utilizing physical layer information to improve rfid tag

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Figure 6.18. Performance using different Gaussian PDFs. 38
CHAPTER 7 USRP SYSTEM A software-defined radio (SDR) system is a radio communication system which can tune to any frequency band and receive different modulation across a large frequency spectrum by means of a programmable hardware which is controlled by software. An SDR performs significant amounts of signal processing in a general purpose computer, or a reconfigurable piece of digital electronics. SDRs can provide the protocol engineer with wireless testbeds that are fully programmable at the DLC,MAC and PHY. The benefit of this flexibility highly depends on the performance and usability of the specific SDR. 7.1 Universal Software Radio Peripheral The USRP consists of a motherboard containing upto four 12-bit, 64Msam- ples/sec ADCs, four 14-bit, 128M sample/sec DACs, a million gate, Field Pro- grammable Gate Array (FPGA) and a programmable USB 2.0 controller. Each fully populated USRP motherboard supports four daughterboards, two for receiving and two for transmitting. RF front ends are implemented on the daughterboards.One USRP can simultaneously receive and transmit on two antennas in real time. All sampling clocks and local oscillators are fully coherent, thus allowing the creation of MIMO (multiple input, multiple output) systems. In the USRP, high sampling rate processing takes place in the FPGA, while lower sampling rate processing occurs in the host computer. The two onboard digital downconverters(DDCs) mix, filter, and decimate (from 64 M Samples/s) incoming signals in the FPGA. Two digital upcon- 39
Page 1 and 2: UTILIZING PHYSICAL LAYER INFORMATIO
Page 3 and 4: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS My first encounter
Page 5 and 6: This thesis proposes a method of us
Page 7 and 8: 5.3 Signal separation . . . . . . .
Page 9 and 10: 6.7 Strong and weak tag collision w
Page 11 and 12: CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Radio-Freque
Page 13 and 14: and signal absorption or reflection
Page 15 and 16: 2.1 RFID Reader CHAPTER 2 PASSIVE U
Page 17 and 18: Figure 2.2. Alien Squiggle Tag. Fig
Page 19 and 20: CHAPTER 3 ISO 18000-6C PROTOCOL The
Page 21 and 22: eply immediately. Tags that pick a
Page 23 and 24: identification times even if the nu
Page 25 and 26: difficult problem as field nulls ar
Page 27 and 28: Figure 5.1. Passive tag structure.
Page 29 and 30: Figure 5.4. Software defined radio.
Page 31 and 32: Figure 5.7. I-Q plot. Figure 5.8. 2
Page 33 and 34: 6.1 Tag estimation from collision C
Page 35 and 36: Figure 6.3. 4 tag collision. tags i
Page 37 and 38: 2. Anti-collision with enhanced tag
Page 39 and 40: Table 6.4. Results for enhanced ant
Page 41 and 42: Figure 6.8. Strong and weak tag col
Page 43 and 44: Figure 6.10. Random number distribu
Page 45 and 46: Figure 6.13. Squiggle tag. Figure 6
Page 47: Figure 6.17. Gaussian PDFs used for
Page 51 and 52: 7.2 Software GNU Radio is a free so
Page 53 and 54: CHAPTER 8 CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE WO
Page 55 and 56: probabilty distribution. Thus there
Page 57 and 58: tions. This section contains the th
Page 59 and 60: A.1.2 Algortihm A (Reference Algori
Page 61 and 62: end end 51
Page 63 and 64: A.2.2 Inventory Round Simulation %R
Page 65 and 66: A.2.3 Predicting Number of Tags %Ru
Page 67 and 68: REFERENCES [1] EPCglobal, “Uhf cl
Page 69 and 70: [21] K. Finkenzeller, RFID Handbook

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