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early medieval india ⁄ 31 who probably came from the Wakhan area of the Amu Darya River in the eastern region of what is now Afghanistan, had been enormously successful, seizing Gandhara from the Kidara Kusanas sometime in the mid-fifth century. 9 They destabilized Buddhist institutions during that century and defeated the Sasanian emperors Yazdigird in 454 and Firoz in 480. Skandagupta apparently engaged the king of the Ephthalites, possibly Toramana, in battle between these dates. Skandagupta’s Junagarh rock inscription in Gujarat—on the same boulder inscribed by A$oka and Rudradaman before him—identifies that he had conquered otherwise unidentified foreigners (mleccha) by 455–458. This announcement is normatively interpreted to indicate his defeat of the Huna army. 10 The Ephthalites, however, continued to be active. A little-known chieftain of Malava named Praka$adharman of the Aulikara lineage claims to have once again turned back Toramana in an engagement sometime before posting his stone inscription of 515–516. 11 This may have temporarily stopped the southern advance of the Ephthalites, but they pressed east and around 520 conquered Kashmir. They were finally prevented from overrunning all of North India by another Aulikara, Ya$odharman, apparently the successor to Praka$adharman, around 530. 12 Ya$odharman’s Mandasor inscription, written in 533–534, states that this Aulikara monarch held sway throughout North India, from the Brahmaputra River valley, in modern Assam, to the far west. His claim was probably an exaggeration, but one with a simple significance: the Imperial Guptas were no longer important in the military affairs of their ancestral lands. Indeed, there is only one further Gupta inscription available, a land grant in the Kotivarsa area made in 542–543, by the last of the imperial line, Visnugupta. 13 This chronology for the demise of the Guptas is supported by the Jaina version of the Harivam$a epic of Jinasena, which maintains that the Guptas were recognized as surviving for 231 years, from c. 320 to 551. 14 Thus the end of the great imperial line occurred, as so often seen in India, through a simple absence in the inscriptional record. Yo$odharman himself, and his Aulikara clan with him, seem not have to survived much beyond his epigraphic self-promotion. Yet in the wake of the Gupta’s loss of position, a horror vacui in North Indian polity facilitated the precipitous rise and sudden decline of noble lineages and bloodthirsty princes for the next fifty years. What is remarkable is that much the same process occurred in the Deccan, where the main Vakataka house in Vidarbha (around modern Nagpur) and their subsidiary branch in Vatsagulma (Washim, Maharashtra) had held power at least since the beginning of the fourth century c.e. Their contributions to religious life were particularly noteworthy—the main house special
map 1 Political and Cultural Areas in Early Medieval India. Ronald M. Davidson and Richard Pinto
Page 2 and 3: indian esoteric buddhism
Page 4 and 5: ndian soteric uddhism a social hist
Page 6 and 7: ontents Maps and Illustrations ix P
Page 8 and 9: contents ⁄ vii Coded Language as
Page 10 and 11: aps and llustrations maps 1. Politi
Page 12 and 13: eface imilar to other works of exte
Page 14 and 15: preface ⁄ xiii Research Committee
Page 16 and 17: cknowledgments All the maps and fig
Page 18 and 19: onunciation and Orthographic uid he
Page 20 and 21: indian esoteric buddhism
Page 22 and 23: But now, I will speak of those amon
Page 24 and 25: introduction: a plethora of premise
Page 46 and 47: 2 - rayers in the Palace, Swords in
Page 48 and 49: early medieval india ⁄ 27 been th
Page 50 and 51: early medieval india ⁄ 29 In coun
Page 54 and 55: early medieval india ⁄ 33 ized in
Page 56 and 57: I$varavarman I$anavarman (c. 550-56
Page 58 and 59: had served as feudatories of the Im
Page 60 and 61: Rajyavardhana (c. 605-606) Harsavar
Page 62 and 63: early medieval india ⁄ 41 life, i
Page 64 and 65: early medieval india ⁄ 43 bhuti f
Page 66 and 67: table 2.8 Karkotas of Kashmir Durla
Page 68 and 69: early medieval india ⁄ 47 map 2 M
Page 70 and 71: lukyas keeping a close watch on the
Page 72 and 73: close to Bangalore, and then to the
Page 74 and 75: early medieval india ⁄ 53 By the
Page 76 and 77: early medieval india ⁄ 55 However
Page 78 and 79: from Lata. Bhoja’s failure in the
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Page 92 and 93: staff of coercion (danda) be held
Page 94 and 95: early medieval india ⁄ 73 early m
Page 96 and 97: Then there will be renunciates—fi
Page 98 and 99: the medieval buddhist experience
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the medieval buddhist experience
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4 - he ictory of Esoterism and the
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the victory of esoterism and the im
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figure 5 Sarvavid Mahavairocana fro
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Riding on the best of buffaloes wit
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siddhas and the religious landscape
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figure 8 Lakuli$a from Para$urame$v
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figure 9 Siddh %ri Baba Balak Nath
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figure 13 Samvara from Ratnagiri, O
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siddhas, literature, and language
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280 ⁄ siddhas, literature, and la
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figure 18 Candika from Hirapur Yogi
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figure 19 Mahasiddha Virupa. Chines
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294 ⁄ siddhas, monks, and communi
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Vetali Patalavasini Hevajra mandala
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figure 21 Samvara with a mandala of
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figure 22 Brahmaur. Caurasi-sidh Sq
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map 4 Probable Sites of Buddhist Si
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8 - onclusion: The Esoteric Conundr
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338 ⁄ conclusion: the esoteric co
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342 ⁄ appendix: probable pās´up
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346 ⁄ glossary Indo-European fire
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350 ⁄ 1. introduction: a plethora
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352 ⁄ 1. introduction: a plethora
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354 ⁄ 2. early medieval india 18.
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356 ⁄ 2. early medieval india 68.
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358 ⁄ 2. early medieval india 118
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360 ⁄ 3. the medieval buddhist ex
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368 ⁄ 4. the victory of esoterism
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382 ⁄ 5. siddhas and the religiou
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396 ⁄ 6. siddhas, literature, and
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Abhisekanirukti. Asc. Ratnakara$ant
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422 ⁄ bibliography Khasama-tantra
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424 ⁄ bibliography *Tirthikacanda
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426 ⁄ bibliography Prajñopayavin
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428 ⁄ bibliography Mahamudrakanak
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430 ⁄ bibliography Vajramalabhidh
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432 ⁄ bibliography Satsahasra Sam
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434 ⁄ bibliography Susiddhikara-m
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436 ⁄ bibliography rnams kyi rnam
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438 ⁄ bibliography A Treasured Co
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440 ⁄ bibliography Desai, P. B. 1
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442 ⁄ bibliography ———. 196
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444 ⁄ bibliography Willis, Michae
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446 ⁄ bibliography and Buddhist R
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448 ⁄ bibliography ———. for
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450 ⁄ bibliography Fischer, David
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452 ⁄ bibliography Asie Centrale,
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454 ⁄ bibliography Karmay, Samten
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456 ⁄ bibliography ———. 200
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458 ⁄ bibliography Paul, Diana Ma
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460 ⁄ bibliography Century Indian
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462 ⁄ bibliography Asian Humaniti
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464 ⁄ bibliography Waldschmidt, E
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Devahuti, D., 37, 354 Devapala, 55,
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Said, E., 11, 13 %akyamitra, 159-60
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Kathasaritsagara, 175-76 Kalacakra-
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Vina$ika, 205, 216 Vinaya, 79, 101,
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Kubera, 210, 285-88 kula, 132, 138-
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