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2. early medieval india ⁄ 353
55. Fischer 1970, pp. 74–78.
56. Dietz 1984, pp. 358–399; this letter is considered in chapter 4.
2. prayers in the palace, swords in the temple:
early medieval india
1. Fleet (1888, p. 146, line 2): avirbhutavalepair avinayapatubhir llaNghitacaramarggair
mmohad aidaMyuginair apa$ubharatibhih pidyamana [ksma] narendraih
|.
2. Nitisara VIII.71: akirnam mandalam sarvam mitrair aribhir eva ca | sarvah
svarthaparo lokah kuto madhyasthata kvacit ||
3. Lin Li-Kouang 1935, p. 84n; Chen yen tsung chiao shih i, T.2396.75.431a8–12.
4. This is the subtext behind Romila Thapar’s excellent studies of the Mauryas;
see Thapar 1997; 1992, pp. 1–22; and 1990, pp. 3–5.
5. For a discussion of some of these issues, see Holden Furber, “The Theme of
Imperialism and Colonialism in Modern Historical Writing on India,” in Philips
1961, pp. 332–343.
6. Chakrabarty 1992; and the essays on histories in modern colloquial languages
collected in Phillips 1961, pp. 429–496.
7. See R. C. Majumdar’s “Nationalist Historians,” in Philips 1961, pp. 416–428.
More recently, it is seen in writers, such as Char (1993), who carry on this tradition.
8. I am following Chattopadhyaya on both the problems and the utility of this
nomenclature (1994, pp. 12–37).
9. The best early work on the Ephthalites has been by Enoki 1959; more recently,
see Litvinsky et al. 1996, pp. 135–183.
10. Bhandarkar 1981, pp. 296–305. This conclusion is supported by Litvinsky,
“The Hephthalite Empire” (in Litvinsky et al. 1996, p. 141), but has been challenged
by Zeimal, “The Kidarite Kingdom in Central Asia” (ibid., pp. 123–124),
who maintains that the “Huna” designation was used for all nomadic conquerors
and the Kidarites were the most likely candidates at this time.
11. Agrawal 1989, pp. 243, 251.
12. Fleet 1888, p. 257; Agrawal 1989, pp. 239–249.
13. Bhandarkar 1981, pp. 360–364.
14. Sircar 1945, p. 70 n1.
15. Vakataka contributions to art and architecture have been reasserted by the
welcome work of Bakker (1997, pp. 58–92).
16. This analysis is inspired by Kulke and Rothermund (1998, pp. 9–11), although
it differs in details.
17. The following description of military events is taken largely from Sinha
1977, pp. 81–127; Yazdani 1960, 1:207–232; Agrawal 1989, pp. 250–269; Devahuti
1983, pp. 17–64.