Parasites of Fish from the Great Lakes - Great Lakes Fishery ...

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Table 21, continued. Adult Nematoda: Camallanus oxycephalus, (Bangham 1972; Bangham and Hunter 1939; Cooper et al. 1977; Dechtiar and Nepszy 1988; Stromberg and Crites 1975b); Dichelyne cotylophora, (Baker 1984a; Baker 1984b; Bangham 1972; Bangham and Hunter 1939; Cooper et al. 1977; Dechtiar and Nepszy 1988; Smedley 1934); Spinitectus carolini, (Jilek and Crites 1981); Spinitectus sp., (Bangham 1972); Philometra cylindracea, (Ashmead and Crites 1975; Bangham and Hunter 1939; Cooper et al. 1977; Crites 1982; Dechtiar and Nepszy 1988) Larval/Immature Nematoda: Hysterothylacium brachyurum, (Dechtiar and Nepszy 1988); Raphidascaris acus, (Dechtiar and Nepszy 1988); Agamonema sp., (Bangham and Hunter 1939); Eustrongylides tubifex, (Cooper et al. 1977; Cooper et al. 1978b; Crites 1975; Crites 1982; Measures 1988a; Measures 1988b; Sprinkle Fastzkie and Crites 1977); Eustrongylides sp., (Bangham 1972; Cooper et al. 1978a; Dechtiar 1972a; Dechtiar and Nepszy 1988) Adult Acanthocephala: Neoechinorhynchus cylindratus, (Cooper et al. 1977); Neoechinorhynchus rutili, (Dechtiar 1972a; Dechtiar and Nepszy 1988); Neoechinorhynchus sp., (Dechtiar 1972a); Pomphorhynchus bulbocolli, (Bangham 1972); Leptorhynchoides thecatus, (Bangham 1972; Dechtiar and Nepszy 1988) Immature Acanthocephala: Leptorhynchoides thecatus, (Bangham and Hunter 1939) Hirudinea: Myzobdella lugubris, (Bangham 1972); Piscicola punctata, (Bangham and Hunter 1939) Mollusca: Unidentified glochidia, (Bangham 1972; Dechtiar and Nepszy 1988) Copepoda: Ergasilus caeruleus, (Tidd 1931; Bangham 1972); Ergasilus luciopercarum, (Dechtiar and Nepszy 1988); Achtheres ambloplitis, (Dechtiar and Nepszy 1988); Achtheres sp., (Bangham 1972) Percina caprodes (logperch) Adult Digenea: Leuceruthrus micropteri, (Bangham 1972); Leuceruthrus sp., (Bangham and Hunter 1939); Allocreadium boleosomi, (Bangham and Hunter 1939; Bangham 1972) Larval/Immature Digenea: Clinostomum complanatum, (Bangham and Hunter 1939); Diplostomum sp., (Bangham 1972; Bangham and Hunter 1939); Ichthyocotylurus sp., (Bangham 1972; Bangham and Hunter 1939); Neascus sp., (Bangham 1972; Bangham and Hunter 1939); unidentified metacercariae, (Bangham 1972) Monogenea: Aethycteron malleus, (Dechtiar 1972a); unidentified Gyrodactyloidea, (Bangham 1972) Adult Cestoda: Bothriocephalus formosus, (Bangham 1972); Proteocephalus pearsei, (Bangham and Hunter 1939) Larval/Immature Cestoda: Bothriocephalus cuspidatus, (Bangham and Hunter 1939); Proteocephalus stizostethi, (Bangham and Hunter 1939); Proteocephalus ambloplitis, (Bangham 1972); Proteocephalus sp., (Bangham 1972) Adult Nematoda: Camallanus oxycephalus, (Bangham 1972; Bangham and Hunter 1939); Spinitectus gracilis, (Bangham 1972); Rhabdochona sp., (Bangham 1972) Larval/Immature Nematoda: Agamonema sp., (Bangham and Hunter 1939); Eustrongylides sp., (Bangham 1972); Philometra cylindracea, (Bangham 1972) Adult Acanthocephala: Leptorhynchoides thecatus, (Bangham and Hunter 1939) Immature Acanthocephala: Leptorhynchoides thecatus, (Bangham 1972; Bangham and Hunter 1939) Hirudinea: Myzobdella sp., (Bangham 1972); Piscicola punctata, (Bangham and Hunter 1939) Mollusca: Unidentified glochidia, (Bangham 1972) Copepoda: Ergasilus caeruleus, (Bangham 1972) 420
Table 21, continued. Percina copelandi (channel darter) Adult Digenea: Allocreadium boleosomi, (Bangham 1972); Plagioporus cooperi, (Bangham and Hunter 1939; Hunter and Bangham 1932) Larval/Immature Digenea: Ichthyocotylurus sp., (Bangham 1972); Neascus sp., (Bangham and Hunter 1939); unidentified metacercariae, (Bangham 1972) Monogenea: Unidentified Gyrodactyloidea, (Bangham 1972) Adult Cestoda: Bothriocephalus cuspidatus, (Bangham and Hunter 1939) Larval/Immature Cestoda: Proteocephalus ambloplitis, (Bangham 1972) Adult Nematoda: Camallanus oxycephalus, (Bangham 1972; Bangham and Hunter 1939) Hirudinea: Myzobdella sp., (Bangham 1972) Mollusca: Unidentifed glochidia, (Bangham 1972) Percina maculata (blackside darter) Larval/Immature Digenea: Neascus sp., (Bangham 1972); unidentified metacercariae, (Bangham 1972) Monogenea: Unidentified Gyrodactyloidea, (Bangham 1972) Adult Nematoda: Camallanus oxycephalus, (Bangham and Hunter 1939) Sander canadensis (sauger) Myxozoa: Unidentified myxozoan, (Bangham and Hunter 1939) Adult Digenea: Megalogonia ictaluri, (Bangham 1972); Prosorhynchoides pusilla, (Bangham and Hunter 1939); Centrovarium lobotes, (Bangham and Hunter 1939) Larval/Immature Digenea: Ichthyocotylurus platycephalus, (Hughes 1928); Ichthyocotylurus sp., (Dechtiar 1972a); Neascus sp., (Bangham and Hunter 1939) Monogenea: Urocleidus aculeatus, (Dechtiar 1972a) Adult Cestoda: Bothriocephalus claviceps, (Bangham and Hunter 1939); Bothriocephalus cuspidatus, (Bangham 1972; Bangham and Hunter 1939); Proteocephalus stizostethi, (Bangham 1972; Bangham and Hunter 1939; Hunter and Bangham 1933); Triaenophorus sp., (Bangham and Hunter 1939) Larval/Immature Cestoda: Proteocephalus ambloplitis, (Bangham 1972); Triaenophorus nodulosus, (Bangham 1972); Triaenophorus sp., (Bangham and Hunter 1939) Adult Nematoda: Camallanus oxycephalus, (Bangham and Hunter 1939) Larval/Immature Nematoda: Eustrongylides sp., (Dechtiar 1972a) Adult Acanthocephala: Neoechinorhynchus sp., (Bangham and Hunter 1939) Mollusca: Unidentified glochidia, (Bangham and Hunter 1939) Copepoda: Ergasilus centrarchidarum, (Bangham and Hunter 1939); Ergasilus caeruleus, (Tidd 1931; Bangham and Hunter 1939) Sander glaucum (blue pike) Adult Digenea: Prosorhynchoides pusilla, (Bangham and Hunter 1939); Centrovarium lobotes, (Bangham and Hunter 1939) Monogenea: Urocleidus aculeatus, (Dechtiar 1972a) 421
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Parasites of Fish from the Great La
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Parasites of Fish from the Great La
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Table of Contents OVERVIEW ........
Page 7:
PREFACE There has been no comprehen
Page 10 and 11:
fish species examined and parasites
Page 12 and 13:
changed, especially some monogenean
Page 14 and 15:
Table 1, continued. Scientific name
Page 16 and 17:
Table 1, continued. Scientific name
Page 18 and 19:
most similar among fish or fish fam
Page 20 and 21:
Nematodes Ten species of adult nema
Page 22 and 23:
Fish Families—Parasite Species-Ri
Page 24 and 25:
namaycush, and cyprinids. Of the 41
Page 26 and 27:
suitable host and matures. We are n
Page 28 and 29:
Table 2. Overall number, percentage
Page 30 and 31:
Table 3, continued Myxozoa (Myxospo
Page 32 and 33:
Table 3, continued. Myxobolus neuro
Page 34 and 35:
Table 3, continued. Adult Digenea (
Page 36 and 37:
Table 3, continued. Site of Infecti
Page 38 and 39:
Table 3, continued. Strigeidae Rail
Page 40 and 41:
Table 3, continued. Oncorhynchus ts
Page 42 and 43:
Table 3, continued. Diphyllobothrii
Page 44 and 45:
Table 3, continued. Host: Catostomu
Page 46 and 47:
Table 3, continued. Cystidicolidae
Page 48 and 49:
Table 3, continued. Raphidascaris a
Page 50 and 51:
Table 3, continued. Quimperiidae Ba
Page 52 and 53:
Table 3, continued. Osmerus mordax:
Page 54 and 55:
Table 3, continued. Rhadinorhynchid
Page 56 and 57:
Table 3, continued. Host: Coregonus
Page 58 and 59:
Table 3, continued. Host: Oncorhync
Page 60 and 61:
Table 5. Fishes by family and speci
Page 62 and 63:
Table 5, continued. Ictaluridae Ame
Page 64 and 65:
Table 5, continued. Coregonus spp.
Page 66 and 67:
Table 5, continued. Cottus bairdii
Page 68 and 69:
Table 5, continued. Hirudinea: Dess
Page 70 and 71:
Digenetic Trematodes This parasite
Page 72 and 73:
Fish Species—Parasite Analyses Th
Page 74 and 75:
The numbers and percentages of auto
Page 76 and 77:
Cestodes Eubothrium crassum, E. rug
Page 78 and 79:
Most fish species examined for para
Page 80 and 81:
Table 8, continued. Ciliophora (Cil
Page 82 and 83:
Table 8, continued. Myxobolus burti
Page 84 and 85:
Table 8, continued. Coregonus hoyi:
Page 86 and 87:
Table 8, continued. Phyllodistomum
Page 88 and 89:
Table 8, continued. Host: Luxilus c
Page 90 and 91:
Table 8, continued. Tylodelphys sch
Page 92 and 93:
Table 8, continued. Urocleidus acul
Page 94 and 95:
Table 8, continued. Diclybothriidae
Page 96 and 97:
Table 8, continued. Tetraonchus var
Page 98 and 99:
Table 8, continued. Host: Catostomu
Page 100 and 101:
Table 8, continued. Proteocephalus
Page 102 and 103:
Table 8, continued. Host: Coregonus
Page 104 and 105:
Table 8, continued. Triaenophorus n
Page 106 and 107:
Table 8, continued. Truttaedacnitis
Page 108 and 109:
Table 8, continued. Coregonus arted
Page 110 and 111:
Table 8, continued. Philonema oncor
Page 112 and 113:
Table 8, continued. Host Ambloplite
Page 114 and 115:
Table 8, continued. Coregonus arted
Page 116 and 117:
Table 8, continued. Neoechinorhynch
Page 118 and 119:
Table 8, continued. Neoechinorhynch
Page 120 and 121:
Table 8, continued. Ergasilus cotti
Page 122 and 123:
Table 8, continued. Salmincola sisc
Page 124 and 125:
Table 9, continued. Larval/Immature
Page 126 and 127:
Table 9, continued. Esocidae Esox l
Page 128 and 129:
Table 9, continued. Coregonus kiyi
Page 130 and 131:
Table 9, continued. Larval/Immature
Page 132 and 133:
Table 9, continued. Centrarchidae A
Page 134 and 135:
Table 10. Numbers and percentages (
Page 136 and 137:
Fish Species—Parasite Analysis Tw
Page 138 and 139:
Table 12, continued. Crepidostomum
Page 140 and 141:
Table 12, continued. Cryptogonimus
Page 142 and 143:
Page 144 and 145:
Table 12, continued. Host: Esox luc
Page 146 and 147:
Table 12, continued. Spinitectus sp
Page 148 and 149:
Table 12, continued. Pomphorhynchid
Page 150 and 151:
Table 13, continued. Catostomidae C
Page 152 and 153:
Table 13, continued. Lepomis macroc
Page 154 and 155:
Sixteen species of myxozoans repres
Page 156 and 157:
Acanthocephalans Sixteen species of
Page 158 and 159:
The parasite group(s) (in parenthes
Page 160 and 161:
(2), Ergasilus caeruleus (7), E. lu
Page 162 and 163:
Nematodes Hysterothylacium brachyur
Page 164 and 165:
Fish Families—Parasite Communitie
Page 166 and 167:
Table 14, continued. Host: Luxilus
Page 168 and 169:
Table 14, continued. Myxobolus burt
Page 170 and 171:
Table 14, continued. Catostomus com
Page 172 and 173:
Table 14, continued. Host: Luxilus
Page 174 and 175:
Table 14, continued. Lepomis gibbos
Page 176 and 177:
Table 14, continued. Allacanthochas
Page 178 and 179:
Table 14, continued. Phyllodistomum
Page 180 and 181:
Table 14, continued. Plagioporus si
Page 182 and 183:
Table 14, continued. Diplostomidae
Page 184 and 185:
Table 14, continued. Salvelinus nam
Page 186 and 187:
Table 14, continued. Sander canaden
Page 188 and 189:
Table 14, continued. Ambloplites ru
Page 190 and 191:
Table 14, continued. Culaea inconst
Page 192 and 193:
Table 14, continued. Ligictaluridus
Page 194 and 195:
Table 14, continued. Urocleidus ala
Page 196 and 197:
Table 14, continued. Dactylogyrus d
Page 198 and 199:
Table 14, continued. Host: Coregonu
Page 200 and 201:
Table 14, continued. Gyrodactylus g
Page 202 and 203:
Table 14, continued. Etheostoma nig
Page 204 and 205:
Table 14, continued. Eubothrium sal
Page 206 and 207:
Table 14, continued. Cottus bairdii
Page 208 and 209:
Page 210 and 211:
Table 14, continued. Larval/Immatur
Page 212 and 213:
Table 14, continued. Catostomus cat
Page 214 and 215:
Table 14, continued. Triaenophorida
Page 216 and 217:
Table 14, continued. Adult Nematoda
Page 218 and 219:
Table 14, continued. Capillaria cat
Page 220 and 221:
Table 14, continued. Oncorhynchus t
Page 222 and 223:
Table 14, continued. Percopsis omis
Page 224 and 225:
Table 14, continued. Rhabdochona ca
Page 226 and 227:
Table 14, continued. Raphidascaris
Page 228 and 229:
Table 14, continued. Spinitectus gr
Page 230 and 231:
Table 14, continued. Rhabdochonidae
Page 232 and 233:
Table 14, continued. Host: Petromyz
Page 234 and 235:
Table 14, continued. Salvelinus fon
Page 236 and 237:
Table 14, continued. Pungitius pung
Page 238 and 239:
Table 14, continued. Neoechinorhync
Page 240 and 241:
Table 14, continued. Perca flavesce
Page 242 and 243:
Table 14, continued. Hirudinea (Lee
Page 244 and 245:
Table 14, continued. Ergasilidae No
Page 246 and 247:
Table 14, continued. Ergasilus vers
Page 248 and 249:
Table 14, continued. Salmincola ext
Page 250 and 251:
Table 15. Fishes by family from Lak
Page 252 and 253:
Table 15, continued. Cyprinus carpi
Page 254 and 255:
Table 15, continued. Monogenea: Dac
Page 256 and 257:
Page 258 and 259:
Table 15, continued. Adult Acanthoc
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Table 15, continued. Immature Acant
Page 262 and 263:
Table 15, continued. Oncorhynchus m
Page 264 and 265:
Table 15, continued. Adult Nematoda
Page 266 and 267:
Table 15, continued. Fundulidae Fun
Page 268 and 269:
Table 15, continued. Adult Acanthoc
Page 270 and 271:
Table 15, continued. Lepomis macroc
Page 272 and 273:
Table 15, continued. Adult Cestoda:
Page 274 and 275:
Table 15, continued. Gobiidae Apoll
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Percina caprodes, Sander vitreus, A
Page 278 and 279:
Table 18, continued. Clinostomidae
Page 280 and 281:
Table 18, continued. LAKE ST CLAIR
Page 282 and 283:
Table 18, continued. Strigeidae Rai
Page 284 and 285:
Table 18, continued. Salvelinus nam
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Table 18, continued. Spiroxys sp. S
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Table 18, continued. DETROIT RIVER
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Table 19, continued. Salmonidae Cor
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Parasite Species—Overview LAKE ER
Page 294 and 295:
Cestodes Twenty-four species of adu
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Parasitological studies have been d
Page 298 and 299:
N. atherinoides, N. buccatus, N. he
Page 300 and 301:
mordax in Lake Erie. Mass mortaliti
Page 302 and 303:
Copepods Copepods (Argulus catostom
Page 304 and 305:
Table 20. Parasites reported in fis
Page 306 and 307:
Table 20, continued. Capriniana sp.
Page 308 and 309:
Table 20, continued. Myxobolus cons
Page 310 and 311:
Table 20, continued. Sphaerosporida
Page 312 and 313:
Table 20, continued. Host: Osmerus
Page 314 and 315:
Page 316 and 317:
Table 20, continued. Azygia longa (
Page 318 and 319:
Table 20, continued. Host: Micropte
Page 320 and 321:
Table 20, continued. Host: Aplodino
Page 322 and 323:
Table 20, continued. Microcreadium
Page 324 and 325:
Table 20, continued. Host: Amia cal
Page 326 and 327:
Table 20, continued. Unknown Family
Page 328 and 329:
Table 20, continued. Lepomis gibbos
Page 330 and 331:
Table 20, continued. Ictalurus punc
Page 332 and 333:
Table 20, continued. Host: Esox luc
Page 334 and 335:
Table 20, continued. Etheostoma exi
Page 336 and 337:
Table 20, continued. Percina copela
Page 338 and 339:
Table 20, continued. Unknown Family
Page 340 and 341:
Table 20, continued. Axinidae Unnit
Page 342 and 343:
Table 20, continued. Dactylogyrus a
Page 344 and 345:
Table 20, continued. Lyrodiscus sem
Page 346 and 347:
Table 20, continued. Tetracleidus c
Page 348 and 349:
Table 20, continued. Gyrodactylidae
Page 350 and 351:
Table 20, continued. Percina caprod
Page 352 and 353:
Table 20, continued. Tetraonchidae
Page 354 and 355:
Table 20, continued. Bothriocephalu
Page 356 and 357:
Page 358 and 359:
Page 360 and 361:
Table 20, continued. Amphicotylidae
Page 362 and 363:
Table 20, continued. Schistocephalu
Page 364 and 365:
Pomoxis nigromaculatus: Bangham 197
Page 366 and 367:
Table 20, continued. Triaenophorus
Page 368 and 369:
Table 20, continued. Cyprinella whi
Page 370 and 371:
Table 20, continued. Etheostoma ble
Page 372 and 373:
Page 374 and 375:
Table 20, continued. Micropterus do
Page 376 and 377:
Table 20, continued. Philometra sp.
Page 378 and 379: Table 20, continued. Unknown Family
Page 380 and 381: Table 20, continued. Dioctophymatid
Page 382 and 383: Table 20, continued. Philometridae
Page 384 and 385: Table 20, continued. Superfamily Sp
Page 386 and 387: Table 20, continued. Neoechinorhync
Page 388 and 389: Table 20, continued. Octospinifer m
Page 390 and 391: Table 20, continued. Pomoxis annula
Page 392 and 393: Table 20, continued. Lepomis gibbos
Page 394 and 395: Table 20, continued. Lepomis cyanel
Page 396 and 397: Table 20, continued. Sander glaucum
Page 398 and 399: Table 20, continued. Lernaea crucia
Page 400 and 401: Table 20, continued. Mollusca (Moll
Page 402 and 403: Table 21, continued. Adult Cestoda:
Page 404 and 405: Table 21, continued. Larval/Immatur
Page 406 and 407: Table 21, continued. Notemigonus cr
Page 408 and 409: Table 21, continued. Monogenea: Uni
Page 410 and 411: Table 21, continued. Adult Acanthoc
Page 416 and 417: Table 21, continued. Umbridae Umbra
Page 418 and 419: Table 21, continued. Gadidae Lota l
Page 424 and 425: Table 21, continued. Adult Nematoda
Page 426 and 427: Table 21, continued. Percidae Ammoc
Page 430 and 431: Table 21, continued. Adult Cestoda:
Page 432 and 433: Table 21, continued. Hirudinea: Act
Page 434 and 435: Table 23. Jaccard coefficients of p
Page 436 and 437: Table 25. Fishes by family from the
Page 438 and 439: Aspidobothreans Cotylogaster occide
Page 440 and 441: The 49 fish species from Lake Ontar
Page 442 and 443: Parasite species or a specific genu
Page 444 and 445: Cestodes Several adult cestodes (Eu
Page 446 and 447: Parasite Host Specificity—Jaccard
Page 448 and 449: Table 26, continued. Host: Anguilla
Page 450 and 451: Table 26, continued. Myxobolus bart
Page 452 and 453: Table 26, continued. Microspora (Mi
Page 454 and 455: Table 26, continued. Crepidostomum
Page 456 and 457: Table 26, continued. Cryptogonimida
Page 458 and 459: Table 26, continued. Host: Ictaluru
Page 460 and 461: Table 26, continued. Cryptogonimida
Page 462 and 463: Table 26, continued. Etheostoma exi
Page 464 and 465: Table 26, continued. Apophallus ven
Page 466 and 467: Table 26, continued. Actinocleidus
Page 468 and 469: Table 26, continued. Cleidodiscus s
Page 470 and 471: Table 26, continued. Onchocleidus a
Page 472 and 473: Table 26, continued. Onchocleidus s
Page 474 and 475: Table 26, continued. Urocleidus ads
Page 476 and 477: Table 26, continued. Dactylogyrus b
Page 478 and 479:
Table 26, continued. Gyrodactylidae
Page 480 and 481:
Table 26, continued. Gyrodactylus p
Page 482 and 483:
Table 26, continued. Tetraonchidae
Page 484 and 485:
Table 26, continued. Proteocephalid
Page 486 and 487:
Table 26, continued. Triaenophorida
Page 488 and 489:
Page 490 and 491:
Table 26, continued. Camallanidae R
Page 492 and 493:
Table 26, continued. Host: Coregonu
Page 494 and 495:
Table 26, continued. Rhabdochona sp
Page 496 and 497:
Table 26, continued. Cystidicolidae
Page 498 and 499:
Table 26, continued. Echinorhynchus
Page 500 and 501:
Table 26, continued. Host: Acipense
Page 502 and 503:
Table 26, continued. Hirudinea (Lee
Page 504 and 505:
Page 506 and 507:
Table 26, continued. Salmincola ext
Page 508 and 509:
Table 27. Fishes by family from Lak
Page 510 and 511:
Table 27, continued. Monogenea: Dac
Page 512 and 513:
Page 514 and 515:
Table 27, continued. Esocidae Esox
Page 516 and 517:
Table 27, continued. Coregonus hoyi
Page 518 and 519:
Table 27, continued. Gasterosteidae
Page 520 and 521:
Table 27, continued. Centrarchidae
Page 522 and 523:
Table 27, continued. Larval/Immatur
Page 524 and 525:
Table 27, continued. Etheostoma nig
Page 526 and 527:
Table 27, continued. Sciaenidae Apl
Page 528 and 529:
species), Neoechinorhynchus crassus
Page 530 and 531:
commonly found unencysted and coile
Page 532 and 533:
Exotic Parasite Species Mills et al
Page 534 and 535:
that have direct life cycles. Cesto
Page 536 and 537:
Table 30. Jaccard coefficients of p
Page 538 and 539:
Ambloplites rupestris harbored as f
Page 540 and 541:
in composition and numbers between
Page 542 and 543:
In Lake Michigan, percids harbored
Page 544 and 545:
prevalence of cestodes (tapeworms)
Page 546 and 547:
Anderson, R.C. 1992. Nematode paras
Page 548 and 549:
Bush, A.O., Fernandez, J.C., Esch,
Page 550 and 551:
Dechtiar, A.O. 1967b. Neodiscocotyl
Page 552 and 553:
Esch, G.W., Kennedy, C.R., Bush, A.
Page 554 and 555:
Hines, R.S. and Spira, D.T. 1974. I
Page 556 and 557:
Kennedy, C.R. 2009. The ecology of
Page 558 and 559:
Marcogliese, D.J. 2008. First repor
Page 560 and 561:
Muzzall, P.M., and Haas, R.C. 1998.
Page 562 and 563:
Pronin, N.M., Fleischer, G.W., Bald
Page 564 and 565:
Smith, H.D., and Margolis, L. 1970.
Page 566 and 567:
Thomas, L.J. 1947. The life cycle o
Page 568:
Wisniewski, W.L. 1958. Characteriza
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