utilizing physical layer information to improve rfid tag

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Figure 7.1. USRP motherboard with RFX900 transceiver. verters (DUCs) interpolate baseband signals to 128 MS/s before translating them to the selected output frequency. The DDCs and DUCs combined with the high sampling rates also greatly simplify analog filtering requirements. Daughterboards mounted on the USRP provide flexible, fully integrated RF front-ends. The USRP accommodates up to two RF transceiver daughterboards (or two transmit and two receive) for RF I/O. 40
7.2 Software GNU Radio is a free software development toolkit that provides the signal processing runtime and processing blocks to implement software radios using readily- available, low-cost external RF hardware and commodity processors. It is widely used in hobbyist, academic and commercial environments to support wireless communica- tions research as well as to implement real-world radio systems. Using GNU Radio, a radio can be built by creating a graph where the vertices are signal processing blocks and the edges represent the data flow between them. The signal processing blocks are implemented in C++ and the graphs are constructed and run in Python. Conceptually, a signal processing block processes an infinite stream of data flowing from its input ports to its output ports. A block’s attributes include the number of input and output ports it has as well as the type of data that flows through each. Some blocks have only output ports or input ports. Input and output ports serve as data sources and sinks in the graph. For instance, there are sources that read from a file or ADC, and sinks that write to a file, digital-to-analog converter (DAC) or graphical display. More than 100 blocks are currently implemented in GNU Radio. Using a generic RF front end and few other hardware components like the ADC and DAC, GNU Radio code implements software radio functionality to create a transceiver for AM, FM, BPSK, QAM and many other communication technologies. 7.3 UHF Reader using USRP The USRP motherboard has many daughterboards available which can be used to provide the analog front end for that frequency range. As RFID systems use the 902-928MHz ISM we use the RFX900 transceiver. Specifications of RFX 900 are: 41
Page 1 and 2: UTILIZING PHYSICAL LAYER INFORMATIO
Page 3 and 4: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS My first encounter
Page 5 and 6: This thesis proposes a method of us
Page 7 and 8: 5.3 Signal separation . . . . . . .
Page 9 and 10: 6.7 Strong and weak tag collision w
Page 11 and 12: CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Radio-Freque
Page 13 and 14: and signal absorption or reflection
Page 15 and 16: 2.1 RFID Reader CHAPTER 2 PASSIVE U
Page 17 and 18: Figure 2.2. Alien Squiggle Tag. Fig
Page 19 and 20: CHAPTER 3 ISO 18000-6C PROTOCOL The
Page 21 and 22: eply immediately. Tags that pick a
Page 23 and 24: identification times even if the nu
Page 25 and 26: difficult problem as field nulls ar
Page 27 and 28: Figure 5.1. Passive tag structure.
Page 29 and 30: Figure 5.4. Software defined radio.
Page 31 and 32: Figure 5.7. I-Q plot. Figure 5.8. 2
Page 33 and 34: 6.1 Tag estimation from collision C
Page 35 and 36: Figure 6.3. 4 tag collision. tags i
Page 37 and 38: 2. Anti-collision with enhanced tag
Page 39 and 40: Table 6.4. Results for enhanced ant
Page 41 and 42: Figure 6.8. Strong and weak tag col
Page 43 and 44: Figure 6.10. Random number distribu
Page 45 and 46: Figure 6.13. Squiggle tag. Figure 6
Page 47 and 48: Figure 6.17. Gaussian PDFs used for
Page 49: CHAPTER 7 USRP SYSTEM A software-de
Page 53 and 54: CHAPTER 8 CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE WO
Page 55 and 56: probabilty distribution. Thus there
Page 57 and 58: tions. This section contains the th
Page 59 and 60: A.1.2 Algortihm A (Reference Algori
Page 61 and 62: end end 51
Page 63 and 64: A.2.2 Inventory Round Simulation %R
Page 65 and 66: A.2.3 Predicting Number of Tags %Ru
Page 67 and 68: REFERENCES [1] EPCglobal, “Uhf cl
Page 69 and 70: [21] K. Finkenzeller, RFID Handbook

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