Hydro-‐political Baseline of the Upper Jordan River - Ibrahim Abd El Al

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Acronyms AJTU Al Jazeera Transparency Unit CAS Central Administration of Statistics (Lebanon) CDR Council for Development and Reconstruction (Lebanon) CO Commonwealth Office (UK) CoS Council of the South (Lebanon) DO Dominions Office (UK) EC European Commission FAO Food and Agriculture Organisation FNA French National Archives OF Foreign Office (UK) FOEME Friends of the Earth Middle East GDHER General Directorate of Hydraulic and Electrical Resources (Lebanon) GDO General Directorate of Oversight GIZ Gesellschaft fuer Internationale Zusammenarbeit GOI Government of Israel GOL Government of Lebanon GSI Geological Survey Israel HSI Hydraulic Survey of Israel ICA Israeli Civil Administration (of Judea and Samaria) ICBS Israel Central Bureau of Statistics ICRC International Committee of the Red Cross IMEP Israeli Ministry of Environmental Protection IMFA Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs IRC International Refugee Council ISIIMM Institutional and Social Innovations in Irrigation Mediterranean Management IWL International Water Law IWMI International Water Management Institute JEC Jaffa Electric Company JVL Jewish Virtual Library LMoA Lebanese Ministry of Agriculture LMNI Lebanese Ministry of National Infrastructure LRA Litani River Authority MDM Medecins du Monde MEDA Euro-‐Mediterean Partnership (MEsures D'Accompagnement) MO Moyen Orient newspaper MEW Ministry of Energy and Water (Lebanon) NSU Negotiation Support Unit NWC National Water Carrier (Israel) PCIIWS The Parliamentary Committee of Inquiry on the Israeli Water Sector ROL Republic of Lebanon RWE Regional Water Establishment SLWE South Lebanon Water Establishment TWINS Transboundary Water Interaction Nexus UN ILC United Nations International Law Commission UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNEP United Nations Environment Programme UNHRL United Nations Humanitarian Response in Lebanon UNMACC Mines Action Coordination Center UNRWA United Nations Relief and Works Agency US DOS United States Department of State USAID United States Agency for International Development UXO Unexploded ordinance WB World Bank WHO World Health Organisation WWTP Waste Water Treatment Plant viii
Preface This study could not have been completed without the generous assistance of several people. We extend warm appreciation especially to Todd Jarvis, Alexis Carles, Agathe Maupin and Doris Summer for the considerable time and spirit they volunteered. Appreciation is also due to the several people from all continents who helped us track down (or attempt to track down) missing data. The study has been greatly focussed and refined thanks to the thoughtful comments of internal reviewers Gilbert Achcar, Tony Allan, Hussein Amery and Ralf Klingbeil. Very special thanks are due to Imane Abd el Al, Antoine Salaame, Kamal Kara’a, Wajdi al Najem, Chadi Abdallah and all the members of AFIAL. Their level of professionalism is matched by only by their generosity and spirit of cooperation, and this has made the work a pleasure. While the study does not necessarily reflect their views, we believe there is nonetheless a general consensus amongst all who have contributed to the study, and a shared concern to confront the nefarious effects of the Jordan River conflict. ix
Page 1 and 2: Hydro-‐political Baseline of th
Page 3 and 4: Table of Contents TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page 5 and 6: 8 THE HYDROPOLITICAL BASELINE 126 8
Page 7: Tables Table 2.1. Estimates of surf
Page 11 and 12: control of the flows was assured fo
Page 13 and 14: MILITARY/ POLITICAL EVENTS 1916 192
Page 15 and 16: Springs in 2002, the prominence of
Page 17 and 18: 6, Lebanese narratives in support o
Page 19 and 20: 2. Snapshot of the Upper Jordan 2.1
Page 21 and 22: Wazzani Springs Hasbani River Huleh
Page 23 and 24: The religious significance of Bania
Page 25 and 26: Each shift in borders has resulted
Page 27 and 28: The border created by the French-
Page 29 and 30: Hydro-‐hegemony in Upper Jordan
Page 31 and 32: Figure 2.7 Institutional arrangemen
Page 33 and 34: master plans, and continues to take
Page 35 and 36: Water Production Water Allocation T
Page 37 and 38: (Hartman 2008). The north-‐west
Page 39 and 40: Mediterranean Sea Dardana Spring A
Page 41 and 42: and placed just downstream of the s
Page 43 and 44: Hasbani Liddan Banias Figure 3.5 Da
Page 45 and 46: Hasbani Liddan Banias Figure 3.6 An
Page 47 and 48: The aquifer is composed primarily o
Page 49 and 50: 25 km wide. It is the highest mount
Page 51 and 52: Hasbani, and that the Litani cannot
Page 53 and 54: 3.5 Water abstractions 3.5.1 Water
Page 55 and 56: Groundwater abstractions within the
Page 57 and 58: PART B. ANALYSIS 4. Hydropolitical
Page 59 and 60:
The Ottoman authorities also made a
Page 61 and 62:
• to agree to construction works
Page 63 and 64:
Figure 4.3 Hiorth’s suggested pla
Page 65 and 66:
Figure 4.4 Israeli Water “Project
Page 67 and 68:
The break-‐down of the talks me
Page 69 and 70:
The 1967 territorial conquest marke
Page 71 and 72:
In any case, the debilitation of th
Page 73 and 74:
Considered alongside the significan
Page 75 and 76:
Zeitoun (2007: Fig 4.5) shows how a
Page 77 and 78:
The representatives of the European
Page 79 and 80:
4.5.3 Ghajar “Many people are foc
Page 81 and 82:
5. Wars and Water This section appl
Page 83 and 84:
The very extensive damages to water
Page 85 and 86:
5.4 Water and War in Lebanon during
Page 87 and 88:
Item Area Comments Water Reservoirs
Page 89 and 90:
The total cost of damages to water
Page 91 and 92:
Figure 5.2 Water reservoirs in Leba
Page 93 and 94:
those water pumping stations” (Mu
Page 95:
Assi River, 43 where an estimated 3
Page 98 and 99:
6. Upper Jordan Narratives and Disc
Page 100 and 101:
6.1.2 IWL Narrative: International
Page 102 and 103:
agreement is essential in order tha
Page 104 and 105:
the Jordan and all its tributaries
Page 106 and 107:
High-‐level state interests ris
Page 108 and 109:
either the lingering effects of lon
Page 110 and 111:
7. The Struggle for Control of the
Page 112 and 113:
As such, links between control over
Page 114 and 115:
Figure 7.3 Relative control over su
Page 116 and 117:
MILITARY/ POLITICAL EVENTS 1916 Zio
Page 118 and 119:
een planned since the days of Ibrah
Page 120 and 121:
“Consequently, water disputes mus
Page 122 and 123:
1948 - 1967: no hegemon (control co
Page 124 and 125:
The extensive damages to water infr
Page 126 and 127:
8. The Hydropolitical Baseline The
Page 128 and 129:
8.2 Interests and Power in the Uppe
Page 130 and 131:
Springs are located just inside the
Page 132 and 133:
Water resources and water infrastru
Page 134 and 135:
River flows may come to more closel
Page 136 and 137:
conflicts between the political ent
Page 138 and 139:
Brielmann, Heike (2008) Recharge an
Page 140 and 141:
FNA (1922) Concession du Houle. Fre
Page 142 and 143:
Jarvis, Todd, Mark Giordano, Shammy
Page 144 and 145:
Nembrini, Pier Giorgio (2002a) Kabu
Page 146:
Wolf, Aaron T. (1995) Hydropolitics
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Hydro-‐political Baseline of the Upper Jordan River - Ibrahim Abd El Al

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