Hydro-‐political Baseline of the Upper Jordan River - Ibrahim Abd El Al

Recommendations

Info

since the 1970s has been consistently greater than that of replenishment, except for a few exceptionally rainy years”. The Ministry of Agriculture was until 1996 the dominant decision maker in the sector. As reflected in Figure 2.8, the Ministry of National Infrastructure (MNI) leads on proposing the national water policy for Cabinet approval, as well as for proposing options for Israel's external water relations. The recently-‐established Israel Water Authority (former Israel Water Commission) is the central authority within the MNI tasked with planning for and regulating the water sector. Figure 2.8 Institutional arrangement of the water sector in Israel, in relation to the Lake of Tiberias (Kinneret) Basin. A break-‐down of the arrangements is provided in Annex B. Several other ministries retain specific responsibilities in the sector which allow them to exert influence over decision-‐making in the water sector. These are enumerated in Figure 2.9, and include the still-‐influential ministries of Agriculture (for agricultural allocations and pricing), Environmental Protection (for water quality standards), Health (for drinking water quality), Finance (tariffs and investments) and the Ministry of the Interior (for urban water supply). 34
Water Production Water Allocation Transmission and Distribution Water Quality Pricing and Regulation Water Authority P P P Water Board P Mekerot P P P Municipalities and Water Corporations P P Private Water Associations P Ministry of Agriculture P P P Ministry of Defence P Ministry of Finance P P Ministry of Interior P Ministry of Infrastructure P P Ministry of Health P Environmental Protection Agency P Foreign Ministry P Local Authorities/ Water and Sewage P Finance Committee of the Knesset P Figure 2.9 Responsibilities of various actors in the water sector in Israel (Mekorot 2011). Three administrative bodies answerable to the Israel Water Authority are also relevant in the water sector: Mekerot, its advisory body Tahal, and the Kinneret (Tiberias) Basin sub-‐ authority. Mekerot and the Kinneret Basin Sub-‐authority are responsible for water management related in the occupied Golan and southern Lebanon, while the Kinneret Basin sub-‐authority is responsible for the supervision and monitoring of the Lake of Tiberias. Mekerot is a not-‐for-‐profit governmental corporation created in 1937 – prior to the creation of the Israeli state. Officially, it is responsible for the delivery of water throughout the country (and in the occupied West Bank and Gaza, from 1967-‐1995), primarily through the National Water Carrier. In many ways, Mekerot is considered to have undue influence, and according to some accounts “effectively acts as a National Water Authority” (Beaumont 2005: 145). With the policy change of the government towards a more market based management, and Mekerot today is limited to the operation of the National Water Carrier and consultancy services. As is the case in Lebanon, decision-‐making over transboundary flows is much more ad-‐hoc, and typically occurs outside of the water institutions, with e.g. the ministry of foreign affairs. 35
Page 1 and 2: Hydro-‐political Baseline of th
Page 3 and 4: Table of Contents TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page 5 and 6: 8 THE HYDROPOLITICAL BASELINE 126 8
Page 7 and 8: Tables Table 2.1. Estimates of surf
Page 9 and 10: Preface This study could not have b
Page 11 and 12: control of the flows was assured fo
Page 13 and 14: MILITARY/ POLITICAL EVENTS 1916 192
Page 15 and 16: Springs in 2002, the prominence of
Page 17 and 18: 6, Lebanese narratives in support o
Page 19 and 20: 2. Snapshot of the Upper Jordan 2.1
Page 21 and 22: Wazzani Springs Hasbani River Huleh
Page 23 and 24: The religious significance of Bania
Page 25 and 26: Each shift in borders has resulted
Page 27 and 28: The border created by the French-
Page 29 and 30: Hydro-‐hegemony in Upper Jordan
Page 31 and 32: Figure 2.7 Institutional arrangemen
Page 33: master plans, and continues to take
Page 37 and 38: (Hartman 2008). The north-‐west
Page 39 and 40: Mediterranean Sea Dardana Spring A
Page 41 and 42: and placed just downstream of the s
Page 43 and 44: Hasbani Liddan Banias Figure 3.5 Da
Page 45 and 46: Hasbani Liddan Banias Figure 3.6 An
Page 47 and 48: The aquifer is composed primarily o
Page 49 and 50: 25 km wide. It is the highest mount
Page 51 and 52: Hasbani, and that the Litani cannot
Page 53 and 54: 3.5 Water abstractions 3.5.1 Water
Page 55 and 56: Groundwater abstractions within the
Page 57 and 58: PART B. ANALYSIS 4. Hydropolitical
Page 59 and 60: The Ottoman authorities also made a
Page 61 and 62: • to agree to construction works
Page 63 and 64: Figure 4.3 Hiorth’s suggested pla
Page 65 and 66: Figure 4.4 Israeli Water “Project
Page 67 and 68: The break-‐down of the talks me
Page 69 and 70: The 1967 territorial conquest marke
Page 71 and 72: In any case, the debilitation of th
Page 73 and 74: Considered alongside the significan
Page 75 and 76: Zeitoun (2007: Fig 4.5) shows how a
Page 77 and 78: The representatives of the European
Page 79 and 80: 4.5.3 Ghajar “Many people are foc
Page 81 and 82: 5. Wars and Water This section appl
Page 83 and 84: The very extensive damages to water
Page 85 and 86:
5.4 Water and War in Lebanon during
Page 87 and 88:
Item Area Comments Water Reservoirs
Page 89 and 90:
The total cost of damages to water
Page 91 and 92:
Figure 5.2 Water reservoirs in Leba
Page 93 and 94:
those water pumping stations” (Mu
Page 95:
Assi River, 43 where an estimated 3
Page 98 and 99:
6. Upper Jordan Narratives and Disc
Page 100 and 101:
6.1.2 IWL Narrative: International
Page 102 and 103:
agreement is essential in order tha
Page 104 and 105:
the Jordan and all its tributaries
Page 106 and 107:
High-‐level state interests ris
Page 108 and 109:
either the lingering effects of lon
Page 110 and 111:
7. The Struggle for Control of the
Page 112 and 113:
As such, links between control over
Page 114 and 115:
Figure 7.3 Relative control over su
Page 116 and 117:
MILITARY/ POLITICAL EVENTS 1916 Zio
Page 118 and 119:
een planned since the days of Ibrah
Page 120 and 121:
“Consequently, water disputes mus
Page 122 and 123:
1948 - 1967: no hegemon (control co
Page 124 and 125:
The extensive damages to water infr
Page 126 and 127:
8. The Hydropolitical Baseline The
Page 128 and 129:
8.2 Interests and Power in the Uppe
Page 130 and 131:
Springs are located just inside the
Page 132 and 133:
Water resources and water infrastru
Page 134 and 135:
River flows may come to more closel
Page 136 and 137:
conflicts between the political ent
Page 138 and 139:
Brielmann, Heike (2008) Recharge an
Page 140 and 141:
FNA (1922) Concession du Houle. Fre
Page 142 and 143:
Jarvis, Todd, Mark Giordano, Shammy
Page 144 and 145:
Nembrini, Pier Giorgio (2002a) Kabu
Page 146:
Wolf, Aaron T. (1995) Hydropolitics
show all

Hydro-‐political Baseline of the Upper Jordan River - Ibrahim Abd El Al

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?