THE NEW YORK STATE LEGISLATIVE PROCESS: AN ...

at 244, 547-48.
148 Aubrey Jewett, Evaluating Changes in Florida’s Legislative Process: Innovative Rules and Conservative
Norms, 30 POL. & POL’Y 40, 46 (2002).
149 Most state legislative chambers require bills to be read three times. A “reading” does not
necessarily require that the entire text of the bill be read aloud in the chamber each time it is considered
– very few states require this, and New York is not one of them. Generally, first reading
occurs at bill introduction; second reading occurs when bills are reported out of committee and
onto the floor for consideration and amendment; and third reading is the time when a vote is taken
on final passage. New York is typical of most states in this regard. In most states, however, readings
must generally occur on separate days, usually with two or three days between readings. While
the New York Assembly follows this pattern, the New York Senate is one of only seven upper chambers
that permit all three readings to occur on the same day. See NEAL, supra note 35, at 90.
150 N.Y. SEN. R. V, § 6(c).
151 N.Y. SEN. R. VIII, § 2(b).
152 NCSL, INSIDE THE LEGISLATIVE PROCESS, supra note 33, at 5-40.
153 N.Y. SEN. R. VIII, § 7.
154 Id.
155 JOSEPH F. ZIMMERMAN, THE GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS OF NEW YORK STATE 141
(1981).
156 Pitney, supra note 89, at 495. “[O]rdinarily, a member delays passage of his measure either
to wait for agreement or compromise, or because a companion bill is on the way from the other
house and he wants to move its substitution.” RIENOW, supra note 97, at 126.
157 Pitney, supra note 89, at 494 (quoting Senator Leichter).
158 See ZIMMERMAN, supra note 155, at 141.
159 See N.Y. ASSEMB. R. III, § 7.
160 The bill’s sponsor alone may remove the bill from the calendar. N.Y. ASSEMB. R. III, §
7(e).
161 RULES ANALYSIS, supra note 15.
162 See NCSL, INSIDE THE LEGISLATIVE PROCESS, supra note 33, at 5-48 tbl.98-5.14. See also
ROSENTHAL, supra note 80, at 146.
163 See NCSL, INSIDE THE LEGISLATIVE PROCESS, supra note 33, at 5-49 to 5-50 tbl.98-5.15.
In the U.S. Senate, the Majority Leader “may bring reported bills up immediately; may leave them
on the calendar for longer periods of time; and may … leave some there till they die at the end of
the session.” TIEFER, supra note 33, at 559. In the U.S. House of Representatives, bills are placed
automatically on the calendar, Id. at 244, 252.
164 Id. at 244, 252, 584.
165 See supra note 166. NEAL, supra note 35, at 92. Tommy Neal reported in 1996 that 14 chambers
did not limit debate.
166 RULES ANALYSIS, supra note 15. The rules of debate are as follows [hereinafter RULES
ANALYSIS DEBATE RULES]: ALA. H.R.52;ALA. SEN. R. 20 & 39(a); ALASKA UNIFORM R. 26; ARIZ.
H. R. 18(E)-18(G); ARK. H. R. 83 & 84; ARK.SEN. R. 9.04 & 9.08; CAL.ASSEMB. R. 108; CAL.SEN.
R. 35(b); COLO. H. R. 13(d) & 14(a); COLO. SEN. R. 9(c); CONN. H.R.17;CONN. SEN. R. 14; FLA.
H. R. 8.7 & 11.9; FLA. SEN. R. 8.5 & 8.6; GA. H. R. 78, 79, & 80; GA. SEN. R. 50(b)-(c); HAW. H.
R. 50.1; HAW.SEN. R. 70; IDAHO H. R. 22; ILL. H. R. 52; ILL.SEN. 7-3(g); IND. H. R. 42; IND.SEN.
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