tc dokuz eylül university institute of social sciences translation and ...

substitutes for the entity or in which a part substitutes for the whole” (Tymoczko,
1999; 42).
For example, references to significant places or key
historical events or kinship patterns can serve to locate a
literary work within a larger context of time, space, and
social structure, thus evoking those larger cultural contexts.
In this regard, such cultural elements within a literary work
are metonymic evocations of the culture as a whole,
including its material culture, history, economy, law,
customs, values, and so on. Metonymic structures within
literary texts are, therefore, densely woven, referring to
various aspects of the literary system and to other cultural
systems alike (Tymoczko, 1999; 45).
As for the translation, it is beyond rewriting or retelling of something but
more like creating a new story while rewriting the text. Tymoczko deals with the
question of how a translator is to translate such works which are unfamiliar and
foreign to the target reader. In her study, she prefers to cover only the marginalized
literatures in the polysystem. While a marginalized text is a retelling or rewriting for
its original audience, it is not for the receiving audience of a translation of the text.
The translator is in the paradoxical position of “telling a new story” to the receptor
audience. The more remote the source culture and literature, the more radically will
new the story be for the receiving audience (Tymoczko, 1999; 42). So, the poem
given above is an example of how some parts of a source text belong to the
traditional literature and how the author rewrites them. From that point, it is clearly
seen that this already rewritten poem is either to be recreated or literally translated, in
both of which cases the translation will be metonymic, i.e. partial but never total or
complete, capturing every aspect of the source text (Tymoczko, 1999; 54-55, also
Catford and Venuti ibid).
There are many metonymies in Alice in Wonderland, referring to British
history, literature and myths. They will be studied and exposed in chapter 3 in the
context of metonymy including other elements as well as puns.
D. Loss of Puns in Translation
Loss in translation is mostly inevitable. As for the reasons why there may be
loss in a given translation, Gottlieb lists three of them in pun translation, which can
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