Hydro-‐political Baseline of the Upper Jordan River - Ibrahim Abd El Al

4.2 BRITISH AND FRENCH EMPIRES (1919 – 1948) 59
4.2.1 ZIONIST LOBBYING FOR EXPANDED BORDERS OF PALESTINE DURING AND AFTER WORLD WAR 1 59
4.2.2 ZIONIST LOBBYING FOR EXPANDED BORDERS IN FRENCH MANDATE LEBANON 61
4.2.3 ZIONIST PRESSURE FOR EXPANDED BORDERS IN BRITISH MANDATE PALESTINE 62
4.3 BATTLES OVER THE UPPER JORDAN (1948 – 1978) 664
4.3.1 A BATTLE OF PLANS 64
4.3.2 THE JOHNSTON NEGOTIATIONS 65
4.3.3 WATER AND THE 1967 SIX-­‐DAY WAR 67
4.4 OCCUPATION OF SOUTHERN LEBANON / OPERATION LITANI (1978 -­‐2000) 69
4.4.1 DEBILITATION OF THE AGRICULTURAL SECTOR 69
4.4.2 BOX: ISRAELI DIVERSION OF THE LITANI? 71
4.5 CONTINUED BORDER TENSIONS (2000 – ONWARDS) 73
4.5.1 THE 2002 WAZZANI DISPUTE 73
4.5.2 CHEBA’A FARMS 77
4.5.3 GHAJAR 78
5 WARS AND WATER 81
5.1 UNDERSTANDING WATER AND WAR 81
5.2 WATER AND WAR IN LEBANON, PALESTINE AND ISRAEL BEFORE 2006 83
5.3 WATER AND WAR IN ISRAEL DURING THE 2006 WAR 84
5.4 WATER AND WAR IN LEBANON DURING THE 2006 WAR 85
5.4.1 QUANTIFICATION OF THE DAMAGES TO WATER INFRASTRUCTURE IN LEBANON 85
5.4.2 DAMAGES TO PUBLIC WATER RESERVOIRS 90
5.4.3 OTHER WATER-­‐RELATED DAMAGES 93
5.4.4 THE EFFECT OF THE WAR ON HYDROPOLITICS 96
6 UPPER JORDAN NARRATIVES AND DISCOURSE 98
6.1 LEBANESE NARRATIVES RELATED TO UPPER JORDAN RIVER 99
6.1.1 THEFT NARRATIVE: ISRAEL IS STEALING LEBANESE WATER 99
6.1.2 IWL NARRATIVE: INTERNATIONAL WATER LAW IS THE BASIS FOR RESOLUTION OF THE WATER CONFLICT 100
6.1.3 AN EMERGING VIEW FROM LEBANON AND ISRAEL? SALE OF WATER TO ISRAEL OR ‘PALESTINE’ 101
6.2 THE ISRAELI WATER-­‐SECURITY DISCOURSE 102
6.2.1 SCARCITY NARRATIVE: ISRAEL IS SHORT OF WATER RESOURCES 104
6.2.2 HYDRO-­‐STRATEGIC NARRATIVE: THE UPPER JORDAN RIVER IS NECESSARY FOR STATE SECURITY 105
6.2.3 EFFECT OF THE ISRAELI DISCOURSE LINKING WATER AND SECURITY: FORECLOSING RESOLUTION 108
7 THE STRUGGLE FOR CONTROL OF THE UPPER JORDAN 110
7.1 SHIFTS IN CONTROL OVER AND USE OF THE UPPER JORDAN RIVER 110
7.1.1 SHIFTS IN (PHYSICAL) CONTROL OVER TERRITORY 110
7.1.2 SHIFTS IN CONTROL OF SURFACE WATER AND GROUNDWATER FLOWS 113
7.1.3 SHIFTS IN USE OF SURFACE WATER AND GROUNDWATER FLOWS 114
7.2 SHIFTS IN MOTIVES, STRATEGIES AND DISCOURSES 115
7.2.1 SYRIA – SHIFTS IN MOTIVES, STRATEGIES, NARRATIVES 117
7.2.2 LEBANON – SHIFTS IN MOTIVES, STRATEGIES, NARRATIVES 117
7.2.3 ISRAEL – SHIFTS IN MOTIVES, STRATEGIES, DISCOURSES 118
7.3 EVOLUTION OF HYDRO-­‐HEGEMONY 120
7.3.1 RIPARIAN POSITION 121
7.3.2 EXPLOITATION POTENTIAL 121
7.3.3 POWER: GENERALS AND DIPLOMATS 122
7.3.4 STRATEGIES AND LIMITS OF ISRAELI HYDRO-­‐HEGEMONY 124
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