flow and level measurement - Omega Engineering

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Flow & Level Measurement A Technical Reference Series Brought to You by OMEGA VOLUME 4
1 2 3 4 5 TABLE OF CONTENTS VOLUME 4—FLOW & LEVEL MEASUREMENT Section Topics Covered Page A Flow Measurement Orientation Differential Pressure Flowmeters Mechanical Flowmeters Electronic Flowmeters Mass Flowmeters • The Flow Pioneers • Flow Sensor Selection • Accuracy vs. Repeatability • Primary Element Options • Pitot Tubes • Variable Area Flowmeters • Positive Displacement Flowmeters • Turbine Flowmeters • Other Rotary Flowmeters • Magnetic Flowmeters • Vortex Flowmeters • Ultrasonic Flowmeters • Coriolis Mass Flowmeters • Thermal Mass Flowmeters • Hot-Wire Anemometers A) Segmental Wedge Figure 1-3: Faraday's Law is the Basis of the Magnetic Flowmeter 04 Volume 4 TRANSACTIONS D Turbulent Velocity Flow Profile Wedge Flow Element or Laminar Velocity Flow Profile Figure 2-8: Proprietary Elements For Difficult Fluids Figure 5-5: Figure 3-7: Flanges Support A) C) Flow Direction Arrow H E V B) V-Cone Calibrated Volume H L 1st Detector 2nd Flow Tube Detector 1.00 0.95 0.90 K 0.85 0.80 0.75 Figure 4-6: Displacer Flow 1 10 100 1,000 10 4 0.70 Re Mass Flowtube Enclosure Pipe/Flowtube Junction NOTE: Distance Between Pipe/Flowtube Junction <strong>and</strong> Support Must Not Exceed 15 Inches 'U' Rest 'V' Rest 'V' Bolt Clamp K = 0.75 For Laminar Flow 10 5 Support (Typical) Mass Tube Enclosure B) NOTE: Distance Between Pipe/Flowtube Junction <strong>and</strong> Support Must Not Exceed 15 Inches Inverted Pipe Hanger Clamp D E K = 1 Asymptote For Flat Profile 10 6 Magnetic Coil 10 7 Flow Direction Arrow 'V' Block Clamp (Can Be Inverted) 08 16 34 46 58
Page 4 and 5: 6 7 8 9 10 REFERENCE SECTIONS Edito
Page 6 and 7: displacement and turbine meters, ab
Page 8 and 9: power supply variation effects. Wit
Page 10 and 11: of Reynolds numbers (Re or R D ) wi
Page 12 and 13: the average of the velocity profile
Page 14 and 15: transition between laminar and turb
Page 16 and 17: the installation and on the nature
Page 18 and 19: and, therefore, measurement errors
Page 20 and 21: length and reduced weight. Pressure
Page 22 and 23: Impact (High Pressure) Connection P
Page 24 and 25: • Single-Port Pitot Tubes A singl
Page 26 and 27: upstream to the pitot tube or if st
Page 28 and 29: actual flow to a standard flow. For
Page 30 and 31: sizes and the requirement that it b
Page 32 and 33: increases. The higher the viscosity
Page 34 and 35: horizontally, the other vertically,
Page 36 and 37: primary difference is that gases ar
Page 38 and 39: of a multi-bladed rotor mounted at
Page 40 and 41: Because they are very sensitive to
Page 42 and 43: to recalibrate turbine flowmeters c
Page 44 and 45: the magnetic coils. As a result, th
Page 46 and 47: lowers pumping costs and aids gravi
Page 48 and 49: length in the direction of the flow
Page 50 and 51: to signal component or other failur
Page 52 and 53:
signal completely missing the downs
Page 54 and 55:
low-flow sensitivity. Originally, u
Page 56 and 57:
otating surface of the earth. This
Page 58 and 59:
Coriolis meter, even a small amount
Page 60 and 61:
as a percentage of rate plus a zero
Page 62 and 63:
total cost of measurement, improves
Page 64 and 65:
epurged. All meters should be so in
Page 66 and 67:
measuring the wall temperature at t
Page 68 and 69:
y placing multiple anemometers in a
Page 70 and 71:
Table 4: Orientation Table for Sele
Page 72 and 73:
minimize the turbulence caused by t
Page 74 and 75:
Relay Repeated Positive Pressure Lo
Page 76 and 77:
the complex evacuation and backfill
Page 78 and 79:
the buoyant force acting on an obje
Page 80 and 81:
inside a non-magnetic tube, it oper
Page 82 and 83:
connects the float inside the tank
Page 84 and 85:
RF/Capacitance Level Instrumentatio
Page 86 and 87:
second active section of probe and
Page 88 and 89:
A B C D E Recommended Good Probe Co
Page 90 and 91:
Radiation-Based Level Gages A An en
Page 92 and 93:
Both reflection and beam-breaker mi
Page 94 and 95:
that the transducers generate a str
Page 96 and 97:
decays, it loses strength—the tim
Page 98 and 99:
small size, and high reliability. T
Page 100 and 101:
One of the simplest thermal level s
Page 102 and 103:
light from the LED is reflected bac
Page 104 and 105:
ORGANIZATIONS (CONT'D.) ISA—The I
Page 106 and 107:
OTHER REFERENCE BOOKS Instrumentati
Page 108 and 109:
Calibration: The process of adjusti
Page 110 and 111:
duced by the transducer. Measuremen
Page 112 and 113:
Stability: The ability of an instru
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