Reference Guide No. 22

INTRODUCTION
1. In the 21st century, the United States of America is the sole political
and military superpower. American business models, Wall Street, and the
dollar are at the heart of the global economy, and even the remotest
corners of the world encounter the products of American culture on a
daily basis in television, music, film, fashion, and fast food. American
English has become the lingua franca of scholarly discourse. This is not
the place to discuss once again the complex historical reasons behind
these developments but rather to emphasize that the “United States,” an
extraordinary political and cultural experiment, has stirred admiration as
well as loathing in the rest of the world from the day of its founding 1 —
and these sentiments have often inspired publications. Alexis de Tocqueville’s
classic analysis of the American political system in the 1830s is
the tip of a large iceberg of books that aim to “understand” America or at
least certain aspects of it. Many of them benefit from the outside view and
the comparative perspective of their authors.
German interest in the United States was already high in the nineteenth
century. Hundreds of thousands of Germans emigrated there, creating
a strong demand for books on American geography, politics,
economy, and culture back home. The growing economic rivalry around
1900 and the political contrasts in the first half of the twentieth century
that culminated in World Wars I and II stimulated waves of new books
time and again. They included serious academic research, popular treatises
and travel accounts, and Anti-American propaganda. America became
an ambivalent symbol of “modernity.”
In 1945, after the defeat of the Nazi regime, German-American relations
took on a new dimension: West Germany and Austria were occupied
in part by American troops, and democratic political life resumed
under American supervision. Within a few years, under the conditions of
the Cold War and the division of Europe into two power blocs, West
Germany and the United States became political and military allies. To be
sure, personal relations between the political leaders have been tense at
times—Konrad Adenauer and John F. Kennedy did not get along well,
nor did Helmut Schmidt and Jimmy Carter, and there was certainly no
love lost between Gerhard Schröder and George W. Bush—yet the transatlantic
partnership forged during the Cold War has consistently been a
1 For an original interpretation of the many ways the United States influenced developments
in Europe, see the essay by Germán Arciniegas, America in Europe: A History of the New World
in Reverse (San Diego: Harcourt, 1986).