Tamil / தமிழ் - Berghof Handbook for Conflict Transformation

muR rPh; ;jpUj;jj;jpDhlhf 

NkhJifia khw;Wepiyg;gLj;jy; ; 

Fe;jh; Ngr;yh; 

1. mwpKfk; : rPh;jpUj;jk; vd;gJ ntWkNd eph;thfj;ij 336 

khw;wpaikg;gjy;y mjpYk; ghh;f;ff; $baJ 

2. neUf;fb epyg;gFjpapd; rthy;fs; 337 

3. gq;Fnfhs;sYk;> rdehafkag;gLj;jYk; 338 

fpuhk kf;fs; gq;Fnfhs;sy; 338 

Fbepiy r%fj;ij tYg;gLj;Jjy; 339 

gq;Fnfhs;sy; Kiwtopahf rdehaf kakhf;fk; 340 

nrhy;yhly; Kidg;Gs;sdTk; ,ilepiy tfpg;gdTkhd epWtfq;fs; 342 

4. epWtf rPh;jpUj;jq;fs; 344 

Ml;rpahg;G rPh;jpUj;jk; 344 

mjpfhug; gfph;T %yk; rpWghd;ikapdiu xUq;fpizj;jy; 347 

mjpfhuj;ij Ms;epy mbg;gilapy; tFj;jy; : rk\;b Kiw> mjpfhu khw;WifAk; 

Rahjpgj;jpaKk; 348 

ika mjpfhu tpLtpg;G %ykhf fzf;Ff; fhl;Lk; nghWg;G 34 9 

rpWghd;ikapdiug; ghJfhj;jy; 350 

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kdpj chpikfs; 353 

5. ghJfhg;Gj; Jiwapid rPuikj;jy;; 356 

6. RUf;fKk;> vjph;fhyj;jpw;;fhd Nehf;Fk; 358 

7. crhj;JizAk;> Nkyjpf thrpg;Gk; 360 

335

336 


muR rPh;j;jpUj;jj;jpDhlhf 

NkhJifia khw;Wepiyg;gLj;jy; ; 


1. mwpKfk; : rPh;jpUj;jk; vd;gJ ntWkNd eph;thfj;ij 

khw;wpaikg;gjy;y mjpYk; ghh;f;ff; $baJ 

mur rPh;jpUj;jKk;> NkhJifAk; xd;Nwhnlhd;W neUq;fpa njhlh;Gilait. xUGwj;jpy; 

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Kiwahfj; jhgpf;fg;gLjypy; mur kWrPuikg;gpd; rhj;jpag;ghL jq;fpAs;sJ. 

vt;thwhapDk;> mur kWrPuikg;ghdJ epu;thf Kiwikia my;yJ tsq;fs; 

xJf;fg;gLfpd;w Kiwia ntWkNd kPs xOq;fikj;jiytpl mjpftplaq;fis cs;slf;fpajhf 

,Uf;fNtz;Lk;. NkYk; jpUj;jkhff; $Wtjhapd;> mJ Njrj;ijf; fl;bnaOg;Gtjw;Fg; 

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nfhLf;fNtz;Lk;. [dehaf mgptpUj;jpiag; gbg;gbahf Kd;Ndw;Wjy;> Fbrdj;jpd; gq;Nfw;G 

kw;Wk; rl;l Ml;rp vd;gtw;wpd;%yk; mJ> Mokhf Nt&d;wpa NkhJiffisr; rkhjhdkhd 

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tpUj;jpnra;Ak;. [dehafk; Nt&d;Wfpd;wNghJ mJ> gd;ikthjk;> rfpg;Gj;jd;ik> cs;thq;Fjpwd; 

kw;Wk; rkur ,zf;fk; Nghd;w ngWkhdq;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;bUg;gjdhYk;> murpaw; 

nraw;ghl;lhsu;fs;; kj;jpapy; Ngr;Rthh;j;ij> rkur ,zf;fk; kw;Wk; xj;Jiog;Gg; Nghd;w 

elj;ij epakq;fisj; jhgpg;gjw;F cjTnkd;gjdhYk; mJ mikjpg;gLj;Jfpd;w xU tpisitf; 

nfhz;bUf;Fk;. 

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nfhz;bUf;fKbAk;. ntspg;Gwkhfj; J}z;lg;gl;l Jhpj khw;w epiyikfspy; mJ fLikahd 

NkhjYf;fhd xU %ykhff; $Lnkd;gJld;> Ml;rp Ghpfpd;wth;fspd; jug;gpy; td;Kiwahd 

vjph;r;nray;fisj; J}z;lTk; $Lk;. Nkhrkhfj; jpl;lkplg;gl;l mur kWrPuikg;ghdJ> xU 

NkhJif NkYk; rPh;Fiytjw;Ff;$l toptFf;ff;$Lk;. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf> mq;Nfhyhtpd; tplaj;jpy; 

ignr]; (Bicesse) xg;ge;jj;jpd;gpd;dh; Aj;jj;jpd; kPnsOr;rp> ntd;wth; vy;yhtw;iwAk; 

vLj;Jf;nfhs;fpd;w xU Kiwik Kd;$l;bNa jhgpf;fg;gl;ljd; JujpU\;ltrkhd xU 

gpd;tpisthFk;. vdNt mur kWrPuikg;ngd;gJ NkhJifj;jzpTf;Fk;> neUf;fb mjpfhpg;Gf;Fk; 

,ilapy; E}ypio NtWghl;ilj; NjLfpd;w xU ‘fapw;wpy; elj;jy;’ vdf; fUjg;glNtz;Lk;. 

,t;tj;jpahak; murpDs; fhzg;gLk; td;Kiwahd NkhJiffspd; tpisTfisj; 

jLg;gjw;Fk;> jzpg;gjw;Fk;> Mw;Wtjw;Fk; mur kWrPuikg;gpd; rhj;jpag;ghL gw;wp; fUj;Jr;nrYj;Jk;. 

gphpT 2 neUf;fbg; gpuhe;jpaq;fspy; cz;ikahd rthy;fs; gw;wpa xU fz;Nzhl;lj;ij 

mspg;gJld; mur kWrPuikg;G ,df;FOk NkhJiffis ifahsf;$ba rpy topKiwfisAk; 

tpthpf;fpd;wJ. mLj;JtUk; gphpTfspy; ,t; cghaq;fs; NkYk; tphpthf tpthjpf;fg;gLk;. gphpT 

3 gq;Nfw;Gr; nray;Kiwfis tYg;gLj;Jfpd;w rhj;jpaq;fs;gw;wpf; ftdQ;nrYj;Jfpd;wJ.

gphpT 4 epWtdhPjpahd kWrPuikg;gpy; ftdj;ijf; Ftpf;fpd;wJ. gpupT 5 ghJfhg;gj;Jiwapd; 

kWrPuikg;gpy; ftdQ;nrYj;Jfpd;wJ. ,f; fl;Liu vjph;fhyj;jpy; NkYk; $ba ftdj;Jf;Fhpajhd 

rpy jpwe;j epiyg;gl;l Nfs;tpfSld; epiwtilfpd;wJ(gphpT 6). 

2. neUf;fb epyg;gFjpapd; rthy;fs; 

muRfSf;fpilapyhd MAj Nkhjy;fspd; vz;zpf;if mz;ika Mz;Lfspy; 

Fiwe;Js;s mNj Ntisapy;> mjpfhpj;j vz;zpf;ifapyhd muRfs; ,g;NghJ muRfSf;Fs; 

,lk;ngWk; td;Kiwahd NkhJiffspdhy; gpsTgl;Ls;sd. ,t;tsh;r;rp tpNrlkhff; gdpg;Nghh; 

KbtpypUe;J Njhd;wpAs;s xU Gjpa epfo;Tld; neUf;fkhf ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. nghJthd 

rPh;FiyT> nghUshjhu tWik> rptpy; rz;il kw;Wk; xl;Lnkhj;j kdpj mtyepiy Mfpa 

,ay;Gfis jtW epiyg;gl;l Njrpa muRfs; nfhz;Ls;sd. (n`y;kd; kw;Wk; ul;dh 1993) 

muRfspd; ,j;Njhy;tpf;F ,r;r%fq;fspy; nrq;Fj;jhd kw;Wk; fpilepiyahd 

rl;lg;gbahd jd;ik ,y;yhikNa fhuznkdj; Njbf;fhzf;$Lk; (n`hy;];hp 1991; nà;d;wpr; 

2000). nrq;Fj;jhd rl;lg;gbahd jd;ik ,y;yhj re;jh;g;gj;jpy; muRf;Fk;> r%fj;Jf;Fk; 

,ilapyhd njhlh;G mWf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. xU njhFjp epakq;fspdJk;> tpjpfspdJk;> 

ngWkhdq;fspdJk; mbg;gilapy; Ml;rpGhptjw;fhd mur cah;Fbapdhpd; chpikiag; nghJtpy; 

Ghpe;Jnfhs;sYk;> Vw;Wf;nfhs;sYk; Fiwe;jgl;r mstpyhtJ tpl;Lf;nfhLf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. 

kWGwj;jpy; fpilepiyahd rl;lg;gbahdjd;ik murpaw; rdr%fq;fspd; cWg;ghz;ikiaAk;> 

tpghpg;igAk; ; ; ; Fwpf;fpd;wJ. ,t;tifahd rl;lg;gbahdjd;ik> ,dg;Nghuhl;lj;ijg; gz;ghff;nfhz;l 

Aj;jj;jhy; $Wgl;l r%fq;fspy; ngUk;ghYk; ,y;yhJs;sJ. ,e;ehLfspy; murpaw; rdr%fnkd;w 

vz;zg;Nghf;F ,y;iy. ntt;NtW ,df;FOf;fs; Njrpa milahsk; vjidAk; 

gfph;e;Jnfhs;shjjdhy; xU tpRthrg; gpizg;Ngh my;yJ Njrpa If;fpa czh;Nth mth;fsplk; 

,y;iy (nrhapwd;rd; 1998 ; nà;d;wpr; 2000). 

jtwpa ,t;tuRfs; rptpy; Nghuhl;lj;ij ntw;wpnfhs;tjw;Fk;> nghUshjhu 

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Gdh;eph;khzr; nray;Kiwnahd;wpy; NkYk; mfy;tphpthd Xh; mZFKiw Njitg;gLfpd;wJ. xU Gjpa murpay;> 

nghUshjhu> r%fr; #oy; jhgpf;fg;glTk;> r%fk; kPsf;fl;bnaOg;gg;glTk; Ntz;Lk;. 

,r;#oiktpy; mbf;fb vLj;Jf;$wg;gLk; xU fth;r;rpr; nrhy;jhd; ‘ey;y MSifKiw’. 

nghUshjhu xj;Jiog;Gf;Fk;> mgptpUj;jpf;Fkhd mikg;gpd; mgptpUj;jp cjtpf;FOtpdhy; 

(OECD/BAC) nghUs; tiuaWf;fg;gl;lthW xU ehl;by; ey;y Ml;rpKiw ehd;F 

ikathf;ff;$Wfisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ; 

* rl;l Ml;rp; 

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muR rPh;jpUj;jj;jpDhlhf NkhJifia khw;Wepiyg;gLj;jy;; 

fl;likg;Gr; rPh;jpUj;jq;fs;> epWtd fl;bnaOg;Gif kw;Wk; td;Kiwiaf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jjy; 

337

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ngWkhdq;fs; gw;wpa gue;Jgl;l xU fUj;njhUikg;ghl;bd; mbg;gilapy; nraw;gLtjw;F 

,ayr;nra;fpd;w fpilepiyahd rl;lg;gbahdjd;ikia mJ toq;Ftjpy;iy. 

mjd; epkpj;jk; mj;jifa Xh; murpDs; cs;s KOikahd FOf;fs; kdNtWghLfis 

njhlh;e;Jk; czuf;$Lnkd;gJld;> xU Njrkhf ,t;ntt;NtW FOf;fis xd;whfg; 

gpizf;ff;$ba xU nghJthd milahsKk; ,y;yhjpUf;Fk;. 

rh;tNjr nraw;ghl;lhsu;fs; -mit murhq;fq;fSf;fpilapyhd epWtdq;fshf (IGOs) 

,Ue;jhYk; rhp my;yJ murrhh;gw;w epWtdq;fshf (NGO’s) ,Ue;jhk; rhp>- Fwpg;ghf mur 

kWrPuikg;gpd; gpd;tUk; mk;rq;fspy; ftdj;ijf; Ftpf;fpd;wd; gq;Fnfhs;sYk; ; [dehafkakhf;fYk;> 

rk\;b kakhf;fKk; gd;Kfkhf;fYk;> Ml;rpahg;G> ePjp rPh;jpUj;jk;> ghJfhg;Gj;Jiw kWrPuikg;G 

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%d;W ,iofshy; xUq;fpizf;fyhk;. mt;tpiofs; mur kWrPuikg;Gf;fhd kpf Kf;fpakhd 

rthy;fisr; RUf;fpf;$Wfpd;wd. mit gpd;tUk; gphpTfspy; tphpthf tpthjpf;fg;gLk;; 

* r%f kw;Wk; murpay; cWjpepiyia Nkk;gLj;Jk; nghUl;L gq;Fnfhs;siyAk;> 

[dehafkakhf;fiyAk; Nghw;wptsh;g;gjw;fhd Njit; 

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* mfy;tphpthd ghJfhg;Gj;Jiw kWrPuikg;gpd; Njit. 

3. gq;Fnfhs;sYk;> rdehafkag;gLj;jYk; 

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Msg;gLgth;fSf;Fk; ,ilapy; xU Fwpg;gplj;jf;f ,ilntspiag; nfhz;bUf;Fk;. fpsh; ;r;rp 

,af;fq;fs; Ml;rpiaf; ifg;gw;WkhapDk;> ifg;gw;Wk;NghJk;> mit mtw;Wf;F Kd; 

gjtpapypUe;jth;fs; nra;jijg; Nghd;W Vwf;Fiwa mNj ghq;Ffspyhd Nkhrkhd MSif 

Kiwiag; gpd;gw;Wk; Nghf;Fs;sdntdj; Njhd;Wfpd;wJ. xU jug;G my;yJ ,U jug;gpdUk; 

kWjug;gpdh;fis xU NkhJiff;fhd rl;lG+h;tkhd Ngr;Rthh;j;ijg; gq;fhspfshf 

Vw;Wf;nfhs;skWg;gjdhy;> (cr;rj; jiyth;fSf;fpilapy; Neubg; Ngr;Rf;f@lhfr; nray; 

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khw;Wepiyahf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;Jtjw;fhd fhj;jpukhd Kaw;rpnajpYk; gq;Fgw;wYk;> 

rdehafkakhf;fYk; ,d;wpaikahjitnadg; gue;j mstpy; xg;Gg;nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jw;Fg; 

gy;NtW neUf;fbahd gpur;rpidfSf;F ntw;wpfukhfj; jPh;Tfhz Ntz;baNjitAs;sJ. 

3.1 fpuhk kf;fs; gq;Fnfhs;sy; 

rkhjhdj;Jf;Fk;> mgptpUj;jpf;Fkhd khWepiy Kiwtopnahd;W Ngz;jF hPjpahfj; 

njhlu Ntz;Lkhapd; mJ murpay; Nky;kf;fspd;; Mjuitkl;Lkd;wp KOf; Fbrdj;jpd; 

MjuitAk; ngwNtz;Lk;. Fwpg;ghf> Fbrdj;jpd; 60% my;yJ mjw;Fk; $baJ. fkj;njhopy; 

Jiwapy; fpuhkg; gpuNjrq;fspYs;s kf;fSf;F mth;fspd; nrhe;j

tptfhuq;fspy; rhj;jpakhd msT fPo;kl;lj;jpy; (Jiz cjtp vd;w Nfhl;ghl;bd;gb) gq;Fgw;Wtjw;fhd 

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nghUshjhuhPjpahf Xuq;fl;lg;gLjypypUe;Jk;> r%f tPo;r;rpapypUe;Jk;> mjd; tpisthd td;KiwapypUe;Jk; 

(vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf> nfd;ahtpy; fhy;eilfisf; fsthbr; nry;yy;) my;yJ fpsh;r;rpf;fhd mzpjpul;Ljiy 

Cf;Ftpf;fpd;w (nfhq;Nfh [dehaff; Fbaurpy; cs;sthW) xU nghJthd #o;epiyapypUe;Jk; 

jg;gpf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lkhapd;> mth;fisg; ghjpf;fpd;w r%f> nghUshjhu #oy; kw;Wk; rKjhak; 

rhh;e;j gpur;rpidfisg; gaDWjpAs;sKiwapy; ifahStjw;F mth;fSf;F tYtspf;fg;glNtz;Lk;. 

r%f mzpjpul;lnyd;gJ> ,yFtpy; ghjpf;fg;glf;$ba FOf;fis> Ra Mw;wyhNyNa ,aq;fty;y 

rkhjhd kw;Wk; mgptpUj;jpr; nray;Kiwapd; chpikahsh;fshf;Ftjw;Fk; (tYthjhuj;jd;ik) mj;Jld; 

fpuhk kl;lj;jpy; gaDWjpAs;s kPs; ,zf;fj;Jf;Fk;> NkhJifj; jPh;Tf;Fkhd mj;jpthuj;ijj; jhgpg;gjw;Fk; 

(,zf;Fjy;) ,yFtpy; ghjpf;fg;glf;$ba ,f;FOf;fspd; Ra cjtp Mw;wy;fis tYg;gLj;j Kida 

Ntz;Lk; (tYtspj;jy;) (SLE 1999). 

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nghWg;Gs;sjdhy; mJ gd;Kfg;gLj;jy; / mjpfhuf; ifkhw;wk; vd;w fl;likg;G Nehf;Fila 

mZFKiwapd; mtrpakhd cWjpg;gLj;Jk; $whfTk; mikfpd;wJ. ,g; gq;Nfw;ig> 

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Fwpj;j epfo;r;rpj; jpl;lq;fs; %yk; Nkk;gLj;jKbAk;. ngw;Wf;nfhs;sf; $ba kdpj #oy; tsq;fs; 

mj;jidiaAk; nfhz;Ls;s xU gjpNtl;bid toq;ff; $bajhd js Ma;tpid jUk; 

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mgptpUj;jpnad;w epakg;gbahd fl;Lf;Nfhg;gpDs; ,r;nray; Nehf;Fila Muha;r;rpahdJ> 

Ntshz;iknad;Dk; eilKiwfis Kd;Ndw;Wfpd;w> tsq;fspd; gad;ghLk; gfph;Tk; njhlh;ghd 

kdg;ghq;Ffis khw;Wfpd;w> NkhJifj; jPh;Tf;fhd cs;@h; topKiwfSf;Fg; Gj;Japuspf;fpd;w> 

cs;@h; cl;fl;likg;igj; juKah;j;jpf; Ntshz;ikfSf;Fg; Gwk;ghd tha;g;Gf;fisAk; ,isNahUld; 

njhlh;Gila gapw;rp epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fisAk; cUthf;Ffpd;w ,yf;iff;nfhz;l nra; ;jpl;lq;fis 

Mjhpg;gjw;F cjt KbAk;. (nfGD kw;Wk; nfh`;yh; 1999). 

3.2 Fbepiy r%fj;ij tYg;gLj;Jjy; 


rptpy; r%fk; ,y;iynadpy; my;yJ nray; ,oe;J ,Ug;gpd; mJ xU xLf;FKiw 

Ml;rpapd; epr;rakhd ntspg;ghlhFk;. gue;j ghJfhg;gpd;ikia xU gz;ghff; nfhz;Ls;s 

xU Njrj;jpy; gz;ghl;L ,df;FOk NtWghLfis $h;ikg;gLj;jpf; fhl;lf; $ba mtek;gpf;ifAk;> 

re;NjfKk; nfhz;l xU #o;epiy cUthFk;. mt;thwpy;yhJ> Xg;gPl;lbg;gilapy;> Xh; cWjpahd 

rptpy; r%fk; rptpy; NkhJifj; jPh;tpid Mjhpf;ff;$ba xU tYthd r%ff; fl;Lkhdj;Jf;fhd 

Xh; cj;juthjkhfg; gad;glKbAk;. rptpy; r%fkhdJ> cs;@h; kl;lj;jpy; (vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf> 

%j;Njhh; rigfs;) njhlq;fp eL kl;lj;ij (mrhepfs;> Gj;jp[Ptpfs;) fle;J cr;r kl;lk; tiu 

vl;Lfpd;wjhf> jPtpu nraw;ghLila FbAhpikj; njhFjpapd; vy;yh Mf;ff;$WfisAk; 

#o;e;Js;sJ. mJ tpahghu cyfk;> njhopw; rq;fq;fs;> ngz;fspd; $l;likg;Gfs;> jpUr;rigfs;> 

jPtpu rkhjhd kw;Wk; kdpj chpikr; nraw;ghl;lhsh;fs;> gj;jphpif vOj;jhsh;fs;> tpQ;Qhdpfs; 

mlq;fyhf gy;NtW r%fQ;rhh;e;j JiwapdiuAk; xd;WNrh;f;fpd;wJ. 

gy;Rtl;L ,uh[je;jpu (lakd;l; kw;Wk; kf;nlhdhy;l; 1991) fl;Lf;Nfhg;gpDs; rptpy; 

r%fk;> gy;NtW r%f kl;lq;fSf;$lhf.nrhy;yhliyAk;> kPspzf;fj;ijAk; Cf;Ftpf;fpd;wjhfTk;> 

mjpfhuG+h;t kl;lj;jpy; ey;y MSif Kiwiag; Ngzp tsh;f;fpd;wjhfTk;> vjpnujph; Kidg;Gila 


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FOf;fSf;fpilapy; ghyq;fisf; fl;Lfpd;w kpf Kf;fpa gq;nfhd;wpid tfpf;ff;$Lk;. 

kf;fs; kf;fSldhd Ngr;Rf;fs;> tl;lNkirfs;> rkhjhdj;Jf;fhd cs;@h; Mw;wy;fis 

cUthf;Fjy;> (nldprd; 1998,y; tpthpf;fg;gl;lthW ‘gphpd;]; xt;Nty;]; gp]pd]; yPlh;];/ 

Nghuk;’ Nghd;w) ; gy;NtW JiwfspDhNl ghf];jh;fis cUthf;Fjy; vd;git nray;tpisTs;s 

Kiwapy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;l thfdq;fshFk;. jtwtpl;l muRfspy; my;yJ murhq;ff; 

fl;Lg;ghl;bypy;yhj gpuNjrq;fspy; rptpy; r%fk; kdf;Fiwfisj; jzpg;gjw;Fk;> 

,dg;gifikiaf; Fiwg;gjw;Fk;> fyhrhuq;fSf;fpilapy; rkhjhdj;ijf; fl;bnaOg;Gtjw;Fk;> 

epiyahd rkhjhd tl;lhuq;fisj; jhgpg;gjw;Fk; cjtKbAk;. ,jw;nfhU ey;y cjhuzj;ij 

mq;Nfhyh jpUr;rigfshy; 1990fspd; Kbtpy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l rkhjhd mbnaLg;Gfspy; 

fhzf;$bajhfTs;sJ. mit [dhjpgjp nlh]; rd;NuhRf;Fk;> fpsh;r;rpj; jiyth; rtpk;gpf;Fk; 

,ilapyhd murpay; ,f;fl;Lepiyia ntw;wpnfhs;Sk;nghUl;L rptpy; r%fj;ij 

xOq;Fnra;tjpy; fLikahf cioj;jd. 

,e;ehLfSf;F cjtptoq;Ffpd;w rh;tNjr mur rhh;gw;w epWtdq;fSk;> cjtp 

toq;Feh;fSk; fPo;kl;lj;jpypUe;J epiyahd ePz;lfhyr; rkhjhdj;ijf; fl;bnaOg;Gtjw;Fg; 

gq;fspf;fpd;w VNjDk; tha;g;igg; ngwNtz;Lkhapd;> rptpy; r%fk; vjph;Nehf;Ffpd;w 

Gwf;fl;Lg;ghLfs;gw;wp czh;jpwDiladthf ,Uf;fNtz;Lk;. ,e;eltbf;iffs; 

vy;yhtw;wpD}lhfTk; rptpy; r%fk;> ntt;NtW FOf;fSf;fpilapy; my;yJ murpd; 

Ml;rpg;gpuNjrj;jpDs; ntt;NtW Njrpa ,dq;fSf;fpilapy; newpKiwf;Ff; fl;Lg;gl;l xU 

rKjhaj;ij Nkk;gLj;Jfpd;wJ my;yJ xUNtis cUthf;fTk; nra;fpd;wJ. ,t;tifapy; 

mJ rl;l epu;khzj;jpy; ,iznahj;j Kaw;rpfis KOikahf;Ffpd;wjhf murpd; r%fQ;rhh;e;j> 

newpKiwahd epu;khzj;Jf;F cjTfpd;wJ. 

vdpDk;> ,e;j Mw;Wifahsh;fs; ,t; tplaq;fspy; czh;jpwd; mw;wth;fshfNth 

my;yJ RftpUk;gpfshfNth ,Ug;ghh;fshdhy; rptpy; r%f mikg;Gfis Njhw;Wtpg;gjpy; 

mth;fs; Fiwghl;Lld; tpUj;jpaile;j rptpy; r%fq;fs;jhd; NkypUe;J td;Kiwahd 

vjph;jhf;fq;fisj; J}z;btplTk;> gpui[fs; gq;Fgw;Wfpd;w ,af;fq;fis je;jpukhff; 

ifahs;tjw;Fk;; my;yJ rpW $Wfshfg; gphpf;fg;gLtjw;F toptFf;fTk;> mjd; tpisthf 

r%fj;jpd; xl;Lnkhj;j cWjpepiyiaf; Fiyf;fTk; $Lk;. 

3.3 gq;Fnfhs;sy; Kiwtopahf rdehaf kakhf;fk; 

mgptpUj;jpAWk; cyfpd; ngUk;ghyhd ehLfspy; [dhjpgjpj; Njh;jy;fSk;> 

ghuhSkd;wj; Njh;jy;fSk; ,g;NghJ elj;jg;gLfpd;w mNjNtisapy;> [dehafkakhf;fw; 

nray;Kiwfs; tYtw;wdthfTk;> tsh;r;rp Fiwe;jdthfTk; cs;sd. Nkhrkhd Ml;rpKiwAk;> 

FiwghLila mur nrayhw;WifAk; ngUk;ghYk; Ml;rpg; Gul;lhy;> gphptpidahy; my;yJ 

rptpy; Aj;jj;jhy; mjpfhuj;ij 573)> muRk;> rptpy; r%fKk; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sf;$ba 

gfpuq;fkhd gq;Nfw;G [dehafr; nray;Kiwfis Cf;Ftpj;jy; jhNd neUf;fbj; jLg;gpw;Fk;> 

NkhJif khw;Wepiyahf;fj;Jf;Fk; ngUk;gaDs;s gq;fspg;ghapUf;Fk;.


nrhy;yhliy Nehf;fhff;nfhz;l mgptpUj;jp xj;Jiog;G Kaw;rpfs; 

nghUj;jkhf;fg;gl;l rdehafkakhf;fYld; ePz;lfhy> $l;Lg; nghUj;jkhd> xj;jpirtpf;fg;gl;l 

mgptpUj;jp cghaq;fis xUq;fpizf;fNtz;Lk;. rdehafkakhf;fy; rpf;fyhdJk;> gbg;gbahd 

Jkhd xU nray;Kiwahjyhy;> mJ Njrpa epiyikfSf;Fg; nghUj;jkhdjhf;fg;glNtz;Lk;. 

mbg;gilapy; ngWkhdj;Jf;Fk;> epakj;Jf;Fk; rthy; tpLf;fpd;w mj;jifa Kiwtopfis 

r%fj;Jf;F ntspapypUe;J Njhw;Wtpj;jy; J}w;wg;gLksT rpukkhdJ vdpDk;> ,k;Kaw;rpfs; 

njhlq;fg;gl;lTld; Fwpitf;fNtz;ba Eiothapy;fs; mNdfk; cs;sd: jdpg;gl;lth;fSf;Fk;> 

FOf;fSf;Fk; tYtspj;jy;> rKjhaq;fis tYg;gLj;Jjy;> nghJ tptfhuq;fspy; nry;thf;Fr; 

nryj;jf;$ba epWtdq;fSf;fhd MjuT kw;Wk; ntt;NtW ghf];jh;fspd; NkhJfpd;w 

eyd;fisr; rkhjhdkhd Kiwapy; ifahs;tjw;fhd jkJ Mw;wiy vz;gpj;Js;sdthfj; 

jw;NghJs;s ,ilaPl;L mikg;GfSf;F Cf;f MjuT. ,it vy;yhtw;Wf;Fk; mg;ghy;> 

murhq;fq;fspdhy; [dehaf Kiwapy; jPh;khdk; vLj;jyhdJ> mjpfhuj;ijg; 

gfph;e;Jnfhs;tjw;Fk;> jPh;khdk; vLj;jiyf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjw;Fk;> murpay; mjpfhuKk;> 

nghUshjhu mjpfhuKk; Kiwahfr; rkepiyg;gLj;jg;gLtjw;Fk;> murpaw; fl;rpfs; my;yJ 

xU ePjpkd;w Kiwik Nghd;w rdehaf mikg;Gfs; jhgpf;fg;gLtjw;Fk; my;yJ mit 

jplkhf;fg;gLthw;Fkhd topKiwia toq;fKbAk;. ,Wjpahf> rl;lG+h;tkhd> cWjpahd 

mikg;Gfs; ntspg;gilahd> Neh;ikahd eltbf;if Kiwfisj; jhgpg;gjpYk;> Coiyj;jLj;J 

epWj;JtjpYk;> vy;yhg; gpui[fspdJk; ed;ikf;fhf mtw;wpd; ikaf; flikfis 

epiwNtw;WtjpYk; nray;jpwKiladthf ,Uf;fNtz;Lk;. 

ngl;b 1 : [dehafj;Jf;Fk;> Njh;jy;njhlh;ghd cjtpf;Fkhd 

rh;tNjr epWtfj;jhy; (IDEA) toq;fg;gl;lthW [dehaf MjuT 

[dehafj;jpd; Cf;Ftpg;gpy; njhopyhz;ik cjtpf;F xU ey;y 

cjhuzk;jhd; ];nuhf;N`hikj; jskhff; nfhz;l [dehafj;Jf;Fk;> 

Njh;jy;njhlh;ghd cjtpf;Fkhd rh;tNjr epWtfk; (IDEA). tlf;fpypUe;Jk;> 

njw;fpypUe;Jk; cWg;gpdh;fisf; nfhz;Ls;s ,r;rh;tNjr epWtdk;> Kd;ida 

Nrhtpaj; A+dpadpd; tPo;r;rpapd;gpd;dh; fpof;F INuhg;ghtpy; nghq;fpnaOe;j [dehaf 

miyiaj; njhlh;e;J cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. mJ cynfq;Fk; Ngz;jF [dehafj;ij 

Cf;Ftpg;gjw;Fk;> Kd;Ndw;Wtjw;Fkhd cyfshtpa Miziag; ngw;Ws;sJ. 

Vida rh;tNjr epWtdq;fs; Njh;jy;fis xOq;Fnra;tjpYk;> fz;fhzpg;gjpYk; 

jkJ Kaw;rpfis xUKfg;gLj;jpAs;s mNjNtisapy; ‘Ibah’ Kjy; Njh;jYf;F 

mg;ghy; [dehaf Mjuntd;w ePz;lfhy cj;jpia toq;Ftjpy; ftdj;ijf; 

Ftpf;fpd;wJ. ,e;epWtfk;: 

* [dehaf mikg;Gfis mgptpUj;jpnra;tjw;fhd Mw;wiyf; fl;bnaOg;Gtjw;F 

ehLfSf;F cjTfpd;wJ; 

* gyfl;rpg; gd;ikthjj;Jf;Fk;> [dehafr; nray;KiwfSf;Fk; gpuNahfpf;fg;gLk; 

epakq;fisAk;> tpjpfisAk;> topfhl;ly;fisAk; tpUj;jpnra;J mtw;iw 

Cf;Ftpf;fpd;wJ; 


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* [dehaf mgptpUj;jpnad;w #oiktpy; Njh;jy;fspy; ntspg;gilahd 

jd;ikiaAk;> fzf;Ff; fhl;Lk; nghWg;igAk;> njhopyhz;ikiaAk;> 

gaDWjpiaAk; Cf;Ftpf;fpd;wJ; 

* cyifr; Rw;wpYKs;s rdehafr; nraw;ghl;lhsh;fSf;fpilapy; nrhy;yhlYf;fhd 

re;jpg;G ,lnkhd;iw toq;FtJld; nrhy;yhlYf;Fk; JizGhpe;J 

Cf;Ftpf;fpd;wJ; 

* Njh;jy;fSk;> Njh;jy; mtjhdpg;Gk; gw;wpa mwpit mjpfhpf;fpd;wJ. (%yk;: 

‘Ibah’ ifNaL 

(NkYk; jfty;fSf;Fg; ghh;f;f http://www.idea.int) 

3.4 nrhy;yhly; Kidg;Gs;sdTk; ,ilepiy tfpg;gdTkhd 

epWtfq;fs; 

Kd;dh; Aj;jj;jhy; rpjWz;l r%fq;fspy; murpay; khw;wq;fs; vd;git fLikahf 

ikag;gLj;jg;gl;l my;yJ fpl;lj;jl;l Ml;rpahjpf;ff; nfhs;ifAila Ml;rpfspd; Ml;rpAhpik 

gd;Kfg;gLj;jg;gLjypy; njhlq;fp> ika mjpfhuk; vJTkw;w my;yJ ika mjpfhuk; tYtw;w 

my;yJ jtwpa muRfs; mbg;gilapy; kPsf; fl;bnaOg;gg;gLjy; tiuapyhd xUtplak; 

gy;tifg;gl;l> gue;j nray;tpisTila tPr;irf; nfhz;bUf;fyhk;. ,r;#o;epiyfs; vy;yhtw;Wf;Fk; 

nghJthf> ed;F jhgpf;fg;gl;l mikg;Gfs; ,y;yhikapdhy; my;yJ nrayw;Wg; Nghdjdhy;> 

rptpy; r%fk; mjd; nrhe;j Mw;wy;fisr; tsh;j;njLf;f eph;g;ge;jpf;fg;gl;lJ. 

,r;#oiktpy; NkhJifj;jPh;thdJ vy;yhtw;Wf;Fk; Nkyhf> ‘;Kiwtop mikthf;fk;;’ 

vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLfpd;w fl;likg;Gfspd; mirtpaf;f khw;wq;fspy; Nghjpa msT 

ftdQ;nrYj;j Ntz;Lk;. khw;Wepiyahf;fj; jj;Jtnkd;w fl;Lf;Nfhg;gpDs; NkhJiffis> 

xU FWfpa nrayhl;rp rhh;e;j mZFKiw%yk; ftdQ; nrYj;jNtz;ba> jdpg;gLj;jg;gl;l 

epfo;Tfshff; fUjf;$lhJ. rhpahfr; nrhy;tjhapd;> mit r%f cwTfnsd;w 

KOj;njhlh;thpirapdJk; khw;Wepiyahf;fj;jpd; mtrpakhd xU gFjpahFk;. ,jd; 

fhuzkhfj;jhd; mj;jifa ;Kiwtop mikthf;fq;fspd; epiykhw;wk; ,ilaPl;Lf;fhd kpfg; 

nghUj;jkhd Kiwahff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. 

RUf;fkhf> nrhy;yhly; Nehf;Fila Xh; mZFKiw Njitg;gLfpd;wJ. ,jidr; 

rhjpg;gjw;F> xU ey;y topia> FOf;fSf;fpilapyhd NkhJif epiyikfspy; 

gaDilajhAs;s xU %d;whe; jug;G ,ilaPlhd gpur;rpid jPh;f;Fk; Xh; Clhl;lr; nraykh;it 

(IPSW) iff;nfhs;tjw;F mDruizahftpUf;Fk;. gpur;rpidjPh;f;Fk; Clhl;lr; nraykh;thdJ> 

rh;tNjr kw;Wk; cs;ehl;L (FOf;fSf;fpilapyhd) NkhJiffspd; gFg;gha;Tf;Fk;> jPh;Tf;Fkhd 

mjpfhuG+h;tkw;w> mwptpd;gb cUthf;fg;gl;l %d;whe;jug;G mZFKiwnahd;whFk;. r%fcstpay; 

Nfhl;ghLfspd; mbg;gilapy; epiyehl;lg;gl;lJk;> fw;wwpthsh;/ nraw;ghl;lhsu; 

khjphpnahd;wpidg; gpd;gw;Wfpd;wJkhd ,J> tpNrlkhfj; jug;GfSf;fpilapyhd Clhl;lq;fspy; 

ftdj;ijf;Ftpf;fpd;wJ. mj;jifaNjhh; mZFKiw NkhJfpd;w jug;Gf;fspy; murpaw; 

nry;thf;Fs;s cWg;gpdh;fis Neubahd> fl;Lg;gLj;jpf;nfhs;shj njhlh;ghlYf;Fg; 

gpuj;jpNafkhdJk;> me;juq;fkhdJkhd xU gpd;dzpapy; xd;W $l;Ljiy ,yf;fhff; 

nfhz;Ls;sJ. N`h;Ngh;l; nfy;kd; (2002> 62) $wpathW:


,r;nraykh;Tfs; jug;gpdh; xUth; kw;wthpd; fz;Nzhl;lj;ij Muha;e;J 

ghh;j;jiy ,ayr;nra;tdthfTk;> Mf;f G+h;tkhfg; gpur;rpidiaj; jPh;g;gjw;fhd 

xU $l;Lr; nray;KiwA+lhf mth;fspd; NkhJiff;Fg; gu];guk; jpUg;jpaspf;fpd;w 

jPh;TfSf;fhd Gjpa Nahridfis cUthf;FtdthfTk; tbtikf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. 

,tw;wpd; ,Wjp ,yf;F ,t;T+lhl;lq;fspd; %yk; 

NahridfisAk; murpay; tpthjkhfTk;> jPh;khdk; vLf;Fk; nray;KiwfshfTk; 

khw;WjyhFk;. 

mur kWrPuikg;ngd;w tplaj;Jf;Fg; gpuNahfpf;fg;gLfpd;wthW> IPWS gpur;rpidjPh;f;Fk; 

Clhl;lr; nraykh;T mikg;igf; fl;bnaOg;Gfpd;w tbtj;ijf;$l vLf;fyhk;. neUf;fbr; 

rhh;GepiyAila gpuNjrq;fspy; mur kWrPuikg;ig Nehf;fpr; nraw;gLj;jg;gLk; mj;jifa 

khw;wpaikf;fg;gl;l> mikg;igf; fl;bnaOg;Gfpd;w Clhl;lr; nraykh;T> Kjypy; 

GyDzh;TfisAk;> kdg;ghq;FfisAk; khw;WjiyAk;> Njhw;wj;jpy; NkhJfpd;w epiyg;ghLfspd; 

fPNo kiwthAs;s gfph;e;Jnfhs;sg;gLk; mf;fiwfisf; fz;Lgpbj;jiyAk;> mur kWrPuikg;Gg; 

gpur;rpidfisAk;> mjpfhuf; fl;likg;Gfspd; khw;Wepiyahf;fj;ijAk; ntw;wpfukhfj; jPh;g;gjw;fhd 

nghJthd Nahridfis cUthf;FjiyAk; ,yf;fhff;nfhz;bUf;Fk;. 

,k; khw;wq;fisAk;> NahridfisAk; jpUk;gTk; xt;nthU tl;lhuj;jpDs;Sk; 

murpay; tpthjkhfTk;> jPh;khdk; vLf;Fk; nray;KiwfshfTk; khw;wPL nra;aNtz;ba Njit 

NkYNkhh; rthyhFk;. ,J nrq;Fj;jhd kw;Wk; fpilepiyahd rl;lG+h;tj;jd;ikia Nkk;gLj;Jk; 

Nehf;Fila khw;wpaikf;fg;gl;l Xh; cghaj;Jf;F Cl;lkspf;fpd;wJ. ,jd; ,yf;F xU 

nghJf;fUj;jhf;fg;gl;l ‘rptpy; tho;f;if epiyf;Fhpa caph;Gzh;Tld;’ #oiktpy; 

mikg;GhPjpahf;fg;gl;l ‘gpzf;Fg; gw;wpa gz;ghL;’ xd;iw cUthf;FjyhFk;. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf 

nghUshjhu xj;Jiog;Gf;Fk; mgptpUj;jpf;Fkhd mikg;gpd; mgptpUj;jp cjtpf;FO (OECD/ 

DAC) mwpf;ifapd; (1997>37) gpd;tUk; ge;jpapy; vLj;Jf; $wg;gl;Ls;s rptpy; tho;f;if 

epiyf;Fhpa caph;Gzh;thFk;: 

murpd; rl;lG+h;tkhd jd;ikiaAk>; MSif Kiw mikg;Gf;fspd; 

ek;gj;jf;f jd;ikiaAk; r%fk; G+uhTk; gue;jmstpy; Vw;Wf;nfhs;fpd;wik mj;jifa 

xU rptpy; ; kdg;ghd;ikia cUthf;Ftjpy; Kf;fpa mk;rkhAs;sJ. vy;yh kf;fspdJk; 

kdpj chpikfs; kjpf;fg;gLfpd;wNghJ> rl;l Ml;rpapdhy; r%fk; Msg;gLfpd;wNghJ> 

rhjhuz Mz;fSk;> ngz;fSk; murpaw; nray;Kiwapy; murpay; 

khw;wq;fis Vw;gLj;Jtjw;F td;Kiwia ehLjy; epr;rakhfr; rhj;jpak; 

Fiwe;jjhapUf;Fk;. tYg;gLj;jg;gl;l MSif Kiw mikg;Gf;f@lhfg; gq;Fgw;wYf;Fk;> 

[dehafkakhf;fYf;Fk;> rkhjhdj;ijf; fl;bnaOg;GjYf;Fk; Mjutspf;fpd;w 

Kaw;rpfs; njspthfg; gpd;dpg;gpize;jit MFk;. 

,r;nraykh;T my;yJ mtw;wpd; xU njhlh;> Fwpg;ghf vy;yhg; ghf];jh;fs; 

;kj;jpapYkhd Ml;rpahg;Gr;rhh;e;j ciuahly;> kdpj chpikfisf; fz;fhzpj;jYk; 

mwpf;ifaplYk;> murpd; vy;yh kl;lq;fspYk; rl;l Ml;rpAk; mjidr; nraw;gLj;jiyAk; 

gw;wpa fye;Jiuahly;fs;> Gjpa mikg;Gf;fis tsh;;njLj;J jhgpj;jYf;fhd MNyhridfs; 

(epWtdhPjpahd mgptpUj;jp)> mur epu;thfj;ij kPsj;jpl;lkply;> tWikiaj; jzpg;gjw;Fk; 

r%f ePjpia va;Jtjw;Fkhd re;ij Kfg;gLj;jpa rPh;jpUj;jq;fs; Mfpait cl;gl;l> 

cs;@h;kl;lj;jpYk;> Njrpa kl;lj;jpYkhd ntt;NtW mZFKiwfSlDk;> mwpTj;jpwd; kpf;f 

nrhy;yhly;fSlDk; ,izf;fg;glyhk;. 


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,Jtiu ehd; NkhJifr; rhh;GepiyAila fl;likg;Gfspd; khw;Wepiyahf;fj;ijj; 

J}z;Ltjw;F mtrpakhd r%fQ;rhh;e;j mZFKiwfspd; fz;Nzhl;lj;jpypUe;J gpujhdkhf 

mur kWrPuikg;igf; ifahz;Ls;s mNjNtisapy;> gpd;tUk; gphpTfs; mur 

murpayikg;GfspdJk;> epWtd mikg;Gf;fspdJk; kWrPuikg;ngd;w tplaj;jpy; $ba 

rl;lEZf;fg; ghq;Fld; ftdQ;nrYj;Jk;. 

4. epWtf rPh;jpUj;jq;fs; 

jtwpa muRfspd; Gdh; eph;khzj;Jf;Fk;> [dehaf mgptpUj;jpf;Fk; epWtdhPjpahd 

kWrPuikg;G jPh;khdfukhdJ. murhq;fj;jpd; rPh;FiytpdhYk; mjd; tpisthd rptpy; 

rz;ilapdhYk; Vw;gLfpd;w gpur;rpidfis ehk; jPh;f;f Ntz;Lkhapd;> mur mjpfhuj;ij kPsr; 

rl;lG+h;tkhdjhf;Ftjw;Fk;> NkhJiffisr; rkhjhdkhd Kiwapy; ifahs;jiyr; 

rhj;jpakhdjhf;Ftjw;Fk; fl;likg;Gfs; jhgpf;fg;glNtz;Lk;. 

Fwpf;Nfhs; epiyg;gl;l epWtdhPjpahd kWrPuikg;Gf;F Fiwe;jgl;rk; gpd;tUk; 

tplaq;fspyhtJ ftdQ;nrYj;jNtz;Lk;. murpayikg;gpd; kWrPuikg;G> mjpfhug; gfph;T 

Vw;ghLfs;> mjpfhuf; ifkhw;wj;jpw;Fk; gd;Kfg;gLj;jYf;Fkhd Vw;ghLfs;> rpWghd;ikfspd; 

ghJfhg;G> rl;l Ml;rp kw;Wk; kdpj chpikfs; Mfpad xd;Wld; xd;W njhlh;Gilait. 

Fwpg;ghf> murpayikg;gpd; kWrPuikg;G ,tw;wpy; mNefkhdtw;wpy; cldbahff; 

ftdQ;nrYj;Jfpd;wJ: cjhuzj;jpw;F> rk\;bf; fl;likg;Gfisj; jhgpf;fNtz;Lkhntd;w Nfs;tp 

Xh; murpd; Ml;rpahg;Gld; ,ize;J nry;fpd;wJ. Mdhy; mjpfhug; gfph;T Vw;ghLfs;> rk\;bapd; 

my;yJ Rahl;rpapd;topahd mjpfhug;gfph;T Vw;ghLfs;> mjpfhuf; ifkhw;wk; kw;Wk; 

gd;Kfg;gLj;jy; vd;gtw;wpy; jdpj;jdpahfTk;> ,ad;wsT tphpthfTk; ftdQ;nrYj;jNtz;Lk;. 

Vnddpy;> mtw;wpd; tbtikg;gpd; ,ay;G NkhJiff;Fg; gpe;jpa Vw;ghLfs; xt;nthd;wpdJk;; 

ntw;wpf;F my;yJ Njhy;tpf;F cr;r mstpy; Kf;fpakhdjhf ,Uf;ff;$Lk;. 

4.1 Ml;rpahg;G rPh;jpUj;jk; 

Aj;jj;Jf;Fg;gpe;jpa mNef r%fq;fspy; Aj;jj;Jf;F Ke;jpa Ml;rpahg;gpd; rPh;jpUj;jk; 

toikahfj; Njrpa kPspzf;fj;ijAk;> FOf;fSf;fpilapyhd Gduikg;igAk;> fle;jfhyj; 

jtWfisj; jtph;j;jiyAk; Nehf;fp Kd;ndLj;J itf;fg;gLk; xU ngUk; mbnaLg;ghfTs;sJ. 

vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf> ,d XJf;fPl;Lf;Fg; gpe;jpa njd; Mgphpf;fhtpy; vy;NyhiuAk; cl;gLj;jp 

murpayikg;ig tpUj;jpnra;Ak; nray;Kiw fWg;G> nts;is kw;Wk; Vida ,dr; 

r%fq;fSf;fpilapy; ek;gpf;ifiaf; fl;bnaOg;Gk; Kaw;rpfSf;Fg; ngUk; gaDs;snjd 

fhz;gpj;jJ. Ml;rpahg;Gj;jhd; nghJthd rl;l Ml;rpapd; %iyf;fy; MFk;. kf;fs; xd;whf 

tho;tjw;fhd xl;Lnkhj;j Kiwikia mJ jPh;khdpf;fpd;wJ. vdNt mJjhd;> xd;wpy; 

vjph;fhyf; Fog;gj;Jf;fhd> ,d;Nwy; r%f cWjpg;ghl;Lf;Fk;> xUikg;ghl;Lf;Fkhd 

njhlf;fg;Gs;spahfTk; cs;sJ. Gjpa Ml;rpahg;G xU (Gjpa) rh;r;irf;Fhpa tplakhFfpd;wJ. 

mj;jifa tifapy; jiyaplhky;> cjtp toq;Feh;fs; ntspapypUe;J murpayikg;ig 

cUthf;Ffpd;w nray;Kiwf;F Mjutspf;f Kidfpd;wNghJ mth;fSf;F cjtf;$ba 

topfhl;ly;fisr; RUf;fkhff; $Wjy; rhj;jpakhFk;. murpayikg;ig Mf;Ffpd;w KiwtopahdJ: 

* fle;jfhyk;gw;wpAk;> tuyhw;Wg; Gfo;ngw;w kw;Wk; fyhrhu ngWkhdq;fs; gw;wpAk;> Njrpa 

kw;Wk; FO milahsq;fs; gw;wpAk; $Uzh;Tilajhf ,Uf;fNtz;Lk;.


* Njrpa kPspzf;fj;Jf;Fk;> [dehaf mgptpUj;jpf;Fk; Kl;Lf;fl;ilfshapUe;j nfhs;newpfis 

$l;bizj;J cs;slf;fhj tifapy; fle;j fhyj; njhlh;ig mWj;Jf; nfhz;ljhf ,Uf;fNtz;Lk;. 

* mJ midtiuAk; cl;gLj;jpajhfTk>; mjd;tpisthd Mizf;FOf;fs; ghj;jpaijAila 

vy;NyhhpdJk; gpujpepjpfisf; nfhz;ldthfTk; ,Uf;fNtz;Lk;. 

* mJ Fbepiy fy;tpf; fUj;juq;Ffs;> kf;fl;; nghJepiyahd tpthjq;fs;> efu kw;Wk; 

fpuhkf; $l;lq;fs; Nghd;w ,ad;wsT gue;jfd;w nghJkf;fs; fye;jhNyhridr; 

nray;KiwfNshL ,ize;j> xU Njrpa nrhy;yhlypd; tpisthdjhf mikjy; 

Ntz;Lk;(vhpj;jphpahtpy; 1993,d; gpd;dh; ,Ue;jthW). 

* kdf;FiwfSf;Fk;> cWjpg;ghbd;ikf;Fk;> NkhJiff;Fk; toptFj;jitAk; kPz;Lk; 

toptFf;ff; $badTkhd czh;T G+htkhd vy;yh tplaq;fspYk; mJ ftdQ;nrYj;jNtz;Lk;. 

mg;gbapUe;jhYk;> kpfr;rpwe;jKiwapy; vOjg;gl;l murpayikg;Gfs; jhDk; vy;yhg; 

gpur;rpidfisAk; jPh;j;Jtplkhl;lh. ,J rh;tNjr r%fj;jpdhYk;> Njrpa mjpfhhpfspdhYk; ngUk;ghYk; 

vy;yhNtisfspYk; Fiwj;J kjpg;gplg;gLfpd;w fz;$lhd xU epfo;r;rpahFk;. FO kdf;FiwfSk;> 

tuyhw;WhPjpahd kdmjph;r;rp tLf;fSk; fhj;jpukhd Kiwapy; ftdj;jpy; nfhs;sg;glhtpl;lhy; ey;y 

Nehf;Fld; Xh; murpayikg;ig tiuTnra;fpd;w nray;Kiw $lj; Jujp\;ltrkhf murpay; 

epiyik(vj;jpNahg;gpahtpdJk;> xnwhNkh Fbrdj;jpdJk; tplaj;jpy; ele;jthW) NkYk; rPh;Fiytjw;F 

toptFf;ff;$Lk;. Ml;rpaikg;nghd;iwj; jpl;lkpLtjw;Fk;> mjidr; nraw;gLj;Jtjw;Fkpilapyhd 

,ilf;fhyk; kpf ePz;ljhf ePbf;Fkhapd;> ,ilkhw;wk; jd;dpay;ghfj; jilg;gl;LtpLk;. cs;@h; 

kl;lj;jpy; r%f-nghUshjhu kw;Wk; epWtdhPjpahd epiykhw;wj;ijAk; (mNjNghd;W eLj;ju kw;Wk; 

cr;r kl;lq;fspy; murpay; epiykhw;wj;ijAk;) Mokhf cl;gLj;jpajhf murpayikg;G 

nraw;gLj;jg;glhtpbd; mJ vOjg;gl;l fhfpjj;jpd; ngWkjpf;Fj; $l epfuhf ,Uf;f KbahJ. 

vdpDk; [dehaf KiwahdJk;> ntspg;gilahdJkhd murpayikg;Gr; 

nray;Kiwnahd;W vg;NghJk; Njrpaf; fy;tpiag; Ngzptsh;g;gjwFk;> rptpy; r%fnkhd;iw 

tpUj;jp nra;tjw;Fk;> ntt;NtW r%fk; rhh;e;j kw;Wk; milahsf; FOf;fs;kPJk;> 

mtw;Wf;fpilapYk; gpui[fspd; nghWg;igAk; rfpg;Gj;jd;ikiaAk; Cf;Ftpg;gjw;fhd 

Kaw;rpfspy; ngUk; cjtpahf ,Uf;fKbAk;. 

njspTgLj;jg;glTk;> Neubahff; ftdQ; nrYj;jg;glTk;Ntz;ba czh;TG+h;tkhd 

tplaq;fs; rpytw;wpy; mlq;Ftd; mjpfhug;gfph;T cld;gbf;iffs;>ghJfhg;Gg; gilfspd; 

murpaw; fl;Lg;ghL> Kd;dhs; Nghuhspfspd; r%f xUq;fpizg;G> ghJfhg;Gj; Jiwapd; rdehaff; 

fl;Lg;ghL> kdpj Fyj;Jf;nfjpuhd fle;jfhyf; Fw;wr;nray;fisj; jf;fKiwapy; ifahSjy;> 

r%fQ;rhh;e;j FOf;fisg; ghugl;rkhf elj;Jjy;> tsq;fSf;fhd tha;g;Gk; CoYk;. ,g;gl;bay; 

fPNo> gphpT 5,y; Muhag;glTs;s ghJfhg;Gj;Jiw kWrPuikg;Gld; Neubahfj; njhlh;Ggl;l 

nray;nghWg;GfisAk; cs;slf;fNtz;Lk;. 

Ml;rpahg;G Mizf;FOf;fs;> cUthf;fg;glTs;s murpd; vy;iyfisf; ftdkhf 

tiua Ntz;Lk;. mJ gpuhe;jpaq;fSf;F XusT mjpfhuj;ij xg;gilf;fpd;w xU rk\;b 

Kiwikahf ,Uf;fg;Nghfpd;wjh my;yJ rpwpJ khWgl;ljhf> ehl;bd; Fwpj;j gpuNjrq;fspYs;s 

xUrpy FOf;fSf;Ff; $ba Rahl;rp chpikia toq;Ffpd;w Xh; Vw;ghlhf(ghh;f;f gphpT 4.3) 

,Uf;fg;Nghfpd;wjh? mJ Xh; xw;iwahl;rp ([dhjpgjp) Kiwikiaah my;yJ gy fl;rpfisf; 

nfhz;l xU ghuhSkd;w Kiwikiaah nfhz;bUf;fg;Nghfpd;wjh? vg;gbapUg;gpDk;> ,f; 


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fye;jhuha;TfSf;F epGzj;Jt cs;sPl;ilg; ngUk;ghYk; toq;Ffpd;wdthAs;s Kd;ida fhydpj;Jt 

ty;yuRfs>; kpjkpQ;rpa nry;thf;ifg; gpuNahfpg;gjpypUe;J jtph;j;Jf;nfhs;sNtz;Lk; my;yJ 

Fiwe;jgl;rk; njw;fpy; Aj;jj;jhy; rpjWz;l xU ehl;bd; epiyikf;F mtw;wpd; nrhe;j murpayikg;ig 

vg;NghJk; vspjhf khw;wpaikj;Jf;nfhs;sKbahnjd;w cz;ikia vg;NghJk; njhpe;jpUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. 

“ntw;wpngWgtUf;Nf vy;yhk;” my;yJ "ehNd muR ehNd murhq;fk;" (“L’etat east moi!”) vd;w 

nrhw;nwhlh;fisg; gz;ghff; nfhz;l kdg;ghq;Ffs;> Uthz;lhtpdJk;> nfhq;Nfh [dehaff; FbaurpdJk; 

tplaj;jpy; ele;jthW td;Kiwiaj; jzpj;jiytpl ePbj;j td;Kiwiaj; njhlh;e;Jk; NgZtjw;Fj;jhd; 

$Ljyhfg; gq;fspj;Js;sd. (ngUk;ghd;ik [dehafj;Jf;F khwhf mjpfhug; gfph;T Vw;ghLfspd; 

Xg;gpl;lstpyhd mD$yq;fs;gw;wpa Xh; Ma;Tf;Fg; ghh;f;f gphpT 4.2). 

murpayikg;ig tiuTnra;gth;fs; nghUj;jkhd epiwNtw;W murhq;f 

Kiwiknahd;iwj; njhpTnra;a Kw;gLk;NghJ gy;NtW fhuzpfisf; ftdj;jpw;nfhs;sNtz;Lk;. 

[dhjpgjp Kiwik kw;Wk; ghuhSkd;w Kiwik Mfpa ,uz;Lk; mtw;Wf;NfAhpa 

mD$yq;fisAk;> gpujp$yq;fisAk; nfhz;Ls;sd. ve;j tif $Ljyhf rpwe;jJ vd;gijtpl> 

Fwpg;gpl;l r%ff; fl;likg;igAk;> murpaw; fyhrhuj;ijAk;> tuyhw;iwAk; nfhz;l Fwpg;gpl;l 

r%fnkhd;Wf;F vJ nghUj;jkhdnjd;gJjhd; ,q;F Kf;fpakhd tpdhthFk;.. 

[dhjpgjp Kiwikf;Fk;> ghuhSkd;w KiwikfSf;Fk; ,ilapyhd gpujhd NtWghL> 

murhq;fj;jpd; epiwNtw;Wf;fpis mDgtpf;fpd;w rhh;GhPjpahd Rje;jpuj;jpd; msthFk;. nkhj;jkhfg; 

ghh;f;Fkplj;J gpd;idaJ Rje;jpukhdjhf ,Uf;fpd;wtifapy; Kd;idaJ rl;lthf;fj; JiwiaAk;> 

epiwNtw;Wj; JiwiaAk; njspthfg; gphpf;fpd;w rpwg;gpay;igf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. xg;gPlhf> 

ghuhSkd;w Kiwikfspy; rl;lthf;f kw;Wk; epiwNtw;Wf;fpisfs; gu];guk; xd;iwnahd;W 

rhh;e;jdTk;> gpd;dpg; gpize;jdTkhFk;. 

vdpDk;> NkhJif khw;Wepiyahf;fnkd;w #oiktpy; kw;nwhU NtWghl;Lg;gz;G NkYk; 

Kf;fpakhdjhapUf;ff;$Lk;. [dhjpgjp Kiwikapy; jdpNahh; MSf;F-[dhjpgjpf;F mjpfhuk; 

chpj;jhf;fg;gl;Ls;s mNjNtisapy; ghuhSkd;w Kiwikapy; epiwNtw;Wj;Jiwapd;fPo; Xh; 

mfy;tphpthd tPr;irf;nfhz;l fl;rpfSk;> mgpg;gpuhaq;fSk; gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;jg;glKbAk;. 

gpd;idajd; ntspg;gilahd mD$yk;> mJ rl;lthf;fj;Jiw> epiwNtw;Wj;Jiw Mfpa 

,uz;bDs;Sk; vy;yhf; FOf;fSk; cs;slf;fg;gLjiy rhj;jpakhf;fpd;wJ. vdpDk; NtWgl;l 

FOf;fisg; nghWj;jtiuapy;> gy;tifg;gl;l tplaq;fspy; xj;jpirthd xU epiyg;ghl;Lf;F 

cld;gLjy; $ba msT rpukkhdnjd;gjdhy;> mNdf FOf;fisAk;> mgpg;gpuhaq;fisAk; 

cs;slf;FjyhdJ Klf;f epiyfspd; Mgj;ijAk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fsT mjpfhpf;fpd;wJ. 

[dhjpgjp KiwikahdJ> [dhjpgjp gjtpiag; gue;jmstpy; nghJkf;fspd; 

Mjuitg; ngw;Ws;stUk;> mjd;epkpj;jk;> Nghl;bapLfpd;w murpay; FOf;fSf;fpilapy; 

‘eLepiyf;fhd’ xU kpjthj milahskhfpd;wtUkhd xUikg;gLj;Jfpd;w xU Njrpag; gpuKfh; 

gjtpapypUj;jy; NkhJifj;jPh;Tf;Fg; ngUksT rhjfkhdjhf ,Uf;ff;$Lk; (`hp]; kw;Wk; nwa;yp 

1998> 184). mj;jifa xUikg;gLj;Jfpd;w xU Njrpag; gpuKfh; ,ay;ghf xU Kbkd;duhff;$l 

,Uf;fyhk;. kWGwj;jpy; [dhjpgjp gjtpahdJ jdpNahh; mjpfhu epiyaplj;ijf; nfhz;ljdhy; 

mD$ykw;wjhfTk; fhzg;glyhk;. tpNrlkhf> [dhjpgjp gjtp nkhj;j thf;Ffspd; kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l 

xU tpfpjhrhuj;ijkl;Lk; nfhz;l Xh; murpay; my;yJ ,df;FOtpd; nghWg;gpYs;sjhfTk;> 

mth;fSf;F Vwf;Fiwa KO murpay; mjpfhuj;ij cWjpg;gLj;Jfpd;wjhfTk; cs;s re;jh;g;gj;jpy; 

,Jjhd; cz;ikahFk;. ,j;jifa epiyikfspy; [dhjpgjp> r%fj;jpy; NkYk; Mokhd gphptpidf;F 

toptFf;fpd;w Xh; ,d Mjpf;fr; rpd;dkhff; $Lk;.(ghh;f;f `hp]; kw;Wk; nwa;yp 1998> 179-180).


4.2 mjpfhug; gfph;T %yk; rpWghd;ikapdiu xUq;fpizj;jy; 

xU Ntl;ghsUf;F xl;Lnkhj;jg; ngUk;ghd;ik ,y;yhJtpbDk;> Mff;$ba 

vz;zpf;ifapyhd thf;Ffshy; mt;Ntl;ghsh; njhpTnra;ag;gLfpd;w Kw;WKOjhd ngUk;ghd;ik 

[dehafk;> ,dg; gjw;wq;fshy; Mokhfg; gpsTgl;l r%fq;fSf;Fg; nghUj;jkw;wnjd mNef 

Ma;thsh;fs; KbTnra;Js;sdh;. mjpfhug;gfph;it Cf;Ftpf;fpd;w Fwpj;j Vw;ghLfs; ,d 

NkhJiffisr; rkhspg;gjw;fhd $ba ek;gpf;ifaspf;fpd;w xU topahfj; Njhd;Wfpd;wnjd 

mth;fs; thjpLfpd;wdh;(ghh;f;f rp];f; 1996). ,jw;fhd fhuzk;> ngUk;ghd;ik [dehafj;jpypUe;J 

Njhd;wf;$ba “ngUk;ghd;ikr; rh;thjpfhuk;” vd;w cz;ikahd Mgj;jhFk; (ghh;f;f yp[;ghh;w; 

1985> 102). mj;jifa xU epWtdhPjpahd gpd;dzpaikg;gpy;> mjpfhuj;jpypUe;J epue;jukhf 

tpyf;fg;gLfpd;w mr;rk; rpWghd;ikfSf;F Vw;gLnkd;gJld; mth;fs; [dehafj;ijr; 

“Rje;jpuj;Jld; my;yJ gq;Nfw;Gld; rkg;gLj;jhky; vjphpfshAs;s ngUk;ghd;ikf; FOf;fspd; 

fl;likf;fg;gl;l Mjpf;fj;Jld; rkg;gLj;Jth;” (rp];f; 1996> 31). kWGwj;jpy; mjpfhug; gfph;T 

kpfr;rpwe;j Kiwapy; ngUk;,df;FOf;fs; vy;yhtw;iwAk; murhq;fj;jpy; cs;slf;FtJld;> 

nkhop cgNahfk; kw;Wk; fy;tp Nghd;w mth;fs; rl;lg;gb mf;fiwAs;s czh;TG+h;t tplaq;fs; 

gw;wpa nfhs;ifapYk; mth;fspd; nry;thf;Ff;F cj;juthjkspf;Fk;. 

[dehafnkhd;wpy; mjpfhug;gfph;Tf;fhd ,U mbg;gil mZFKiwfis 

nraw;ghl;lhsh;fs; NtWgLj;jpf;fhl;Lfpd;wdh;. FOitf; fl;bnaOg;Gfpd;w mZFKiw kw;Wk; 

xUq;fpizf;fpd;w mZFKiw (ghh;f;f `hp]; kw;Wk; nwa;yp 1998> 140-146 mj;Jld; rp];f; 

1996> 34-35). FOitf; fl;bnaOg;Gfpd;w mZFKiw ($l;Lr; r%fthjk; vd;Wk; 

Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;wJ)> xU nghJthd r%fj;jpd; mbg;gilf; fl;llf; $Wfshff; FOf;fis 

(toikahf ,dhPjpahf Xhpdkhd murpaw; fl;rpfs;) Nehf;Ftjdhy; Kjypy; ,df;FOj; 

jiyth;fspd; xj;Jiog;ig cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;F ciof;fpd;wJ. Njh;jy;fspd;gpd;dh; Nky;kf;fs; 

rpWghd;ik chpikfSf;F cj;juthjkspf;fpd;w Rahl;rpAhpikf; FOf;fs; vd;W fUjg;gLfpd;w 

FOf;fSld; gy;ypdf; $l;Lfis cUthf;Ffpd;wdh;. mjpfhug; gfph;Tf;fhd ,t;tZFKiwapd; 

Vida Kf;fpa gz;Gfshtd> ,df;FOf;fs; fl;Lg;gLj;Jfpd;w Ml;rpg;gpuNjrq;fspy; mtw;Wf;Fr; 

rk\;bKiw kw;Wk; mjpfhuf;ifkhw;wk;> czh;TG+h;t tplaq;fspy; rpWghd;ikj; jilahizfs; 

kw;Wk; nghJtho;tpd; vy;yhj;JiwfspYk; tpfpjhrhuj;jd;ik MfpaditahFk;. 

mjpfhug; gfph;Tf;fhd FOitf; fl;bnaOg;Gk; mZFKiw gy;NtW fhuzq;fspd; 

epkpj;jk; fz;ldj;Jf;F cl;gLj;jTk;glyhk;. KjyhtJ> gpsTgl;l r%fq;fspy; Kuz;ghl;ilg; 

gaDWjpAs;sKiwapy; fl;Lg;gLj;jKbAnkd;w Nky; kf;fspd; Cfk; Mgj;jhdJ. ,uz;lhtJ> 

murpay; Kiwikapy; ,df;FOkj;Jf;F cu%l;Lfpd;wJk;> mjid typjhf;fpf;nfhs;fpd;wJkhd 

cz;ikahd NkYNkhh; Mgj;ijAk; mJ nfhz;LtUfpd;wJ> %d;whtJ> mjd; tbtk; mbg;gilapy; 

[dehaf tpNuhjkhdjhAs;sJ (vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf xU khngUk; $l;L vjph;f;fl;rp ,y;yhik). 

xUq;fpizf;fpd;w mZFKiw vy;yhtw;Wf;Fk; Nkyhf xU r%fj;jpd; 

,dg;gphptpidfis ntw;wpnfhs;Sk;nghUl;L FO vy;iyfisf;fle;J r%f xUq;fpizg;ig 

Cf;Ftpj;jnyd;w mjd; ntspg;gLj;jg;gl;l Nehf;fj;ijg; gz;ghff;nfhz;Ls;sJ. vdNt 

vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf> fl;rpfs; Njh;jYf;F epw;Fk; Kd;dh; ,dhPjpfisf; fle;j $l;Lfis 

cUthf;Fk;gb Cf;Ftpf;fg;gLfpd;wd. ,t;tZFKiwapd; Vida gz;Gfshdit> 

mjpfhuKidfisg; gutyhf;Fk; Nehf;Fila ,dQ;rhuhj rk\;bKiw> ,dj;jpDs; Nghl;bia 

Cf;Ftpj;jy;> ,dq;fSf;fpilapyhd xj;Jiog;Gf;Fj; J}z;Ljy;fshfj; Njh;jy;rhh;e;j ed;ikfs; 

kw;Wk; khw;Wr; r%f ,izg;Gf;fis Cf;Ftpf;fpd;w tifapy; jpl;lkplg;gl;l nfhs;iffs; 


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vd;gitahFk;. murpay;thjpfs; vg;NghJk; Cf;Ftpg;GfSf;F ,irthfr; nraw;gLthh;fnsd;Wk;> 

gpui[fs; jkJ nrhe;j ,df;FOTf;Fg; Gwk;ghd fl;rpfSf;F ,yFtpy; thf;fspg;ghh;fnsd;Wk; 

fUJfpd;w> ghPl;rpj;Jg; vd;git ghh;f;fg;glhj Cfq;fshFk;. 

vdNt Kbtpy;> cWjpg;ghl;ilAk;> rkhjhdj;ijAk; epiyehl;Lnkd;W 

cj;juthjkspf;ff;$ba mjpfhug;gfph;T [dehafj;Jf;fhd jdpnahU khjphp vJTkpy;iy. 

ntt;NtWtifr; r%fq;fSf;F ntt;NtW tiffspyhd epWtd tbtikg;Gj; Njitg;gLfpd;wJ. 

NkNy Muhag;gl;l gpd;gw;wj;jf;f ,U mjpfhug;gfph;T tiffis gad;gLj;JtJld; (FOitf; 

fl;bnaOg;Gfpd;w kw;Wk; xUq;fpizg;G mZFKiwfs;) nraw;ghl;lhsh;fs; mjpfhug; 

gfph;Tj;njhpTfspd; KOtPr;irAk; Muha;e;Jghh;j;J xU Fwpg;gpl;l NkhJif epiyikfSf;F 

kpfr;rpwe;j Kiwapy; nghUe;Jfpd;wtifapy; mjpfhug; gfph;it Jz;LJz;lhf xd;WNrh;f;fNtz;Lk;. 

JujpU\;ltrkhf> epiyikfs; rhjfkw;wdthf ,Uf;fpd;wNghJ kpfr;rpwe;j 

epWtdhPjpahd tbtk; Njhy;tpailaKbAk;. “mjpfhug; gfph;T [dehafk; ntw;wpngWtjw;FxU 

gy;ypd r%fj;jpy; gad;ehl;lKila> $l;Lr; rftho;itj; NjLfpd;w-murpay; Nky;kf;fs;> 

gue;j rptpy; r%fk; mlq;fyhd-NghjpasT cWjpahd kpjthjpfspd; fUikankhd;W ,Uf;f 

Ntz;Lk;” (`hp]; kw;Wk; nwa;yp 1998> 143). 

4.3 mjpfhuj;ij Ms;epy mbg;gilapy; tFj;jy; : rk\;b Kiw> 

mjpfhu khw;WifAk; Rahjpgj;jpaKk; 

mNef NkhJiffs; mur fl;Lg;ghl;Lf;fhd Nghl;bia ikakhff; nfhz;Ls;sikahy;> 

murpd; fl;likg;Gf;fhd rPuhf;fq;fs;> tpNrlkhf mjpfhuf; ifkhw;wk; rk;ge;jg;gl;ltw;wpy; 

NkhJiffspd; jPtpuj;ijf; Fiwg;gjw;F cjtKbAk;. rk\;bKiw mjpfhuf; ifkhw;wk;> 

cs;@h; kw;Wk; gpuhe;jpar; Rahl;rpapd; mwpKfk; vd;git vy;yhk; mjpfhuf; ifkhw;wj;Jf;Fg; 

nghUj;jkhd topfshFk;. rk\;bKiwnad;gJ> vy;yhg; gpuhe;jpaq;fSf;Fk; rkkhdjhf mjpfhuk; 

ifkhw;wpf;nfhLf;fg;gLtJk;> xt;nthU gpuhe;jpaKk; kj;jpa murhq;fj;Jld; xNumsthd 

cwitg; NgZfpd;wJkhd Xh; Vw;ghlhFk;. ,jd; xU khw;W cUthf;fk;jhd; rkr;rPuw;w 

rk\;bKiw. ,q;F rk\;baurpd; Xh; muRf;F my;yJ xd;Wf;Ff; $ba muRfSf;F> mtw;wpy; 

FbapUg;gth;fspd; fyhrhu kw;Wk; nkhopiag; Ngzpg;ghJfhg;gjw;F ,lkspf;Fk; nghUl;L> 

Vida khfhzq;fSf;F toq;fg;glhj tpNrl mjpfhuq;fs; chpj;jhf;fg;gLfpd;wd. Rahl;rpahdJ> 

xl;Lnkhj;jj;jpy; murpd; me;j];ij Iaj;Jf;Fs;shf;fhj gug;Gfspy; kj;jpa murhq;fj;jhy; 

XusT Rje;jpuk; toq;fg;gl;ljhf gpuhe;jpa mikg;nghd;wpd; Ra Ml;rpiaAk; epUthfj;ijAk; 

gz;Gfshff; nfhz;Ls;sJ (`hp]; kw;Wk; nwa;yp 1998> 156; vy]h 1994 XXI). rk\;bKiw> 

Rahl;rp Mfpa ,uz;Lk; XusNtDk;; mur mjpfhuj;ijr; rpWghd;ikfSf;F toq;Ftjdhy;> 

mth;fspd; nrhe;jf; fyhrhuj;ijg; Ngzpg;ghJfhg;gjw;fhd tha;g;Gf;fis mit mjpfhpf;fpd;wd. 

vdNt rpWghd;ikfs; rk;ge;jg;gl;l NkhJiffspy; gjw;wj;ijj; jzpg;gjw;F ,t;Ntw;ghLfs; 

kpfg; nghUj;jkhditahFk; (ghh;f;f `hp]; kw;Wk; nwa;yp 1998> 161). 

rk\;bKiw $l;Lr;r%f Nehf;fj;jpw;Fk; mt;thNw xUq;fpizg;G Nehf;fj;jpw;Fk; 

gad;glf;$bajhFk;. ,q;F Fwpg;gpj;jf;f tpdh Ml;rpg; gpuNjr myFfs; ,dhPjpahd vy;iyfSlDk; 

xd;WgLfpd;wdth vd;gNjahFk; (ghh;f;f gphpT IV 2). rk\;bf; fl;likg;GfspdJk; Rahl;rpf;fhd 

,zf;fq;fspdJk; ntspg;gilahd mD$yq;fspd; kj;jpapYk;> ,d NkhJifiaf; nfhz;Ls;s 

muRfspy; ,t;tifahd Vw;ghLfSf;F XusT vjph;g;Gf; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,jw;Fg; gpujhd 

fhuzk; tsq;fis kPsg; gfph;e;jpg;gjpYs;s ,f;fl;LfshFk;. vy;yhtw;wpw;Fk; Nkyhfg;


ngUk;ghd;ikj; jiyth;fs; jkJ nrhe;jr;r%fj;jpDs; mjpfhuj;ijAk;> thf;fhsh; MjuitAk; 

,oe;JtpLthh;fnsd;W mQ;Rfpd;wdh;. mijj;jtpu> Rahl;rp gphpe;Jnry;tjw;F toptFf;Fnkd;W 

my;yJ gpw rdr%fq;fSk; Rahl;rpf;Fj; jk;ikj; jpul;Ltjw;fhd vz;zj;ij 

Cf;Ftpf;ff;$Lnkd;W mth;fs; gag;gLfpd;wdh; (ghh;f;f `hp]; kw;Wk; nwa;yp 1998>163). 

NtW ve;j murpay; my;yJ r%f epWtdj;ijAk;Nghd;W> rk\;b KiwAk; ,yFtpy; 

rPh;Fiya KbAk;: ,jw;F ie[Phpah xUNtis kpfr;rpwe;j cjhuzkhf ,Uf;ff;$Lk;. 

rk\;bKiwahdJ NkNyapUg;gth;fshy; kj;jpa mjpfhuj;jpdhy jhgpf;fg;gLfpd;w VNjhnthU 

tifapyhd xOq;nfd;Wk;-vy;yhg; gpuhe;jpaq;fspYk; vy;yh kl;lq;fspYKs;s vy;NyhUk; 

mjid Vw;Wf;nfhs;sf; flikg;gl;lth;fnsd;Wk; Kd;dzptfpf;Fk; murpay; Nky;kf;fshy; 

kpfg;ngUk;ghyhd re;jh;g;gq;fspy; jtwhfg; nghUs; tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,f; fhuzj;jpd; 

epkpj;jk; rk\;bKiwf;F cl;gl;l mNefUf;F mJ ,g;NghJ XusT epahakhd tYthd> 

vjph;kiwahd cl;fUj;Jfisf; nfhz;ljhAs;sJ. mth;fs; mjid mjpfhug;Nghuhl;lk;> rkr;rPuw;w 

mjpfhug;gfph;e;jspg;G kw;Wk; ,dg;gpsTfspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;Jf;F typikA+l;Ljy; vd;gtw;wpd; 

mbg;gilapy; tpthpf;fpd;wdh;. 

vdNt rk\;bia Kiwahf epWTtjw;F topfhl;ly;fs; Njitg;gLfpd;wd. 1995,y; 

(If;fpaehLfspd; (UN) 50MtJ Mz;Lepiwitnahl;b) elj;jg;gl;l ,df;FOkj;Jf;F vjpuhfr; 

rk\;bKiw gw;wpa rh;tNjr khehl;bd; tpisthf tiuag;gl;l Xh; Mtzkhd gnry; rhrdk; 

(Charter of Basel) Vidatw;Wld; ,U topfhl;lw; Nfhl;ghLfisAk; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ.(Ngr;yh; 

1997> 319): 

* rk\;bauRfs;> JizahjuTf; nry;newp mbg;gilapy;> fPopUe;J Nkyhfr; nraw;gLfpd;w 

xU gy;ypdf; fl;likg;ngd;w fl;Lf;Nfhg;gpDs; ; Ml;rpg;gpuNjrf; FOf;fspd; xj;Jiog;Gf;Fk;> 

RahjPdkhd Raeph;za chpikf;Fk; cj;juthjkspf;f Ntz;Lk; (ge;jp 14). 

* rk\;baurpd; cWg;gpdh;fs;> Mff;$ba tiffspyhd Jiwfspy; cr;rmsT Rahl;rpiaf; 

nfhz;bUf;fNtz;Lk;. NkYk; rk\;bf; fl;likg;Gfs;> NtWgl;l r%f tpOkpaq;fs; mUfUfhf 

epiyj;jpUg;gjw;fhd ,aYkhd msT $ba tha;g;Gf;F ,lkspf;fpd;wtifapy;> jk;ikr; 

rpwg;gpj;Jf;fhl;lNtz;Lk;(ge;jp 15). 

4.4 ika mjpfhu tpLtpg;G %ykhf fzf;Ff; fhl;Lk; nghWg;G 

gd;Kfg;gLj;jyhdJ NkhJif khw;Wepiyahf;fj;ijr; rhjpg;gjw;fhd xU rQ;rPtpNah 

my;yJ rpWghd;ik chpikfisg; ghJfhg;gjw;fhd Xh; cj;juthjNkh my;y. mJ jkJ 

kj;jpa mjpfhuj;Jf;F (mj;Jld; tpNrlkhf %ytsq;fspd; xJf;fPl;Lf;F) Xh; mr;RWj;jnyd;W 

nefpo;tw;w Nky; kf;fshy; czug;gLkhapd;> Aj;j tl;lhuq;fs; jpul;lg;gLjy; kw;Wk; gphptpid 

MjuT ,af;fq;fspd; vOr;rp Mfpa ,uz;bw;Fk; toptFf;ff;$Lk;. vdNt gd;Kfg;gLj;jy; 

cs;@h; kl;lq;fspy; Gjpa NkhJiffisj; J}z;b> r%fNritfspdJk;> mur nrayhw;WifapdJk; 

juj;ijf;Fiwf;fTk;> gue;j mstpy; cs;@h; cah;Fbapdhpd; CoYf;fhd ,ilntspiaj; 

jpwe;JtplTk; $Lk;. 

,J eilngwhjpUf;fNtz;Lkhapd;> gd;Kfg;gLj;jy;> Njrpa kw;Wk; cs;@h;r; 

#o;epiyfshy; G+uzkhf mwpT+l;lg;ngw;w> mjpfhuk;gw;wpa czh;TG+h;tKila> Kiwtop 

Nehf;Fila> xg;Gilajhf;Ffpd;w Xh; cghaj;jpdhy; elj;jpr;nry;yg;glNtz;Lk;. me;j cghak; 

vy;yhtw;Wf;Fk; Kjyhtjhf> gpujk nraw;ghl;lhsu; vy;Nyhhpd; jug;gpYk; gd;Kfg;gLj;jYf;fhd 


349

350 


JizahjuTf; 

nry;newpia nray;tpisTs;s Kiwapy; mwpKfg;gLj;jTk; $ba mstpy; gd;Kfg;gLj;jy; 

cs;@h;r; Ra cjtp Mw;wy;fis tYg;gLj;Jfpd;w mNjrkak;> cz;ikapy; Xh; 

murhq;fj;jpd; fzf;Ff; fhl;Lk; nghWg;igAk;> rl;lg;gbahd jd;ikiaAk; Nkk;gLj;jTk; 

$LkhapUf;Fk;. 

nghUshjhu xj;Jiog;Gf;Fk;> mgptpUj;jpf;Fkhd mikg;gpd; mgptpUj;jp cjtpf;FO 

(OECD/DAC) (1998>58) gd;Kfg;gLj;jYf;F cjtptoq;Feh; MjuTf;fhd ehd;F ntt;NtW 

CLtopfis epuw;gLj;Jfpd;wJ: 

* jpl;lkply;> epu;thfk;> tsxJf;fPL Mfpa Jiwfspy; jdpj; Jiwr; rpwg;Gj; njhopy;El;g 

cjtptoq;Fjy;; 

* kj;jpa kw;Wk; cs;@h;kl;l murhq;fq;fSf;fpilapy; eilKiwrhh;e;j nghWg;igj; 

njspTgLj;Jjy; (murpiw tUtha; kw;Wk; thp Kiwikfs; mlq;fyhf); 

* gpuhe;jpag; ghuhSkd;wq;fs;> cs;@uhl;rpr; rigfs; Nghd;w ,ilepiyahd gpujpepjpj;Jt 

mikg;Gfspd; epWtdhPjpahd Mw;wy;fis tYg;gLj;Jjy;; 

* epu;thfj;jpd; vy;yh kl;lq;fspYk; rptpy;Nritg; gjtpfspy; Xuq;fl;lg;gl;lFOf;fspd; 

gpujpepjpj;Jtj;ij Nkk;gLj;Jjy; (rPh;nra; eltbf;if cl;gl). 

rkhjhd Cf;Ftpg;igg; nghWj;jtiuapy; fl;likg;GfspdJk;> epWtdq;fspdJk; 

xl;Lnkhj;jg; gz;gbg;gilahd khw;wnkhd;wpd; #oiktpy; kl;Lk;jhd; gd;Kfg;gLj;jy; 

mh;j;jKs;sjhfpd;wJ. mNef mgptpUj;jpAWfpd;w kw;Wk; ,ilkhw;wj;jpYs;s muRfspy; 

gd;Kfg;gLj;Jk; nray;Kiw cz;ikapy; Fiwe;j mstpy;jhd; NtWghnlhd;iw Vw;gLj;jf;$Lk; 

(gpuhd;rpy; fle;j gj;jhz;Lfspy; gFjpastpyhjy; Gyg;gLfpd;wthW). khwhf> mjpfhuk; Vfhjpgj;jpa 

Kiwapy; kPs;ikag;gLj;jg;gLjiyj; jLg;gjw;F tbtikf;fg;gl;lnjhd;whf> xUtifapy; mur 

flikfisf; fPopUe;J Gduikj;jy;jhd; mt;NtWghl;il Vw;gLj;jf;$Lk;. 

4.5 rpWghd;ikapdiug; ghJfhj;jy; 

gdpg; Nghh; KbTw;wjd;gpd;dh; ehk; mur Ml;rpg; gpuNjrk;> Fiwe;jgl;rk; Kjy; 

Njhw;w mbg;gilapyhjy;> ,g;NghJs;sthW ghJfhf;fg;glNtz;Lnkd;w nghJthd Cfj;ij 

mjpfhpj;j mstpy; Nfs;tpf;Fl;gLj;jj; njhlq;fpAs;Nshk;. mjd;tpisthf ehk;> mNef ,lq;fspy;> 

Njrpa milahsq;fSf;F khw;W milahsq;fs; kPs cWjpg;gLj;jg;gLjiy xg;Gf;nfhz;Ls;Nshk;. 

vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf. ,lhpYs;s rpWghd;ikfs; fUj;jpl;lk; (Minorities at Risk Project)> 

Vida(Mjpf;ff;) FOf;fshy; my;yJ ghj;jpaij cilNahh;fshy; jhk; ghFghlhd elj;Jiff;F 

cl;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;Nshnkd;W NfhUfpd;w my;yJ mtw;wpd; milahsj;ijg; ghJfhf;Fk; nghUl;Lk; 

mtw;wpd; FO eyd;fis ntspg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd fl;rpf; Nfhl;ghl;lbg;gil xd;iwj; 

jhgpf;Fk;nghUl;Lk;> murpay; eltbf;iff;fhfj; jpul;lg;gl;Ls;s 273 murpay;hPjpahf 

xOq;fikf;fg;gl;Ls;s> muR rhuhj milahsf; FOf;fis ,g;NghJ ,dq;fz;Ls;sJ (ghh;f;f 

Fh; 1997>5). gphptpidthj ,af;fq;fs; cUthFtjd;%yk; vOfpd;w td;Kiwahd NkhJiffis 

ehk; jLf;fNtz;Lkhapd;>-Njrpa kl;lj;jpyhapDQ; rhp rh;tNjr kl;lj;jpyhapDr;rhp-rpWghd;ikfspd; 

ghJfhg;G epr;rakhf mj;jpahtrpakhdjhFk;.


rh;tNjr kl;lj;jpy;> rh;tNjrr; rl;lk; JujpU\;ltrkhf rpWghd;ik chpikfspd; 

kPwy;fisj; jf;fKiwapy; ifahs;tjw;fhd mfy;tphpthd> Nghjpa topKiwfis toq;fj; 

jtWfpd;wJ. I.eh.rhrdk; rh;tNjr rq;fj;jpd; (League of Nations) rpWghd;ik Ml;rpKiwia 

Vw;Wf;nfhs;shjjdhy;> chpik kPwg;gl;l my;yJ mlf;fpnahLf;fg;gl;l xU rpWghd;ikiar; 

Nrh;e;j Ml;fs>; Nkd;KiwaPL nra;tjw;Fj; jdpg;gl;l kdpj chpikfspd; epunyhd;wpy; mJ 

,g;NghJ gpujhdkhfj; jq;fpapUf;fNtz;bAs;sJ (ghh;f;f nà;d;N] 1997>444). kWGwj;jpy;> 

INuhg;ghtpy; ghJfhg;Gf;Fk;> xj;Jiog;Gf;Fkhd epWtdk; (OSCE) ,t;tplaj;jpy; $ba Kd;Ndw;wk; 

fz;Ls;sJ. ,g;gpuhe;jpa epWtdk; I.eh. Kd;itj;jtw;iwtplf;$ba tphpthd topfis 

tpUj;jpnra;Js;sJ. vdpDk; ,it$lj; jdpg;gl;l chpikfis kl;Lk; cs;slf;FtJld; 

rl;lg;gpizg;gw;wdthfTk; cs;sd. Fwpg;ghff; Nfhgd;N`fd; Mtzkhd> INuhg;ghtpy; 

ghJfhg;Gf;Fk; xj;Jiog;Gf;Fkhd khehl;bd; kdpj ghpkhzk; (The Human Dimension) (1990)> 

,d> fyhrhu kw;Wk; rkar; rpWghd;ikfs; ghJfhf;fg;glNtz;bajd; Njitia typAWj;JtJld;> 

jha;nkhopiar; Rje;jpukhfg; gad;gLj;JtjpypUe;J fyhrhu mikg;Gf;fis cUthf;Ftjw;fhd 

chpik Kjw;nfhz;L xOq;fikf;fpd;w Rje;jpuj;Jf;fhd chpik tiuapyhd Xh; mfy;tphpthd 

chpikfspd; njhFjpnahd;iw Kd;nkhopfpd;wJ. (ghh;f;f bf;Nf 1995> 246). 

rpWghd;ikfspd; ghJfhg;Gf;fhd Nghuhl;lj;jpy; NkYnkhU iky;fy; 1991 nkh];Nfh 

Mtzk; MFk;. “OSCE kdpjg; ghpkhzj;jpd;” fl;lis thpapd;fPo; nra;Jnfhs;sg;gl;l rl;lG+h;tkhdJkhd mf;fiwf;Fhpa 

tplaq;fshf ,Uf;fpd;wdntd;gJld;> mjd;epkpj;jk; mit> jdpg;gl;l muRfspd; jdpAhpikahd 

cs;sf tptfhuq;fnsd;W fUjg;glTk; $lhJ vd;W ifnahg;gkpl;l jug;gpdh; 

cWjpg;gLj;Jfpd;wdh;.(ghh;f;f www.osce.org ). 

NkYk; OSCE Njrpa rpWghd;ikfs;kPjhd cah; Mizahsh; (HCNM)gjtp epWtg;gl;lik> 

rpWghd;ik Kuz;ghLfs; gpuhe;jpag; ghJfhg;Gf;F Xh; mr;RWj;jyhff;$ba re;jh;g;gq;fspy; 

Kd;ndr;rhpf;iff;Fk;> jLg;G eltbf;iff;Fkhd> nefpo;Ts;sJk;> nray;tpisTilaJkhd 

xU fUtpahfg; ghpzkpj;Js;sJ. 1992 Kjy; 2001 tiu ,t;Tah; Mizahsh; (HCNM) gjtp 

tfpj;j khf;]; td; nlh; ];nuhnty;> Kuz;gLfpd;w jug;Gf;fspd; gpujpepjpfSf;fpilapy; 

Ngr;rf;fis vspjhf;Ftjw;Fg; gzpahw;wpAk;> rpWghd;ik njhlh;Gila gpur;rpidfisj; 

jf;fKiwapy; ifahs;tjw;fhd (nrhe;j nkhopfis Cf;Ftpj;jy; Nghd;w) gaDs;s 

MNyhridfis toq;fpAk;> td;Kiwf;fhd tha;g;igf;nfhz;l vz;zw;w epiyikfspy; 

gaDWjpAs;stifapy; nraw;gl;lhh;. ePz;lfhyg; gzpfs;jhd; ‘OSCE‘ ,d; gpw njhopw;ghl;Lf; 

fUtpfshFk;. Vidatw;wld; rpWghd;ikfspd; ghJfhg;ig ,yf;fhff; nfhz;l ,it kpfg;gy 

re;jh;g;gq;fspy; ,df;FOk murpay; NkhJiffspd; jPtpuj;ijf; Fiwg;gjw;F cjtpAs;sd. 

Njrpa kl;lj;jpy; rpWghd;ikfspd; ghJfhg;G %d;W epahahjpf;fg; gug;Gfspy; 

Muhag;glNtz;Lk;: KjyhtJ> rpWghd;ikfspd; rl;l me;j];J; ,uz;lhtJ> rpWghd;ik 

tplaq;fSf;fhd Xh; mYtyfk; my;yJ tpNrl gq;Nfw;G chpikfs; jhgpf;fg;gLjy; Nghd;w 

epWtdhPjpahd Vw;ghLfspd; msT; %d;whtJ> rpWghd;ikfis Cf;Ftpg;gjw;fhf 

(gpujhdkhff;fy;tp kw;Wk; fyhrhuj; Jiwfspy;) tbtikf;fg;gl;l mur MjuT eltbf;iffspd; 

msT (ghh;f;f bf;Nf 1995> 243). 


351

352 


4.6 rl;lj;jpd; Ml;rp 

jpwikaw;w ePjpKiwfs; JujpU\;ltrkhf kf;fs; rl;lj;ijj; jkJ nrhe;jf; iffspy; 

vLj;Jf;nfhs;tjw;F Cf;fkspf;fpd;wd. ,jidj; jLf;fNtz;Lkhapd;> ePjpKiwikfs; 

jdpg;gl;lth;fspd; chpikfis> mth;fspd; r%fq;fspDs; gaDWjpAs;s Kiwapy; ghJfhf;fTk; 

Mjhpf;fTk;> Cf;ftpf;fTk; Ntz;Lnkd;gJld;> mit vy;NyhUf;Fk; vl;LtdthfTk; ,Uf;f 

Ntz;Lk;. mit gf;fr;rhh;gw;wdthfTk;> murpay;hPjpahfr; Rje;jpukhditahfTk; ,Uf;fNtz;Lk;. 

murhq;fq;fs; JujpU\;ltrkhf kpfg;ngUk;ghyhd re;jh;g;gq;fspy; rl;l Ml;rpapd; kjpg;ig 

xg;gf;nfhs;sj; jtwpAs;sd; mit ,t;tplaj;jpy; ntspg;Gw ,ilaPl;lhsh;fSld; ciuahly; 

elj;Jtjw;Ff;$l Kd;tutpy;iy. r%f> nghUshjhu mgptpUj;jpapd;NghJ> mjd;%yk; r%fj;jpy; 

cUthf;fg;gLfpd;w Kw;Nghf;Fk;> cyfNehf;Fk; nfhz;l murpay; kw;Wk; tpahghu cah;FbapdUf;NfDk; 

rl;l Ml;rpapd; mD$yq;fs; kpfj; njspthfNtz;Lk;. ePjp Kiwik murpd; Xh; mbg;gilg; 

nghWg;ghAs;sJld;> mjd; Kiwahd nraw;ghL ehl;bd; ,iwikf;Fk; kpf Kf;fpakhdjhFk;. 

rl;l Ml;rpapd; fUj;ijj; Jy;ypakhf tiuaiwnra;tjw;Fg; gy;NtW rh;tNjr 

juf;fl;lisfs; mz;ikf;fhyj;jpy; Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd (ghh;;f;f nghl;b 2). NkhJif 

khw;Wepiyahf;fj;jpy; mwpf;iffspdJk; njhFjp gpujhdkhff; 

Fw;wtpay; eltbf;if Kiwfs;> Rje;jpukhd Njh;jy;fs;> ePjpgjpfspdJk;> tof;fwpQh;fspdJk; 

Rje;jpuk;> Jh;g;gpuNahfj;Jf;F gypahdth;fSf;F el;l xj;Jiog;Gf;Fkhd epWtdk; (OSCE) 

,Jtiuapy; kpf tphpthdJk;> mjd; 53cWg;G muRfSf;Fg; gaDs;s topfhl;liy 

toq;Ffpd;wJkhd murpay; juf;fl;lisfspd; gl;baiyj; jahhpj;Js;sJ. 

,t;tpjpKiwfs; Vida gpuhe;jpaq;fSf;Fk; vspjhfg; gpuNahfpf;fg;glyhk;. 

mit cs;slf;Ftd: 

* njhpTnra;ag;gl;l rl;lthf;f rigf;F my;yJ thf;fhsh; njhFjpf;F 

KOikahd tifg;nghWg;Gila> epiwNtw;Wj; Jiwiaf;nfhz;l xU 

gpujpepjpj;Jt murhq;fk; 

* murpayikg;Gf;Fk;> rl;lj;Jf;Fk; ,zq;fr; nraw;glNtz;ba murhq;fj;jpd; 

flik 

* muRf;Fk; murpaw; fl;rpfSf;Fkpilapy; xU njspthd gphpT 

* murpay; mjpfhhpfSf;F ,uhZtj;jpdJk;> fhty; JiwapdJk; (nghyP];)> 

Vida gilfspdJk; fzf;Ff; fhl;Lk; nghWg;G 

* gfpuq;f eltbf;ifKiw %yk; rl;lq;fspd; ghprPyidAk;> Vw;gpirTk; 

* epu;thf xOq;Ftpjpfs; nry;Ygbahtjw;fhd xU epge;jidahf mtw;wpd; 

ntspaPL

* eph;thfj; jPh;khdq;fspd; Fiw jPh;Tf;Fg; gaDWjpAs;s topKiwfs; kw;Wk; 

fpilg;gjhAs;s ghpfhuq;fs; gw;wpg; ghjpf;fg;gl;l MSf;F(Ml;fSf;F) 

ntspg;gilahd jfty;fSf;fhd Vw;ghL 

* Rje;jpukhdJk;> ,yFtpy; vl;lf; $baJkhd xUePjpj;Jiw 

* rl;lr; nraw;gLeh;fspd; Rje;jpuj;Jf;Fg; ghJfhg;G 

kdpj chpikfisg; Ngzp tsh;g;gjw;Fk;> rl;l kw;Wk; ePjpKiwr; NritfSf;fhd 

ghugl;rkw;w tha;g;ig KdNdw;Wtjw;Fk;> rptpy; NkhJifj; jPh;it Cf;Ftpg;gjw;Fkhd 

topKiwfis tpUj;jp nra;J jhgpg;gjw;F cjTtjpy; mgptpUj;jp xj;Jiog;G gaDWjpAs;sjhf 

,Uf;fKbAk;.njw;fpYs;s mNef ehLfspy; ,g;NghJk; fpuhk ePjpkd;wq;fshYk;> %j;Njhh; 

rl;lkd;wq;fshYk; cWjpahff; filg;gpbf;fg;gLfpd;w Neh;ikAuKs;s ghuk;ghpa r%f elj;ijf; 

Nfhitfspdhy; tYf;Fiwe;j rl;l Kiwikfs; typikg;gLj;jg;glyhk;. 

nghUshjhu xj;Jiog;Gf;Fk;> mgptpUj;jpf;Fkhd mikg;gpd; mgptpUj;jp cjtpf;FO 

(OECD/DAC) (1998>61)> nraw;gLj;Jeh;fs; rl;l Ml;rpapd; ehd;F gpujhd mk;rq;fs;kPJ 

rh;tNjr cjtpapd; ftdj;ijj; jpUg;gNtz;Lnkd tpje;Jiuj;Js;sJ : 

* Kiwrhh;e;j rl;lKk;> ePjp epWtdq;fSk; (ePjpkd;wq;fs;> xk;Gl;];nkd;> rl;lr; rPh;jpUj;j 

Mizf; FOf;fs;> rpiwr;rhiyr; Nritfs;); 

* ,dQ;rhh;e;j rl;lk; kw;Wk; ghuk;ghpar; rl;lj;ijr; nraw;gLj;JjYk;> gpzf;Fj; jPh;Tk;; 

* ,d NkhJifg; gug;Gfspy; nraw;gLfpd;w gpw Kfth; epWtdq;fs; (tpNrlkhf 

tsKfhikj;Jtk;); 

* jdpg;gl;lth;fSk;> FOf;fSk; rl;lKiwikfis vl;Ljiy vspjhf;Fjy;. xU ehl;bd; 

rl;l Kiwapy; khw;wq;fis Vw;gLj;j cj;Njrpf;fpd;wNghJk;> mtw;iw epiwNtw;Wfpd;w 

NghJk; ngUk; nefpo;Tj;jd;ik kw;Wk; ngUk; czh;jpwd; Mfpa ,uz;Lk; Njitg;gLfpd;wd. 

nra; ;jpl;l tbtikg;G> fz;fhzpg;G topKiwfSf;fhd MjuT> njhopy;ty;yikg; gapw;rp 

vd;git vy;yhk; #oYf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd topfspy; ,izf;fg;glNtz;Lk;. 

4.7 kdpj chpikfs; 


INuhg;ghtpy; ghJfhg;Gf;Fk; xj;Jiog;Gf;Fkhd khehl;bypUe;J (OSCE) 

njhFf;fg;gl;lJ 1990 

kdpj chpikfisg; ghJfhj;jYk;> mtw;iw NkYk; mgptpUj;jpnra;jYk; mur 

kWrPuikg;gpdJk;> rl;l Ml;rpapdJk; cs;ikakhf ,Uf;fNtz;Lk;. muRfspDs; Aj;j kw;Wk; 

fLikahd NkhJiff; fhyq;fspy; ,g;gug;Gj;jhd; Mff;$Ljyhfg; ghjpf;fg;gLtJk;> 

Mff;Fiwthfg; ghJfhf;fg;gLtJnkd mDgtk; fhl;bAs;sJ. mNdf ehLfspy; Fwpg;gpl;l 

,r;#o;epiyfspy; epiykhwhJ fhzg;gLk; kdpj chpikj;J\;gpuNahfk;jhd;> 1993,y; tpad;dhtpy; 

elj;jg;gl;l> kdpj chpikfs; gw;wpa cyf kfhehl;Lf;F toptFj;jJ. mjpy; gq;Fgw;wpath;fs; 

kdpj chpikfis Cf;Ftpg;gjpYk;> ghJfhg;gjpYk; Njrpa epWtdq;fs; tfpf;ff;$baJk;> 

tfpf;fNtz;baJkhd kpf Kf;fpa gq;fpid typAWj;jpdh;. ,it rpWghd;ik chpikfspd; 


353

354 


(xU FOitr; Nrh;e;j Ml;fspd; jdpg;gl;l chpikfs;) Cf;Ftpg;igAk;> ghJfhg;igAk; 

cs;slf;FtjhfTk; mth;fs; ,tw;iw tiuaiwnra;jdh;. 

,e;epWtdq;fspd; nghWg;Gfs; gpujhdkhf> kdpj chpikfSld; (kw;Wk; mtw;wpd; 

kPwYld;) njhlh;Gila VNjDk; tplaj;ijg;gw;wp murhq;fj;Jf;Fk;> ghuhSkd;wj;Jf;Fk;> 

mur rhh;gw;wepWtdq;fs; mlq;fyhfj; jFjptha;e;j NtW VNjDk; mikg;GfSf;Fk; 

tpjg;GiufisAk;> Kd;nkhopTfisAk;> mwpf;iffisAk; rkh;g;gpj;jyhFk;. mit Njrpar 

rl;lq;fSk;> eilKiwfSk; rh;tNjr kdpj chpikj; juf;fl;lisfSf;F ,zq;fpnahOFjiy 

typAWj;jNtz;Lk;. NkYk; mit ,r; rh;tNjrj; juf;fl;lisfs; ghuhSkd;wj;jhy; 

cWjpg;gLj;jg;gLjiyAk;> murpay;hPjpahfr; nraw;gLj;jg;gLjiyAk; Cf;Ftpf;ff;$Lk;. mit 

rh;tNjrr; rhjdq;fspd;fPo; Njitg;gLj;jg;gl;l mwpf;ifapLk; eltbf;ifKiwfs; 

nraw;gLj;jg;gLtjw;F cjtNtz;Lk;. mit kdpj chpikf; fy;tp kw;Wk; Muha;r;rp 

epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fis tFj;jikg;gjpYk;> epiwNtw;WtjpYk; cjtf;$Lk;. mjd;%yk; jfty; 

kw;Wk; fy;tpA+lhf kdpj chpikfs;gw;wpg; nghJkf;fspd; tpopg;Gzh;it mjpfhpg;gjw;Fg; 

gzpahw;wyhk;. ,Wjpahf mit I.eh> Mgphpf;f A+dpad; Nghd;w gpuhe;jpa epWtdq;fs; 

Mfpatw;WlDk;> ehl;bd; Njrpa epWtdq;fSlDk; xj;Jiof;f Ntz;Lk; (kdpj chpikfSf;fhd 

epiyak; 1995). 

,f;Nfhl;ghLfs; gaDWjpAs;sdthf ,Uf;fNtz;Lkhapd; mit gw;WWjpAld; 

nraw;gLj;jg;glNtz;Lk;. vdNt ve;jnthU Njrpa kdpj chpikfs; KiwikAk; nfhz;bUf;fTk; 

gpd;gw;wTk; Ntz;ba rpy Fwpj;j flikfisAk;> eltbf;if KiwfisAk; tpad;dh khehL 

Kd;nkhope;Js;sJ: 

* rhh;j;jg;gl;l chpik kPwy;fSf;F ,zf;fg;ghL> fl;Lg;gLj;Jfpd;w jPh;khdk; my;yJ NtW 

topKiwfs; vd;gtw;wpD}lhf el;gpzf;fkhd FiwjPh;itj; NjLjy;; 

* Kiwg;ghl;lhsUf;F mthpd; chpikfs; gw;wpAk;> FiwjPh;Tf;Ff; fpilg;gjhAs;s topKiwfs; 

gw;wpAk; mwptpj;jYk;> mj;jifa FiwjPh;Tf;fhd tha;g;ig Cf;Ftpj;jYk;; 

* Kiwg;ghLfis tprhuiz nra;jy; my;yJ mtw;iwj; jFjptha;e;j Xh; mjpfhhpf;F 

Mw;Wg;gLj;Jjy;; 

* kdpj chpikfisr; Rje;jpukhfg; gpuNahfpg;gjw;Fj; jilahfTs;s rl;lq;fisAk;> 

xOq;FtpjpfisAk; jpUj;Jtjw;fhd Kd;nkhopTfs; cl;gl> jFjptha;e;j mjpfhhpfSf;F 

tpjg;Giufisr; nra;jy.;

ngl;b 3 : kdpj chpikfspd; ghJfhg;Gf;fhd ehLnjhlh;ghd 

toptiffSk;> rh;tNjr ifahsy; KiwikfSk; 

(xU njhpT): 

* kdpj chpikfs; rl;lq;fSf;Fk;> eilKiwf;Fk; (rpWghd;ikfs;) cah; Njrpa 

juf;fl;lisfs;; 

* jpwe;j ,Ujug;G murpay; ciuahly;(juf;fl;lisfs;> kjpg;gPLfs);; 

* ,luhh;e;j ehLfSld; Fwpj;Jiug;ghd(jpiu kiwthd) ciuahly;;; 

* murpay; ,ilaPL (tpjj;jpy; epge;jid> jil eltbf;iffs;> gfpuq;fg; 

gpufldq;fs;> mwpf;ifaply;;); 

* Fwpj;j Mizfs; (kj;jpa fpof;Fr; rkhjhdr; nray;Kiwapy; kdpjg; ghpkhzk);; 

* fz;fhzpg;gjw;Fk;> epfo;itf; fz;Lgpbg;gjw;Fk;> cz;ik mwptjw;Fkhd 

epGzh;fs;; 

* rptpy; r%fj;ijAk;> kdpj chpikr; nraw;ghl;lhsh;fisAk; gyg;gLj;Jjy;> 

rh;tNjr topKiwfs; (xU njhpT); 

* midj;Jyf kdpj chpikg; gpufldk;; 


* nghUshjhu> r%f kw;Wk; gz;ghl;L chpikfs; gw;wpa rh;tNjr cld;gbf;if; 

* rptpy; kw;Wk; murpay; chpikfs; gw;wpa rh;tNjr cld;gbf;if; 

* rptpy; kw;Wk; murpay; chpikfs; gw;wpa rh;tNjr cld;gbf;iff;fhd 

tpUg;Gj;njhpTg; gpd;NdL; 

* kuz jz;lid xopf;fg;gLjiy ,yf;fhff;nfhz;l> rptpy; kw;Wk; murpay; 

chpikfs; gw;wpa rh;tNjr cld;gbf;iff;fhd ,uz;lhtJ tpUg;Gj;njhpTg; 

gpd;NdL; 

* midj;JyfhYk; xg;Gf;nfhs;sg;gl;l kdpj chpikfisAk;> mbg;gilr; 

Rje;jpuq;fisAk; Cf;Ftpg;gjw;Fk;> ghJfhg;gjw;Fk; r%fj;jpd; 

jdpg;gl;lth;fspdJk;> FOf;fspdJk;> cWg;GfspdJk; chpikfSk;> nghWg;Gk; 

gw;wpa gpufldk;; 

* Njrpa my;yJ ,d> rka kw;Wk; nkhoprhh;e;j rpWghd;ikfisr; Nrh;e;j 

Ml;fspd; chpikfs;gw;wpa gpufldk;; 

* mtrufhy epiyikapYk;> MAj NkhjypYk; ngz;fspdJk;> gps;isfspdJk; 

ghJfhg;Gg;gw;wpa gpufldk;; 

* rpj;jputij kw;Wk; NtW nfhûkhd> kdpjj;jd;ikaw;w my;yJ ,opTgLj;Jk; 

tpjj;jpy; elj;Jtjw;F my;yJ jz;lidf;F vjpuhd rkthak;; 

* ,d mopg;Gf; Fw;wj;ijj; jLj;jYk;> jz;bj;jYk; gw;wpa rkthak;; 

* Aj;j fhyj;jpy; rptpypad; Ml;fspd; ghJfhg;Gj; njhlh;ghd n[dPth rkthak;; 

(Nkyjpfg; gpd;NdLfs; 1 kw;Wk; 11) 


355

356 


tpad;dh khehL Kd;itj;Js;s nry;newpfSk;> MNyhridfSk; xk;Gl;];nkd; kw;Wk; 

mur rhh;gw;w epWtdq;fs; Mfpatw;iwAk; xUq;F Nrh;j;J- Njrpa epWtdq;fspd; cj;Njr Mf;f 

mikT gw;wpAk;> Rje;jpuj;Jf;fhd cj;juthjq;fs; gw;wpAk;> njhopw;gLk; Kiwfs; gw;wpAk; NkYk; 

tphpthd topfhl;ly;fis cs;slf;Ffpd;wd. mgptpUj;jp Kfth; epWtdq;fSk;> cjtp toq;Feh;fSk; 

(tpNrlkhf Kf;fpakhd Gwf;fl;Lg;ghLfSk;> tha;g;Gf;fSf;fhd rhsuq;fSk; njhlh;gpy;) Fwpj;j 

cs;@h; kw;Wk; fyhrhu epiyikfis xUNghJk; kwe;Jtplhky;> ,g;gl;baypypUe;J gad;ngwyhk;. 

5. ghJfhg;Gj; Jiwapid rPuikj;jy;; 

Aj;jj;Jf;Fg; gpe;jpa r%fq;fspd; vjph;fhy mgptpUj;jpapy; ghJfhg;Gj;Jiw tpNrlkhd 

kpf Kf;fpa gq;nfhd;iw tfpf;fpd;wJ. Fwpg;ghf> Aj;jepWj;jq;fisAk; rkhjhd 

cld;gbf;iffisAk; nraw;gLj;Jtjw;Fk;> mjd;%yk; rkhjhdj;ijj; jplkhf;Ftjw;Fk; fhty; 

JiwapdJk;> ,uhZtj;jpdJk; jPtpu MjuT kpf Kf;fpakhdJ. 

,Ue;jNghjpYk;> ghJfhg;Gj;Jiw rkhjhd Kiwtopf;F Xh; mr;RWj;jiyAk; 

Njhw;Wtpf;f KbAk;. tpNrlkhf> ghJfhg;G epWtdq;fs; (,uhZtk; kw;Wk; ,uhZtj;Jizg; 

gilfs;> fhty; Jiwg;gilfs; kw;Wk; Gydha;Tr;Nritfs;) rl;l Ml;rpf;F cl;gl;litahfj; 

jk;ikf; fUjhjtplj;J> my;yJ NkhJfpd;w jug;Gfs; jkJ Fwpg;gpl;l eyd;fspd; 

Kd;Ndw;wj;Jf;F mtw;iwf; fUtpfshfg; gad;gLj;JtNj cz;ikahFk;. ghJfhg;Gg; 

gilfs;jhd; ngUk;ghYk; rpj;jputij> murpay; Fw;wq;fs; kw;Wk; Fbrdj;jpd;kPJ nghJthd 

mlf;FKiw cl;gl> gLNkhrkhd kdpj chpik kPwy;fSf;Fg; nghWg;ghAs;sd. 

ntspg;gilahfj; jpwikaw;w xU ghJfhg;Gj;Jiw rkhjhd Kaw;rpfSf;F mNjasT 

CWtpistpf;ff;$Lk;. rKjhaq;;fspdJk;> jdpg;gl;lth;fspdJk; ghJfhg;Gf;F mg;nghWg;G 

xg;gilf;fg;gl;lth;fshy; cj;juthjkspf;f Kbahtpl;lhy; jdpg;gl;lth;fSk;> FOf;fSk; jkJ 

ghJfhg;igf; $ba mstpy; jkJ nrhe;jf;iffspy; vLj;Jf;nfhs;thh;fs;. ,jd; tpisTfs;> 

Fw;wtpay; td;Kiw mjpfhpg;Gk;> rpW MAjq;fspd; ngUf;fKk;> jdpg;gl;l ,uhZtq;fspd; Njhw;wKkhFk;. 

vdNt> ghJfhg;Gj;Jiwapd; kWrPuikg;G ngUk;ghyhd re;jh;g;gq;fspy; ,d;wpaikahj 

xU nghWg;ghAs;sJ. ,lh;epiyapYs;s gpujhd tplak; nghUj;jkhd murpay; kw;Wk; 

[dehaff; fl;Lg;ghLfspd; JizAld;> murpd; VfNghf mjpfhuj;ij (kPsj;) jhgpj;jyhfTs;s 

mNjNtisapy;> NkYk; gy;NtW Vw;ghLfSk; mtrpakhAs;sd.xl;Lnkhj;jj;jpy;> 

ghJfhg;Gj;Jiwapd; kWrPuikg;G ehd;F kl;lq;fspyhd eltbf;iffis cs;slf;fpajhf 

,Uf;fNtz;Lk;(ghh;f;fGTZ 2000>30.31) 

* murpay; kl;lj;jpyhd kWrPuikg;G eltbf;iffs; ghJfhg;Gj; Jiwapd; fzf;Ff; fhl;Lk; 

nghWg;ig Nkk;gLj;Jk; ,yf;iff; nfhz;bUj;jy;. Majg;gilfisf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjw;Fk;> 

fz;fhzpg;gjw;Fk; ghuhSkd;wKk;> murhq;fKk; xd;W Nrh;e;J nraw;glNtz;Lk;. xl;Lnkhj;j 

xspT kiwtpd;ikia mjpfhpf;Fk; xU Kaw;rpahf> mur rhh;gw;w epWtdq;fSf;Fk;> 

Clfq;fSf;Fk; Fwpg;ghd MjuTld; rptpy; r%fk; tYg;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;. 

* ghJfhg;Gj;Jiw kWrPuikg;gpd; nghUshjhu kl;lk; -MAjf;fisT> Kd;dhs; giltPuh;fspd; 

fUj;ij khw;WjYk; kPs xUq;fpizj;jiyAk; cs;slf;Ffpd;wJ. 

* kWrPuikg;G Kaw;rpapd; r%f kl;lk; > rpWMAjq;fs; guTjiyf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjd;%yKk;> 

MAjq;fspy; rl;ltpNuhj th;j;jfj;ij vjph;j;Jg; NghuhLtjd; %yKk; nghJkf;fspd; 

ghJfhg;ig mjpfhpf;f tpiofpd;wJ.


* ghJfhg;Gj;Jiw kWrPuikg;G epWtdhPjpahd kl;lj;jpy; ghJfhg;Gj; Jiw epWtdq;fspDs; 

mtw;wpd; rpj;jhe;jj;ijAk;> gzpfisAk; kPs;tiuaiwnra;Jk;> rl;l Ml;rpiaAk; kdpj 

chpikfisAk; kjpj;jiy Cf;Ftpj;Jk;> ghJfhg;Gj; Jiwfisj; 

‘njhopy;rhu;ty;yikAs;sdthf;Ftjw;F’ Kaw;rpf;fNtz;Lk;. 

tYtw;w [dehafq;fspYk;> eypthd muRfspYk; ghJfhg;Gj;Jiw kWrPuikg;Gf;fhd 

jilfs; mNdfk; cs;sd. ngUk;ghYk; ghJfhg;ig Ml;rpahjpf;f kw;Wk; ,uhZtKidg;Gg; 

ghzpapy; Nehf;Ffpd;w xU Nghf;F ,Ug;gjdhy;> murpay;thjpfsplkpUe;J mj;Jld; / my;yJ 

,uhZt mjpfhhpfsplkpUe;J kWrPuikg;Gf;F vjph;g;G ,Uf;ff;$Lk;. ,uhZt cah;kl;lj;jpdh; 

rpy rkaq;fspy; ntspehl;Lr; rf;jpfspdhYk;> maypYs;s muRfspdhYk; #o;r;rpKiwf; 

ifahSiff;F cl;gLfpd;wdh;. ngUk;ghYk; fhyj;Jf;Ff; fhyk; rptpy; Aj;jq;fshy; ,yFtpy; 

ghjpg;gilaf;$ba ehLfspy; nghJthdnjhU td;Kiwf;fyhrhuk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. rptpy; 

Aj;jq;fs;> Fw;wtpay; td;Kiw> $ypg;gilfs;> tUkhdNkh> fhzpNah ,y;yhj> gilf;fiyg;Gr; 

nra;ag;gl;l Nghh;tPuh;fs; vd;w tuyhw;iwf;nfhz;l ehLfspy; Aj;jg;nghUshjhuq;fspypUe;J 

‘td;Kiwr; re;ijfs;’ Njhd;w KbAk;. 

kWrPuikg;gpd; fLQ;rpf;fy;> Jiwj;Nju;r;rp ,y;yhik> kw;Wk; Mw;wy; ,y;yhik 

vd;gitjhd;; ghJfhg;Gj;Jiw kWrPuikg;gpd; ntw;wpiag; ghjpf;ff;$ba Vida gpur;rpidfs; 

MFk;. ,f;fhuzpfs; xd;Wf;nfhd;W cu%l;Lfpd;wd.fLQ;rpf;fy; gpur;rpid> Xh; 

murhq;fj;jpDs; epWtdhPjpahd Kfhikrhh;e;j kw;Wk; epjprhh;e;j Jiwj;Nju;r;rp 

,y;yhikapdhy; NkYk; mjpfhpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. jPh;khdk; vLg;gth;fs; ,lhpd;ik> ghJfhg;G 

kw;Wk; mth;fs; njhpT> nra;af;$ba xU tPr;rhd nfhs;if tpUg;Gj; njhpTfs; Fwpj;j 

rh;tNjr tpthjq;fSld; ghpr;rakw;wth;fshftpUg;gpd; Fwpg;ghf ,j;jifa epiyNa 

Vw;gLfpd;wJ. muR xd;W rPh;jpUj;jj;ij eilKiwg;gLj;Jk; epWtdhPjpahd ,aYikfisf; 

nfhz;buhjtiuapy; kpfr;rpwe;j rPh;jpUj;j Kaw;rpAk; Njhy;tpailAk; (ehjd; 1999>7Ig; 

ghh;f;fTk;). ghJfhg;Gj;Jiwr; rPh;jpUj;jj;jpy; rh;tNjr ,ilaPnld;gJk; kpfTk; czh;jpwd; kpf;f 

xU tplakhFk;. mJ xU nghJthd nfhs;ifr; nrhy;yhly; ;> r%fj;jpd; rfy kl;lq;fspYk; 

NkhJif khw;W epiyahf;f Kaw;rpfs;> kw;Wk; nghUshjhu mgptpUj;jp cjtp vd;gtw;NwhL 

xUq;fpizf;fg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;. MAjf;fisT> gilf;fiyg;G> kw;Wk; Kd;dhs; Nghuhspfspd; 

kPspizT vd;gtw;Wf;fhd MjuTf;F Nkyjpfkhf> ghJfhg;Gj;Jiw kWrPuikg;G Kaw;rpfs; 

rptpypad; ghJfhg;Gg; gFg;gha;thsh;fspd; nraw;ghl;Lg; gapw;rpiaAk; cs;slf;Fjy; Ntz;Lk;. 

,J ,th;fs; murhq;fg; gjtpfis Vw;gjw;Fk; fz;fhzpg;Gf; fUkq;fis epiwNtw;Wtjw;Fk; 

cjTk;. 

,e;j kWrPuikg;gpd; NkYk; mtrpakhd mq;fk; [dehaff;fy;tp kw;Wk; r%f 

mikg;Gfs; kPjhd typAWj;jYld; $ba ,uhZt kw;Wk; nghyP]; fy;tp KiwikfshFk;. 

ghJfhg;G Mszpapdhpd; rh;tNjrg; ghpkhw;wq;fSlhf rh;tNjr ghJfhg;G epakq;fNshL> 

,zq;fpnahOFtJ NkYk; Kd;Ndw;wg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;. (ghpkhw;wq;fs;> fy;tp newpfs; kw;Wk; 

ghJfhg;Gf; nfhs;if rk;gw;jkhf rh;tNjr n[dPth epiyak; Nghd;w rh;tNjr fofq;fspy; 

gapw;rpfs;). xU ehd;fhtJ tplak; rl;l tpNuhjkhfTk;> Fw;wtpay; tbtq;fspYk; 

ghJfhg;Gg;gilfSf;F Ml;Nrh;g;Gr; nra;tjhFk;. ,Wjpahf> ghJfhg;Gj;Jiw Kfhikj;JtKk;> 

tuT-nryT jpl;lkplYk; xspTkiwtw;wjhftpUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. Ml;Nrh;f;fg;gLjy; epWj;jg; gl 

Ntz;baJ mtrpakhFk;. ,Wjpahf> ghJfhg;Gj;Jiw Kfhikj;JtKk; tuTnryTj;jpl;lkplYk; 

ntspg;gilahdjhf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. 


357

358 


6. RUf;fKk;> vjph;fhyj;jpw;;fhd Nehf;Fk; 

,t;tj;jpahak; mur kWrPuikg;gpd; kpf Kf;fpa fUj;Jf; $Wfs; gw;wpa xU 

Nky;Nehf;if toq;fpAs;sJ. vdpDk;> ,ay;ghf> cz;ikapy; vt;tifahd mur fl;likg;GfSk;> 

epWtdq;fSk; xU r%fj;ij td;KiwapypUe;Jk;> gfpuq;f Nkhjy; jpBnud;W ntbg;gjpypUe;Jk; 

$Ljyhfg; ghJfhf;ff;$Lnkd;gjpy; mwptpay;hPjpahfTk;> murpay;hPjpahfTk; fzprkhd msT 

Iag;ghL ,g;NghJk; cs;sJ. ,t;tplak;gw;wp NkYk; MokhdJk;> xg;gPl;L mbg;gilapyhdJkhd 

Ma;Tfs; epr;rakhf mtrpakhFk;. 

cWjpahd rkhjhdj;Jf;F [dehafk; Xh; ,d;wpaikahj epge;jidnad;gjpy; fw;wwpthsh; 

kj;jpapy; gue;j mstpyhd cld;ghL fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. mJ NghjpanjhU epge;jidahfTk; 

cs;sjhntd;gJk;> r%fj;ij td;Kiwf;nfjpuhff; fhg;Gr;nra;fpd;w Xh; murpayikg;Gf;Fj; jsk; 

mikf;Fk;nghUl;L ve;nje;jf; fhuzpfs; xd;WNrh;f;fg;glNtz;Lnkd;gJk;jhd; tpthjj;jpd; 

ikakhfTs;sJ. 

vdNt> ngl;b 4 xU rhuhk;rkhfg; gad;glKbANkad;wp> ,t;tplaj;jpy; mJNt 

Kbe;j KbG vd;W ghrhq;fhff; fUjKbahJ. ,t;tl;ltiz NkNy ftdQ;nrYj;jg;gl;l rpy 

eltbf;iffisj; njhFj;J Nehf;Ftjd;%yk;> nraw;ghl;lhsh;fs; ,k;Kf;fpa gug;gpy; 

,ilaPLfisr; nra;aj; njhlq;Ffpd;wtplj;J> mtw;Wf;fhd Kd;dPLfisj; jhgpf;f mth;fs; 

Kidfpd;wNghJ mth;fSf;F topfhl;Lk; xU nghJthd khjphpahfg; gad;gl tpiofpd;wJ. 

NkYk; mwptpay; hPjpahdJk;> mDgtk; rhh;e;jJkhd Ma;Tf;Fj; jpl;ltl;lkhfj; 

jFjpAila> mur kWrPuikg;G> [dehafk; kw;Wk; cWjpahd rkhjhdk; vd;gtw;Wf;fpilapyhd 

njhlh;G rk;ge;jg;gl;l %d;W jpwe;j tplag;gug;GfSld; ehk; ,jid Kbj;Jf;nfhs;Nthk;. 

Mrphpahpd; fUj;Jg;gb nfhs;ifhPjpahdJk;> Kiwtop rhh;e;jJkhd vjph;fhy Muha;r;rp %d;W 

RtLfisg; gpd;gw;w Ntz;Lk;: 

* gpzf;Ff; fyhrhunkhd;wpd; fhl;bfs; gw;wpa mbg;gil Muha;r;rp. ,jw;F Njhw;wj;jpy; 

rkhjhdkhd r%fq;fSf;F khWgl;ldthf> Aj;jj;jhy; rPh;Fiye;j my;yJ Aj;jr; 

rhh;GepiyAila r%fq;fspy; NkhJif khw;Wepiyahf;f topKiwfSk;> epWtdq;fSk; 

gw;wpa ,Ug;G kjpg;gPLk;> xg;gPl;L Muha;r;rpAk; Njitg;gLfpd;wJ; 

* Nkhrkhd mur nrayhw;Wifiaf; Fiwg;gjw;Fk;> rl;l Ml;rpiaf; Fiwepug;Gtjw;Fk;> 

NkhJifiaj; J}z;lf;$ba fl;likg;Gr; rhh;e;j r%ff; FiwghLfis ntw;wpnfhs;tjw;Fnkdf; 

Fwpg;ghf tbtikf;fg;gl;l> gpzf;Fj; jPh;Tf;fhd gq;Nfw;G mZFKiwfspd; kjpg;gPL; 

* kPs tFj;jikj;Jf;$wg;gl;lJk;> ts%l;lg;gl;lJkhd ey;y Ml;rp Kiwf; Nfhl;ghl;bd; Xh; 

Mf;ff;$whf gpzf;Ff; fyhrhunkhd;iwr; nraw;gLj;Jjy;. ,jidg; gpd;dh; OECD/DAC 

kw;Wk; gpw (gy;jug;G kw;Wk; ,Ujug;G) gq;fhspfs; nraw;gLj;jyhk;. ,r; #oiktpy; ,g;NghJk; 

njhlh;fpd;w rpy tpdhf;fshtd: 

* ‘[dehaf rkhjhdk;’vd;nwhd;W ,Uf;fpd;wjh; ,Uf;Fkhapd; mjw;F Kf;fpakhd fhuzpfs; vit? 

* mbg;gilahd r%f ,ilkhw;w mj;Jld; /my;yJ Jhpj khw;wf;fhyq;fspy; gpzf;Ff; 

fyhrhunkhd;iw vt;thW jhgpf;fyhk; my;yJ Ngzpg;ghJfhf;fyhk;? 

* gy;ypdr;r%fq;fspy; gpzf;Ff; fyhrhunkhd;iw tYg;gLj;Jk;nghUl;Lj; J}z;lg;glf;$ba 

Fwpj;j epWtdq;fs;> fl;likg;Gfs; my;yJ CLtopfs; vit?

* gd;ikthjr; r%fq;fspy; xU rkhjhdkhd ciuahlypd; rhpahd fl;likg;Gf;Fk;> 

,af;ftpaYf;Fkhd vkJ Njlypy;> ts%l;lg;gl;l ey;y Ml;rpKiwf; vz;zf;fU 

rl;lfj;jpDs; fUj;njhw;Wikf;fhd Mw;wy;fis vt;thW fl;bnaOg;gf;$Lk;? 

* neUf;fbj; jLg;Gk;> td;Kiwj; jzpg;Gk; vd;w fUj;jpy; vjph;ghh;g;G Ml;rpKiwia 

tYg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd> khw;wpaikf;fg;gl;l rpy KiwfSk;> toptiffSk; vit? 

nrq;Fj;jhd 

rl;lG+u;tk; 

ek;gpf;ifahd 

epWtdq;fs; 

fytuj;ij jLf;Fk; kw;Wk; Fiwe;j msT neUf;fbf;F 

,irthd Gyk;ngau; eltbf;iffspd; mq;fq;fs; 

gq;fspg;G 

kw;Wk; 

[dehafkak; 

fpuhk kf;fspd; 

gq;fspg;G 

rptpy; 

r%fj;ij 

gyg;gLj;jy; 

gq;Nfw;G 

eilKiwahf 

[dehaf kak; 

fye;JiuahlYf;F 

gupl;rakhd 

eLepiy 

epWtdk; 


4tJ ngl;b 

mur rPh;jpUj;jk; kw;Wk; NkhJif khw;Wepiyg;gLj;jy; njhlu;ghd khjpup 

je;jpNuhgha mZFKiw 

epWtd 

kPs;fl;likg;G 

kdpj Neu;ik 

ru;tNjr kw;Wk; 

,dq;fSf;fg;ghy; 

nrd;W rpWghd;ik 

FOf;fis 

ghJfhj;jy; 

gutyhf;fspd; 

%ykhf nghWg;Gf; 

$wNtz;ba epiy 

Rahl;rp kw;Wk; 

gutyhf;fg;gl;l 

mikg;gpd; 

%ykhf 

rpWghd;ikapdiu 

xd;wpizj;jy; 

ahg;G kw;Wk; 

rl;l kWrPuikg;G 

(kdpj cupik) 

ghJfhg;G gpupT 

kPs;fl;likg;G 

mjpfhuj;jpid 

kPz;Lk; 

];jhgpj;jy; 

Fwpf;Nfhs; 

kw;Wk; tpla 

mbg;gil rptpy; 

Ml;rp 

r%f gpupTfspd; 

%ykhf $ba 

msT 

tsg;ghtid 

kw;Wk; 

njhopy;kak; 

Mfpatw;iw 

fl;bnaOg;Gjy; 

ngsjPf 

ghJfhg;G 

r%f kw;Wk; nghUshjhu tsq;fspy; eLepiy kw;Wk; 

gfpu;e;jspj;jy; 

kdpju;fspdJk; gpui[fspdJk; r%f mq;fj;Jtk; 

;nrq;Fj;jhd rl;lG+u;t epiy 


359

360 


7. crhj;JizAk; Nkyjpf thrpg;Gk; 

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