utilizing physical layer information to improve rfid tag

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TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iii ABSTRACT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iv LIST OF FIGURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . viii LIST OF TABLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . x Chapter Page 1. INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.1 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.2 Motivation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 2. PASSIVE UHF RFID SYSTEMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 2.1 RFID Reader . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 2.2 Passive UHF RFID Tag . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 2.3 Collisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 3. ISO 18000-6C PROTOCOL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 4. RELATED WORK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 4.1 Tag identification in a static tag set . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 4.1.1 Optimal Q value determination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 4.1.2 Tag population estimation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 4.1.3 Two-functioned estimation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 4.2 Dynamic Tag set identification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 5. COMMUNICATION THEORY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 5.1 RCS parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 5.2 I-Q plot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 vi
5.3 Signal separation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 6. EXPERIMENTS AND RESULTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 6.1 Tag estimation from collision . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 6.2 Inventory round simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 6.3 Hidden tag detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 6.4 Tag Random number generator evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 6.5 Effect of non-uniform PDF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 7. USRP SYSTEM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 7.1 Universal Software Radio Peripheral . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 7.2 Software . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 7.3 UHF Reader using USRP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 8. CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE WORK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 8.1 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 8.2 Future Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 Appendix A. SIMULATION CODE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 BIOGRAPHICAL STATEMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 vii
Page 1 and 2: UTILIZING PHYSICAL LAYER INFORMATIO
Page 3 and 4: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS My first encounter
Page 5: This thesis proposes a method of us
Page 9 and 10: 6.7 Strong and weak tag collision w
Page 11 and 12: CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Radio-Freque
Page 13 and 14: and signal absorption or reflection
Page 15 and 16: 2.1 RFID Reader CHAPTER 2 PASSIVE U
Page 17 and 18: Figure 2.2. Alien Squiggle Tag. Fig
Page 19 and 20: CHAPTER 3 ISO 18000-6C PROTOCOL The
Page 21 and 22: eply immediately. Tags that pick a
Page 23 and 24: identification times even if the nu
Page 25 and 26: difficult problem as field nulls ar
Page 27 and 28: Figure 5.1. Passive tag structure.
Page 29 and 30: Figure 5.4. Software defined radio.
Page 31 and 32: Figure 5.7. I-Q plot. Figure 5.8. 2
Page 33 and 34: 6.1 Tag estimation from collision C
Page 35 and 36: Figure 6.3. 4 tag collision. tags i
Page 37 and 38: 2. Anti-collision with enhanced tag
Page 39 and 40: Table 6.4. Results for enhanced ant
Page 41 and 42: Figure 6.8. Strong and weak tag col
Page 43 and 44: Figure 6.10. Random number distribu
Page 45 and 46: Figure 6.13. Squiggle tag. Figure 6
Page 47 and 48: Figure 6.17. Gaussian PDFs used for
Page 49 and 50: CHAPTER 7 USRP SYSTEM A software-de
Page 51 and 52: 7.2 Software GNU Radio is a free so
Page 53 and 54: CHAPTER 8 CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE WO
Page 55 and 56: probabilty distribution. Thus there
Page 57 and 58:
tions. This section contains the th
Page 59 and 60:
A.1.2 Algortihm A (Reference Algori
Page 61 and 62:
end end 51
Page 63 and 64:
A.2.2 Inventory Round Simulation %R
Page 65 and 66:
A.2.3 Predicting Number of Tags %Ru
Page 67 and 68:
REFERENCES [1] EPCglobal, “Uhf cl
Page 69 and 70:
[21] K. Finkenzeller, RFID Handbook
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