ik epiyg;gl;l NkhJiffspUe - Berghof Handbook for Conflict ...

td;ik epiyg;gl;l NkhJiffspUe;J 

epahakhd rkhjhdj;jpw;F: 

rkhjhd fl;bnaOg;Giff;fhd %yq;fshf 

kPPs;;;;;;;;;;;caph;g;G+l;lYk;> 

(kPs;) xUq;fpizpg;Gk; 

khh;l;bdh g;gp\h; 

1 mwpKfk; 460 

2 gjq;fSk; vz;zf;fUf;fSk;. 461 

3 ntw;wpfukhd kPSaph;g;G+l;lYf;Fk; rkhjhd fl;bnaOg;Giff;Fk; 467 

Ntz;ba fl;likg;Gf;fhd Kd;epge;jidfs; 

fl;bnaOg;Gtjw;fhd fl;likg;G hPjpahd Kd; epge;jidfs; 468 

4 kPs; xUq;fpizg;gpd; rthy;fs; 471 

5 ey;y nra;Kiw tbtikg;G:cs;Sh; Mw;Wjpwid tYg;gLj;jYk; 480 

ngz;fspd; NjitfSf;F jPh;T fhZjYk;> ghy; epiyf;$Uzh;Tk;. 

6 jpwe;j tpdhf;fs; 485 

7 crhj;Jiz E}y;fSk;> Nkyjpf thrpg;Gk; 492 

459

460 


td;ik epiyg;gl;l NkhJiffspUe;J 

epahakhd rkhjhdj;jpw;F: 

rkhjhd fl;bnaOg;Giff;fhd 

%yq;fshf kPPs;;;;;;;;;;;caph;g;G+l;lYk;> 


khh;l;bd g;gp\h; 

1 mwpKfk; 

20 Mk; E}w;whz;bd; filrpj; jrhg;jj;jpy; 43 ehLfs;; td;Kiw Nkhjy;fspypUe;J tpLgLk; 

ehLfshf Nehf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. mtw;Ws; mNefkhdit muRfspDs; ,lk;ngWk; Aj;jq;fshYk;> 

rptpy; Aj;jq;fshYk; ghjpg;Gw;witahFk;. ,tw;Ws; mNefkhdit kpfTk; Vo;ikahdit 

vd;Dk; tifg;gphpit Nrh;e;jitahFk;. (nghUshjhu xj;Jiog;Gf;Fk;> mgptpUj;jpf;Fkhd 

mikg;gpd; msTNfhy;fspd; gpufhuk; (OE CD) mgptpUj;jp Fd;wpa ehLfs;). mth;fSs; 

kpfTk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f cah; tPfpjhrhuj;jpdh; Mgphpf;ff; fz;lj;jpy; tho;e;jdh;. rh;tNjr 

r%fj;jpdh; Aj;jj;jhy; moptile;j ehLfSf;F E}W gpy;ypad; nlhyh;fSf;F mjpfkhd 

njhifia cjtpahf toq;Ftjhf thf;fspj;jdh;. (Nghh;kd;>gl;hpf; kw;Wk; rNyhkd;]; 2000>g) 

,it mfepiyaikTfisf; fl;bnaOg;gp Kd;dhs; Aj;jj; jug;gpdh;fis mfpk;ir topapy; 

NkhJifiaj; jPh;j;Jf; nfhs;Sk; tifapy; typAWj;jp> ngUshjhu mgptUj;jpf;Fk;> gq;Fnfhs;sy; 

Ml;rp Kiwf;Fk; gq;fspg;G nra;af;$ba tifapy; tbtikf;fg;gl;litahFk;. 

FWfpa kdg;Nghf;Fld; fle;j fhyq;fspy; nraw;gl;l ru;tNjr Kftu; epiyaq;fs; 

td;nray; Nkhjy;fSf;Fg; gpd;dh; Nkw;nfhz;l eltbf;iffs; fhuzkhf> me;ehLfspy; jkJ 

nraw;ghLfisj; njhopy;El;gg; Gdh;epu;khzkhff; Mf;fp tpl;ljhf epGzh;fSk;> murpay; 

nraw;ghl;lhsu;fSk; njuptpj;Js;sdh;. Aj;jj;jpypUe;J rkhjhdj;Jf;fhd epiykhw;wk; vd;Dk; 

fbdkhd ePd;lfhyr; nray;Kiwf;F MjuT toq;Ftjw;F xU gue;j vz;zf;fUthf;fk; 

mtrpag;gLfpwJ. ,e;j mj;jpahak; NkYk; NkhJiffisj;jLf;Fk; mh;j;jj;jpy; NkhjYf;Fg; 

gpe;jpa kPsikg;ig ntw;wpfukhf;Ftjw;F mtrpakhd gy;NtW gzpfs;; Fwpj;j xU 

nghJg;ghh;itia toq;FtNjhL> ,jpy; rpy gjw;wepiyfSk;> mJ rk;ge;jkhd ,f;fl;L 

epiyfSk; ,dq;fhzg;gl;L> fye;Jiuahlg;gLfpd;wd. 

,J ntspf;fsj;jpy; gzpfspy; cghaq;fSf;fpilapyhd $l;bizit cs;slf;Ffpd;wd. ehd;fhtJ gFjp mfjpfs; 

,lk;ngau;e;j egu;fs; kw;Wk; Kd;dhs; Nghuhspfis (kPs;) ,izg;gjw;fhd epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fspd; 

Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij vLj;Jiuf;fpwJ. mJ gpujhdkhf ngh];dpah - N`h;rp nfhtPdh (BIH) mDgtq;fspd; 

cjhuzq;fspdhy; vLj;Jtpsf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. Ie;jhtJ gFjp cs;Su; kf;fl;njhifapdupd; 

Njitfs;Fwpj;j czu;Tfs; ngz;fspd; rhj;jpatsq;fs; kw;Wk; Fwpg;gpl; gz;ghl;L #oikTfspy; 

ghy;epiy tfpghfq;fspd; jd;ik vd;gtw;iw cs;slf;Fk; ,ilaPl;Lf;fhd kpfr;rpwe;j 

eilKiw tbtikg;gpd; mk;rq;fs; Fwpj;Jf; fye;JiuahLfpd;wJ. mj;jpahaj;jpd; ,Wjpg;ghfk; 

,f;fl;L epiyfisAk; jPh;f;fg;glhJs;s jpwe;j tpdhf;fs; ; gw;wpAk; mOj;jpf; $Wfpd;wJ.

td;ik epiyg;gl;l NkhJiffspUe;J epahakhd rkhjhdj;jpw;F: 

rkhjhd fl;bnaOg;Giff;fhd %yq;fshf kP Ps; ;caph;g;G+l;lYk;> ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; 


2. gjq;fSk; vz;zf;fUf;fSk; 

td;Kiw NkhjYf;Fg; gpd;duhd kdpjNea cjtp kw;Wk; mgptpUj;jpNtiy Fwpj;j 

Kf;fpa gzpfis tpghpg;gjw;Fg; gy gjq;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd: Gdh; eph;khzk;> kPsikg;G> 

Gdh;tho;T> kPs;FbNaw;wk;> nrhe;j,lq;fSf;F kPz;Lk; jpUk;Gjy;> kPspizg;G Nghd;witNa 

mitahFk;. 1990 fspd; gpw;gFjpapy; ru;tNjr Kfhik epWtfq;fs; ,g; gjq;fis 'NkhjYf;Fg; 

gpe;jpa" vd;Dk; ngau; cupr;nrhy;Yld; ,izj;Jg; Ngr Muk;gpj;jdu;. ,J xU epiyNgwhd 

Nghh;epWj;jj;Jf;Fg;gpd;dNu xUGwj;jpy; epthuzj;Jf;Fk; mg;ghy; nrd;W VNjh xU tifapyhd 

r%f,ay;Gepiy> rhj;jpak; vd;gijAk;> kW Gwj;jpy; mfjpfs; ,ad;wsT tpiutpy; 

jpUk;gptUtij epahag;gLj;jTk; KbAk; vd;gijAk; tw;GWj;Jk; tifapy; nra;ag;gl;ljhFk;. 

Nghu;kd; kw;Wk; rNyhkd;]; (2000> g.2) vd;Nghupd; tiutpyf;fzj;jpd; gpufhuk; NkhjYf;Fg;gpe;jpa 

epiy vd;gJ tof;fkhfg; gpd;tUkhW tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ (....). VNjh xUtifapyhd 

kPspizg;G kw;Wk; kPsikg;G eltbf;fiffs; Muk;gpf;ff;$ba kl;lj;jpw;F gif eltbf;iffs; 

jtpu;e;Js;s fhyg;gFjp. gy tpla epfo;Tfspy; ,J mfjpfs; my;yJ cs;ehl;by; ,lk; 

ngau;e;j egu;fs; jpUk;gp tuj;njhlq;Ftjhy; Fwpf;fg;glyhk;. MfNt> ,t; tiutpyf;fzk; 

njhlu;r;rpahd jPtpuk; Fiwe;j Nkhjypy; ,Ue;J xU gytPdkhd rkhjhd epiyf;Fk;> gpd;dh; 

xU NkhJif KbTWj;jYf;Fk; nry;Yk; gue;j tPr;rpyhd NkhjYf;F gpe;jpa fhl;rpg;Gyq;fis 

cs;slf;Ffpd;wJ. 

Aj;jj;Jf;Fg; gpe;jpa r%fq;fspd; r%f tho;Tk;> murpaYk;> nghUshjhuKk;> 

,uhZtkag;gLj;jYk; jdpegu;fspdJk; kw;Wk; rKjhaq;fspdJk; Mokhd csmjpu;r;rp 

tLf;fSk; ghuJ}ukhd ngWNgW tplaq;fshf tpsq;Ffpd;wd. 

mjdhy;jhd; fupl;lh]; Rtp]; (2000>g.83) ntspapl;l xU epiyg;ghl;L Mtzk; 

Gdh;eph;khzk; kw;Wk; Gdh;tho;T Nghd;w gjq;fisg; gad;gLj;Jtij tpkh;rpf;fpwJ. mit 

gpujhdkhf ngsjPfhPjpahd Nrjq;fis rhpg;gLj;Jtjpy; ftdj;ij xUKfg;gLj;jp> Aj;jj;Jf;F 

Kd;gpUe;j #o;epiyfis kPl;nlLg;gNj gpujhd Fwpf;Nfhs; vd;W $WtNj ,jw;fhd fhuzkhFk;. 

mjw;Fg; gjpyhf NkhJifapd; fhuzq;fis mwpe;J> mtw;Wf;Fj; jPh;Tfhz;gNj 

mtrpag;gLtjhFk;. tl mah;yhe;jpd; rkhjhdr; nray;Kiwapy; Jbg;ghfg; gq;Fgw;wpa khhp 

gphpl;];lt; kw;Wk; mthpd; rfghbfs; Nghd;Nwhh; ,j;jifa thjq;fis Mjhpf;fpd;wdh;. mth; 

,t;tpuz;L gjq;fSf;Fk; gjpyhf cld;gbf;ifSf;Fg; gpe;jpa my;yJ jPh;Tf;Fg;gpe;jpa rkhjhdg; 

gzp vd gad;gLj;jg;glNtz;Lnkd;W $Wfpwhh;. (ngl;b 1Ig; ghh;u;f;fTk;). 

ngl;b 1 : tl mah;yhe;jpy; epiyepd;w Nehf;F 

,q;F tl mah;yhe;jpy; ehq;fs; gjq;fs; Fwpj;Jg; nghpJk; thjpf;fpd;Nwhk;. 

Gdh;eph;khzk; vd;gJ gadw;w xU gjkhFk; - mJ xU jug;gpdUf;F td;nrayw;w 

xU fhyk; rk;ge;jkhd Vf;fj;jpd; vjpnuhypahfj; Njhd;WfpwJ. MapDk; kw;wj; 

jug;gpdUf;F mJ fl;likg;G td; nray;fs; epiwe;j xd;whfj; 

Njhw;wkspf;fpd;wJ.(....) 

Gdh;eph;khzk; vd;gjd; fUj;J r%fj;ij NkhJiff;F Kd;gpUe;jJ 

Nghd;W Gduikg;gjhFk;.(....) ,d;iwa NkhJiffSs; mNefkhdit 

cgNjrj;jd;ik nfhz;litahFk;. mit murhq;fq;fs; rkj;Jtj;ij 

NghhpypUe;J tpLgl;L kPseyKwy; : kPs;fl;LUthf;fk; vjph;epiyahf epahakhd rkhjhdk; 

461

462 


mq;fPfhpf;fTk;> mit rfy r%jhafq;fSf;Fk; Nritnra;tij cWjpg;gLj;Jk; 

tifapy; fl;likg;G> murpay; kw;Wk; nghUshjhu gpur;rpidfSf;F jPh;T fhZk; 

tpjj;jpy; ifahStjw;Fk; ,ayhik my;yJ tpUg;gkpd;ik vd;gtw;wpd; 

fhuzkhfNt vOfpd;wd. jPh;Tf;Fg;gpe;jpa gbepiyapy; Gdh;eph;khzj;ijg; gw;wpg; 

NgRtjd; fUj;J NkhJifia cUthf;fpa mNj fhuzpfis kPz;Lk; 

tuNtw;gJNghd;w xU fle;jfhyj;Jf;F jpUk;gpr;nry;tJ vd;gjhFk;. jPh;Tf;Fg; 

gpe;jpa NkhJifg; gzp my;yJ cld; ghl;Lf;Fg; gpe;jpa gzp vd;gJ mNefkhf 

kpfr;rpwe;j Kiwapy; gad;gLtjhf mikayhk;. 

ehq;fs; 'NkhJiff;Fg; gpe;jpa" vd;w gjj;ijAk; gad;gLj;jf;$lhJ. 

cz;ikapy; NkhJiffs; Kbtiltjpy;iy> Mdhy;> mit khw;wKWfpd;wd. 

vk;kpy; mNefh; ehLk; khw;wk; td;nray;fspypUe;J NkYk; rkhjhdkhd 

topKiwfs; %yk; jPh;T Vw;gLk; murpay; MFk;. ,J ,Wjpapy; Fiwthd 

td;nraYf;Fk;> $Ljyhd xj;Jiog;Gf;Fk;> r%fq;fspilNa $Ljyhd 

khpahijiaAk;> tpRthrj;ijAk; fl;bnaOg;Gtjw;Fk; ,l;Lr;nry;yf;$Lk;. 

'td;nraYf;Fg;gpe;jpa" vd;Dk; nrhw;gjj;ij ePq;fs; gpuNahfpf;fyhk; 

- Mdhy; td;nray;fs; njhlh;r;rpahf Kd;nry;tNj ,q;Fs;s gpur;rpidahFk;. 

ehd; ,q;Nf $WtJ td;nray;fs; xNuabahf epd;WtpLtjpy;iy vd;gijAk; 

mit rpwpJ rpwpjhfNt jzptilfpd;wd vd;gijANkahFk;.......... MfNt 

mNefkhf kpfr;rpwe;j gjk; cld;ghl;Lf;Fg; gpe;jpa my;yJ jPh;Tf;Fg; gpe;jpa 

gzp vd;gNjahFk;.cjhuzkhf> jPh;Tf;Fg;gpe;jpa murpay;> nghUshjhu> kw;Wk; 

r%fg;gzp 

%yk;: gy;fiyf;fofk; (mNjNeuj;jpy; tlmah;yhe;J my;];lh; / 

,d;Nfhh; gzpg;ghsuhfpa)khhp gpl;];lt; cld; 2003 A+iyapy; ,lk; ngw;w 

Neh;Kfk; 

vg;gbahapDk; rpy NkhJif tyaq;fspd; mDgtk; Gdu;eph;khzk; vd;gJ xu; 

vjpu;kiwg; gjkhf Nehf;fg;glNtz;ba nrhw;gjk; my;y vd;gijAk;> mJ td;nrayhy; 

ghjpg;Gw;NwUf;F fle;jfhyj;jpy; ,iof;fg;gl;l jtWfs; kw;Wk; mePjpfisj; jpUj;jpaikf;Fk; 

xU jhh;kPf Kaw;rpahf Nehf;fg;glyhk;. vd;gijAk; fhl;Lfpd;wJ. Nehh;Ngu;l; Nuhg;gu;]; mtu;fSk; 

,yq;ifapy; jw;fhy mgptpUj;jp kw;Wk; rkhjhd eltbf;iffs; Fwpj;J ,t;thNw KbTnra;fpd;whh; 

(ngl;b 2I ghu;f;fTk;). 

ngl;b 2 : ,yq;if epiyepd;w Nehf;F 

gy neUf;fbg; gpuhe;jpaq;fspy; jw;NghJ %d;W R vd miof;fg;gLk; 

(rpy Ntisfspy; kPspzf;fj;NjhLk; ,izg;Gw;wJ) Gdu;epu;khzk; kw;Wk; Vida 

“RRR fs;“ vd;gitAk; tpkh;rdj;Jf;F cs;shf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. NghUf;F Kd;gpUe;j 

#o;epiyf;F kPz;Lk; nry;tJ rhj;jpak; vd;W mit cl;fpilahfj; njuptpg;gNj 

,jw;fhd fhuzkhFk;. gpuhjhd tplak; ahnjdpy; Kd;gpUe;j r%fmurpay; 

KiwikNa Muk;gj;jpy; NkhJiff;F ,l;Lr;nry;fpwJ vd;gjhFk;. ,J gy




NkhJifg; gpuhe;jpaq;fspy; re;Njfj;Jf;fplkpd;wp cz;ikahf tpsq;Ffpd;wJ. 

MapDk; ,e; j thjk; “k P s ; “ vd; Dk; gjk; xU ntWk; 

njhopy;El;gf;fz;Nzhl;lj;ij tplf; $Ljyhd mh;j;jk; nfhz;lJ vd;gij 

cjhrPdk; nra;fpd;wJ. mJ td;nrayhy; ghjpg;Gw;NwUf;F tpistpf;fg;gl;l 

jtWfs; mopT kw;Wk; ntspNaw;wk; vd;gtw;iw jpUj;Jtjw;fhd xU jhh;kPf 

Kaw;rpnad;gijAk; Fwpf;fpd;wJ. Gdh;epu;khzf;fz;Nzhl;lj;ijf; iftpLtJ 

Aj;jj;jhy; ghjpg;Gw;w midtUf;FKs;s jpUk;g tUtJ kPs;FbNaw;wk; kw;Wk; 

,y;yq;fs;> [PtNdhghak; vd;gtw;iw kPsf;fl;bnaOg;Gjy; vd;gtw;Wf;fhd 

cupikia tpl;Lf;nfhLf;Fk; xd;whfTk; ciu nra;ag;glyhk;. ,e;j 

xOf;fnewprhu; gupkhzj;jpd; fhuzkhf “NkhJiff;Fg; gpe;jpa Gdu;epu;khzk;“ 

vd;Dk; gjj;ij itj;Jf;nfhs;tJ Kf;fpakhdjhFk;. ,J Ml;GyuPjpapy; 

,Ogwpahd NkhJiffs; ,lk;ngWk; gy gpuNjrq;fisg; nghWj;jtiuapyhapDk; 

vLf;fg;glNtz;ba fz;Nzhl;lkhFk;. 

%yk; : nfhOk;G NkhJiff; fw;iffs; kw;Wk; 

epiykhw;wj;Jf;fhd %yts tiyg;gpd;dypd; gzpg;ghsu; Nehu;Ngu;l; 

Nuhg;gu;];mtu;fSld; 2003 A+iyapy; ,lk;ngw;w Neu;Kfk; 

gf; vd;gtu; 'kPs;cUthf;fk;" my;yJ 'rkhjhdkhd kPs;cUthf;fk;" vd;gij 

MNyhridahf Kd;itf;fpd;whh;. mtu; kPs; cUthf;fk; xU Raepiyj;jfT nray;Kiwiaf; 

Fwpg;gpLtjhfTk;> Gdu;tho;T ghjpg;Gw;Nwhu; my;yJ jtwpioj;Njhh; ,ayhik fhuzkhf 

my;yJ rYif kWf;fg;gl;lik fhuzkhf ,t;tplaq;fis jk;kPJ tutioj;Jf;nfhs;tijf; 

Fwpg;gjhfTk; thjpLfpwhu;. ,tu; rkhjhdkhd kPs; cUthf;fj;ij 'td;nrayhy; mjpfhuk; 

kWf;fg;gl;L> Vo;ikepiyf;F cl;gLj;jg;gl;Nlhh; cs;spl;l gq;Nfw;ghsu;fs; xg;gPl;lstpyhd 

rkhjhd #o;epiyapd;fPo; jkJ cldb ,Ug;ig cWjpnra;tjw;Fk;> mg;ghy; vjpu;fhyf; 

Fwpapyf;FfisAk; Kd;Dupikg;gLj;j Muk;gpf;ff;$batifapy; r%f> murpay; kw;Wk; 

nghUshjhu rPuhf;fy; Kiwtop" vd;W tiutpyf;fzk; nra;fpd;whh;. NkYk; mtu; rkhjhd 

Ma;thsuhfpa n[hfhd; fy;Jq; (1976) vd;gtuhy; mwpKfk; nra;ag;gl;L Kd;dhs; If;fpa 

ehLfs; nrayhsu; ehafk; G+j;jpu]; fhypapdhy; Gj;Jap&l;lg;gl;l rkhjhdj;ijf; fl;bnaOg;Gk; 

fUg;nghUSf;Fk; MjuT toq;Ffpd;whh;. jdJ rkhjhdj;Jf;fhd epfo;r;rp epuypy; mtu; 

Kuz;ghl;Lf;Fg; gpe;jpa kPsikg;G ngsjPfr; Nrjq;fisAk;> mopTw;w mfepiyaikTfisAk; 

ntWkNd jpUj;Jtijtplg; ngupJk; mjpfkhdJ vd;gijr; Rl;bf;fhl;Lfpd;whh;. mtu; kPz;Lk; 

NkhJiff;Fr; nry;tijj; jLf;Fk; tifapy; rkhjhdj;ij tYg;gLj;jp fhj;jpukhf;Ftjw;Fk;> 

kw;Wk; kf;fs; kj;jpapy; xU ek;gpf;ifkw;Wk; ed;dpiy czu;it Kd;Ndw;Wtjw;Fk; 

$l;Leltbf;ifs; mtrpankd;W $Wfpd;whh; (G+j;jpu]; fhyp 1992 g 2). ,t;thwhf gf; 

$Wtijj; njhlu;e;J rkhjhdj;ijf; fl;bnaOg;Gtij 'td;nray; NkhJiff;F kPz;Lk; 

nry;tijj; jLf;Fk; Nehf;fj;jpy; fl;likg;GfisAk;> KiwtopfisAk; tYg;gLj;Jk; 

Nehf;fj;jpy; vLf;fg;gLk; eltbf;iffs;" vd;W tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;jyhk;. ,e;jtifapy; 

rkhjhdj;ijf; fl;bnaOg;GtJk;> kPSUthf;fKk; epthuzk; kw;Wk; mgptpUj;jpia gu];guk; 

ClWj;Jr;nry;tNjhL> mtw;NwhL ,ize;Jk; nry;fpd;wd. ,f;fUj;J gue;j mstpy; 

mq;fpfupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. (kj;jP]; 2000 g 105 kPahy; uk;];nghjhk; kw;Wk; T+l;`T]; 1999 

vd;Nghiug; ghu;f;fTk;). 


463

464 


fy;tpkhd;fs; kw;Wk; eilKiwg;gLj;JehpilNa ,g;;gjq;fs; Fwpj;j gy;NtW 

mgpg;gpuhaq;fs; fhzg;gbDk;> Aj;jj;jpdhy; rPuope;j r%fj;jpy; mbg;gilahd khw;Wepiyahf;fk;; 

mtrpak; vd;gjpy; gue;j fUj;njhUik ,Ug;gjhfj; Njhd;WfpwJ. murpay;> r%f cstpay; 

kw;Wk; nghUshjhuf; fhuzq;fSf;F jPh;Tfz;L> MAjNkhjy;fspd; tpisTfSf;Fg; ghpfhuk; 

fhZtjd;%yNk kPz;Lk; td;nray; Vw;gLtijj;jLj;J> epiyahd rkhjhdj;ij Vw;gLj;jKbAk;. 

,jd; fUj;J gy;NtWtpjkhd gzpfs; Mw;wg;glNtz;Lk; kw;Wk; gy;ghpkhz mZFKiwfs; 

mtrpak; vd;gNjahFk;. 

1. gy;ghpkhz mZFKiwfs; 

gy E}yhrphpah;fs; Aj;jk; ntbg;gjw;Fg; gFjpepiyf; fhuzpfshf ,Ue;j 

eyd;Nkhjy;fSf;Fj;jPu;T fhz;gjw;F murpay; Gj;jhf;fk; kpfTk; Kf;fpakhd Kd;epge;jid 

vd;gij ,dq;fz;Ls;sdh;. ,ijr;nra;tjw;F rl;lhPjpahd epr;raj;jd;ikiaAk;> 

[dehafg;gq;Nfw;igAk; (ey;yhl;rpKiw) ghJfhj;J> kdpjchpikkPwy;fis tprhuiz nra;J> 

td;nray; fl;likg;Gf;fis ,y;yhnjhopf;f rPh;jpUj;j eltbf;if vLf;Fk; kw;Wk; / my;yJ 

cjtptoq;Fk; nghJ kw;Wk; rl;lepWtdq;fis cUthf;FtJ mtrpakhFk;. murpay; fl;likg;Gfs; 

G+uzkhf moptile;jhy; mtrpakhd ,ilkhw;wf;fhyg;gFjpapy; mtw;wpd; ,lj;ij rh;tNjr 

mikg;Gfs; epug;gyhk; my;yJ fl;lhak; epug;Gjy; Ntz;Lk;. tPlikg;G mfepiyaikT kw;Wk; 

RfhjhuKiwikfspd; ngsjPf eph;khzj;jpw;F Nkyjpfkhf> r%fg; Gj;jhf;fk; gpujhdkhf 

rptpy; r%ff; fl;likg;Gf;fis Vw;gLj;JtjpYk;> Kd;dhs; Nghuhspfs; r%f kPspizg;Gg; 

ngWtij Kd;Ndw;WtjpYk;> mfjpfSk; ,lk;ngah;e;j egh;fSk; jpUk;gp tUtjpYNk ftdj;ij 

xUKfg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. 

,r;#oiktpy; cstpay; r%f my;yJ cstpay; ghpkhzj;jpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; 

typAWj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. (kpahy;> uk;];nghjhk; kw;Wk; T+l;`T];> g.203). ,it kd mjph;r;rp 

tLTf;Fj; jPh;Tfhz jdpegh; kw;Wk; FOf;fspilapyhd kl;lj;jpy; kPspzf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;Jjy; 

kw;Wk; milahsk; rk;ge;jkhd gpur;rpidfspy; gzpahw;Wjy; vd;gtw;iw cs;slf;FtjhFk;. 

,r;#oiktpy; fle;jfhyj;ijf; ifahSk; topAk; xU Kf;fpakhd ,lj;ij 

tfpf;fpd;wJ. ,jdhy; td;nray; kw;Wk; ntspNaw;Wjy; vd;gtw;why; ghjpg;Gw;Nwhh; mftahPjpapy; 

Nrkepiyia czh;tjw;Fk;> td;nrayhsh;fs; ,Wjpapy; ePjpf;FKd; epWj;jg;gLtjw;Fk; top 

Vw;gLk; (Fd;dh; jPnrd; ,g;ghfj;Jf;F toq;fpa gq;fspg;igg; ghh;f;fTk;.) 

mfepiyaikT kPSUthf;fk; kw;Wk; tptrhaj;jpy; Gdh;tho;Tf;F Nkyjpfkhf 

(Nghf;Ftuj;J> njhlh;ghly;fs;> ePh; kw;Wk; kpd;rhuk;) nghUshjhug;Gj;jhf;fk; vd;gJ gpujhdkhf 

Aj;jg; nghUshjhuj;ij ,y;yhky; nra;tjpYk;> nfhs;isabf;Fk; nghUshjhuj;ij xU 

rkhjhdg; nghUshjhukhf epiykhw;wk; nra;tjpYk; (fhpl;lh]; 2000> gp 86) fl;lhak; 

ftdj;ij xUKfg;gLj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. Nghpay;Gg; nghUshjhu mgptpUj;jpAk;> Ntiyfs; 

cUthf;fKk; mj;jpahtrpag;nghUl;fs; kw;Wk; Nritfs; tsq;fiy khj;jpukd;wp csr;r%ftpay; 

];jpuepiyia ghJfhg;gjw;Fk; mtrpakhd Kd;epge;jidfshFk;. MapDk;> tsikahf 

Aj;jj;Jf;Fg;gpe;jpa r%fq;fs; Aj;jg;nghUshjhuf; fl;likg;Gfs; my;yJ kuGhpikfshy; 

(cjhuzkhf> fWg;Gr;re;ijfSk;> khgpah fl;likg;Gf;fSk;) njhlh;e;J Mjpf;fk; 

nrYj;jg;gLfpd;wd. ,it gif eltbf;iffs; KbTw;w gpd;dh; ePz;lfhyk; epytf;$Lk;. ,e;j 

epiyikfs; ghuJ}ukhd KjyPl;lhsh;fSf;F cz;ikahd jilahf mikaf; $Lkhifahy; 

xU er;Rtl;lk; ghpzkpf;fpd;wJ. Nghy;fd;]; my;y fhf]]; Nghd;w gy NkhJiff;Fg; gpe;jpa




gpuhe;jpaq;fs; xU Nkyjpfg; gpur;rpidia vjph;Nehf;Ffpd;wd. Aj;jj;jpd; jhf;fq;fisg;Nghd;W 

jpl;lkpl;l Nrh\ypr nghUshjhuj;jpd;fPohd Nkhrkhd Kfhikj;Jtj;jpd; tpisTfSf;Fk; 

jPh;Tfs; fhzg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;. MfNt NkhJiff;Fg; gpe;jpa kPshf;fj;jpd; xU Kf;fpakhd 

Fwpf;Nfhs; xU Aj;jg; nghUshjhuj;ij ,y;yhky; nra;tJ khj;jpukd;wp> ifj;njhopy; Xhpdf;fyhrhu 

kw;Wk; kj;jpa jpl;lkply; mjpfhuj;Jtthjk; kw;Wk; tpahghuj;njhopy; Jiwj;Njh;r;rpapd;ik 

vd;gtw;iwAk; ,y;yhnjhopg;gjhFk; (fhpl;lh];> g 87). 

NkYk>; xU Kf;fpa tpdh td;nray; fyhrhuq;fis ntw;wpnfhs;Sk; topapy; 

gq;fspg;Gr; nra;Ak; tifapy; kPsikg;G Kd;Kaw;rpfis tbtikg;gJ vt;thW vd;gjhFk;. 

Kd;dhs; Aj;jj;jug;gpdh;fs; xU rkhjhd cld;gbf;ifia ifr;rhj;jpl;bUe;jNghjpYk;> rptpy; 

td; nraiy Vw;gLj;Jk; mjpfhuk;> eyd; my;yJ milahsk; Fwpj;j gpur;rpidfs; 

kiwe;JtpLtjpy;iy. eilKiwapy; r%fj;jpy; fPo; kl;lq;fspy; td;nray; njhlh;e;Jk; epytp> 

rpy Fwpg;gpl;l gpuhe;jpaq;fspy; jzptilahJ njhluf;$Lk; my;yJ ,ilapilNa ntbf;ff;$Lk;. 

,Ogwpahd td;nray; NkhJiffspd;NghJ njhlh;e;J epyTk; Aj;jf;$l;lzpfs; ,e;j 

epiyikfisj;njhlUk; mf;fiwAld; fl;likg;Gf;fis cUthf;FtJ toikahf 

,lk;ngWtjhFk; (Nuhg;Ngh;]; 2000). mtw;Ws; MAjg;gilfs>; ghJfhg;Gr;Nritfspd; gphpTfs;> 

MAjtpahghhpfs;> epyr;nrhe;jf;fhuh;fs;> %yjdk;> murpay; rYiffs;> FOf;fs; kw;Wk; rl;l 

tpNuhjkhd tpahghuj; njhopy;fspy; ntspaf cjtpapd; Fwpapyf;F ghjpg;Gw;w rptpypad;fspd; mtruj; NjitfSf;Fj; 

jPh;TfhZk; mNjNtisapy;> NkhJiffs; mfpk;irtopapy; ntspg;gLj;jg;glTk;> Kfhikj;Jtk; 

nra;ag;glTk; jPh;f;fg;glTk; $batifapy; Cf;Ftpg;Gf;fis tsq;Fk; cjtpg;nghjpfis 

tbtikg;gjhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk; (Nghh;kd;> gl;hpf; kw;Wk; nrhykd;]; 2000> g.14). 

ngl;b 3 : Aj;jj;jpypUe;J rkhjhdj;jpw;fhd khw;Wepiyahf;fk; Fwpj;j 

gpujhd gzpfs;. 

• td; nray; fyhrhuq;fspd; khw;Wepiyahf;fk;;@ 

Idehafk;> kdpj chpikfs; kw;Wk; rptpy; r%fj;jpd; mgptpUj;jp 

vd;gtw;Wf;fhd kjpg;G cs;spl;l ey;yhl;rpg;ghuk;ghpaj;ij Vw;gLj;jy;. 

cs r%ftpay; fhhpaq;fis Mw;WtJk;> ePz;lfhy kPspzf;fg;ghL $l;LwT 

kw;Wk; xg;Guthd gpuhe;jpa kw;Wk; cyfshtpa fl;likg;GfNshL xd;wpizT. 

epiyahd ePz;lfhy Nghpay;G nghUshjhuf;nfhs;if> nghUshjhu 

Kfhikj;Jt kw;Wk; cs;@hpy; epiyNgwhd Id r%f mgptpUj;jp. 

(%yk; :kpahy;> uk;];nghjhk; T+l;`T]; 1999>g> 203) 

gy fy;tpkhd;fs;> Aj;jj;jpd; KbT ehl;il fl;bnaOg;Gjy; kw;Wk; Gjpa ,lh;tuTfs; 

rk;ge;jkhd xU fhyg;gFjpiaf; Fwpg;gjhapd;> td;nray; NkhJifapypUe;J kPSUthf;fYk;> 

epiyahd rk;ge;jj;ij Vw;gLj;JjYk; xU ePz;l eltbf;ifKiw vd;Wk; NkYk; ehl;il 

fl;bnaOg;GtJk;> ,lu;fis vjph;nfhs;tJk; rpf;fyhdJk; ePz;lnjd;Wk; Rl;bf;fhl;bAs;sdh; 


465

466 


(Ngh;jP]; 2000> g. 52> ngh;njsrp kw;Wk; kj;jP]; 2003 g. 322). [e;J fz;lq;fspypUe;J tUk; 

gy;NtW kPSUthf;fy; nray;Kiwfs; Fwpj;j tpla Ma;Tfspd; mbg;gilapy; (ngh];dpah> 

tl mah;yhe;J> nygdhd;> ,];Nuy;> gy];jPdk;> tpal;ehk;> fk;Nghbah> NghNfapd;tpy;> nrhykd; 

jPTfs;> Nrhkhypah> mq;Nfhyh> nkhrhk;gpf;> epf;fhuFth> vy;ry;tNlhh;> nfsjkhyh) ngh;njsrp 

kw;Wk; kj;jP]; vd;Nghh; (2003) ,r;nray;fs; midj;JNk nghJthd rpy mk;rq;fisf; 

nfhz;Ls;sdntd;W KbTnra;fpd;wdh;. 

,e;j cjhuzq;fs; midj;jpYk; ,uhZtk; rptpy; mjpfhhpfSf;Fk;> Idehaf 

murpayikg;G mk;rq;fSf;Fk; fPo;g;gl;bUg;gJ cj;juthjkspf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. MapDk;> 

r%fePjpFwpj;j eLehafkhd tpdhf;fSf;Fj; jPh;Tfhzg;gltpy;iy. gpul;jpal;rkhfNt rkhjhd 

cld;gbf;iffis tbtikj;jy; kw;Wk; Ngr;Rthh;j;ij Kiwtopapd; xU Kf;fpa gpur;rpidahf 

r%fj;jpy; epyTk; Vw;wj;jho;Tfis ePf;Fk; gpur;rpidf;F jPh;Tfhzg;gltpy;iy. 

,tw;Wf;Fg;gjpyhf> Vida gpur;rpidfs;kPNj cldbf;ftdk; xUKfg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. 

NkYk;> rl;lj;jpd; Ml;rpia Nkk;gLj;jy; kw;Wk; fle;j fhyj;ij Mf;fG+h;tkhff;ifahSk; 

Kd; Kaw; rpfs; Nghd; w rP h ; jpUj; jq; fis eilKiwg; gLj; Jjy; ,Jtiuapy; 

mgptpUj;jpnra;ag;gltpy;iy. ve;j tplaepfo;TfspYk; muReph;thfj;ij fl;Lg;gLj;jp 

cz;ikahd mjpfhug;gphptpid cj;juthjg;gLj;jf;$ba nra;gug;G epahahjpf;fk; 

epWtg;gltpy;iy. 

,j;Njly; KbTfs; ,Ue;jNghjpYk;> nygdhd;> Nrhkhypyhe;J> Nghnfapd;tPy; kw;Wk; 

nkhrhk;gpf; vDk; ehd;F tplaepfo;Tfs; (xg;gPl;lstpy;) ntw;wpFwpj;j cjhuzq;fshff; 

fUjg;gLfpd;wd. Ma;T nra;ag;gl;l Vida tplaepfo;Tfspyhd mgptpUj;jp Nrhkhypah> 

mq;Nfhyh> gy];jPdk;> kw;Wk; nrhykd; jPTfspy; ,lk;ngw;wJ Nghd;W xd;wpy; Njhy;tpahf 

,Ue;jd my;yJ kpfTk; gpur;rpidf;Fhpajhf fUjg;gl;ld. 

,t;tplaepfo;Tfspy; fpilj;j gbg;gpidfspd; mbg;gilapy; ngh;njsrp kw;Wk; 

kj;jP]; (mNj ,lk;) kPsikg;G kw;Wk; rkhjhdj;ij fl;bnaOg;Gk; nray;Kiwfspy; Mf;fG+h;tkhd 

tpisTfSf;F mtrpakhd nghJepge;jidfisr; rhuhk;rg;gLj;Jfpd;wdh;: 

- ,iaGw;w midj;J ghj;jpaij cilNahiuAk;> tpNrlkhfg; Nghl;bapLk; Nky;kf;fisAk; 

'cs;slf;Fk;" Nfhl;ghL. 

² ghJfhg;G ,f;fl;L epiyikf;Fj; jPu;T MAjg;gil> nghypirf; Fiwj;J rPu;jpUj;Jjy;> 

mtw;wpd; fl;Lg;ghl;il cj;juthjk; nra;jy;> mur VfNghf ghJfhg;ig 

epiyehl;Ljy;. 

² murpdJk; r%fj;jpdJk; rfy kl;lq;fSf;Fk; 'NkypUe;J fPo;" nray;Kiwia 

tp];jhpj;J mijf;fPopUe;J Nkyhd cj;jpahf ,izj;jy;. r%fj;jpdhpilNa 

rkhjhdr; nray;Kiwia Kd;Ndw;Wtjw;F rptpy; r%fj;jpd; MjuT xU Kf;fpakhd 

Kd;epge;jidahFk;. 

² Aj; jj; jhy; ghjpg; Gw; Nwhhpd; Ngh\hf; F> Rfhjhuk; > fy; tp vd; gtw; iw 

cj;juthjg;gLj;Jtjd; %yk; kPs; xUq;fpizj;jy; Clhf rkhjhd Kiwtopf;F 

xU r%f nghUshjhu mbg;gilia Vw;gLj;Jjy;. cs;Sh;r; rKjha tiyg;gpd;dy; 

mikg;Gf;fspd; ek;gpf;ifiaf;fl;bnaOg;Gjy; kw;Wk; Aj;jj;jhy; rPuope;j r%fj;jpy;




kdpj %yjdj;jpy; KjyPLfs; nra;tjd;%yk; Aj;jg;nghUshjhuq;fisr; rkhjhdg; 

nghUshjhuq;fshf epiykhw;wk; nra;jy;. 

² Aj;jj;jhy; rPuope;j r%fj;jpd; tuyhW kw;Wk; fyhrhuj;Jld; ,izg;Gw;wNfhl;ghLfs;> 

epakq;fs; kw;Wk; epWtdq;fs; ,zf;fj;Jf;Fg; gaDs;sit vd;why; mtw;Wf;F 

kjpg;gspj;jy;. 

ntspthup nraw;ghl;lhsu;fspd; Kaw;rpfs; ,k; %yf;Nfhs;fisf; ftdj;jpy; 

nfhs;Sjy;Ntz;Lk.; NkYk; mth;fs; fl;likg;G khw;wq;fSf;F Mjutspg;gijAk; 

Nehf;fkhff;nfhz;l ePz;lfhy kPs;FbNaw;wKk; 

2. nghJkf;fs; ghJfhg;G 

3. mfepiyaikT kPsikg;G 

4. czTg;ghJfhg;Gk;> tptrhaj;jpd; Gdh;tho;Tk; 

5. Rfhjhuk;> fy;tp kw;Wk; r%f eyNdhk;Gifj;Njitfs; 

6. Ml;rpKiw> rptpy;r%fk;; kw;Wk; 

7. Nghpay;Gg; nghUshjhu ];jpuepiyg;gLj;jy; 

NkhJifapd; gy;NtW fl;lq;fspy; ,e;j eltbf;iffisg; gpuNahfpf;fyhk;. 

,ij xU thh;g;GUf; fl;LfNfhg;gpdhy; njspTgLj;jp> ehd;F gbepiyfis NtWgLj;jp 

mwpayhk;. mitahtd> neUf;fb> neUf;fbf;Fg;gpe;jpa epiy (jPh;Tf;F Kd;dh;) 

jPh;Tf;Fg;gpe;jpa epiy kw;Wk; ePz;lfhy Gdh;eph;khzk; (cU 1 [ ghh;f;fTk;) Mfpait 

MFk;. 

,e; j thh; g ; GUr; rl; lj; jpd; gpufhuk; mNefkhd eltbf; iffs; 

neUf;fbf;Fg;gpe;jpa epfo;Tf; fhl;rpapNyNa Muk;gpf;fpd;wd. MapDk;> kdpj chpikfs; 

fz;fhzpg;G> czT tpepNahfk; kw;Wk; ePh;> mj;jpahtrpa RfhjhuNritfs; vd;git 

'jP tpu" NkhJif vd miof; fg; gLk; xU fl; lj; jpd; NghJ ,lk; ngwyhk; . 

rpyeltbf;iffis jPh;Tf;F Kd;G Muk;gpf;fyhk; (jpUk;gp tUtjw;fhd Nghf;Ftuj;J 

cjtp> tPL> cstpay; r%f MNyhrid Nrit> FLk;gq;fisj;Njbf;fz;Lgpbj;jy;> 

fz;zpntb mfw;wYk;> tpopg;Gzh;Tk;> NkhJifj; jPh;T gapw;rp> Nghf;Ftuj;J Kiwikia 

kPsikj;jy; > rf;jp gpwg;ghf;fk;> fopTg;nghUl;fs; mfw;wy;> njhlu;ghly;fs;> tpijfs; 

kw;Wk; iff;fUtpfs; tpepNahfk;> fhy;eilr; nra;jpl;lq;fs;> itj;jpa trjpfs; 

Gdh;eph;khzk;> Ntiytha;g;Gf;fs;> kw;Wk; jpwd;fs; gapw;rp) Vida rfy 

eltbf;iffSf;Fk; xU jPh;T Kjypy; mtrpakhFk;> mtw;Ws; rptpy; Nritia 

rPuikj;jy;> eph;thfk; kw;Wk; ePjp Kiwikiar; rPuikj;jy;> ,j;Jiwfisf; 

fz;fhzpj;jy; kw;Wk; epjp epWtdq;fis kPsikg;gjw;fhd Kd;Kaw;rpfs; Nghd;wit 


467

468 


ePz;lfhyr; nra;jpl;lq;fshf fUjg;gLfpd;wd. ,J kdpjj;Njitfis epiwNtw;Wk; 

(epthuzk;) FWfpafhy eltbf;iffSf;fhd xU njhFjpg;gzpfisAk;> ePz;lfhy 

r%fg;nghUshjhu kw;Wk; murpay; Gj;jhf;fj;Jf;fhd (mgptpUj;jp) Kd;Kaw;rpfisAk; 

Njitg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. 

,ilkhw;wf; fhyfl;l epr;rakw;w ghJfhg;G #oypDs; xU njhFjp 

r%f>nghUshjhu> murpay; kw;Wk; cstpay; rthy;fs; fhuzkhf rpf;fyilfpwJ. 

tpj;jpahrkhd mZFKiwfs;> epWtd Vw;ghLfs; kw;Wk; gy;NtW nraw;ghl;lhsh;fspd; 

epjpaspg;G Kiwikfs; fhuzkhf ,r;rthy;fSf;fhd jw;Nghija gjpw;Fwpfs; 

Nghjhjitahff; fUjg;gLfpd;wd. cyf tq;fpahy; ntspaplg;gl;l Xu; mwpf;if 

(nfhyl;lh kw;Wk; fnyd; 2000> g.120) gpd;tUkhW njhptpf;fpd;wJ : 

kdpjhgpkhd cjtp vd;gJ mNefkhd re;jh;g;gq;fspy; 

epiyNgww;w xd;whf cs;sJld;> nfhiltoq;Feh;fSk; ,ilkhw;wf; 

fhyfl;lj;jpy; mf;fiwfhl;lhj epiyikNa nghpJk; fhzg;gLfpwJ. 

kdpjhgpkhd eltbf;iffs; kw;Wk; mgptpUj;jp vd;Dk; vNjr;irahd 

jdpf;$Wfs;> rkhjhdj;jpd; neha;jhd jd;ik kw;Wk; td;nray;fspd; 

ePbg;G NkhJif kw;Wk; NkhJiff;Fg;gpe;jpa fhyg;gFjpfs; ,ilNa 

NtWghLfisf; fhz;gijf; fbdkhf;Ffpd;w epiyapy; ajhh;j;j cyf 

r%fq;fNshL xd;wpr;nry;tjpy;iy. kdpjhgpkhdr; nraw;ghLfs; tpiuthd 

gjpw; FwpfspYk; > FWe; jtiz jpl; lkplypYNk ftdj; ij 

xUKfg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. mNjNtisapy; mgptpUj;jp Kfth;epyaq;fs; 

mNefkhd re;jh;g;gq;fspy; nkJthfTk;> nefpo;r;rpaw;w KiwapYNk 

nraw;gLfpd;wd. ,uz;LNk Aj;jj;jhy; ghjpg;Gw;Nwhhpd; Njitfistpl 

gzpg;ghizfs;kPNj $Ljyhd ftdk;nrYj;j KidtJld;> ,uz;LNk 

nraw;ghLfis Nkk;ghlila cjtf;$ba VidNahhpd; mwpT kw;Wk; 

Jiwj;Njh;r;rpapy; jq;fpapUg;gjhfj; njhpatpy;iy. 

,e;j ,ilntspia epug;Gtjw;F gy;jug;G kw;Wk; ,Ujug;G epWtdq;fs; 

jkJ cghaq;fspYk;> nraw;ghLfspYk; NkYk; ,izg;G kw;Wk; $l;bizg;ig 

Vw;gLj;JtJ vt;thW vd;gNj Nfs;tpahFk;. 

3.1 fl;bnaOg;Gtjw;fhd fl;likg;G hPjpahd Kd; epge;jidfs;. 

1990 fspd; Muk;gk;tiu mgptpUj;jpAk;> epthuzKk; ngUksTf;;Fj; jdpahd 

nra;nghUs; kw;Wk; epWtdj;JiwapNyNa nrayhw;wpd. mjpfkhfg;ghu;j;jhy; mtw;iw 

xU fhy xOq;F thpir Kiwtopapy; ,izf;Fk; Kaw;rpfs; mjhtJ xU epthuzk; 

- Gdh;eph;khzk;> mgptpUj;jp Mfpatw;iw njhlh;epiyahf ,izf;Fk; Kaw;rpfs; 

Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld. ,e;j khjphpapd; gpufhuk; NkhJif mjpfhpg;Gf;fhyg;gFjpapy; 

mgptpUj;jp epd;WtpLtJld; mjdplj;Nj epthuzKk; - Nghh;epWj;jk; Vw;gl;lTld; 

Gdh;tho;T eltbf;iffs; Muk;gpf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,Wjpf;fl;lj;jpNyNa mJ kPz;Lk; 

nraw;gLfpwJ. ,e;j eltbf;iffisg; gy;NtW epthuz Kfth; epyaq;fs; my;yJ xU 

NkhJifapd;;NghJ jdpg;gl;l mikg;GfspYs;s jdpj;jdpahd Jiwfs; nghWg;Ngw;fpd;wd. 

epthuzk; kw;Wk; Gdh;tho;Tf; fl;lq;fspd;NghJ gy rh;tNjr epWtdq;fs; Rakhfr;




nraw;gLtJ ,f;fUkg;ghl;L NtWghLfspYs;s xU gpur;rpidahFk;. mNjNtisapy; 

mgptpUj;jp NkYk; tYthd Kiwapy; gq;Flik kPJ ftdk; nrYj;Jfpd;wJ. (fhpl;lh]; 

2000> g.82). 

I. eh nrayhsh; ehafk; G+l; u]; fhyp (1995) rkhjhdj; ij 

tYg;gLj;JtJFwpj;j Njitfs; rk;ge;jkhd fUj;Jf;fspy; mgptpUj;jpf;fhd 

epfo;r;rpepuy;Fwpj;Jg; NgRifapy; rkhjhd fhyj;ijtpl neUf;fbf;Fg;gpe;jpa 

#o;epiyfspy; tpj;jpahrkhd mgptpUj;jp cghaq;fs; Njitg;gLtijr; Rl;bf;fhl;bdhh;. 

,e;j cghaq;fs; 'NkhJiff;Fg;gpe;jpa jahh;epiy" vd;Dk; mh;j;jj;jpy;> gif 

eltbf;iffs; epWj;jj;Jf;Fk; Kd;Ng tFj;jikf;fg;glNtz;Lnkd;W mth; thjpj;jhh;. 

NkYk;> epthuzKk; mgptpUj;jpAk; khw;wPLfshf Nehf;fg;glyhfhJ. ePANahh;f; 

gy;fiyf;fofj;jpd; rh;tNjr $l;LwTf;fhd epiyaj;jhy; (CIC) elhj;jg;gl;l tpla 

Ma;Tfspd; Njly;KbTfs; ,Njtplaj;ij njhptpg;gJld;>epthuzk; kPsikg;G kw;Wk; 

mgptpUj;jp cjtpia ,izf;Fk; Xh; vspikahd 'njhlh;epiy" fpilahnjd;Wk; 

njspTgLj;Jfpd;wd. khwhf> ,r;nraw;ghl;Lj;Jiwfs; neUf;fb #oy;fspy; 

jw;fhypfkhfTk; mtfhr tha;g;gpYk; Nkw;ftpthfTs;sd. (Nghu;kd; gl;hpf;]; kw;Wk; 

rNyhkd;]; 2000> g 23). 

ngUk; vz;zpf;ifapyhd rh;tNjr epthuz Kfth; epiyaq;fSk;> mgptpUj;jp 

mikg;Gf;fSk; ,f;fUj;ij Vw;Wf;nfhz;Ls;sd. mit ,j;Jiwfspd; ,ilapyhd 

fUg;nghUs;> fhy xOq;F thpir kw;Wk; JiwhPjpapy; tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;jg;gl;l 

fUkg;ghl;L NtWghLfSf;F rthy; tpLtJld;> td;nray; rptpy; NkhJifapd; rfy 

fl;lq;fspYk; xU gy;Jiw mZFKiw mtrpak; vd;W KbTnra;Js;sd. MfNt 

1990fs; fhyg;gFjp KOtJk; njhlh;epiy khjphp epiyahf 'mUfhik" mZFKiwia 

cs;slf;Fk; tpjj;jpy; tp];jhpf;fg;gl;lJ. epthuzk; kw;Wk; mgptpUj;jp vd;Dk; ,U 

mk;rq;fSk; $l;bizf;fg;gl;ld. xd;wpizf;fg;gl;l xU khjphpf;F rhjfkhdKiwapy; 

mtw;iwg;gphpf;Fk; xU fhy xOq;Fthpirf;fl;lq;fs; iftplg;gl;ld. ,t;thwhd 

epthuzg;gzp Muk;gj;jpypUe;Nj NkhJiff;fhyk; KOtJk; chpa ,lj;jpy; mikTWk; 

xU neLe;jtiz> mgptpUj;jpj;jpirkhh;f;fk; nfhz;l xU G+uzkhd mZFKiwapy; 

,lk;ngWfpd;wJ (OECD/ DAC 1998>g.48.Ig; ghh;f;fTk;) 

rpy mgptpUj;jp Kfth;epiyaq;fs; ,e;j mZFKiwia Vw;Wr; nraw;gLfpd;wd. 

cjhuzkhf 1990 fspd; ,Wjpg;gFjpfspy; The Deytsche Gesellschaft fur technische 

zusannenarrbeit (GTZ), 'mgptpUj;jp jpir khh;f;fk; nfhz;l" epthuzk; vd;Dk; fUg;nghUis 

tphpj;Jiuj;jJ. ,J epthuzk; kw;Wk; Gdh;tho;T %ykhf- cs;Sh; kl;lq;fspy; r%f 

fl;likg;Gfisj; jhgpj;J> neUf;fbapypUe;J ePz;lfhy mgptpUj;jpf;fhd ,ilkhw;wj;ij 

,yFgLj;Jtjw;F Mjutspg;gij Nehf;fkhff; nfhz;ljhFk; (GTZ 1998). 

cyftq;fp mfjpfSf;fhd [f;fpa ehLfs; cau;];jhdpfu; (UNHCR) kw;Wk; 

[f;fpa ehLfs; mgptpUj;jp epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lk; (UNDP) vd;git> rkPgj;jpy; FWe;jtiz 

kdpjNea cjtpf;Fk;> neLe;jtiz mgptpUj;jp kw;Wk; rkhjhdj;ijf; fl;bnaOg;Gk; 

,ilaPLfSf;Fkpilapyhd njhlu;gpd;ikf;F jPu;Tfhz;gjw;fhf xU njhFjp 

epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fis Kd;ndLj;Js;sd. 


469

470 


cU2 kdpjNea kw;Wk; kdpjNea Kfth; epiyaq;fSf;fpilNa rhj;jpakhd 

$l;LwT rf;jp kw;Wk; gq;Flik vd;gtw;iw tpsf;FtJld;> r%f %yjdj;ijAk; kw;Wk; 

,iaGs;s kdpjNea cjtpiaAk; ,izj;jy; NkhJif kuGhpikf;F jPh;Tfhz;gjw;F vt;thW 

cjtf;$Lk; vd;gijAk; fhl;Lfpd;wJ (,lk; ngah;T> gQ;rk;> Neha; kw;Wk; kuzk;). 

mNjNtisapy; r%f %yjdj;ij ,izg;gjw;F MjuTtoq;Fk; r%f kw;Wk; nghUshjhu 

mgptpUj;jp NkhJiff;fhd fhuzq;fSf;F ghpfhuk; fhz;fpwJ (xg;Gutpd;ik> ntspNaw;wy; 

> kw;Wk; nfsutk;). ,f;fUg;nghUspd; gpufhuk; kw;Wk; kdpjNea kw;Wk; mgptpUj;jp Kfth; 

epyaq;fSf;fhd Kf;fpagzp rKjhaq;fspDs; r%f %yjdj;ij ,izg;gJTk; (fpilepiy 

kw;Wk; epiyf;Fj;J> kw;Wk; epthuzk; kw;Wk; Gdh;tho;T eltbf;iffspd;NghJ muRf;Fk;> 

rptpy; r%fj;Jf;FkpilNa ,izg;Gf;fis Vw;gLj;JtJkhFk;. 

,NjNtis ngUk; vz;zpf;ifapyhd epthuz mikg;Gf;fs; rkhjhdj;ij 

fl;bnaOg;Gtij xU $l;L epthuz kw;Wk; mgptpUj;jpg;gzpahff; fUjKw;gl;Ls;sNghJ 

jkJ gzpapDs; NkhJif epiykhw; wj; ijAk; >rkhjhdj; ijf; fl; bnaOg; Gk; 

eltbf;iffisAk; xd;wpizf;f Muk;gpj;Js;sd. fhpl;lh];> Rtp];> (2000> g.79) 

'rkhjhdj;ij tYg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd mgptpUj;jp cghaq;fs; Fwpj;j cs;ikaf 

%yf;Nfhs;fs;;" rpytw;iw tFj;jikj;J> [dehaf kag;gLj;jy;> kdpj chpikfs; 

fz;fhzpg;G> jkJ gzpapy; rkhjhdf;fy;tp Fwpj;j nra;;jpl;lq;fs; kw;Wk; mk;rq;fis 

Nrh;j;Jf;nfhs;Sjy; my;yJ rkhjhdf;$l;lzpfis cUthf;Ftjd;%yk; mikg;Gf;fSk;> 

mtw;wpd; cs;Sh; gq;fhsh;fSk; gy;Rtl;L ,uh[je;jpuj;jpy; Kf;fpakhd Kfth; 

epyaq;fshf khwKbAnkd;W njhptpf;fpd;wdh;. NkhJifapd; fl;likg;Gf; fhuzq;fs; 

Fwpj;J gzpahw;Wtjw;fg;ghy;> mgptpUj;jp epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fs; r%f cwTfisg; 

Gj;jhf;fk;nra;J> ciuahliy Kd;Ndw;wp> ek;gpf;ifiaf; fl;bnaOg;Gtjw;fhd Kiwtop 

jpirkhh;f;fk; nfhz;l eltbf;iffis vLj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. 

3.2 epjpaspg;G eltbf;if Kiwfisf; $l;bizj;jy; 

CIC mikg;igr;Nrh;e;j fy;tpkhd;fs;> ,Ujug;G nraw;ghl;lhsh;fs; MfpNahuhYk; 

mj;Jld; gy;jug;G epWtdq;fs;> gpuhe;jpa mikg;Gfs; vd;gdtw;whYk; m.rh.epWtdq;fspd; 

Kaw;rpfis $l;bizg;Gr; nra;tjw;fhd midj;ijAk; jOTk; fl;Lf;Nfhg;G xd;Wf;fhd 

mtruj;Njit czug;gLfpwJ. (Nghh;kd;> gl;hpf; kw;Wk; rNyhkd;]; 2000> g.34). NkYk;> 

rh;tNjr r%fk; 1990fspy; 36 ehLfSf;F NkhJifapypUe;J kPStjw;fhf thf;FWjpaspj;j 

Nfhbf;fzf;fhd nlhyh;fs; gzj;jpy; xU gFjp khj;jpuNk me;j Nehf;fj;Jf;F gq;fspg;Gr; 

nra;jnjd;gjd;; mbg;gilapy; mth;fs; epjpaspg;G Kiwikapy; xU rPh;jpUj;jj;ijf; 

NfhUfpd;wdh;. thf;fspj;j %ytsq;fspd; xU ngUk; tPjhrhuk; xd;wpy; te;JNrutpy;iy 

my;yJ kpf nkJthfNt te;JNrh;e;jJ. 

1998 Vg;uy; khjj;jpy; ghhp]py; cyf tq;fpahy; $l;lg;gl;l gy;jug;G kw;Wk; 

,Ujug;G mikg;Gf;fspd; NkhJiff;Fg;gpe;jpa khw;Wepiyahf;f tpla kw;Wk; mtrufhy 

myFfis xd;wpizj;J NkhJifj;jLg;G kw;Wk; NkhJiff;Fg;gpe;jpa Gdh;eph;khz 

tiyaikg;Gf;fhd epWtdk; (CPR) jhgpf;fg;gl;lJ. ,e;j topfhl;ly; Kiwaw;w muq;F 

DAC topfhl;ly;fSf;fpzq;f> NkhJif;jLg;G kw;Wk; NkhJiff;Fg;gpe;jpa Gdh;eph;khz 

Ntiyfspd; nraw;gl;L gaDWjpia Nkk;gLj;Jtij Nehf;fhff;nfhz;l 29 mikg;Gf;fis 

xd;wpizf;fpd;wJ.




MapDk;> I.eh mikg;G KiwapYk; $l;bizg;gpd;ik ,d;dKk; epyTtjhfNt 

Njhd;WfpwJ. tuT nryT> epWtd kw;Wk; epWtd nraw;ghl;Lg;gpupTfs; ,ilaPLfis 

jpl;lkpLtjpYk;> tsq;fis mzpjpul;LtjpYk;> nra;;jpl;lq;fis eilKiwg;gLj;JtjpYk; 

kdpjNea kw;Wk; mgptpUj;jp nraw;ghl;lhsu;fspilNa xj;Jiog;ig kl;Lg;gLj;Jfpd;wd. 

gy mikg; GfspYk; epthuz kw; Wk; mgptpUj; jp eltbf; iffs; gy; NtW 

jpizq;fsq;fshy; tbtikf;fg;gLtNjhL jdp Ntwhd tuT nryTj; jpl;lq;fspD}lhf 

epjpaspf;fg;gLfpd;wd. mj;NjhL Nghu;kd;> ngl;upf; kw;Wk; rNyhkd;]; (2000> gf;54) 

$WtJNghd;W cjtp Kftu; epiyaq;fspYk; fhzg;gLk; Cf;Ftpg;G fl;likg;Gfs; 

nghJthf nghUj;jkhd cjtpia tbtikg;gijtpl gzj;ij toq;Fk; ,aYikf;Nf 

ntFkjpaspf;fpd;wd. ,jd; tpisthf NkhJiffspypUe;J tpLgLk; r%fq;fs; 

nghUj;jkw;w> jPikgaf;fpd;w> tpuakhf;fpd;w> ngUkstpyhd jtwhd tifapyhd 

cjtpiaNa ngwf;$Lk;. 

,jdhy;jhd; CIC Gyikahsh;fs; 'NkhJiff;F gpd;dh; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; 

kPshf;fj;jpw;fhd cghaq;fs;"mtrpankd;W thjpLfpd;wdu; (Nghu;kd; ngw;wpf; kw;Wk; 

rNyhkd;]; 2000 gf; 57). mtu;fs; ,ilntspia epug;Gtjw;F xU ek;gpf;if epjpak; 

Vw;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;w MNyhridahf toq;fpdhu;fs;". me;j epjpak; ,Jgw;wpa 

ru;tNjr r%fj;jpd; gjpw;Fwpfis xd;wpizg;gjw;fhd xu epWtdkhf njhlf;fg;ngw;W 

elj;jg;gly; Ntz;Lk; vd;W $wpdhh;. ,it xt;nthd;Wk; fhytiuaiw ciladthf 

mike;J ,aq;Fjy; mtrpak;. mNjNtisapy;> xU ePz;l fhy ehl;L mgptpUj;jp 

jpl;lnkhd;Wk; tFf; fg; ngw; W mu;g;gzpg;G czu;Tld; mjw; fhd epjpaq; fs; 

Njhw;Wtpf;fg;ngw;W (cgek;gpf;ifg;nghWg;G epjpaq;fshf)> gy;jug;G kw;Wk; ,Ujug;G 

cjtp Kftu; epiyaq;fSk; kw;Wk; m.rh.ep.fSk; fsepiyapy; njhopw;glj; njhlq;Fk; 

tiu Nkw;$wpa eilKiw gad;ghl;by ,Uf;Fk;. ,e;j cjTJiz mikg;G> If;fpa 

ehLfs; mikg;G Kiwikfspd; tYkpf;f ika mikg;Gf;fs; (gpNul;ld; T+l;]; epWtdq;fs; 

cs;spl;l tifapy;) gq;Nfw;ff;$bajhfTk;> gpuhe;jpa mikg;GfSf;Fk;> gq;fspf;ftpUk;Gk; 

murhq;fq;fSf;Fk; kw;Wk; m.rh.ep. gpujpepjpfSf;Fk; mZff;$bajhfTk; ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. 

mJ nrhe;j jahupg;G kw;Wk; gFg;gha;T kw;Wk; jahupg;G gzpfSf;F xJf;fg;gl;l epjpfisAk; 

kw;Wk; kPsikg;G eltbf;iffis cldbahf Muk;gpf;Fk; tifapy; xU epiyahd 

ek;gpf;if nghWg;G epjpia my;yJ Kd;Ng Ngr;Rthu;j;ij %yk; jPu;khdpf;fg;gl;l jahu;epiy 

epjp Vw;ghl;ilAk; nfhz;ljhf ,Uf;Fk;. cyftq;fp ve;j ek;gpf;if epjpa Vw;ghl;Lf;Fk; 

epjpapay; Kftuhf njhopy;gLk;. mNjNtisapy; nra;;jpl;lNtiyfSf;fhd I.eh. mYtyfk; 

(UNOPS) epu;thf kw;Wk; nghUs;rhu; Mjuit ,e;j cjT Jiz Fwpj;j nrayfj;jpw;F 

toq;ff;$bajhf ,Uf;Fk;. 

4. kPs; xUq;fpizg;gpd; rthy;fs; 

gd;Kf nraw;ghl;lhsu; eltbf;ifia $l;bizg;Gr; nra;tjw;Fk;> ,ilaPl;Lr; 

nra;;jpl;lq;fSf;fhd ajhu;j;j G+u;tkhd Fwpf;Nfhs;fis Mf;Ftjw;Fk; ftdj;Jld; 

Nkw;nfhs;Sk; NkhJifg; gFg;gha;T mtrpag;gLfpd;wJ. Nghkd; gl;upf; kw;Wk; 

rNyhkd;]; (2000 gf; 14) $WtJ Nghd;W 1990fspy; cs;sfNkhJiffis Kbj;Jitj;j 

gy rkhjhd cld;gbf;iffNshL Nru;e;Jte;j ghupa vjpu;g;ghu;g;Gfisf; nfhz;l 

Gdu;epu;khzj; jpl;lq;fs; 'gd;Kf> rpyNtiyfspy; NkhJifg;gLk; murpay; r%f 

nghUshjhu Fwpf;Nfhs;fisf; ifahz;L te;jpUf;fpd;wd". jtWjy;fs; kw;Wk; 


471

472 


jPu;f;fg;glhj ,f;fl;L epiyfis ngh];dpahtpd; mDgtq;fspypUe;J gbg;gpidfisg; 

ngw;Wf;nfhs;sKbAk;. ,yFtpy; ghjpg;Gf;Fs;shf; $ba FOf;fspd; NjitfSf;F 

Kfk;nfhLj;jy;> r%f ePjpf;Nfhl;ghLfspd;gb Gdu;epu;khzj;jpw;Fk;> Gj;Japh;g;ghf 

epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fis eilKiwg;gLj;JtJ xU Kf;fpa rthyhFk;. mNjNtisapy; 

r%f khw;wj;ijAk;> khw;Wepiyahf;fj;ijAk; ngUf;FNthuhf> nraw;glf;$ba FOf;fis 

,dq;fhZtJ mtrpakhFk;. gpd;tUk; gpupTfs; ,r;rthy;fis jpl;ltl;lkhd 

cjhuzq;fSld; tpsf;Ffpd;wd mit tpNrlkhf Nthy;[d;]; mDgtq;fspypUe;J 

ngwg;gl;litahFk;. 

4.1 mfjpfs; kw;Wk; ,lk;ngau;e;Njhiu kPspizg;Gr;nra;jy; 

mfjpfs; kw;Wk; cs;ehl;by; ,lk;ngau;e;j egu;fis jpUg;gpaDg;Gjy; kw;Wk; 

kPspizg;G rk;ge;jkhd gpur;rpidfs; ru;tNjr kdpjNea epfo;r;rp epuypy; kpfTk; 

Kf;fpakhd tplaq;fshf khwpAs;sd. mit epthuzk;> mgptpUj;jp kw;Wk; kdpjTupik 

mikg;Gfspd;;ftdj;ij khj;jpuky;yhky; rpNu\;l murpay; kw;Wk; ,uhZt jPu;khdq;fis 

Nkw;nfhs;Nthupd; ftdj;ijAk; fk;Nghbah> nkhrhk;gpf; my;yJ egPgpah Nghd;w 

ehLfspy; Vw;gl;l mNdfkhd xt;nthU gpujhd rkhjhd cld;gbf;if tplaKk; ,lk;ngau;e;j 

kf;fs; jpUk;gptUtJ njhlu;gpyhd jpl;ltl;lkhd Vw;ghLfisf; nfhz;Ls;sd. ,j;Jiwapy; 

A+.vd;.vr;.rP.Mu; xU Kf;fpakhd tfpghfj;ij tfpf;fpwJ. gP]; gpup;Nfl; ,d;lu;nNe\dy; 

Nghd;w m.rh.ep.fs; jpUg;gpaDg;Gjy;> ghfhg;gw;w Kd;epge;jidfspd;fPo; nrhe;jehl;Lf;F 

jpUk;Gk; kf;fSld; cld;nrd;W cjTk; nray;Kiwfs; rk;ge;jkhf nrOikahd mDgtj;ij 

ngw;Ws;sd. ,e;j mDgtq;fs; cjhuzkhf àpl;b> nfhyk;gpah> nfsjkhyh Nghd;w 

ehLfspy; fpl;baitahFk; (kN`hdp 1999 ;kw;Wk; vFnud; 2003). 

jpUg;gpaDg;GjYk; kPspizg;Gk; Aj;jj;jhy; rpd;dhgpd;dkile;j r%fq;fspd; 

rkhjhdj;ij fl;bnaOg;Gk; Kiwtopf;F vt;thW gq;fspg;G toq;fKbAk;? ,e;j 

tpdhTf;;F ngUk; vz;zpf;ifapyhd xd;wpDs; kw;nwhd;W khl;Lg;gl;Ls;s 

gpur;rpidfNshL; ,izj;J itj;J gjpy; Njlg;gl Ntz;Lk;: 

1. ngUk;ghd;ikahd ,lk;ngau;e;j my;yJ ntspNaw;wg;gl;l kf;fs; KiwNa jkJ 

r%fq;fSld; kPs ,izf;fg; ngwhjtiuapy; ,ay;Gepiy Vw;gLnkd;W vjpu;ghu;f;f 

KbahJ. tYf;fl;lhakhf ,lk;ngauy; my;yJ mfjpfs; efu;Tfs; xU toikf;F 

tpNuhjkhd Gyd;epfo;thFk;. mJ jdJ Fbkf;fSf;F ghJfhg;ig toq;fKbahj 

xU epiyiaAk;> Fbkf;fspd; gy;NtW FOf;fs; xd;Nwhnlhd;W mUfUNf rkhjhdkhf 

thoKbahj #o;epiyiaAk; fhl;LtjhFk;. Ra tpUg;gj;Jld; ,lk;nau;e;j kf;fs; 

jpUk;gptUtJ> fz;Lzuf;$ba tbtj;jpyhd xU Kd;Ndw;wj;ijf; Fwpg;gjhy; 

mJ rkhjhdj;ijf; fl;bnaOg;Gk; Kiw rk;ge;jkhd nghJkf;fspd; tpRthrj;jpy; 

xU Kf;fpakhd jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jf;$Lk; (A+.vd;.vr;.rP.Mu; 1997 gf;9). 

2. jpUg;gpaDg;Gjy; NkhJiff;F gpe;jpa murpay; xOq;FKiwia nry;Ygbahf;Ftjpy; 

xU Kf; fpa tfpghfj; ij tfpf; fpwJ. mfjpfSf; F kP z ; Lk; tP LfSf; F 

jpUk;gpr;nry;tjw;F jq;fsJ murpay; tpUg;G Njh;Tfis ntspapLtjw;F re;ju;g;gk;




toq; fg; gLtJ Rje; jpukhd> epahakhd> [dehafkhd Nju; jy; vDk; 

vz;zf;fUtpypUe;J gpupf;fg;gl Kbahj xd;whFk;. 

3. ehl;iltpl;L ntspnawpa kf;fs; jpUk;gptUtJk;> kPs,izf;fg; ngWtJk; mfjpfs; 

murpay; uPjpapYk; ,uhZt uPjpapYk; Jbg;ghfr; nrayhw;Wk; #o;epiyfspy; 

rkhjhdj;jpw;fhd xU Kd;epge;jidahf ,Uf;ff;$Lk;. cjhuzkhf fk;Nghbah> 

ekP gpah> epf; fuFth kw; Wk; Uthz; lhtpy; mfjpfs; jpUk; gpte; jikAk; > 

,uhZtj;jpypUe;J mtu;fs; jdpahfg; gpupj;J itf;fg;gl;likAk; Aj;jj;jpypUe;J 

rkhjhdj;jpw;fhd khw;Wepiyahf;fj;jpd; xU Kf;fpa gbahf mike;jJ. 

4. ,lk;ngau;e;j kf;fs; jpUk;gp tUtJ Aj;jj;jhy; rPuope;j muRfspd; nghUshjhu 

kPl;rpf;F xU Kf;fpa gq;fspg;ig nra;af;$Lk;. ,lk;ngau;e;j kf;fspd; cau;thd 

tpfpjhrhuk; r%fNtitfs;> tptrha Kiwikfs; kw;Wk; Vida mbg;gil epfo;r;rpj; 

jpl;lq;fis tbtikg;gjpy; gpur;rpidfis Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wd vd;gNj ,jw;fhd 

fhuzkhFk;. 

Mgpupf;fKid kw;Wk; vjpNahg;gpahtpd; xfhld; gpuhe;jpak; (UNHCR 1997) 

Nghd;wtw;wpd; cjhuzq;fSk; cs;sd. ,q;F Kd;dhs; mfjpfSk;> cs;ehl;by; 

,lk;ngau;e;j egu;fSk; jpUk;gp te;jgpd;du; cs;@u;g; nghUshjhuj;Jf;Fg; Gj;Japu; 

Cl;Lfpd;wdu;. jpUk;gptUNthu; ngUkstpyhd epjp %ytsq;fis nfhz;LtuhtpbDk;> 

gy tplaepfo;r;rpfspy; mtu;fs; fzprkhd mstpyhd kdpj kw;Wk; r%f 

%ytsq;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sdu;. 

kWGwj;jpy; ghupa vz;zpf;ifapyhNdhu; jpBnud jpUk;gp tUtJ mtu;fs; 

FbakUk; gpuNjrq;fspy; fzprkhd msT Rikfis Vw;gLj;jf;$Lk;. Gfyplk; toq;Fk; 

ehL> jpUk;gp tUtjw;Fk;> kPspizg;gjw;Fk; jahupg;gjw;fhd xU re;ju;g;gk; toq;fg;glhj 

epiyapy; kf;fis jpUg;gp mDg;Gk;nghOJ ,JNt elf;fpwJ. 

NghUf;Fg;gpe;jpa gpuhe;jpaq;fspy;> cjhuzkhf> Nghy;fd;]py; gy;NtW NkhJif 

epfo;Tfs; Nkw;ftpe;J xd;iwnahd;W gyg;gLj;JtJk; njspthfpAs;sJ. ,it 

tpj;jpahrkhd kj my;yJ ,dj;Jtf;FOf;fs;> efu;g;Gw - fpuhkpa NkhJif kw;Wk; 

mj;Njhbize;j fyhrhu NtWghLfs;> tsq;fspd; rkj;Jtkw;w tpepNahfq;fspdhy; 

vOk;NkhJiffSld; ,ize;Js;s NkhJiffshFk;. NkhJif KbTw;w gpuhe;jpaq;fspy; 

mfjpfSk;> ,lk;ngau;e;NjhUk; jpUk;gptUtJk;> kPspizg;igg; ngWk;nghOJk; fzprkhd 

NkhJifr; rhj;jpag;ghLfisf; nfhz;bUg;gNjhL> Gjpa td;nraYf;Fk; ,l;Lr;nry;yyhk;. 

mtu;fis mupjhfp cs;s tPlikg;G trjpfs;> kw;Wk; Ntiy tha;g;GfSf;F cs;Su; 

kf;fSld; Nghl;bapLthu;fNsahdhy; my;yJ nrhj;J cupikfSf;f jPu;T fhzg;glhtpby;> 

,J kpfTk; nghUe;JtjhFk;. Kf;fpakhf> kuGuPjpahd efu;g;Gw-fpuhkg;Gw NkhJif 

1990fspy; Aj;jj;jpdhy; jpzpf;fg;gl;l Gyk;ngau; Kiwtopfshy; NkYk; $Ljyhd 

Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij ngw;wJ. ,e;j Ntisapy; ngUe;njhifahd fpuhkg;Gw kf;fs; efuq;fspy; 

FbNawp> mNefkhNdhu;> gyu; ,d;Wq;$l mq;NfNa jq;fpAs;sdu;. 

ngh];dpahtpy; ,lk;ngau;e;Njhu; kPs;tUif ngUksT ftdj;ijg;ngw;w 

tplakhFk;. 4.4 kpy;ypad; rdj;njhifapy; 2kpy;ypad; kf;fs; mfjpfshapdu; my;yJ 

cs;ehl;by; ,lk;ngau;e;jdu;. jpUk;gptUk; Kiwtopapy; xU njhluhd Njhy;tpfs; 

Vw;gl;ld. Nlapl;ld; cld;gbf;ifapd; gpd;> njhlu;e;J rpWghd;ikapdu; jpUk;gptUtJ 


473

474 


njhlu;ghd epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fspy; gy;NtW gpur;rpidfs; Njhd;wpd. Kd;du; ru;tNjr 

Kd;Dupik rpWghd;ikapdiu jpUk;gptur; nra;tjhfNt ,Ue;jJ. Aj;jj;jpd;fhuzkhf 

ngh];dpah- nù;rpnfhtpdh gpupf;fg;gl;L ,df;FOk uPjpapy; Rj;jpfupf;fg;gl;l 

Ml;Gyq;fshf khw;wg;gl;lik Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl Kbahnjd;gNj ,jw;fhd fhuzkhf 

,Ue;jJ. ,Wjpapy; kf;fSf;F mtu;fs; ,df;FOk rpWghd;ikNahupd; xU 

gFjpahftpUf;Fk; gpuhe;jpaq;fSf;Fk;> #oyikTfSf;Fk; jpUk;gp tur;nra;Ak; 

nraY}f;fj;ij toq;FtJ ,ayhJNghapw;W. Kjpatu;fNs mt;tplq;fSf;F nry;y 

tpUk;gpdu;;> ,isQu;fSk;> eLj;jutajpdUk; Gyk;ngau;e;j ,lq;fspy; jq;f 

tpUk;gpdu;my;yJ NtW tpUg;Gj; njupTfis ehbdu;. gy tUlq;fs; fope;jepiyapy; 

1998,y; jpUk;gp tUk; Mz;Lfs; gLNjhy;tpapy; Kbtile;jJk; ngh];dpahnù;rpnfhtpdh 

cau; gpujpepjpAk; (HR) Nth;fis Xltpl;Ls;sdh; vd;gijAk; 

gifikAzh;Tkpf;f Ml;Gyd;fSf;F jpUk;gptUtjw;F tpUg;gkpd;wpAs;sdh; vd;gijAk; 

mq;fPfhpg;gjhFk;. Kd;dhs; cah; gpujpepjp Nthy;g;fhq; ngl;uP]r;; vd;gthpd; $w;wpd; 

gpufhuk; gioa ,dj;Jt Njrpaglj;ij kPSUthf;fk; nra;tJk;> uh[je;jphpfSk; 

fiyQh;fSk; nghpjhfg; NgRk; nghr;rpdpahtpy; ,df;FOk kw;Wk; gy; fyhrhu r%fj;jpw;F 

Gj;Jap&l;LtJk; NkYk; rhj;jpakw;w tplaq;fshfp tUfpd;wd. ,jw;fhd fhuzk; 

Kd;dhs; cah; gpujpepjp$wpaJ Nghd;W cd;ikahd murpay; Fwpf;Nfhs;fis gpd;gw;Wk; 

ntspehl;lth;fs; ,lk; ngah;e;j kf;fs; jhk; ghJfhg;G mw;wth;fshf czh;tJk;> 

jkf;F vjph;fhyj;jpy; vt;tpj tha;g;Gf;fSk; ,y;iynad czh;tJkhd Xh; ,lj;jpw;F 

jpUk;gp tUthh;fnsd vjph; ghh;f;fKbahJ vd;gjhFk;.(ngl;hpl;];h; 2001> g 313) 

INuhg;gpa A+dpaDk; mfjpfs; jpUk;gp tUtJ Fwpj;j mtu;fspd; murpay; 

Fwpf;Nfhs;fis kPsha;T nra;a Muk;gpj;jJ. jpUk;gptUk; cupik ,d;dKk; cau;thf 

kjpf;fg;gLfpwJ. MapDk;> jw;NghJ gpd;gw;wg;gLk; mZFKiw mfjpfspd; njupTr; 

Rje;jpuj;ij mq;fPfupf;Fk; mNjNtis mtu;fspd; Muk;g tho;f;ifg; gpuhe;jpaq;fSf;Fj; 

jpUk;g tpUk;Gk; rfy egu;fSf;Fk; rl;l kw;Wk; epjpapay; Mjuit toq;FtjhFk;. 

MfNt UNHCR; njhlu;e;Jk;rpWghd;ikNahu; jpUk;gp tUtij Mjupj;jJ. MapDk; Gjpa 

tho;tplq;fspy; Gyk;ngauiy ,yFgLj;Jk; tifapy; Vida jPu;TfisAk; 

ftdj;jpy;nfhz;lJ. gy mfjpfs; jkJ Gjpa tho;tplq;fspy; ed;F NtNuhba epiy 

fhzg;gl;ljhYk; gifik czu;Tnfhz;l Ml;Gyj;jpw;F jpUk;gpr;nry;tjw;F ve;j tpjkhd 

tpUg;gKk; njuptpf;fhjjhYk; Kd;dhs; cau; gpujpepjp nthy;g;fhq; ngl;upl;];r; mtu;fspd; 

$w;wpd; gpufhuk; ,uh[e;jpupfSk;> fiyQu;fSk; ngupjhfg; Ngrpf;nfhs;Sk; ngh];dpahtpy; 

gy ,df;FOk> gy;gz;ghl;L r%fj;ij kPl;nlLg;gJ ,ayhj tplankd;gJ gbg;gbahfNt 

czug;gl;lJ. ,jw;fhd fhuzk; cau;thd murpay; Fwpf;Nfhs;fis itj;jpUf;Fk; 

ntspehl;ltu;fs;> ,lk;ngau;e;j egu;fs; jhk; ghJfhg;gw;wtu;fshf czUk; ,lq;fSf;F 

jpUk;gp tUthu;fs; vd;Wk;> jkf;F vjpu;fhyk; vJTk; ,y;yhj ,lq;fSf;F kPz;Lk; 

nry;y tpUk;Gthu;fs; vd;Wk; vjpu;g;ghu;f;f KbahJ vd;gjhFk;. 

Nlapl;ld; cld;gbf;ifia tiuAk;NghJk; ftdj;jpy;nfhs;sg;glhj NkYnkhU 

gpur;rpid> Aj;jj;NjhL njhlu;Gila khw;wq;fs; Kiwikepiy khw;wq;fspd; tpisthf 

vOk; khw;wq;fNshL ,iztJ vd;gjhFk;. cjhuzkh> efug;Gw fpuhkg;Gw Gyk;ngah;thy; 

nray;Kiw Aj;jj;jpd; fhuzkhf ngupJk; Ntfkile;Js;sJ. MapDk; Kiwikepiy 

khw; wj; NjhL njhlu; Gs; s nghUshjhu Kiwtopfspd; tpisthfTk; ,J 

epfo;e;jpUf;ff;$Lk;. Vnddpy;> ,e;j Gyk;ngau;jy; rk;ge;jkhd Kd;Ndw;wq;fs;




nghUshjhukhw;wj;jpd; xU gFjpahFk;. (xU tptrha r%fj;jpypUe;J ifj;njhopy; 

r%fj;jpw;fhd khw;Wepiyahf;fk; Nghd;wit) ,e;j tifapy; rpWghd;ikNahu; jpUk;gptUtJ 

msTf;FkPwpa tw;GWj;jy; khj;jpukd;wp ngUk; vz;zpf;ifapyhd kf;fs; FOf;fis 

kf;fs; trpf;fhj (nghUshjhu uPjpapy; tq;FNuhj;J epiyikia mile;j) fpuhkpa 

gpuhe;jpaq;fSf;F gyte;jkhf jpUg;gp mDg;GjYk;> me;j ,lq;fs; mdu;j;jj;jpw;F 

Kd;dh;; mtu;fs; trpj;j gpuNjrq;fshf ,Ue;jhYk; $l-,J cz;ikapNyNa fhyj;NjhL 

,irthf;fhj tplaq;fshfNt Njhd;Wfpd;wd. nrhj;J cupikfis njspTgLj;JtJk;> 

Aj;jj;jpd;NghJ nrhj;Jf;fis ,oe;jtu;fSf;F mtw;iwj; jpUg;gpf;nfhLg;gJTk; 

rkhjhdj;ij ntw;wpfukhf fl;bnaOg;Gtjw;F ,d;wpaikahj Kd; epge;jidfshFk;. 

gyte;jkhd Gyk;ngau;thy; njhlu;r;rpahf NkhJiffSf;F ,l;Lr;nrd;w gpd;du; 

jpUj;jg;glhj nrhj;Jg;gpur;rpidfisj; jtpu;f;Fk; tifapy; mfjpfs; nfhs;ifapy; 

FbNaw;wq;fspd; khjpupfSk;> ,og;gPl;Lf; nfhLg;gdTfSk; gpupf;fKbahj mk;rq;fshf 

,lk;ngWjy; Ntz;Lk;. cjhuzkhf> ngh];dpahtpy; INuhg;gpa A+dpad; nrhj;Jfs; 

Mizf;FOit Vw;gLj;jpaJ. MapDk;> jPu;Tf;F gpe;jpa #o;epiyfspy; ,og;gPl;Lf; 

nfhLg;gdTfs; toq;fg;gLtjw;F kpf ePz;lfhyk; vLf;Fk; vd;gij mDgtk; fhl;bAs;sJ. 

Aj;jk;rk;ge;jkhf Vw;gLk; gyte;j Gyk;ngauy; Kiwtopapy; jd; gpujpepjpfspilNa 

%ytsq;fs; tpepNahfk; kw;Wk; FbNaw;w gpuNjrq;fspy; tho;tpltpay; rkepiy vd;gtw;wpd; 

kPJ ghupa jhf;fj;jij Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. ,k;;Kiwtopapd;ntw;wpahsu;fSk; 

Njhy;tpahsu;fSk;cs;sdu; (ngh];r;khd; 2003.U37) mj;NjhL nghJthf mfjpfNs 

Njhy;tpahsu;fnsd;Wk; VidNahu; ntw;wpahsu;fnsd;Wk; mDkhdpg;gJ kpf ,yFthdjhFk;. 

Aj;jj;jhy; rPuope;j r%fq;fspd; ajhu;j;jk; ,ijtpl NkYk; rpf;fyhdjhFk;. 

cz; ikapy; mfjpfs; jhk; itj; jpUe; jij ,of; fpd; wdu; . 

vt;thwhapDk;>mtu;fs; FbNaWk; gpuNjrq;fspd; mfjp Kfhk;fSf;F ntspapy; thOk; 

cs;Su; kf;fSk; ghuhJ}ukhfg; ghjpg;Gw;wpUf;f $Lk;> mtu;fSf;F mePjp 

Vw;gl;bUf;ff;$Lk;. mfjpfSf;F czTk; nghUl;fSk; ,ytrkhfTk;> mj;NjhL cs;Su; 

tsq;fshd jz;zpu;> epyk; vd;gitAk; fpl;lf;$Lk;. ,tw;wpw;F cupa el;l

476 


mtrpakhdjhFk;. murpay; KiwikAk; cUthf;fj;ijAk; Gduikg;Gr;nra;jy; my;yJ Gj;jhf;fk; 

nra;jy;> rl;l epiyj;jftYs;s Xh; murhq;fj;ijAk;> mjpfhug;gjpT khjphpfisAk; Vw;gLj;Jjy;> 

gu];gu ek;gpf;ifiaf; fl;bnaOg;Gjy; Mfpatw;Wf;F ciuahly; kw;Wk; cld;gbf;iffSf;fhd 

Kuz;ghl;L gFg;gha;T mtrpakhFk;. Nghh;kd; gw;hpf; kw;Wk; rNyhkd;]; MfpNahh; (2000> 

g 14) $WtJ Nghd;W 1990fspd; NghJ gy cs;sf NkhJiffis KbTWj;jpa gy 

rkhjhd xg;ge;jq;fSld; Nrh;e;J Kd;ndLf;fg;gl;l mjpf vjph;ghh;g;Gf;fisf; nfhz;l 

Gdh;eph;khdj;jpl;lq;fs; gy; jug;G kw;Wk; rpyNtisfspy; NkhJfpd;w murpay; r%f 

kw;Wk; nghUshjhuf; Fwpf;Nfhs;fis epiw Ntw;wpapUf;fpd;wd. ngh];dpahtpy; mfjpfisj; 

jpUg;gpaDg;Gjy;> cs;ehl;by; ,lk; ngah;e;j egh;fisj; jpUg;gpaDg;Gk; tplaj;jpyhd 

mDgtq;fspypUe;Jk; Njhy;tpapypUe;Jk; kw;Wk; jPh;Tfhz Kbahj ,Ujiyg;nghwp 

epiyfspypUe;Jkhd ghlq;fisf; fw;Wf;nfhs;sKbAk;. xU rthy; kpfTk; ,yFtpy; 

gypahff;$ba FOf;fspd; Njitfis epiwNtw;WtJk;> r%fePjpf; Nfhl;ghLfspd; gpufhuk; 

Gdh;eph;khzk; kw;Wk; Gj;jhf;fk; vd;gtw;Wf;fhd epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fis Vw;Wf;nfhs;tJkhFk;. 

mNjNeuj;jpy; r%fkhw;wk; kw;Wk; khw;Wepiyahf;fj;Jf;fhd ngUf;fy; Kfth;fshf 

gzpahw;wf;$ba FOf;fis ,dq;fhZtJk; mtrpakhFk;. gpd;tUk; gFjpfs; ,r;rthy;fis 

jpl;ltl;lkhd cjhuzq;fSld; tpsf;Ffpd;wd. tpNrlkhf ,it Nghy;fd;]; ehLfspd; 

mDgtq;fspypUe;J ngw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;litahFk;. 

Kf;fpakhd xU ghlk; vd;dntdpy;> kPs; xUq;fpizg;G eltbf;iffs; 

(cjhuzkhf tpijnghUl;fs; tPlikg;G my;yJ fy;tp trjpfs; Nghd;w nghUl;fs; kw;Wk; 

Nritfs; tpepNahfj;ijg; nghWj;jtiuapy;) tpNrl ,yf;Ff;FO xd;wpy; msTf;fjpfkhf 

ftdk;nrYj;jf;$lhJ. jPtpukhf xU ,yf;Ff; FOTf;F khj;jpuk; Mjuit kl;Lg;gLj;JtJ 

(cjhuzkhf mfjpfs; khj;jpuk;> Kd;dhs; Nghuhspfs; khj;jpuk;) cl;fpilahd ghugl;rk; 

my;yJ ,e;j ,yf;Ff;FOtpy; Nruhj MapDk; tho;f;if epiyikfs; mijtpl 

Nkk;gLj;jg;glhj Vida FOf;fs; cs;slf;fg;glhky; tpLk; Mgj;ijf;nfhz;Ls;sJ. 

Ml;fisj;jpUg;gpaDg;Gk; cjtp kw;Wk; kPs; xUq;fpizg;Gf;fshd 

Kd;Kaw;rpfspy;> jw;NghJ mq;F trpf;Fk; kf;fisj; jtpu;f;Fk;tifapy; jpUk;gptUk; 

kf;fl;njhifapd; Njitfs; epiwNtw;wg;gLfpd;wd vDk; Gyd;fUj;Jzh;T 

Vw; glhjtifapy; ftdkhfr; nrayhw; Wjy; Ntz; Lk; . kP s ; xUq; fpizg; G 

ntw; wpailaNtz; Lkhapd; > Gduikg; G Kaw; rpfs; KOr; rKjhaj; ijAk; 

cs;slf;FtjhAk;> midthpd; chpikfSf;Fk; chpakjpg;gspg;gjhAk; ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. 

nra;;jpl;lk; xU NkhJifr;#o;epiyapy; jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;Jkhapd;> mt;thwhapd; 

vj;jifa jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;Jk; vd;gijj; jPh;khdpg;gJ Kf;fpakhdjhFk;. NkYk;> 

,t;thW NkhJif Kfhikj;Jt Kd;Kaw;rpfSk; rkhjhdj;ij fl;bnaOg;Gtjpy; vt;thW 

Nrh;j;Jf;nfhs;sg; glyhk; vd;gijf; fz;lwpAk; Xu; MtYk; cs;sJ. cldbahf 

NghUf;Fg; gpd;duhd gpue;jpaq;fspy; ntWg;Gzh;T vg;NghJk; tYthf ,Uf;Fk;. ftdkhd 

jahhpg;gpd;wp ciuahly; muq;Ffis Muk;gpg;gJ ntw;wpaspf;fhJ vd;gJld;> 

kl;Lg;gLj;jKbahj ,af;ftpay;fis fl;ltpo;j;JtplTk; $Lk;. MapDk;> ,ize;j 

eltbf;iffspy; nù;rpnfhtpdh cjhuzk; ntspg;gLj;JtJ Nghd;W 

fle;jfhyj;ij ifahStjw;Fk; cjtpahf mikaf;$Lk;.




ngl;b.4 :vjph;fhyj;ij : fl;bnaOg;Gk; ,isQh;fs;: tYT+l;ly; 

gapw;rp kw;Wk; tUkhdk; gpwg;gpj;jy;. 

2002Mk; Mz;by; ngh];dpahtpy; Mh;tr; nraw;ghl;lhsh;fshy; 

(J];yhtpy; ,g;ghf; m.rh.ep kw;Wk; N[h;kd; mikg;Gf;fshd ];$yh; 

n`ygd; nygd; kw;Wk; Ngh;Nfht; Ma;Tepiyak; Nghd;wtw;iwr; Nrh;e;j) 

vjph;fhyj;ij fl;bnaOg;Gk; ,isQh;fnsDk; ngah;nfhz;l xU $l;L 

Kd;Kaw;rp Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. ,r;nra;;jpl;lk; fpof;F ngh];dpahtpy; xU 

,isQh; epiyaj;ijAk;> ,isQh; $l;LwT mikg;igAk; epWTtij 

Nehf;fkhff; nfhz;ljhFk;. 1995 ,y; ngh];dpa Aj;jj;jpd;NghJ> J];yhtpy; 

,isQh; jpdj;jd;W ,lk;ngw;w jhf;Fjy;fSf;F gjpy; nraw;ghlhf 

Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lNj N[h;kd; ngh];dpah m.rh.epWtdkhd ,g;ghf; vd;gjhFk;. 

,j; jhf; Fjypd; NghJ 71 ,isQh; fs; nfhy; yg; gl; lNjhL 

E}w;Wf;FkjpfkhNdhh; fhaKw;wdh;. 1997 njhlf;fk; J];yhTf;F mUfpy; 

rpkpd;`hd; vd;w ,lj;jpy; Xh; ,isQh; epiyaj;ij ,g;ghf; NgzptUfpwJ. 

,e;j epiyaj;Jf;Fg; gy ,isQh;fs; tUif jUfpd;wdh;. ,g;Gjpa 

nra;;jpl;lkhfpa vjph;fhyj;ijf; fl;bnaOg;Gk; ,isQh;fs; ,isQh;fspd; 

epiyikfis Nkk;gLj;Jtij ,yf;fhff;nfhz;ljhFk;. mJ Nrh;gpad; 

fpuhkq;fspy; ,Uf;Fk; ,isQh;fisAk;> ngh];dpah jpUk;gp tUNthiuAk; 

xUq;fpizg;gij Nehf;fkhff;nfhz;ljhFk;. ,J xd;W$ly;> rh;tNjr 

ghpth;j;jid> Xa;T Neug;nghOJNghf;F njhopy;rhh;gapw;rp kw;Wk; tUkhdk; 

gpwg;gpf;Fk; Kd;Kaw;rpfis toq;Ftjd;%yk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ. ,q;F 

Fwpf;Nfhs; mgptpUj;jp mZFKiwfs; rkhjhdj;ijf; fl;b naOg;Gjy;> 

gapw;rp kw;Wk; Ntiy tha;g;G jpir khh;f;fk; nfhz;l rKjhag;gzp 

kw;Wk; NkhJif Kfhikj;Jtk; vd;gtw;iw xd;wpizg;gjhFk;. 

tpj;jpahrkhd ,df;FOkq;fisr; Nrh;e;j fpuhkpa rKjhaq;fspd; ,isQh; 

epiyaj;ij eph;khzpj;jy;> kuNtiy> ifj;njhopypYk; tptrha 

cw;gj;jpapYk; mtrpag;gLk; jpwd;fis gapw;Wtpj;jy; vd;gd rk;ge;jkhf 

,isQh;fs; gq;Nfw;gij Cf;Ftpj;jy; Mfpait ,jd;Nehf;fk; MFk;. 

,J gapw;rp toq;Ftjw;Fk; mg;ghy;nrd;W ,isQh;fis tUkhdk; 

gpwg;gpf;Fk; cw;gj;jp eltbf;iffspy; 

(Nghijg;nghUs; jLg;G> kd mjph;r;rptL) rh;tNjr ,isQh; ghpth;j;jid 

epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fspD}lhf rKjhag;; gzpfs; kw;Wk; m`pk;ir 

eltbf;iffs; kw;Wk; NkhJif Kfhikj;Jt fUj;juq;FfSk; ,lk;ngWk;. 

xU $l;LwT mikg;Gld; ,ize;Jnfhs;sy;%yk; rpy ,isQh;fSf;F 

,isQh; epiyaj;ij eph;khzpg;gjpy; re;jh;g;gk; toq;Fk; VidNahh;> 

,e;j epiyaj;jpd; eltbf;iffspy; gq;Nfw;fpd;wdh;. ,f;fUj;J jpUk;gptUk; 

mfjpfshy; mgptpUj; jp nra; ag; gl; ljhFk; . ,J ,Jtiu 

Gdh;eph;khzq;fspy; rh;tNjr Kd;Kaw;rpapy; tPLfisf;fl;bnaOg;Gk; 


477

478 


mfepiy mikTfisf;fl;bnaOg;Gk; njhopy;El;gg; ghpkhzq;fs;kPJ 

gpujhdkhf ftdk;nrYj;jp> rKjhaj;jpid cjhrPdk; nra;jik Fwpj;j 

mDgtq;fshy; Vw;gl;ljhFk;. 

nra;jpl;lj;jpd; Muk;gj;jpy; ,g;ghf; mzpf;FOkk; ,sk; 

Mh;tr;nraw;ghl;lhsh;fisf; nfhz;l Xh; tiyaikg;igf; fl;bnaOg;gpajd; 

%yk; cs;Sh; #oypy; fpilf;Fk; jfty;fs;kPJ ftdk; nrYj;jp gpd;dh; 

ngw;Nwhh;> gps;isfs; ghlrhiy kw;Wk; gpuj;jpNahfkhf nra;;jpl;lj;jpw;F 

Mjutspf;Fk; gy;NtW fpuhkq;fs; kw;Wk; ,df;FOk gpd;dzpiaf;nfhz;l 

Mrphpah;fs; vd;NghiuAk; ,jpy; ftdkhfTk; 

eilKiwg;gLj;Jjy;%yk; ,isQh;fs; Mrphpah;fs; kw;Wk; rKjhag; 

gzpahsh;fisf; nfhz;l tpNrl ftdpg;Gld; $ba xU tiyg;gpd;diy 

cUthf;fKbAk; vd;gjhFk;. ,e;j Nehf;fq;fSf;fhf gzpf;fkh;j;jg;gLk; 

kf;fs;> cs;Sh; murhq;fq;fs; mbf;fb khw;wKWk;NghJk; ,g;gpuhe;jpa hPjpapy; 

mjpfhuf;fl;likg;Gfs; Njrpa tsf;FOf;fshy; ,d;dKk; Mjpf;fk; 

nrYj;jg;gLk; NghJk; gpujpepjpfSlDk>; cs;Sh; eph;thfpfSlDk; ciuahly; 

Nkw;nfhs;tij typAWj;jy; Ntz;Lk; 

gy;NtW fhuzq;fspd; epkpj;jk; ,isQh;fs; rk;ge;jKWk; tUkhdk; 

gpwg;gpf;Fk; Kaw;rpfspy; rkhjhdk; kw;Wk; kdpj chpikg;gzpfis 

xUq;fpizj;jy; ,d;wpaikahjjhFk;. ,isQh;fs; jhNk tUkhdk; 

gpwg;gpf;ff;$bath;fshf ,Ue;jhy; mJ mth;fspd; FLk;g epjpepiyikia 

Nkk;gLj;jp> mth;fspd; Rakjpg;ig mjpfhpj;J> mth;fs; rKjhaj;jpy; 

Xhplj;ijAk;> XusT khpahijiaAk; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s topaikf;fpwJ. ,J 

Ra xOq;FgLj;jy;fSf;fhd tha;g;Gf;fis mjpfhpf;ff;$Lk;. cjhuzkhf 

,isQh; epiyak; my;yJ cs;Sh; m.rh.ep. 

Jiwapd; mgptpUj;jpf;F Mjutspf;Fk;. ,t;thwhf> ,J guzkpf;Fk; rptpy; 

r%fj;Jf;F mD$ykha; mikAk;. 

NghUf; Fg; gpe; jpa gpuhe; jpaq; fspy; rYifaw; w r%fq; fspd; 

epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fSf;F epjpaspj;jy; gue;j mstpy; ,lk;ngWfpwJ. MapDk;> 

,isQh;fSf;F tUkhdk; gpwg;gpf;Fk; eltbf;iffSf;F Mjutspf;Fk; Kd;Kaw;rpfs; 

rpwpNjahFk;. tWik xopg;gpw;fhf rpWfld; jpl;lq;fs; ,isQh;fshy; xU tPjhrhukw;w 

mstpw;F gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. MapDk;> mth;fspd; Njitfs;kPJ ftdk; 

nrYj;Jtjpy;iy. mj;NjhL mtw;wpd; gaDk; Iaj;Jf;fplkhdjhFk;. tUkhdk; ngWk; 

rpW nra;;jpl;lq;fs; Nghl;bia mjpfhpj;J> jdpegh; Kd;Kaw;rpia mjpfhpg;gjhy; 

mit NkYk; nghUj; jkha; miktNjhL ,e; j ,yf; Ff; FOtpw;F kpfTk; 

mtruj;Njitahf mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gly;Ntz;Lk;.




njhlh;r;rpahf epfOk; %isrhypfs; ntspNaw;wKk; NghUf;Fg;gpe;jpa 

gpuNjrq;fspy; ,isQh;fSf;F MjuT tsq;Fk; Kd;Kaw;rpfisf;NfhUfpd;wJ. fUj;Jf;fzpg;G 

thf;nfLg;Gf;fspd; gpufhuk; ngh];dpah ,isQh;fspy; %d;wpy; ,uz;L gFjpapdh; re;jh;g;gk; 

fpilj;jhy; jhk; ehl;iltpl;L ntspNawj;jahnud;W njhptpg;gNjhL> gyUf;F ,j;jifa 

re;jh;g;gq;fs; fpl;Lfpd;wd. mj;NjhL ,isQh;fs; rl;ltpNuhj tpahghuj;njhlh;Gfspy; my;yJ mth;fs; VjhtJ epiyNgwhd tha;g;G topfs; ,y;yhjtplj;J 

Njrpa thj rf;jpfshy; Ml;Nrh;g;Gr; nra;ag;gLk; mghaKk; cs;sJ. 

4.2 Kd;dhs; Nghuhspfis (kPs) ,izj;jy; 

mfjpfs; kPs;tUif gw;wpa gpur;rpidapd; mbapy;- Mz;fs;> ngz;fs;> 

rpwhh;fs; vd ,dk; fhzg;glj;jf;f Kd;dhs; Nghuhspfspd; kPs;xUq;fpizT gw;wpa 

xU tpNrl ftdf;FtpT rkhjhdj;ij fl;bnaOg;gtjw;fhd mtrpakhf mz;ikf; 

fhyj;jpy; ,Ue;J te;Js;sJ.(ngh];r;khd;2003> g-40> fpq;kh 2001>];Ll;dh; 2001) Kd;dhs; 

giltPuh;fs; NghJkhd mstpw;F rKfj;jpy; kPspizg;G nra;ag;glhtpby;> mth;fs; 

Fw;wtpay; mikg;GfSs; Ml;Nrh;g;G nra;ag;gLk; my;yJ fWg;Gr;re;ijapy; rk;ge;jKWk; 

epiyik cs;sjhy; NkhJiff;Fg;gpe;jpa nraw;ghLfspy; gilf;fiyg;Gk;> kPspizg;Gk; 

neUf;fkhd mk;rq;fspD}lhf Nehf;fg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;. ngh];dpah n`hh;rpnfhtpdhtpy; 

gy;NtW gilf;fiyg;G miyfs; ,lk; ngw;wd. ,jw;Fr; rh;tNjr Kfth; epiyaq;fs; 

MjuT toq;fpd. ghJfhg;GJiw rPh;jpUj;jk; Fwpj;j nghJthd vz;zf;fUtpDs; 

gilf;fiyg;G kw;Wk; kPspizg;G epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fs; cl;nghjpe;jpUj;jy; Ntz;Lnkd;gij 

czu;tjw;F Ie;J tUlfhyk; gpbj;jJ (`pdkd; Fwhlh; kw;Wk; gpnal;]; 2003 g 4). 

ghhpa kPspizg;G nra;jpl;lq;fs; cyftq;fpapd; rh;tNjr mgptpUj;jp rq;fj;jpdhYk; 

(IDA) Gyk; ngah;e;NjhUf;fhd rh;tNjr rq;fj;jpdhYk; (IOM) nraw;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. 

cjhuzkhf cyf tq;fpapd; mtrufhy gilf;fiyg;G kw;Wk; kPspizg;G 

nra;;jpl;lk;(EDRP) ciog;ghsh; re;ijj; jfty; csts Mw;Wg;gLj;jy; Nrit>Ntiy 

ngw;Wf;nfhLf;Fk; Nritfs;> fy;tp kw;Wk; kPs;gapw;rp Nritfs;> kw;Wk; Kfhikj;Jt 

cjtp Fwpj;j tpjpKiwfis Vw;gLj;jpAs;sJ. Kd;Ndhb mtrufhy njhopyhsh; kPs; 

gad;gLj;jyhdJ (PELRP) tptrhaj;jpYk;> rpwpa mstpyhd tpahghuj;jpYk; >Ranjhopy; 

tha;g;gpYk;> epWtd hPjpahd fy;tpapYk; kw;Wk; njhopy;nra;Ak; NtiyapYk; gapw;rp 

nrYj; jpaJ. Kd; dhs; giltP uHfSf; fhd IOM ,ilkhw; wcjtp (PELRP) 

re;ijg;gLj;jf;$ba jpwd;fis mgptpUj;jp nra;tjhFk;. khw;wj;jpw;fhd nghd; rh;tNjr 

epiyaj;ijf; (BICC) Nrh;e;j Gyikahsh;fshy; nra;ag;gl;l xU kjpg;gha;T rkPgj;jpy; 

ntspaplg;gl;lJ (`pdkd; F&lh; kw;Wk; gpnal;];). Muk;gfhy cyftq;fp eltbf;iffs; 

( gpuhe;jpa kw;Wk; cs;Sh; 

kl;lq;fspyhd Ntiytha;g;G epWtdq;fspd; xj;Jiog;gpd;ik fhuzkhf ngUk;ksTf;F 

fLikahf ghjpg;Gw;wJ vd;gJ gpujhd Njly; KbTfshFk;. NkYk; ngh];dpahtpd; 

mjpAah;thd Ntiyapd;ik tpfpjhrhuk; ghhpa ,lh;fis mjpfhpj;jJ. Fiwe;j fy;tp 

kl;lKk; type;J nraw;gLk; jd;ikapd;ikAk; Kd;dhs; giltPuh;fSs; xU rpW 

tpfpjhrhuj;jpdh; khj;jpuNk kPspizg;Gr; nra;ag;gLk; epiyf;F fhuzkhf ,Ue;jJ. 

,uz;lhtJ nra;jpl;lk; (PELRP) jw;Nghija ciog;ghsh; re;ij kw;Wk; Ntiytha;g;G 

epWtdq;fSf;F ,ilNa czh;T+l;lg;gl;l epWtdr; rPh;jpUj;jq;fs; Fwpj;J Kf;fpakhd 

gpd;D}l;ly;fis toq;fpaJ. IOM ,d; eltbf;iffspy;> gilf;fiyg;gpd; gpd;dh; 


479

480 


,g;gilapdh; rKjhaj;jpy; ,lk; ngWk; mjd; Nritfspy; mf;fiw kw;Wk; ek;gpf;ifia 

Vw;gLj;j Kad;wikahy; mit ntw;wpfukhf mike;jd. mj;NjhL> ,th;fs; ,d;dKk; 

gilKfhk;fspy; ,Ue;j NtisapNy njhlh;ghly; kw;Wk; jfty; toq;Fjy; vd;git 

rhj;jpakhapd. FWfpa fhy NtiyfSf;F khdpak; toq;fg;gLtijtpl njhopy; 

tha;g;G eltbf;iffs; gaDWjpahfTk;> epiyNgW nfhz;litahfTk; mike;jd. 

mikr;Rf;fSld; neUq;fpa xj;Jiog;G ,lk; ngw;wJ. IOM ,d;; flg;ghl;Lf; Fbapay; 

fy;tp rk;ge;jkhd fUj;juq;FfisAk; tpz;zg;gjhhpfSf;F mwpKfk; nra;jJ. 

,f;fUj;juq;Ffs; [dehafk;> kdpj cupikfs; kw;Wk; rptpy; r%fk; Nghd;w 

gpur;rpidfspw; ftdQ;nrYj;Jfpd;wd. BICC kjpg;gPl;L Mf;ff;$Wk; IOM nra;;jpl;lj;jpd; 

NtWrpy mk;rq;fSk; kpfTk; ntw;wpaspj;jjhfTk; mit Vida nra;jpl;lq;fSf;Fk; 

tp];jhpf;fg;glNtz;Lk; vd;Wk; njuptpf;fpd;wJ. 

1. RaNtiytha;g;igAk; Rarhu;igAk; Cf;Ftpj;jy; 

2. csts Mw; Wg; gLj; jYf; F jdpegu; kag; gLj; jg; gl; lJk; > Njitfs; 

mbg;gilapyhdJkhd mZFKiw 

3. epjpAjtp kw;Wk; 

4. tpahghuq;fis Muk;gpg;gjw;fhd MjuT 

,e;j Ma;tpd; xU Kf;fpakhd ngWNgW ahnjdpy;> Kd;dhs; giltPuh;fSf;F 

Ntiytha;g;Gf;fis toq;ff;$ba epiyNgwhd Njrpa fl;likg;Gf;fis cUthf;Fjiy 

ru;tNjr Ma;T Nehf;fkhf nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;Lnkd;gjhFk;. ntWkNd ngUshjhu 

k P spizg; G kw; Wk; Ntiytha; g ; Gfis toq; Ftij Nehf; fkhff; nfhz; l 

epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fs; kpfTk; FWfpaitahFk;. xt;nthU giltPuhpdJk; jdpj;Jtkhd 

kw;Wk; cstpay; #o;epiy fUj;jpw;nfhs;sg;gLjy;Ntz;Lk;. gilf;fiyg;G nra;ag;gl;l 

tPuh;fspy; ngUkk;ghd;ikahNdhu; jkJ ,uhZtj;jpw;Fg; gpe;jpa tho;f;iff;F 

jauhftpy;iy vd;gij ngh];dpah tplaepfo;T fhl;bAs;sJ. mtu;fs; Nritapy; 

,Uf;Fk; fhyj;jpy; jpwe;j gapw;rpf;fy;tp my;yJ cstpay; uPjpahd cjtpnad;git 

%yKk; ,e;j epiyik vl;lg;gltpy;iy. gy Kd;dhy; giltPuh;fspd; mjpfhug;ghq;fpyhd 

rpe;jidfSk; kw;Wk; ,df;FOkuPjpapy; VidNahupd; fUj;Jf;fis gpuj;jpNafkhf 

xj;Jf;nfhs;shj kdg;Nghf;Ff;fSk; ftdj;jpy; nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;Lk;. NkYk; Nghu; 

mDgtq;fspy; mikg;Gf;fspd; gy; gpujpepjpfs; Kd;dhy; giltPuh;fSf;F cstpay; 

u P jpahd cjtp toq; fg; gl Ntz; bajd; tho; thjhukhd Kf; fpaj; Jtj; ij 

typAWj;jpAs;sd ,J gy gpujhd kPspizg;G epfo;r;rpj;jpl;q;fspy; Fiwthff; 

fzpf;fg;gl;l Xu; mk;rkhFk;. (gpskd; F&lu; kw;Wk; ,Nal;]; 2003. gf; 31) 

5. ey;y nra;Kiw tbtikg;G:cs;Sh; Mw;Wjpwid tYg;gLj;jYk; ngz;fspd; 

NjitfSf;F jPh;T fhZjYk;> ghy; epiyf;$Uzh;Tk;. 

Nghupdhy; ghjpg;Gw;NwhUf;F cjtpfis toq;Ftjpy; khj;jpuk; ftdk; 

nrYj;JgitAk;> cs;Su; kf;fspd; cupik czu;it cjhrPdk; nra;gitAkhd 

epthuzk; kw;Wk; mgptpUj;jp epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fs; xU epue;jukhd rkhjhdj;ijf; 

fl;bnaOg;Gk; nray;Kiwf;F Cf;fkspg;gjw;Fg; gjpyhf mit mbepiyg;ghjpg;ig 

Vw;gLj;Jgitahf ePz;l fhyj;jpw;F jq;fp epw;Fk; epiyfis cUthf;Fk; ,lu;tuit 

vjph;Nehf;Ffpd;wd. cjhuzkhf> ngh];dpah nù;rpnfhtPdhtpy; xU jq;fp epw;wy;




csg;Nghf;if mtjhdpf;fyhk;. Kd;dhs; cau; gpujpepjp (Nthy;g;fhq; ngl;upl;]; 2001> 

gf; 25) gpd;tUkhW $wpAs;shh;: cjtpahf toq;fg;gLk; xt;nthU nlhyu; gzKk; 

ru;tNjr r%fk; vg;nghOJk; vy;yhtw;wpw;Fk; nfhLj;Jf;nfhz;Nl ,Uf;Fk; vd;W rpyu; 

vz;Ztjw;F ,l;Lr; nrd;Ws;sJ. mtuJ mDgtj;jpd; gpufhuk; cah;gpujpepjpapd; 

eltbf;iffs; mNefkhd re;ju;g;gq;fspy; ngh];dpah - nù;rpnfhtPdhtpYs;s murpay; 

thjpfSf;F jkJ gzpia Kiwahfr; nra;ahjpUg;gjw;fhd kpfr;rpwe;j xU fhuzj;ij 

toq;fpAs;sJ. mJ ngh];dpah rdj;njhifapd; ghupa gpuptpdh;fs;> ngh];dpahtpy; 

tho;f;if epiyikfis Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;fhd KO nghWg;igAk; ru;tNjr r%fk; 

Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; vd;W vjpu;ghu;f;Fk; tifapy; ,uz;lhk; cyf kfhAj;jj;jpw;F gpd;du; 

jiyf;F ,t;tsT njhifg;gzk; vd;W INuhg;ghTf;F fpilj;j gzj;ijg;Nghd;W 

ehd;F klq;F gzj;ij ngh];dpah 1995 - 2000 fhyg;gFjpapy; ngw;Wf;nfhz;lJ. 

,r;#o;epiyiar; rhuhk;rg;gLj;Jtjhapd; je;ijtop murpdplj;ij je;ijtop kdpjhgpkhd 

cjtpnaLj;Jf; nfhz;lJ vd;W xUth; $wyhk;. (];lg;];. 2001 gf; 4) ngh];dpahtpYs;s 

gpwhpy; jq;fpapUf;Fk; kdg;Nghf;Ff;F ngUkstpyhd ru;tNjr gpurd;dk;> cjtp 

rk;ge;jkhd epr;rakw;w vz;zf;fUf;fs; kw;Wk; Nlapl;ld; xg;ge;jj;jpNyNa cs;s 

mbg;gilahd jtWfNs fhuzk; Nghyj; Njhd;Wfpd;wJ. 

];lg;]; njspTgLj;jpAs;sJNghd;W Nll;ldpd; fPo; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;s 

Ml;rpahg;gpDs; ve;j cau; Njrpa Kftu; epiyaKk; r%ff;nfhs;ifapy; gpujhd 

ftdk; nrYj;jtpy;iy. Kd;dzp Kftu; epiyaq;fspd; Kaw;rpfs; murhq;fk;> kdpj 

cupikfs;> nghUshjhu mgptpUj;jp> Gdu;epu;khzk; kw;Wk; kPs;tUifNghd;w ntWkNd 

njhopy;El;g rl;lq;fSf;Nf ftdk; nrYj;Jgitahf mike;jpUf;fpd;wd. epthuz 

,ilaPLfs; mNefkhd re;ju;g;gq;fspy; cg-xg;ge;jg;gLj;jy;fspd; m.rh.epWtdq; 

fspD}lhf my;yJ cs;@u; m.rh.ep fspD}lhf njhopw;gLk; epiy ,Ue;Js;sJ. 

Aj;jj;jpw;F Kd;du; ngh];dpa njhopy;rhu; epGzu;fs; r%f Nrit epiyaq;fspy; 

jhgpj;jpUe;j cs;@u;Mw;wy;fSk;> jpwd;fSk; gad;gLj;jg;gltpy;iy. ,t;thwhf 

eyNdhk;Gif Ml;rpf;FO Njitfsbg;gilapyhd murpay; jiyaPLfsw;w 

xd;whf tpUg;gj;jpw;Fgjpyhf gpsTw;w cs;Su; jd;iknfhz;l> fope;j kPjp 

tifg;gpupT mbg;gilapyhd xd;whfpaJ (mNj%yk; gf;5). kpfTk; Vo;ikAs;s 

FLk;gq;fspy; tUkhdk; toq;Ftjw;fhf gy mtru epjpfis cyftq;fp 

Muk;gpj;jJ. MapDk;> ,j;jpl;lj;jpw;F epiyj;jifT vJTk; ,Uf;ftpy;iy; 

nfhilfs; epd;W tpl;lJk; jpl;lj;ijj; njhlUk; ve;j rpe;jidAk; ,jpy; 

cs;slf;fg;gltpy;iy (mNj%yk; gf;11). 

nfhiltoq;Feh;; r%fk; Aj;jj;Jf;;F gpe;jpa ,e;j r%fj;jpw;F tof;fj;ijtpl 

mjpfkhd ftdk; nrYj;jpa NghjpYk; gy Gyikahsh;fspd; ghu;itapy; ngh];dpah 

tplaepfo;T Xu; Mf;fG+u;tkhd cjhuzkhf nfhs;sg;gltpy;iy. ru;tNjr cjtpapy; 

vjpu;g;ghu;f;fhj rpy gf;f tpisTfs; Vw;gl;lNj ,jw;fhd fhuzkhFk;. (\pndf;du; 

2003> gf;58) 

1. kdpjNea cjtp ifj;njhopy; nghJj;Jiwapd; ,lj;ij khw;wPL nra;jJ. ,J 

cs;Su; ciog;ghsu; re;ij kw;Wk; nghUshjhu mgptpUj;jpf;F jilahf ,Ue;jJ. 

jifik gilj;j egu;fs; ru;tNjr mikg;gpw;F my;yJ (nraw;ifahf 

mjpfupf;fg;gl;l) m.rh.epWtd Jiwf;Fk; gzpahw;Wtij tpUk;Gfpd;wdu;. ,jdhy; 


481

482 


,tu;fs; cs;Su; ciog;ghsu; fl;likg;Gf;Fs; xd;wpizg;ig ngwtpy;iy . 

2. 1995y; Nlapl;ld; rkhjhd xg;ge;jj;jpd; gpd;du; ngh];dpah n`hu;rpnfhtpdhTf;F 

toq;fg;gl;l xU gpy;ypad; nlhyu; ru;tNjr cjtp ifahlg;gl;Ls;sjhf kjpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. 

(,J cau;gpujpepjpfspd; mYtyfj;jpy; Coy; vjpu;g;G mynfhd;W jhgpf;fg;gLtjw;F 

topaikj;jJ) 

3. ru;tNjr epjp mikg;Gfs; Coy;> fWg;Gr;re;ij kw;Wk; xOq;fikf;fg;gl;l 

Fw;wr;nray;fSld; njhlu;Gw;w cs;Su; rYif ngw;w MSq;FOf;fSf;Fk;> 

mjpfhuf;fl;likg;GfSf;Fk; ];jpuepiyia toq;fpd. Aj;jepiyapy; Vw;fdNt 

mD$ykile;jtu;fs; kPz;Lk; rkhjhdj;jpw;fhd ru;tNjr epthuz mikg;GfSf;Fk; vjpuhf tpku;rdq;fs; mbf;fb vOe;jd. 

neUf;fbg;gpuhe;jpaq;fspy; ngz;fs; re;Njfkpd;wp kpfTk; rYif kWf;fg;gl;l 

FOf;fshtu;. ,t;thwhf r%ff;nfhs;iffs; vd;git Xu; mgptpUj;jpAupik 

fUg;nghUshfNtAs;sd. epthuz ,ilaPLfNshL mNefkhd re;ju;g;gq;fspy; 

,yFitf;fg;gl;l Ntiytha;g;Gf;fSk; r%f jpirkhu;f;fk; nfhz;l Kd;Kaw;rpfSk; 

,d;wpaikahjitahFk;. 

mg;gl;lkhd mePjpj; jLg;gpw;F (kPs;) xUq;fpizg;G jpl;lq;fspy; cs;Su; 

rKjhaq;fs; neUq;fpa tifapy; rk;ge;jKwf; $bajhf mgptpUj;jp nra;ag;gl;L 

eilKiwg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk; vd> murpay; tptfhuq;fSf;fhd If;fpa ehLfs; 

jpizf;fsj;jpd; jiytuhd khu;ful; Nghf;l; njuptpj;Js;shh;. mNefkhd re;ju;g;gq;fspy; 

kdpjcupik kPwy; Fw;wq;fisg;Gupe;j Mz;Nghuhspfs; my;yJ fl;lisj;jsgjpfs; 

Rje;jpukhf elkhbj;jpupfpd;wdh;. Mjutpw;fhd epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fshy; mtu;fSf;F 

,Uf;Fk; jFjp %ykhf ,e;j epfo;TfSf;Fg; gpwF mth;fSf;F cd;ikapy; 

ntFkjpaspg;gJNghd;W mth;fSf;Fj; Njhd;wpaJ. NtW thh;j;ijfspy; $Wtjhapd;> 

mth;fspd; Fw;wq;fs; mth;fSf;F cjtpahf mike;Js;sd. ,j;jifa jphpGgLj;jy; 

vg;gbahapDk; jtph;f;fg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;. NkYk; ngz; Nghuhspfs; epiyikia cjhrPdk; 

nra;jy; $lhJ. Mrpah> Mgpupf;fh kw;Wk; ,yj;jPd; mnkupf;fhtpd; gy gpuhe;jpaq;fspy; 

nfhhpy;yh Aj;jq;fspy; Mz;fSld; Nru;e;J ngz; Nghuhspfsk; Nghuhb tUfpd;wdh;. 

,J mth;fspd; rkj;Jt epiyia cah;j;jpAs;sJ Nghyj; Njd;Wfpd;wJ. MapDk;> 

gif eiltbf;iffs; Kbe;j gpd;dh; mth;fs; jkJ ghuk;gupa kw;Wk; nghJthd> 

fPo;epiyahd fUkq;fspDs; js;sg;gLfpd;wdh;. gpuj;jpNafkhf ntspehl;L 

nfhiltoq;Fk; mikg;Gfs; ngz;Nghuhspfspd; r%f kPs; ,izg;Gf;F Fiwe;jsT 

ftdj;ijNa nrYj;Jfpd;wdh;. ngh];dpah N`h;rpnfhtPdhtpYk; kPs;xUq;fpizg;G 

epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fs; tplaj;jpy; ,J mtjhdpf;fg;gl;lLs;sJ (gpskh; - F&lh; kw;Wk; 

gpnal;]; gf; 19). MfNt MAjf;fisT> gilfiyg;G kw;Wk; Gdh;eph;khzk; vd;git 

Fwpj;j eltbf;iffs; Nghd;w kl;lj;jpy; khj;jpukd;wp> ngz;fs; gq;Nfw;ig 

cWjpg;gLj;Jjy; Kf;fpakhf cs;Sh; rKjhaq;fspDs;Sk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;Lk; 

vd;W ngz;fspd; mikg;Gf;fs; Nfhupf;if tpLj;Js;sd. tof;fkhf Xh; mbg;gilahd 

gpur;rpid> gif eltbf;iffs; KbTf;Fg; gpd;dh; Gdh;eph;khzk; kw;Wk; cjtp epfo;r;rp 

jpl;lq;fspy; jPh;khdk; Nkw;nfhs;tjpy; ngz;fs; Rw;way; epiyapNyNa rk;ge;jg;gLtjhFk;.




mNefkhd re;jh;g;gq;fspy; ngz;fSf;F jkJ fUj;Jf;fis ntspg;gLj;jtjw;fhd 

re;ju;g;gq;fs; kpfTk; FiwthditahFk;. cjhuzkhf> mth;fSf;F Clfq;fshy; 

ve;j re;ju;g;gKk; toq;fg;gLtjpy;iy. ngsjPf kw;Wk; r%f Gdh;epu;khzj;Jf;F 

ngz;fspd; tYT+l;lYf;fhd Xu; Kiwapay; mgptpUj;jp nra;ag;glNtz;Lnkd;gJ 

ru;tNjr tpthjq;fspypUe;J njspthfpd;wJ. NghUf;Fg; gpe;jpa #o;epiyfspy; NkYk; 

mjpfupj;jtifapy; fhzg;gLk; mk;rkhfpa ,y;yj;J td;nraYf;F ftdQ; 

nrYj;jNtz;ba xU NjitAk; cs;sJ. gy ngz;fisg; nghWj;jtiuapy; 

gfpuq; fNkhjy; kw; Wk; td; nraYf; fhd KbT rfy td; nray; fSf; Fk; 

Kbitf;Fwpg;gjhfhJ. Kd;dhs; Mz; Nghuhspfs; tPLfSf;Fj; jpUk;Gifapy; mtu;fsJ 

kd mjpu;r;rp kw;Wk; tpuf;jp mth;fspd; kidtpkhh;fs; kw;Wk; FLk;gq;fspd; kPJ 

fhl;Lk;td;nraypNyNa ntspg;gLfpd;wd.MfNt ngz;fs;kPjhd ghypay; ty;YwTfSk;> 

jhf;Fjy;fSk; mjpfupf;fpd;wd. mNefkhd re;jh;g;gq;fspy; nfhs;is> jhf;Fjy; 

kw;Wk; nghUshjhu td;Kiw Nghd;w Kd;dhy; Nghuhspfshy; njhlu;e;J Kd;ndLf;fg;gLk; 

nraw;ghLfSf;F ,yf;fhNdhh; ngz;fNsahthh;. (md;lu;ypdp 2001> gf; 37) 

NkYk; khwhjpUf;Fk; Aj;jg;nghUshjhuq;fspy;> ngz;fs; mlf;F Kiw tpgr;rhuk; 

my;yJ ngz;fis Nkhrbahd Kiwapy; flj;jy; my;yJ mbikg;gLj;jy; Nghd;w 

khgpah fl;likg;gpd; ,yhgk; rk;ghjpf;Fk; eltbf;iffspDs; js;sg;gLfpd;wdh;. ngh];dpah 

- nù;rpnfhtPdhtpy; gyte;j tpgr;rhuk; rk;ge;jkhd mwpf;iffs; ,g;gpur;rpidia kpz;Lk; 

epfo;r;rpepuypy; Nru;j;Js;sd. (kdpj cupikfSf;fhd Nghk; 2000> Y}l;tpf; Nghy;l;];kd; 

epWtdk; 2001 cs;upr; 2001). ,jd; tpisthf ghy;epiyf;fz;Nzl;lq;fs;> jw;NghJs;s 

ghy;epiy epfo;r;rpepuy;fis cs;slf;Fk; tifapy;> ghJfhg;Gg; gpurpidfs; rk;ge;jkhd 

tpthjq;fspy; Mz;fisg; NghyNt ngz;fisAk; cs;slf;f Ntz;Lnkd;W ru;tNjr 

ngz;fs; mikg;Gfs; thjpLfpd;wd. (md;Nlhypdp 2001 gf; 37) 

Kd;dhs; mnkupf;f ];jhdpfUk; rkhjhdj;jpw;fhf NghuhLk; ngz;fsikg;gpd; 

];jhgfUkhd Rthdp `d;l; Xu; mutidf;Fk; ghJfhg;G vz;zf;fUitAk;> 

rkhjhdj;ijaPl;bf;nfhs;tjw;fhd cs;Su; Kaw;rpfSld; Nru;e;J gzpahw;wf;$ba tifapy;> 

nghyprhUf;Fk; ,uhZtj;jpdUf;Fk; ,uh[je;jpufl;likg;GfSf;Fk; if;ffUtpfis toq;Fk; 

tifapyhd miog;nghd;iw tpLj;Js;shu;. (`d;l; kw;Wk; Nuhrh> 2001) 

,e; j vz; zf; fU ngz; fspd; Kftuhz; ikNanahopa> ,yFtpy; 

gypahFe;jd;ikia typAwj;jtpy;iy. NkYk; rkhjhd Ngr;R thu;j;ijfspy; ngz;fis 

mjpf mstpy; Ngr;Rthu;j;ij Kiwtopfspy; 

ngz;fisr;Nru;j;Jf; nfhs;tJ (cs;sf kw;Wk; ntspthup Kaw;rpfspilNa) 

,izg; ghsh; fshf fUkkhw; wf; $ba ngz; rkhjhdg; gzpahsu; fisAk; 

,izj;Jf;nfhs;tJ Nghd;tpy;ypad; Kd;Ndw;wj;Jf;Fg; gq;fspj;Js;snjd;W 


483

484 


thjpLfpd;wJ. ,jd; %yk; NkhJif Kfhikj;Jtk; Fwpj;j ghuk;gupa tbtq;fs; 

nraw;ghl;ilr; nra;ag;glyhk; vd;gNj ,jw;fhd fhuzkhFk;. ,jw;Fkhwhf fUtpfis 

tsq;ff;$ba gy;epiyf;Fbkf;fs; mZFKiwAk; Nfhhpepw;fpd;wdh; (twz;l NtW gh. 2001). 

,e;j vz;zf;fU ngz;fspy; ,yFtpy; gypahf;Fk; jd;ikad;wp mth;fspd; Kftuhz;;ikia 

typAWj;Jfpd;wJ. NkYk; ngz;fs; jkJ rKjhaq;fspd; vjph;fhyk; Fwpj;j jPh;khdq;fspy;; 

gq;Nfw;gij cWjp nra;Ak; tifapy; rkhjhdg;Ngr;Rthh;j;ijfshy; mth;fis NkYk; mjpfhpj;j 

tifapy; rkkhd rkhjhd re;jh;g;gq;fs; kw;Wk; gq;Nfw;Gf;fhd 

Njit vd;gtw;wpypUe;Nj vOfpd;wJ. ,it epiyNgwhd rkhjhd xg;ge;jq;fs; Fwpj;j Kf;fpa 

mk;rq;fs; rk;ge;jkhd Nfhl;ghLfSkhFk;. MapDk;> ,jd; fUj;J murpay; nray;Kiwfspy; 

NkYk; $Ljyhd ngz;fspd; tpfpjhrhuk; NkhJif khw;W epiyahf;fj;Jf;fhd NkYk; 

jPtpukhd Kaw;rpfSf;F epr;rakhf ,l;Lr;nry;Yk; vd;gjhfhJ. ngz;fSf;F NkYk; rpwe;j 

rkhjhdj;ij Vw;gLj;Jk; jpwd;fis ,aw;if mspj;Js;snjd;Wk;> mth;fs; cs;sikthf 

Mz;fistpl rkhjhdj;jpy; ehl;lk; cs;sth;fs; vd;Wk; mDkhdpf;fhjpUg;gJ Kf;fpakhdjhFk;. 

,Wjpahf Nehf;Fk; NghJ> mtu;fs; vz;zw;w rptpy; kw;Wk; rh;tNjr Aj;jq;fspy; 

rk;ge;jKw;Ws;sdh;. mth;fs; xd;wpy; NghuhspfSf;F MjuT toq;Ffpd;wdh; my;yJ jhNk 

Nghuhspfshf nraw;gLfpd;wdh;. NtW ,lq;fspy; Mz;fisg;Nghd;W ngz;fSk; Njrpathj 

kw;Wk; ntspehl;lhh; vjph;g;G jj;Jtq;fisg; gug;Gtjpy; cd;dpg;ghf 

rpy NkhJif tyaq;fspy; ngz;fs; rkhjhd tl;lhuq;fSf;F my;yJ MAjf;fisT kw;Wk; 

gilf;fiyg;G ,af;fq;fspy; Kf;fpakhd gq;fhsu;fshf tpsq;fpAs;sdu;. khypapy; If;fpa 

Njrj;ij ghJfhg;gjw;fhf ngz;fspd; Njrpa ,af;fk; rpW MAj ,wf;Fkjp> Vw;Wkjp 

ngUe;njhifAw;gj;jpia 3tUlq;fSf;F epWj;jp itf;Fk; jilnahd;iw Vw;gLj;JkhW gpuhe;jpa 

murhq;fq;fisf; NfhUk; rptpy; r%f mikg;nghd;iw jiyik tfpj;J elhj;jpaJ. 

nfsjkhyhtpYk; iygPupahtpYk; r%fuPjpapy; jkJ kuG uPjpahd ghj;jpuq;fisAk;> 

mq;fPfhuj;ijAk; gad;gLj;jp Nghuhspfspd; MAjq;fis fistjw;fhd ,af;fq;fspy; gf;20) 

NkhJif tyaq;fspy; ,ilaPL nra;Ak; ntspehl;L nraw;ghl;lhsu;fs; ngz;fspd; 

r%f me;j];J kw;Wk; Mz;fspd; ghj;jpuq;fs; Fwpj;J tpsq;fpf;nfhz;lhy;> ngz;fspd; 

rhj;jpatsq;fisg; gad;gLj;jf;$ba epiy Vw;gLk;. ,r;#o;epiyapy; (lahdh gpuhd;rp]; 

,g;ghfj;jpy; Rl;bf;fhl;bapUg;gJ Nghd;W) ghy;epiy> mfjpfk; kw;Wk; fyhr;rhuj;jpw;fpilapyhd 

milahsG+u;tkhd ,izg;Gf;Ff; ftdk; nrYj;jg;gl Ntz;baJ mtrpakhFk;. njd;gRgpf; 

rkhjhdj;ij jpul;baikf;Fk; nray;Kiwia (Ngh[; 2002) tprhuizf;Fl;gLj;Jk; xg;gPl;L 

tpla Ma;nthd;W mbkl;l nraw;ghLfspYk;> Ngr;R thu;j;ij nray;KiwfspYk; ngz;fspd; 

FOf;fis cs;slf;FjYk; (mj;NjhL cs;sf kw;Wk; ntspthup Kaw;rpfspilNa 

,izg;ghsu;fshff; fUkg;glf;$ba rkhjhdk; NghYs;sthuhfpa ngz;fis cs;slf;FtJ 

Nghfd;tPy; Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;Fg; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;Js;snjd;W thjpLfpd;wJ. kuGuPjpahd NkhJif 

Kfhikj;Jt eltbf;iffisr; nraw;glitf;f KbAnkd;gNj ,jw;fhd fhuzkhFk;.

nrhykd; jPTfspy; (xU ngz;topr; r%fk; vd;wtifapy; epyr;nrhe;jf;fhuh;fs; vd;w 

hPjpapy; ngz;fspd; ghuk;ghpag;ghj;jpuKk;> Kf;fpaj;JtKk; Kiwikahf epuhfhpf;fg;gl;L> KOf;f 

KOf;f Mz;fisf;nfhz;l mikjpfhf;Fk; gzpf;FOit mDg;Gtjw;fhd jPh;khdk; 

rkhjhdr;nray;Kiw Njhy;tpailaf; fhuzkhfpaJ. MfNt> NghUf;Fg;gpd;duhd #o;epiyfspy; 

Mz;fs; kw;Wk; ngz;fspd; epiyfSf;F tpNrl czh;Tldhd rkhjhdj;ijf;fl;bnaOg;Gk; 

mZFKiwfis tbtikg;gJk;> mth;fspd; tpj;jpahrkhd ajhh;j;jq;fs; kw;Wk; NjitfSf;F 

ftdk;nrYj;JtJNk NghUf;Fg;gpe;jpa ngz;fSk;> Mz;fSkhd rkhjhdj;ij fl;bnaOg;Gk; 

gzpapy; nray;ghl;lhsu;fSk; 

khw;wj;jpd; Kfth;fshfg; ngz;fs; tfpf;ff;$ba tpNrl ghj;jpuq;fis typAWj;JtNjhL> ,it 

rfy Gdh;eph;khz kw;Wk; nghUshjhu mgptpUj;jp eltbf;iffspYk; Kd;Ndw;wg;glNtz;Lk; 

vd;Wk; NfhUfpd;wdh; (Nghh;kd; kw;Wk; rNyhkd;]; 2000 g 3). N[u;kd; GTZ mikg;Gf;fSf;fhf 

Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l xU nfhs;if Ma;T mgptpUj;jpiaAk; njhopy;El;g xj;Jiog;Gr; nra; ;jpl;lq;fisAk; 

jpl;lkpLk; NghJ xU ghy;epiyj;jhf;f kjpg;gPL Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd tpopj;Jiuj;Js;sJ. 

,J ,yf;Fj; Njrj;jpy; r%f Kiwtopfis tpkh;rdhPjpahf gFg;gha;T nra;J ngz;fSf;F 

mth;fspd; Mf;fG+h;tkhd ghj;jpuq;fspy; vt;tsT J}uj;Jf;F Mjutspf;f Ntz;Lnkd;gijAk; 

Ma;Tnra;Ak;. ,e;j Ma;T mgptpUj;jpf;fhd xj;Jiog;G xU neUf;fbapd;NghJ ngz;fs; 

jkf;nfd ntd;nwLj;j rpy mD$yq;fisj; njhlu;e;Jk; itj;jpUf;f cjtNtz;Lk;. rpy 

neUf;fb epiyfspy; ngz;fs; Kd;G jkf;Fj; jilnra;ag;gl;bUe;j rpy njhopy;fisg; 

nghWg;Ngw;Wf;nfhs;fpd;wdh; vd;W thjpLfpd;wdh;. NkYk; mth;fs; rpwe;j ghj;jpuq;fisg; ; 

ghJfhg;gjpy; MjuT toq;f Ntz;Lnkd;W kPz;Lk; gpw;Nghf;fhd mgptpUj;jp ,lk;ngwhjpUg;gJ 

epr;rak; nra;ag;glNtz;Lnkd;W mJ tpiue;Jiuf;fpd;wJ. (nk`;yh; kw;Wk; upNgh 2000> g 136> 

,e;j mr;rk; nuapkhd; 1999>2000> NtNuhdpAf; 1999> ];gpah;kd; 1999 MfpNahuhy; typAWj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ 

6. jpwe;j tpdhf;fs; 




Nghhpdhy; rpijtile;j r%fq;fs; ntspehl;L cjtpiag;ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjpYk;> mij 

Kfhikj;Jtk; nra;tjpYkhd jkJ ,aYikiag;nghWj;jtiuapy; ghhpa mstpy; 

NtWgLfpd;wd. cjtpiag; ngWNthh; nghpa mstpyhd cjtpiag;gad;gLj;Jtjw;F my;yJ 

gy;jug;G nfhiltoq;Feh;fs; kw;Wk; m.rh.epWtdq;fs; kPspzf;f cjtpGhptjw;F te;JNrUk;NghJ 

mth;fisf; $l;bizg;Gr;nra;tjw;fhd kdpjts> njhopy;El;g kw;Wk; eph;thf ,aYikfs; 

,y;yhjitahfTs;sd. ngh];dpahtpy; ,lk;ngw;wijg;Nghd;w mDgtq;fs; (nfhNrhNthtpYk; 

Vw;fdNt ,j;jifa milahsq;fs; njd;gLfpd;wd) ngUkstpyhd ntspaf cjtpia 

cs;Sh; ,aYikfspdhy; Vw;Wr;nraw;gl KbahJ Nghdhy; my;yJ epiy Ngwhd Kiwikfs; 

my;yJ cs;Sh; chpik czh;tpd;kPJ fl;bnaOg;gf;$ba tifapy; cs;Sh; ,aYikfs; 

gad;gLj;jhtpbd;> vg;NghJk; ntspaf Kfth;fNs ngsjPf kw;Wk; r%fg; Gdh;eph;khzj;ijg; 

nghpastpy; nghWg;Ngw;Wf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd;w Xh; vjph;ghh;g;G cUthf;ff;$Lk;. MfNt 

Kf;fpakhd rthy;fspy; xd;W $l;likg;G eltbf;iffisr; nray;Kiwj; jpirkhh;f;fk; 

nfhz;l Kd;Kaw;rpfSld; ,izg;gJTk;> FWe;jtiz kw;Wk; neLe;jtiz nraw;ghLfis 

Xh; mh;j;jKs;s topapy; $l;bizg;Gr; nra;tJkhFk;. ,J cjtpia xOq;fikg;gjpy; rh;tNjr 

r%f eilKiwfspy; vof;$ba gw;whf;Fiwfs; kw;Wk; gpur;rpidfisf; ifahStij 

cs;slf;FfpwJ. ,f;FiwghLfs; mh;j;jg;nghjptpd;ik> $l;bizg;G kw;Wk; gaDhpik kw;Wk; 

Nehf;fq;fs; kw;Wk; topKiwfs; tplaj;jpy; ajhh;j;jkpd;ik vd;gitahFk;. ,jd;cl;fpilahd 

fUj;J rh;tNjr nfhilahsh; r%fj;jpYk; kw;Wk; [ eh KiwikapYk; khw;wq;fs;mtrpak; 


485

486 

vd;gjhFk;. 


Kfth; epiyaq;fs; kw;Wk; eltbf;iffSf;fpilapyhd $l;bizg;ig 

Nkk;gLj;Jk;tifapyhd cj;jp> NkhjYf;Fg; gpe;jpa kPsikg;G trjpFwpj;j thjk; 

ek;gpf;ifA+l;LtJNghyj; Njhd;Wfpd;wJ. rkPgj;jpy; Vida fy;tpkhd;fs; kw;Wk; 

nraw;ghl;lhsu;fshy; mgptpUj;jp nra;ag;gl;l Xu; cyf rkhjhd kd;wj;ij my;yJ cyf 

rkhjhd ghJfhg;G mikg;ig Vw;gLj;Jtjw;fhd gpNuuizAk; ,Nj jpiriar; Rl;bf;fhl;LfpwJ 

(gph;njsrp 2002>g 19). ,j;jifa xU Kfth; epiyaj;ij cz;ikapy; gaDs;s tifapYk;> 

tplaq;fis NkYk; rpf;fyw;w xspTkiwtw;w jdpik Fiwthd> tpNrlkhf cjtpngWNthiug; 

nghWj;j tiuapy; Nkyjpf mjpfhuj;Jt thjq;fisj; jtph;f;Fk; Kiwapy; vt;thW tbtikg;gJ 

vd;w Nfs;tp ,d;dKk; cs;sJ. Gdu; epu;khzk; kw;Wk; Giuikg;G eltbf;iffs; gaDWjpkpf;fjhf 

mikaNtz;Lnkdpy;> mit ePjpf;Nfhl;ghl;bd;kPJ mikTWjy; Ntz;Lk;. ,jd; fUj;J njhlu;Fw;wr; 

nray;fspy; gapw;rp 

Kaw;rpfspYk; gaDWjpkpf;f tpisTfs; Vw;glkhl;lhJ. ,jw;F kWjiyahf nghUshjhu 

kw;Wk; r%f Gdh;eph;khzj;jpy; ftdk; nrYj;Jk; ePz;lfhy mgptpUj;jp cj;jpfs; jpUk;gptUNthh; 

cs;Sh; kf;fs;> mfjpfs;> Kd;dhs; Nghuhspfs; vd;Nghiu rkhjhdr; 

nray;Kiwf;fhd rhj;jpatsg;gq;fhsh;fis ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;Fk; mfjpfs;> cs;ehl;by; 

,lk; ngah;e;Njhh; kw;Wk; Kd;dhs; Nghuhspfis xd;wpizf;Fk; epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fs; mtrpakhFk;.

Jiw / eltbf;iffs; 

1. jpUg;gpaDg;GjYk;> kPs;FbNaw;wKk; 

1.1 jpUk;Gtjw;fhd Nghf;Ftuj;J Vw;ghL 

1.2 ciwtplk; kw;Wk; Gdh;eph;khzg;nghUl;fs; 

1.3 rKjha kPspzf;fKk;> cs;r%f 

MNyhridr;NritAk; 

1.4 FLk;g mq;fj;jth;fisj; NjLjYk;> 

kPspizg;Gk; 

1.5 nrhj;Jhpikf;Nfhuy; eLj;jPh;g;G 

2. nghJkf;fs; ghJfhg;G 

2.1 fz;zpntbafw;wYk;> tpopg;Gzh;Tk; 

2.2 gilf;fiyg;G: kPspizg;G kw;Wk; khw;W 

Ntiytha;g;Gr; nra;;jpl;lq;fs; 

2.3 rpwpa MAjq;fs; fl;Lg;ghL/ kPs; - 

nfhs;Kjy;fs; 

2.4 ghJfhg;G gilfspd; kPs;fl;likg;G / 

kPs;gapw;rp(nghyp];> MAjg;gilfs;> 

csT) 

2.5 kdpj chpikfs; fz;fhzpg;G 

2.6 NkhJifj; jLg;G kw;Wk; jPh;Tg;gapw;rp 

3. mfepiyaikTfis kPl;nlLj;jy; 

3.1 ePUk;> Jg;GuTk; 

3.2 Nghf;Ftuj;J 

3.3 kpd;rf;jp gpwg;ghf;fk; 

3.4 tPlikg;G 

3.5 jpz;kf;fopTg;nghUl;fs; mfw;Wjy; 

3.6 njhiyj;njhlh;Gfs; 

4. czTg; ghJfhg;Gk;> tptrha 

Gduikg;Gk; 

4.1 ,yf;Fitf;fg;gl;l czT tpepNahfk; 

4.2 tpijfs;> iff;fUtpfs; tpepNahfk; 

4.3 fhy;eil/ kpUf tsh;g;G fUj;jpl;lq;fs; 

4.4 fhzpg;gad;ghl;Lj;jpl;lkply; 

4.5 epyf; Fj;jifg; gpur;rpidfs; 




cU 1. NkhJifapypUe;J kPStjw;fhd mj;jpahtrpa eltbf;iffs; 

fl;L;f;Nfhg;G Jiw / eltbf;iffs; 

neUf;fb 

• 

• 

• 

neUf;fbf; 

Fg; gpd;dh; 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

,zf;fj; 

Jf;Fg; gpd;dh; 


• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

ePz;l fhy Gdh; 

eph;khzk; 

487

488 


Jiw / eltbf;iffs; 

5. Rfhjhuk;> fy;tp kw;Wk; 

r%f eyd;Ghpj; Njitfs; 

5.1 mj;jpahtrpa Rfhjhuj; Njitfs; 

5.2 itj;jpa trjpfs; Gduikg;G: 

Gdh;eph;khzk; / nghUSjtp 

5.3 nghJ Rfhjhuj;Jiw ,aYikiaf; 

fl;bnaOg;GjYk;> Kd;Dhpik 

epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lKk; 

5.4 fy;tptrjpfs; Gduikg;G (kw;Wk; 

kPspizg;G) 

5.5 Ntiyf;F czT Gdh;tho;Tr; 

nra;;jpl;lq;fs; cs;slq;fyhf 

Ntiytha;g;Gk;> jpwd;fs; gapw;rpAk; 

5.6 tWikf;Fiwg;G rpWfld; jpl;lk; 

5.7 tWikf;Fiwg;G njhopy; Kaw;rp 

mgptpUj;jp 

5.8 mj;jpahtrpa cw;gj;jp 

6. MSifAk;> rptpy; r%fKk; 

6.1 nghJ eph;thfKk;> kPz;LtUk; 

MFnryTk; 

6.2 rptpy;Nrit Gduikg;G / rPh;jpUj;jk; 

6.3 murrhh;gw;w epWtdq;fspd; 

,aYikiaf;fl;bnaOg;Gjy; 

6.4 Njh;jy; nray;KiwAk;> epWtdq;fSk; 

6.5 thf;fhsh; fy;tpAk;> gq;Nfw;Gk; 

6.6 Njh;jy; fz;fhzpg;G 

6.7 ,ytr Clf gapw;rpAk;> rl;lg; gupe;Jiug; 

gpurhuKk; 

6.8 ePjpj;Jiwr; rPh;j;jpUj;jk; 

6.9 rptpypad; Nkw;ghh;itAk;> ghJfhg;Gg; 

gilfis fz;fhzpj;jYk; 

7. Nghpay;Gg; nghUshjhuj;ij ];jpug;gLj;jy; 

7.1 Njrpa ehzaj;ij ];jpug;gLj;jy; 

7.2 epjp epWtdq;fis kPsikj;jy; 

7.3 gLfld; epthuzk; / ghf;fpfisr; 

nrYj;jy; 

neUf;fb 

• 

neUf;fbf; 

Fg; gpd;dh; 

• 

• 

,zf;fj; 

Jf;Fg; gpd;dh; 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

ePz;l 

jtizAk; Gdh; 

eph;khzk; 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

•




Nghuhspfs; vd;Nghupd; kPspizg;Gf;fhd epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fs; cs;Su; kw;Wk; 

Njrpa kl;lq;fspy; mgptpUj;jp nra;ag;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;. ,r;#oiktpy; ,uz;L fhuzq;fSf;fhf 

,isQu;> Atjpfs; tpNrl Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;j ,yf;Ff;FOf;fshf fUjg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. 

fsepiyj; jsgjpfshy;> vjpu;fhy ek;gpf;if vJTkw;w ,isQu;fis ,yFthf Ml;Nru;g;Gr; 

nra;a KbAk;. my;yJ mtu;fs; Fw;wtpay; fl;likg;GfNshL ,ize;J nfhs;tjhy; 

mtu;fspd; mdu;j;jk; tpistpf;Fk; rhj;jpatsk; nraw;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. ,jdhy; mth;fis 

cjhrPdk; nra;aKbahJ. ,uz;lhtjhf ,sQh;fis 

rptpy; r%fj;jpy; mth;fspd; jd;dk;gpf;if kpf;f ngUfr; nra;gth;fNsh 

my;y vd;gij tpsq;fpf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. ,t;thwhf> ePjpf;Nfhl;ghl;Lf;Fk; Kd;dhy; Nghuhspfis 

kPspizg;Gr;nra;Ak; NjitfSf;fpilapyhd rkepiyNjLk; cjtpfs; mtrpakhFk;. ,J 

td;nray;fs; NkYk; guthky;; jLf;f cjTk;. 

NkhJiff;Fg;; gpe;jpa #o;epiyfspy; ngz;fspd; tho;f;if mjpfupj;j ftdj;ij 

ngw;Wj;jUtJ xU ajhu;j;jkhFk;. Kftu; epiyaq;fs; ngz;fis ,yFtpy; gypahf;f 

$batu;fshf> my;yJ rkhjhdj;ij td;nray; fyhrhuj;ij ntw;wp nfhs;tjhapd; 

Aj;jj;jpd; cstpay; r%f tpisTfisAk;> Mz;fspd; Aj;jj;jpw;f gpe;jpa ajhu;j;jj;ijAk; 

Mz;ikapd; milahsj;ijAk; Ma;T nra;tJ mtrpakhFk;. ,J td;nraypd; fhuzq;fs; 

kw;Wk; ,af;ftpay; rk;ge;jkhf ghy;epiy cwTfspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij kiwapay; gFg;gha;T 

nra;tjw;F cjTk.; ,jd; fUj;J mtu;fspd; cs mjpu;r;rptL kw;Wk; Ra nfsut czu;tpog;G 

vd;gtw;iwAk; fhpridAld; fUj;jpnyLj;jyhFk;. cjhuzkhf Kd;dhy; gil tPuu;fs; 

gypahdtu;fshfNth my;yJ Fw;wkpioj;jtu;fshfNth rptpypad; tho;f;iff;F mtrpakhd 

cs r%f MNyhrid topfhl;ly;fis mthtp epw;fpd;wdu;. 

,J gilf;fiyg;G kw;Wk; kPspizg;G epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fspy; NghjpasT ftdpf;fg;gltpy;iy. 

ngh];dpa cjhuzq;fss; ,ij vLj;Jf; fhl;bAs;sd. NkYk; ghy;epiyf; fz;Nzl;lk; 

vd;gJ gypahNdhh; kw;Wk; Fw;wr;nray; Ghpe;Njhh; vd;w vspikahd gq;FfSf;Fk; mg;ghw; 

nrd;W> Mz;ik kw;Wk; ngz;ik Fwpj;j r%f eph;khzq;fshd fUj;jpay;fs; td;nray; 

NkhJiffspd; fyhrhuj;ij ,y;yhnjhopg;gjw;F> ,f;fUj;jpay;fisAk; milahs thjq;fisAk; 

vt;thW khw;wyhk; vd;gJ Fwpj;Jk; Muha;jy; Ntz;Lk;. NkhJifj; jhf;ff; fzpg;gPL 

,f;fz;Nzhl;lj;Jf;F tp];jhpf;fg;gl KbAk; vdpy; Nkyjpf gy;epiyj;jhf;f kjpg;gPl;L xw;iw 


489

490 


topKiwaikg;Gf;fis cUthf;fp NkYk; tpilaq;fis Fog;g Ntz;ba mtrpak; ,y;iy. 

ghy;epiy mk;rq;fis NkhJifg;; gFg;gha;T kw;Wk; jhf;ff; fzpg;gPL vd;gtw;Wf;fhd xU 

tPr;rhd iff;fUtpfSld; $l;bizg;Gr; nra;Ak; tifapy; ,uhZt kag;gLj;jg;gl;l Mz;ik 

Nghd;w jdpj;Jt milahsg; gq;Ffis nry;thf;F Fwpj;j msTNfhy;fs; mgptpUj;jpr; 

nra;ag;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;. ,g;gq;Ffis tpQ;Rk; mZFKiwfs; ,dq;fhZjy; td;nray; 

fyhrhuq;fis ntw;wp nfhs;tjw;fhd cghaq;fSf;fhd xU Kf;fpa mk;rkhFk;. 

NkhJifj;; jhf;ff;fzpg;gPlLf;fhd mZFKiwfs;> epthuzk;> mgptUj;jp> 

rkhjhdk; kw;Wk; kdpj chpikg;gzpfspy;

cU 2 : epthuzk; kw;Wk; mgptpUj;jpMfpadtw;wpd; xd;wpizit Nehf;fp 

kdpjNea Kftu; 

("capiu 

ghJfhj;jy;") 

NkhJifcupj;Jlik 

Gyk;ngau;jy; 

gQ;rk; 

Neha;nehb 

,wg;G 

muR kw;Wk; re;ij 

tPo;r;rpf;fhf r%f 

%yjdk; khdpak; 

r%f flg;ghL 

(gpujhd FOf;fspd; 

gb) r%f %yjd 

thf;FWjp ePf;fy; 

jq;fpapj;jy; 

r%f ghJfhg;G 

(r%f Nrkeyd;) 




,ilapyhd xj;jpiog;G $l;bizg;Gk; 

gq;FlikAk; 

ngau;r;rp 

(ghJfhg;G tyak; + Ra-rf;jp = 

xd;wpizg;G epthuzk; kw;Wk; 

mgptpUj;jp) 

mgptpUj;jp 

"epiyahd 

tho;thjhuk;" 

NkhJifapd; 

cl;fhuzk; rkdw;w 

epiyia ePf;fy; 

Neu;ik 

mur kw;Wk; 

re;ijf;fhf r%f 

%yjdk; gw;whf;Fiw 

r%f Nfhl;ghL 

(tiyaikg;G 

mbg;gilapy;) r%f 

%yjd gpizg;ig 

xd;wpizj;jy; Rarf;jp 

r%f 

mgptpUj;jp 

(Cf;Ftpj;jy;) 

r%f mgptpUj;jp 

(Cf;Ftpj;jy;) 

Mjhuk; nfhNylh kw;Wk; nfhN`d; (2000 gf;fk; 119& 


491

492 


Gj;jhf;fj;Jf;Fk;> Gdh;eph;khzj;Jf;Fkhd Kaw;rpfs; Fwpj;j NkYQ;rpwe;j 

$l;bizg;Gf;fhd chpikNfhuy; xU nghJthd gpur;rpidia vjph;Nehf;Ffpd;wJ. Aj;jj;jpdhy; 

rpijtile;j rKjhaq;fs; Gduhf;fk; ngWtnjd;gJ Nghl;bkpf;f rh;tNjr "jh;kk; nra;Ak; 

tpahghuj;jpd;" Xh; mk;rk; vd;gJ njspthdjhFk;. mNj Ntisapy;> mJ jdpahh; epWtdq;fspd; 

Kuz;gLk; tpahgu eyd;fspd; Clhf (fk;gdp gpujpepjpj;Jtg; gLj;Jk; Njrpa murhq;fq;fspD}lhf) 

nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jg;gLk; xd;whFk;. ,e; epWtdq;fs; neUf;fbg;gpue;jpaq;fspy; nghUshjhu 

(Gdh;) eph;khzj;ijg; nghWj;jtiuapyhapDk; rk;ge;jKw;Ws;sd. 2003y; 

fk;gdpfSk; ngUe;njUf;fs;> tPLfs;> mfepiyaikTfs; vd;gtw;iw kPsf;fl;bnaOg;Gk; 

ghhpa tpahghuj;njhopy; mD$yq;fisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;Fk; njhiyNgrpf; fl;lz tpfpjq;fs; 

xyp>xsp nrYj;jYf;fhd thdiyfs;> tq;fp Kiwikia kPsf;fl;bnaOg;Gjy; kw;Wk; 

gpuj;jpNafkhf ,e;j tplaepfo;tpy; vz;izr;re;ijia kPs;fl;likg;Gr; nra;jy; Nghd;w 

tplaq;fSf;fhfTk; Nghl;baplj; njhlq;fpd. rh;tNjr Clfq;fspy; Ngrg;gl;l tplak; ghf;jhj; 

grhhpy; nghpa tpahghuk; vth; iff;F Ngha;r;NrUnkd;gJTk; mjw;fhd tpiyia ahh; 

nrYj;jg;Nghfpd;whh;fs; vd;gJkhFk;. (gpd;];yh; kw;Wk; td;dh`;kp 2003). Nkyjpf thrpg;Gk; 

Anderlini, Sanam N. 2000. Women at the Peace Table. Making a Difference, New York, NY: 

UNIFEM (see also http://www.unifem.undp.org/resour.htm). 

Anderlini, Sanam N. 2001. Women, Peace and Security: A Policy Audit. From the Beijing Platform for 

Action to UN Security Council Resolution 1325 and Beyond, London: International Alert.




Annan, Kofi 2000. We the Peoples. The Role of the United Nations in the 21st Century. Millennium Report 

of the Secretary-General, New York: United Nations Department of Public Information. http:// 

www.un.org/millennium/sg/report/full.htm. 

Auswärtiges Amt (ed.) 2000. Drittes Forum Globale Fragen. Gleichstellung in Politik, Gesellschaft und 

Wirtschaft, Berlin: Auswärtiges Amt. 

Berdal, Mats and David Malone (eds.) 2000. Greed and Grievance. Economic Agendas in Civil Wars, 

A Project of the International Peace Academy, Boulder, Co., London and Ottawa: Lynne Rienner 

Publishers. 

Boschmann, Nina 2003. Wiederaufbauprogramme und ‘Complex Emergencies’. EZ-relevante Erfahrungen 

und Lessons learned, Eschborn: GTZ. 

Böge, Volker 2002. "Friedenskonsolidierung im Südpazifik: Bougainville und Salomonen im Vergleich," in 

Matthies, op. cit. 

Böhm, Andrea 2000. "Freier für den Frieden. Die UNO kam einst nach Bosnien, um Mord und 

Vergewaltigung zu stoppen. Seit sie da ist, blüht die Zwangsprostitution," Die Zeit, 

January 13, 2002. 

Boutros Ghali, Boutros 1992. Agenda for Peace, New York: United Nations Department of Public 

Information. http://www.un.org/Docs/SG/agpeace.html. 

Boutros Ghali, Boutros 1995. Agenda for Development, New York: United Nations Department of 

Public Information. http://www.un.org/Docs/SG/agdev.html. 

Ghali, Boutros 1995a. Supplement To an Agenda for Peace: Position Paper of the Secretary-General 

on the Occasion of the Fiftieth Anniversary of the United Nations, 3. January 1995. 

http://www.un.org/Docs/SG/agsupp.html. 

Cahill, Kevin M. (ed.) 1993. A Framework for Survival. Health, Human Rights, and Humanitarian 

Assistance in Conflicts and Disasters, New York, NY: Basic Books and the Council on Foreign 

Relations. 

Carbonnier, Gilles 1998. "Conflict, Postwar Rebuilding and the Economy. A Critical Review of the 

Literature, The Wartorn Societies Project," UNRISD, Occasional Paper No. 2, Geneva UNRISD. 

Caritas Schweiz 2000. "Allianzen für den Frieden," verfasst von Thomas Gass und Geert van Dok, 

Positionspapier 8, Luzern: Caritas-Verlag. 

Cernea, Michael M. and Christopher McDowell (eds.) 2000. Risks and Reconstruction. Experiences of 

Resettlers and Refugees, Washington, DC: The World Bank. 

Cohen, Roberta and Francis M. Deng (eds.) 1998. The Forsaken People. Case Studies of the Internally 

Displaced, Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press. 

Coletta, Nat J. and Michelle L. Cullen 2000. Violent Conflict and the Transformation of Social Capital. 

Lessons from Cambodia, Ruwanda, Guatemala, and Somalia, Washington, DC: World Bank. 

GTZ 1998. Entwicklungsorientierte Nothilfe (EON). Arbeitskonzept der GTZ, Eschborn: Deutsche 

Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ). 

GTZ 2001. Towards Gender Mainstreaming in Crisis Prevention and Conflict Management.Guidelines for 

the German Technical Co-operation, Eschborn: Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische 

Zusammenarbeit (GTZ). 

Eberwein, Wolf-Dieter 2001. "Humanitäre Hilfe, Flüchtlinge und Konfliktbearbeitung" in Truger 

(ed.), op. cit. 

Evers, Tilman (ed.) 2000. Ziviler Friedensdienst, Opladen: Leske & Budrich. 


493

494 


Ferdowsi, Mir. A. 2002. "Internationale Politik im 21. Jahrhundert, Introduction," in Mir. A. Ferdowsi 

(ed.). Internationale Politik im 21. Jahrhundert, UTB Wilhelm Fink Verlag, 9-29. 

Ferdowsi, Mir A. and Volker Matthies (eds.) 2003. Den Frieden gewinnen. Zur Konsolidierung von 

Friedensprozessen in Nachkriegsgesellschaften, Reihe EINE Welt, Stiftung Entwicklung 

und Frieden, Bonn: Verlag J.H.W. Dietz. 

Forman, Shepard and Stewart Patrick, 2000. Good Intentions, Pledges of Aid for Postconflict Recovery, 

Boulder, Co, London: Center on International Cooperation (CIC). 

Forman, Shepard, Stewart Patrick and Dirk Salomons 2000. Recovering from Conflict: Strategy for an 

International Response, Paying for Essentials, Policy Paper Series, New York, NY: 

Center on International Cooperation, New York University. 

Forman, Shepard and Dirk Salomons 2000. Meeting Essential Needs in Societies Emerging from Conflict, 

paper prepared by the Center on International Cooperation for the Brookings Roundtable on 

the Relief to Development Gap. http://www.nyu.edu/pages/cic/pubs/ MeetingEssentialPrint.html. 

Galtung, Johan 1976. "Three Approaches to Peace: Peacekeeping, Peacemaking, and Peacebuidling," 

in Galtung, op. cit., 282–304. 

Galtung, Johan (ed.) 1976. Peace, War, and Defence: Essays in Peace Research: Volume II. Copenhagen. 

Heinemann-Grüder and Tobias Pietz 2003. Turning Soldiers into a Work Force. Demobilization and 

Reintegration in Post-Dayton Bosnia and Herzegovina, BICC brief 27, Bonn: BICC. 

Hunt, Swanee and Christina Posa 2001. "Women Waging Peace," Foreign Policy, May / June, 1-7. 

http://www.foreignpolicy.com/issue_mayjune_2001. 

Kingma, Kees 2001. Demobilisation and Reintegration of Ex-Combatants in Post-war and Transition 

Countries, Eschborn: GTZ. 

Kreimer, A., J. Eriksson, R. Muscat, M. Arnold and C. Scott (eds.) 1998. The World Bank’s Experience 

with Post-Conflict Reconstruction, Washington, DC: World Bank Operations Evaluation Department. 

Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Human Rights (ed.) 2001. Combat of Trafficking in Women for the 

Purpose of Prostitution. Bosnia and Herzegovina. Country Report, Vienna: Ludwig 

Boltzmann Institute for Human Rights. http://www.univie.ac.at/bim. 

Mahony, Liam 1999. Risking Return. NGOs in the Guatemalan Refugee Repatriation, Uppsala: Life 

& Peace Institute. 

Mahony, Liam and Luis Enrique Eguren 2003. Unarmed Bodyguards, Connecticut, Kumarian Press. 

Matthies, Volker (ed.) 1995. Vom Krieg zum Frieden. Kriegsbeendigung und Friedenskonsolidierung, 

Bremen: Edition Temmen. 

Matthies, Volker 2000. Krisenprävention. Vorbeugen ist besser als heilen, Opladen: Leske & Budrich. 

Matthies, Volker et al. 2002. Friedenskonsolidierung. Reihe EINE Welt, Stiftung Entwicklung und 

Frieden, Bonn: Verlag J.H.W. Dietz. 

Mehler, Andreas and Claude Ribaux 2000. Crisis Prevention and Conflict Management in Technical 

Cooperation. An overview of the National and International Debate, Wiesbaden: 

Universum Verlagsanstalt. 

Miall, Hugh, Oliver Ramsbotham and Tom Woodhouse 1999. Contemporary Conflict Resolution: 

The Prevention, Management and Transformation of Deadly Conflicts, Cambridge / Oxford: Polity Press. 

OECD/DAC 1998. "Conflict, Peace and Development Co-operation on the Threshold of the 21st 

Century," Development Co-operation Guidelines Series: 48, Paris: OECD.




Perthes, Volker 2000. "Wege zum zivilen Frieden. Nachbürgerkriegsregionen im Vergleich," 

Blätter f. Deutsche und Internationale Politik, H.4, April, 445–455. 

Pinzler, Petra and Joachim-Fritz Vannahme 2003. "Basar Bagdad," Die Zeit, Nr. 17, 16 April 2003, 19. 

Petritsch, Wolfgang 2001. Bosnien und Herzegowina 5 Jahre nach Dayton – Hat der Friede eine 

Chance?, Klagenfurt u.a.: Wieser-Verlag. 

Pugh, Michael (ed.) 2000. "Regeneration of war-torn societies," Global Issues Series, London: 

Macmillan Press, New York; St. Martin’s Press. 

Reimann, Cordula 1999. "The Field of Conflict Management: Why does Gender Matter?," AFBTexte 

No. 4, Bonn: Arbeitsstelle Friedensforschung. 

Reimann, Cordula 2001. "Engendering the Field of Conflict Management: Why Gender does Not 

Matter! Thoughts from a Theoretical Perspective," Peace Studies Papers, University of Bradford, 

Working Paper 2, January, 19–45. 

Ropers, Norbert 2000. "Die internen Akteure stärken. Krisenprävention und Konflikttransformation 

durch Friedensallianzen," in Evers, op. cit. 

Schloms, Michael 2001. "Humanitarianism and Peace. On the (im-)possible inclusion of humanitarian 

assistance into peacebuilding efforts," Paper 01-306, Berlin: Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin für 

Sozialforschung. 

Schneckener, Ulrich 2003. "Bosnien-Hercegovina: Der aufgezwungene Frieden," in Ferdowsi and 

Matthies, op. cit., 42–69. 

Soros Foundation (ed.) 2001. International Support Policies to SEE-Countries – Lessons (not) learned 

in Bosnia-Herzegovina. http:/www.soros.org.ba. 

Spearman, Diane 1999. "Performance and Impact Indicators for Evaluating Projects and Progress 

towards meeting the Commitments to Women, 1999–2001," Annex to WFP Commitments to 

Women: Mid-term Review of Implementation, World Food Program. 

Steudtner, Peter 2001. "Die soziale Eingliederung von Kindersoldaten. Konzepte und Erfahrungen aus 

Mosambik," Berghof Report No. 6, Berlin: Berghof Research Center for Constructive Conflict 

Management. 

Stubbs, Paul 2001. "‘Social Sector’ or the Diminution of Social Policy? Regulating Welfare Regimes 

in Contemporary Bosnia-Herzegovina," in Soros Foundation, op. cit., Chapter 8. 

Truger, Arno (ed.) 2001. Zivile Konfliktbearbeitung, Münster: Agenda-Verlag. 

Ulrich, Stefan 2001. "Entfesselte Blauhelme. UN-Sonderberichterstatterin prangert sexuelle Gewalt 

von Friedenssoldaten an," Süddeutsche Zeitung, 11 April, 8. 

United Nations High Commission for Refugees 1997. State of the World Refugees, 

http://www.unhcr.ch/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/publ 

United Nations (eds.) 1996. An Inventory of Post-Conflict Peacebuilding Activities, Department for 

Economic and Social Information and Policy Analysis, UN, New York. 

United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) Evaluation Office (eds.) 2000. Sharing New Ground 

in Post-Conflict Situations. The Role of UNDP in Support of Reintegration Programmes, New 

York. 

Vogt, Margaret A. 2000. "Preventing and Managing Conflicts: What Role for Women? Statement, 

Berlin, 8–9.5.2000," in Auswärtiges Amt (ed.), op. cit., 82–86. 

Wood, Adrian, Raymond Apthorpe and John Borton 2001. Evaluating International Humanitarian 

Action, New York, NY, London: ZED Books in cooperation with ALNAP. 


495

496 


Woroniuk, Beth 1999. Gender Equality & Peace building: A Draft Operational Framework, Ottawa: 

Canadian International Development Agency. 

Useful links 

Active Learning Network for Accountability and Performance in Humanitarian Action (ALNAP), 

http://www.Alnap.org 

Bundesministerium für Wirtschaftliche Zusammenarbeit und Entwicklung, Germany (BMZ), 

http://www.bmz.de/ 

Bonn International Center for Conversion (BICC), http://www.bicc.de 

Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA), http://www.acdi-cida.gc.ca 

Caritas Suisse, http://www.caritas.ch/ 

Department for International Development (United Kingdom) DFID, http://www.dfid.gov.uk 

Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ), http://www.gtz.de 

Direktion für Entwicklung und Zusammenarbeit, Schweiz (DEZA), http://www.eda.admin.ch/ 

European Community Humanitarian Office (ECHO), http://europa.eu.int/comm/echo/ 

European Commission General Directorate Development, http://europa.eu.int/comm/development 

European Commission General Directorate External Relations (Relex), 

http://europa.eu.int/comm/dgs/external_relations/ 

International Organization for Migration (IOM), http://www.iom.int 

Organization for Economic Co-Operation and Development (OEDC), http://www.oecd.org 

OECD – Development Assistance Committee (DAC), http://www.oecd.org/dac/ 

Reflecting on Peace Project (Collaboration for Development Assistance CDA), http://www.cdainc.com 

Relief Web, http://www.reliefweb.int/w/rwb.nsf 

Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (SIDA), http://www.sida.se 

United Nations Commission for Human Rights (UNCHR), http://www.unchr.ch 

United Nations Development Program (UNDP), http://www.undp.org/erd 

United Nations High Commission for Refugees (UNHCR), http://www.unhcr.ch 

United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA), 

http://www.reliefweb.int/ocha_ol/index.html 

United Nations Office for Project Services (UNOPS), http://www.unops.org 

United Nations Research Institute for Social Development (UNRISD), http://www.unrisd.org 

UNRISD – War-torn Societies Project http://www.wsp-international.org/, http://www.unrisd.org/wsp 

United States Agency for International Development (USAID) – Office of Transition Initiatives, 

http://www.usaid.gov 

Women Building Peace Campaign (International Alert) http://www.international. 

alert.org/policy/women.htm 

Women, War and Peace, http://www.unifem.org/index.php?f_page_pid=149" 

World Bank – Conflict Prevention and Reconstruction Unit (CPR), 

http://www.worldbank.org/conflict, http://developmentgateway.org 

World Bank – Post Conflict Unit, http://www.worldbank.org/postconflict

ik epiyg;gl;l NkhJiffspUe - Berghof Handbook for Conflict ...

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?