, gansakuTrebiT ki<br />
dedaqalaqebi gamoirCeva. isini polifunqciuri qalaqebia.<br />
polifunqciuri<br />
mag. niu-iorki,<br />
parizi, londoni,<br />
moskovi, Tbilisi<br />
da sxv.<br />
qalaqebi<br />
administraciulpolitikuri:<br />
haaga,<br />
strasburgi da sxv.<br />
monofunqciuri<br />
samrewvelo:<br />
detroiti WiaTura,<br />
sumgaiTi, da sxv.<br />
nax. 3.14.1 qalaqebis klasifikacia funqciebis mixedviT<br />
satransporto:<br />
mag. roterdami,<br />
xaSuri da sxv.<br />
kulturulsaganmanaTleblo:<br />
kembriji, oqsfordi,<br />
haidelbergi da sxv.<br />
sakurorto:<br />
borjomi, soWi,<br />
nica da sxv.<br />
saqalaqo funqciebi SeiZleba aseve qalaqwarmomqmneli (sabazo) da qalaqmosmsaxure<br />
(arasabazo) funqciebad daiyos. qalaqwarmomqmneli funqciebi qalaqis<br />
mniSvnelobas da regionSi (raionSi), qveynis meurneobaSi, Sromis saerTaSoriso<br />
danawilebis sistemaSi mis adgils gansazRvravs. swored es funqciebi uzrunvelyofs<br />
qalaqis Semosavals. amasTanave, maT mier warmoebuli produqcia moixmareba<br />
ara marto imave qalaqSi, aramed mis farglebs gareTac. qalaqmomsaxure funqciebi<br />
ki is funqciebia, romelTa produqcia mocemuli qalaqis farglebSi moixmareba –<br />
isini sakuTriv qalaqis mosaxleobis moTxovnilebaTa dasakmayofileblad Seiqmna<br />
da ganviTarda. aseTia, magaliTad, sayofacxovrebo momsaxureba da sxv.<br />
Tanamedrove qalaqebis umravlesobaSi mrewveloba wamyvan an erT-erT wamyvan<br />
funqcias asrulebs. bevri qalaqis aRmoceneba an Semdgomi ganviTareba mopovebiT<br />
an gadamamuSavebeli mrewvelobis sxvadasxva dargis zegavleniT moxda. dedamiwaze<br />
asobiT qalaqia, romlebic qvanaxSiris, navTobis an sxv. mineraluri nedleulis<br />
aRmoCena-mopovebis bazaze ganviTarda.<br />
wya ro 1<br />
q. kimberli samxreT afrikaSi mas Semdeg aSenda,<br />
roca am adgilebSi almasis sabado aRmoaCines.<br />
manamde, aq aranairi dasaxleba ar arsebobda. ase<br />
rom, kimberli almasis industriam warmoSva.<br />
kimberlis mTavari RirSesaniSnaobaa e.w.`didi<br />
xvreli~. igi adaminis mier praqtikulad xeliT<br />
amoTxrili msoflioSi yvelaze didi Saxtakarieria.<br />
man samxreT afrikaSi dasabami misca<br />
`almasis cieb-cxelebas~. misi arsebobis<br />
ganmavlobaSi Saxtadan 28 mln tona qva da grunti<br />
amoiRes, romelTagan 14,5 mln karati anu 30 tona<br />
almasi iyo.<br />
wya ro 2<br />
q. Cikago aSS-Si XIX saukunis Sua xanebSi gaizarda<br />
da gafarTovda, rac misi xelsayreli geografiuli<br />
mdebareobiT aixsneba. igi satransporto, samrewvelo<br />
da momsaxurebis centrs warmoadgenda. qalaqis<br />
statusi Cikagom 1837 wels miiRo. amJamad aSS-Si<br />
mosaxleobis ricxovnobis mixedviT Cikago meore<br />
qalaqia da qveynis umniSvnelovanesi finansuri<br />
centri da satransporto kvanZia.<br />
davaleba<br />
1. msoflios politikuri rukis gamoyenebiT daadgine q. Cikagos geografiuli<br />
mdebareoba da gansazRvre, ra faqtorebma ganapiroba qalaqis satransporto da<br />
safinanso kvanZad gadaqceva?<br />
yvela saxelmwifos Tavisi dedaqalaqi aqvs, romelic qveynis administraciuli<br />
da kulturuli centria. zogierT qveyanaSi Zveli dedaqalaqebi axlad aSenebul<br />
qalaqebSi gadaitanes, romlebic ise iyo daproeqtebuli, rom farTo da moxerxebuli<br />
yofiliyo. kanbera avstraliaSi, islamabadi pakistanSi, brazilia braziliaSi,<br />
astana yazaxeTSi – axali dedaqalaqebia.<br />
177
I I I Tavi<br />
mosaxleoba<br />
178<br />
wya ro 3<br />
Tu q. brazilias zemodan gadmoxedavT, mas<br />
TviTmfrinavis forma aqvs. aseTi forma<br />
xelsayrel pirobebs qmnis farTo gzebis<br />
mSeneblobisa da transportis intensiuri<br />
moZraobisTvis. saxelmwifo dawesebulebebi<br />
Tavmoyrilia erT adgilas, rac saxelmwifo<br />
moxeleebs drois dazogvaSi exmareba. q. brazilia<br />
iuneskos msoflio memkvidreobis siaSia Setanili.<br />
wya ro 4<br />
q. karlovi vari (mosaxleoba 52 aTasi kaci, 2003<br />
w.) sakurorto qalaqia CexeTSi. igi istoriuli<br />
bohemiis dasavleTiT mdebareobs.<br />
qalaqis warmoqmna mis teritoriaze arsebul<br />
samkurnalo cxel mineralur wyalTanaa<br />
dakavSirebuli. amJamad kurortze 12 Termuli<br />
wyaroa, romelTa temperatura 40-dan 72 0 C–mde<br />
icvleba. kurorts yovelwliurad mravali<br />
damsvenebeli stumrobs.<br />
qalaqebs, soflebTan SedarebiT, gamokveTili garegani saxe aqvT. amavdroulad,<br />
TiToeul qalaqs, yvelasTvis saerTo niSnebisa Tu Tvisebebis miuxedavad, mxolod<br />
misTvis damaxasiaTebeli, sakuTari iersaxec aqvs. rac ufro Zvelia an didia qalaqi,<br />
rac urfo mravalferovania misi cxovreba, miT ufro mimzidvelia igi. miuxedavad<br />
TiToeuli qalaqis TviTmyofadobisa, yvela qalaqis iersaxe erTi da imave elementebisgan<br />
Sedgeba.<br />
gzebi: quCebi,<br />
trotuarebi,<br />
avtomagistralebi,<br />
rkinigzebi, xidebi<br />
qalaqis iersaxis<br />
ganmsazRvreli elementebi<br />
sazRvrebi:<br />
mdinare, napirebi,<br />
kedlebi, samosaxlo<br />
raionebis mijnebi<br />
nax. 3.14.2 qalaqis iersaxis ganmsazRvreli elementebi<br />
kvanZebi: centri,<br />
gzebis gadakveTebi<br />
orientirebi:<br />
satelevizio<br />
an radioanZa,<br />
kulturuli<br />
Zeglebi, Senobebi<br />
da sxv.<br />
nebismieri qalaqis teritoria, misi ganaSenianeba da, ra Tqma unda, iersaxe dro-<br />
Ta ganmavlobaSi icvleba. xSirad qalaqis mcxovreblebi da meria arCevanis winaSe<br />
dganan: daangrion, SeinarCunon, Tu iersaxe Seucvalon ama Tu im Senobas, kvartals<br />
da a.S. am dros gansakuTrebuli pasuxismgebloba ekisreba im pirebs, romelTac<br />
unda gadawyviton es sakiTxi. ekrZod, qalaqis mgegmav qalaqmSenebels, xuroTmo-<br />
ZRvars, arqiteqtors da sxv.<br />
f<br />
nax. 3.14.3 Zveli da axali Tbilisi<br />
nax. 3.14.4 Zveli da axali parizi<br />
nax. 3.14.5 Zveli da axali dubai<br />
1990 2003<br />
2. Seni azriT, ra kavSiria qalaqis funqcias, mis iersaxesa da ganaSenianebas Soris?<br />
3. rogor fiqrob, ra SeiZleba CaiTvalos q. Tbilisis da Seni dasaxlebuli punqtis<br />
orientirad?<br />
4. nax. 3.14-3-3.14.5-is gamoyenebiT Seadare erTmaneTs Zveli da axali Tbilisi,<br />
parizi da dubai da imsjele, rogor Seicvala maTi iersaxe? qalaqis romelma<br />
orientirebma SeinarCuna mniSvneloba?<br />
davaleba<br />
bevri qalaqis saxelwodeba mrewvelobis ama Tu im dargis sinonimad iqca. magaliTad,<br />
safeiqro mrewveloba – manCesteri, lioni; savtomobilo mrewveloba – detroiti;<br />
optikis – iena; saaTebis – lokli; Savi metalurgiis – pitsburgi da sxv.<br />
es<br />
sainteresoa<br />
179
I V Tavi<br />
mogzauroba<br />
afrika<br />
218<br />
keTili imedis<br />
koncxi<br />
1640 wels holandieli mogzaurebisTvis ukve cnobili iyo avstraliis sanapiroebi.<br />
1642-1644 wlebSi eqspediciam abel tasmanis xelmZRvanelobiT k. tasmania,<br />
Semdeg ki axali zelandia aRmoaCina.<br />
XVIII saukuneSi samxreTis zRvebis SeswavliT aqtiurad dainteresdnen ingliselebi.<br />
1770 wels jeims kuki ekipaJis wevrebTan erTad avstraliis sanapiroze<br />
gadavida da igi didi britaneTis samflobelod gamoacxada. manve gamoikvlia avstraliis<br />
aRmosavleT sanapiro da didi barieruli rifi aRmoaCina.<br />
malindi<br />
k. madagaskari<br />
batavia<br />
(jakarta)<br />
k. borneo<br />
k. iava<br />
k. papua<br />
axali gvinea<br />
axali holandia<br />
(avstralia)<br />
k. tasmania<br />
axali zelandia<br />
a. tasmanis mogzaurobamde aRmoCenili kunZulebi<br />
portugalieli mogzaurebi XVI-XVII s<br />
holandieli mogzaurebi XVI-XVII s<br />
a. tasmanis I mogzauroba 1642-1643 w<br />
a. tasmanis II mogzauroba1644 w<br />
nax. 4.4.6 holandielebma<br />
avstralia geografiulad<br />
aRmoaCines, xolo<br />
ingliselma jeims kukma<br />
kontinentis evropul<br />
kolonizacias daudo<br />
safuZveli.<br />
9. nax. 4.4.6-is mixedviT daadgine:<br />
a) sad gadioda portugalieli da holandieli zRvaosnebis gzebi?<br />
b) ra mimarTulebiT miemarTebodnen holandiuri eqspediciebi axali miwebis<br />
saZebnelad?<br />
g) romeli kunZulebi aRmoaCines holandielebma?<br />
d) Seadare rukaze aRniSnuli geografiuli saxelebi Tanamedroves.<br />
10. XVII-XVIII saukuneebSi avstralias axal holandias uwodebdnen. rogor fiqrob,<br />
ratom?<br />
11. amoirCie romelime mogzauri, rukis mixedviT aRwere misi mogzaurobis<br />
marSruti da Seavse cxrili:<br />
mogzauri mizezi mogzaurobis marSruti Sedegi<br />
12. gamoTqvi Seni mosazreba didi geografiuli aRmoCenebis mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb.<br />
Seni azriT, rogori iqneboda dRevandeloba am aRmoCenebis gareSe?<br />
13. moiZie damatebiTi informacia romelime mogzauris Sesaxeb da gaacani igi<br />
Tanaklaselebs.<br />
14. aRniSne konturul rukaze kolumbis, magelanis, diasisa da vasko da gamas<br />
mogzaurobis marSrutebi.<br />
davaleba<br />
f<br />
4. 5. mogzauroba dRes<br />
turizmi mogzaurobisa da dasvenebis erT-erTi ZiriTadi formaa. Tanamedrove<br />
gagebiT, turizmi sxvadasxva satransporto saSualebiT an fexiT mogzaurobaa,<br />
romlis mizania dasveneba, sporti, janmrTelobis aRdgena da mkurnaloba, Semecneba<br />
da sxv. mogzaurTa da turistTa ricxvi msoflioSi yovelwliurad izrdeba.<br />
wya ro 1<br />
dRemde sayovelTaod ar aris<br />
dadgenili, vin SeiZleba CaiTvalos<br />
turistad. maTi aRricxvis<br />
universaluri satatistikuri<br />
meTodic ar arsebobs. Tumca,<br />
gaeros 1963 wlis ganmartebiT, cneba<br />
„turisti“ niSnavs pirs, romelic<br />
droebiT – 24 sT-dan 6 Tvemde<br />
icvlis Tavis mudmiv sacxovrebel<br />
adgils da romlis mizania garToba,<br />
Semecneba da sxv. magram araviTar<br />
SemTxvevaSi SromiT anazRaurebasTan<br />
dakavSirebuli saqmianoba.<br />
turizmi momsaxurebis sferos yvelaze wamyvani da momgebiani dargia. amJamad<br />
TiTqmis yvela adamiani met-naklebad Cabmulia turistul saqmianobaSi. isini<br />
muSaoben sastumroebSi, kvebisa da savaWro obieqtebSi da a.S. xSirad turistebs<br />
turistuli firmebi emsaxureba.<br />
XX saukunis 70-iani wlebidan metad swrafad ganviTarda saerTaSoriso turizmi,<br />
rasac xeli Seuwyo mSvidobam, sxvadasxva qveynis ekonomikurma aRmavlobam da<br />
mosaxleobis keTildReobis donis zrdam, mecnierul-teqnikurma revoluciam da<br />
sxva fatorebma.<br />
nax. 4.5.2 msoflios<br />
qveynebi turistTa<br />
raodenobis mixedviT<br />
sankt-peterburgi<br />
!<br />
moskovi<br />
londoni<br />
!<br />
berlini<br />
!<br />
!<br />
! parizi<br />
Cikago<br />
!<br />
los-anjelesi<br />
!<br />
mexiko<br />
!<br />
! niu-iorki<br />
filadelfia<br />
stamboli<br />
pekini (beijingi)<br />
!<br />
!<br />
Teirani<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
tokio<br />
kairo<br />
Sanxai osaka<br />
!<br />
deli<br />
!<br />
!<br />
taibei<br />
! karaCi kalkuta hon-kongi !<br />
mumbai !<br />
!<br />
!<br />
bangkoki manila<br />
!<br />
!<br />
san-paulo<br />
! ! rio-de-Janeiro<br />
buenos-airesi<br />
!<br />
nax. 4.5.1 mosaxleobis im SeZlebuli fenebis<br />
warmomadgenlebs, vinc cnobismoyvareobis gamo<br />
ucxo qveyanaSi mogzaurobda, XVII s-is bolos<br />
turistebs uwodebdnen. turists espaneTis<br />
qalaq oveidoSi Zeglic ki daudges.<br />
qveyanaSi turistebis raodenoba<br />
70 mln.<br />
35-50 mln.<br />
25-30 mln.<br />
15-20 mln.<br />
10-15. mln.<br />
5-10 mln.<br />
msoflio turistuli organizaciebis monacemebiT, 2009 wels mTel msoflioSi 880<br />
mln turisti mogzaurobda, xolo turizmidan miRebulma Semosavalma 946 mlrd<br />
dolari Seadgina.<br />
3-5 mln.<br />
< 3 mln.<br />
jakarta<br />
!<br />
es<br />
sainteresoa<br />
219
I V Tavi<br />
mogzauroba<br />
220<br />
sankt-peterburgi<br />
!<br />
moskovi<br />
londoni<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
! berlini<br />
los-anjelesi<br />
!<br />
mexiko<br />
!<br />
Cikago niu-iorki<br />
!<br />
! filadelfia<br />
parizi<br />
!<br />
stamboli<br />
kairo<br />
!<br />
pekini (beijini)<br />
!<br />
Teirani<br />
tokio<br />
!<br />
!<br />
!<br />
osaka<br />
deli<br />
! Sanxai<br />
karaCi !<br />
taibei<br />
!<br />
kalkuta hon-kongi !<br />
mumbai !<br />
!<br />
!<br />
bangkoki manila<br />
!<br />
!<br />
san-paulo<br />
! ! rio-de-Janeiro<br />
buenos-airesi<br />
!<br />
Semosavlebi turizmidan<br />
> 70 mlrd.<br />
20-30 mlrd.<br />
10-20 mlrd.<br />
7-10 mlrd.<br />
5-7 mlrd.<br />
2.4-5 mlrd.<br />
< 2.4 mlrd.<br />
nax. 4 5 3 msoflios qveynebi turiz midan miRebuli Semosavlebis mixedviT<br />
nax. 4.5.4 saerTaSoriso turizmi<br />
jakarta<br />
!<br />
1. nax. 4.5.2-isa da 4.5.3-is mixedviT daadgine:<br />
a) msoflios udidesi qveynebi tu ristTa raodenobisa da turizmidan miRebuli<br />
Semosavlebis mixedviT;<br />
b) ramdeni turisti ewvia saqarTvelos da ras udrida turizmidan miRebuli<br />
Semosavali?<br />
2. rogor fiqrob, ram gamoiwvia am qveynebis didi popularuloba ucxoel<br />
turistTa Soris?<br />
davaleba<br />
3. nax. 4.5.4-is mixedviT daadgine saerTaSoriso turizmis ZiriTadi sazRvao, samTosaTxilamuro<br />
da sakruizo centrebi.<br />
los-anjelesi<br />
!<br />
sakruizo raionebi<br />
sazRvao raionebi<br />
samTo-saTxilamuro<br />
raionebi<br />
Cikago ! niu-iorki<br />
!<br />
filadelfia<br />
mexiko<br />
!<br />
san-paulo<br />
! !<br />
rio-de-Janeiro<br />
! buenos-airesi<br />
sankt-peterburgi<br />
! moskovi<br />
!<br />
londoni ! !<br />
!<br />
pekini<br />
parizi<br />
(beijingi)<br />
!<br />
stamboli<br />
!<br />
osaka<br />
!<br />
Teirani<br />
deli<br />
! !<br />
tokio<br />
!<br />
kairo<br />
Sanxai!<br />
!<br />
karaCi !<br />
! taibei<br />
!<br />
!<br />
! hon-kongi<br />
mumbai<br />
! manila<br />
!<br />
bankoki<br />
jakarta<br />
!<br />
f<br />
f<br />
turizmis ganviTarebam dasabami misca mTeli rigi saerTaSoriso organizaciebis<br />
Seqmnas. maT Sorisaa „msoflio turistuli organizacia“, „turistuli saagento<br />
asociaciebis msoflio federacia“, „arabTa turizmis kavSiri“, „afrikuli<br />
turizmis ganviTarebis organizacia“ da sxv. amis Sesaxeb met informacias Seityob<br />
internetgverdidan: www.worldtourizmorganization.com<br />
turizmi ZiriTadad ori saxisaa: rekreaciuli (gajansaReba, SemecnebiTi, sportuli<br />
da sxv.) da saqmiani (biznes-turizmi, kongres-turizmi, Soping-turizmi da<br />
sxv.). TiToeuli es saxe specializebul qvesaxeebad iyofa.<br />
wya ro 2<br />
wylis Txilamurebi pirvelad 1922 wels gamoCnda, roca amerikelma ralf samuelsonma<br />
Cveulebrivi zamTris TxilamurebiT leik-sitis tbaze gaseirneba gadawyvita.<br />
wylis TxilamurebiT sriali dasvenebis erT-erTi aqtiuri da metad popularuli<br />
formaa.<br />
raftingi (jomardoba), daivingi (wyalqveSa yvinTva), serfingi, veikbordingi (wylis<br />
Txila mure bis, snoubordis, skuterisa da serfingis kombinacia, romelic XX<br />
saukunis 90-iani wlebidan ganviTarda) da sxv. wylis turizmis saxeebia.<br />
daivingi<br />
raftingi<br />
4. turizmis ganviTarebas aqvs rogorc dadebiTi, ise uaryofiTi mxareebi.<br />
CamoTvale isini da moawyveT klasSi diskusia: „turizmis plus-minusebi“.<br />
davaleba<br />
turizms, rogorc organizebul da komerciul saqmianobas, safuZveli 1841 wels<br />
Caeyara. ingliselma komersantma tomas kukma pirvelad gauwia jgufis gamgzavrebas<br />
komerciuli momsaxureba. man matareblis bileTebi Seisyida da Semdeg igi mgzavrobis<br />
msurvelebs mihyida, amasTan, gzaSi eqskursiamZRolis funqciac Tavadve<br />
ikisra. britaneTSi es turistuli firma dResac arsebobs saxelwodebiT „tomas kuk<br />
end san“.<br />
gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis mier 1967 weli turizmis wlad iyo gamocxa debuli<br />
deviziT: „turizmi – gza mSvidobisaken“.<br />
es<br />
sainteresoa<br />
es<br />
sainteresoa<br />
221
I V Tavi<br />
mogzauroba<br />
222<br />
wya ro 3<br />
momlocveloba da wminda adgilebis<br />
monaxuleba religiuri turizmis erT-erTi<br />
saxea. israelis dedaqalaq ierusalimSi,<br />
„maradiul qalaqSi“, sami msoflio religia<br />
– qristianoba, iudaizmi da mahmadianoba<br />
iyris Tavs, ris gamoc aq mudmivad ikveTeba<br />
mTeli msoflios morwmune adamianebis<br />
interesebi. qalaqSi mravali istoriuli da<br />
religiuri siwmindea, romlebic masobrivi<br />
momlocvelobis obieqtebs warmoadgenen.<br />
magaliTad, Zveli, dangreuli sinagogas gadar Cenili<br />
15-metriani simaRlis godebis kedeli ebraelTaTvis<br />
ierusalimis dabru nebis simbolo iyo. saukuneebis<br />
ganmavlobaSi istoriul miwa-wylidan gandevnil ebraelebs<br />
weliwadSi mxolod erTxel SeeZloT aq Camosvla da locva.<br />
uflis saflavi ierusalimSi yvelaze wminda adgilia<br />
mTeli msoflios qristianebisTvis. Tumca igi aseve udides<br />
STabeWdilebas tovebs nebismier mnaxvelze, ra religiuri<br />
mrwamsisac ar unda iyos igi.<br />
wya ro 4<br />
ukanasknel wlebSi turizmis axali saxeoba – kosmosuri<br />
turizmi gaCnda. igi turizmis yvelaze Zviri da amave dros<br />
yvelaze egzotikuri saxeobaa. jerjerobiT kosmosur<br />
turistTa ricxvi didi araa da sul 10 kacs iTvlis. denis<br />
tito – amerikeli milioneri pirveli adamiania, romelic<br />
2001 wels kosmosSi turistad gafrinda.<br />
wya ro 5<br />
agroturizmi (sasoflo turizmi) evropaSi<br />
XX s-is 70-ian wlebSi gaCnda. am periodSi<br />
evropis bevr qveyanaSi metad mwvave ekologiuri<br />
situacia Seiqmna, ris gamoc didi qalaqebisa da<br />
samrewvelo centrebis mcxovreblebs bunebaSi,<br />
sufTa haerze dasveneba da jansaRi, naturaluri<br />
produqtebiT kveba surdaT. turizmis es<br />
saxeoba dResac popularulia. agroturizmis<br />
erT-erTi saxeobaa Rvinis turizmi, romelic<br />
venaxebis monaxulebas da yurZnis krefas, Rvinis<br />
maranSive degustacias da yidvas, Rvinis festivalebis Catarebas moicavs.<br />
wya ro 6<br />
„mwvane“ anu ekoturizmi bunebaSi dasvenebas da amave<br />
dros masze zurnvas gulisxmobs. ekoturizmis mizania<br />
garemos ekologiuri mdgradobis Senar Cu neba<br />
da mosaxleobis ekologiuri ganaT lebis amaRleba.<br />
ekoturizmis ganviTarebaSi udides rols asrulebs<br />
erovnuli parkebi, nakrZalebi, aRkveTilebi da<br />
sxva. saxis daculi teritoriebi. magaliTad,<br />
CineTSi ekoturizmis mravali obieqtia. am qveyanaSi<br />
msoflioSi yvelaze meti satyeo nakrZali (1658) da<br />
tyeparkia (1757). aqedan 6 tyeparki iuneskos msoflio memkvidreobis obieqtebis<br />
siaSia Seyvanili. ekoturizmi aseve kargadaa ganviTarebuli keniaSi, tanzaniaSi,<br />
ekvadorSi, nepalSi, kosta-rikaSi, avstraliaSi, axal zelandiasa da samxreT afrikis<br />
respublikaSi. ekoturizmi saqarTveloSi sul ufro popularuli xdeba.<br />
wya ro 7<br />
zogierT adamians did siamovnebas aniWebs mogzaurobis dros dabkolebebis<br />
gadalaxva da moulodnelobebiT savse dReebi. aseTi avanturistuli da<br />
eqstremaluri mogzauroba survilTan erTad fizikur amtanobasa da simamaces<br />
moiTxovs. eqstremaluri<br />
mogzaurobis magaliTia tur<br />
heierdalis (msoflio okeaneSi<br />
tiviT), jumber leJavas da<br />
sxvaTa mogzaurobebi. qarTvelma<br />
mogzaurma j. leJavam 1993-2000<br />
wlebSi velosipediT martom<br />
imogzaura dedamiwis yvela<br />
kontinentze da TiTqmis yvela<br />
qveyanaSi. man 264 000 km gaiara da<br />
ekvatori 9-jer gadakveTa.<br />
5. CamoTvale, ra mizniT mogzaurobdnen adamianebi warsulSi da mogzauroben dRes.<br />
Seavse cxrili:<br />
mogzaurobis<br />
miznebi<br />
mogzaurTa droebiT<br />
gasaCerebeli adgilebi<br />
mogzaurTa<br />
satransporto saSualebebi<br />
davaleba<br />
6. rogor fiqrob, SeiZleba Tu ara CaiTvalos mogzaurobad mivlineba, gastrolebi,<br />
dazverva, yaCaRoba-mekobreoba, samecniero kongresSi monawileoba, alpinizmi,<br />
paraSutizmi, sahaero buStebiT frena? pasuxi daasabuTe.<br />
7. arsebobs turizmis iseTi saxeebi, rogorebicaa samrewvelo turizmi,<br />
eTnoturizmi, saTavgadasavlo turizmi, invaliduri turizmi, speleoturizmi.<br />
Seni azriT, ras gulisxmobs TiToeuli maTgani?<br />
8. gamoTqvi mosazreba, turizmis romeli saxeoba SeiZleba ganviTardes Sens mxareSi<br />
– saqarTveloSi da ratom?<br />
223
VTavi<br />
transporti da vaWroba<br />
226<br />
5. 1. transporti<br />
Zvelad raime sagnebis an produqtis transportireba neli procesi iyo, radgan<br />
mas ZiriTadad, cxovelebi da adamianebi gadazidavdnen.<br />
nax. 5.1.1 4000 wlis win adamianma<br />
cxeni moiSinaura, romelic<br />
qveiTze aTjer ufro swrafad<br />
moZraobs. msoflios zog<br />
qveyanaSi tvirTis gadasazidad<br />
da mgzavrTa gadasayvanad<br />
cxovelebi jer kidev gamoiyeneba.<br />
gadaadgilebis<br />
saSualebebi:<br />
avtomobili, gemi,<br />
TviTmfrinavi,<br />
matarebeli da sxv.<br />
mimosvlis gzebi:<br />
avtobani,<br />
rkinigza, xidi,<br />
gvirabi da sxv.<br />
nax. 5.1.2 pirveli borbali,<br />
savaraudod, Sumerebma<br />
5000 wlis win gamoigones.<br />
maT xisborbliani urmebiT<br />
marcvleuli sxva soflebSi<br />
mihqondaT gasayidad.<br />
damatebiTi<br />
mowyobilobebi:<br />
aeroporti,<br />
avtosadguri,<br />
rkinigzis sadguri,<br />
navsadguri da sxv.<br />
nax. 5.1.3 etli pirveli<br />
sazogadoebrivi<br />
transporti iyo, romelic<br />
yovel 20 kilometrSi unda<br />
SeCerebuliyo fundukSi<br />
cxenebis Sesacvlelad.<br />
Tanamedrove civilizacia warmoudgenelia transportis gareSe. marTalia,<br />
transporti Tavad arafers ar awarmoebs, magram mis gareSe ar iarsebebs aranairi<br />
warmoeba, qalaqebi, soflebi, fabrika-qarxnebi, fermebi da saxelmwifoc ki.<br />
nax. 5.1.4 satransporto kompleqsis Semadgeneli nawilebi<br />
satransporto<br />
kompleqsi<br />
momsaxure<br />
personali:<br />
mZRoli, mfrinavi,<br />
memanqane,<br />
dispeCeri da sxv.<br />
davaleba<br />
1. CamoTvale SenTvis cnobili transportis saxeebi, daajgufe isini „Zvel“ da<br />
„axal“ satransporto saSualebebad da ganalage maTi warmoSobis mixedviT drois<br />
xazze.<br />
f<br />
nax. 5.1.5 transportis saxeebi<br />
sarkinigzo<br />
saxmeleTo<br />
transporti<br />
saavtomobilo<br />
transportis saxeebi<br />
wylis<br />
transporti<br />
samdinaro sazRvao<br />
sahaero<br />
transporti<br />
milsadeni<br />
transporti<br />
metad rTuli da Taviseburia Tanamedrove transportis geografia. evropaSi,<br />
CrdiloeT amerikasa da aziis aRmosavleTSi mTeli rigi regionebi mimosvlis gzebiT,<br />
SeiZleba iTqvas, ablabudas qseliviT aris daserili. Tumca, dedamiwaze aris<br />
adgilebi – ZiriTadad, polarul da mTian mxareebSi – sadac TiTqmis warmoudgenelia<br />
Tanamedrove transportis gamoyeneba. yvela saxis transportma ori mTavari<br />
moTxovna unda daakmayofilos: man unda SeZlos garkveuli moculobis tvirTis<br />
gadazidva (gansazRvruli woniT, Tu adamianTa raodenobiT) da dafaros saWiro<br />
manZili.<br />
transportis muSaobis Sesafasebeli ZiriTadi maCvenebelia gadaziduli tvir-<br />
Tebis sidide da gadayvanili mgzavrebis raodenoba, romelTa manZilze gadamravlebiT<br />
tvirTbrunvas (izomeba t/km) da mgzavrTbrunvas (mgzavri/km) miviRebT.<br />
2. transports xSirad saxelmwifos „sisxlis mimoqcevis sistemas“ uwodeben. axseni,<br />
rogor gesmis es gamoTqma.<br />
3. Seni azriT, ra kavSiria qveynis ekonomikuri ganviTarebis donesa da mis<br />
satransporto sistemas Soris? moiyvane am kavSiris gamovlenis magaliTebi.<br />
4. ra roli akisria transports qveynis sameurneo sistemaSi?<br />
davaleba<br />
5. rogor fiqrob, mTian regionebSi transportis romeli saxeobis ganviTarebas<br />
eniWeba upiratesoba da ratom?<br />
6. transportis ganviTarebaze mravali faqtori moqmedebs. maT Soris qveynisa da<br />
mosaxleobis socialur-ekonomikuri mdgomareoba, kulturuli, rekreaciuli da<br />
demografiuli aqtivoba, politikuri situacia da sxv. Seni azriT, transportis<br />
ganviTarebaze ra konkretul gavlenas axdens CamoTvlili faqtorebi?<br />
amazoneTis junglebSi, afrikasa da zondis kunZulebze dResac cxovroben<br />
tomebi, romelTac dRemde ar ician, ra aris transporti.<br />
es<br />
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227
VTavi<br />
transporti da vaWroba<br />
228<br />
msoflio erTiani satransporto sistema XX saukuneSi Camoyalibda. ganviTarebul<br />
qveynebze msoflio satransporto qselis saerTo sigrZis 78% da tvirTbrunvis<br />
74% modis.<br />
nax. 5.1.6 msoflios tvirT- da mgzavrTbrunva (2005 w.)<br />
100<br />
90<br />
80<br />
70<br />
60<br />
50<br />
40<br />
30<br />
20<br />
10<br />
0<br />
tvirT- da mgzavrTbrunva (%)<br />
61<br />
1<br />
transportis<br />
saxeoba<br />
tvirTbrunva<br />
mgzavrTbrunva<br />
14<br />
10 10<br />
80<br />
sazRvao sarkinigzo saavtomobilo milsadeni sahaero samdinaro<br />
12<br />
9<br />
3<br />
davaleba<br />
7. nax. 5.1.6-is gamoyenebiT daadgine:<br />
a) romeli satransporto saSualeba liderobs tvirTbrunvisa da<br />
mgzavrTbrunvis mixedviT?<br />
b) imsjele transportis calkeuli saxeobis rolze tvirT- da mgzavrTbrunvaSi;<br />
g) rogor fiqrob, ram gamoiwvia transportis sxvadasxva saxeobis aseTi<br />
ganawileba?<br />
5. 2. transportis saxeebi<br />
wylis transporti yvelaze Zveli satransporto saxeobaa. yvelaze primitiuli<br />
afriani xomaldic ki dRe-Ramis ganmavlobaSi 4-5-jer met manZils gadioda, vidre<br />
qaravani. XX saukunis 50-ian wlebamde grZel manZilze gadasaadgileblad sazRvao<br />
transporti mTavari saSualeba iyo. sazRvao transportma dRemde SeinarCuna mniSvnelovani<br />
funqcia da roli. igi yvelaze iafi satransporto saxeobaa, amitomac<br />
msoflio tvirTbrunvis 60-67% wylis transportze modis. sazRvao transporti<br />
did manZilze mZime tvirTebis (naxSiri, madani, samSeneblo masalebi) gadatanis<br />
saukeTeso saSualebaa.<br />
uZvelesi droidan gadaadgilebis yvelaze martiv saSualebas mdinareebi warmoadgenda,<br />
romlebzec adamianebi xis navebiT, kanoeebiT gadaadgildebodnen.<br />
dedamiwaze Siga wylebis saerTo sigrZe 550 aTasi km-ia. samdinaro sanaosno gzebis<br />
didi ganfenilobiT gamoirCeva CineTi (110 aTasi km), ruseTi (80 aTasi km), aSS (41<br />
aTasi km), brazilia (31 aTasi km). Tumca aris qveynebi, sadac samdinaro transporti<br />
TiTqmis ar aris an sustadaa ganviTarebuli.<br />
nax. 5.2.1 mdinareebze da mcire sazRvao<br />
gadasasvlelebze tvirTis gadasatanad<br />
da mgzavrTa gadasayvanad bornebi<br />
gamoiyeneba. Tanamedrove bornebi<br />
gemebs waagavs da didi popularobiT<br />
sargeblobs turistebs Soris.<br />
nax. 5.2.2 yvelaze didi gemebi navTobis<br />
tanke rebia. zogi tankeri sigrZeSi naxevar<br />
kilometrs aRweven da gaCerebisaTvis<br />
ramdenime kilometri sWirdeba. tankeri<br />
500000 tona navTobs itevs.<br />
nax. 5.2.3 yvelaze didi samgzavro gemis titulis<br />
mopovebas ori laineri cdilobs: 1998 wels agebuli<br />
285 -metriani “Grand Princess”, romelic da 311 metriani<br />
– “Navigator of tne Seas”. marTalia es ukanaskneli sigrZiT<br />
ufro metia, magram `princesa“ ufro met adamianzea<br />
gaTvlili. masze 2600 kaci eteva. gemi umaRles donezea<br />
aRWurvili: aq 1300 kaiuta, 3 restorani, 4 auzi, 3<br />
sakoncerto darbazi da15 gembania; aqvea kazino, Ramis<br />
klubi, diskoTeka, silamazis saloni, biblioTeka,<br />
golfis, CogburTisa da kalaTburTis moednebi da<br />
mravali sxv. mgzavrebs 1200 adamiani emsaxureba.<br />
1. msoflios fizikuri da politikuri rukebis gamoyenebiT, daadgine:<br />
a) ratom aris CineTSi, ruseTSi, aSS-sa da braziliaSi samdinaro transporti<br />
kargad ganviTarebuli?<br />
b) romel qveynebSi ar arsebobs samdinaro transporti da ratom?<br />
davaleba<br />
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290<br />
7. 5. olimpiuri komiteti<br />
saerTaSoriso organizacia `saerTaSoriso olimpiuri komiteti~ 1894 wlis 23<br />
ivniss baron pier de kubertenis mier olimpiuri TamaSebis aRorZinebis mizniT<br />
Seiqmna. amJamad komiteti yvelaze gavleniani sportuli organizaciaa msoflio-<br />
Si. komiteti yovel oTx weliwadSi organizebas ukeTebs Tanamedrove olimpiur<br />
TamaSebs zafxulsa da zamTarSi. komitetis mier organizuli pirveli zafxulis<br />
olimpiada 1896 wels aTenSi (saberZneTi) gaimarTa; pirveli zamTris olimpiada ki –<br />
1924 wels CamoniqsSi (safrangeTi). 1992 wlamde zafxulisa da zamTris olimpiadebi<br />
erTsa da imave wels imarTeboda. 1994 wlidan ki komitetma maT Soris orwliani dro<br />
gamoyo RonisZiebaTa organizebis dagegmvis gamartivebis mizniT.<br />
nax .7.5.2 zafxulis olimpiadebis Catarebis adgilebi<br />
nax. 7.5.1 olimpiuri komitetis Stab-bina<br />
lozanaSi (Sveicaria) mdebareobs.<br />
erTxel<br />
orjer da metad<br />
qalaqebi, erTxel<br />
qalaqebi, 2-jer<br />
(los-anjelesi, parizi,<br />
londoni da aTeni)<br />
zafxulis bolo, XXIX olimpiada pekinSi (beijingi, CineTi) Catarda. Semdgomi<br />
olimpiadebi 2012 wels londonSi (gaerTianebuli samefo) da 2016 wels rio-de-<br />
JaneiroSi (brazilia) gaimarTeba.<br />
davaleba<br />
1. Seni azriT, ras gamoxatavs<br />
olimpiuri komitetis<br />
emblema?<br />
f<br />
f<br />
nax. 7.5.3 zamTris olimpiadebis Catarebis adgilebi<br />
qveynebi –erTxel<br />
qveynebi – orjer da<br />
metad<br />
qalaqebi – erTxel<br />
qalaqebi – orjer<br />
(leiq-plesidi (aSS), sentmorici<br />
(Sveicaria), instburki<br />
(avstria)<br />
zamTris bolo XXI olimpiada 2010 wels vankuverSi (kanada) gaimarT. momdevno ki<br />
2014 wels soWSi (ruseTi) Catardeba.<br />
saerTaSoriso olimpiur komitets ori organo aqvs: aRmasrulebeli komiteti<br />
da antidopingis komiteti.<br />
saerTaSoriso olimpiur komitetSi 205 erovnuli komitetia gaerTianebuli.<br />
TiToeuli maTgani Tavis kontinentalur erovnul olimpiur asociaciebs eqvemdebareba.<br />
2001 wlidan organizaciis prezidentia Jak roge. pirveli prezidenti ki<br />
vikelas demetriusi iyo 1894-1896 wlebSi. Tavad damaarsebeli pier de kuberteni<br />
komitets 1896-1925 wlebSi xelmZRvanelobda.<br />
komitetis samuSao enebia: franguli da inglisuri. yoveli wlis 23 ivniss saer-<br />
TaSoriso olimpiuri dRe aRiniSneba.<br />
olimpiuri komitetis internet-misamarTia: www.olympic.org<br />
saqarTvelos erovnuli olimpiuri komiteti 1989 wels Seiqmna da 1993 wels ukve<br />
saerTaSoriso olimpiur komitetSi gaerTianda.<br />
saqarTvelos sportsmenebma olimpiadaze sul 18 medali moipovs, maT Soris 5<br />
oqrosi, 2 vercxlis da 11 brinjaosi. Cvens sportsmenebs yvela medali zafxulis<br />
olimpiadebze aqvT miRebuli.<br />
2. nax. 7.5.2-7.4.3-is gamoyenebiT daadgine:<br />
a) emTxveva Tu ara zamTrisa da zafxulis olimpiadebis Catarebis adgilebi<br />
erTmaneTs?<br />
b) romel qveynebSi Catarebula erTsa da imave wels zamTrisa da zafxulis<br />
olimpiadebi?<br />
davaleba<br />
3. moiZie informacia qarTvel olimpiel sportsmenTa Sesaxeb da gaacani megobrebs.<br />
es<br />
sainteresoa<br />
291
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292<br />
leqsikoni<br />
7.<br />
6. garemos dacvis saerTaSoriso<br />
organizaciebi<br />
konservacia – risame dacva, SenarCuneba specialuri pirobebis SeqmniT<br />
grinpisi 1971 wels vankuverSi (kanada) Seqmnili bunebis damcvelTa saerTaSoriso<br />
organizaciaa. grinpisi miznad isaxavs globalur ekologiur problemebze<br />
zrunvas da problemebisadmi msoflios xalxebisa da saxelmwifo mTavrobebis<br />
yuradRebis mipyrobas. organizaciis mizania Cveni planetis bunebrivi simdidreebis<br />
mimarT adamianTa damokidebulebis Secvlac. mis yvela saqmianobas ZiriTadad<br />
saqvelmoqmedo fondebi da momxreebi afinanseben.<br />
grinpisSi 2,5 milionze meti adamiania gaerTianebuli. organizaciis samuSao<br />
ofisebi msoflios ara erT qveyanaSi moqmedebs, maT Soris aSS-Si, avstraliaSi,<br />
britaneTSi, indoeTSi, CineTSi da sxv. organizaciis saTao ofisi mdebareobs amsterdamSi<br />
(niderlandebi).<br />
misi internet-misamarTia: www.greenpeace.irg<br />
nax. 7.6.1 grinpisis wevri qveynebi<br />
nax. 7.6.2 jer kidev gasuli saukunis<br />
70-iani wlebSi grinpisma seriozuli<br />
saerTaSoriso aqcia Caatara veSapebis<br />
komerciuli miznebisTvis daWeris<br />
winaaRmdeg.<br />
davaleba<br />
1. nax. 7.6.1-isa da msoflio politikuri rukis gamoyenebiT CamoTvale grinpisis<br />
wevri sami qveyana kontinentebis mixedviT.<br />
bunebis dacvis msoflio fondi (World Wide Fund for Nature – WWF) – saerTaSoriso<br />
sazogadoebrivi organizaciaa, romelic bunebis dacvas, kvlevasa da aRdgenas<br />
emsaxureba. igi msoflioSi erT-erTi udidesi damoukidebeli bunebisdacviTi<br />
organizaciaa, romelic msoflios 40-ze met qveyanaSi muSaobs da 5 mln-ze meti<br />
mxardamWeri hyavs. organizacia 1961 wlis 11 seqtembers q. morgesSi (Sveicaria)<br />
daarsda da dRemde daaxloebiT 1300-mde bunebisdacviTi proeqti ganaxorciela.<br />
organizaciis mTavari mizani dedamiwis biomravalferovnebis SenarCunebaa. am<br />
kuTxiT man dedamiwaze 200-ze meti ekoregioni gansazRvra.<br />
organizaciis Stab-bina mdebareobs glandSi (Sveicaria).<br />
WWF-is internet-misamarTia: www.padna.org<br />
nax. 7.6.4 WWF-is logoze pandaa<br />
gamosaxuli.<br />
bunebis dacvis msoflio fondis kavkasiis warmomadgenloba dReisaTvis erTerTi<br />
wamyvani garemosdacviTi organizaciaa kavkasiaSi.<br />
fondis pirveli iniciativebi moicavda saqarTveloSi axali daculi teritoriebis<br />
Seqmnas da maTi racionalurad marTvis meqanizmebis SemuSavebas, biologiuri<br />
resursebis mdgrad gamoyenebas, mdgradi metyeveobis ganviTarebis xelSewyobas,<br />
msxvili mtaceblebis konservacias da sxva. amave dros, fondma seriozuli muSaoba<br />
gaswia ukve arsebuli daculi teritoriebis marTvis gaumjobesebis saqmeSi. fondis<br />
uSualo xelSewyobiT daarsda kavkasiaSi saerTaSoriso standartebis mixedviT<br />
pirveli borjom-xaragaulis erovnuli parki.<br />
2002 wlis ivnisidan bunebis dacvis msoflio fondis saqarTvelos warmomadgenloba<br />
funqcionirebas kavkasiis saprogramo ofisis saxelwodebiT (WWF Caucasus<br />
Programme Office) ganagrZobs, rac imas gulisxmobs, rom fondis saqmianoba mTlian<br />
kavkasiis ekoregions moicavs.<br />
dReisaTvis bunebis dacvis msoflio fondis kavkasiis warmomadgenloba mu-<br />
Saobs mTel rig proeqtebze, romelTa Soris aRsaniSnavia kavkasiuri leopardis<br />
konservacia, borjom-xaragaulis erovnuli parki, transsasazRvro (saqarTveloazerbaijani)<br />
proeqti Walis tyeebis gadasarCenad, samkurnalo mcenareebis mdgradi<br />
mopovebisa da gamoyenebis danergva, Tbilisisa da mtiralas mTis erovnuli<br />
parkebis daarseba da sxva.<br />
bunebis dacvis msoflio fondis strategiis Sesabamisad, fondis kavkasiis warmomadgenloba<br />
aqtiurad TanamSromlobs saxelmwifo struqturebTan, adgilobriv<br />
da saerTaSoriso arasamTavrobo organizaciebTan, saerTaSoriso saagentoebTan,<br />
donor organizaciebTan da adgilobriv mosaxleobasTan.<br />
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294<br />
nax. 7.6.5 WWF-is devizia: cocxali planetisaTvis.<br />
davaleba<br />
� daakvirdi WWF-is propagandistul plakatebs da aRwere, ras unda niSnavdes<br />
TiToeuli maTgani.<br />
� moifiqre raime plakati an slogani, romelic garemosdacviT problemebs exeba.<br />
moawyveT klasSi gamofena.<br />
I ipove marTebuli msjeloba:<br />
1. ibn-batuta<br />
2. amerigo vespuCi<br />
3. finikielebi<br />
4. marko polo<br />
5. f. magelani<br />
Semajamebeli samuSao IV<br />
1) mogzauroba adamianebis gadaadgilebaa sxvadasxva teritoriaze savaWro<br />
mizniT;<br />
2) turizmi sxvadasxva satransporto saSualebiT an fexiT mogzaurobaa, romlis<br />
mizania dasveneba, sporti, janmrTelobis aRdgena, mkurnaloba, Semecneba da sxv.<br />
3) milsadeni transporti transportis yvelaze Zveli da gavrcelebuli saxeobaa.<br />
4) transportis muSaobis Sesafasebeli ZiriTadi maCvenebelia tvirTbrunva da<br />
mgzavrTbrunva.<br />
5) msoflio satransporto qselSi swrafi tempiT izrdeba sakonteinero gadazidvebi.<br />
6) pirveli sarkinigzo magistrali gaerTianebuli samefoSi amoqmedda;<br />
7) msoflioSi yvelaze grZeli pa-de-kales srutis qveS gayvanili gvirabia;<br />
8) interneti komunikaciis uaxlesi saSualebaa;<br />
9) didma geografiulma aRmoCenebma TiTqmis mTlianad Secvala msoflio vaWrobis<br />
geografia;<br />
10) sacalo vaWrobis formebia birJa, bazroba da supermarketi;<br />
11) eqsportisa da importis erTobliobas saqonelbrunva hqvia;<br />
12) iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti 1918 wels<br />
gaixsna da pirveli da erTaderTi universiteti iyo im dros mTel kavkasiaSi.<br />
13) sportis saTamaSo saxeobebia fexburTi, kalaTburTi, xelburTi, Widaoba<br />
da tanvarjiSi;<br />
14) amJamad, natoSi 28 saxelmwifo, evrokavSirSi ki – 27 qveyanaa gaerTianebuli;<br />
15) Sengenis xelSekruleba ZalaSi 1995 wels Sevida da xelmomwer qveyanaTa<br />
Soris evros oficialur mimoqcevaSi Semosvlas exeboda.<br />
II CamoTvili mogzaurebi ganalage drois xazze qronologiuri<br />
principiT (maTi mogzaurobis drois mixedviT):<br />
6. qr. kolumbi<br />
7. j. kuki<br />
8. a. tasmani<br />
9. r. amunseni<br />
10. vasko da gama<br />
295
d<br />
III ipove Sesabamisoba:<br />
1. mogzaurebsa da maTi mogzaurobis marSrutebs Soris:<br />
a) qr. kolumbi<br />
b) marko poli<br />
g) r. amundseni<br />
d) f. magelani<br />
e) j. kuki<br />
a<br />
b<br />
g<br />
d<br />
e<br />
1. pirvelma miaRwia CrdiloeT poluss;<br />
2. pirvelma aRmoaCina axali kontinenti – amerika;<br />
3. pirvelma miaRwia samxreT poluss;<br />
4. pirvelma gamoikvlia avstraliis aRmosavleT sanapiro da<br />
aRmoaCina didi barieruli rifi;<br />
5. pirvelad miaRwia afrikis ukidures samxreTs;<br />
6. pirveli mogzauria, romelmac TiTqmis mTeli azia moiara;<br />
7. pirvelad Semouara dedamiwas garSemo.<br />
1 2 3 4 5 6 7<br />
2. emblemebsa da saerTaSoriso organizaciebs Soris:<br />
a<br />
b<br />
e<br />
v<br />
g<br />
z<br />
1. evrokavSiri<br />
2. gaero (gaerTianebuli erebis organizacia)<br />
3. biseki (Savi zRvis qveynebis ekonomikuri TanamSromlobis organizacia)<br />
4. suami;<br />
5. dsT (damoukidebel saxelmwifoTa Tanamegobroba)<br />
6. nato (Crdilo-atlantikuri xelSekrulebis organizacia)<br />
7. bunebis dacvis msoflio fondi<br />
8. wiTeli jvris saerTaSoriso komiteti<br />
9. sok (saerTaSoriso olimpiuri komiteti)<br />
10. evrosabWo<br />
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10<br />
296 297<br />
a<br />
b<br />
g<br />
d<br />
e<br />
v<br />
a<br />
b<br />
g<br />
d<br />
e<br />
v<br />
z<br />
3. saerTaSoriso organizaciebsa da maT Stab-binebs Soris:<br />
a) gaero<br />
b) evrokavSiri<br />
g) nato<br />
d) suami<br />
e) olimpiuri komiteti<br />
v) grinpisi<br />
1. kievi<br />
2. Jeneva<br />
3. londoni<br />
4. strasburgi<br />
5. lozana<br />
6. briuseli<br />
7. niu-iorki<br />
8. parizi<br />
9. amsterdami<br />
10. vena<br />
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10