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CHAPTER ONE I. Punning A. What is a pun? A pun is a literary form whereby a portrayal of a word or a phrase has several meanings, all of which apply. This can be achieved by the same sound with a different spelling or the same spelling with a different meaning, and it causes the reader to consciously acknowledge the differences and the similarities of the word or words. All at once the same sentence can have totally different meanings. This wordplay brings an amusing and yet ambiguous curve to the context of the story. What someone understands from a pun changes from person to person, time, culture, sex, background and worldview. The clever and humorous thing is the way that an author writes a pun in which both meanings of the word make sense and are understood or at least considered. It is a part of human nature to try to use humor or irony when communicating with other people, and if both parties have the same domain of human knowledge and experience, it will have a humorous effect on the addressee. If the receiver understands the pun both s/he and the punster will be united in taking pleasure from it; but if they do not, the punster may also derive pleasure from it, thinking that s/he is superior (Alexieva, 1997; 139). Puns can also be cruel or unkind as well as a source of humor. Lewis Carroll is very fond of puns and uses them to good effect in Alice’s Adventures (leasttern.com). Dirk Delabastita, a scholar of Translation Studies doing numerous studies and research on punning and its translation, suggests a more cognitive and linguistic definition as follows: “Wordplay is the general name for the various textual phenomena in which structural features of the language(s) used are exploited in order to bring about a communicatively significant confrontation of two (or more) linguistic structures with more or less similar forms and more or less different meanings” (Delabastita, 1996; 128). There is not a consensus among scholars on the difference between wordplay and pun. The two terms are mostly used interchangeably. For instance, Delabastita uses both terms in his introductory articles in both Traductio (1997) and The Translator (1996). (For further references, see von Flotow 1997, 46; de Vries and 8
Verheij 1997, 68; Alexieva 1997, 138; Weissbord 1996, 224). Therefore, both terms used in this study, mainly pun will refer to the same thing. B. Subtypes of pun With respect to this, Gottlieb's and Delabastita’s linguistically categorized wordplay could be taken as the forms of pun. According to him, there is homonymy -identical forms but different words or a word which agrees with another in sound and perhaps in spelling, but differs from it in signification: a word that is the name of more than one object; e.g. ‘two’, ‘too’ and ‘to’ or the substantive 'bear' and the verb 'to bear'. Homonymy can be lexical, collocational, and phrasal, that is consisting of two expressions pronounced the same way. Lexical homonymy creates single-word ambiguity concerning its central feature at play. Collocational homonymy applies as a word-in-context ambiguity whereas phrasal homonymy functions as clausal ambiguity. The next form in the classification is homophony, which indicates two expressions pronounced the same way, and its central feature is phonemic ambiguity. It refers to a character representing a sound the same as of another character or having the same sound but different sense. For example; weigh-way, representing the same sound by a different character. The third one is homograph, which indicates two expressions, spelt the same way and creating graphemic ambiguity. In orthography, it is the way of using a distinctive character to represent each sound. A word of the same spelling as another but derived from a different root and having a different meaning e.g. to wind and the wind; to present and a present or bow (the front part of a ship), bow (to bend) and bow (a decorative knot). 1 Another form is paronymy that involves two expressions pronounced and spelt in nearly the same way and that has phonemic and graphemic similarity (Gottlieb, 1997; 210 & Delabastita, 1996; 128) having the same or identical sound but differing in orthography and signification; said of words; as all, awl; ball, bawl; 1 For homonymy and homography are defined separately in Dilbilim Terimleri Sözlüğü, yet it is also indicated that linguists take pains to distinguish homonymy and polysemy and extent the borders of homonymy operating according to synchronic principles instead of historical, etymon standards (Vardar, 2002; 93). 9
Page 1 and 2: T.C. DOKUZ EYLÜL UNIVERSITY INSTIT
Page 3 and 4: II. Descriptive Translation Studies
Page 5 and 6: LIST OF TABLES AND CHARTS Table 1:
Page 7: meanings to their characters or to
Page 11 and 12: The other is simile - a comparison
Page 13 and 14: addressee into greater attention, t
Page 15 and 16: Alice's Adventures in Wonderland. I
Page 17 and 18: which have been translated numerous
Page 19 and 20: consideration in terms of the cultu
Page 21 and 22: pun. In this case, the pun is rende
Page 23 and 24: takes pleasure in reading it becaus
Page 25 and 26: (Literally: Little Bat, Little Bat,
Page 27 and 28: e applied to any kind of loss in tr
Page 29 and 30: degree of the relation between the
Page 31 and 32: translation within a certain cultur
Page 33 and 34: language, the translation becomes a
Page 35 and 36: explicit the conception of a system
Page 37 and 38: Toury and Zohar have worked togethe
Page 39 and 40: ookstores (e.g. Civelekoğlu and Ye
Page 41 and 42: children today. When it comes to ad
Page 43 and 44: Özbay translated her/his text into
Page 45 and 46: were listed in chapter 1, and the t
Page 47 and 48: Çester kedisi by Özbay. Because i
Page 49 and 50: IV. The strategies to translate pun
Page 51 and 52: to make up for a lost wordplay in t
Page 53 and 54: F. Literal Meaning The next strateg
Page 55 and 56: period. Therefore, together with th
Page 57 and 58: hetorical device or compensation, e
Page 59 and 60:
following can be concluded for the
Page 61 and 62:
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY ALEXIEVA, Bis
Page 63 and 64:
TOURY, Gideon. (1980). In Search of
Page 65 and 66:
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE SELECTED CORPUS
Page 67 and 68:
60 Old crab-97 V. Polysemy Crab is
Page 69 and 70:
62 GRYPHON Gryphon (Olta, Soydaş),
Page 71 and 72:
own tears-29 boğularak -33 boğula
Page 73 and 74:
66 Take care of the sense, and the
Page 75 and 76:
68 Soles and eels- 102 Porpoise...
Page 77 and 78:
70 By being drowned in my own tears
Page 79 and 80:
72 Learning to draw...what did they
Page 81 and 82:
74 Ambition, Distraction, Uglificat
Page 83 and 84:
76 I am a poor man…poor speaker-1
Page 85 and 86:
78 Curiouser and curiouser- 24 I’
Page 87 and 88:
80 Learning to draw...what did they
Page 89 and 90:
82 At dinn-…where dinn may be..10
Page 91:
84 118 4 178 71 41 203 123 Pun-to-p
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