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230 People and Education for Human Rights teaching of morals and methods for assisting pupils with their personal development and preparation for the next stages of their lives. 35 Hugh Starkey, Report of the Teachers' Course on "Teaching and Learning about Human Rights in Schools," 28-30 May 1984, Council for Cultural Co-operation, (Strasbourg, 1985), (DECS/EGT (85) 17), p. 15. 36 Paulo Freire, Pedagogy of the Oppressed, (Sheed and Ward, 1972), p. 59. 37 Ian Lister, Teaching and Learning about Human Rights, op. cit. p. 17. 38 Derek Heater, Human Rights Education in School: Concepts, Attitudes and Skills, op. cit. p. 25. Adam Smith was disillusioned by his experience as an Oxford student. He wrote in The Wealth of Nations, Vol. II, Bk. V., Chap. I., Pt. III., Art. II, "The discipline of colleges and universities is in general contrived, not for the benefit of the students, but for the interest, or more properly speaking, for the ease of the masters. Its object is, in all cases, to maintain the authority of the master, and whether he neglects or performs his duty, to oblige the students in all cases to behave to him as if he performed it with the greatest diligence and ability. It seems to presume perfect wisdom and virtue in the one order, and the greatest weakness and folly in the other. Where the masters, however, really perform their duty, there are no examples, I believe, that the greater part of the students ever neglect theirs. No discipline is ever requisite to force attendance upon lectures which are really worth the attending, as is well known wherever any such lectures are given ... Such is the generosity of the greater part of young men, so far from being disposed to neglect or despise the instructions of their master, provided he shows some serious intention of being of use to them, they are generally inclined to pardon a great deal of incorrectness in the performance of his duty, and sometimes even to conceal from the public a good deal of gross negligence." See The Wealth of Nations, Vol. 11, E. Cannan, ed., (Methuen, 4th ed., 1925), p. 253. 39 In B. Crick and A. Porter (ed.), Political Education and Political Literacy: the report and papers of, and the evidence submitted to, the Working Party of the Hansard Society's "Programme for Political Education," (Longman, London, 1978), p. 55. 40 Council of Europe, Committee of Ministers, Recommendation No. R (85) 7 of the Committee of Ministers to Member States on Teaching and Learning about Human Rights in Schools (Adopted by the Committee of Ministers on May 14, 1985 at the 385th Meeting of the Ministers' Deputies). 41 The duties mentioned by Dahrendorf have been extended in a moral but not a legal sense by Mrs Thatcher as Prime Minister: see Clifford
Those Who Administer 231 Longley in The Times, January 19, 1990. She implicitly attempted to correct misunderstandings of her position, notably about "Victorian values" and "there is no such thing as society," explaining the moral and spiritual environment, "created by the values, standards and rules on which we base our life" and, adopting George Thomas' (now Lord Tonypandy) view, that the only ethic worthy of the dignity of men is that of love which was "never sentimental but embraces our duty to consider the needs and wants of other people." 42 Essay on Man (1734), Third Epistle, 1.303-4. 43 For example, see the Green Paper, Cm. 966. Supervision and Punishment in the Community: A Framework for Action, H.M.S.O., (1990). I submit that certain aspects should never have seen the light of day. They will have serious consequences as ultimately the United Kingdom will be sucked into taking unlawful action resulting in more international criticisms. I believe that advisers should be trained to say to Ministers: "No. It cannot be done." And they should not hesitate to do so. 44 Vindiciae Gallicae, op. cit. 45 This is the approach later developed by the discoverer of "possessive individualism," C. B. Macpherson, in "A Political Theory of Property" in Democratic Theory: Essays in Retrieval, (Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1973). It would be foolish to reject the concept of the right to property merely because at particular historical times it provided political justification to the landed and commercial classes against the working class. Underlying the concept have always been presuppositions that there must be limits on the power of Governments and duties to secure the good of citizens. 46 A good example of the core concensus was provided by deeds of two very different women politicians. Jenny Lee took the initiative in founding the Open University in 1969, but Mr Iain Macleod, Mr Heath's first Chancellor of the Exchequer, had "nominated it for extinction" in the run-up to the 1970 election at a time before the Open University had received any students. Jenny Lee's plans were fought for and saved by the incoming Secretary of State for Education in 1970. See Hugo Young, One of Us, (Macmillan, London, 1989), pp. 69-71. That Secretary of State also fought for nursery schools, new primary schools and for some other universities too, saving the financing of the college tutorial system at Oxford and Cambridge and those of the new universities of the mid-60s who had adopted college fees on the Durham model. The University Grants Committee had, before she assumed office, announced that the college fee paid by local authorities was to be abolished. Despite her saving the finances of Oxford colleges she was, for her actions as
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THE AMLY LECTURES Forty-second seri
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THE HAMLYN LECTURES FORTY-SECOND SE
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THE UNITED KINGDOM AND HUMAN RIGHTS
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CONTENTS The Hamlyn Lectures vii Th
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viii The Hamlyn Lectures 1959 Judge
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x The Hamlyn Lectures 1985 Law and
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xii The Hamlyn Trust London, Leeds,
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xiv The Hamlyn Legacy Torquay. Will
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xvi The Hamlyn Legacy grandfather.
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xviii The Hamlyn Legacy realising a
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xx The Hamlyn Legacy and imaginativ
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2 The United Kingdom and Human Righ
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10 The United Kingdom and Human Rig
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2. Human Rights, Values, Choice and
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52 Human Rights, Values and Choice
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3. Constitutions, Values and Civil
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108 Values and Civil and Political
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Page 260 and 261: 234 Education—cont. National Curr
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Page 271 and 272: Protection of the Public— A New C
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