Parasites of Fish from the Great Lakes - Great Lakes Fishery ...

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N. atherinoides, N. buccatus, N. heterodon, N. hudsonius, N. stramineus, N. volucellus, Opsopoeodus emiliae, Pimephales notatus, P. promelas, Rhinichthys cataractae, R. obtusus, Semotilus atromaculatus), Catostomidae (Carpiodes cyprinus, Catostomus commersonii, Erimyzon sucetta, Hypentelium nigricans, Minytrema melanops, Moxostoma anisurum, M. aureoloum, M. erythrurum, M. macrolepidotum), Percidae (Ammocrypta pellucida, Etheostoma blennioides, E. caeruleum, E. exile, E. flabellare, E. nigrum, Perca flavescens, Percina caprodes, P. copelandi, P. maculata, Sander canadensis, S. glaucum, S. vitreus), and Salmonidae (Coregonus artedi, C. clupeaformis, Salvelinus fontinalis, S. namaycush). The range of Jaccard coefficients among fish family pairs was 0.0140 (Percidae and Salmonidae) to 0.3168 (Centrarchidae and Percidae) (Table 23). The next highest coefficient was between Percidae and Cyprinidae (0.2375). Salmonids shared the fewest parasite species with fish in the other families. Parasite species or a specific genus found in two or more fish families (in parentheses) were protozoans—Ichthyophthirius multifiliis (6); adult digenetic trematodes—Allacanthochasmus varius (2), Azygia angusticauda (3), Bucephalus elegans (3), Centrovarium lobotes (3), Crepidostomum cooperi (5), C. cornutum (3), Cryptogonimus chili (2), Leuceruthus micropteri (5), Megalogonia ictaluri (3), Microphallus opacus (4), Neoechasmus umbellus (2), Plagioporus cooperi (2); Sanguinicola occidentalis (2), larval/immature digenetic trematodes—B. elegans (3), C. lobotes (2), Clinostomum complanatum (6), Crassiphiala bulboglossa (2), Diplostomum flexicaudum (6), D. spathaceum (9), Ichthyocotylurus pileatus (2), I. platycephalus (2), Neoechasmus umbellus (3), Posthodiplostomum minimum (10), Uvulifer ambloplitis (3); adult cestodes—Eubothrium crassum (2), Bothriocephalus claviceps (4), B. cuspidatus (4), Haplobothrium globuliforme (2), Proteocephalus ambloplitis (3), P. pearsei (4); larval/immature cestodes—B. cuspidatus (5), Ligula intestinalis (2), Proteocephalus ambloplitis (9), P. pearsei (3), P. pinguis (2), Triaenophorus nodulosus (5); adult nematodes—Hysterothylacium brachyurum (2), Camallanus oxycephalus (12), Dichelyne cotylophora (5), Philometra cylindracea (2), Rhabdochona cascadilla (4), Spinitectus carolini (4), S. gracilis (7); larval/immature nematodes—Raphidascaris acus (2), Camallanus oxycephalus (6), Eustrongylides tubifex (6), Philometra cylindracea (3); adult acanthocephalans— Acanthocephalus dirus (3), Echinorhynchus salmonis (4), Leptorhynchoides thecatus (7), Neoechinorhynchus cylindratus (2), N. rutili (3), N. tenellus (2), Pomphorhynchus bulbocolli (6); immature acanthocephalans—L. thecatus (6), Pomphorhynchus bulbocolli (3); leeches— Myzobdella lugubris (4), Piscicola punctata (6); and copepods—Argulus appendiculosus (2), Achtheres pimelodi (4), Ergasilus caeruleus (10), E. centrarchidarum (2), Lernaea cyprinacea (2). 290
Discussion Lake Erie is the shallowest Great Lake and the second smallest in surface area, only Lake Ontario is smaller. Lake Erie has a mean depth (maximum) of 19 m (64 m), length of 388 km, width of 92 km, and a surface area of 25,700 km 2 . Water flows from Lake Erie to Lake Ontario through the Niagara River and the Welland Canal. Cudmore-Vokey and Crossman (2000) listed 107 fish species that are established in Lake Erie. However, the number of fish species examined and not examined for parasites from this lake exceed 107 because several fish species examined for parasites were not listed as established species by Cudmore-Vokey and Crossman (Anguilla rostrata, Cyprinella whipplei, Notropis anogenus, N. heterodon, Opsopoeodus emiliae, Moxostoma aureolum, Salvelinus fontinalis, Cottus cognatus, Sander canadensis, and S. glaucum), plus the one remaining discrepancy may be due to the use of synonyms for the scientific name of a fish species. The study by Dechtiar and Nepszy (1988), involving 10 fish species, reported the most parasite species (123, not including agnaths)–Protozoa (11), Digenetic Trematoda (31), Monogenea (25), Cestoda (17), Nematoda (14) Acanthocephala (11), Crustacea (10), Hirudinea (3), and Mollusca (1). Other prominent studies include Bangham (1972) and those by Crites and his co-workers in the Bass Island region of eastern Lake Erie. Only three studies (making up 5% of all studies) have been conducted since 1990. Pathogenic Parasites Protozoans Ichthyophthirius multifiliis, Trichodina domerguei, T. urinaria, and Capriniana piscium occurred in heavy infections and are considered pathogenic to some fish species (Dogiel et al. 1958; Reichenbach-Klinke and Elkan 1965; Reichenbach-Klinke 1973). Ichthyophthirius multifiliis can cause weight loss and mortality in fish (Davis 1944; Elser 1955; and Allison and Kelly 1963). Trichodina spp. can cause severe hyperplasia of the gill lamellae and inflammation of the ureters (Richardson 1938; Davis 1947; Hoffman and Lom 1967). Dechtiar (1972a) reported mortality of young Perca flavescens mainly to Ichthyophthirius multifiliis and Trichodina spp. Henneguya spp., Myxobolus spp., and Thelohanellus notatus are myxozoans that were found in the gills, kidney, muscle, mouth tissue, connective tissue, skin, cartilage, fins, heart, mesentery and bile ducts. These protozoans can cause weight loss and excessive damage to the gills, muscle, internal organs, and skin of fish (Dogiel et al. 1958; Reichenbach-Klinke and Elkan 1965; Reichenbach-Klinke 1973). Of the microsporans found, the effect of Glugea hertwigi on Osmerus mordax was the most notable, especially in Lake Erie. Cysts of G. hertwigi were first found in O. mordax in Lake Erie in 1960 by Dechtiar (1965b). These cysts can be found in the intestinal wall, gonads, fins, viscera, and other organs. Glugea hertwigi is probably the most abundant and important parasite of O. 291
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Parasites of Fish from the Great La
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Parasites of Fish from the Great La
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Table of Contents OVERVIEW ........
Page 7:
PREFACE There has been no comprehen
Page 10 and 11:
fish species examined and parasites
Page 12 and 13:
changed, especially some monogenean
Page 14 and 15:
Table 1, continued. Scientific name
Page 16 and 17:
Table 1, continued. Scientific name
Page 18 and 19:
most similar among fish or fish fam
Page 20 and 21:
Nematodes Ten species of adult nema
Page 22 and 23:
Fish Families—Parasite Species-Ri
Page 24 and 25:
namaycush, and cyprinids. Of the 41
Page 26 and 27:
suitable host and matures. We are n
Page 28 and 29:
Table 2. Overall number, percentage
Page 30 and 31:
Table 3, continued Myxozoa (Myxospo
Page 32 and 33:
Table 3, continued. Myxobolus neuro
Page 34 and 35:
Table 3, continued. Adult Digenea (
Page 36 and 37:
Table 3, continued. Site of Infecti
Page 38 and 39:
Table 3, continued. Strigeidae Rail
Page 40 and 41:
Table 3, continued. Oncorhynchus ts
Page 42 and 43:
Table 3, continued. Diphyllobothrii
Page 44 and 45:
Table 3, continued. Host: Catostomu
Page 46 and 47:
Table 3, continued. Cystidicolidae
Page 48 and 49:
Table 3, continued. Raphidascaris a
Page 50 and 51:
Table 3, continued. Quimperiidae Ba
Page 52 and 53:
Table 3, continued. Osmerus mordax:
Page 54 and 55:
Table 3, continued. Rhadinorhynchid
Page 56 and 57:
Table 3, continued. Host: Coregonus
Page 58 and 59:
Table 3, continued. Host: Oncorhync
Page 60 and 61:
Table 5. Fishes by family and speci
Page 62 and 63:
Table 5, continued. Ictaluridae Ame
Page 64 and 65:
Table 5, continued. Coregonus spp.
Page 66 and 67:
Table 5, continued. Cottus bairdii
Page 68 and 69:
Table 5, continued. Hirudinea: Dess
Page 70 and 71:
Digenetic Trematodes This parasite
Page 72 and 73:
Fish Species—Parasite Analyses Th
Page 74 and 75:
The numbers and percentages of auto
Page 76 and 77:
Cestodes Eubothrium crassum, E. rug
Page 78 and 79:
Most fish species examined for para
Page 80 and 81:
Table 8, continued. Ciliophora (Cil
Page 82 and 83:
Table 8, continued. Myxobolus burti
Page 84 and 85:
Table 8, continued. Coregonus hoyi:
Page 86 and 87:
Table 8, continued. Phyllodistomum
Page 88 and 89:
Table 8, continued. Host: Luxilus c
Page 90 and 91:
Table 8, continued. Tylodelphys sch
Page 92 and 93:
Table 8, continued. Urocleidus acul
Page 94 and 95:
Table 8, continued. Diclybothriidae
Page 96 and 97:
Table 8, continued. Tetraonchus var
Page 98 and 99:
Table 8, continued. Host: Catostomu
Page 100 and 101:
Table 8, continued. Proteocephalus
Page 102 and 103:
Table 8, continued. Host: Coregonus
Page 104 and 105:
Table 8, continued. Triaenophorus n
Page 106 and 107:
Table 8, continued. Truttaedacnitis
Page 108 and 109:
Table 8, continued. Coregonus arted
Page 110 and 111:
Table 8, continued. Philonema oncor
Page 112 and 113:
Table 8, continued. Host Ambloplite
Page 114 and 115:
Table 8, continued. Coregonus arted
Page 116 and 117:
Table 8, continued. Neoechinorhynch
Page 118 and 119:
Table 8, continued. Neoechinorhynch
Page 120 and 121:
Table 8, continued. Ergasilus cotti
Page 122 and 123:
Table 8, continued. Salmincola sisc
Page 124 and 125:
Table 9, continued. Larval/Immature
Page 126 and 127:
Table 9, continued. Esocidae Esox l
Page 128 and 129:
Table 9, continued. Coregonus kiyi
Page 130 and 131:
Table 9, continued. Larval/Immature
Page 132 and 133:
Table 9, continued. Centrarchidae A
Page 134 and 135:
Table 10. Numbers and percentages (
Page 136 and 137:
Fish Species—Parasite Analysis Tw
Page 138 and 139:
Table 12, continued. Crepidostomum
Page 140 and 141:
Table 12, continued. Cryptogonimus
Page 142 and 143:
Page 144 and 145:
Table 12, continued. Host: Esox luc
Page 146 and 147:
Table 12, continued. Spinitectus sp
Page 148 and 149:
Table 12, continued. Pomphorhynchid
Page 150 and 151:
Table 13, continued. Catostomidae C
Page 152 and 153:
Table 13, continued. Lepomis macroc
Page 154 and 155:
Sixteen species of myxozoans repres
Page 156 and 157:
Acanthocephalans Sixteen species of
Page 158 and 159:
The parasite group(s) (in parenthes
Page 160 and 161:
(2), Ergasilus caeruleus (7), E. lu
Page 162 and 163:
Nematodes Hysterothylacium brachyur
Page 164 and 165:
Fish Families—Parasite Communitie
Page 166 and 167:
Table 14, continued. Host: Luxilus
Page 168 and 169:
Table 14, continued. Myxobolus burt
Page 170 and 171:
Table 14, continued. Catostomus com
Page 172 and 173:
Table 14, continued. Host: Luxilus
Page 174 and 175:
Table 14, continued. Lepomis gibbos
Page 176 and 177:
Table 14, continued. Allacanthochas
Page 178 and 179:
Table 14, continued. Phyllodistomum
Page 180 and 181:
Table 14, continued. Plagioporus si
Page 182 and 183:
Table 14, continued. Diplostomidae
Page 184 and 185:
Table 14, continued. Salvelinus nam
Page 186 and 187:
Table 14, continued. Sander canaden
Page 188 and 189:
Table 14, continued. Ambloplites ru
Page 190 and 191:
Table 14, continued. Culaea inconst
Page 192 and 193:
Table 14, continued. Ligictaluridus
Page 194 and 195:
Table 14, continued. Urocleidus ala
Page 196 and 197:
Table 14, continued. Dactylogyrus d
Page 198 and 199:
Table 14, continued. Host: Coregonu
Page 200 and 201:
Table 14, continued. Gyrodactylus g
Page 202 and 203:
Table 14, continued. Etheostoma nig
Page 204 and 205:
Table 14, continued. Eubothrium sal
Page 206 and 207:
Table 14, continued. Cottus bairdii
Page 208 and 209:
Page 210 and 211:
Table 14, continued. Larval/Immatur
Page 212 and 213:
Table 14, continued. Catostomus cat
Page 214 and 215:
Table 14, continued. Triaenophorida
Page 216 and 217:
Table 14, continued. Adult Nematoda
Page 218 and 219:
Table 14, continued. Capillaria cat
Page 220 and 221:
Table 14, continued. Oncorhynchus t
Page 222 and 223:
Table 14, continued. Percopsis omis
Page 224 and 225:
Table 14, continued. Rhabdochona ca
Page 226 and 227:
Table 14, continued. Raphidascaris
Page 228 and 229:
Table 14, continued. Spinitectus gr
Page 230 and 231:
Table 14, continued. Rhabdochonidae
Page 232 and 233:
Table 14, continued. Host: Petromyz
Page 234 and 235:
Table 14, continued. Salvelinus fon
Page 236 and 237:
Table 14, continued. Pungitius pung
Page 238 and 239:
Table 14, continued. Neoechinorhync
Page 240 and 241:
Table 14, continued. Perca flavesce
Page 242 and 243:
Table 14, continued. Hirudinea (Lee
Page 244 and 245:
Table 14, continued. Ergasilidae No
Page 246 and 247:
Table 14, continued. Ergasilus vers
Page 248 and 249: Table 14, continued. Salmincola ext
Page 250 and 251: Table 15. Fishes by family from Lak
Page 252 and 253: Table 15, continued. Cyprinus carpi
Page 254 and 255: Table 15, continued. Monogenea: Dac
Page 256 and 257: Table 15, continued. Catostomidae C
Page 258 and 259: Table 15, continued. Adult Acanthoc
Page 260 and 261: Table 15, continued. Immature Acant
Page 262 and 263: Table 15, continued. Oncorhynchus m
Page 264 and 265: Table 15, continued. Adult Nematoda
Page 266 and 267: Table 15, continued. Fundulidae Fun
Page 268 and 269: Table 15, continued. Adult Acanthoc
Page 270 and 271: Table 15, continued. Lepomis macroc
Page 272 and 273: Table 15, continued. Adult Cestoda:
Page 274 and 275: Table 15, continued. Gobiidae Apoll
Page 276 and 277: Percina caprodes, Sander vitreus, A
Page 278 and 279: Table 18, continued. Clinostomidae
Page 280 and 281: Table 18, continued. LAKE ST CLAIR
Page 282 and 283: Table 18, continued. Strigeidae Rai
Page 284 and 285: Table 18, continued. Salvelinus nam
Page 286 and 287: Table 18, continued. Spiroxys sp. S
Page 288 and 289: Table 18, continued. DETROIT RIVER
Page 290 and 291: Table 19, continued. Salmonidae Cor
Page 292 and 293: Parasite Species—Overview LAKE ER
Page 294 and 295: Cestodes Twenty-four species of adu
Page 296 and 297: Parasitological studies have been d
Page 300 and 301: mordax in Lake Erie. Mass mortaliti
Page 302 and 303: Copepods Copepods (Argulus catostom
Page 304 and 305: Table 20. Parasites reported in fis
Page 306 and 307: Table 20, continued. Capriniana sp.
Page 308 and 309: Table 20, continued. Myxobolus cons
Page 310 and 311: Table 20, continued. Sphaerosporida
Page 312 and 313: Table 20, continued. Host: Osmerus
Page 314 and 315: Table 20, continued. Perca flavesce
Page 316 and 317: Table 20, continued. Azygia longa (
Page 318 and 319: Table 20, continued. Host: Micropte
Page 320 and 321: Table 20, continued. Host: Aplodino
Page 322 and 323: Table 20, continued. Microcreadium
Page 324 and 325: Table 20, continued. Host: Amia cal
Page 326 and 327: Table 20, continued. Unknown Family
Page 328 and 329: Table 20, continued. Lepomis gibbos
Page 330 and 331: Table 20, continued. Ictalurus punc
Page 332 and 333: Table 20, continued. Host: Esox luc
Page 334 and 335: Table 20, continued. Etheostoma exi
Page 336 and 337: Table 20, continued. Percina copela
Page 338 and 339: Table 20, continued. Unknown Family
Page 340 and 341: Table 20, continued. Axinidae Unnit
Page 342 and 343: Table 20, continued. Dactylogyrus a
Page 344 and 345: Table 20, continued. Lyrodiscus sem
Page 346 and 347: Table 20, continued. Tetracleidus c
Page 348 and 349:
Table 20, continued. Gyrodactylidae
Page 350 and 351:
Table 20, continued. Percina caprod
Page 352 and 353:
Table 20, continued. Tetraonchidae
Page 354 and 355:
Table 20, continued. Bothriocephalu
Page 356 and 357:
Page 358 and 359:
Page 360 and 361:
Table 20, continued. Amphicotylidae
Page 362 and 363:
Table 20, continued. Schistocephalu
Page 364 and 365:
Pomoxis nigromaculatus: Bangham 197
Page 366 and 367:
Table 20, continued. Triaenophorus
Page 368 and 369:
Table 20, continued. Cyprinella whi
Page 370 and 371:
Table 20, continued. Etheostoma ble
Page 372 and 373:
Page 374 and 375:
Table 20, continued. Micropterus do
Page 376 and 377:
Table 20, continued. Philometra sp.
Page 378 and 379:
Table 20, continued. Unknown Family
Page 380 and 381:
Table 20, continued. Dioctophymatid
Page 382 and 383:
Table 20, continued. Philometridae
Page 384 and 385:
Table 20, continued. Superfamily Sp
Page 386 and 387:
Table 20, continued. Neoechinorhync
Page 388 and 389:
Table 20, continued. Octospinifer m
Page 390 and 391:
Table 20, continued. Pomoxis annula
Page 392 and 393:
Table 20, continued. Lepomis gibbos
Page 394 and 395:
Table 20, continued. Lepomis cyanel
Page 396 and 397:
Table 20, continued. Sander glaucum
Page 398 and 399:
Table 20, continued. Lernaea crucia
Page 400 and 401:
Table 20, continued. Mollusca (Moll
Page 402 and 403:
Table 21, continued. Adult Cestoda:
Page 404 and 405:
Page 406 and 407:
Table 21, continued. Notemigonus cr
Page 408 and 409:
Table 21, continued. Monogenea: Uni
Page 410 and 411:
Table 21, continued. Adult Acanthoc
Page 412 and 413:
Page 414 and 415:
Page 416 and 417:
Table 21, continued. Umbridae Umbra
Page 418 and 419:
Table 21, continued. Gadidae Lota l
Page 420 and 421:
Page 422 and 423:
Page 424 and 425:
Page 426 and 427:
Table 21, continued. Percidae Ammoc
Page 428 and 429:
Page 430 and 431:
Table 21, continued. Adult Cestoda:
Page 432 and 433:
Table 21, continued. Hirudinea: Act
Page 434 and 435:
Table 23. Jaccard coefficients of p
Page 436 and 437:
Table 25. Fishes by family from the
Page 438 and 439:
Aspidobothreans Cotylogaster occide
Page 440 and 441:
The 49 fish species from Lake Ontar
Page 442 and 443:
Parasite species or a specific genu
Page 444 and 445:
Cestodes Several adult cestodes (Eu
Page 446 and 447:
Parasite Host Specificity—Jaccard
Page 448 and 449:
Table 26, continued. Host: Anguilla
Page 450 and 451:
Table 26, continued. Myxobolus bart
Page 452 and 453:
Table 26, continued. Microspora (Mi
Page 454 and 455:
Table 26, continued. Crepidostomum
Page 456 and 457:
Table 26, continued. Cryptogonimida
Page 458 and 459:
Table 26, continued. Host: Ictaluru
Page 460 and 461:
Table 26, continued. Cryptogonimida
Page 462 and 463:
Table 26, continued. Etheostoma exi
Page 464 and 465:
Table 26, continued. Apophallus ven
Page 466 and 467:
Table 26, continued. Actinocleidus
Page 468 and 469:
Table 26, continued. Cleidodiscus s
Page 470 and 471:
Table 26, continued. Onchocleidus a
Page 472 and 473:
Table 26, continued. Onchocleidus s
Page 474 and 475:
Table 26, continued. Urocleidus ads
Page 476 and 477:
Table 26, continued. Dactylogyrus b
Page 478 and 479:
Table 26, continued. Gyrodactylidae
Page 480 and 481:
Table 26, continued. Gyrodactylus p
Page 482 and 483:
Table 26, continued. Tetraonchidae
Page 484 and 485:
Table 26, continued. Proteocephalid
Page 486 and 487:
Table 26, continued. Triaenophorida
Page 488 and 489:
Page 490 and 491:
Table 26, continued. Camallanidae R
Page 492 and 493:
Table 26, continued. Host: Coregonu
Page 494 and 495:
Table 26, continued. Rhabdochona sp
Page 496 and 497:
Table 26, continued. Cystidicolidae
Page 498 and 499:
Table 26, continued. Echinorhynchus
Page 500 and 501:
Table 26, continued. Host: Acipense
Page 502 and 503:
Table 26, continued. Hirudinea (Lee
Page 504 and 505:
Page 506 and 507:
Table 26, continued. Salmincola ext
Page 508 and 509:
Table 27. Fishes by family from Lak
Page 510 and 511:
Table 27, continued. Monogenea: Dac
Page 512 and 513:
Table 27, continued. Catostomidae C
Page 514 and 515:
Table 27, continued. Esocidae Esox
Page 516 and 517:
Table 27, continued. Coregonus hoyi
Page 518 and 519:
Table 27, continued. Gasterosteidae
Page 520 and 521:
Table 27, continued. Centrarchidae
Page 522 and 523:
Page 524 and 525:
Table 27, continued. Etheostoma nig
Page 526 and 527:
Table 27, continued. Sciaenidae Apl
Page 528 and 529:
species), Neoechinorhynchus crassus
Page 530 and 531:
commonly found unencysted and coile
Page 532 and 533:
Exotic Parasite Species Mills et al
Page 534 and 535:
that have direct life cycles. Cesto
Page 536 and 537:
Table 30. Jaccard coefficients of p
Page 538 and 539:
Ambloplites rupestris harbored as f
Page 540 and 541:
in composition and numbers between
Page 542 and 543:
In Lake Michigan, percids harbored
Page 544 and 545:
prevalence of cestodes (tapeworms)
Page 546 and 547:
Anderson, R.C. 1992. Nematode paras
Page 548 and 549:
Bush, A.O., Fernandez, J.C., Esch,
Page 550 and 551:
Dechtiar, A.O. 1967b. Neodiscocotyl
Page 552 and 553:
Esch, G.W., Kennedy, C.R., Bush, A.
Page 554 and 555:
Hines, R.S. and Spira, D.T. 1974. I
Page 556 and 557:
Kennedy, C.R. 2009. The ecology of
Page 558 and 559:
Marcogliese, D.J. 2008. First repor
Page 560 and 561:
Muzzall, P.M., and Haas, R.C. 1998.
Page 562 and 563:
Pronin, N.M., Fleischer, G.W., Bald
Page 564 and 565:
Smith, H.D., and Margolis, L. 1970.
Page 566 and 567:
Thomas, L.J. 1947. The life cycle o
Page 568:
Wisniewski, W.L. 1958. Characteriza
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