Cambridge Pre-U Syllabus - Cambridge International Examinations

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20 1.5 Respiration Content ATP Chemiosmosis Glycolysis Anaerobic respiration Reactions within mitochondria Candidates should be able to: Learning outcomes Cambridge Pre-U Draft a) explain the need to release energy to drive metabolic reactions and the role of ATP b) outline chemiosmosis as a system in prokaryotes and eukaryotes in which: • electrons may gain energy from oxidation of chemical substrates and that this energy may be used to do work • energetic electrons pass through the electron transport system to release energy • the released energy is used to transfer protons out through membranes • as these protons diffuse back through the membrane, their kinetic energy is used in membraneassociated ATP synthase to add phosphate to ADP, forming ATP c) outline glycolysis (phosphorylation to fructose 1,6-bisphosphate, hydrolysis to triose phosphate, oxidation and dephosphorylation to pyruvate) d) outline the link reaction and Krebs cycle within the mitochondrion, general principles of dehydrogenation and decarboxylation to produce ATP, and reduced NAD and FAD e) outline anaerobic respiration in animals limited to the oxidation of reduced NAD to regenerate NAD and conversion of pyruvate to lactate and at the same level of detail, compare and contrast this with anaerobic respiration in yeast and plants f) compare and contrast the energy released per molecule of glucose substrate in aerobic and anaerobic conditions and explain the reasons for the difference Practical learning outcomes Candidates should be able to: i) investigate the rate of glucose respiration by yeast in aerobic and anaerobic conditions ii) investigate the effect of temperature on the rate of respiration using simple respirometers
Cambridge Pre-U Syllabus 1.6 Genes and protein synthesis Content The gene and genetic code Protein synthesis Control of gene expression Inheritance and Mendelian genetics Mutations Genetic conditions Learning outcomes Candidates should be able to: a) define a gene as a unit of inheritance or as an ordered sequence of nucleotides located at a particular locus on a particular chromosome which codes for a particular protein, or in certain cases a functional or structural RNA molecule. Discuss the limitations of the latter definition with reference to introns, exons and promoters b) describe the genetic code and discuss the extent to which it is true that the code is universal to all organisms c) explain protein synthesis in terms of transcription and translation including the roles of DNA, mRNA, tRNA and ribosomes d) describe, in outline, eukaryotic introns, exons and the splicing of mRNA e) define the term proteomics and outline its importance to biomedicine (limited to diagnosis and drug design) f) describe, in outline, the control of gene expression (limited to the lac operon in prokaryotes) g) state, with examples, the differences between continuous and discontinuous variation (limited to relative number of genes and alleles involved and relative impact of the environment as well as relative range of phenotypes) h) define and use the terms allele, locus, phenotype, genotype, dominant, recessive and codominant i) use genetic diagrams to solve dihybrid crosses, including those involving sex linkage, autosomal linkage, epistasis, codominance and multiple alleles j) use and interpret the chi-squared test to test the significance of the difference between observed and expected results. (The formula for the chi-squared test will be provided.) k) explain that the effects of ionising radiation on living cells can have a range of outcomes including DNA damage which is repaired, DNA damage that cannot be repaired, leading to apoptosis, and DNA damage causing mutations. Mutations that do not kill the cell but are passed on to its descendants during cell division (including mutations that can cause cancer e.g. those that cause proto-oncogenes to become oncogenes and those that reduce the activity of tumour-suppressor genes) l) describe gene mutations, limited to substitution, deletion and insertion m) explain, with reference to sickle cell anaemia, cystic fibrosis and hereditary haemochromatosis, how gene mutations might affect expression of a protein and thus affect phenotype (issues related to genetic conditions need to be handled with sensitivity) n) describe the causes and outline the symptoms of hereditary haemochromatosis (HH) as an example of a recessive genetic condition (reference should be made to HFE protein) 21
Page 1: Cambridge Pre-U Syllabus - DRAFT Su
Page 4 and 5: 2 © University of Cambridge Intern
Page 6 and 7: 4 Introduction Cambridge Pre-U Draf
Page 8 and 9: 6 Aims The course aims to: Cambridg
Page 10 and 11: 8 Assessment objectives Cambridge P
Page 12 and 13: 10 Description of Papers Cambridge
Page 14 and 15: 12 Curriculum Content The syllabus
Page 16 and 17: 14 Cambridge Pre-U Draft In the con
Page 18 and 19: 16 1.1 Eukaryotic cell structure Co
Page 20 and 21: 18 1.3 Cell replication Content DNA
Page 24 and 25: 22 Cambridge Pre-U Draft Practical
Page 26 and 27: 24 2. THE ORIGIN AND EVOLUTION OF L
Page 28 and 29: 26 2.3 The evolution of life Conten
Page 30 and 31: 28 3. ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY Section 3 (
Page 32 and 33: 30 3.3 Nerves, muscles and behaviou
Page 34 and 35: 32 3.5 The immune system Content St
Page 36 and 37: 34 4. THE LIFE OF PLANTS Cambridge
Page 38 and 39: 36 4.3 Reproduction Content Pollina
Page 40 and 41: 38 5. ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES Cambrid
Page 42 and 43: 40 5.2 Measuring and conserving bio
Page 44 and 45: 42 Cambridge Pre-U Draft Section A
Page 46 and 47: 44 Assessment of skills in Componen
Page 48 and 49: 46 Cambridge Pre-U Draft Candidates
Page 50 and 51: 48 Cambridge Pre-U Draft Sub-skill
Page 56 and 57: 54 Cambridge Pre-U Draft Skill Area
Page 58 and 59: 56 Cambridge Pre-U Draft Laboratory
Page 60 and 61: 58 Cambridge Pre-U Draft Reagents,
Page 62 and 63: 60 Appendix 2: Textbooks and IT res
Page 64 and 65: 62 Cambridge Pre-U Draft Biology Pr
Page 66 and 67: 64 Notes on the use of statistics i
Page 68 and 69: 66 Cambridge Pre-U Draft Glossary o
Page 70 and 71: 68 Appendix 4: Performance Descript
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70 Appendix 5: Additional informati
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72 Cambridge Pre-U Draft
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